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Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|2010\=301
\|2020\=
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade.html\|title\=Decennial Census by Decade\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=}}
2010{{Cite web\|title\= 2010 Census of Population \- Population and Housing Unit Counts \- California \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph\-2/cph\-2\-6\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}}
}}
Hiouchi first appeared as a [census designated place](/wiki/Census_designated_place "Census designated place") in the [2010 U.S. Census](/wiki/2010_U.S._Census "2010 U.S. Census").
The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0633935\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715025556/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0633935\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- Hiouchi CDP\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|accessdate\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Hiouchi had a population of 301\. The population density was {{convert\|519\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Hiouchi was 267 (88\.7%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0 (0\.0%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 11 (3\.7%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 6 (2\.0%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 2 (0\.7%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 8 (2\.7%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 7 (2\.3%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 11 persons (3\.7%).
The Census reported that 301 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 143 households, out of which 29 (20\.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 73 (51\.0%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11 (7\.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5 (3\.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 4 (2\.8%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 1 (0\.7%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 49 households (34\.3%) were made up of individuals, and 20 (14\.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.10\. There were 89 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 "Family (U.S. Census)") (62\.2% of all households); the average family size was 2\.66\.
The population was spread out, with 52 people (17\.3%) under the age of 18, 9 people (3\.0%) aged 18 to 24, 55 people (18\.3%) aged 25 to 44, 116 people (38\.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 69 people (22\.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54\.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 104\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\.0 males.
There were 166 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|286\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 143 were occupied, of which 100 (69\.9%) were owner\-occupied, and 43 (30\.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4\.3%. 214 people (71\.1% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 87 people (28\.9%) lived in rental housing units.
The filming of the [Ewoks](/wiki/Ewok "Ewok") portion of [Return of the Jedi](/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi "Return of the Jedi") was at [Jedidiah Smith State Park](/wiki/Jedediah_Smith_Redwoods_State_Park "Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park") just west of Hiouchi.{{cn\|date\=October 2024}}
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|2010\\=301\n\\|2020\\= \n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade.html\\|title\\=Decennial Census by Decade\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=}} \n 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\= 2010 Census of Population \\- Population and Housing Unit Counts \\- California \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph\\-2/cph\\-2\\-6\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}}\n}}",
"Hiouchi first appeared as a [census designated place](/wiki/Census_designated_place \"Census designated place\") in the [2010 U.S. Census](/wiki/2010_U.S._Census \"2010 U.S. Census\").",
"The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0633935\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715025556/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0633935\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- Hiouchi CDP\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Hiouchi had a population of 301\\. The population density was {{convert\\|519\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Hiouchi was 267 (88\\.7%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0 (0\\.0%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 11 (3\\.7%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 6 (2\\.0%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 2 (0\\.7%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 8 (2\\.7%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 7 (2\\.3%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 11 persons (3\\.7%).",
"The Census reported that 301 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 143 households, out of which 29 (20\\.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 73 (51\\.0%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11 (7\\.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5 (3\\.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 4 (2\\.8%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 1 (0\\.7%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 49 households (34\\.3%) were made up of individuals, and 20 (14\\.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.10\\. There were 89 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Family (U.S. Census)\") (62\\.2% of all households); the average family size was 2\\.66\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 52 people (17\\.3%) under the age of 18, 9 people (3\\.0%) aged 18 to 24, 55 people (18\\.3%) aged 25 to 44, 116 people (38\\.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 69 people (22\\.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54\\.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 104\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\\.0 males.",
"There were 166 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|286\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 143 were occupied, of which 100 (69\\.9%) were owner\\-occupied, and 43 (30\\.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\\.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4\\.3%. 214 people (71\\.1% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 87 people (28\\.9%) lived in rental housing units.",
"The filming of the [Ewoks](/wiki/Ewok \"Ewok\") portion of [Return of the Jedi](/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi \"Return of the Jedi\") was at [Jedidiah Smith State Park](/wiki/Jedediah_Smith_Redwoods_State_Park \"Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park\") just west of Hiouchi.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2024}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Bad Friedrichshall arose in 1933 by the combination of Kochendorf and Jagstfeld.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2017}} Its name *Friedrichshall* is derived from the term *Bad* for a brine and [salt\-works](/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond "Salt evaporation pond") in Jagstfeld, named after [Frederick I of Württemberg](/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg "Frederick I of Württemberg") in 1818\. The term Hall is a common term in the area related to salt industry.
### Kochendorf
[thumb\|left\|town and court routine of Kochendorf, 16th century](/wiki/File:Kochendorf-stadt-gerichtsordnung-16jhd.jpg "Kochendorf-stadt-gerichtsordnung-16jhd.jpg")
A consolidated estate, around which people settled and from which the village of Kochendorf arose, was first mentioned in 817, Situated at the confluence of the Kocher and the Neckar on a hill. St. Sebastian church probably already existed before 1100\.
Around 1200, Kochendorf was enclosed with a wall of bricks. In the 13th century there is first mention of a gentry of Kochendorf, dealing with [ministerialis](/wiki/Ministerialis "Ministerialis") of [the Staufers](/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen "House of Hohenstaufen") in [Wimpfen](/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen "Bad Wimpfen"). In the 15th and 16th century the gentry had three castles built. In 1672 the [Freiherrs](/wiki/Freiherr "Freiherr") of Saint\-André bought a third of the village, and built a new castle on one of the three former castle sites.
In 1762 The *Ritterkanton Odenwald* was able to buy the whole village from the former heirs, made Kochendorf their chancellery and carried on a knightly hotel, which no longer exists.
In 1806, Kochendorf became part of [Württemberg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg "Württemberg") as a free municipality.
In 1899, salt\-works of the *Salzwerke Heilbronn AG* were opened.
From the 16th century to the 19th century a large Jewish parish existed: around 1740 a synagogue was built, replaced by a new construction in 1806\. Until 1854, the parish grew to 154 people and represented nearly 9% of the village population. However, migration and emigration in the following time decreased the parish enormously. In 1880, merely 71 Jewish inhabitants, and in 1925 only 7 Jews were left. The Jewish parish broke up before 1933 and sold its synagogue to the Protestant parish. Five of Kochendorfs last seven Jews were killed by Nazi persecution between 1940\-43\.
### 1933\-45
In 1933, Kochendorf combined with the neighbouring Jagstfeld into *Bad Friedrichshall*. Two years later, Hagenbach was incorporated.
In September 1944, the [SS](/wiki/SS "SS") established a [subcamp](/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof "List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof") of the [Natzweiler\-Struthof KZ](/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof "Natzweiler-Struthof") in Kochendorf.Simone Rapp [Das Konzentrationslager Kochendorf](http://www.kz-kochendorf.de/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516103631/http://kz\-kochendorf.de/ \|date\=2017\-05\-16 }} kz\-kochendorf.de n.d.,retrieved 19 June 2017 in this last phase of the third reich concentration camps were erected near factories, quarries or mines using inmates as slave labor under the motto "Vernichtung durch Arbeit" (Destruction through work) Companies had to apply for a building modification at the [Organisation Todt](/wiki/Organisation_Todt "Organisation Todt").[Die Rüstungsindustrie im Salzbergwerk](http://www.kz-kochendorf.de/hintergrund.html#start) n.d., Das Konzentrationslager Kochendorf, retrieved 19 June 2017
Various military contractors and construction companies were involved: The [Hochtief AG](/wiki/Hochtief_AG "Hochtief AG"), a leading construction company which played a major role in the Third Reich, was commissioned to rebuild the halls into capable production facilities. A large scale expansion up to 40 or 50 mine chambers was planned. Another construction company was the company Koch \& Mayer GmbH from Heilbronn. The aircraft company [Ernst Heinkel](/wiki/Ernst_Heinkel "Ernst Heinkel") AG had a leading position among the military companies in Kochendorf, commissioned to build experimental units for turbine He S 011, which was to be installed in the Messerschmitt Me P 1101 hunting aircraft. For this turbine, [Robert Bosch](/wiki/Robert_Bosch "Robert Bosch") GmbH and [Siemens\-Schuckert](/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert "Siemens-Schuckert")\-Werke AG produced spark plugs, injection pumps and electrical materials. The [Motorenwerke Mannheim](/wiki/Motorenwerke_Mannheim "Motorenwerke Mannheim") AG had submarine engine components built in the mine. Only the production of machine guns could not be attributed to any company yet.
A detailed permanent exhibition since 2012 can be visited in the Bad Friedrichshall Kochendorf saltmine.[Wiedereröffnung: Gedenkstätte Ehemaliges KZ Kochendorf im Salzbergwerk](http://www.gedenkstaetten-bw.de/ausgedenkstaetten_kochendorf.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125060043/http://gedenkstaetten\-bw.de/ausgedenkstaetten\_kochendorf.html \|date\=2014\-11\-25 }} 18 August 2014, Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden\-Württemberg, retrieved 19 June 2017
### 1945–present
On June 17, 1951, Bad Friedrichshall was raised to the level of a town. On March 15, 1972, Duttenberg and on January 1, 1975 Untergriesheim followed.
From 1992 until 1998 in the context of increased migration and lack of dwellings for new immigrants the district Plattenwald was rebuilt as part of a flat building program of the state Baden\-Württemberg.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Bad Friedrichshall arose in 1933 by the combination of Kochendorf and Jagstfeld.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2017}} Its name *Friedrichshall* is derived from the term *Bad* for a brine and [salt\\-works](/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond \"Salt evaporation pond\") in Jagstfeld, named after [Frederick I of Württemberg](/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Frederick I of Württemberg\") in 1818\\. The term Hall is a common term in the area related to salt industry.",
"### Kochendorf",
"[thumb\\|left\\|town and court routine of Kochendorf, 16th century](/wiki/File:Kochendorf-stadt-gerichtsordnung-16jhd.jpg \"Kochendorf-stadt-gerichtsordnung-16jhd.jpg\")",
"A consolidated estate, around which people settled and from which the village of Kochendorf arose, was first mentioned in 817, Situated at the confluence of the Kocher and the Neckar on a hill. St. Sebastian church probably already existed before 1100\\. \nAround 1200, Kochendorf was enclosed with a wall of bricks. In the 13th century there is first mention of a gentry of Kochendorf, dealing with [ministerialis](/wiki/Ministerialis \"Ministerialis\") of [the Staufers](/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen \"House of Hohenstaufen\") in [Wimpfen](/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen \"Bad Wimpfen\"). In the 15th and 16th century the gentry had three castles built. In 1672 the [Freiherrs](/wiki/Freiherr \"Freiherr\") of Saint\\-André bought a third of the village, and built a new castle on one of the three former castle sites.",
"In 1762 The *Ritterkanton Odenwald* was able to buy the whole village from the former heirs, made Kochendorf their chancellery and carried on a knightly hotel, which no longer exists.",
"In 1806, Kochendorf became part of [Württemberg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Württemberg\") as a free municipality. \nIn 1899, salt\\-works of the *Salzwerke Heilbronn AG* were opened.",
"From the 16th century to the 19th century a large Jewish parish existed: around 1740 a synagogue was built, replaced by a new construction in 1806\\. Until 1854, the parish grew to 154 people and represented nearly 9% of the village population. However, migration and emigration in the following time decreased the parish enormously. In 1880, merely 71 Jewish inhabitants, and in 1925 only 7 Jews were left. The Jewish parish broke up before 1933 and sold its synagogue to the Protestant parish. Five of Kochendorfs last seven Jews were killed by Nazi persecution between 1940\\-43\\.",
"### 1933\\-45",
"In 1933, Kochendorf combined with the neighbouring Jagstfeld into *Bad Friedrichshall*. Two years later, Hagenbach was incorporated.",
"In September 1944, the [SS](/wiki/SS \"SS\") established a [subcamp](/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof \"List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof\") of the [Natzweiler\\-Struthof KZ](/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof \"Natzweiler-Struthof\") in Kochendorf.Simone Rapp [Das Konzentrationslager Kochendorf](http://www.kz-kochendorf.de/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516103631/http://kz\\-kochendorf.de/ \\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-16 }} kz\\-kochendorf.de n.d.,retrieved 19 June 2017 in this last phase of the third reich concentration camps were erected near factories, quarries or mines using inmates as slave labor under the motto \"Vernichtung durch Arbeit\" (Destruction through work) Companies had to apply for a building modification at the [Organisation Todt](/wiki/Organisation_Todt \"Organisation Todt\").[Die Rüstungsindustrie im Salzbergwerk](http://www.kz-kochendorf.de/hintergrund.html#start) n.d., Das Konzentrationslager Kochendorf, retrieved 19 June 2017",
"Various military contractors and construction companies were involved: The [Hochtief AG](/wiki/Hochtief_AG \"Hochtief AG\"), a leading construction company which played a major role in the Third Reich, was commissioned to rebuild the halls into capable production facilities. A large scale expansion up to 40 or 50 mine chambers was planned. Another construction company was the company Koch \\& Mayer GmbH from Heilbronn. The aircraft company [Ernst Heinkel](/wiki/Ernst_Heinkel \"Ernst Heinkel\") AG had a leading position among the military companies in Kochendorf, commissioned to build experimental units for turbine He S 011, which was to be installed in the Messerschmitt Me P 1101 hunting aircraft. For this turbine, [Robert Bosch](/wiki/Robert_Bosch \"Robert Bosch\") GmbH and [Siemens\\-Schuckert](/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert \"Siemens-Schuckert\")\\-Werke AG produced spark plugs, injection pumps and electrical materials. The [Motorenwerke Mannheim](/wiki/Motorenwerke_Mannheim \"Motorenwerke Mannheim\") AG had submarine engine components built in the mine. Only the production of machine guns could not be attributed to any company yet. \nA detailed permanent exhibition since 2012 can be visited in the Bad Friedrichshall Kochendorf saltmine.[Wiedereröffnung: Gedenkstätte Ehemaliges KZ Kochendorf im Salzbergwerk](http://www.gedenkstaetten-bw.de/ausgedenkstaetten_kochendorf.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125060043/http://gedenkstaetten\\-bw.de/ausgedenkstaetten\\_kochendorf.html \\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-25 }} 18 August 2014, Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden\\-Württemberg, retrieved 19 June 2017",
"### 1945–present",
"On June 17, 1951, Bad Friedrichshall was raised to the level of a town. On March 15, 1972, Duttenberg and on January 1, 1975 Untergriesheim followed.",
"From 1992 until 1998 in the context of increased migration and lack of dwellings for new immigrants the district Plattenwald was rebuilt as part of a flat building program of the state Baden\\-Württemberg.",
""
] |
Economy and infrastructure
--------------------------
### Transport
[thumb\|The Neckar Canal nearby the [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28water_transport%29 "Lock (water transport)") of Kochendorf](/wiki/File:Bad_Friedrichshall_Kochendorf_Neckarkanal_20070408.jpg "Bad Friedrichshall Kochendorf Neckarkanal 20070408.jpg")
Bad Friedrichshall\-Jagstfeld was an important railway junction and border station between [Baden](/wiki/Baden "Baden") and [Württemberg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg "Württemberg") between 1869 and 1920\. The large railway yard bears witness to this fact, in the middle of which the station building was placed.
At [Bad Friedrichshall\-Jagstfeld station](/wiki/Bad_Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld_station "Bad Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld station") the [Elsenz Valley Railway](/wiki/Elsenz_Valley_Railway "Elsenz Valley Railway") and the [Neckar Valley Railway](/wiki/Neckar_Valley_Railway "Neckar Valley Railway") (from [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg") via [Sinsheim](/wiki/Sinsheim "Sinsheim") and [Mosbach](/wiki/Mosbach "Mosbach") respectively) connect with the [Franconia Railway](/wiki/Franconia_Railway "Franconia Railway") from [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart "Stuttgart") to [Würzburg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg "Würzburg"). There was also the [Lower Kocher Valley Railway](/wiki/Lower_Kocher_Valley_Railway "Lower Kocher Valley Railway") to [Ohrnberg](/wiki/%C3%96hringen "Öhringen") until 1993\.
In Kochendorf and Untergriesheim there are further stations of the Franconia Railway, only served by [RegionalBahn](/wiki/RegionalBahn "RegionalBahn") trains. The Duttenberg\-Obergriesheim station on the same line was closed in 1971\.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2017}}
[Public transport](/wiki/Public_transport "Public transport") is managed by the [Passenger Transport Executive](/wiki/Passenger_Transport_Executive "Passenger Transport Executive") [Heilbronner Hohenloher Haller Nahverkehr](/wiki/Heilbronner_Hohenloher_Haller_Nahverkehr "Heilbronner Hohenloher Haller Nahverkehr") (HNV).
The [Bundesstraße](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe "Bundesstraße") [B 27](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_27 "Bundesstraße 27") ([Blankenburg (Harz)](/wiki/Blankenburg_%28Harz%29 "Blankenburg (Harz)")–[Schaffhausen](/wiki/Schaffhausen "Schaffhausen")) passes through the town and connects to the [Bundesautobahn 6](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6 "Bundesautobahn 6").
[thumb\|salt\-mine of the *SWS* with shaft *König Wilhelm II.*](/wiki/File:Bad_Friedrichshall_Salzbergwerk_20060701.jpg "Bad Friedrichshall Salzbergwerk 20060701.jpg")
### Local businesses
From 1899 until 1994 the *Südwestdeutsche Salzwerke AG (SWS)* ran the salt\-mine Kochendorf and created a hollow space below Bad Friedrichshall and Neckarsulm of about {{convert\|12\|e6m3}}. In 1901, the shaft was christened to [William II](/wiki/William_II%2C_German_Emperor "William II, German Emperor"). Until 1984, the mine had just one shaft at its disposal, when a {{convert\|3\.7\|km\|mi\|adj\=on}} long subterranean connection to the plant of Heilbronn maintained by the same factory was built. It was also built to evacuate workers in case of emergency. Since 1994 the mine has been filled with rubble and hazardous waste. However, a visitor's mine is still open; it features a subterranean dome hall of the 1920s.
The factory *Richard Hengstenberg GmbH \& Co. KG* produces conserves in Kochendorf.
The factory *Hänel Büro\- und Lagersysteme* founded in 1953 produces storekeeping systems with subsidiaries in [Wiesentheid](/wiki/Wiesentheid "Wiesentheid"), the Swiss Altstätten SG and further ones abroad.
The *Zahnradfabrik Hänel* belongs to the same group and produces cogwheels.
### Media
The *Heilbronner Stimme* (edition north\-middle) and the official paper *Friedrichshaller Rundblick* are reporting local news in Bad Friedrichshall.
### Public institutions
The *Klinikum am Plattenwald* is a district hospital in Plattenwald consisting of 422 beds.
### Education
Bad Friedrichshall has six [primary schools](/wiki/Primary_education "Primary education") in Duttenberg, Hagenbach, Höchstberg\-Untergriesheim, Jagstfeld, Kochendorf and Plattenwald. There is a [Hauptschule](/wiki/Hauptschule "Hauptschule") and [Werkrealschule](/wiki/Werkrealschule "Werkrealschule"), the *Otto\-Klenert\-[Realschule](/wiki/Realschule "Realschule")* and the *Friedrich\-von\-Alberti\-[Gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28Germany%29 "Gymnasium (Germany)")*.
Bad Friedrichshall has a small public library within the Rathaus.
|
[
"Economy and infrastructure\n--------------------------",
"### Transport",
"[thumb\\|The Neckar Canal nearby the [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28water_transport%29 \"Lock (water transport)\") of Kochendorf](/wiki/File:Bad_Friedrichshall_Kochendorf_Neckarkanal_20070408.jpg \"Bad Friedrichshall Kochendorf Neckarkanal 20070408.jpg\")",
"Bad Friedrichshall\\-Jagstfeld was an important railway junction and border station between [Baden](/wiki/Baden \"Baden\") and [Württemberg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Württemberg\") between 1869 and 1920\\. The large railway yard bears witness to this fact, in the middle of which the station building was placed.",
"At [Bad Friedrichshall\\-Jagstfeld station](/wiki/Bad_Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld_station \"Bad Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld station\") the [Elsenz Valley Railway](/wiki/Elsenz_Valley_Railway \"Elsenz Valley Railway\") and the [Neckar Valley Railway](/wiki/Neckar_Valley_Railway \"Neckar Valley Railway\") (from [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\") via [Sinsheim](/wiki/Sinsheim \"Sinsheim\") and [Mosbach](/wiki/Mosbach \"Mosbach\") respectively) connect with the [Franconia Railway](/wiki/Franconia_Railway \"Franconia Railway\") from [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\") to [Würzburg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg \"Würzburg\"). There was also the [Lower Kocher Valley Railway](/wiki/Lower_Kocher_Valley_Railway \"Lower Kocher Valley Railway\") to [Ohrnberg](/wiki/%C3%96hringen \"Öhringen\") until 1993\\.",
"In Kochendorf and Untergriesheim there are further stations of the Franconia Railway, only served by [RegionalBahn](/wiki/RegionalBahn \"RegionalBahn\") trains. The Duttenberg\\-Obergriesheim station on the same line was closed in 1971\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2017}}",
"[Public transport](/wiki/Public_transport \"Public transport\") is managed by the [Passenger Transport Executive](/wiki/Passenger_Transport_Executive \"Passenger Transport Executive\") [Heilbronner Hohenloher Haller Nahverkehr](/wiki/Heilbronner_Hohenloher_Haller_Nahverkehr \"Heilbronner Hohenloher Haller Nahverkehr\") (HNV).",
"The [Bundesstraße](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe \"Bundesstraße\") [B 27](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_27 \"Bundesstraße 27\") ([Blankenburg (Harz)](/wiki/Blankenburg_%28Harz%29 \"Blankenburg (Harz)\")–[Schaffhausen](/wiki/Schaffhausen \"Schaffhausen\")) passes through the town and connects to the [Bundesautobahn 6](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6 \"Bundesautobahn 6\").",
"[thumb\\|salt\\-mine of the *SWS* with shaft *König Wilhelm II.*](/wiki/File:Bad_Friedrichshall_Salzbergwerk_20060701.jpg \"Bad Friedrichshall Salzbergwerk 20060701.jpg\")",
"### Local businesses",
"From 1899 until 1994 the *Südwestdeutsche Salzwerke AG (SWS)* ran the salt\\-mine Kochendorf and created a hollow space below Bad Friedrichshall and Neckarsulm of about {{convert\\|12\\|e6m3}}. In 1901, the shaft was christened to [William II](/wiki/William_II%2C_German_Emperor \"William II, German Emperor\"). Until 1984, the mine had just one shaft at its disposal, when a {{convert\\|3\\.7\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\\=on}} long subterranean connection to the plant of Heilbronn maintained by the same factory was built. It was also built to evacuate workers in case of emergency. Since 1994 the mine has been filled with rubble and hazardous waste. However, a visitor's mine is still open; it features a subterranean dome hall of the 1920s.",
"The factory *Richard Hengstenberg GmbH \\& Co. KG* produces conserves in Kochendorf. \nThe factory *Hänel Büro\\- und Lagersysteme* founded in 1953 produces storekeeping systems with subsidiaries in [Wiesentheid](/wiki/Wiesentheid \"Wiesentheid\"), the Swiss Altstätten SG and further ones abroad. \nThe *Zahnradfabrik Hänel* belongs to the same group and produces cogwheels.",
"### Media",
"The *Heilbronner Stimme* (edition north\\-middle) and the official paper *Friedrichshaller Rundblick* are reporting local news in Bad Friedrichshall.",
"### Public institutions",
"The *Klinikum am Plattenwald* is a district hospital in Plattenwald consisting of 422 beds.",
"### Education",
"Bad Friedrichshall has six [primary schools](/wiki/Primary_education \"Primary education\") in Duttenberg, Hagenbach, Höchstberg\\-Untergriesheim, Jagstfeld, Kochendorf and Plattenwald. There is a [Hauptschule](/wiki/Hauptschule \"Hauptschule\") and [Werkrealschule](/wiki/Werkrealschule \"Werkrealschule\"), the *Otto\\-Klenert\\-[Realschule](/wiki/Realschule \"Realschule\")* and the *Friedrich\\-von\\-Alberti\\-[Gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28Germany%29 \"Gymnasium (Germany)\")*.",
"Bad Friedrichshall has a small public library within the Rathaus.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early years. Bolshevik locksmith
Aleksey Rogov was born on 15 March 1886 in the village of Durasovo, [Penza Uezd](/wiki/Penzensky_Uyezd "Penzensky Uyezd"), province of the same name (or at the South Altay Mine in [Tomsk Governorate](/wiki/Tomsk_Governorate "Tomsk Governorate")){{cite book\|title\=Political Convicts and Exile: Biographical Directory of Members of the Society of Political Convicts and Exiled Settlers\|url\=http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/158\-politicheskaya\-katorga\-i\-ssylka\-biograficheskiy\-spravochnik\-chlenov\-obschestva\-politkatorzhan\-i\-ssylno\-poselentsev\-m\-1934\|location\=Moskva\|publisher\=All–Union Society of Political Convicts and Exiled Settlers\|year\=1934\|pages\=540–541}} in the family of a "[proletarian](/wiki/Proletariat "Proletariat")" ([miner](/wiki/Mining "Mining")). At the end of the 1890s, the Rogov Family moved to [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk "Krasnoyarsk"). Aleksey graduated from a parochial school, after which, together with his father, he went to work at the Main Railway Workshops in Krasnoyarsk.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.krasu.ru/streets/streets/rogov.htm\|title\=Aleksey Rogov Street\|author\=Tugarinov V.\|work\=Ring of Krasnoyarsk Local History, Scientific and Educational Web Resources}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio\_r/rogov\_ag.php\|title\=Rogov Aleksey Gavrilovich}}
In November 1902, Rogov was an active participant in the "[ticket strike](/wiki/Strike_action "Strike action")", and in August of the following year he led a three–day strike of student workers (together with Pyotr Roslyakov and V. Stroganov, who were later executed). In 1903–1904, Rogov joined the [Russian Social Democratic Labour Party](/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party"), where he joined the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolshevism "Bolshevism").
In January 1904 Aleksey Rogov was dismissed from the railway workshops "for unreliability". In search of work he went to [Sankt–Peterburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg"), but returned to [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk "Krasnoyarsk") in 1905 and got a job as a mechanic in the depot of the local railway station. After this, he was elected a member of the Krasnoyarsk Underground Party Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
### 1905\. Krasnoyarsk Republic. Arrests and escapes
In 1905, during the December Armed Uprising of Workers of the Krasnoyarsk Railway Workshops and Depots, nineteen–year–old Rogov became one of the leaders of the uprising. He ended up in the leadership of the Krasnoyarsk Republic, working together with its "president" – [warrant officer](/wiki/Praporshchik "Praporshchik") Andrey Kuzmin.{{cite book\|author\=Valentina Bezrukikh, Gennadiy Bykonya, Vera Fedorova\|title\=Illustrated History of Krasnoyare (XVI – Beginning of XX Century)\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=zD9WCgAAQBAJ\&dq\=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C\+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9\+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87\&pg\=PA217\|publisher\=Litres\|year\=2015\|page\=217\|isbn\=9785457862036}}
After the suppression of the Krasnoyarsk Uprising Rogov was imprisoned, but on 14 May 1906 he [escaped](/wiki/Prison_escape "Prison escape") (together with Aleksandr Melnikov, Innokentiy Vorontsov and some other "prominent figures of the republic"){{cite journal\|author\=Valeriy Kuznetsov\|title\=The Fate of the President\|url\=http://modernproblems.org.ru/capital/229\-2013\-07\-16\-13\-14\-44\.html\|journal\=Contemporary Issues. Library Named After Elena Evdokimova\|year\=2014}} and soon appeared in [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku") under the name of Trofim Ryabov. In 1906–1907 he worked in the local "Council of the Unemployed" and in the "Union of Oil Industry Workers". On instructions from the Baku Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, he participated in the murder of the manager of the Eastern Society Plant; was arrested in the fall of 1909, but escaped from Baku Prison.
After escaping again, Rogov again found himself in the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East "Far East"), where he became a member of the [Harbin](/wiki/Harbin "Harbin") Committee of the [Russian Social Democratic Labour Party](/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party"). In 1909, Rogov came to [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk "Krasnoyarsk") illegally to conduct revolutionary work. Here he worked as a machinist at the Bekker Brick Factory and actively participated in the activities of the Krasnoyarsk Party Organization.
In June 1911, Aleksey Rogov organised a [strike](/wiki/Strike_action "Strike action") of workers at a brick factory and builders of a military town: this strike "ended in victory". But its organizer was arrested, identified, and on February 18, 1912, he was sentenced to eight years of [hard labor](/wiki/Katorga "Katorga") (under Article 102 of the Criminal Code), which he served in the Aleksandrovskoe Central Prison, known for its cruelty, near [Irkutsk](/wiki/Irkutsk "Irkutsk").
### 1917\. Constituent Assembly and All–Russian Central Executive Committee
In 1917, after the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution "February Revolution"), Aleksey Gavrilovich, who was amnestied on 6 March,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.knowbysight.info/RRR/04486\.asp\|title\=Rogov Aleksey Gavrilovich\|publisher\=Handbook on the History of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union (1898–1991\)}} came to [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk "Krasnoyarsk") again: on 19 March he and former "president" Andrey Kuzmin arrived by morning train. Almost immediately, Rogov was elected one of the leaders of the Krasnoyarsk Bolshevik Organization and a member of the [Central Siberian](/wiki/Siberia "Siberia") Regional Bureau of the [Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union") (Central Siberian Regional Bureau of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks)). In addition, he became a member of the Krasnoyarsk Headquarters of the Red Guard.
During the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution"), Rogov was in [Tomsk](/wiki/Tomsk "Tomsk") and "rushed from meeting to meeting, calling on the workers to seize power in the city".
At the end of 1917, Rogov was elected as a delegate to the [All–Russian Constituent Assembly](/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly "Russian Constituent Assembly") from the [Enisey District](/wiki/Yeniseysk_Governorate "Yeniseysk Governorate") on List No. 2 (Bolsheviks). Arriving in the capital, he became a participant in the dispersal meeting of the Assembly on January 5, 1918\. In addition, Aleksey Gavrilovich became a member of the [All–Russian Central Executive Committee](/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee "All-Russian Central Executive Committee") of the Fourth Convocation.
### People's Commissar and professional union leader
In February 1918, Rogov became [People's Commissar of Communication Routes of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic](/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Communication_Routes_of_the_Russian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic "People's Commissariat of Communication Routes of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.revkom.com/index.htm?%2Fnaukaikultura%2F20080107ustav.htm\|title\=Professional Movement on Russian Railways (Brief Historical Background)\|work\=Workers' Democracy\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222748/http://www.revkom.com/index.htm?%2Fnaukaikultura%2F20080107ustav.htm \|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-18 }} On March 6–8, he took part in the [7th (Emergency) Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)](/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29 "7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"). In the same period Aleksey Rogov was a delegate of the Extraordinary Railway Congress and a member of the All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers (head – D. I. Zhuk).{{Cite web\|url\=http://history.rzd.ru/static/public/ru?STRUCTURE\_ID\=5052\&layer\_id\=3290\&id\=2146\|title\=Ministers of Communication Routes\|work\=History of Railways\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018201558/http://history.rzd.ru/static/public/ru?STRUCTURE\_ID\=5052\&layer\_id\=3290\&id\=2146 \|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-18 }} He also joined the seven–member board of the All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers, created to manage the Department of Communication Routes.{{cite journal\|title\=The Short Life of the All–Russian Executive Committee of the Railway Professional Union\|url\=http://istprof.ru/static/istprof/1510/5\.3%20%D0%B3%D0%BB.2\.pdf\|journal\=Russian Professional Union of Railway Workers\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713110358/http://istprof.ru/static/istprof/1510/5\.3%20%D0%B3%D0%BB.2\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2019\-07\-13 }}{{cite book\|title\=Railway Workers in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945\)\|author\=Nikolay Konarev\|publisher\=Litmir. Digital Library}}
The signature of People's Commissar Rogov is on Decree of the [Council of People's Commissars](/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic "Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic") No. 395 "On the Centralization of Management, Protection of Roads and Increasing Their Carrying Capacity" dated March 26, 1918, within the framework of which "the entire complex network of organizations in charge of transport" was simplified, and "unnecessary organizations" were abolished.{{Cite web\|url\=https://istmat.org/node/29136\|title\=No. 395\. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. On the Centralization of Management, the Protection of Roads and Increasing Their Carrying Capacity\|work\=Project "Historical Materials"}} In addition, the decree envisaged "replacing one type of \[locomotive] fuel with another, in view of the possibility of completely stopping the supply of coal from the Donets Basin". This resolution was not easy for Rogov: the decree did not suit the All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers and had already been rejected earlier (March 18\); representatives of the railway proletariat invited to the meeting of the Council of People's Commissars sharply criticized the decree, seeing in it "a diminishment of the role of the All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers".{{cite journal\|url\=http://www.nivestnik.ru/2005\_2/7\.shtml\|title\=Struggle for Power on the Russian Railways: All–Russian Executive Committee of the Railway Professional Union, All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers, All–Russian Council of Railway Professional Unions\|author\=Aleksandr Senin\|journal\=New Historical Bulletin\|number\=13\|year\=2005\|volume\=2 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018220855/http://www.nivestnik.ru/2005\_2/7\.shtml \|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-18 }}
During the [Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War"), Aleksey Rogov was on the [Southern](/wiki/Southern_Front_%28RSFSR%29 "Southern Front (RSFSR)") and [Eastern Fronts](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28RSFSR%29 "Eastern Front (RSFSR)"). After the establishment of [Soviet Power](/wiki/Soviet_%28council%29 "Soviet (council)") in most of the territory of the [Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"), Rogov was one of the leaders of the [Central Committee](/wiki/Central_committee "Central committee") of the [Professional Unions](/wiki/Trade_union "Trade union") of Railway Workers. He then worked for the [People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Trade_%28Soviet_Union%29 "Ministry of Foreign Trade (Soviet Union)") and the Supreme Council of People's Economy. He was a member of the [Society of Political Convicts and Exiled Settlers](/wiki/Society_of_Former_Political_Prisoners_and_Exiled_Settlers "Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers") (Ticket No. 1384\).
In 1936, Aleksey Gavrilovich Rogov retired. He died in [Moskva](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") in 1950 and was buried at the [Novodeviche Cemetery](/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery "Novodevichy Cemetery").{{Cite web\|url\=http://skorbim.com/мемориал/рогов\_алексей\_гаврилович.html\|title\=Memorial – Rogov Aleksey Gavrilovich: International System of Commemoration of the Deceased}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://rosgenea.ru/?alf\=17\|title\=Rogov Aleksey Gavrilovich\|work\=Genealogical Research Center\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111135138/http://rosgenea.ru/?alf\=17 \|archive\-date\=2016\-11\-11 }}
A street in the central district of [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk "Krasnoyarsk") (former 14th Prodolnaya Street) is named after Aleksey Rogov.
File:Рогов,\_Алексей\_Гаврилович\_(1886\-1950\).png\|Aleksey Rogov in his youth
File:Участники\_Декабрьского\_вооруженного\_восстания\_в\_Красноярске\_(1905\).png\|Participants in the December Armed Uprising in Krasnoyarsk (1905\)
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early years. Bolshevik locksmith",
"Aleksey Rogov was born on 15 March 1886 in the village of Durasovo, [Penza Uezd](/wiki/Penzensky_Uyezd \"Penzensky Uyezd\"), province of the same name (or at the South Altay Mine in [Tomsk Governorate](/wiki/Tomsk_Governorate \"Tomsk Governorate\")){{cite book\\|title\\=Political Convicts and Exile: Biographical Directory of Members of the Society of Political Convicts and Exiled Settlers\\|url\\=http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/158\\-politicheskaya\\-katorga\\-i\\-ssylka\\-biograficheskiy\\-spravochnik\\-chlenov\\-obschestva\\-politkatorzhan\\-i\\-ssylno\\-poselentsev\\-m\\-1934\\|location\\=Moskva\\|publisher\\=All–Union Society of Political Convicts and Exiled Settlers\\|year\\=1934\\|pages\\=540–541}} in the family of a \"[proletarian](/wiki/Proletariat \"Proletariat\")\" ([miner](/wiki/Mining \"Mining\")). At the end of the 1890s, the Rogov Family moved to [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk \"Krasnoyarsk\"). Aleksey graduated from a parochial school, after which, together with his father, he went to work at the Main Railway Workshops in Krasnoyarsk.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.krasu.ru/streets/streets/rogov.htm\\|title\\=Aleksey Rogov Street\\|author\\=Tugarinov V.\\|work\\=Ring of Krasnoyarsk Local History, Scientific and Educational Web Resources}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio\\_r/rogov\\_ag.php\\|title\\=Rogov Aleksey Gavrilovich}}",
"In November 1902, Rogov was an active participant in the \"[ticket strike](/wiki/Strike_action \"Strike action\")\", and in August of the following year he led a three–day strike of student workers (together with Pyotr Roslyakov and V. Stroganov, who were later executed). In 1903–1904, Rogov joined the [Russian Social Democratic Labour Party](/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party \"Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\"), where he joined the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolshevism \"Bolshevism\").",
"In January 1904 Aleksey Rogov was dismissed from the railway workshops \"for unreliability\". In search of work he went to [Sankt–Peterburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\"), but returned to [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk \"Krasnoyarsk\") in 1905 and got a job as a mechanic in the depot of the local railway station. After this, he was elected a member of the Krasnoyarsk Underground Party Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.",
"### 1905\\. Krasnoyarsk Republic. Arrests and escapes",
"In 1905, during the December Armed Uprising of Workers of the Krasnoyarsk Railway Workshops and Depots, nineteen–year–old Rogov became one of the leaders of the uprising. He ended up in the leadership of the Krasnoyarsk Republic, working together with its \"president\" – [warrant officer](/wiki/Praporshchik \"Praporshchik\") Andrey Kuzmin.{{cite book\\|author\\=Valentina Bezrukikh, Gennadiy Bykonya, Vera Fedorova\\|title\\=Illustrated History of Krasnoyare (XVI – Beginning of XX Century)\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=zD9WCgAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C\\+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9\\+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87\\&pg\\=PA217\\|publisher\\=Litres\\|year\\=2015\\|page\\=217\\|isbn\\=9785457862036}}",
"After the suppression of the Krasnoyarsk Uprising Rogov was imprisoned, but on 14 May 1906 he [escaped](/wiki/Prison_escape \"Prison escape\") (together with Aleksandr Melnikov, Innokentiy Vorontsov and some other \"prominent figures of the republic\"){{cite journal\\|author\\=Valeriy Kuznetsov\\|title\\=The Fate of the President\\|url\\=http://modernproblems.org.ru/capital/229\\-2013\\-07\\-16\\-13\\-14\\-44\\.html\\|journal\\=Contemporary Issues. Library Named After Elena Evdokimova\\|year\\=2014}} and soon appeared in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\") under the name of Trofim Ryabov. In 1906–1907 he worked in the local \"Council of the Unemployed\" and in the \"Union of Oil Industry Workers\". On instructions from the Baku Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, he participated in the murder of the manager of the Eastern Society Plant; was arrested in the fall of 1909, but escaped from Baku Prison.",
"After escaping again, Rogov again found himself in the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East \"Far East\"), where he became a member of the [Harbin](/wiki/Harbin \"Harbin\") Committee of the [Russian Social Democratic Labour Party](/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party \"Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\"). In 1909, Rogov came to [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk \"Krasnoyarsk\") illegally to conduct revolutionary work. Here he worked as a machinist at the Bekker Brick Factory and actively participated in the activities of the Krasnoyarsk Party Organization.",
"In June 1911, Aleksey Rogov organised a [strike](/wiki/Strike_action \"Strike action\") of workers at a brick factory and builders of a military town: this strike \"ended in victory\". But its organizer was arrested, identified, and on February 18, 1912, he was sentenced to eight years of [hard labor](/wiki/Katorga \"Katorga\") (under Article 102 of the Criminal Code), which he served in the Aleksandrovskoe Central Prison, known for its cruelty, near [Irkutsk](/wiki/Irkutsk \"Irkutsk\").",
"### 1917\\. Constituent Assembly and All–Russian Central Executive Committee",
"In 1917, after the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution \"February Revolution\"), Aleksey Gavrilovich, who was amnestied on 6 March,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.knowbysight.info/RRR/04486\\.asp\\|title\\=Rogov Aleksey Gavrilovich\\|publisher\\=Handbook on the History of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union (1898–1991\\)}} came to [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk \"Krasnoyarsk\") again: on 19 March he and former \"president\" Andrey Kuzmin arrived by morning train. Almost immediately, Rogov was elected one of the leaders of the Krasnoyarsk Bolshevik Organization and a member of the [Central Siberian](/wiki/Siberia \"Siberia\") Regional Bureau of the [Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") (Central Siberian Regional Bureau of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks)). In addition, he became a member of the Krasnoyarsk Headquarters of the Red Guard.",
"During the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\"), Rogov was in [Tomsk](/wiki/Tomsk \"Tomsk\") and \"rushed from meeting to meeting, calling on the workers to seize power in the city\".",
"At the end of 1917, Rogov was elected as a delegate to the [All–Russian Constituent Assembly](/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly \"Russian Constituent Assembly\") from the [Enisey District](/wiki/Yeniseysk_Governorate \"Yeniseysk Governorate\") on List No. 2 (Bolsheviks). Arriving in the capital, he became a participant in the dispersal meeting of the Assembly on January 5, 1918\\. In addition, Aleksey Gavrilovich became a member of the [All–Russian Central Executive Committee](/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee \"All-Russian Central Executive Committee\") of the Fourth Convocation.",
"### People's Commissar and professional union leader",
"In February 1918, Rogov became [People's Commissar of Communication Routes of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic](/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Communication_Routes_of_the_Russian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic \"People's Commissariat of Communication Routes of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.revkom.com/index.htm?%2Fnaukaikultura%2F20080107ustav.htm\\|title\\=Professional Movement on Russian Railways (Brief Historical Background)\\|work\\=Workers' Democracy\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222748/http://www.revkom.com/index.htm?%2Fnaukaikultura%2F20080107ustav.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-18 }} On March 6–8, he took part in the [7th (Emergency) Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)](/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29 \"7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"). In the same period Aleksey Rogov was a delegate of the Extraordinary Railway Congress and a member of the All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers (head – D. I. Zhuk).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://history.rzd.ru/static/public/ru?STRUCTURE\\_ID\\=5052\\&layer\\_id\\=3290\\&id\\=2146\\|title\\=Ministers of Communication Routes\\|work\\=History of Railways\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018201558/http://history.rzd.ru/static/public/ru?STRUCTURE\\_ID\\=5052\\&layer\\_id\\=3290\\&id\\=2146 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-18 }} He also joined the seven–member board of the All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers, created to manage the Department of Communication Routes.{{cite journal\\|title\\=The Short Life of the All–Russian Executive Committee of the Railway Professional Union\\|url\\=http://istprof.ru/static/istprof/1510/5\\.3%20%D0%B3%D0%BB.2\\.pdf\\|journal\\=Russian Professional Union of Railway Workers\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713110358/http://istprof.ru/static/istprof/1510/5\\.3%20%D0%B3%D0%BB.2\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-13 }}{{cite book\\|title\\=Railway Workers in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945\\)\\|author\\=Nikolay Konarev\\|publisher\\=Litmir. Digital Library}}",
"The signature of People's Commissar Rogov is on Decree of the [Council of People's Commissars](/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic \"Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\") No. 395 \"On the Centralization of Management, Protection of Roads and Increasing Their Carrying Capacity\" dated March 26, 1918, within the framework of which \"the entire complex network of organizations in charge of transport\" was simplified, and \"unnecessary organizations\" were abolished.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://istmat.org/node/29136\\|title\\=No. 395\\. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. On the Centralization of Management, the Protection of Roads and Increasing Their Carrying Capacity\\|work\\=Project \"Historical Materials\"}} In addition, the decree envisaged \"replacing one type of \\[locomotive] fuel with another, in view of the possibility of completely stopping the supply of coal from the Donets Basin\". This resolution was not easy for Rogov: the decree did not suit the All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers and had already been rejected earlier (March 18\\); representatives of the railway proletariat invited to the meeting of the Council of People's Commissars sharply criticized the decree, seeing in it \"a diminishment of the role of the All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers\".{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://www.nivestnik.ru/2005\\_2/7\\.shtml\\|title\\=Struggle for Power on the Russian Railways: All–Russian Executive Committee of the Railway Professional Union, All–Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers, All–Russian Council of Railway Professional Unions\\|author\\=Aleksandr Senin\\|journal\\=New Historical Bulletin\\|number\\=13\\|year\\=2005\\|volume\\=2 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018220855/http://www.nivestnik.ru/2005\\_2/7\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-18 }}",
"During the [Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\"), Aleksey Rogov was on the [Southern](/wiki/Southern_Front_%28RSFSR%29 \"Southern Front (RSFSR)\") and [Eastern Fronts](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28RSFSR%29 \"Eastern Front (RSFSR)\"). After the establishment of [Soviet Power](/wiki/Soviet_%28council%29 \"Soviet (council)\") in most of the territory of the [Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic \"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\"), Rogov was one of the leaders of the [Central Committee](/wiki/Central_committee \"Central committee\") of the [Professional Unions](/wiki/Trade_union \"Trade union\") of Railway Workers. He then worked for the [People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Trade_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Trade (Soviet Union)\") and the Supreme Council of People's Economy. He was a member of the [Society of Political Convicts and Exiled Settlers](/wiki/Society_of_Former_Political_Prisoners_and_Exiled_Settlers \"Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers\") (Ticket No. 1384\\).",
"In 1936, Aleksey Gavrilovich Rogov retired. He died in [Moskva](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") in 1950 and was buried at the [Novodeviche Cemetery](/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery \"Novodevichy Cemetery\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://skorbim.com/мемориал/рогов\\_алексей\\_гаврилович.html\\|title\\=Memorial – Rogov Aleksey Gavrilovich: International System of Commemoration of the Deceased}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://rosgenea.ru/?alf\\=17\\|title\\=Rogov Aleksey Gavrilovich\\|work\\=Genealogical Research Center\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111135138/http://rosgenea.ru/?alf\\=17 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-11 }}",
"A street in the central district of [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk \"Krasnoyarsk\") (former 14th Prodolnaya Street) is named after Aleksey Rogov.",
"File:Рогов,\\_Алексей\\_Гаврилович\\_(1886\\-1950\\).png\\|Aleksey Rogov in his youth\nFile:Участники\\_Декабрьского\\_вооруженного\\_восстания\\_в\\_Красноярске\\_(1905\\).png\\|Participants in the December Armed Uprising in Krasnoyarsk (1905\\)",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
The Theatricum Botanicum originated in the early 1950s, when Will Geer was blacklisted for refusing to testify before the [House Committee on Un\-American Activities](/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities "House Committee on Un-American Activities"). Unable to find work in Hollywood, he sold his house in [Santa Monica](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California "Santa Monica, California") and moved to Topanga Canyon, where he began selling produce and opened a theatre for blacklisted actors and folk singers. Geer's friend [Woody Guthrie](/wiki/Woody_Guthrie "Woody Guthrie") had a small shack on the property.
When Geer returned to popularity in the 1970s from his role as Grandpa in *[The Waltons](/wiki/The_Waltons "The Waltons")*, in 1973 he re\-gathered his family (who were now working actors at theatres across the country) and together they formed the Will Geer Theatricum Botanicum, a non\-profit hosting free workshop performances of Shakespeare, folk plays, and concerts featuring artists as [Pete Seeger](/wiki/Pete_Seeger "Pete Seeger"), [Arlo Guthrie](/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie "Arlo Guthrie"), [Della Reese](/wiki/Della_Reese "Della Reese"), and [Burl Ives](/wiki/Burl_Ives "Burl Ives"). Geer combined his acting and botanical careers at the Theatricum, by making sure that every plant mentioned in [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare "Shakespeare") was grown there. Geer's former wife Herta Ware helped develop the outdoor summer theatre.
After Geer's death in 1978, the family and a small band of players decided to work towards becoming a professional repertory theatre, incorporating educational programs and musical events. The local community and surrounding environs encouraged the theatre's artistic goals and proved their support by donating the labor and materials to begin a campaign which would expand and improve the theatre's facilities.
When the [Santa Monica Pier](/wiki/Santa_Monica_Pier "Santa Monica Pier") blew down in a storm in 1983, salvaged wooden planks were used to build the main stage. 1983 also marked the first year of realizing the Theatricum's goal of providing its principal performers with an Equity contract; today the 299\-seat outdoor amphitheatre is one of the few mid\-size union houses in the L.A. area, receiving critical praise and numerous awards including the prestigious Margaret Harford Award for Sustained Excellence from the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle, and the *LA Weekly* Career Achievement Award for Artistic Director [Ellen Geer](/wiki/Ellen_Geer "Ellen Geer").
From 1987 to the present, eight original plays have been included in the theatre's annual Repertory of Classics, which revolves around at least one Shakespeare play. Peter Alsop's Kid's Koncerts have become a regular addition to the Repertory Season, along with Theatre for Kids by Creative PlayGround, and each spring and fall the theatre is home to a range of concerts, including numerous benefits.
In past years, the Theatricum has included special entertainment in its seasons such as American Stories, a concert performance series for families, students, and educators; Outdoor Cabaret, for nighttime shows; the Woody Guthrie Show; and pre\-show discussions in a Prologue Series.
Renovation of the Theatricum's scenic mainstage amphitheatre was completed in 1997, an architectural re\-design and overhaul which maintains the natural aesthetics the theatre has become known for, while enhancing the venue's comfort and accessibility. The renovation was financed by the Irvine Foundation, Weingart Foundation, and the Ralph M. Parsons Foundation.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Theatricum Botanicum originated in the early 1950s, when Will Geer was blacklisted for refusing to testify before the [House Committee on Un\\-American Activities](/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities \"House Committee on Un-American Activities\"). Unable to find work in Hollywood, he sold his house in [Santa Monica](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California \"Santa Monica, California\") and moved to Topanga Canyon, where he began selling produce and opened a theatre for blacklisted actors and folk singers. Geer's friend [Woody Guthrie](/wiki/Woody_Guthrie \"Woody Guthrie\") had a small shack on the property.",
"When Geer returned to popularity in the 1970s from his role as Grandpa in *[The Waltons](/wiki/The_Waltons \"The Waltons\")*, in 1973 he re\\-gathered his family (who were now working actors at theatres across the country) and together they formed the Will Geer Theatricum Botanicum, a non\\-profit hosting free workshop performances of Shakespeare, folk plays, and concerts featuring artists as [Pete Seeger](/wiki/Pete_Seeger \"Pete Seeger\"), [Arlo Guthrie](/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie \"Arlo Guthrie\"), [Della Reese](/wiki/Della_Reese \"Della Reese\"), and [Burl Ives](/wiki/Burl_Ives \"Burl Ives\"). Geer combined his acting and botanical careers at the Theatricum, by making sure that every plant mentioned in [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare \"Shakespeare\") was grown there. Geer's former wife Herta Ware helped develop the outdoor summer theatre.",
"After Geer's death in 1978, the family and a small band of players decided to work towards becoming a professional repertory theatre, incorporating educational programs and musical events. The local community and surrounding environs encouraged the theatre's artistic goals and proved their support by donating the labor and materials to begin a campaign which would expand and improve the theatre's facilities.",
"When the [Santa Monica Pier](/wiki/Santa_Monica_Pier \"Santa Monica Pier\") blew down in a storm in 1983, salvaged wooden planks were used to build the main stage. 1983 also marked the first year of realizing the Theatricum's goal of providing its principal performers with an Equity contract; today the 299\\-seat outdoor amphitheatre is one of the few mid\\-size union houses in the L.A. area, receiving critical praise and numerous awards including the prestigious Margaret Harford Award for Sustained Excellence from the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle, and the *LA Weekly* Career Achievement Award for Artistic Director [Ellen Geer](/wiki/Ellen_Geer \"Ellen Geer\").",
"From 1987 to the present, eight original plays have been included in the theatre's annual Repertory of Classics, which revolves around at least one Shakespeare play. Peter Alsop's Kid's Koncerts have become a regular addition to the Repertory Season, along with Theatre for Kids by Creative PlayGround, and each spring and fall the theatre is home to a range of concerts, including numerous benefits.",
"In past years, the Theatricum has included special entertainment in its seasons such as American Stories, a concert performance series for families, students, and educators; Outdoor Cabaret, for nighttime shows; the Woody Guthrie Show; and pre\\-show discussions in a Prologue Series.",
"Renovation of the Theatricum's scenic mainstage amphitheatre was completed in 1997, an architectural re\\-design and overhaul which maintains the natural aesthetics the theatre has become known for, while enhancing the venue's comfort and accessibility. The renovation was financed by the Irvine Foundation, Weingart Foundation, and the Ralph M. Parsons Foundation.",
""
] |
Victims
-------
The testimony of three victims enabled the conviction of two Amberdale offenders.
Two were girls raped by [Dean Gathercole](/wiki/%23Dean_Gathercole "#Dean Gathercole") – one in a nearby apartment and the other in his mother's bed. The third was sexually exploited as a boy by [Myriam Bamkin](/wiki/%23Myriam_Bamkin "#Myriam Bamkin").
### Gathercole's "discharged" victim
The female who was raped by [Dean Gathercole](/wiki/%23Dean_Gathercole "#Dean Gathercole") in his mother's bed had mixed experiences of seeking justice, including "dismissive attitudes towards young victims of abuse from the underclasses".
She was abused so severely that she ran away, fleeing Gathercole's intolerable campaign of harassment and sexual assaults. Afterwards, she could not live there because Gathercole said she was "discharged", which he said he was powerless to undo.
When she finally came forward in 2000, in Oxclose Lane police station, she was asked in an "accusatory tone" how she had been dressed and "whether I was a virgin". Police showed "no compassion, sympathy or the slightest bit of understanding", leaving her "feeling like I was the criminal, that I had done something wrong". She gave a statement and Gathercole was arrested. He was released without charge{{cite news \|title\=Radcliffe former children's home worker jailed for rape of girls in his care \|url\=https://westbridgfordwire.com/radcliffe\-former\-childrens\-worker\-jailed\-for\-rape\-of\-girls\-in\-his\-care/ \|work\=Westbridgford Wire \|date\=4 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195150/https://westbridgfordwire.com/radcliffe\-former\-childrens\-worker\-jailed\-for\-rape\-of\-girls\-in\-his\-care/ \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} because the [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service") accepted his explanation for why she could describe his "undressed physique" and mother's bedroom. After police informed her that Gathercole had been sacked, she still worried about his access to other girls, causing "a mental health crisis I was not equipped to handle" and "a great deal of anxiety".
Her experience was very different after a second victim reported Gathercole to police in 2014\. Operation Equinox officers worked with police in [Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"), where she was living and visited her there in 2017\. She found these officers "understanding", "patient", "compassionate" and "straight\-talking".
Then during the trial, she was forced to surrender all her medical, therapy and social media records to Dean Gathercole and his defence team. These intrusive demands felt like being abused "all over again".
|
[
"Victims\n-------",
"The testimony of three victims enabled the conviction of two Amberdale offenders.",
"Two were girls raped by [Dean Gathercole](/wiki/%23Dean_Gathercole \"#Dean Gathercole\") – one in a nearby apartment and the other in his mother's bed. The third was sexually exploited as a boy by [Myriam Bamkin](/wiki/%23Myriam_Bamkin \"#Myriam Bamkin\").",
"### Gathercole's \"discharged\" victim",
"The female who was raped by [Dean Gathercole](/wiki/%23Dean_Gathercole \"#Dean Gathercole\") in his mother's bed had mixed experiences of seeking justice, including \"dismissive attitudes towards young victims of abuse from the underclasses\".",
"She was abused so severely that she ran away, fleeing Gathercole's intolerable campaign of harassment and sexual assaults. Afterwards, she could not live there because Gathercole said she was \"discharged\", which he said he was powerless to undo.",
"When she finally came forward in 2000, in Oxclose Lane police station, she was asked in an \"accusatory tone\" how she had been dressed and \"whether I was a virgin\". Police showed \"no compassion, sympathy or the slightest bit of understanding\", leaving her \"feeling like I was the criminal, that I had done something wrong\". She gave a statement and Gathercole was arrested. He was released without charge{{cite news \\|title\\=Radcliffe former children's home worker jailed for rape of girls in his care \\|url\\=https://westbridgfordwire.com/radcliffe\\-former\\-childrens\\-worker\\-jailed\\-for\\-rape\\-of\\-girls\\-in\\-his\\-care/ \\|work\\=Westbridgford Wire \\|date\\=4 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195150/https://westbridgfordwire.com/radcliffe\\-former\\-childrens\\-worker\\-jailed\\-for\\-rape\\-of\\-girls\\-in\\-his\\-care/ \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} because the [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\") accepted his explanation for why she could describe his \"undressed physique\" and mother's bedroom. After police informed her that Gathercole had been sacked, she still worried about his access to other girls, causing \"a mental health crisis I was not equipped to handle\" and \"a great deal of anxiety\".",
"Her experience was very different after a second victim reported Gathercole to police in 2014\\. Operation Equinox officers worked with police in [Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\"), where she was living and visited her there in 2017\\. She found these officers \"understanding\", \"patient\", \"compassionate\" and \"straight\\-talking\".",
"Then during the trial, she was forced to surrender all her medical, therapy and social media records to Dean Gathercole and his defence team. These intrusive demands felt like being abused \"all over again\".",
""
] |
### Gathercole's "discharged" victim
The female who was raped by [Dean Gathercole](/wiki/%23Dean_Gathercole "#Dean Gathercole") in his mother's bed had mixed experiences of seeking justice, including "dismissive attitudes towards young victims of abuse from the underclasses".
She was abused so severely that she ran away, fleeing Gathercole's intolerable campaign of harassment and sexual assaults. Afterwards, she could not live there because Gathercole said she was "discharged", which he said he was powerless to undo.
When she finally came forward in 2000, in Oxclose Lane police station, she was asked in an "accusatory tone" how she had been dressed and "whether I was a virgin". Police showed "no compassion, sympathy or the slightest bit of understanding", leaving her "feeling like I was the criminal, that I had done something wrong". She gave a statement and Gathercole was arrested. He was released without charge{{cite news \|title\=Radcliffe former children's home worker jailed for rape of girls in his care \|url\=https://westbridgfordwire.com/radcliffe\-former\-childrens\-worker\-jailed\-for\-rape\-of\-girls\-in\-his\-care/ \|work\=Westbridgford Wire \|date\=4 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195150/https://westbridgfordwire.com/radcliffe\-former\-childrens\-worker\-jailed\-for\-rape\-of\-girls\-in\-his\-care/ \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} because the [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service") accepted his explanation for why she could describe his "undressed physique" and mother's bedroom. After police informed her that Gathercole had been sacked, she still worried about his access to other girls, causing "a mental health crisis I was not equipped to handle" and "a great deal of anxiety".
Her experience was very different after a second victim reported Gathercole to police in 2014\. Operation Equinox officers worked with police in [Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"), where she was living and visited her there in 2017\. She found these officers "understanding", "patient", "compassionate" and "straight\-talking".
Then during the trial, she was forced to surrender all her medical, therapy and social media records to Dean Gathercole and his defence team. These intrusive demands felt like being abused "all over again".
|
[
"### Gathercole's \"discharged\" victim",
"The female who was raped by [Dean Gathercole](/wiki/%23Dean_Gathercole \"#Dean Gathercole\") in his mother's bed had mixed experiences of seeking justice, including \"dismissive attitudes towards young victims of abuse from the underclasses\".",
"She was abused so severely that she ran away, fleeing Gathercole's intolerable campaign of harassment and sexual assaults. Afterwards, she could not live there because Gathercole said she was \"discharged\", which he said he was powerless to undo.",
"When she finally came forward in 2000, in Oxclose Lane police station, she was asked in an \"accusatory tone\" how she had been dressed and \"whether I was a virgin\". Police showed \"no compassion, sympathy or the slightest bit of understanding\", leaving her \"feeling like I was the criminal, that I had done something wrong\". She gave a statement and Gathercole was arrested. He was released without charge{{cite news \\|title\\=Radcliffe former children's home worker jailed for rape of girls in his care \\|url\\=https://westbridgfordwire.com/radcliffe\\-former\\-childrens\\-worker\\-jailed\\-for\\-rape\\-of\\-girls\\-in\\-his\\-care/ \\|work\\=Westbridgford Wire \\|date\\=4 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195150/https://westbridgfordwire.com/radcliffe\\-former\\-childrens\\-worker\\-jailed\\-for\\-rape\\-of\\-girls\\-in\\-his\\-care/ \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} because the [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\") accepted his explanation for why she could describe his \"undressed physique\" and mother's bedroom. After police informed her that Gathercole had been sacked, she still worried about his access to other girls, causing \"a mental health crisis I was not equipped to handle\" and \"a great deal of anxiety\".",
"Her experience was very different after a second victim reported Gathercole to police in 2014\\. Operation Equinox officers worked with police in [Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\"), where she was living and visited her there in 2017\\. She found these officers \"understanding\", \"patient\", \"compassionate\" and \"straight\\-talking\".",
"Then during the trial, she was forced to surrender all her medical, therapy and social media records to Dean Gathercole and his defence team. These intrusive demands felt like being abused \"all over again\".",
""
] |
Sentences
---------
| Perpetrator | Conviction(s) | Sentence |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dean Gathercole | Rape (3 counts), indecent assault (6 counts) | 17 years{{cite news \|last1\=Whitfield \|first1\=David \|title\=Two\-year sentence reduction for paedophile who abused young girls at Amberdale \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/two\-year\-sentence\-reduction\-paedophile\-2122948 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=18 October 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103222638/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/two\-year\-sentence\-reduction\-paedophile\-2122948 \|archivedate\=3 November 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} |
| Myriam Bamkin | Indecent assault{{cite news \|last1\=Whitfield \|first1\=David \|title\=It took a total of 154 years to bring these abusers to justice after concerns were first raised \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\-news/took\-total\-154\-years\-bring\-3156355 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=1 August 2019 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030134810/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\-news/took\-total\-154\-years\-bring\-3156355 \|archivedate\=30 October 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} | 2½ years |
### Dean Gathercole
On 4 May 2018, social worker Dean Gathercole was convicted of serious sexual offences against a 15\-year\-old girl and a 16\-year\-old girl in Amberdale and initially jailed for 19 years, which was reduced to 17 years on appeal.
He worked in Amberdale between 1983 and 1989 and committed the crimes during that time. He was described by a victim as "a bully who instilled fear in young people".
His convictions were for raping and sexually abusing two teenage girls. He raped one girl twice in a nearby apartment that prepared teenagers for adult life and warned her that if she speaks about it, she will be disbelieved. She informed police decades later in 2014\.
He raped the other girl on his mother's bed{{cite news \|last1\=Sherdley \|first1\=Rebecca \|title\=Ex\-social worker Dean Gathercole found guilty of raping and indecently assaulting two vulnerable teenagers \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/ex\-social\-worker\-gathercole\-guilty\-1534267 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=4 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504212307/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/ex\-social\-worker\-gathercole\-guilty\-1534267 \|archivedate\=4 May 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} in 1987\. He took the girl out in order "to run an errand" and gave her a tour of his mother's house, where he perpetrated the crime. He followed this attack with a sustained campaign of harassment and sexual assaults at Amberdale, including one in his car. In the end she fled the home. When she tried to return, Gathercole told her Amberdale had "discharged" her, which he said he was powerless to undo. She did not report the crime, fearing being disbelieved, until 2000\.
In 1987 and again in 1988, Gathercole was arrested and released without charge after two girls in Amberdale reported him for serious crimes. Amberdale responded by transferring the girls elsewhere. In 1989, he left Amberdale and became a team leader in Repton Lodge – a children's home in [Worksop](/wiki/Worksop "Worksop").{{cite news \|last1\=Sherdley \|first1\=Rebecca \|title\=Social worker accused of abusing and raping two girls took various jobs after leaving social care \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\-news/social\-worker\-accused\-abusing\-raping\-1518027 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=30 April 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225025217/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\-news/social\-worker\-accused\-abusing\-raping\-1518027 \|archivedate\=25 December 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} From 1991, he led a team in another children's home in [Carlton](/wiki/Carlton_in_Lindrick "Carlton in Lindrick") and was sacked in 1997 for "inappropriate behaviour", suspicious financial activity and losing files on children.{{cite news \|last1\=Whitfield \|first1\=David \|title\=Convicted paedophile Dean Gathercole to appeal against his sentence \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/convicted\-paedophile\-dean\-gathercole\-appeal\-2077271 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=5 October 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006124414/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/convicted\-paedophile\-dean\-gathercole\-appeal\-2077271 \|archivedate\=6 October 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
When the Amberdale victim he was convicted of raping in his mother's bed reported it in 2000, Gathercole was arrested and released without charge. In 2014, when the other woman came forward, he was investigated under Operation Equinox and charged in May 2017 with eight sexual offences including two counts of rape.{{cite news \|title\=Nottinghamshire man charged over 1987 care home rape \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-40045871 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=25 May 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125232039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-40045871 \|archivedate\=25 January 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en \|access\-date\=8 March 2020 }}
\- {{cite news \|last1\=Parker \|first1\=David \|title\=Man charged with eight historical child sex offences \|url\=https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/man\-charged\-with\-eight\-historical\-child\-sex\-offences\-9040456/ \|work\=Newark Advertiser \|date\=25 May 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103194753/https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/man\-charged\-with\-eight\-historical\-child\-sex\-offences\-9040456/ \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en }}
After Gathercole was sentenced, Operation Equinox senior investigator Rob McKinnell thanked the two women for their "immense courage" in "showing that it can be done". He said a fear of being disbelieved "is something we have heard when it comes to non\-recent cases" and nowadays "things are different, people are listened to". He continued: "I hope this case sends a message to survivors of non\-recent child sexual abuse that Nottinghamshire Police takes any report very seriously. We strive to get justice for people so I would urge anyone who has experienced this to come forward and report it to us."{{cite news \|title\=Former care home worker jailed for raping girls \|url\=https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/former\-care\-home\-worker\-jailed\-for\-raping\-girls\-9043010/ \|work\=Newark Advertiser \|date\=6 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195413/https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/former\-care\-home\-worker\-jailed\-for\-raping\-girls\-9043010/ \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
The [NSPCC](/wiki/NSPCC "NSPCC") said: "Gathercole used his position of trust to groom and abuse extremely vulnerable children who needed guidance and support", causing "unimaginable pain and suffering".{{cite news \|title\=Dean Gathercole jailed over 1980s children's care home rapes \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-44039768 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=8 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322230526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-44039768 \|archivedate\=22 March 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
Judge Jeremy Lea said Gathercole "got away with this for far too long" and it is "difficult to imagine a greater or more despicable breach of trust".
[Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council "Nottinghamshire County Council") apologised Gathercole's victims, who "should have been offered the highest level of safety and protection". It said the convictions for his "horrific crimes" and "despicable" betrayal of trust was only made possible by their "determination, courage and bravery". It asked "anyone who has suffered abuse of any kind to come forward and report it either to ourselves or to [Nottinghamshire Police](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police "Nottinghamshire Police")".{{cite news \|last1\=Sherdley \|first1\=Rebecca \|title\=Dean Gathercole is jailed for 19 years for raping and abusing two teenage girls \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/dean\-gathercole\-jailed\-19\-years\-1535129 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=4 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705085513/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/dean\-gathercole\-jailed\-19\-years\-1535129 \|archivedate\=5 July 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
### Myriam Bamkin
Myriam Bamkin was jailed for 2½ years in 2018 for her sexual relationship in 1985 with a "troubled, vulnerable" 15\-year\-old boy{{cite news \|title\=Operation Equinox: Woman jailed for sex with boy, 15 \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-44335929 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=1 June 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195601/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-44335929 \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} and permanently added to the [sex offenders' register](/wiki/Violent_and_Sex_Offender_Register "Violent and Sex Offender Register"). She was banned from work with children{{cite news \|last1\=Sherdley \|first1\=Rebecca \|title\=Concerns over social worker who had sex with boy, 15, were 'swept under the carpet' \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/myriam\-bamkin\-social\-worker\-1631559 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=1 June 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031017/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/myriam\-bamkin\-social\-worker\-1631559 \|archivedate\=26 August 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} and had already been suspended as a [fostering](/wiki/Fostering "Fostering") team manager.
The boy's childhood had been "difficult and violent", making him "troubled" and "vulnerable" when he arrived in Amberdale.
There, she "exerted authority over him" and groomed him with copious attention and extra privileges, such as letting him have cigarettes and go to the shops more often. She spent much time next to him, including in his bedroom watching TV and in the gym where she began a sexual relationship with him.
He reported her to police on 5 April 2016\. She was investigated under Operation Equinox and charged in March 2017 with four sexual offences at Amberdale.{{cite news \|title\=Woman faces 1980s Amberdale children's home sex charges \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-39435864 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=29 March 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402063419/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-39435864 \|archivedate\=2 April 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
\- {{cite news \|last1\=Charity \|first1\=Nick \|title\=Belper woman charged with historical sex offences in Nottinghamshire \|url\=https://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/crime/belper\-woman\-charged\-with\-historical\-sex\-offences\-in\-nottinghamshire\-1\-8466078 \|work\=Belper News \|date\=30 March 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330131926/http://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/crime/belper\-woman\-charged\-with\-historical\-sex\-offences\-in\-nottinghamshire\-1\-8466078 \|archivedate\=30 March 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} She pleaded not guilty on 25 May 2017{{cite news \|title\=Woman accused of historical child sexual offences pleads not guilty \|url\=https://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/woman\-accused\-of\-historical\-child\-sexual\-offences\-pleads\-not\-guilty\-1\-8565349 \|work\=Belper News \|date\=26 May 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619195556/http://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/woman\-accused\-of\-historical\-child\-sexual\-offences\-pleads\-not\-guilty\-1\-8565349 \|archivedate\=19 June 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en \|access\-date\=8 March 2020 }} and changed her plea to guilty for indecent assault a year later on 29 May 2018\.{{cite news \|title\=Jail for former Nottingham social worker who indecently assaulted a child in 1980s \|url\=https://westbridgfordwire.com/jail\-for\-former\-nottingham\-social\-worker\-who\-indecently\-assaulted\-a\-child\-in\-1980s/ \|work\=Westbridgford Wire \|date\=1 June 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195808/https://westbridgfordwire.com/jail\-for\-former\-nottingham\-social\-worker\-who\-indecently\-assaulted\-a\-child\-in\-1980s/ \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
Detective Constable Vincent Clark welcomed the sentence and hoped it "will give the victim some closure on what happened all those years ago." He said Bamkin "manipulated" the boy into sex when he was "totally reliant on the adults around him".
Steve Edwards, the council's director of youth services and social work, praised the victim's "courageous step" of contacting police. He said "Bamkin betrayed the trust of the children she was responsible for and her colleagues" and assured victims: "All allegations of abuse, historical or current, are taken extremely seriously, and we as a council work tirelessly to bring the perpetrators to justice. I would encourage anyone who feels they have been abused to contact [Nottinghamshire Police](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police "Nottinghamshire Police")."
#### Pension controversy
Bamkin was allowed to retire from the council on a full pension, to the dismay of victims groups.
[Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council "Nottinghamshire County Council") said this was beyond its control because [Local Government Pension Scheme](/wiki/Local_Government_Pension_Scheme "Local Government Pension Scheme") (LGPS) Regulations enable employees to retire with a pension once they are aged between 55 and 75, and it "has no discretion to vary" this entitlement. She continued working for the council after the 1985 offences and was a [fostering](/wiki/Fostering "Fostering") team manager when the crime was finally reported to police in 2016, resulting in her suspension. Then she retired before her conviction, making it impossible to apply for pension forfeiture from the Secretary of State, the council believed. It contacted "the Government and the LGPS technical team to confirm our interpretation and suggesting that they review the current regulations."
The [Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing%2C_Communities_and_Local_Government "Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government") commented: "Forfeiture cases are rare, and each case is looked at on its own merits." It said the regulations are often reviewed.
Nottinghamshire Child Sexual Abuse Survivors Group questioned whether legal advice was sought at the time of Bamkin's suspension, because "if she had been dealt with at the time \[...] the tax payer would not be footing her pension bill". It said that "in sharp contrast" to victims, Bamkin will enjoy "a very comfortable retirement". The East Midlands Survivors group said people guilty of "nasty crimes \[...] should not be getting funded by the state for the rest of their lives."{{cite news \|last1\=Whitfield \|first1\=David \|title\=This woman abused a boy in her care \- so why was she able to retire on a generous council pension? \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/woman\-abused\-boy\-care\-able\-1683756 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=17 June 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617203142/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/woman\-abused\-boy\-care\-able\-1683756 \|archivedate\=17 June 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Sentences\n---------",
"",
"| Perpetrator | Conviction(s) | Sentence |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Dean Gathercole | Rape (3 counts), indecent assault (6 counts) | 17 years{{cite news \\|last1\\=Whitfield \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Two\\-year sentence reduction for paedophile who abused young girls at Amberdale \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/two\\-year\\-sentence\\-reduction\\-paedophile\\-2122948 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=18 October 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103222638/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/two\\-year\\-sentence\\-reduction\\-paedophile\\-2122948 \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} |\n| Myriam Bamkin | Indecent assault{{cite news \\|last1\\=Whitfield \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=It took a total of 154 years to bring these abusers to justice after concerns were first raised \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\\-news/took\\-total\\-154\\-years\\-bring\\-3156355 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=1 August 2019 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030134810/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\\-news/took\\-total\\-154\\-years\\-bring\\-3156355 \\|archivedate\\=30 October 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} | 2½ years |",
"### Dean Gathercole",
"On 4 May 2018, social worker Dean Gathercole was convicted of serious sexual offences against a 15\\-year\\-old girl and a 16\\-year\\-old girl in Amberdale and initially jailed for 19 years, which was reduced to 17 years on appeal.",
"He worked in Amberdale between 1983 and 1989 and committed the crimes during that time. He was described by a victim as \"a bully who instilled fear in young people\".",
"His convictions were for raping and sexually abusing two teenage girls. He raped one girl twice in a nearby apartment that prepared teenagers for adult life and warned her that if she speaks about it, she will be disbelieved. She informed police decades later in 2014\\.",
"He raped the other girl on his mother's bed{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sherdley \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Ex\\-social worker Dean Gathercole found guilty of raping and indecently assaulting two vulnerable teenagers \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/ex\\-social\\-worker\\-gathercole\\-guilty\\-1534267 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=4 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504212307/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/ex\\-social\\-worker\\-gathercole\\-guilty\\-1534267 \\|archivedate\\=4 May 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} in 1987\\. He took the girl out in order \"to run an errand\" and gave her a tour of his mother's house, where he perpetrated the crime. He followed this attack with a sustained campaign of harassment and sexual assaults at Amberdale, including one in his car. In the end she fled the home. When she tried to return, Gathercole told her Amberdale had \"discharged\" her, which he said he was powerless to undo. She did not report the crime, fearing being disbelieved, until 2000\\.",
"In 1987 and again in 1988, Gathercole was arrested and released without charge after two girls in Amberdale reported him for serious crimes. Amberdale responded by transferring the girls elsewhere. In 1989, he left Amberdale and became a team leader in Repton Lodge – a children's home in [Worksop](/wiki/Worksop \"Worksop\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sherdley \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Social worker accused of abusing and raping two girls took various jobs after leaving social care \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\\-news/social\\-worker\\-accused\\-abusing\\-raping\\-1518027 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=30 April 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225025217/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\\-news/social\\-worker\\-accused\\-abusing\\-raping\\-1518027 \\|archivedate\\=25 December 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} From 1991, he led a team in another children's home in [Carlton](/wiki/Carlton_in_Lindrick \"Carlton in Lindrick\") and was sacked in 1997 for \"inappropriate behaviour\", suspicious financial activity and losing files on children.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Whitfield \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Convicted paedophile Dean Gathercole to appeal against his sentence \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/convicted\\-paedophile\\-dean\\-gathercole\\-appeal\\-2077271 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=5 October 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006124414/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/convicted\\-paedophile\\-dean\\-gathercole\\-appeal\\-2077271 \\|archivedate\\=6 October 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"When the Amberdale victim he was convicted of raping in his mother's bed reported it in 2000, Gathercole was arrested and released without charge. In 2014, when the other woman came forward, he was investigated under Operation Equinox and charged in May 2017 with eight sexual offences including two counts of rape.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nottinghamshire man charged over 1987 care home rape \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-40045871 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=25 May 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125232039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-40045871 \\|archivedate\\=25 January 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2020 }}",
"\\- {{cite news \\|last1\\=Parker \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Man charged with eight historical child sex offences \\|url\\=https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/man\\-charged\\-with\\-eight\\-historical\\-child\\-sex\\-offences\\-9040456/ \\|work\\=Newark Advertiser \\|date\\=25 May 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103194753/https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/man\\-charged\\-with\\-eight\\-historical\\-child\\-sex\\-offences\\-9040456/ \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en }}",
"After Gathercole was sentenced, Operation Equinox senior investigator Rob McKinnell thanked the two women for their \"immense courage\" in \"showing that it can be done\". He said a fear of being disbelieved \"is something we have heard when it comes to non\\-recent cases\" and nowadays \"things are different, people are listened to\". He continued: \"I hope this case sends a message to survivors of non\\-recent child sexual abuse that Nottinghamshire Police takes any report very seriously. We strive to get justice for people so I would urge anyone who has experienced this to come forward and report it to us.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Former care home worker jailed for raping girls \\|url\\=https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/former\\-care\\-home\\-worker\\-jailed\\-for\\-raping\\-girls\\-9043010/ \\|work\\=Newark Advertiser \\|date\\=6 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195413/https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/former\\-care\\-home\\-worker\\-jailed\\-for\\-raping\\-girls\\-9043010/ \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"The [NSPCC](/wiki/NSPCC \"NSPCC\") said: \"Gathercole used his position of trust to groom and abuse extremely vulnerable children who needed guidance and support\", causing \"unimaginable pain and suffering\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Dean Gathercole jailed over 1980s children's care home rapes \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-44039768 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=8 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322230526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-44039768 \\|archivedate\\=22 March 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"Judge Jeremy Lea said Gathercole \"got away with this for far too long\" and it is \"difficult to imagine a greater or more despicable breach of trust\".",
"[Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council \"Nottinghamshire County Council\") apologised Gathercole's victims, who \"should have been offered the highest level of safety and protection\". It said the convictions for his \"horrific crimes\" and \"despicable\" betrayal of trust was only made possible by their \"determination, courage and bravery\". It asked \"anyone who has suffered abuse of any kind to come forward and report it either to ourselves or to [Nottinghamshire Police](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police \"Nottinghamshire Police\")\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sherdley \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Dean Gathercole is jailed for 19 years for raping and abusing two teenage girls \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/dean\\-gathercole\\-jailed\\-19\\-years\\-1535129 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=4 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705085513/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/dean\\-gathercole\\-jailed\\-19\\-years\\-1535129 \\|archivedate\\=5 July 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Myriam Bamkin",
"Myriam Bamkin was jailed for 2½ years in 2018 for her sexual relationship in 1985 with a \"troubled, vulnerable\" 15\\-year\\-old boy{{cite news \\|title\\=Operation Equinox: Woman jailed for sex with boy, 15 \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-44335929 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=1 June 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195601/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-44335929 \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} and permanently added to the [sex offenders' register](/wiki/Violent_and_Sex_Offender_Register \"Violent and Sex Offender Register\"). She was banned from work with children{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sherdley \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Concerns over social worker who had sex with boy, 15, were 'swept under the carpet' \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/myriam\\-bamkin\\-social\\-worker\\-1631559 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=1 June 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031017/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/myriam\\-bamkin\\-social\\-worker\\-1631559 \\|archivedate\\=26 August 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} and had already been suspended as a [fostering](/wiki/Fostering \"Fostering\") team manager.",
"The boy's childhood had been \"difficult and violent\", making him \"troubled\" and \"vulnerable\" when he arrived in Amberdale.",
"There, she \"exerted authority over him\" and groomed him with copious attention and extra privileges, such as letting him have cigarettes and go to the shops more often. She spent much time next to him, including in his bedroom watching TV and in the gym where she began a sexual relationship with him.",
"He reported her to police on 5 April 2016\\. She was investigated under Operation Equinox and charged in March 2017 with four sexual offences at Amberdale.{{cite news \\|title\\=Woman faces 1980s Amberdale children's home sex charges \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-39435864 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=29 March 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402063419/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-39435864 \\|archivedate\\=2 April 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"\\- {{cite news \\|last1\\=Charity \\|first1\\=Nick \\|title\\=Belper woman charged with historical sex offences in Nottinghamshire \\|url\\=https://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/crime/belper\\-woman\\-charged\\-with\\-historical\\-sex\\-offences\\-in\\-nottinghamshire\\-1\\-8466078 \\|work\\=Belper News \\|date\\=30 March 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330131926/http://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/crime/belper\\-woman\\-charged\\-with\\-historical\\-sex\\-offences\\-in\\-nottinghamshire\\-1\\-8466078 \\|archivedate\\=30 March 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} She pleaded not guilty on 25 May 2017{{cite news \\|title\\=Woman accused of historical child sexual offences pleads not guilty \\|url\\=https://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/woman\\-accused\\-of\\-historical\\-child\\-sexual\\-offences\\-pleads\\-not\\-guilty\\-1\\-8565349 \\|work\\=Belper News \\|date\\=26 May 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619195556/http://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/woman\\-accused\\-of\\-historical\\-child\\-sexual\\-offences\\-pleads\\-not\\-guilty\\-1\\-8565349 \\|archivedate\\=19 June 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2020 }} and changed her plea to guilty for indecent assault a year later on 29 May 2018\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jail for former Nottingham social worker who indecently assaulted a child in 1980s \\|url\\=https://westbridgfordwire.com/jail\\-for\\-former\\-nottingham\\-social\\-worker\\-who\\-indecently\\-assaulted\\-a\\-child\\-in\\-1980s/ \\|work\\=Westbridgford Wire \\|date\\=1 June 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195808/https://westbridgfordwire.com/jail\\-for\\-former\\-nottingham\\-social\\-worker\\-who\\-indecently\\-assaulted\\-a\\-child\\-in\\-1980s/ \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"Detective Constable Vincent Clark welcomed the sentence and hoped it \"will give the victim some closure on what happened all those years ago.\" He said Bamkin \"manipulated\" the boy into sex when he was \"totally reliant on the adults around him\".",
"Steve Edwards, the council's director of youth services and social work, praised the victim's \"courageous step\" of contacting police. He said \"Bamkin betrayed the trust of the children she was responsible for and her colleagues\" and assured victims: \"All allegations of abuse, historical or current, are taken extremely seriously, and we as a council work tirelessly to bring the perpetrators to justice. I would encourage anyone who feels they have been abused to contact [Nottinghamshire Police](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police \"Nottinghamshire Police\").\"",
"#### Pension controversy",
"Bamkin was allowed to retire from the council on a full pension, to the dismay of victims groups.",
"[Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council \"Nottinghamshire County Council\") said this was beyond its control because [Local Government Pension Scheme](/wiki/Local_Government_Pension_Scheme \"Local Government Pension Scheme\") (LGPS) Regulations enable employees to retire with a pension once they are aged between 55 and 75, and it \"has no discretion to vary\" this entitlement. She continued working for the council after the 1985 offences and was a [fostering](/wiki/Fostering \"Fostering\") team manager when the crime was finally reported to police in 2016, resulting in her suspension. Then she retired before her conviction, making it impossible to apply for pension forfeiture from the Secretary of State, the council believed. It contacted \"the Government and the LGPS technical team to confirm our interpretation and suggesting that they review the current regulations.\"",
"The [Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing%2C_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government\") commented: \"Forfeiture cases are rare, and each case is looked at on its own merits.\" It said the regulations are often reviewed.",
"Nottinghamshire Child Sexual Abuse Survivors Group questioned whether legal advice was sought at the time of Bamkin's suspension, because \"if she had been dealt with at the time \\[...] the tax payer would not be footing her pension bill\". It said that \"in sharp contrast\" to victims, Bamkin will enjoy \"a very comfortable retirement\". The East Midlands Survivors group said people guilty of \"nasty crimes \\[...] should not be getting funded by the state for the rest of their lives.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Whitfield \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=This woman abused a boy in her care \\- so why was she able to retire on a generous council pension? \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/woman\\-abused\\-boy\\-care\\-able\\-1683756 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=17 June 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617203142/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/woman\\-abused\\-boy\\-care\\-able\\-1683756 \\|archivedate\\=17 June 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### Dean Gathercole
On 4 May 2018, social worker Dean Gathercole was convicted of serious sexual offences against a 15\-year\-old girl and a 16\-year\-old girl in Amberdale and initially jailed for 19 years, which was reduced to 17 years on appeal.
He worked in Amberdale between 1983 and 1989 and committed the crimes during that time. He was described by a victim as "a bully who instilled fear in young people".
His convictions were for raping and sexually abusing two teenage girls. He raped one girl twice in a nearby apartment that prepared teenagers for adult life and warned her that if she speaks about it, she will be disbelieved. She informed police decades later in 2014\.
He raped the other girl on his mother's bed{{cite news \|last1\=Sherdley \|first1\=Rebecca \|title\=Ex\-social worker Dean Gathercole found guilty of raping and indecently assaulting two vulnerable teenagers \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/ex\-social\-worker\-gathercole\-guilty\-1534267 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=4 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504212307/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/ex\-social\-worker\-gathercole\-guilty\-1534267 \|archivedate\=4 May 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} in 1987\. He took the girl out in order "to run an errand" and gave her a tour of his mother's house, where he perpetrated the crime. He followed this attack with a sustained campaign of harassment and sexual assaults at Amberdale, including one in his car. In the end she fled the home. When she tried to return, Gathercole told her Amberdale had "discharged" her, which he said he was powerless to undo. She did not report the crime, fearing being disbelieved, until 2000\.
In 1987 and again in 1988, Gathercole was arrested and released without charge after two girls in Amberdale reported him for serious crimes. Amberdale responded by transferring the girls elsewhere. In 1989, he left Amberdale and became a team leader in Repton Lodge – a children's home in [Worksop](/wiki/Worksop "Worksop").{{cite news \|last1\=Sherdley \|first1\=Rebecca \|title\=Social worker accused of abusing and raping two girls took various jobs after leaving social care \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\-news/social\-worker\-accused\-abusing\-raping\-1518027 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=30 April 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225025217/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\-news/social\-worker\-accused\-abusing\-raping\-1518027 \|archivedate\=25 December 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} From 1991, he led a team in another children's home in [Carlton](/wiki/Carlton_in_Lindrick "Carlton in Lindrick") and was sacked in 1997 for "inappropriate behaviour", suspicious financial activity and losing files on children.{{cite news \|last1\=Whitfield \|first1\=David \|title\=Convicted paedophile Dean Gathercole to appeal against his sentence \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/convicted\-paedophile\-dean\-gathercole\-appeal\-2077271 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=5 October 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006124414/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/convicted\-paedophile\-dean\-gathercole\-appeal\-2077271 \|archivedate\=6 October 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
When the Amberdale victim he was convicted of raping in his mother's bed reported it in 2000, Gathercole was arrested and released without charge. In 2014, when the other woman came forward, he was investigated under Operation Equinox and charged in May 2017 with eight sexual offences including two counts of rape.{{cite news \|title\=Nottinghamshire man charged over 1987 care home rape \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-40045871 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=25 May 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125232039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-40045871 \|archivedate\=25 January 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en \|access\-date\=8 March 2020 }}
\- {{cite news \|last1\=Parker \|first1\=David \|title\=Man charged with eight historical child sex offences \|url\=https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/man\-charged\-with\-eight\-historical\-child\-sex\-offences\-9040456/ \|work\=Newark Advertiser \|date\=25 May 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103194753/https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/man\-charged\-with\-eight\-historical\-child\-sex\-offences\-9040456/ \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en }}
After Gathercole was sentenced, Operation Equinox senior investigator Rob McKinnell thanked the two women for their "immense courage" in "showing that it can be done". He said a fear of being disbelieved "is something we have heard when it comes to non\-recent cases" and nowadays "things are different, people are listened to". He continued: "I hope this case sends a message to survivors of non\-recent child sexual abuse that Nottinghamshire Police takes any report very seriously. We strive to get justice for people so I would urge anyone who has experienced this to come forward and report it to us."{{cite news \|title\=Former care home worker jailed for raping girls \|url\=https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/former\-care\-home\-worker\-jailed\-for\-raping\-girls\-9043010/ \|work\=Newark Advertiser \|date\=6 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195413/https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/former\-care\-home\-worker\-jailed\-for\-raping\-girls\-9043010/ \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
The [NSPCC](/wiki/NSPCC "NSPCC") said: "Gathercole used his position of trust to groom and abuse extremely vulnerable children who needed guidance and support", causing "unimaginable pain and suffering".{{cite news \|title\=Dean Gathercole jailed over 1980s children's care home rapes \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-44039768 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=8 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322230526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-44039768 \|archivedate\=22 March 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
Judge Jeremy Lea said Gathercole "got away with this for far too long" and it is "difficult to imagine a greater or more despicable breach of trust".
[Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council "Nottinghamshire County Council") apologised Gathercole's victims, who "should have been offered the highest level of safety and protection". It said the convictions for his "horrific crimes" and "despicable" betrayal of trust was only made possible by their "determination, courage and bravery". It asked "anyone who has suffered abuse of any kind to come forward and report it either to ourselves or to [Nottinghamshire Police](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police "Nottinghamshire Police")".{{cite news \|last1\=Sherdley \|first1\=Rebecca \|title\=Dean Gathercole is jailed for 19 years for raping and abusing two teenage girls \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/dean\-gathercole\-jailed\-19\-years\-1535129 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=4 May 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705085513/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/dean\-gathercole\-jailed\-19\-years\-1535129 \|archivedate\=5 July 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
|
[
"### Dean Gathercole",
"On 4 May 2018, social worker Dean Gathercole was convicted of serious sexual offences against a 15\\-year\\-old girl and a 16\\-year\\-old girl in Amberdale and initially jailed for 19 years, which was reduced to 17 years on appeal.",
"He worked in Amberdale between 1983 and 1989 and committed the crimes during that time. He was described by a victim as \"a bully who instilled fear in young people\".",
"His convictions were for raping and sexually abusing two teenage girls. He raped one girl twice in a nearby apartment that prepared teenagers for adult life and warned her that if she speaks about it, she will be disbelieved. She informed police decades later in 2014\\.",
"He raped the other girl on his mother's bed{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sherdley \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Ex\\-social worker Dean Gathercole found guilty of raping and indecently assaulting two vulnerable teenagers \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/ex\\-social\\-worker\\-gathercole\\-guilty\\-1534267 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=4 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504212307/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/ex\\-social\\-worker\\-gathercole\\-guilty\\-1534267 \\|archivedate\\=4 May 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} in 1987\\. He took the girl out in order \"to run an errand\" and gave her a tour of his mother's house, where he perpetrated the crime. He followed this attack with a sustained campaign of harassment and sexual assaults at Amberdale, including one in his car. In the end she fled the home. When she tried to return, Gathercole told her Amberdale had \"discharged\" her, which he said he was powerless to undo. She did not report the crime, fearing being disbelieved, until 2000\\.",
"In 1987 and again in 1988, Gathercole was arrested and released without charge after two girls in Amberdale reported him for serious crimes. Amberdale responded by transferring the girls elsewhere. In 1989, he left Amberdale and became a team leader in Repton Lodge – a children's home in [Worksop](/wiki/Worksop \"Worksop\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sherdley \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Social worker accused of abusing and raping two girls took various jobs after leaving social care \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\\-news/social\\-worker\\-accused\\-abusing\\-raping\\-1518027 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=30 April 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225025217/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham\\-news/social\\-worker\\-accused\\-abusing\\-raping\\-1518027 \\|archivedate\\=25 December 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} From 1991, he led a team in another children's home in [Carlton](/wiki/Carlton_in_Lindrick \"Carlton in Lindrick\") and was sacked in 1997 for \"inappropriate behaviour\", suspicious financial activity and losing files on children.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Whitfield \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Convicted paedophile Dean Gathercole to appeal against his sentence \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/convicted\\-paedophile\\-dean\\-gathercole\\-appeal\\-2077271 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=5 October 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006124414/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/convicted\\-paedophile\\-dean\\-gathercole\\-appeal\\-2077271 \\|archivedate\\=6 October 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"When the Amberdale victim he was convicted of raping in his mother's bed reported it in 2000, Gathercole was arrested and released without charge. In 2014, when the other woman came forward, he was investigated under Operation Equinox and charged in May 2017 with eight sexual offences including two counts of rape.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nottinghamshire man charged over 1987 care home rape \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-40045871 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=25 May 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125232039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-40045871 \\|archivedate\\=25 January 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2020 }}",
"\\- {{cite news \\|last1\\=Parker \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Man charged with eight historical child sex offences \\|url\\=https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/man\\-charged\\-with\\-eight\\-historical\\-child\\-sex\\-offences\\-9040456/ \\|work\\=Newark Advertiser \\|date\\=25 May 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103194753/https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/man\\-charged\\-with\\-eight\\-historical\\-child\\-sex\\-offences\\-9040456/ \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en }}",
"After Gathercole was sentenced, Operation Equinox senior investigator Rob McKinnell thanked the two women for their \"immense courage\" in \"showing that it can be done\". He said a fear of being disbelieved \"is something we have heard when it comes to non\\-recent cases\" and nowadays \"things are different, people are listened to\". He continued: \"I hope this case sends a message to survivors of non\\-recent child sexual abuse that Nottinghamshire Police takes any report very seriously. We strive to get justice for people so I would urge anyone who has experienced this to come forward and report it to us.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Former care home worker jailed for raping girls \\|url\\=https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/former\\-care\\-home\\-worker\\-jailed\\-for\\-raping\\-girls\\-9043010/ \\|work\\=Newark Advertiser \\|date\\=6 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195413/https://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/news/former\\-care\\-home\\-worker\\-jailed\\-for\\-raping\\-girls\\-9043010/ \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"The [NSPCC](/wiki/NSPCC \"NSPCC\") said: \"Gathercole used his position of trust to groom and abuse extremely vulnerable children who needed guidance and support\", causing \"unimaginable pain and suffering\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Dean Gathercole jailed over 1980s children's care home rapes \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-44039768 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=8 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322230526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-44039768 \\|archivedate\\=22 March 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"Judge Jeremy Lea said Gathercole \"got away with this for far too long\" and it is \"difficult to imagine a greater or more despicable breach of trust\".",
"[Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council \"Nottinghamshire County Council\") apologised Gathercole's victims, who \"should have been offered the highest level of safety and protection\". It said the convictions for his \"horrific crimes\" and \"despicable\" betrayal of trust was only made possible by their \"determination, courage and bravery\". It asked \"anyone who has suffered abuse of any kind to come forward and report it either to ourselves or to [Nottinghamshire Police](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police \"Nottinghamshire Police\")\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sherdley \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Dean Gathercole is jailed for 19 years for raping and abusing two teenage girls \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/dean\\-gathercole\\-jailed\\-19\\-years\\-1535129 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=4 May 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705085513/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/dean\\-gathercole\\-jailed\\-19\\-years\\-1535129 \\|archivedate\\=5 July 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### Myriam Bamkin
Myriam Bamkin was jailed for 2½ years in 2018 for her sexual relationship in 1985 with a "troubled, vulnerable" 15\-year\-old boy{{cite news \|title\=Operation Equinox: Woman jailed for sex with boy, 15 \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-44335929 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=1 June 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195601/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-44335929 \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} and permanently added to the [sex offenders' register](/wiki/Violent_and_Sex_Offender_Register "Violent and Sex Offender Register"). She was banned from work with children{{cite news \|last1\=Sherdley \|first1\=Rebecca \|title\=Concerns over social worker who had sex with boy, 15, were 'swept under the carpet' \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/myriam\-bamkin\-social\-worker\-1631559 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=1 June 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031017/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/myriam\-bamkin\-social\-worker\-1631559 \|archivedate\=26 August 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} and had already been suspended as a [fostering](/wiki/Fostering "Fostering") team manager.
The boy's childhood had been "difficult and violent", making him "troubled" and "vulnerable" when he arrived in Amberdale.
There, she "exerted authority over him" and groomed him with copious attention and extra privileges, such as letting him have cigarettes and go to the shops more often. She spent much time next to him, including in his bedroom watching TV and in the gym where she began a sexual relationship with him.
He reported her to police on 5 April 2016\. She was investigated under Operation Equinox and charged in March 2017 with four sexual offences at Amberdale.{{cite news \|title\=Woman faces 1980s Amberdale children's home sex charges \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-39435864 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=29 March 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402063419/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-nottinghamshire\-39435864 \|archivedate\=2 April 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
\- {{cite news \|last1\=Charity \|first1\=Nick \|title\=Belper woman charged with historical sex offences in Nottinghamshire \|url\=https://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/crime/belper\-woman\-charged\-with\-historical\-sex\-offences\-in\-nottinghamshire\-1\-8466078 \|work\=Belper News \|date\=30 March 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330131926/http://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/crime/belper\-woman\-charged\-with\-historical\-sex\-offences\-in\-nottinghamshire\-1\-8466078 \|archivedate\=30 March 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}} She pleaded not guilty on 25 May 2017{{cite news \|title\=Woman accused of historical child sexual offences pleads not guilty \|url\=https://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/woman\-accused\-of\-historical\-child\-sexual\-offences\-pleads\-not\-guilty\-1\-8565349 \|work\=Belper News \|date\=26 May 2017 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619195556/http://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/woman\-accused\-of\-historical\-child\-sexual\-offences\-pleads\-not\-guilty\-1\-8565349 \|archivedate\=19 June 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en \|access\-date\=8 March 2020 }} and changed her plea to guilty for indecent assault a year later on 29 May 2018\.{{cite news \|title\=Jail for former Nottingham social worker who indecently assaulted a child in 1980s \|url\=https://westbridgfordwire.com/jail\-for\-former\-nottingham\-social\-worker\-who\-indecently\-assaulted\-a\-child\-in\-1980s/ \|work\=Westbridgford Wire \|date\=1 June 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195808/https://westbridgfordwire.com/jail\-for\-former\-nottingham\-social\-worker\-who\-indecently\-assaulted\-a\-child\-in\-1980s/ \|archivedate\=3 November 2019 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
Detective Constable Vincent Clark welcomed the sentence and hoped it "will give the victim some closure on what happened all those years ago." He said Bamkin "manipulated" the boy into sex when he was "totally reliant on the adults around him".
Steve Edwards, the council's director of youth services and social work, praised the victim's "courageous step" of contacting police. He said "Bamkin betrayed the trust of the children she was responsible for and her colleagues" and assured victims: "All allegations of abuse, historical or current, are taken extremely seriously, and we as a council work tirelessly to bring the perpetrators to justice. I would encourage anyone who feels they have been abused to contact [Nottinghamshire Police](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police "Nottinghamshire Police")."
#### Pension controversy
Bamkin was allowed to retire from the council on a full pension, to the dismay of victims groups.
[Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council "Nottinghamshire County Council") said this was beyond its control because [Local Government Pension Scheme](/wiki/Local_Government_Pension_Scheme "Local Government Pension Scheme") (LGPS) Regulations enable employees to retire with a pension once they are aged between 55 and 75, and it "has no discretion to vary" this entitlement. She continued working for the council after the 1985 offences and was a [fostering](/wiki/Fostering "Fostering") team manager when the crime was finally reported to police in 2016, resulting in her suspension. Then she retired before her conviction, making it impossible to apply for pension forfeiture from the Secretary of State, the council believed. It contacted "the Government and the LGPS technical team to confirm our interpretation and suggesting that they review the current regulations."
The [Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing%2C_Communities_and_Local_Government "Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government") commented: "Forfeiture cases are rare, and each case is looked at on its own merits." It said the regulations are often reviewed.
Nottinghamshire Child Sexual Abuse Survivors Group questioned whether legal advice was sought at the time of Bamkin's suspension, because "if she had been dealt with at the time \[...] the tax payer would not be footing her pension bill". It said that "in sharp contrast" to victims, Bamkin will enjoy "a very comfortable retirement". The East Midlands Survivors group said people guilty of "nasty crimes \[...] should not be getting funded by the state for the rest of their lives."{{cite news \|last1\=Whitfield \|first1\=David \|title\=This woman abused a boy in her care \- so why was she able to retire on a generous council pension? \|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/woman\-abused\-boy\-care\-able\-1683756 \|work\=Nottingham Post \|date\=17 June 2018 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617203142/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\-news/woman\-abused\-boy\-care\-able\-1683756 \|archivedate\=17 June 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|language\=en}}
|
[
"### Myriam Bamkin",
"Myriam Bamkin was jailed for 2½ years in 2018 for her sexual relationship in 1985 with a \"troubled, vulnerable\" 15\\-year\\-old boy{{cite news \\|title\\=Operation Equinox: Woman jailed for sex with boy, 15 \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-44335929 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=1 June 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195601/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-44335929 \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} and permanently added to the [sex offenders' register](/wiki/Violent_and_Sex_Offender_Register \"Violent and Sex Offender Register\"). She was banned from work with children{{cite news \\|last1\\=Sherdley \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|title\\=Concerns over social worker who had sex with boy, 15, were 'swept under the carpet' \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/myriam\\-bamkin\\-social\\-worker\\-1631559 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=1 June 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826031017/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/myriam\\-bamkin\\-social\\-worker\\-1631559 \\|archivedate\\=26 August 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} and had already been suspended as a [fostering](/wiki/Fostering \"Fostering\") team manager.",
"The boy's childhood had been \"difficult and violent\", making him \"troubled\" and \"vulnerable\" when he arrived in Amberdale.",
"There, she \"exerted authority over him\" and groomed him with copious attention and extra privileges, such as letting him have cigarettes and go to the shops more often. She spent much time next to him, including in his bedroom watching TV and in the gym where she began a sexual relationship with him.",
"He reported her to police on 5 April 2016\\. She was investigated under Operation Equinox and charged in March 2017 with four sexual offences at Amberdale.{{cite news \\|title\\=Woman faces 1980s Amberdale children's home sex charges \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-39435864 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=29 March 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402063419/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-nottinghamshire\\-39435864 \\|archivedate\\=2 April 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"\\- {{cite news \\|last1\\=Charity \\|first1\\=Nick \\|title\\=Belper woman charged with historical sex offences in Nottinghamshire \\|url\\=https://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/crime/belper\\-woman\\-charged\\-with\\-historical\\-sex\\-offences\\-in\\-nottinghamshire\\-1\\-8466078 \\|work\\=Belper News \\|date\\=30 March 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330131926/http://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/crime/belper\\-woman\\-charged\\-with\\-historical\\-sex\\-offences\\-in\\-nottinghamshire\\-1\\-8466078 \\|archivedate\\=30 March 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}} She pleaded not guilty on 25 May 2017{{cite news \\|title\\=Woman accused of historical child sexual offences pleads not guilty \\|url\\=https://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/woman\\-accused\\-of\\-historical\\-child\\-sexual\\-offences\\-pleads\\-not\\-guilty\\-1\\-8565349 \\|work\\=Belper News \\|date\\=26 May 2017 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619195556/http://www.belpernews.co.uk/news/woman\\-accused\\-of\\-historical\\-child\\-sexual\\-offences\\-pleads\\-not\\-guilty\\-1\\-8565349 \\|archivedate\\=19 June 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2020 }} and changed her plea to guilty for indecent assault a year later on 29 May 2018\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jail for former Nottingham social worker who indecently assaulted a child in 1980s \\|url\\=https://westbridgfordwire.com/jail\\-for\\-former\\-nottingham\\-social\\-worker\\-who\\-indecently\\-assaulted\\-a\\-child\\-in\\-1980s/ \\|work\\=Westbridgford Wire \\|date\\=1 June 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195808/https://westbridgfordwire.com/jail\\-for\\-former\\-nottingham\\-social\\-worker\\-who\\-indecently\\-assaulted\\-a\\-child\\-in\\-1980s/ \\|archivedate\\=3 November 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
"Detective Constable Vincent Clark welcomed the sentence and hoped it \"will give the victim some closure on what happened all those years ago.\" He said Bamkin \"manipulated\" the boy into sex when he was \"totally reliant on the adults around him\".",
"Steve Edwards, the council's director of youth services and social work, praised the victim's \"courageous step\" of contacting police. He said \"Bamkin betrayed the trust of the children she was responsible for and her colleagues\" and assured victims: \"All allegations of abuse, historical or current, are taken extremely seriously, and we as a council work tirelessly to bring the perpetrators to justice. I would encourage anyone who feels they have been abused to contact [Nottinghamshire Police](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police \"Nottinghamshire Police\").\"",
"#### Pension controversy",
"Bamkin was allowed to retire from the council on a full pension, to the dismay of victims groups.",
"[Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council \"Nottinghamshire County Council\") said this was beyond its control because [Local Government Pension Scheme](/wiki/Local_Government_Pension_Scheme \"Local Government Pension Scheme\") (LGPS) Regulations enable employees to retire with a pension once they are aged between 55 and 75, and it \"has no discretion to vary\" this entitlement. She continued working for the council after the 1985 offences and was a [fostering](/wiki/Fostering \"Fostering\") team manager when the crime was finally reported to police in 2016, resulting in her suspension. Then she retired before her conviction, making it impossible to apply for pension forfeiture from the Secretary of State, the council believed. It contacted \"the Government and the LGPS technical team to confirm our interpretation and suggesting that they review the current regulations.\"",
"The [Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing%2C_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government\") commented: \"Forfeiture cases are rare, and each case is looked at on its own merits.\" It said the regulations are often reviewed.",
"Nottinghamshire Child Sexual Abuse Survivors Group questioned whether legal advice was sought at the time of Bamkin's suspension, because \"if she had been dealt with at the time \\[...] the tax payer would not be footing her pension bill\". It said that \"in sharp contrast\" to victims, Bamkin will enjoy \"a very comfortable retirement\". The East Midlands Survivors group said people guilty of \"nasty crimes \\[...] should not be getting funded by the state for the rest of their lives.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Whitfield \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=This woman abused a boy in her care \\- so why was she able to retire on a generous council pension? \\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/woman\\-abused\\-boy\\-care\\-able\\-1683756 \\|work\\=Nottingham Post \\|date\\=17 June 2018 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617203142/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local\\-news/woman\\-abused\\-boy\\-care\\-able\\-1683756 \\|archivedate\\=17 June 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Kawee Tanjararak or Beam was born on 18 May 1980 in [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"). He was named Rawee, but changed his name before he entered high school. He is the eldest brother of three siblings. The youngest sister Bua\-Sarocha is an actress and singer as well.
### Breakthrough
Beam debuted as model and actor when he was studying in year two of university. Then, he made contract with [RS Public Company Limited](/wiki/RS_Public_Company_Limited "RS Public Company Limited") 1999\. Soon after, he was well known as a member of the Thai boy band **[D2B](/wiki/D2B_%28group%29 "D2B (group)")**, which also included [Dan\-Worrawech](/wiki/Worrawech_Danuwong "Worrawech Danuwong") and [Big\-Panrawat](/wiki/Panrawat_Kittikorncharoen "Panrawat Kittikorncharoen") in 2001\. D2B won the Most Popular Artists award from the MTV Music Awards of 2003{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.thailandqa.com/forum/showthread.php?2293\-D2b\-grabs\-mtv\-award \|title\=D2B grabs MTV award \|access\-date\=2013\-04\-05 \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-04 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023310/http://www.thailandqa.com/forum/showthread.php?2293\-D2b\-grabs\-mtv\-award \|url\-status\=dead }} in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), but, unfortunately, their second official album was just being revealed when sorrowful happening occurred.
On July 22, 2003, Big got in car accident and was in a coma.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/12/09/headlines/headlines\_30058606\.php \|title\="Big" of D2B band dies \|access\-date\=2013\-04\-05 \|archive\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221114701/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/12/09/headlines/headlines\_30058606\.php \|url\-status\=dead }} Because of this, Beam made the decision to ordain on September 21, 2003\. After he left the monkhood, Beam and Dan performed the charity album "D2B the Neverending Album Tribute to Big D2B" and concert "D2B the Neverending Concert Tribute to Big D2B" to give Big's family the profit for treatment outgoing. Then, Beam traveled to [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") to study English program from Queensland College Of English for about six months.
In 2005, Beam and Dan come back as duo band **Dan\-Beam**. Their album had received positive feedback just like D2B did, but, finally, they announced the termination of D2B on October 25, 2007\. Their last special album "DB2B (Dan\-Beam to Big)" was also the charity album for Big's family.
In 2008, Beam's solo album was released. Furthermore, he was assigned as the first **[WWF](/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature "World Wide Fund for Nature") Ambassador of Thailand**{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.wwf.or.th/en/publications/?125500%2FRSheartthrob\-singer\-Beam\-Kawee\-is\-appointed\-as\-the\-first\-Thais\-ambassador\-for\-WWF\-to\-raise\-awareness\-about\-environment \|title\=RS'heartthrob singer Beam\-Kawee is appointed as the first Thai's ambassador for WWF to raise awareness about environment \|access\-date\=2020\-02\-14 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211956/http://www.wwf.or.th/en/publications/?125500%2FRSheartthrob\-singer\-Beam\-Kawee\-is\-appointed\-as\-the\-first\-Thais\-ambassador\-for\-WWF\-to\-raise\-awareness\-about\-environment \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-03 \|url\-status\=dead }} for three years continuously to participate in many environmental events,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.wwf.or.th/en/publications/?133321%2FBeam\-Kawee\-Tanjararak\-WWF\-Thailand\-Ambassador\-Takes\-Young\-Nature\-Lovers\-on\-a\-Study\-Tour\-at\-Kang\-Krachan\-National\-Park \|title\=Beam\-Kawee Tanjararak, WWF Thailand Ambassador, Takes Young Nature Lovers on a Study Tour at Kang Krachan National Park \|access\-date\=2020\-02\-14 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214247/http://www.wwf.or.th/en/publications/?133321%2FBeam\-Kawee\-Tanjararak\-WWF\-Thailand\-Ambassador\-Takes\-Young\-Nature\-Lovers\-on\-a\-Study\-Tour\-at\-Kang\-Krachan\-National\-Park \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-03 \|url\-status\=dead }} such as [Earth Hour](/wiki/Earth_Hour "Earth Hour").[Bangkokians turn lights off for brighter future against global warming](http://wwf.panda.org/index.cfm?129641/Bangkokians-turn-lights-off-for-brighter-future-against-global-warming)
A year before termination of RS's contract in 2010, Beam was suspended by RS. So, he began to spend two years looking after his own business *Trip Buster Ltd*, which was closed down in 2013\. He came back on screen in winter 2011 and released a solo single in summer 2012\. Now, he is a freelance actor and singer.
### Present and upcoming projects
* Role as *Seong* of **Ra\-Berd\-Therd\-Therng Sing\-To\-Thong** the sitcom ... *Airing*
* **Lun\-Rak\-Kham\-Rua** the series ... *Airing*
* **Game\-Ma\-Ya** ... *Shooting*
* **Ban\-Lang\-Dok\-Mai** ... *Shooting*
*\* Ordered by official announcement date*
### Education
* Primary School: Assumption Samrong School
* High School: Rachwinit Bangkeaw School
* Diploma: Pre\-Engineering Program, College of Industrial Technology from [King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok](/wiki/King_Mongkut%27s_University_of_Technology_North_Bangkok "King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok")
* Under Graduate: B.Eng., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering from [Chulalongkorn University](/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University "Chulalongkorn University")
* Graduated: MBA English Program, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy from [Chulalongkorn University](/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University "Chulalongkorn University")
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Kawee Tanjararak or Beam was born on 18 May 1980 in [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"). He was named Rawee, but changed his name before he entered high school. He is the eldest brother of three siblings. The youngest sister Bua\\-Sarocha is an actress and singer as well.",
"### Breakthrough",
"Beam debuted as model and actor when he was studying in year two of university. Then, he made contract with [RS Public Company Limited](/wiki/RS_Public_Company_Limited \"RS Public Company Limited\") 1999\\. Soon after, he was well known as a member of the Thai boy band **[D2B](/wiki/D2B_%28group%29 \"D2B (group)\")**, which also included [Dan\\-Worrawech](/wiki/Worrawech_Danuwong \"Worrawech Danuwong\") and [Big\\-Panrawat](/wiki/Panrawat_Kittikorncharoen \"Panrawat Kittikorncharoen\") in 2001\\. D2B won the Most Popular Artists award from the MTV Music Awards of 2003{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thailandqa.com/forum/showthread.php?2293\\-D2b\\-grabs\\-mtv\\-award \\|title\\=D2B grabs MTV award \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023310/http://www.thailandqa.com/forum/showthread.php?2293\\-D2b\\-grabs\\-mtv\\-award \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), but, unfortunately, their second official album was just being revealed when sorrowful happening occurred.",
"On July 22, 2003, Big got in car accident and was in a coma.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/12/09/headlines/headlines\\_30058606\\.php \\|title\\=\"Big\" of D2B band dies \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221114701/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/12/09/headlines/headlines\\_30058606\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Because of this, Beam made the decision to ordain on September 21, 2003\\. After he left the monkhood, Beam and Dan performed the charity album \"D2B the Neverending Album Tribute to Big D2B\" and concert \"D2B the Neverending Concert Tribute to Big D2B\" to give Big's family the profit for treatment outgoing. Then, Beam traveled to [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") to study English program from Queensland College Of English for about six months.",
"In 2005, Beam and Dan come back as duo band **Dan\\-Beam**. Their album had received positive feedback just like D2B did, but, finally, they announced the termination of D2B on October 25, 2007\\. Their last special album \"DB2B (Dan\\-Beam to Big)\" was also the charity album for Big's family.",
"In 2008, Beam's solo album was released. Furthermore, he was assigned as the first **[WWF](/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature \"World Wide Fund for Nature\") Ambassador of Thailand**{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwf.or.th/en/publications/?125500%2FRSheartthrob\\-singer\\-Beam\\-Kawee\\-is\\-appointed\\-as\\-the\\-first\\-Thais\\-ambassador\\-for\\-WWF\\-to\\-raise\\-awareness\\-about\\-environment \\|title\\=RS'heartthrob singer Beam\\-Kawee is appointed as the first Thai's ambassador for WWF to raise awareness about environment \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-14 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211956/http://www.wwf.or.th/en/publications/?125500%2FRSheartthrob\\-singer\\-Beam\\-Kawee\\-is\\-appointed\\-as\\-the\\-first\\-Thais\\-ambassador\\-for\\-WWF\\-to\\-raise\\-awareness\\-about\\-environment \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} for three years continuously to participate in many environmental events,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wwf.or.th/en/publications/?133321%2FBeam\\-Kawee\\-Tanjararak\\-WWF\\-Thailand\\-Ambassador\\-Takes\\-Young\\-Nature\\-Lovers\\-on\\-a\\-Study\\-Tour\\-at\\-Kang\\-Krachan\\-National\\-Park \\|title\\=Beam\\-Kawee Tanjararak, WWF Thailand Ambassador, Takes Young Nature Lovers on a Study Tour at Kang Krachan National Park \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-14 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214247/http://www.wwf.or.th/en/publications/?133321%2FBeam\\-Kawee\\-Tanjararak\\-WWF\\-Thailand\\-Ambassador\\-Takes\\-Young\\-Nature\\-Lovers\\-on\\-a\\-Study\\-Tour\\-at\\-Kang\\-Krachan\\-National\\-Park \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} such as [Earth Hour](/wiki/Earth_Hour \"Earth Hour\").[Bangkokians turn lights off for brighter future against global warming](http://wwf.panda.org/index.cfm?129641/Bangkokians-turn-lights-off-for-brighter-future-against-global-warming)",
"A year before termination of RS's contract in 2010, Beam was suspended by RS. So, he began to spend two years looking after his own business *Trip Buster Ltd*, which was closed down in 2013\\. He came back on screen in winter 2011 and released a solo single in summer 2012\\. Now, he is a freelance actor and singer.",
"### Present and upcoming projects",
"* Role as *Seong* of **Ra\\-Berd\\-Therd\\-Therng Sing\\-To\\-Thong** the sitcom ... *Airing*\n* **Lun\\-Rak\\-Kham\\-Rua** the series ... *Airing*\n* **Game\\-Ma\\-Ya** ... *Shooting*\n* **Ban\\-Lang\\-Dok\\-Mai** ... *Shooting*\n*\\* Ordered by official announcement date*",
"### Education",
"* Primary School: Assumption Samrong School\n* High School: Rachwinit Bangkeaw School\n* Diploma: Pre\\-Engineering Program, College of Industrial Technology from [King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok](/wiki/King_Mongkut%27s_University_of_Technology_North_Bangkok \"King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok\")\n* Under Graduate: B.Eng., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering from [Chulalongkorn University](/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University \"Chulalongkorn University\")\n* Graduated: MBA English Program, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy from [Chulalongkorn University](/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University \"Chulalongkorn University\")"
] |
History
-------
Born Amanda Mayhayley Lancaster, she grew up in [Heard County, Georgia](/wiki/Heard_County%2C_Georgia "Heard County, Georgia"), where she lived for most of her life.
Mayhayley Lancaster was 39 years old in 1915, during the Leo Frank case. She was one of the few public voices in Georgia to defend Frank.
Thirty\-two years later, in 1947, the 71\-year\-old Mayhayley Lancaster took part in the Wallace trial, later described in the book *[Murder in Coweta County](/wiki/Murder_in_Coweta_County "Murder in Coweta County")*. In the 1983 [made\-for\-TV movie](/wiki/Television_movie "Television movie") of the [same name](/wiki/Murder_in_Coweta_County_%28film%29 "Murder in Coweta County (film)"), she was portrayed as a local oracle by 54\-year\-old [June Carter Cash](/wiki/June_Carter_Cash "June Carter Cash"). Cash's real\-life husband, [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash "Johnny Cash"), played the key role of the persistent sheriff Lamar Potts determined to bring to justice the arrogant John Wallace ([Andy Griffith](/wiki/Andy_Griffith "Andy Griffith")).
### Political campaign
Lancaster ran for the Georgia legislature in 1926, the first woman to do so. She ran on a platform advocating roads and railroads into rural counties, public schools, and the passage of a law that mandated that doctors must deliver babies regardless of the family's ability to pay fees. She did not win, but some of her ideas were eventually carried out.
### Death and legacy
Mayhayley Lancaster died May 22, 1955\. In addition to her legal, political and educational activities, she was also described as a noted fortune teller, numbers runner and self\-proclaimed "Oracle of the Ages". She is buried in the cemetery at Caney Head Methodist Church.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Born Amanda Mayhayley Lancaster, she grew up in [Heard County, Georgia](/wiki/Heard_County%2C_Georgia \"Heard County, Georgia\"), where she lived for most of her life.",
"Mayhayley Lancaster was 39 years old in 1915, during the Leo Frank case. She was one of the few public voices in Georgia to defend Frank.",
"Thirty\\-two years later, in 1947, the 71\\-year\\-old Mayhayley Lancaster took part in the Wallace trial, later described in the book *[Murder in Coweta County](/wiki/Murder_in_Coweta_County \"Murder in Coweta County\")*. In the 1983 [made\\-for\\-TV movie](/wiki/Television_movie \"Television movie\") of the [same name](/wiki/Murder_in_Coweta_County_%28film%29 \"Murder in Coweta County (film)\"), she was portrayed as a local oracle by 54\\-year\\-old [June Carter Cash](/wiki/June_Carter_Cash \"June Carter Cash\"). Cash's real\\-life husband, [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash \"Johnny Cash\"), played the key role of the persistent sheriff Lamar Potts determined to bring to justice the arrogant John Wallace ([Andy Griffith](/wiki/Andy_Griffith \"Andy Griffith\")).",
"### Political campaign",
"Lancaster ran for the Georgia legislature in 1926, the first woman to do so. She ran on a platform advocating roads and railroads into rural counties, public schools, and the passage of a law that mandated that doctors must deliver babies regardless of the family's ability to pay fees. She did not win, but some of her ideas were eventually carried out.",
"### Death and legacy",
"Mayhayley Lancaster died May 22, 1955\\. In addition to her legal, political and educational activities, she was also described as a noted fortune teller, numbers runner and self\\-proclaimed \"Oracle of the Ages\". She is buried in the cemetery at Caney Head Methodist Church.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
{{Main\|Declaration of 1 November 1954}}
Mourad Didouche, nicknamed Si Abdelkader, was born on July 13, 1927, at [El Mouradia](/wiki/El_Mouradia "El Mouradia") in [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers") in a family originally from the village of Ibskriène, Aghribs in [Kabylia](/wiki/Kabylia "Kabylia"). He did his primary and the junior school in El Mouradia and then studied at the technical high school of [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers") (Ruisseau).{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-01\-04 \|title\=الشهيد القائد ديدوش مراد \|url\=https://dzhistory.com/2022/01/04/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af\-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%af\-%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b4\-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%af/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-18 \|website\=dzhistory \|language\=ar}}
Two years later, while working as a railway agent to the [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers") Central Station and a militant of the [CGT](/wiki/CGT_%28France%29 "CGT (France)") union, he was appointed head of the neighborhoods of El Mouradia, El Madania and [Bir Mourad Rais](/wiki/Bir_Mourad_Rais "Bir Mourad Rais") and created in 1946 the troupe Scouts "al \-Amal" and the sports team "al\- Sarie Riadhi" of Algiers.{{Cite web\|last\=admin\|date\=2015\-07\-13\|title\=Cela s'est passé un 13 juillet 1927, naissance de Didouche Mourad\|url\=https://babzman.com/cela\-sest\-passe\-un\-13\-juillet\-1927\-naissance\-de\-didouche\-mourad/\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-27\|website\=Babzman\|language\=fr\-FR}}
In 1947, he organszed the municipal elections in his area and also traveled to western Algeria to organise the campaign for the Algerian Assembly. Arrested in a raid, he managed to escape from the court.
From the creation in 1947 of the [Special Organisation](/wiki/Special_Organisation_%28Algeria%29 "Special Organisation (Algeria)") (OS), he was one of its founding and most active members.
Following the descent of "Rehaim" on March 18, 1950; the dismantling of a large part of the organization's network, which resulted in the arrest of 130 people and the discovery of his responsibilities in the structure; and the failure of the French administration to capture him, a judgment was entered against him in absentia that sentenced him to 10 years in prison. In 1952, with Ben Boulaïd, he created the core of a clandestine movement in Algiers, whose mission was to make bombs in anticipation of the outbreak of the "National Revolution".
During the crisis of 1953\-1954 and the opposition of the Central Committee of the [PPA](/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_Party "Algerian People's Party")\- [MTLD](/wiki/Movement_for_the_Triumph_of_Democratic_Liberties "Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties") to [Messali Hadj](/wiki/Messali_Hadj "Messali Hadj"), he went to France with the mission to control the Federation. Upon his return to Algiers, he created with eight companions, the [Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action](/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Unity_and_Action "Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action"). He also participated in the meeting of 22 held in June 1954 during which he outbreak of the revolution was decided the outbreak. From the meeting emerged the first Revolutionary Council, which had six members. Didouche Mourad was appointed head of [Wilaya](/wiki/Wilaya "Wilaya") 2\. [Yves Courrière](/wiki/Yves_Courri%C3%A8re "Yves Courrière") called him the "[Saint\-Just](/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just "Louis Antoine de Saint-Just") of the Algerian Revolution".
He was one of the most prominent writers of the Declaration of 1 November 1954 and managed with the help of his assistant Zighoud Youcef to lay the groundwork for a political\-military organisation.
On January 18, 1955, when he was not yet 28 years old, he died at the [Battle of Douar Souadek](/wiki/Battle_of_Douar_Souadek "Battle of Douar Souadek"), (Conde\-Smendou), near [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine%2C_Algeria "Constantine, Algeria"). He was the first wilaya leader to fall.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"{{Main\\|Declaration of 1 November 1954}}\nMourad Didouche, nicknamed Si Abdelkader, was born on July 13, 1927, at [El Mouradia](/wiki/El_Mouradia \"El Mouradia\") in [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") in a family originally from the village of Ibskriène, Aghribs in [Kabylia](/wiki/Kabylia \"Kabylia\"). He did his primary and the junior school in El Mouradia and then studied at the technical high school of [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") (Ruisseau).{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-04 \\|title\\=الشهيد القائد ديدوش مراد \\|url\\=https://dzhistory.com/2022/01/04/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af\\-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%af\\-%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b4\\-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%af/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-18 \\|website\\=dzhistory \\|language\\=ar}}",
"Two years later, while working as a railway agent to the [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") Central Station and a militant of the [CGT](/wiki/CGT_%28France%29 \"CGT (France)\") union, he was appointed head of the neighborhoods of El Mouradia, El Madania and [Bir Mourad Rais](/wiki/Bir_Mourad_Rais \"Bir Mourad Rais\") and created in 1946 the troupe Scouts \"al \\-Amal\" and the sports team \"al\\- Sarie Riadhi\" of Algiers.{{Cite web\\|last\\=admin\\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-13\\|title\\=Cela s'est passé un 13 juillet 1927, naissance de Didouche Mourad\\|url\\=https://babzman.com/cela\\-sest\\-passe\\-un\\-13\\-juillet\\-1927\\-naissance\\-de\\-didouche\\-mourad/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-27\\|website\\=Babzman\\|language\\=fr\\-FR}}",
"In 1947, he organszed the municipal elections in his area and also traveled to western Algeria to organise the campaign for the Algerian Assembly. Arrested in a raid, he managed to escape from the court.",
"From the creation in 1947 of the [Special Organisation](/wiki/Special_Organisation_%28Algeria%29 \"Special Organisation (Algeria)\") (OS), he was one of its founding and most active members.",
"Following the descent of \"Rehaim\" on March 18, 1950; the dismantling of a large part of the organization's network, which resulted in the arrest of 130 people and the discovery of his responsibilities in the structure; and the failure of the French administration to capture him, a judgment was entered against him in absentia that sentenced him to 10 years in prison. In 1952, with Ben Boulaïd, he created the core of a clandestine movement in Algiers, whose mission was to make bombs in anticipation of the outbreak of the \"National Revolution\".",
"During the crisis of 1953\\-1954 and the opposition of the Central Committee of the [PPA](/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_Party \"Algerian People's Party\")\\- [MTLD](/wiki/Movement_for_the_Triumph_of_Democratic_Liberties \"Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties\") to [Messali Hadj](/wiki/Messali_Hadj \"Messali Hadj\"), he went to France with the mission to control the Federation. Upon his return to Algiers, he created with eight companions, the [Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action](/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Unity_and_Action \"Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action\"). He also participated in the meeting of 22 held in June 1954 during which he outbreak of the revolution was decided the outbreak. From the meeting emerged the first Revolutionary Council, which had six members. Didouche Mourad was appointed head of [Wilaya](/wiki/Wilaya \"Wilaya\") 2\\. [Yves Courrière](/wiki/Yves_Courri%C3%A8re \"Yves Courrière\") called him the \"[Saint\\-Just](/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just \"Louis Antoine de Saint-Just\") of the Algerian Revolution\".",
"He was one of the most prominent writers of the Declaration of 1 November 1954 and managed with the help of his assistant Zighoud Youcef to lay the groundwork for a political\\-military organisation.",
"On January 18, 1955, when he was not yet 28 years old, he died at the [Battle of Douar Souadek](/wiki/Battle_of_Douar_Souadek \"Battle of Douar Souadek\"), (Conde\\-Smendou), near [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine%2C_Algeria \"Constantine, Algeria\"). He was the first wilaya leader to fall.",
""
] |
Television roles
----------------
Darby's 1960s television roles included two appearances on the [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") series *[Mr. Novak](/wiki/Mr._Novak "Mr. Novak")*, starring [James Franciscus](/wiki/James_Franciscus "James Franciscus"), including an appearance as Julie Dean in "To Lodge and Dislodge" (1963\). She was cast as Heather Heatherton in the *[Wagon Train](/wiki/Wagon_Train "Wagon Train")* episode "The Story of Hector Heatherton" (1964\) and as Judy Wheeler in "The Silent Dissuaders" (1965\).
Darby also appeared about this time on *[The Eleventh Hour](/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_%281962_TV_series%29 "The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)")*, *[The Fugitive](/wiki/The_Fugitive_%281963_TV_series%29 "The Fugitive (1963 TV series)")*, *[The Donna Reed Show](/wiki/The_Donna_Reed_Show "The Donna Reed Show")*, *[Ironside](/wiki/Ironside_%28TV_series%29 "Ironside (TV series)")*, and in the first season of *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek "Star Trek")* as the title character in ["Miri"](/wiki/Miri_%28Star_Trek:The_Original_Series%29 "The Original Series)").
Darby was cast in an episode of the NBC sitcom *The [John Forsythe](/wiki/John_Forsythe "John Forsythe") Show* ("'Tis Better Have Loved and Lost", 1965\), and as Angel in the two\-part *[Gunsmoke](/wiki/Gunsmoke_%28TV_series%29 "Gunsmoke (TV series)")* episode "Vengeance". She appeared in the episode "Faire Ladies of France" (1967\) of the NBC [western](/wiki/Western_%28genre%29 "Western (genre)") series *[The Road West](/wiki/The_Road_West "The Road West")* starring [Barry Sullivan](/wiki/Barry_Sullivan_%28actor%29 "Barry Sullivan (actor)") and a *[Bonanza](/wiki/Bonanza "Bonanza")* episode "A Sure Thing" (1967\) as Trudy Loughlin, guest starring [Tom Tully](/wiki/Tom_Tully "Tom Tully") as Burt Loughlin, her father. She appeared in another episode of *Gunsmoke*, "The Lure" (1967\) as Carrie Neely.
She was cast in the 1972 movie, *[The People](/wiki/The_People_%281972_film%29 "The People (1972 film)")*, which reunited her with [William Shatner](/wiki/William_Shatner "William Shatner") from her *Star Trek* appearance.{{cite web\|url\=https://modcinema.com/categories/3\-made\-for\-tv/934\-people\-the\-tv\-1972\-dvd\|website\=Modcinema.com\|title\=The People (1972 USA, TV)\|access\-date\=September 14, 2018}} She played the unhinged Virginia Calderwood in the first television [miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries "Miniseries"), *[Rich Man, Poor Man](/wiki/Rich_Man%2C_Poor_Man_%28TV_miniseries%29 "Rich Man, Poor Man (TV miniseries)")* in 1976\.
Darby had the central role of Sally Farnham in the made\-for\-TV chiller *[Don't Be Afraid of the Dark](/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Afraid_of_the_Dark_%281973_film%29 "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (1973 film)")* (1973\). Some of her subsequent television roles included guest appearances on *[Crazy Like a Fox](/wiki/Crazy_Like_a_Fox_%28TV_series%29 "Crazy Like a Fox (TV series)")*, *[Thriller](/wiki/Thriller_%28British_TV_series%29 "Thriller (British TV series)")*, *[Family](/wiki/Family_%281976_TV_series%29 "Family (1976 TV series)")*, *[The Love Boat](/wiki/The_Love_Boat "The Love Boat")*, *[The Streets of San Francisco](/wiki/The_Streets_of_San_Francisco "The Streets of San Francisco")*, *[Riptide](/wiki/Riptide_%28American_TV_series%29 "Riptide (American TV series)")*, and *[Becker](/wiki/Becker_%28TV_series%29 "Becker (TV series)")*.
Darby admitted her career declined after the 1970s, in part because she had a dependency on amphetamines.{{Cite web \|url\=http://popcultureaddict.com/interviews/kimdarb/ \|title\=Truth and Grit: A Conversation with Kim Darby\|publisher\=Confessions of a Pop Culture Addict\|author\=Sam Tweedle \|date\=January 20, 2011\|access\-date\=February 1, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183005/http://popcultureaddict.com/interviews/kimdarb/ \|archive\-date\=February 2, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 1990, she began to teach acting in the Los Angeles area and was an instructor in the extension program at the [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") from 1992 to 2009\.{{cite web \|title\=Original Mattie Ross talks eating disorder \|url\=https://abc7news.com/archive/7979025/ \|website\=ABC7 News \|publisher\=ABC, Inc. \|access\-date\=December 8, 2023}} Darby also appeared in the 1999 *[The X\-Files](/wiki/The_X-Files "The X-Files")* episode "[Sein und Zeit](/wiki/Sein_und_Zeit_%28The_X-Files%29 "Sein und Zeit (The X-Files)")" as a woman who confessed to the murder of her son, a boy who disappeared under circumstances similar to those being investigated by the lead characters, [Fox Mulder](/wiki/Fox_Mulder "Fox Mulder") and [Dana Scully](/wiki/Dana_Scully "Dana Scully").
In 2014, she played Stacia Clairborne, a partially blind witness to a crime, in the episode "Prologue" of the show *[Perception](/wiki/Perception_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Perception (U.S. TV series)")*.
|
[
"Television roles\n----------------",
"Darby's 1960s television roles included two appearances on the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") series *[Mr. Novak](/wiki/Mr._Novak \"Mr. Novak\")*, starring [James Franciscus](/wiki/James_Franciscus \"James Franciscus\"), including an appearance as Julie Dean in \"To Lodge and Dislodge\" (1963\\). She was cast as Heather Heatherton in the *[Wagon Train](/wiki/Wagon_Train \"Wagon Train\")* episode \"The Story of Hector Heatherton\" (1964\\) and as Judy Wheeler in \"The Silent Dissuaders\" (1965\\).",
"Darby also appeared about this time on *[The Eleventh Hour](/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_%281962_TV_series%29 \"The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)\")*, *[The Fugitive](/wiki/The_Fugitive_%281963_TV_series%29 \"The Fugitive (1963 TV series)\")*, *[The Donna Reed Show](/wiki/The_Donna_Reed_Show \"The Donna Reed Show\")*, *[Ironside](/wiki/Ironside_%28TV_series%29 \"Ironside (TV series)\")*, and in the first season of *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek \"Star Trek\")* as the title character in [\"Miri\"](/wiki/Miri_%28Star_Trek:The_Original_Series%29 \"The Original Series)\").",
"Darby was cast in an episode of the NBC sitcom *The [John Forsythe](/wiki/John_Forsythe \"John Forsythe\") Show* (\"'Tis Better Have Loved and Lost\", 1965\\), and as Angel in the two\\-part *[Gunsmoke](/wiki/Gunsmoke_%28TV_series%29 \"Gunsmoke (TV series)\")* episode \"Vengeance\". She appeared in the episode \"Faire Ladies of France\" (1967\\) of the NBC [western](/wiki/Western_%28genre%29 \"Western (genre)\") series *[The Road West](/wiki/The_Road_West \"The Road West\")* starring [Barry Sullivan](/wiki/Barry_Sullivan_%28actor%29 \"Barry Sullivan (actor)\") and a *[Bonanza](/wiki/Bonanza \"Bonanza\")* episode \"A Sure Thing\" (1967\\) as Trudy Loughlin, guest starring [Tom Tully](/wiki/Tom_Tully \"Tom Tully\") as Burt Loughlin, her father. She appeared in another episode of *Gunsmoke*, \"The Lure\" (1967\\) as Carrie Neely.",
"She was cast in the 1972 movie, *[The People](/wiki/The_People_%281972_film%29 \"The People (1972 film)\")*, which reunited her with [William Shatner](/wiki/William_Shatner \"William Shatner\") from her *Star Trek* appearance.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://modcinema.com/categories/3\\-made\\-for\\-tv/934\\-people\\-the\\-tv\\-1972\\-dvd\\|website\\=Modcinema.com\\|title\\=The People (1972 USA, TV)\\|access\\-date\\=September 14, 2018}} She played the unhinged Virginia Calderwood in the first television [miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries \"Miniseries\"), *[Rich Man, Poor Man](/wiki/Rich_Man%2C_Poor_Man_%28TV_miniseries%29 \"Rich Man, Poor Man (TV miniseries)\")* in 1976\\.",
"Darby had the central role of Sally Farnham in the made\\-for\\-TV chiller *[Don't Be Afraid of the Dark](/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Afraid_of_the_Dark_%281973_film%29 \"Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (1973 film)\")* (1973\\). Some of her subsequent television roles included guest appearances on *[Crazy Like a Fox](/wiki/Crazy_Like_a_Fox_%28TV_series%29 \"Crazy Like a Fox (TV series)\")*, *[Thriller](/wiki/Thriller_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Thriller (British TV series)\")*, *[Family](/wiki/Family_%281976_TV_series%29 \"Family (1976 TV series)\")*, *[The Love Boat](/wiki/The_Love_Boat \"The Love Boat\")*, *[The Streets of San Francisco](/wiki/The_Streets_of_San_Francisco \"The Streets of San Francisco\")*, *[Riptide](/wiki/Riptide_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Riptide (American TV series)\")*, and *[Becker](/wiki/Becker_%28TV_series%29 \"Becker (TV series)\")*.",
"Darby admitted her career declined after the 1970s, in part because she had a dependency on amphetamines.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://popcultureaddict.com/interviews/kimdarb/ \\|title\\=Truth and Grit: A Conversation with Kim Darby\\|publisher\\=Confessions of a Pop Culture Addict\\|author\\=Sam Tweedle \\|date\\=January 20, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183005/http://popcultureaddict.com/interviews/kimdarb/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 1990, she began to teach acting in the Los Angeles area and was an instructor in the extension program at the [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\") from 1992 to 2009\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Original Mattie Ross talks eating disorder \\|url\\=https://abc7news.com/archive/7979025/ \\|website\\=ABC7 News \\|publisher\\=ABC, Inc. \\|access\\-date\\=December 8, 2023}} Darby also appeared in the 1999 *[The X\\-Files](/wiki/The_X-Files \"The X-Files\")* episode \"[Sein und Zeit](/wiki/Sein_und_Zeit_%28The_X-Files%29 \"Sein und Zeit (The X-Files)\")\" as a woman who confessed to the murder of her son, a boy who disappeared under circumstances similar to those being investigated by the lead characters, [Fox Mulder](/wiki/Fox_Mulder \"Fox Mulder\") and [Dana Scully](/wiki/Dana_Scully \"Dana Scully\").",
"In 2014, she played Stacia Clairborne, a partially blind witness to a crime, in the episode \"Prologue\" of the show *[Perception](/wiki/Perception_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Perception (U.S. TV series)\")*.",
""
] |
Music career
------------
[right\|thumb\|Idan Raichel performing at the [Central Park SummerStage](/wiki/Central_Park_SummerStage "Central Park SummerStage"), June 2007](/wiki/File:Idan_Raichel2.jpg "Idan Raichel2.jpg")
[thumb\|The Idan Raichel Project in concert in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), January 2011](/wiki/File:The_Idan_Raichel_Project.jpg "The Idan Raichel Project.jpg")
[thumb\|The Idan Raichel Project in concert in Warszaw, September 2011](/wiki/File:IdanRaichelProject20110930A.jpg "IdanRaichelProject20110930A.jpg")
After working as a backup musician and recording with some of Israel's most popular singers, Raichel struck out on his own.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-11999281\|title\=World music Israeli style: Idan Raichel Project\|work\=BBC News\|date\=29 December 2010}} He began working on a demo recording in [Kfar Saba](/wiki/Kfar_Saba "Kfar Saba") and invited other singers and musicians to collaborate with him to create a new synthesis of sounds and styles.{{cite web\|last\=Cain\|first\=Susan\|title\=Let his Music do the Talking\|url\=http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/2013/02/14/idan\-raichel\-project\-new\-york\-concert\-review/\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} He released two albums locally before signing an international deal.
### *The Idan Raichel Project* and *Mi'Ma'amakim*
The diversity of the [Jewish diaspora](/wiki/Jewish_diaspora "Jewish diaspora") and Israeli citizenry interested Raichel and influenced his musical career. He has worked with Ethiopian Jews, Arabs, traditional [Yemenite vocalists](/wiki/Music_of_Yemen "Music of Yemen"), a [toaster](/wiki/Deejay_%28Jamaican%29 "Deejay (Jamaican)") and percussionist from [Suriname](/wiki/Suriname "Suriname"), and a South African singer, among others. The global fusion sound of the song "Bo'ee" ("Come with Me") propelled his group to the top of the charts.{{cite web\|last\=Darling\|first\=Cary\|title\=Ethiopian CDs put the World at your Fingertips\|url\=http://www.popmatters.com/article/ethiopian\-cds\-put\-the\-world\-at\-your\-fingertips/\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} The Idan Raichel Project's self\-titled first album focuses on these cross\-cultural collaborations. It was released in Israel in 2002 and followed by a second album, *Out of the Depths*, in 2005\.{{Cite web\|title \= The Idan Raichel Project – Idan Raichel's Project\|url \= http://www.discogs.com/Idan\-Raichel\-Project\-Idan\-Raichels\-Project/master/606754\|website \= Discogs\|access\-date \= 9 February 2016}}
This collaboration became a platform for the emergence of ethnic singers such as [Cabra Casay](/wiki/Cabra_Casay "Cabra Casay"), an Ethiopian Jew born in a refugee camp in [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan "Sudan"), and Ravid Kahalani, from the band Yemen Blues, who explores his Yemenite roots. The Yemenite\-Israeli singer [Shoshana Damari](/wiki/Shoshana_Damari "Shoshana Damari") performed with the group just before she died in 2006 at the age of 86\.{{cite web\|title\=Idan Raichel Biography\|url\=http://www.idanraichelproject.com/en/\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} The Idan Raichel Project has released four albums as well as a collection of live recordings in Israel on the Helicon Label. [Cumbancha](/wiki/Cumbancha "Cumbancha"), a US\-based record label, released the group's first album worldwide in 2006\. The album also received a nomination for Award for World Music by BBC Radio 3\.{{cite web\|last\=Edgar\|first\=Jacob\|title\=Idan Raichel's Biography\|url\=http://www.cumbancha.com/idan\-raichel\-biography\-eng/\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}}
### *Within My Walls*, *Open Door*
The Idan Raichel Project issued its second international release, *Within My Walls*, in 2008\. Raichel recorded much of this album while he was on tour in impromptu settings.{{cite web\|last\=Sole\|first\=Deanne\|title\=Idan Raichel Project: Within my Walls\|date\=11 March 2009\|url\=http://www.popmatters.com/review/70875\-the\-idan\-raichel\-project\-within\-my\-walls/\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} During his travels, he met musicians from around the world and exchanged musical ideas with them along the way. He recorded and co\-wrote songs with Colombian singer [Marta Gómez](/wiki/Marta_G%C3%B3mez "Marta Gómez"), Cape Verdean [Mayra Andrade](/wiki/Mayra_Andrade "Mayra Andrade"), and Rwandan/Ugandan [Somi](/wiki/Somi_%28American_singer%29 "Somi (American singer)"). The group performed at a number of international festivals and traveled to and performed across Europe, South and Central America, Asia, and Africa.
Raichel later worked with Grammy Award winner [India.Arie](/wiki/India.Arie "India.Arie"){{cite magazine\|last\=Herrera\|first\=Monica\|title\=Grammys 2011: 15 Things You didn't see on TV\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473090/grammys\-2011\-15\-things\-you\-didnt\-see\-on\-tv\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} on a project called Open Door.{{cite magazine\|last\=Graff\|first\=Gary\|title\=India.Arie Hopes her 'Lost' Album can find Release\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\-juice/5657797/indiaarie\-hopes\-her\-lost\-album\-sung\-in\-hebrew\-and\-english\-can\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} They began working together in 2008 when India was visiting Israel. Together, they performed at the [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center "Kennedy Center") in Washington, DC in front of President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") on [Martin Luther King Jr. Day](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day "Martin Luther King Jr. Day") after Obama's election. They also played the song "Gift of Acceptance" at the 2010 [Nobel Peace Prize](/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") gala event.{{cite web\|title \= Idan Raichel Project Biography\|url \= http://bwwclassicalworld.com/bwwmusic/artist/Idan\-Raichel\-Project/bio\|access\-date \= 21 October 2013}} In August 2011, the duet performed at the dedication ceremony for the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C., on their US tour. Raichel and [India.Arie](/wiki/India.Arie "India.Arie") produced Arie's first single, "6th Avenue", from her 2013 album *Songversation*. [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres "Shimon Peres"), then\-president of Israel, asked Raichel to compose music for a poem Peres wrote about Israel's Ethiopian community.
### *Quarter to Six*
The project's next album, *Reva LaShesh* ("Quarter to Six"), was released in 2013\. It includes guest appearances by Portuguese [fado](/wiki/Fado "Fado") star [Ana Moura](/wiki/Ana_Moura "Ana Moura"), Palestinian\-Israeli singer [Mira Awad](/wiki/Mira_Awad "Mira Awad"), German countertenor [Andreas Scholl](/wiki/Andreas_Scholl "Andreas Scholl"), Colombia's [Marta Gómez](/wiki/Marta_G%C3%B3mez "Marta Gómez"), Vieux Farka Touré, and some of Israel's up\-and\-coming artists.{{cite web\|title\=The Idan Raichel Project, 'Quarter to Six' \|url\=https://c.o0bg.com/arts/music/2013/06/03/album\-review\-the\-idan\-raichel\-project\-quarter\-six/Q4LejhGxljfH4irdvHU29O/story.html?p1\=AMP\_Recirculation\_Pos5 \|website\=c.o0bg.com \|date\=4 June 2013 \|access\-date\=22 October 2020}} *Quarter to Six* reached triple\-platinum sales status in Israel, selling over 116,000 copies.
The Project played at a private concert for President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") during his visit to Israel in March 2013\. Raichel was invited by pop star [Alicia Keys](/wiki/Alicia_Keys "Alicia Keys") to perform a duet with her on stage at the Nokia Stadium in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"). One month later, Raichel shared the stage with [Patrick Bruel](/wiki/Patrick_Bruel "Patrick Bruel"). At the end of the Jewish year in September, *[Pnai Plus](/wiki/Pnai_Plus "Pnai Plus")*, an Israeli entertainment magazine, voted Idan Raichel "Man of the Year". The song "Ba'Layla (At Night)" was voted "Song of the Year". Raichel was also named "Musician of the Year" in 2013 and 2014 by [Galgalatz](/wiki/Galgalatz "Galgalatz") radio station. The Idan Raichel Project placed no.1 in [Media Forest](/wiki/Media_Forest "Media Forest")'s chart of "The Most Broadcast Group" in Israel for 2013 and 2014, as well as "Group of the Year" in various media charts for 2014\.
In September 2014, [Alicia Keys](/wiki/Alicia_Keys "Alicia Keys") invited Raichel and Palestinian singer and [qanun](/wiki/Qanun_%28instrument%29 "Qanun (instrument)") player Ali Amr to join her on stage at the [Global Citizen Festival](/wiki/Global_Citizen_Festival "Global Citizen Festival") in New York's Central Park to perform her song "[We Are Here](/wiki/We_Are_Here_%28Alicia_Keys_song%29 "We Are Here (Alicia Keys song)")".{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=mfgiqFme\-Fs\|title\=Alicia Keys feat. Idan Raichel \& Ali Amr "We Are Here" אלישיה קיז ועידן רייכל\|date\=11 October 2014\|via\=YouTube}} On 3 July 2014, Raichel and 18 members of his project performed at [Yarkon Park](/wiki/Yarkon_Park "Yarkon Park"), [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), in front of 20,000 people[Idan Raichel in HaYarkon Park](http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4537834,00.html) [ynet](/wiki/Ynet "Ynet"), 5 July 2014
On 12 January 2015, Raichel joined Patrick Bruel and Moroccan singer Youness El Guezouli on stage at the [Paris Opera](/wiki/Paris_Opera "Paris Opera") to sing "Pourquoi ne pas y croire…" (Why Not Believe) in French, Arabic, and Hebrew{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=sY1324yf\-Eo\|title\=Patrick Bruel – Pourquoi ne pas y croire...\|date\=8 April 2015\|via\=YouTube}}
In 2015, Raichel continued to perform and collaborate with various musicians, including Italian singer [Ornella Vanoni](/wiki/Ornella_Vanoni "Ornella Vanoni"), Cuban singer [Danay Suarez](/wiki/Danay_Suarez "Danay Suarez"), and Portuguese singer [Antonio Zambujo](/wiki/Antonio_Zambujo "Antonio Zambujo").
He also toured extensively, including December 2015 shows in Japan with the Project,{{cite web\|url\=http://desertjazz.exblog.jp/22666724/\|title\=The Idan Raichel Project in Japan 2015\|author\=desertjazz\|work\=DESERT JAZZ}} a series of concerts in Germany with [Andreas Scholl](/wiki/Andreas_Scholl "Andreas Scholl"),{{cite web\|url\=http://tlv1\.fm/weekend\-edition/2015/05/24/raichel\-scholl\-an\-israeli\-german\-musical\-match\-up/\|title\=Raichel \& Scholl: An Israeli\-German musical match\-up\|author\=TLV1\|date\=8 February 2016\|work\=TLV1 RADIO}} and an appearance at the Jazz a la Villette festival in Paris with [The Touré\-Raichel Collective](/wiki/The_Tour%C3%A9-Raichel_Collective "The Touré-Raichel Collective") in September 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://hapfind.com/event/fb/the\-toure\-raichel\-collective\-jazz\-a\-la\-villette\-2015\_2420707\|title\=Hapfind}}
### *The Touré\-Raichel Collective*
Raichel incidentally met [Vieux Farka Touré](/wiki/Vieux_Farka_Tour%C3%A9 "Vieux Farka Touré"), son of [Ali Farka Toure](/wiki/Ali_Farka_Toure "Ali Farka Toure"), at an airport in 2008\. Toure was invited to Israel to perform at the Tel Aviv Opera House with Raichel in 2010, and this led to the formation of [The Touré\-Raichel Collective](/wiki/The_Tour%C3%A9-Raichel_Collective "The Touré-Raichel Collective"), a collaboration of [Malian](/wiki/Mali "Mali") and Israeli musicians.{{cite web\|url\=http://forward.com/articles/156013/coming\-to\-africa\|title\=Coming to Africa\|first\=Alexander\|last\=Gelfand\|date\=10 May 2012\|work\=The Forward}}{{cite news\|last\=Morgante\|first\=Michelle\|title\=Idan Raichel Project Builds Global Unity\|url\=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/2013/06/04/review\-idan\-raichel\-project\-builds\-global\-unity/CDsGxH8FASDszyaOWJAksL/story.html\|access\-date\=21 October 2013\|work\=The Boston Globe}}{{cite web\|last\=Mital\|first\=Sachyn\|title\=The Touré\-Raichel Collective: 13 April 2013 – New York\|date\=18 April 2012\|url\=http://www.popmatters.com/post/157350\-the\-toure\-raichel\-collective\-13\-april\-2012\-new\-york/\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} The collective recorded an album together, *[The Tel Aviv Session](/wiki/The_Tel_Aviv_Session "The Tel Aviv Session")*, which reached the number one spot on the iTunes World Music sales charts and made number 2 on the Billboard World Music Chart.{{cite web\|last\=Edgar\|first\=Jacob\|title\=Idan Raichel Biography\|url\=http://www.cumbancha.com/idan\-raichel\-biography\-eng/\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} In September 2014, The Touré\-Raichel Collective released their second album, *The Paris Session*, with Daby Touré on bass, Israeli trumpeter Niv Toar, Malian singer Seckouba Diabate, and others.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/arts/music/from\-mali\-to\-israel\-a\-musical\-bridge.html\|title\=From Mali to Israel, a Musical Bridge\|date\=18 November 2014\|work\=The New York Times}}
In November 2014, Raichel toured the United States and Canada alongside Vieux Farka Touré with the Touré\-Raichel Collective. Their performance at [Symphony Space](/wiki/Symphony_Space "Symphony Space") in New York City, presented by World Music Institute, was previewed in a feature article in *The New York Times*, where music critic [Larry Rohter](/wiki/Larry_Rohter "Larry Rohter") described the Touré\-Raichel Collective as "one of the most fruitful and intriguing collaborations in the grab\-bag genre known as world music." While in New York, The Touré\-Rachel Collective also appeared on [WNYC](/wiki/WNYC "WNYC") radio's Soundcheck.{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=5pP\-WfwHRkY\|title\=The Touré\- Raichel Collective – Live Radio – טורה\- רייכל קולקטיב\|date\=24 November 2014\|via\=YouTube}}
### *At the Edge of the Beginning*
On 22 January 2016, Raichel's first solo album, *[At the Edge of the Beginning](/wiki/At_the_Edge_of_the_Beginning "At the Edge of the Beginning")*, was released worldwide.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idan\-raichel\-gets\-personal\-in\-his\-first\-solo\-album/\|title\=Idan Raichel gets personal in his first solo album\|work\=The Times of Israel}} Raichel followed this with a set of solo piano concerts titled "Idan Raichel – Piano – Songs". He also toured with the Idan Raichel Project and with "Idan Raichel \- Piano Concert with Friends" throughout Europe and the US. In February 2016, he performed at the [Konzerthaus](/wiki/Konzerthaus%2C_Vienna "Konzerthaus, Vienna") in Vienna.{{cite web\|url\=https://konzerthaus.at/konzert/eventid/22833\|title\=Wiener Konzerthaus – Programmdetail}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wina\-magazin.at/?p\=12263\|title\="Building Bridges" – Idan Raichel – Wina – Das jüdische StadtmagazinWina – Das jüdische Stadtmagazin\|author\=wina\|work\=Wina – Das jüdische Stadtmagazin}}{{cite web\|last\=Levin\|first\=Jordan\|title\=Keyboardist is Stirring the Melting Pot of Israel\|url\=http://www.popmatters.com/article/keyboardist\-is\-stirring\-the\-melting\-pot\-of\-israel/\|access\-date\=21 October 2013}}
[thumb\|250px\|**Raichel at [Galei Tzahal](/wiki/Galei_Tzahal "Galei Tzahal") radio Station, 2016**
Left to right: Yaron Deckel, Idan Raichel, [Miri Regev](/wiki/Miri_Regev "Miri Regev"), [Yoaz Hendel](/wiki/Yoaz_Hendel "Yoaz Hendel"), [Asael Lubotzky](/wiki/Asael_Lubotzky "Asael Lubotzky")](/wiki/File:Galei_Tzahal_Station.jpg "Galei Tzahal Station.jpg")
### 2017–2018
January 2017 saw the release of the single "Spinning Wheel", followed in May by "A Love Like This", for which Raichel chose Zehava Ben as the vocalist.
In February 2017, just before Raichel set off on another long tour of performances in Europe and the US, there was a gala evening at the [Tel Aviv Museum of Art](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art "Tel Aviv Museum of Art") to celebrate the museum's flagship exhibition "Regarding Africa – Contemporary Art and Afro\-Futurism". During the evening, Raichel was presented with a special award in recognition of his contribution to bringing people together through music.
At the same time, the "Raichel – Piano – Songs" tour became a huge success. The show, in which Raichel at last realised his dream of getting close up to his audience and presenting his songs in their original format of piano and voice, stretched into 150 shows in Europe, the US, South America, and Israel, where it ran for 17 successive dates at the Shuni Amphitheater.
Raichel recorded all the shows at Shuni and selected the best and the most moving of the recordings, giving rise to a new 36\-track live album, *Raichel – Piano – Songs*, which included new versions of some of his biggest hits as well as songs which he had composed for other artists.
The new album was released in September 2017 and the tour was rounded out with a series of shows at the Shuni Amphitheater in October 2017\. In June 2018, the album was certified Gold.
The [Latin Grammy Awards](/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award "Latin Grammy Award") ceremony was held in November 2017, and amongst the nominees for "Album of the Year" was [Danay Suárez](/wiki/Danay_Su%C3%A1rez "Danay Suárez")'s album *Palabras Manuales*, which included a version of the Cuban singer and Raichel dueting on a new version of "Closer Now" from the album *[Quarter to Six](/wiki/Quarter_to_Six "Quarter to Six")*.
In February 2018, Raichel released a single called "And If You’ll Come to Me". The song was produced cooperatively with musical producer Noam Akrabi.
In May 2018, Raichel released the single "Beresheet". The song was written during his travels around the world and inspired by his encounters with people from India and Africa. The song is accompanied by a music video showcasing sand artist [Ilana Yahav](/wiki/Ilana_Yahav "Ilana Yahav").
In June 2018, there was a multidisciplinary festival, Raichel's brainchild, at the Live Park Amphitheater in [Rishon LeZion](/wiki/Rishon_LeZion "Rishon LeZion"). This ten\-day festival featured a blend of music, food, and art alongside a few special appearances by The Idan Raichel Project in their new lineup. Within the framework of the festival, there was a culinary area under the direction of chef Yuval Ben Neriah, an exhibition of photographs by [Ziv Koren](/wiki/Ziv_Koren "Ziv Koren"), and a stage for performances by musicians such as SHIRAN, Di Gasen Trio, Quarter to Africa, [Yossi Fine](/wiki/Yossi_Fine "Yossi Fine"), and others.
### 2019–present: *And If You Will Come to Me*
Raichel released his second solo studio album, *[And If You Will Come to Me](/wiki/And_If_You_Will_Come_to_Me "And If You Will Come to Me")*, on 31 January 2019\. The record reflected the next phase in a personal journey that began three years before, when Raichel put the Idan Raichel Project, at the time a 14\-piece band, on hiatus and began performing more intimate solo and small\-ensemble concerts.
Along with guest musicians from Japan, Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Cuba, and India, *[And If You Will Come to Me](/wiki/And_If_You_Will_Come_to_Me "And If You Will Come to Me")* features duets with Nigerien guitar player [Bombino](/wiki/Bombino_%28musician%29 "Bombino (musician)"), Cuban Grammy nominee Danay Suarez, Israeli stars [Berry Sakharof](/wiki/Berry_Sakharof "Berry Sakharof") and [Zehava Ben](/wiki/Zehava_Ben "Zehava Ben"), and a new studio track with the reunited Idan Raichel Project.
The album's title track, "Ve'Eem Tavo'ee Elay" (in Hebrew), became one of Raichel's biggest hits in Israel, with 20 million streams on YouTube alone, and the singles from the album have racked up a total of 35 million YouTube plays. Raichel supported the release of the album with four arena shows in Tel Aviv, followed by an extensive international tour in March 2019, including shows in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, and the US.
On 18 May 2019, the Idan Raichel Project played at the Grand Final of the [2019 Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/2019_Eurovision_Song_Contest "2019 Eurovision Song Contest"). A year later, in 2020, he cowrote, with [Doron Medalie](/wiki/Doron_Medalie "Doron Medalie"), the song "[Feker Libi](/wiki/Feker_Libi "Feker Libi")", recorded by [Eden Alene](/wiki/Eden_Alene "Eden Alene"). The song was to represent [Israel](/wiki/Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest "Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest") in the [Eurovision Song Contest 2020](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020 "Eurovision Song Contest 2020"); the event was cancelled, however, due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{Cite web\|url\=https://wiwibloggs.com/2020/03/03/israel\-eden\-alene\-will\-sing\-feker\-libi\-at\-eurovision\-2020/251298/\|title\=Eden Alene will sing "Feker Libi" for Israel at Eurovision 2020\|date\=3 March 2020\|website\=wiwibloggs\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=4 March 2020}}
|
[
"Music career\n------------",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Idan Raichel performing at the [Central Park SummerStage](/wiki/Central_Park_SummerStage \"Central Park SummerStage\"), June 2007](/wiki/File:Idan_Raichel2.jpg \"Idan Raichel2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The Idan Raichel Project in concert in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"), January 2011](/wiki/File:The_Idan_Raichel_Project.jpg \"The Idan Raichel Project.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The Idan Raichel Project in concert in Warszaw, September 2011](/wiki/File:IdanRaichelProject20110930A.jpg \"IdanRaichelProject20110930A.jpg\")",
"After working as a backup musician and recording with some of Israel's most popular singers, Raichel struck out on his own.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-11999281\\|title\\=World music Israeli style: Idan Raichel Project\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=29 December 2010}} He began working on a demo recording in [Kfar Saba](/wiki/Kfar_Saba \"Kfar Saba\") and invited other singers and musicians to collaborate with him to create a new synthesis of sounds and styles.{{cite web\\|last\\=Cain\\|first\\=Susan\\|title\\=Let his Music do the Talking\\|url\\=http://www.thepowerofintroverts.com/2013/02/14/idan\\-raichel\\-project\\-new\\-york\\-concert\\-review/\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} He released two albums locally before signing an international deal.",
"### *The Idan Raichel Project* and *Mi'Ma'amakim*",
"The diversity of the [Jewish diaspora](/wiki/Jewish_diaspora \"Jewish diaspora\") and Israeli citizenry interested Raichel and influenced his musical career. He has worked with Ethiopian Jews, Arabs, traditional [Yemenite vocalists](/wiki/Music_of_Yemen \"Music of Yemen\"), a [toaster](/wiki/Deejay_%28Jamaican%29 \"Deejay (Jamaican)\") and percussionist from [Suriname](/wiki/Suriname \"Suriname\"), and a South African singer, among others. The global fusion sound of the song \"Bo'ee\" (\"Come with Me\") propelled his group to the top of the charts.{{cite web\\|last\\=Darling\\|first\\=Cary\\|title\\=Ethiopian CDs put the World at your Fingertips\\|url\\=http://www.popmatters.com/article/ethiopian\\-cds\\-put\\-the\\-world\\-at\\-your\\-fingertips/\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} The Idan Raichel Project's self\\-titled first album focuses on these cross\\-cultural collaborations. It was released in Israel in 2002 and followed by a second album, *Out of the Depths*, in 2005\\.{{Cite web\\|title \\= The Idan Raichel Project – Idan Raichel's Project\\|url \\= http://www.discogs.com/Idan\\-Raichel\\-Project\\-Idan\\-Raichels\\-Project/master/606754\\|website \\= Discogs\\|access\\-date \\= 9 February 2016}}",
"This collaboration became a platform for the emergence of ethnic singers such as [Cabra Casay](/wiki/Cabra_Casay \"Cabra Casay\"), an Ethiopian Jew born in a refugee camp in [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan \"Sudan\"), and Ravid Kahalani, from the band Yemen Blues, who explores his Yemenite roots. The Yemenite\\-Israeli singer [Shoshana Damari](/wiki/Shoshana_Damari \"Shoshana Damari\") performed with the group just before she died in 2006 at the age of 86\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Idan Raichel Biography\\|url\\=http://www.idanraichelproject.com/en/\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} The Idan Raichel Project has released four albums as well as a collection of live recordings in Israel on the Helicon Label. [Cumbancha](/wiki/Cumbancha \"Cumbancha\"), a US\\-based record label, released the group's first album worldwide in 2006\\. The album also received a nomination for Award for World Music by BBC Radio 3\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Edgar\\|first\\=Jacob\\|title\\=Idan Raichel's Biography\\|url\\=http://www.cumbancha.com/idan\\-raichel\\-biography\\-eng/\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}}",
"### *Within My Walls*, *Open Door*",
"The Idan Raichel Project issued its second international release, *Within My Walls*, in 2008\\. Raichel recorded much of this album while he was on tour in impromptu settings.{{cite web\\|last\\=Sole\\|first\\=Deanne\\|title\\=Idan Raichel Project: Within my Walls\\|date\\=11 March 2009\\|url\\=http://www.popmatters.com/review/70875\\-the\\-idan\\-raichel\\-project\\-within\\-my\\-walls/\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} During his travels, he met musicians from around the world and exchanged musical ideas with them along the way. He recorded and co\\-wrote songs with Colombian singer [Marta Gómez](/wiki/Marta_G%C3%B3mez \"Marta Gómez\"), Cape Verdean [Mayra Andrade](/wiki/Mayra_Andrade \"Mayra Andrade\"), and Rwandan/Ugandan [Somi](/wiki/Somi_%28American_singer%29 \"Somi (American singer)\"). The group performed at a number of international festivals and traveled to and performed across Europe, South and Central America, Asia, and Africa.",
"Raichel later worked with Grammy Award winner [India.Arie](/wiki/India.Arie \"India.Arie\"){{cite magazine\\|last\\=Herrera\\|first\\=Monica\\|title\\=Grammys 2011: 15 Things You didn't see on TV\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473090/grammys\\-2011\\-15\\-things\\-you\\-didnt\\-see\\-on\\-tv\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} on a project called Open Door.{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Graff\\|first\\=Gary\\|title\\=India.Arie Hopes her 'Lost' Album can find Release\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the\\-juice/5657797/indiaarie\\-hopes\\-her\\-lost\\-album\\-sung\\-in\\-hebrew\\-and\\-english\\-can\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} They began working together in 2008 when India was visiting Israel. Together, they performed at the [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center \"Kennedy Center\") in Washington, DC in front of President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") on [Martin Luther King Jr. Day](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day \"Martin Luther King Jr. Day\") after Obama's election. They also played the song \"Gift of Acceptance\" at the 2010 [Nobel Peace Prize](/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize \"Nobel Peace Prize\") gala event.{{cite web\\|title \\= Idan Raichel Project Biography\\|url \\= http://bwwclassicalworld.com/bwwmusic/artist/Idan\\-Raichel\\-Project/bio\\|access\\-date \\= 21 October 2013}} In August 2011, the duet performed at the dedication ceremony for the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C., on their US tour. Raichel and [India.Arie](/wiki/India.Arie \"India.Arie\") produced Arie's first single, \"6th Avenue\", from her 2013 album *Songversation*. [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres \"Shimon Peres\"), then\\-president of Israel, asked Raichel to compose music for a poem Peres wrote about Israel's Ethiopian community.",
"### *Quarter to Six*",
"The project's next album, *Reva LaShesh* (\"Quarter to Six\"), was released in 2013\\. It includes guest appearances by Portuguese [fado](/wiki/Fado \"Fado\") star [Ana Moura](/wiki/Ana_Moura \"Ana Moura\"), Palestinian\\-Israeli singer [Mira Awad](/wiki/Mira_Awad \"Mira Awad\"), German countertenor [Andreas Scholl](/wiki/Andreas_Scholl \"Andreas Scholl\"), Colombia's [Marta Gómez](/wiki/Marta_G%C3%B3mez \"Marta Gómez\"), Vieux Farka Touré, and some of Israel's up\\-and\\-coming artists.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Idan Raichel Project, 'Quarter to Six' \\|url\\=https://c.o0bg.com/arts/music/2013/06/03/album\\-review\\-the\\-idan\\-raichel\\-project\\-quarter\\-six/Q4LejhGxljfH4irdvHU29O/story.html?p1\\=AMP\\_Recirculation\\_Pos5 \\|website\\=c.o0bg.com \\|date\\=4 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2020}} *Quarter to Six* reached triple\\-platinum sales status in Israel, selling over 116,000 copies.",
"The Project played at a private concert for President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") during his visit to Israel in March 2013\\. Raichel was invited by pop star [Alicia Keys](/wiki/Alicia_Keys \"Alicia Keys\") to perform a duet with her on stage at the Nokia Stadium in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"). One month later, Raichel shared the stage with [Patrick Bruel](/wiki/Patrick_Bruel \"Patrick Bruel\"). At the end of the Jewish year in September, *[Pnai Plus](/wiki/Pnai_Plus \"Pnai Plus\")*, an Israeli entertainment magazine, voted Idan Raichel \"Man of the Year\". The song \"Ba'Layla (At Night)\" was voted \"Song of the Year\". Raichel was also named \"Musician of the Year\" in 2013 and 2014 by [Galgalatz](/wiki/Galgalatz \"Galgalatz\") radio station. The Idan Raichel Project placed no.1 in [Media Forest](/wiki/Media_Forest \"Media Forest\")'s chart of \"The Most Broadcast Group\" in Israel for 2013 and 2014, as well as \"Group of the Year\" in various media charts for 2014\\.",
"In September 2014, [Alicia Keys](/wiki/Alicia_Keys \"Alicia Keys\") invited Raichel and Palestinian singer and [qanun](/wiki/Qanun_%28instrument%29 \"Qanun (instrument)\") player Ali Amr to join her on stage at the [Global Citizen Festival](/wiki/Global_Citizen_Festival \"Global Citizen Festival\") in New York's Central Park to perform her song \"[We Are Here](/wiki/We_Are_Here_%28Alicia_Keys_song%29 \"We Are Here (Alicia Keys song)\")\".{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=mfgiqFme\\-Fs\\|title\\=Alicia Keys feat. Idan Raichel \\& Ali Amr \"We Are Here\" אלישיה קיז ועידן רייכל\\|date\\=11 October 2014\\|via\\=YouTube}} On 3 July 2014, Raichel and 18 members of his project performed at [Yarkon Park](/wiki/Yarkon_Park \"Yarkon Park\"), [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"), in front of 20,000 people[Idan Raichel in HaYarkon Park](http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4537834,00.html) [ynet](/wiki/Ynet \"Ynet\"), 5 July 2014",
"On 12 January 2015, Raichel joined Patrick Bruel and Moroccan singer Youness El Guezouli on stage at the [Paris Opera](/wiki/Paris_Opera \"Paris Opera\") to sing \"Pourquoi ne pas y croire…\" (Why Not Believe) in French, Arabic, and Hebrew{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=sY1324yf\\-Eo\\|title\\=Patrick Bruel – Pourquoi ne pas y croire...\\|date\\=8 April 2015\\|via\\=YouTube}}\nIn 2015, Raichel continued to perform and collaborate with various musicians, including Italian singer [Ornella Vanoni](/wiki/Ornella_Vanoni \"Ornella Vanoni\"), Cuban singer [Danay Suarez](/wiki/Danay_Suarez \"Danay Suarez\"), and Portuguese singer [Antonio Zambujo](/wiki/Antonio_Zambujo \"Antonio Zambujo\").\nHe also toured extensively, including December 2015 shows in Japan with the Project,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://desertjazz.exblog.jp/22666724/\\|title\\=The Idan Raichel Project in Japan 2015\\|author\\=desertjazz\\|work\\=DESERT JAZZ}} a series of concerts in Germany with [Andreas Scholl](/wiki/Andreas_Scholl \"Andreas Scholl\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tlv1\\.fm/weekend\\-edition/2015/05/24/raichel\\-scholl\\-an\\-israeli\\-german\\-musical\\-match\\-up/\\|title\\=Raichel \\& Scholl: An Israeli\\-German musical match\\-up\\|author\\=TLV1\\|date\\=8 February 2016\\|work\\=TLV1 RADIO}} and an appearance at the Jazz a la Villette festival in Paris with [The Touré\\-Raichel Collective](/wiki/The_Tour%C3%A9-Raichel_Collective \"The Touré-Raichel Collective\") in September 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hapfind.com/event/fb/the\\-toure\\-raichel\\-collective\\-jazz\\-a\\-la\\-villette\\-2015\\_2420707\\|title\\=Hapfind}}",
"### *The Touré\\-Raichel Collective*",
"Raichel incidentally met [Vieux Farka Touré](/wiki/Vieux_Farka_Tour%C3%A9 \"Vieux Farka Touré\"), son of [Ali Farka Toure](/wiki/Ali_Farka_Toure \"Ali Farka Toure\"), at an airport in 2008\\. Toure was invited to Israel to perform at the Tel Aviv Opera House with Raichel in 2010, and this led to the formation of [The Touré\\-Raichel Collective](/wiki/The_Tour%C3%A9-Raichel_Collective \"The Touré-Raichel Collective\"), a collaboration of [Malian](/wiki/Mali \"Mali\") and Israeli musicians.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://forward.com/articles/156013/coming\\-to\\-africa\\|title\\=Coming to Africa\\|first\\=Alexander\\|last\\=Gelfand\\|date\\=10 May 2012\\|work\\=The Forward}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Morgante\\|first\\=Michelle\\|title\\=Idan Raichel Project Builds Global Unity\\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/2013/06/04/review\\-idan\\-raichel\\-project\\-builds\\-global\\-unity/CDsGxH8FASDszyaOWJAksL/story.html\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013\\|work\\=The Boston Globe}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Mital\\|first\\=Sachyn\\|title\\=The Touré\\-Raichel Collective: 13 April 2013 – New York\\|date\\=18 April 2012\\|url\\=http://www.popmatters.com/post/157350\\-the\\-toure\\-raichel\\-collective\\-13\\-april\\-2012\\-new\\-york/\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} The collective recorded an album together, *[The Tel Aviv Session](/wiki/The_Tel_Aviv_Session \"The Tel Aviv Session\")*, which reached the number one spot on the iTunes World Music sales charts and made number 2 on the Billboard World Music Chart.{{cite web\\|last\\=Edgar\\|first\\=Jacob\\|title\\=Idan Raichel Biography\\|url\\=http://www.cumbancha.com/idan\\-raichel\\-biography\\-eng/\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} In September 2014, The Touré\\-Raichel Collective released their second album, *The Paris Session*, with Daby Touré on bass, Israeli trumpeter Niv Toar, Malian singer Seckouba Diabate, and others.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/arts/music/from\\-mali\\-to\\-israel\\-a\\-musical\\-bridge.html\\|title\\=From Mali to Israel, a Musical Bridge\\|date\\=18 November 2014\\|work\\=The New York Times}}",
"In November 2014, Raichel toured the United States and Canada alongside Vieux Farka Touré with the Touré\\-Raichel Collective. Their performance at [Symphony Space](/wiki/Symphony_Space \"Symphony Space\") in New York City, presented by World Music Institute, was previewed in a feature article in *The New York Times*, where music critic [Larry Rohter](/wiki/Larry_Rohter \"Larry Rohter\") described the Touré\\-Raichel Collective as \"one of the most fruitful and intriguing collaborations in the grab\\-bag genre known as world music.\" While in New York, The Touré\\-Rachel Collective also appeared on [WNYC](/wiki/WNYC \"WNYC\") radio's Soundcheck.{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=5pP\\-WfwHRkY\\|title\\=The Touré\\- Raichel Collective – Live Radio – טורה\\- רייכל קולקטיב\\|date\\=24 November 2014\\|via\\=YouTube}}",
"### *At the Edge of the Beginning*",
"On 22 January 2016, Raichel's first solo album, *[At the Edge of the Beginning](/wiki/At_the_Edge_of_the_Beginning \"At the Edge of the Beginning\")*, was released worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idan\\-raichel\\-gets\\-personal\\-in\\-his\\-first\\-solo\\-album/\\|title\\=Idan Raichel gets personal in his first solo album\\|work\\=The Times of Israel}} Raichel followed this with a set of solo piano concerts titled \"Idan Raichel – Piano – Songs\". He also toured with the Idan Raichel Project and with \"Idan Raichel \\- Piano Concert with Friends\" throughout Europe and the US. In February 2016, he performed at the [Konzerthaus](/wiki/Konzerthaus%2C_Vienna \"Konzerthaus, Vienna\") in Vienna.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://konzerthaus.at/konzert/eventid/22833\\|title\\=Wiener Konzerthaus – Programmdetail}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wina\\-magazin.at/?p\\=12263\\|title\\=\"Building Bridges\" – Idan Raichel – Wina – Das jüdische StadtmagazinWina – Das jüdische Stadtmagazin\\|author\\=wina\\|work\\=Wina – Das jüdische Stadtmagazin}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Levin\\|first\\=Jordan\\|title\\=Keyboardist is Stirring the Melting Pot of Israel\\|url\\=http://www.popmatters.com/article/keyboardist\\-is\\-stirring\\-the\\-melting\\-pot\\-of\\-israel/\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|**Raichel at [Galei Tzahal](/wiki/Galei_Tzahal \"Galei Tzahal\") radio Station, 2016** \n Left to right: Yaron Deckel, Idan Raichel, [Miri Regev](/wiki/Miri_Regev \"Miri Regev\"), [Yoaz Hendel](/wiki/Yoaz_Hendel \"Yoaz Hendel\"), [Asael Lubotzky](/wiki/Asael_Lubotzky \"Asael Lubotzky\")](/wiki/File:Galei_Tzahal_Station.jpg \"Galei Tzahal Station.jpg\")",
"### 2017–2018",
"January 2017 saw the release of the single \"Spinning Wheel\", followed in May by \"A Love Like This\", for which Raichel chose Zehava Ben as the vocalist.",
"In February 2017, just before Raichel set off on another long tour of performances in Europe and the US, there was a gala evening at the [Tel Aviv Museum of Art](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art \"Tel Aviv Museum of Art\") to celebrate the museum's flagship exhibition \"Regarding Africa – Contemporary Art and Afro\\-Futurism\". During the evening, Raichel was presented with a special award in recognition of his contribution to bringing people together through music.",
"At the same time, the \"Raichel – Piano – Songs\" tour became a huge success. The show, in which Raichel at last realised his dream of getting close up to his audience and presenting his songs in their original format of piano and voice, stretched into 150 shows in Europe, the US, South America, and Israel, where it ran for 17 successive dates at the Shuni Amphitheater.",
"Raichel recorded all the shows at Shuni and selected the best and the most moving of the recordings, giving rise to a new 36\\-track live album, *Raichel – Piano – Songs*, which included new versions of some of his biggest hits as well as songs which he had composed for other artists.",
"The new album was released in September 2017 and the tour was rounded out with a series of shows at the Shuni Amphitheater in October 2017\\. In June 2018, the album was certified Gold.",
"The [Latin Grammy Awards](/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award \"Latin Grammy Award\") ceremony was held in November 2017, and amongst the nominees for \"Album of the Year\" was [Danay Suárez](/wiki/Danay_Su%C3%A1rez \"Danay Suárez\")'s album *Palabras Manuales*, which included a version of the Cuban singer and Raichel dueting on a new version of \"Closer Now\" from the album *[Quarter to Six](/wiki/Quarter_to_Six \"Quarter to Six\")*.",
"In February 2018, Raichel released a single called \"And If You’ll Come to Me\". The song was produced cooperatively with musical producer Noam Akrabi.",
"In May 2018, Raichel released the single \"Beresheet\". The song was written during his travels around the world and inspired by his encounters with people from India and Africa. The song is accompanied by a music video showcasing sand artist [Ilana Yahav](/wiki/Ilana_Yahav \"Ilana Yahav\").",
"In June 2018, there was a multidisciplinary festival, Raichel's brainchild, at the Live Park Amphitheater in [Rishon LeZion](/wiki/Rishon_LeZion \"Rishon LeZion\"). This ten\\-day festival featured a blend of music, food, and art alongside a few special appearances by The Idan Raichel Project in their new lineup. Within the framework of the festival, there was a culinary area under the direction of chef Yuval Ben Neriah, an exhibition of photographs by [Ziv Koren](/wiki/Ziv_Koren \"Ziv Koren\"), and a stage for performances by musicians such as SHIRAN, Di Gasen Trio, Quarter to Africa, [Yossi Fine](/wiki/Yossi_Fine \"Yossi Fine\"), and others.",
"### 2019–present: *And If You Will Come to Me*",
"Raichel released his second solo studio album, *[And If You Will Come to Me](/wiki/And_If_You_Will_Come_to_Me \"And If You Will Come to Me\")*, on 31 January 2019\\. The record reflected the next phase in a personal journey that began three years before, when Raichel put the Idan Raichel Project, at the time a 14\\-piece band, on hiatus and began performing more intimate solo and small\\-ensemble concerts.",
"Along with guest musicians from Japan, Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Cuba, and India, *[And If You Will Come to Me](/wiki/And_If_You_Will_Come_to_Me \"And If You Will Come to Me\")* features duets with Nigerien guitar player [Bombino](/wiki/Bombino_%28musician%29 \"Bombino (musician)\"), Cuban Grammy nominee Danay Suarez, Israeli stars [Berry Sakharof](/wiki/Berry_Sakharof \"Berry Sakharof\") and [Zehava Ben](/wiki/Zehava_Ben \"Zehava Ben\"), and a new studio track with the reunited Idan Raichel Project.",
"The album's title track, \"Ve'Eem Tavo'ee Elay\" (in Hebrew), became one of Raichel's biggest hits in Israel, with 20 million streams on YouTube alone, and the singles from the album have racked up a total of 35 million YouTube plays. Raichel supported the release of the album with four arena shows in Tel Aviv, followed by an extensive international tour in March 2019, including shows in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, and the US.",
"On 18 May 2019, the Idan Raichel Project played at the Grand Final of the [2019 Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/2019_Eurovision_Song_Contest \"2019 Eurovision Song Contest\"). A year later, in 2020, he cowrote, with [Doron Medalie](/wiki/Doron_Medalie \"Doron Medalie\"), the song \"[Feker Libi](/wiki/Feker_Libi \"Feker Libi\")\", recorded by [Eden Alene](/wiki/Eden_Alene \"Eden Alene\"). The song was to represent [Israel](/wiki/Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest\") in the [Eurovision Song Contest 2020](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020 \"Eurovision Song Contest 2020\"); the event was cancelled, however, due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wiwibloggs.com/2020/03/03/israel\\-eden\\-alene\\-will\\-sing\\-feker\\-libi\\-at\\-eurovision\\-2020/251298/\\|title\\=Eden Alene will sing \"Feker Libi\" for Israel at Eurovision 2020\\|date\\=3 March 2020\\|website\\=wiwibloggs\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2020}}",
""
] |
### 2017–2018
January 2017 saw the release of the single "Spinning Wheel", followed in May by "A Love Like This", for which Raichel chose Zehava Ben as the vocalist.
In February 2017, just before Raichel set off on another long tour of performances in Europe and the US, there was a gala evening at the [Tel Aviv Museum of Art](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art "Tel Aviv Museum of Art") to celebrate the museum's flagship exhibition "Regarding Africa – Contemporary Art and Afro\-Futurism". During the evening, Raichel was presented with a special award in recognition of his contribution to bringing people together through music.
At the same time, the "Raichel – Piano – Songs" tour became a huge success. The show, in which Raichel at last realised his dream of getting close up to his audience and presenting his songs in their original format of piano and voice, stretched into 150 shows in Europe, the US, South America, and Israel, where it ran for 17 successive dates at the Shuni Amphitheater.
Raichel recorded all the shows at Shuni and selected the best and the most moving of the recordings, giving rise to a new 36\-track live album, *Raichel – Piano – Songs*, which included new versions of some of his biggest hits as well as songs which he had composed for other artists.
The new album was released in September 2017 and the tour was rounded out with a series of shows at the Shuni Amphitheater in October 2017\. In June 2018, the album was certified Gold.
The [Latin Grammy Awards](/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award "Latin Grammy Award") ceremony was held in November 2017, and amongst the nominees for "Album of the Year" was [Danay Suárez](/wiki/Danay_Su%C3%A1rez "Danay Suárez")'s album *Palabras Manuales*, which included a version of the Cuban singer and Raichel dueting on a new version of "Closer Now" from the album *[Quarter to Six](/wiki/Quarter_to_Six "Quarter to Six")*.
In February 2018, Raichel released a single called "And If You’ll Come to Me". The song was produced cooperatively with musical producer Noam Akrabi.
In May 2018, Raichel released the single "Beresheet". The song was written during his travels around the world and inspired by his encounters with people from India and Africa. The song is accompanied by a music video showcasing sand artist [Ilana Yahav](/wiki/Ilana_Yahav "Ilana Yahav").
In June 2018, there was a multidisciplinary festival, Raichel's brainchild, at the Live Park Amphitheater in [Rishon LeZion](/wiki/Rishon_LeZion "Rishon LeZion"). This ten\-day festival featured a blend of music, food, and art alongside a few special appearances by The Idan Raichel Project in their new lineup. Within the framework of the festival, there was a culinary area under the direction of chef Yuval Ben Neriah, an exhibition of photographs by [Ziv Koren](/wiki/Ziv_Koren "Ziv Koren"), and a stage for performances by musicians such as SHIRAN, Di Gasen Trio, Quarter to Africa, [Yossi Fine](/wiki/Yossi_Fine "Yossi Fine"), and others.
|
[
"### 2017–2018",
"January 2017 saw the release of the single \"Spinning Wheel\", followed in May by \"A Love Like This\", for which Raichel chose Zehava Ben as the vocalist.",
"In February 2017, just before Raichel set off on another long tour of performances in Europe and the US, there was a gala evening at the [Tel Aviv Museum of Art](/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art \"Tel Aviv Museum of Art\") to celebrate the museum's flagship exhibition \"Regarding Africa – Contemporary Art and Afro\\-Futurism\". During the evening, Raichel was presented with a special award in recognition of his contribution to bringing people together through music.",
"At the same time, the \"Raichel – Piano – Songs\" tour became a huge success. The show, in which Raichel at last realised his dream of getting close up to his audience and presenting his songs in their original format of piano and voice, stretched into 150 shows in Europe, the US, South America, and Israel, where it ran for 17 successive dates at the Shuni Amphitheater.",
"Raichel recorded all the shows at Shuni and selected the best and the most moving of the recordings, giving rise to a new 36\\-track live album, *Raichel – Piano – Songs*, which included new versions of some of his biggest hits as well as songs which he had composed for other artists.",
"The new album was released in September 2017 and the tour was rounded out with a series of shows at the Shuni Amphitheater in October 2017\\. In June 2018, the album was certified Gold.",
"The [Latin Grammy Awards](/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award \"Latin Grammy Award\") ceremony was held in November 2017, and amongst the nominees for \"Album of the Year\" was [Danay Suárez](/wiki/Danay_Su%C3%A1rez \"Danay Suárez\")'s album *Palabras Manuales*, which included a version of the Cuban singer and Raichel dueting on a new version of \"Closer Now\" from the album *[Quarter to Six](/wiki/Quarter_to_Six \"Quarter to Six\")*.",
"In February 2018, Raichel released a single called \"And If You’ll Come to Me\". The song was produced cooperatively with musical producer Noam Akrabi.",
"In May 2018, Raichel released the single \"Beresheet\". The song was written during his travels around the world and inspired by his encounters with people from India and Africa. The song is accompanied by a music video showcasing sand artist [Ilana Yahav](/wiki/Ilana_Yahav \"Ilana Yahav\").",
"In June 2018, there was a multidisciplinary festival, Raichel's brainchild, at the Live Park Amphitheater in [Rishon LeZion](/wiki/Rishon_LeZion \"Rishon LeZion\"). This ten\\-day festival featured a blend of music, food, and art alongside a few special appearances by The Idan Raichel Project in their new lineup. Within the framework of the festival, there was a culinary area under the direction of chef Yuval Ben Neriah, an exhibition of photographs by [Ziv Koren](/wiki/Ziv_Koren \"Ziv Koren\"), and a stage for performances by musicians such as SHIRAN, Di Gasen Trio, Quarter to Africa, [Yossi Fine](/wiki/Yossi_Fine \"Yossi Fine\"), and others.",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Chelsea
#### 2001–02 season
Cole was born in [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon "Croydon"), London to a Nigerian father and Sierra Leonean mother.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11668/2310118/cole\-spurned\-nigeria\|title\=Cole spurned Nigeria\|website\=Sky Sports}}{{cite news \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/14/carlton\-cole\-west\-ham\-sierra\-leone\-ebola \| title\=West Ham's Carlton Cole: since I was 28, I've been thinking about the future \| newspaper\=The Guardian \|location\=London \| access\-date\=15 April 2015}} He began his career as a trainee with [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C."), before signing his first professional contract with the club in October 2000\.
He made his first\-team debut on 6 April 2002 as a [substitute](/wiki/Substitute_%28association_football%29 "Substitute (association football)") for [Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink](/wiki/Jimmy_Floyd_Hasselbaink "Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink") in a 3–0 home victory against [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C.").{{cite news \| title \=Hasselbaink sees off Everton \|publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=6 April 2002 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/1911197\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} He made his first senior start three weeks later, scoring a goal as Chelsea beat [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") at the [Riverside Stadium](/wiki/Riverside_Stadium "Riverside Stadium").{{cite news \| title \=Blues boss hails Cole\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=27 April 2002 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/1955503\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} He made one more appearance for Chelsea in the [2001–02 season](/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Chelsea_F.C._season "2001–02 Chelsea F.C. season"), in a 3–1 home defeat against [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") in May.{{cite web \| title \=Carlton Cole \| work \=Soccerbase \| publisher \=Racing Post \| url \=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player\_id\=30686 \| access\-date \=14 July 2007 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917203903/http://www.soccerbase.com/players\_details.sd?playerid\=30686 \| archive\-date \=17 September 2008 \| url\-status \=live \| df \=dmy\-all }}
#### 2002–03 season
Cole started the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Chelsea_F.C._season "2002–03 Chelsea F.C. season") in the Chelsea first\-team squad, scoring a goal and making another in the opening match of the season in a 3–2 win over [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.") after coming on as a substitute for [Gianfranco Zola](/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola "Gianfranco Zola").{{cite news \| title \=Chelsea comeback thwarts Charlton\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=17 August 2002 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/2196563\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} He suffered a hairline fracture in his leg in August but returned to action in a [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup") tie against [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. "Gillingham F.C.") on 6 November, scoring both Chelsea goals in a 2–1 home win in the third round.{{cite news \| title \=Cole ends Gills hopes\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=6 November 2002 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/2390945\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} Chelsea manager [Claudio Ranieri](/wiki/Claudio_Ranieri "Claudio Ranieri") described Cole as being the best young player that he had ever coached, saying, "I've never coached a young player like Carlton. He's fantastic even though he hasn't really started his career yet. He has a very long contract, and, in my opinion, a very big future at Chelsea".{{cite news \| title \=Ranieri hails Cole as best yet\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=9 November 2002 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/2429087\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} However, with [Eiður Guðjohnsen](/wiki/Ei%C3%B0ur_Gu%C3%B0johnsen "Eiður Guðjohnsen"), Hasselbaink and Zola available for selection, Cole's first team opportunities were limited and he was [loaned](/wiki/Loan_%28sports%29 "Loan (sports)") to [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.") in November for one month,{{cite news \| title \=Cole joins Wolves on loan\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=28 November 2002 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wolverhampton\_wanderers/2525193\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} later extended to two months.{{cite news \| title \=Cole extends Wolves deal\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=29 December 2002 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wolverhampton\_wanderers/2613755\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}}
Cole made seven appearances for Wolves, scoring one goal to win the home game against [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") on 7 December.{{Cite news\|title\=Wolves 1–0 Norwich\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/2530745\.stm\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=7 December 2002\|access\-date\=24 October 2009}} His loan spell was cut short as Chelsea, needing cover, recalled him early in January 2003\.{{cite news \| title \=Cole returns to Chelsea\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=2 January 2003 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/2622627\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} He made a further 12 league and cup appearances for Chelsea in the season, in addition to the four that he made before going on loan to Wolves. He scored six goals in all for Chelsea that season, including a long\-range left\-footed strike against [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C."),{{cite news \| title \=Chelsea boost Euro bid\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=5 April 2003 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/2895721\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} and the winner against [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") in April 2003 as Chelsea pressed for a place in the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League").{{cite news \| title \=Cole punishes Bolton\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=12 April 2003 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/2917299\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}}
#### 2003–04 season
Cole signed a new six\-year contract with Chelsea in July 2003\.{{cite news \| title \=Chelsea duo sign new contracts \| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=3 July 2003 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/3040178\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} After the club's purchase by billionaire [Roman Abramovich](/wiki/Roman_Abramovich "Roman Abramovich") led to the signings of international strikers [Adrian Mutu](/wiki/Adrian_Mutu "Adrian Mutu") and [Hernán Crespo](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Crespo "Hernán Crespo"), Cole went to Charlton Athletic on a season\-long loan in August.{{cite news \| title \=Cole joins Charlton\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=20 August 2003 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/charlton\_athletic/3167837\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} He scored five goals in 22 league and cup appearances, helping Charlton to finish the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Charlton_Athletic_F.C._season "2003–04 Charlton Athletic F.C. season") in seventh place in the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League").
#### 2004–05 season
Despite Charlton being keen to retain Cole's services for the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Charlton_Athletic_F.C._season "2004–05 Charlton Athletic F.C. season"),{{cite news \| title \=Charlton want Cole to stay \| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=16 June 2004 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/charlton\_athletic/3812361\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} he joined Aston Villa on a season\-long loan in July 2004\.{{cite news \| title \=Cole joins Villa on loan \| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=12 July 2004 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aston\_villa/3886685\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} This move sparked off a dispute, as Charlton were expecting Cole to return to the club as part of the deal that took [Scott Parker](/wiki/Scott_Parker "Scott Parker") from Charlton to Chelsea.{{cite news \| title \=Charlton contest Cole move\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=15 July 2004 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/charlton\_athletic/3897759\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} The dispute was later resolved when the two clubs reached a settlement.{{cite news \| title \=Charlton reach Cole deal\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=12 August 2004 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/charlton\_athletic/3559350\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}}
Cole scored three goals in 30 league and cup appearances for Villa, including a goal on his debut in a 2–0 win over [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. "Southampton F.C.") on 14 August,{{cite news \| title \=Aston Villa 2–0 Southampton\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=14 August 2004 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/3553148\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} in a season which was interrupted by a knee injury picked up in an England under\-21 match against the Netherlands in February 2005\.{{cite news \| title \=Cole faces lengthy injury lay\-off\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=25 February 2005 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aston\_villa/4299147\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}}
#### 2005–06 season
He returned to Chelsea in the summer of 2005 where he appeared in pre\-season friendlies.{{cite news \| title \=Chelsea 1–0 AC Milan\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=25 July 2005 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4713445\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} However, first team opportunities were limited by the presence of [Didier Drogba](/wiki/Didier_Drogba "Didier Drogba") and [Hernán Crespo](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Crespo "Hernán Crespo"),{{cite news \| title \=Cole sights Chelsea starting spot\| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=13 November 2005 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4432980\.stm\| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} and Cole made only 12 league and cup appearances for Chelsea in the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Chelsea_F.C._season "2005–06 Chelsea F.C. season"), scoring one goal in an FA Cup win over [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C. "Huddersfield Town A.F.C.").
He joined [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") in July 2006,{{cite news \| title \=Hammers sign Chelsea striker Cole \| publisher \=BBC Sport \| date \=5 July 2006 \| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/west\_ham\_utd/5152194\.stm \| access\-date \=14 July 2007}} having made a total of 31 league and cup appearances for Chelsea, scoring eight goals.
### West Ham United
#### 2006–09
Cole joined West Ham United in July 2006 for an undisclosed fee, signing a four\-year contract. He scored seconds into his competitive debut for West Ham after coming on as a substitute in injury time to seal a 3–1 home win against Charlton on 19 August.{{cite news \|last \= Harlow \|first \= Phil \|title \= West Ham 3–1 Charlton \|publisher \= BBC Sport \|date \= 19 August 2006 \|url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/4786591\.stm \|access\-date \= 14 July 2007}} However, in a season of turmoil at West Ham. in which the club only secured their place in the Premier League on the final day of the season, Cole was unable to establish himself in the first team, making 23 league and cup appearances, 15 of which were as substitute, and scoring three goals.
[thumb\|upright\|Cole playing for [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") in 2008](/wiki/File:Carlton_Cole.png "Carlton Cole.png")
In the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_West_Ham_United_F.C._season "2008–09 West Ham United F.C. season"), Cole scored twelve goals in all competitions, as well as picking up a further four assists.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player\_id\=30686 \|title\=Carlton Cole \| 2000–2016 \|publisher\=Soccer Base \|access\-date\=20 July 2017}} He started the season in good form, scoring four goals in his first eight matches. On 26 October 2008, Cole received his first red card of his West Ham career against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C."), with a foul on [Alex Song](/wiki/Alex_Song "Alex Song") at [Upton Park](/wiki/Boleyn_Ground "Boleyn Ground").{{Cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/7674175\.stm\|title\= West Ham 0–2 Arsenal\|last\=Lewis\|first\=Aimee\|date\=26 October 2008\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=23 February 2009}} Cole's form earned him a new five\-year contract, which he signed in November.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/west\-ham/3517620/West\-Hams\-Carlton\-Cole\-signs\-new\-five\-year\-contract\-Football.html \|title\=West Ham's Carlton Cole signs new five\-year contract: Football \|newspaper\=The Daily Telegraph \|location\=London \|date\=25 November 2008 \|access\-date\=20 July 2017}}
#### 2009–11
He continued the good form in [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_West_Ham_United_F.C._season "2009–10 West Ham United F.C. season"), made 30 Premier League appearances, starting 26 of them.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2016}} He scored ten Premier League goals, including one penalty in the 5–3 home win over [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.") on 28 November.{{cite web\|last\=Hassan \|first\=Nabil \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/8376425\.stm \|title\=Football – West Ham 5–3 Burnley \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=28 November 2009 \|access\-date\=20 July 2017}} He was then linked with a £20 million January 2010 transfer to [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.guardian\-series.co.uk/sport/westham/4741243\.west\-ham\-manchester\-united\-warned\-cole\-is\-not\-for\-sale/\|title \= WEST HAM: Manchester United warned Cole is not for sale}} After netting six goals in his first ten Premier League matches, he missed the period between 28 November and 26 February with a knee injury. He also made two League Cup appearances, starting the home second\-round win over [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. "Millwall F.C.").{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/8205836\.stm \|title\=West Ham 3–1 Millwall (aet) \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=25 August 2009 \|access\-date\=20 July 2017}} He was booked four times over the course of the season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.whufc.com/articles/carlton\-cole\-west\-ham\_2228487\_22296 \|title\=Carlton Cole \| West Ham United \|publisher\=West Ham United F.C. \|access\-date\=3 February 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104053205/http://www.whufc.com/articles/carlton\-cole\-west\-ham\_2228487\_22296 \|archive\-date\=4 January 2012}}[thumb\|left\|upright\|Cole signing autographs in 2010](/wiki/File:CarltonColepostmatch_v_BoltonWanderers_21Aug2010.jpg "CarltonColepostmatch v BoltonWanderers 21Aug2010.jpg")
He was linked with a transfer to [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") in August 2010 for a fee reported to be £20m which consisted of £15m including £5m in performance related add\-ons.{{cite news \| title \=Liverpool must pay £20m for West Ham striker Carlton Cole – report\| publisher \=Goal.com \| date \=12 August 2010 \| url \=http://www.goal.com/en\-gb/news/2896/premier\-league/2010/08/12/2067000/liverpool\-must\-pay\-20m\-for\-west\-ham\-striker\-carlton\-cole \| access\-date \= 9 September 2013}} On 26 December, he scored two goals in a Premier League match for the first time in his career, in a 3–1 away win against [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") at [Craven Cottage](/wiki/Craven_Cottage "Craven Cottage").{{cite news\|date\=26 December 2010\|title\=Fulham 1\-3 West Ham\|work\=BBC Sport\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\_prem/9301855\.stm\|access\-date\=8 September 2020}} He also got a brace in the 4–0 League Cup quarter\-final victory over Manchester United on 30 November.{{cite web\|last\=Whyatt\|first\=Chris\|date\=30 November 2010\|title\=Football – West Ham 4–0 Manchester United\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/9233755\.stm\|access\-date\=20 July 2017\|publisher\=BBC Sport}} On 12 February 2011, Cole scored in a 3–3 draw against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") at [The Hawthorns](/wiki/The_Hawthorns "The Hawthorns"){{cite web\|last\=Da Silva\|first\=Michael\|date\=12 February 2011\|title\=Football – West Brom 3–3 West Ham\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/9391009\.stm\|access\-date\=20 July 2017\|publisher\=BBC Sport}} On 27 February, Cole scored the final goal in West Ham's 3–1 victory against Liverpool within two minutes of coming on as a substitute at Upton Park.{{cite news\|last\=Whyatt\|first\=Chris\|date\=30 November 2010\|title\=West Ham 4–0 Man Utd\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/9233755\.stm}}
[thumb\|left\|upright\|Cole playing for West Ham United in 2010](/wiki/File:CarltonCole0410.jpg "CarltonCole0410.jpg")
#### 2011–13
After failed bids from both Turkish club [Galatasaray](/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._%28football%29 "Galatasaray S.K. (football)"){{cite news \|last1\=Burt \|first1\=Jason \|title\=Fulham set to make move for West Ham striker Carlton Cole in January transfer window \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/fulham/8983490/Fulham\-set\-to\-make\-move\-for\-West\-Ham\-striker\-Carlton\-Cole\-in\-January\-transfer\-window.html \|access\-date\=8 September 2020 \|work\=The Telegraph \|date\=30 December 2011}} and Premier League club [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. "Stoke City F.C."),{{cite news\|last\=James\|first\=Stuart\|title\=Carlton Cole rejects Stoke City deal and stays on West Ham wage bill\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/14/carlton\-cole\-stoke\-city\-west\-ham\|access\-date\=20 November 2011\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=14 July 2011\|location\=London}} West Ham confirmed that Cole was committed to the club and would be staying.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.goal.com/en\-gb/news/2896/premier\-league/2011/07/15/2576415/west\-ham\-confirm\-carlton\-coles\-move\-to\-stoke\-city\-is\-off\|title\=West Ham confirm Carlton Cole's move to Stoke City is off \| Goal.com\|website\=www.goal.com}} After coming on as a substitute for [Frédéric Piquionne](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Piquionne "Frédéric Piquionne") in the two opening matches of the Championship season without scoring,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/west\-ham\-vs\-cardiff/teams/244956\|title\=Sky Bet Ch'ship (Sky Sports)\|website\=Sky Sports}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/doncaster\-vs\-west\-ham/teams/238274\|title\=Sky Bet Ch'ship (Sky Sports)\|website\=Sky Sports}} he started the next four matches, scoring four goals, including the winning goal in a 4–3 win against [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C.") on 10 September.{{cite news\|title\=West Ham 4–3 Portsmouth\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14773319\.stm\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=20 November 2011\|date\=10 September 2011}} On 19 November, Cole scored West Ham's 2000th away league goal in a 2–1 away win against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.").{{cite news\|last\=Instone\|first\=David\|title\=Allardyce purrs at tactical mastery\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\-league/allardyce\-purrs\-at\-tactical\-mastery\-6264999\.html\|access\-date\=20 November 2011\|newspaper\=The Independent\|date\=19 November 2011\|location\=London}} He scored his 50th goal for West Ham in the 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 26 December.{{cite web\|title\=The Big Interview\|url\=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120118/the\-big\-interview\_2236884\_2580709\|publisher\=West Ham United F.C.\|access\-date\=12 June 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121012954/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120118/the\-big\-interview\_2236884\_2580709\|archive\-date\=21 January 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}} On 19 May 2012, Cole scored the first goal, his 15th of the season, in West Ham's 2–1 win over [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_F.C. "Blackpool F.C.") in the [play\-off final](/wiki/2012_Football_League_Championship_play-off_Final "2012 Football League Championship play-off Final"), ensuring an immediate return to the Premier League.{{cite news\|last\=Scott\|first\=Matt\|title\=Blackpool 1 West Ham United 2: match report\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/championship/9272842/Blackpool\-1\-West\-Ham\-United\-2\-match\-report.html\#\|access\-date\=12 June 2012\|newspaper\=The Daily Telegraph\|date\=19 May 2012\|location\=London}} Cole played 43 games in all competitions, scoring 15 goals, with 14 coming in league games. He ended the season as West Ham's top goal scorer.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west\=4\&ham\=2012\&united\=Championship\_2011\-12\|title\=Championship 2011\-12\|website\=www.westhamstats.info}}
Cole's first goal of the 2012–13 season came in a 3–1 victory against London rivals Chelsea on 1 December 2012, with a header inside the six\-yard box to the near post.{{cite news\|title\=West Ham 3–1 Chelsea\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20474474\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=13 December 2012}} Cole scored again on 23 December, putting West Ham in the lead in the 14th minute against Everton. In the same match, he was [sent off](/wiki/Red_card_%28sports%29 "Red card (sports)") for a dangerous tackle against [Leighton Baines](/wiki/Leighton_Baines "Leighton Baines").{{cite news\|title\=West Ham 1–2 Everton\|url\=http://www.news.com.au/top\-stories/two\-red\-cards\-mar\-evertons\-come\-from\-behind\-victory\-over\-west\-ham\-in\-big\-day\-of\-epl\-action/story\-e6frfkp9\-1226542499333\|access\-date\=23 December 2012 \| work\=Fox Sports\|date\=23 December 2012}} West Ham appealed against the red card and it was overturned by [The Football Association](/wiki/The_Football_Association "The Football Association") on 27 December.{{cite news\|title\=Everton's Darron Gibson \& West Ham's Carlton Cole win appeals\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20853419\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=27 December 2012}} For the remainder of the season he was mostly used as a substitute or kept out of the team by [Andy Carroll](/wiki/Andy_Carroll "Andy Carroll"). On 21 May 2013, West Ham announced that Cole would be leaving the club at the end of the season. He had been at the club for seven seasons.{{cite web\|title\=Cole to depart\|url\=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20130522/cole\-to\-depart\_2236884\_3185338\|publisher\=West Ham United F.C.\|access\-date\=22 May 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610153803/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20130522/cole\-to\-depart\_2236884\_3185338\|archive\-date\=10 June 2015\|df\=dmy\-all}}
#### 2013–15
[thumb\|upright\|Cole playing for West Ham United in 2014](/wiki/File:Carlton_Cole_2014.jpg "Carlton Cole 2014.jpg")
On 3 September 2013, after West Ham failed with a number of bids for strikers at the end of the transfer window, they approached Cole about returning to the club.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23948953\|title\=West Ham: Carlton Cole set for Hammers return\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=3 September 2013\|access\-date\=3 September 2013}} The move did not take place however, due to concerns over Cole's fitness.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/transfer\-news\-carlton\-cole\-return\-to\-west\-ham\-collapses\-after\-striker\-fails\-to\-prove\-fitness\-8800366\.html \| title\=Transfer news: Carlton Cole return to West Ham collapses after striker fails to prove fitness \| newspaper\=The Independent \| date\=5 September 2013 \| access\-date\=6 September 2013 \| location\=London \| first\=Mark \| last\=Bryans}} After training at the club to regain his fitness, on 14 October, Cole signed a short\-term contract with West Ham, keeping him at the club until January 2014\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20131014/carlton\-cole\-returns\_2236884\_3494890\|title\=Carlton Cole returns\|date\=14 October 2013\|access\-date\=14 October 2013\|publisher\=West Ham United F.C.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016212442/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20131014/carlton\-cole\-returns\_2236884\_3494890\|archive\-date\=16 October 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}} Cole made 6 starts and 8 appearances as a substitute for West Ham during this short\-term contract. His first goal in his second spell came on 30 November in his fourth match: coming on as an 81st\-minute substitute for [Modibo Maïga](/wiki/Modibo_Ma%C3%AFga "Modibo Maïga"), Cole scored the second West Ham goal, barely a minute later, and another in the 88th minute, in a 3–0 win against Fulham.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25063916 \| title\=West Ham 3–0 Fulham \| publisher\=BBC Sport \| access\-date\=29 May 2015}} He went on to score four more goals, against Manchester United, Arsenal, Cardiff City and [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.").{{cite web \| url\=http://origin\-www.whufc.com/articles/carlton\-cole\-west\-ham\_2228487\_22296 \| title\=Carlton Cole \| publisher\=West Ham United F.C. \| access\-date\=29 May 2015 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529114339/http://origin\-www.whufc.com/articles/carlton\-cole\-west\-ham\_2228487\_22296 \| archive\-date\=29 May 2015 \| df\=dmy\-all }} On 15 January 2014, Cole signed an 18\-month contract keeping him at the club to the end of the 2014–15 season.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25745487 \| title\=Striker Carlton Cole signs new 18\-month West Ham contract \| publisher\=BBC Sport \| access\-date\=15 January 2014}}
Cole started West Ham's first match of the 2014–15 season, against [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\-league/west\-ham\-vs\-tottenham\-team\-news\-spurs\-look\-to\-the\-eriks\-as\-lamela\-and\-new\-signing\-dier\-are\-both\-9673362\.html\|title\=West Ham vs Tottenham team news: Spurs look to the Eric's as Lamela and new\-signing Eric Dier are both handed starts\|date\=2014\-08\-16\|website\=The Independent\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-26}} His first goal came in the following match, on 23 August, in a 3–1 away win against [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C."). His only other goals of the season came in a 3–1 away win at Burnley on 10 October and in a 2–2 home [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") draw against Everton on 13 January 2015, equalising in the 113th minute to make the match 2–2\. West Ham won the match 9–8 on penalties with Cole taking and scoring one for West Ham.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29580151 \| title\=Burnley 1–3 West Ham \| publisher\=BBC Sport \| access\-date\=29 May 2015}}{{cite news \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30705802 \| title\=West Ham 2–2 Everton \| publisher\=BBC Sport \| access\-date\=29 May 2015}} In January, Cole was set to join West Bromwich Albion. The deal fell through after West Ham refused to sanction the move after attempts to sign Tottenham striker [Emmanuel Adebayor](/wiki/Emmanuel_Adebayor "Emmanuel Adebayor") as a replacement striker were blocked by Tottenham chairman [Daniel Levy](/wiki/Daniel_Levy_%28businessman%29 "Daniel Levy (businessman)").{{cite news \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/28/carlton\-cole\-west\-ham\-open\-letter \| title\=Carlton Cole writes open letter to fans after being released by West Ham \| newspaper\=The Guardian \|location\=London \| access\-date\=29 May 2015}} Cole made 23 league appearances in the season, 15 after coming on as a substitute. He was released by West Ham at the end of the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_West_Ham_United_F.C._season "2014–15 West Ham United F.C. season").{{cite news \| url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/carlton\-cole\-seeking\-new\-adventure\-after\-being\-released\-by\-west\-ham\-10281753\.html \| title\=Carlton Cole seeking 'new adventure' after being released by West Ham \| newspaper\=London Evening Standard \| date\=28 May 2015 \| access\-date\=28 May 2015 \| author\=Dutton, Tom}} Following his release, after nine years with West Ham, Cole stated his intention to seek at least three more seasons playing at the top\-level of football.
### Later career
On 22 October 2015, Cole signed for Scottish champions [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. "Celtic F.C.") on a two\-year deal lasting until 2017\. He said of the move "When Celtic called and said they wanted me, I just ran over. Being at Celtic is not about the money, it's about wearing the shirt with pride. Celtic are in a great position to win trophies and I want to add that to my career".{{cite news\|title\=Celtic sign striker Carlton Cole until 2017\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34603027\|access\-date\=22 October 2015\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=22 October 2015}} He made his debut for Celtic on 29 November in a 1–3 victory away to [Inverness Caledonian Thistle](/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C. "Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C."); coming on as a 61st\-minute substitute for [Tom Rogic](/wiki/Tom_Rogic "Tom Rogic"), Cole provided the assist for Celtic's third goal, an [own goal](/wiki/Own_goal "Own goal") by [Danny Devine](/wiki/Danny_Devine_%28footballer%2C_born_1992%29 "Danny Devine (footballer, born 1992)").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34893393 \| title\=Inverness CT 1–3 Celtic \| publisher\=BBC Sport \| date\=29 November 2015 \| access\-date\=30 November 2015}} On 10 January 2016, he scored his only goal for Celtic in a 3–0 win over [Stranraer](/wiki/Stranraer_F.C. "Stranraer F.C.") at [Stair Park](/wiki/Stair_Park "Stair Park"), in the fourth round of the [Scottish Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Cup "Scottish Cup").{{cite news\|last1\=Wilson\|first1\=Richard\|title\=Stranraer 0–3 Celtic\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/35216464\|access\-date\=11 January 2016\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=10 January 2016}} On 16 June, Celtic confirmed that Cole had been released by the club after just eight months.{{cite web \|title\=Carlton Cole Leaves Celtic \|url\=http://www.celticfc.net/news/10705 \|publisher\=Celtic F.C. \|access\-date\=16 June 2016 \|date\=16 June 2016}}
On 9 August 2016, Cole signed for [United Soccer League](/wiki/United_Soccer_League "United Soccer League") club [Sacramento Republic](/wiki/Sacramento_Republic_FC "Sacramento Republic FC").{{cite news\|title\=Sacramento Republic FC Sign Former Chelsea and West Ham United Forward Carlton Cole\|url\=http://www.sacrepublicfc.com/news/2016/08/09/srfc\-sign\-carlton\-cole\|access\-date\=9 August 2016\|publisher\=Sacramento Republic FC\|date\=9 August 2016\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811125730/http://www.sacrepublicfc.com/news/2016/08/09/srfc\-sign\-carlton\-cole\|archive\-date\=11 August 2016\|df\=dmy\-all}} After four appearances, he left the club to return to the United Kingdom.{{cite news\|title\=Carlton Cole leaves Sacramento Republic after just four games\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/10/20/carlton\-cole\-leaves\-sacramento\-republic\-after\-just\-four\-games/\|access\-date\=9 August 2016\|newspaper\=The Daily Telegraph \|location\=London \|date\=20 October 2016}} On 30 March 2017, Cole signed for Indonesian club [Persib Bandung](/wiki/Persib_Bandung "Persib Bandung") in the [Liga 1](/wiki/Liga_1_%28Indonesia%29 "Liga 1 (Indonesia)").{{cite web\|title\=Persib Resmi Rekrut Carlton Cole\|url\=http://persib.co.id/berita\-persib\-bandung/berita/persib\_resmi\_rekrut\_carlton\_cole.aspx\|access\-date\=30 March 2017\|publisher\=Persib Bandung\|date\=30 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627025153/http://www.persib.co.id/berita\-persib\-bandung/berita/persib\_resmi\_rekrut\_carlton\_cole.aspx\|archive\-date\=27 June 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} Signing a ten\-month contract, he was reunited with former Chelsea teammate [Michael Essien](/wiki/Michael_Essien "Michael Essien").{{cite news\|title\=Former West Ham striker Carlton Cole signs for Persib in Indonesia\|url\=http://www.espnfc.com/story/3092086/former\-west\-ham\-striker\-carlton\-cole\-signs\-for\-persib\-in\-indonesia\|access\-date\=30 March 2017\|publisher\=ESPN FC\|date\=30 March 2017}} Cole only played twice as a starter from his five appearances without scoring a goal. On 4 August, Persib officially terminated his contract.{{cite web\|title\=Resmi: Carlton Cole Didepak Persib Bandung\|url\=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20170804135306\-142\-232465/resmi\-carlton\-cole\-didepak\-persib\-bandung\|publisher\=CNN\|language\=id\|access\-date\=4 August 2017}} Cole was handed a trial by [AFC Wimbledon](/wiki/AFC_Wimbledon "AFC Wimbledon") in the beginning of January 2018 and immediately played for their development squad, where he scored a goal in his first game.[Report: West Ham cult hero Carlton Cole on trial with League One side AFC Wimbledon](http://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2018/01/10/report-west-ham-cult-hero-carlton-cole-on-trial-with-league-one/)‚ hitc.com, 10 January 2018 According to the club's manager, [Neal Ardley](/wiki/Neal_Ardley "Neal Ardley") "Carlton's agent spoke to [Simon Bassey](/wiki/Simon_Bassey "Simon Bassey") \[first\-team coach] and asked about him coming in. This was back in November and we said yeah".[Exclusive: AFC Wimbledon boss provides update on Carlton Cole – as ex\-West Ham, Chelsea and Charlton striker continues to train with Dons](https://www.londonnewsonline.co.uk/exclusive-afc-wimbledon-boss-provides-update-on-carlton-cole-as-ex-west-ham-chelsea-and-charlton-striker-continues-to-train-with-dons/)‚ londonnewsonline.co.uk, 17 January 2018 However, he was never handed a contract and despite interest from [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C.") and [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C."), Cole announced his official retirement on 29 March 2018\.[Carlton Cole calls for West Ham fans to get behind team as he hangs up his boots](https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2018/march/29-march/carlton-cole-calls-west-ham-fans-get-behind-team-he-hangs-his)‚ whufc.com, 29 March 2018
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Chelsea",
"#### 2001–02 season",
"Cole was born in [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon \"Croydon\"), London to a Nigerian father and Sierra Leonean mother.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11668/2310118/cole\\-spurned\\-nigeria\\|title\\=Cole spurned Nigeria\\|website\\=Sky Sports}}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/14/carlton\\-cole\\-west\\-ham\\-sierra\\-leone\\-ebola \\| title\\=West Ham's Carlton Cole: since I was 28, I've been thinking about the future \\| newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|location\\=London \\| access\\-date\\=15 April 2015}} He began his career as a trainee with [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\"), before signing his first professional contract with the club in October 2000\\.",
"He made his first\\-team debut on 6 April 2002 as a [substitute](/wiki/Substitute_%28association_football%29 \"Substitute (association football)\") for [Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink](/wiki/Jimmy_Floyd_Hasselbaink \"Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink\") in a 3–0 home victory against [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\").{{cite news \\| title \\=Hasselbaink sees off Everton \\|publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=6 April 2002 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/1911197\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} He made his first senior start three weeks later, scoring a goal as Chelsea beat [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") at the [Riverside Stadium](/wiki/Riverside_Stadium \"Riverside Stadium\").{{cite news \\| title \\=Blues boss hails Cole\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=27 April 2002 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/1955503\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} He made one more appearance for Chelsea in the [2001–02 season](/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Chelsea_F.C._season \"2001–02 Chelsea F.C. season\"), in a 3–1 home defeat against [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") in May.{{cite web \\| title \\=Carlton Cole \\| work \\=Soccerbase \\| publisher \\=Racing Post \\| url \\=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player\\_id\\=30686 \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917203903/http://www.soccerbase.com/players\\_details.sd?playerid\\=30686 \\| archive\\-date \\=17 September 2008 \\| url\\-status \\=live \\| df \\=dmy\\-all }}",
"#### 2002–03 season",
"Cole started the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Chelsea_F.C._season \"2002–03 Chelsea F.C. season\") in the Chelsea first\\-team squad, scoring a goal and making another in the opening match of the season in a 3–2 win over [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\") after coming on as a substitute for [Gianfranco Zola](/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola \"Gianfranco Zola\").{{cite news \\| title \\=Chelsea comeback thwarts Charlton\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=17 August 2002 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/2196563\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} He suffered a hairline fracture in his leg in August but returned to action in a [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\") tie against [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. \"Gillingham F.C.\") on 6 November, scoring both Chelsea goals in a 2–1 home win in the third round.{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole ends Gills hopes\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=6 November 2002 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/2390945\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} Chelsea manager [Claudio Ranieri](/wiki/Claudio_Ranieri \"Claudio Ranieri\") described Cole as being the best young player that he had ever coached, saying, \"I've never coached a young player like Carlton. He's fantastic even though he hasn't really started his career yet. He has a very long contract, and, in my opinion, a very big future at Chelsea\".{{cite news \\| title \\=Ranieri hails Cole as best yet\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=9 November 2002 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/2429087\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} However, with [Eiður Guðjohnsen](/wiki/Ei%C3%B0ur_Gu%C3%B0johnsen \"Eiður Guðjohnsen\"), Hasselbaink and Zola available for selection, Cole's first team opportunities were limited and he was [loaned](/wiki/Loan_%28sports%29 \"Loan (sports)\") to [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\") in November for one month,{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole joins Wolves on loan\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=28 November 2002 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wolverhampton\\_wanderers/2525193\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} later extended to two months.{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole extends Wolves deal\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=29 December 2002 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wolverhampton\\_wanderers/2613755\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}}",
"Cole made seven appearances for Wolves, scoring one goal to win the home game against [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") on 7 December.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Wolves 1–0 Norwich\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/2530745\\.stm\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=7 December 2002\\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2009}} His loan spell was cut short as Chelsea, needing cover, recalled him early in January 2003\\.{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole returns to Chelsea\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=2 January 2003 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/2622627\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} He made a further 12 league and cup appearances for Chelsea in the season, in addition to the four that he made before going on loan to Wolves. He scored six goals in all for Chelsea that season, including a long\\-range left\\-footed strike against [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\"),{{cite news \\| title \\=Chelsea boost Euro bid\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=5 April 2003 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/2895721\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} and the winner against [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") in April 2003 as Chelsea pressed for a place in the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\").{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole punishes Bolton\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=12 April 2003 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/2917299\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}}",
"#### 2003–04 season",
"Cole signed a new six\\-year contract with Chelsea in July 2003\\.{{cite news \\| title \\=Chelsea duo sign new contracts \\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=3 July 2003 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/3040178\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} After the club's purchase by billionaire [Roman Abramovich](/wiki/Roman_Abramovich \"Roman Abramovich\") led to the signings of international strikers [Adrian Mutu](/wiki/Adrian_Mutu \"Adrian Mutu\") and [Hernán Crespo](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Crespo \"Hernán Crespo\"), Cole went to Charlton Athletic on a season\\-long loan in August.{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole joins Charlton\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=20 August 2003 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/charlton\\_athletic/3167837\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} He scored five goals in 22 league and cup appearances, helping Charlton to finish the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Charlton_Athletic_F.C._season \"2003–04 Charlton Athletic F.C. season\") in seventh place in the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\").",
"#### 2004–05 season",
"Despite Charlton being keen to retain Cole's services for the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Charlton_Athletic_F.C._season \"2004–05 Charlton Athletic F.C. season\"),{{cite news \\| title \\=Charlton want Cole to stay \\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=16 June 2004 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/charlton\\_athletic/3812361\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} he joined Aston Villa on a season\\-long loan in July 2004\\.{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole joins Villa on loan \\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=12 July 2004 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aston\\_villa/3886685\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} This move sparked off a dispute, as Charlton were expecting Cole to return to the club as part of the deal that took [Scott Parker](/wiki/Scott_Parker \"Scott Parker\") from Charlton to Chelsea.{{cite news \\| title \\=Charlton contest Cole move\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=15 July 2004 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/charlton\\_athletic/3897759\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} The dispute was later resolved when the two clubs reached a settlement.{{cite news \\| title \\=Charlton reach Cole deal\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=12 August 2004 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/charlton\\_athletic/3559350\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}}",
"Cole scored three goals in 30 league and cup appearances for Villa, including a goal on his debut in a 2–0 win over [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. \"Southampton F.C.\") on 14 August,{{cite news \\| title \\=Aston Villa 2–0 Southampton\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=14 August 2004 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/3553148\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} in a season which was interrupted by a knee injury picked up in an England under\\-21 match against the Netherlands in February 2005\\.{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole faces lengthy injury lay\\-off\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=25 February 2005 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aston\\_villa/4299147\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}}",
"#### 2005–06 season",
"He returned to Chelsea in the summer of 2005 where he appeared in pre\\-season friendlies.{{cite news \\| title \\=Chelsea 1–0 AC Milan\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=25 July 2005 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4713445\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} However, first team opportunities were limited by the presence of [Didier Drogba](/wiki/Didier_Drogba \"Didier Drogba\") and [Hernán Crespo](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Crespo \"Hernán Crespo\"),{{cite news \\| title \\=Cole sights Chelsea starting spot\\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=13 November 2005 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4432980\\.stm\\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} and Cole made only 12 league and cup appearances for Chelsea in the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Chelsea_F.C._season \"2005–06 Chelsea F.C. season\"), scoring one goal in an FA Cup win over [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C. \"Huddersfield Town A.F.C.\").",
"He joined [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") in July 2006,{{cite news \\| title \\=Hammers sign Chelsea striker Cole \\| publisher \\=BBC Sport \\| date \\=5 July 2006 \\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/west\\_ham\\_utd/5152194\\.stm \\| access\\-date \\=14 July 2007}} having made a total of 31 league and cup appearances for Chelsea, scoring eight goals.",
"### West Ham United",
"#### 2006–09",
"Cole joined West Ham United in July 2006 for an undisclosed fee, signing a four\\-year contract. He scored seconds into his competitive debut for West Ham after coming on as a substitute in injury time to seal a 3–1 home win against Charlton on 19 August.{{cite news \\|last \\= Harlow \\|first \\= Phil \\|title \\= West Ham 3–1 Charlton \\|publisher \\= BBC Sport \\|date \\= 19 August 2006 \\|url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/4786591\\.stm \\|access\\-date \\= 14 July 2007}} However, in a season of turmoil at West Ham. in which the club only secured their place in the Premier League on the final day of the season, Cole was unable to establish himself in the first team, making 23 league and cup appearances, 15 of which were as substitute, and scoring three goals.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Cole playing for [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") in 2008](/wiki/File:Carlton_Cole.png \"Carlton Cole.png\")\nIn the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_West_Ham_United_F.C._season \"2008–09 West Ham United F.C. season\"), Cole scored twelve goals in all competitions, as well as picking up a further four assists.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player\\_id\\=30686 \\|title\\=Carlton Cole \\| 2000–2016 \\|publisher\\=Soccer Base \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017}} He started the season in good form, scoring four goals in his first eight matches. On 26 October 2008, Cole received his first red card of his West Ham career against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"), with a foul on [Alex Song](/wiki/Alex_Song \"Alex Song\") at [Upton Park](/wiki/Boleyn_Ground \"Boleyn Ground\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/7674175\\.stm\\|title\\= West Ham 0–2 Arsenal\\|last\\=Lewis\\|first\\=Aimee\\|date\\=26 October 2008\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2009}} Cole's form earned him a new five\\-year contract, which he signed in November.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/west\\-ham/3517620/West\\-Hams\\-Carlton\\-Cole\\-signs\\-new\\-five\\-year\\-contract\\-Football.html \\|title\\=West Ham's Carlton Cole signs new five\\-year contract: Football \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=25 November 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017}}",
"#### 2009–11",
"He continued the good form in [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_West_Ham_United_F.C._season \"2009–10 West Ham United F.C. season\"), made 30 Premier League appearances, starting 26 of them.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2016}} He scored ten Premier League goals, including one penalty in the 5–3 home win over [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\") on 28 November.{{cite web\\|last\\=Hassan \\|first\\=Nabil \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/8376425\\.stm \\|title\\=Football – West Ham 5–3 Burnley \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=28 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017}} He was then linked with a £20 million January 2010 transfer to [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.guardian\\-series.co.uk/sport/westham/4741243\\.west\\-ham\\-manchester\\-united\\-warned\\-cole\\-is\\-not\\-for\\-sale/\\|title \\= WEST HAM: Manchester United warned Cole is not for sale}} After netting six goals in his first ten Premier League matches, he missed the period between 28 November and 26 February with a knee injury. He also made two League Cup appearances, starting the home second\\-round win over [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. \"Millwall F.C.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/8205836\\.stm \\|title\\=West Ham 3–1 Millwall (aet) \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=25 August 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017}} He was booked four times over the course of the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.whufc.com/articles/carlton\\-cole\\-west\\-ham\\_2228487\\_22296 \\|title\\=Carlton Cole \\| West Ham United \\|publisher\\=West Ham United F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104053205/http://www.whufc.com/articles/carlton\\-cole\\-west\\-ham\\_2228487\\_22296 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2012}}[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Cole signing autographs in 2010](/wiki/File:CarltonColepostmatch_v_BoltonWanderers_21Aug2010.jpg \"CarltonColepostmatch v BoltonWanderers 21Aug2010.jpg\")",
"He was linked with a transfer to [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") in August 2010 for a fee reported to be £20m which consisted of £15m including £5m in performance related add\\-ons.{{cite news \\| title \\=Liverpool must pay £20m for West Ham striker Carlton Cole – report\\| publisher \\=Goal.com \\| date \\=12 August 2010 \\| url \\=http://www.goal.com/en\\-gb/news/2896/premier\\-league/2010/08/12/2067000/liverpool\\-must\\-pay\\-20m\\-for\\-west\\-ham\\-striker\\-carlton\\-cole \\| access\\-date \\= 9 September 2013}} On 26 December, he scored two goals in a Premier League match for the first time in his career, in a 3–1 away win against [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") at [Craven Cottage](/wiki/Craven_Cottage \"Craven Cottage\").{{cite news\\|date\\=26 December 2010\\|title\\=Fulham 1\\-3 West Ham\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\\_prem/9301855\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2020}} He also got a brace in the 4–0 League Cup quarter\\-final victory over Manchester United on 30 November.{{cite web\\|last\\=Whyatt\\|first\\=Chris\\|date\\=30 November 2010\\|title\\=Football – West Ham 4–0 Manchester United\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/9233755\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}} On 12 February 2011, Cole scored in a 3–3 draw against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") at [The Hawthorns](/wiki/The_Hawthorns \"The Hawthorns\"){{cite web\\|last\\=Da Silva\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=12 February 2011\\|title\\=Football – West Brom 3–3 West Ham\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/9391009\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}} On 27 February, Cole scored the final goal in West Ham's 3–1 victory against Liverpool within two minutes of coming on as a substitute at Upton Park.{{cite news\\|last\\=Whyatt\\|first\\=Chris\\|date\\=30 November 2010\\|title\\=West Ham 4–0 Man Utd\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/9233755\\.stm}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Cole playing for West Ham United in 2010](/wiki/File:CarltonCole0410.jpg \"CarltonCole0410.jpg\")",
"#### 2011–13",
"After failed bids from both Turkish club [Galatasaray](/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._%28football%29 \"Galatasaray S.K. (football)\"){{cite news \\|last1\\=Burt \\|first1\\=Jason \\|title\\=Fulham set to make move for West Ham striker Carlton Cole in January transfer window \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/fulham/8983490/Fulham\\-set\\-to\\-make\\-move\\-for\\-West\\-Ham\\-striker\\-Carlton\\-Cole\\-in\\-January\\-transfer\\-window.html \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2020 \\|work\\=The Telegraph \\|date\\=30 December 2011}} and Premier League club [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\"),{{cite news\\|last\\=James\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=Carlton Cole rejects Stoke City deal and stays on West Ham wage bill\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/14/carlton\\-cole\\-stoke\\-city\\-west\\-ham\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=14 July 2011\\|location\\=London}} West Ham confirmed that Cole was committed to the club and would be staying.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.goal.com/en\\-gb/news/2896/premier\\-league/2011/07/15/2576415/west\\-ham\\-confirm\\-carlton\\-coles\\-move\\-to\\-stoke\\-city\\-is\\-off\\|title\\=West Ham confirm Carlton Cole's move to Stoke City is off \\| Goal.com\\|website\\=www.goal.com}} After coming on as a substitute for [Frédéric Piquionne](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Piquionne \"Frédéric Piquionne\") in the two opening matches of the Championship season without scoring,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/west\\-ham\\-vs\\-cardiff/teams/244956\\|title\\=Sky Bet Ch'ship (Sky Sports)\\|website\\=Sky Sports}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/doncaster\\-vs\\-west\\-ham/teams/238274\\|title\\=Sky Bet Ch'ship (Sky Sports)\\|website\\=Sky Sports}} he started the next four matches, scoring four goals, including the winning goal in a 4–3 win against [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\") on 10 September.{{cite news\\|title\\=West Ham 4–3 Portsmouth\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14773319\\.stm\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2011\\|date\\=10 September 2011}} On 19 November, Cole scored West Ham's 2000th away league goal in a 2–1 away win against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Instone\\|first\\=David\\|title\\=Allardyce purrs at tactical mastery\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-league/allardyce\\-purrs\\-at\\-tactical\\-mastery\\-6264999\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|date\\=19 November 2011\\|location\\=London}} He scored his 50th goal for West Ham in the 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 26 December.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Big Interview\\|url\\=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120118/the\\-big\\-interview\\_2236884\\_2580709\\|publisher\\=West Ham United F.C.\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121012954/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120118/the\\-big\\-interview\\_2236884\\_2580709\\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} On 19 May 2012, Cole scored the first goal, his 15th of the season, in West Ham's 2–1 win over [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_F.C. \"Blackpool F.C.\") in the [play\\-off final](/wiki/2012_Football_League_Championship_play-off_Final \"2012 Football League Championship play-off Final\"), ensuring an immediate return to the Premier League.{{cite news\\|last\\=Scott\\|first\\=Matt\\|title\\=Blackpool 1 West Ham United 2: match report\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/championship/9272842/Blackpool\\-1\\-West\\-Ham\\-United\\-2\\-match\\-report.html\\#\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2012\\|newspaper\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|date\\=19 May 2012\\|location\\=London}} Cole played 43 games in all competitions, scoring 15 goals, with 14 coming in league games. He ended the season as West Ham's top goal scorer.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west\\=4\\&ham\\=2012\\&united\\=Championship\\_2011\\-12\\|title\\=Championship 2011\\-12\\|website\\=www.westhamstats.info}}",
"Cole's first goal of the 2012–13 season came in a 3–1 victory against London rivals Chelsea on 1 December 2012, with a header inside the six\\-yard box to the near post.{{cite news\\|title\\=West Ham 3–1 Chelsea\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20474474\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2012}} Cole scored again on 23 December, putting West Ham in the lead in the 14th minute against Everton. In the same match, he was [sent off](/wiki/Red_card_%28sports%29 \"Red card (sports)\") for a dangerous tackle against [Leighton Baines](/wiki/Leighton_Baines \"Leighton Baines\").{{cite news\\|title\\=West Ham 1–2 Everton\\|url\\=http://www.news.com.au/top\\-stories/two\\-red\\-cards\\-mar\\-evertons\\-come\\-from\\-behind\\-victory\\-over\\-west\\-ham\\-in\\-big\\-day\\-of\\-epl\\-action/story\\-e6frfkp9\\-1226542499333\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2012 \\| work\\=Fox Sports\\|date\\=23 December 2012}} West Ham appealed against the red card and it was overturned by [The Football Association](/wiki/The_Football_Association \"The Football Association\") on 27 December.{{cite news\\|title\\=Everton's Darron Gibson \\& West Ham's Carlton Cole win appeals\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20853419\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=27 December 2012}} For the remainder of the season he was mostly used as a substitute or kept out of the team by [Andy Carroll](/wiki/Andy_Carroll \"Andy Carroll\"). On 21 May 2013, West Ham announced that Cole would be leaving the club at the end of the season. He had been at the club for seven seasons.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cole to depart\\|url\\=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20130522/cole\\-to\\-depart\\_2236884\\_3185338\\|publisher\\=West Ham United F.C.\\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610153803/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20130522/cole\\-to\\-depart\\_2236884\\_3185338\\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2015\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"#### 2013–15",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Cole playing for West Ham United in 2014](/wiki/File:Carlton_Cole_2014.jpg \"Carlton Cole 2014.jpg\")",
"On 3 September 2013, after West Ham failed with a number of bids for strikers at the end of the transfer window, they approached Cole about returning to the club.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23948953\\|title\\=West Ham: Carlton Cole set for Hammers return\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=3 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2013}} The move did not take place however, due to concerns over Cole's fitness.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/transfer\\-news\\-carlton\\-cole\\-return\\-to\\-west\\-ham\\-collapses\\-after\\-striker\\-fails\\-to\\-prove\\-fitness\\-8800366\\.html \\| title\\=Transfer news: Carlton Cole return to West Ham collapses after striker fails to prove fitness \\| newspaper\\=The Independent \\| date\\=5 September 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=6 September 2013 \\| location\\=London \\| first\\=Mark \\| last\\=Bryans}} After training at the club to regain his fitness, on 14 October, Cole signed a short\\-term contract with West Ham, keeping him at the club until January 2014\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20131014/carlton\\-cole\\-returns\\_2236884\\_3494890\\|title\\=Carlton Cole returns\\|date\\=14 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2013\\|publisher\\=West Ham United F.C.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016212442/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20131014/carlton\\-cole\\-returns\\_2236884\\_3494890\\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Cole made 6 starts and 8 appearances as a substitute for West Ham during this short\\-term contract. His first goal in his second spell came on 30 November in his fourth match: coming on as an 81st\\-minute substitute for [Modibo Maïga](/wiki/Modibo_Ma%C3%AFga \"Modibo Maïga\"), Cole scored the second West Ham goal, barely a minute later, and another in the 88th minute, in a 3–0 win against Fulham.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25063916 \\| title\\=West Ham 3–0 Fulham \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2015}} He went on to score four more goals, against Manchester United, Arsenal, Cardiff City and [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://origin\\-www.whufc.com/articles/carlton\\-cole\\-west\\-ham\\_2228487\\_22296 \\| title\\=Carlton Cole \\| publisher\\=West Ham United F.C. \\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529114339/http://origin\\-www.whufc.com/articles/carlton\\-cole\\-west\\-ham\\_2228487\\_22296 \\| archive\\-date\\=29 May 2015 \\| df\\=dmy\\-all }} On 15 January 2014, Cole signed an 18\\-month contract keeping him at the club to the end of the 2014–15 season.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25745487 \\| title\\=Striker Carlton Cole signs new 18\\-month West Ham contract \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\| access\\-date\\=15 January 2014}}",
"Cole started West Ham's first match of the 2014–15 season, against [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\\-league/west\\-ham\\-vs\\-tottenham\\-team\\-news\\-spurs\\-look\\-to\\-the\\-eriks\\-as\\-lamela\\-and\\-new\\-signing\\-dier\\-are\\-both\\-9673362\\.html\\|title\\=West Ham vs Tottenham team news: Spurs look to the Eric's as Lamela and new\\-signing Eric Dier are both handed starts\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-16\\|website\\=The Independent\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-26}} His first goal came in the following match, on 23 August, in a 3–1 away win against [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\"). His only other goals of the season came in a 3–1 away win at Burnley on 10 October and in a 2–2 home [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") draw against Everton on 13 January 2015, equalising in the 113th minute to make the match 2–2\\. West Ham won the match 9–8 on penalties with Cole taking and scoring one for West Ham.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29580151 \\| title\\=Burnley 1–3 West Ham \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2015}}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30705802 \\| title\\=West Ham 2–2 Everton \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2015}} In January, Cole was set to join West Bromwich Albion. The deal fell through after West Ham refused to sanction the move after attempts to sign Tottenham striker [Emmanuel Adebayor](/wiki/Emmanuel_Adebayor \"Emmanuel Adebayor\") as a replacement striker were blocked by Tottenham chairman [Daniel Levy](/wiki/Daniel_Levy_%28businessman%29 \"Daniel Levy (businessman)\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/28/carlton\\-cole\\-west\\-ham\\-open\\-letter \\| title\\=Carlton Cole writes open letter to fans after being released by West Ham \\| newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|location\\=London \\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2015}} Cole made 23 league appearances in the season, 15 after coming on as a substitute. He was released by West Ham at the end of the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_West_Ham_United_F.C._season \"2014–15 West Ham United F.C. season\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/carlton\\-cole\\-seeking\\-new\\-adventure\\-after\\-being\\-released\\-by\\-west\\-ham\\-10281753\\.html \\| title\\=Carlton Cole seeking 'new adventure' after being released by West Ham \\| newspaper\\=London Evening Standard \\| date\\=28 May 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=28 May 2015 \\| author\\=Dutton, Tom}} Following his release, after nine years with West Ham, Cole stated his intention to seek at least three more seasons playing at the top\\-level of football.",
"### Later career",
"On 22 October 2015, Cole signed for Scottish champions [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. \"Celtic F.C.\") on a two\\-year deal lasting until 2017\\. He said of the move \"When Celtic called and said they wanted me, I just ran over. Being at Celtic is not about the money, it's about wearing the shirt with pride. Celtic are in a great position to win trophies and I want to add that to my career\".{{cite news\\|title\\=Celtic sign striker Carlton Cole until 2017\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34603027\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2015\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=22 October 2015}} He made his debut for Celtic on 29 November in a 1–3 victory away to [Inverness Caledonian Thistle](/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C. \"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\"); coming on as a 61st\\-minute substitute for [Tom Rogic](/wiki/Tom_Rogic \"Tom Rogic\"), Cole provided the assist for Celtic's third goal, an [own goal](/wiki/Own_goal \"Own goal\") by [Danny Devine](/wiki/Danny_Devine_%28footballer%2C_born_1992%29 \"Danny Devine (footballer, born 1992)\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34893393 \\| title\\=Inverness CT 1–3 Celtic \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\| date\\=29 November 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=30 November 2015}} On 10 January 2016, he scored his only goal for Celtic in a 3–0 win over [Stranraer](/wiki/Stranraer_F.C. \"Stranraer F.C.\") at [Stair Park](/wiki/Stair_Park \"Stair Park\"), in the fourth round of the [Scottish Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Cup \"Scottish Cup\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Wilson\\|first1\\=Richard\\|title\\=Stranraer 0–3 Celtic\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/35216464\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2016\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=10 January 2016}} On 16 June, Celtic confirmed that Cole had been released by the club after just eight months.{{cite web \\|title\\=Carlton Cole Leaves Celtic \\|url\\=http://www.celticfc.net/news/10705 \\|publisher\\=Celtic F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2016 \\|date\\=16 June 2016}}",
"On 9 August 2016, Cole signed for [United Soccer League](/wiki/United_Soccer_League \"United Soccer League\") club [Sacramento Republic](/wiki/Sacramento_Republic_FC \"Sacramento Republic FC\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Sacramento Republic FC Sign Former Chelsea and West Ham United Forward Carlton Cole\\|url\\=http://www.sacrepublicfc.com/news/2016/08/09/srfc\\-sign\\-carlton\\-cole\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2016\\|publisher\\=Sacramento Republic FC\\|date\\=9 August 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811125730/http://www.sacrepublicfc.com/news/2016/08/09/srfc\\-sign\\-carlton\\-cole\\|archive\\-date\\=11 August 2016\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} After four appearances, he left the club to return to the United Kingdom.{{cite news\\|title\\=Carlton Cole leaves Sacramento Republic after just four games\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/10/20/carlton\\-cole\\-leaves\\-sacramento\\-republic\\-after\\-just\\-four\\-games/\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2016\\|newspaper\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=20 October 2016}} On 30 March 2017, Cole signed for Indonesian club [Persib Bandung](/wiki/Persib_Bandung \"Persib Bandung\") in the [Liga 1](/wiki/Liga_1_%28Indonesia%29 \"Liga 1 (Indonesia)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Persib Resmi Rekrut Carlton Cole\\|url\\=http://persib.co.id/berita\\-persib\\-bandung/berita/persib\\_resmi\\_rekrut\\_carlton\\_cole.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2017\\|publisher\\=Persib Bandung\\|date\\=30 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627025153/http://www.persib.co.id/berita\\-persib\\-bandung/berita/persib\\_resmi\\_rekrut\\_carlton\\_cole.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Signing a ten\\-month contract, he was reunited with former Chelsea teammate [Michael Essien](/wiki/Michael_Essien \"Michael Essien\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Former West Ham striker Carlton Cole signs for Persib in Indonesia\\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.com/story/3092086/former\\-west\\-ham\\-striker\\-carlton\\-cole\\-signs\\-for\\-persib\\-in\\-indonesia\\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2017\\|publisher\\=ESPN FC\\|date\\=30 March 2017}} Cole only played twice as a starter from his five appearances without scoring a goal. On 4 August, Persib officially terminated his contract.{{cite web\\|title\\=Resmi: Carlton Cole Didepak Persib Bandung\\|url\\=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20170804135306\\-142\\-232465/resmi\\-carlton\\-cole\\-didepak\\-persib\\-bandung\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|language\\=id\\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2017}} Cole was handed a trial by [AFC Wimbledon](/wiki/AFC_Wimbledon \"AFC Wimbledon\") in the beginning of January 2018 and immediately played for their development squad, where he scored a goal in his first game.[Report: West Ham cult hero Carlton Cole on trial with League One side AFC Wimbledon](http://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2018/01/10/report-west-ham-cult-hero-carlton-cole-on-trial-with-league-one/)‚ hitc.com, 10 January 2018 According to the club's manager, [Neal Ardley](/wiki/Neal_Ardley \"Neal Ardley\") \"Carlton's agent spoke to [Simon Bassey](/wiki/Simon_Bassey \"Simon Bassey\") \\[first\\-team coach] and asked about him coming in. This was back in November and we said yeah\".[Exclusive: AFC Wimbledon boss provides update on Carlton Cole – as ex\\-West Ham, Chelsea and Charlton striker continues to train with Dons](https://www.londonnewsonline.co.uk/exclusive-afc-wimbledon-boss-provides-update-on-carlton-cole-as-ex-west-ham-chelsea-and-charlton-striker-continues-to-train-with-dons/)‚ londonnewsonline.co.uk, 17 January 2018 However, he was never handed a contract and despite interest from [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\") and [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\"), Cole announced his official retirement on 29 March 2018\\.[Carlton Cole calls for West Ham fans to get behind team as he hangs up his boots](https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2018/march/29-march/carlton-cole-calls-west-ham-fans-get-behind-team-he-hangs-his)‚ whufc.com, 29 March 2018",
""
] |
Racing career
-------------
### Early career
Sally Hall was Alderbrook's first trainer. His racing career did not start until he was three years old. It took him until his 5th start to register a win, and he did this off a lowly handicap mark of 58 in a Class 6 handicap at [Goodwood](/wiki/Goodwood_Racecourse "Goodwood Racecourse"). He won one more race for Sally Hall before he was sent Novice Hurdling (he finished unplaced in a Novice Hurdle at [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_Racecourse "Newcastle Racecourse")).
During the winter, Alderbrook was sold to Ernie Pick. Pick sent him to Kim Bailey, who had achieved success in the National Hunt game with such horses as [Mr Frisk](/wiki/Mr_Frisk "Mr Frisk") (winner of the 1990 [Grand National](/wiki/Grand_National "Grand National")). Success was immediate, with Alderbrook winning his next 4 handicaps in a row, his handicap mark rising to 93 in the process. Alderbrook showed a particular liking for soft ground, something which remained true throughout his career.
Following another winter's break, Alderbrook returned aged 5 with another win in a Conditions race in 1994\. Subsequent to this, his sights were raised to Listed, Group 3 and Group 2 level on the flat, with Alderbrook winning the Group 2 [Prix Dollar](/wiki/Prix_Dollar "Prix Dollar") at [Longchamp](/wiki/Hippodrome_de_Longchamp "Hippodrome de Longchamp") in October 1994 upon his favoured soft ground.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.racingpost.com/results/211/longchamp/1994\-10\-01/122402 \|title\=Prix Dollar result \|publisher\=Racing Post \|date\= \|accessdate\=2013\-05\-27}} In all, Alderbrook had won 11 races on the flat all around the distance of ten [furlongs](/wiki/Furlong "Furlong").
### Championship
Following this successful season on the flat, Alderbrook's sights transferred to the jumps scene, but his progress on the flat, together with his breeding.
Although Alderbrook's first attempt at jump racing had ended in failure a couple of years earlier, Kim Bailey had high hopes for his charge. Bailey entered the now six\-year\-old in the Grade 2 [Kingwell Hurdle](/wiki/Kingwell_Hurdle "Kingwell Hurdle") at [Wincanton](/wiki/Wincanton_Racecourse "Wincanton Racecourse"). On the morning of the race, Alderbrook's odds for the Champion Hurdle were slashed from 50/1 into as short as 20/1 before he had even raced at Wincanton. Racing at such a high level is rare for a [Novice](/wiki/Novice_%28racehorse%29 "Novice (racehorse)"). Generally they would compete against other Novices, but Alderbrook was racing against experienced horses in a race only one grade below Championship level.
The race itself bore out the confidence of Bailey. In the hands of stable jockey Norman Williamson, Alderbrook travelled easily in the race and won by 8 lengths. Such was the manner of his success that David Gandolfo, the trainer of the runner\-up Trying Again, stated he would not re\-oppose Alderbrook at the [Cheltenham Festival](/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival "Cheltenham Festival") as he could not foresee his horse reversing the form against a horse likely to improve for the run. Alderbrook started the Champion Hurdle at 11/2 behind the consistent Large Action and Irish punter favourite Danoli. Also opposing were two talented but injury\-prone horses, Fortune and Fame and dual [Cheltenham Festival](/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival "Cheltenham Festival") winner Montelado, as well as the front\-running [Triumph Hurdle](/wiki/Triumph_Hurdle "Triumph Hurdle")\-winning mare Mysilv. Norman Williamson rode a waiting race, holding Alderbrook up at the back of the field and gradually working his way into contention 2 flights out. As they came around the turn, Alderbrook was still hard on the bridle, which prompted commentator Graham Goode to state that "Alderbrook the Novice is absolutely cruising". Alderbrook jumped the last just behind Danoli and Large Action but quickened clear up the hill to win by 5 lengths.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.racingpost.com/results/11/cheltenham/1995\-03\-14/62208 \|title\=1995 Champion Hurdle \|publisher\=Racing Post \|date\= \|accessdate\=2012\-07\-19}} Given the ease of his win, the high quality of his opponents and the likelihood of further improvement due to his comparative inexperience with hurdling, Alderbrook was installed as a short\-price favourite to follow up in 1996\.
Just over two weeks after winning the [Champion Hurdle](/wiki/Champion_Hurdle "Champion Hurdle"), Alderbrook was back in action on the flat. Due to his requirement for soft ground and potential easier opposition, he was sent overseas for his three flat races in 1995\. He started off with a 7th\-place finish in the Group 2 [Prix d'Harcourt](/wiki/Prix_d%27Harcourt "Prix d'Harcourt") at Longchamp but then improved on this considerably with arguably his best flat performance in finishing second in the Group 1 [Prix Ganay](/wiki/Prix_Ganay "Prix Ganay"), again at Longchamp.
Alderbrook's final race on the flat was a 2nd\-place finish in the [Grosser Preis der Wirtschaft](/wiki/Grosser_Preis_der_Badischen_Unternehmen "Grosser Preis der Badischen Unternehmen") (Group 2\) at Baden Baden in Germany. This form was boosted when the winner of the race, Freedom Cry, finished the season with a 2nd in one of Europe's top middle\-distance races, the [Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe](/wiki/Prix_de_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe "Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe") (Group 1\), only beaten by the unbeaten [Epsom Derby](/wiki/Epsom_Derby "Epsom Derby") winner \- [Lammtarra](/wiki/Lammtarra "Lammtarra"). During his time on the flat, Alderbrook was transferred to Julie Cecil. Bailey was not entirely pleased with the transfer, but continued to train Alderbrook over hurdles.
On the flat, Alderbrook was ridden on 20 occasions by Paul Eddery (brother of the better\-known Champion Jockey [Pat Eddery](/wiki/Pat_Eddery "Pat Eddery")). Other jockeys who rode him on the flat were Tony Clark, George Duffield, Nicky Carlisle and John Carroll.
### Later career
During the previous jumps season, Kim Bailey had split with his stable jockey Norman Williamson. Alderbrook therefore needed a new jockey, and Graham Bradley was chosen as the replacement. However, Bradley was late for a schooling session one morning (due to an alarm clock not going off), and Bailey replaced him before a competitive ride. The ride therefore went to the then\-Champion Jockey, [Richard Dunwoody](/wiki/Richard_Dunwoody "Richard Dunwoody").
Alderbrook had continued to suffer leg and feet problems and was proving difficult for Bailey to keep sound. He returned to hurdles in February 1996 in a Class B Hurdle at [Kempton](/wiki/Kempton_Park_Racecourse "Kempton Park Racecourse"). Starting at a shade of odds on (10/11\), he won despite it being his first race in more than eight months.
Alderbrook was the clear favourite at 10/11 for the 1996 Champion Hurdle and strongly expected to retain his title against a field thought to be inferior to that of 1995\. The weather in the days leading up to the race was very wet, and the race took place on ground officially good to soft, but considered softer. Graham Bradley had been given an alternative ride in the race by Jim Old, on [Collier Bay](/wiki/Collier_Bay_%28horse%29 "Collier Bay (horse)"). Bradley kept Collier Bay up with a comparatively slow pace and started to race for home 2 flights from the finish. Alderbrook was instead held up at the back of the field and started to try to make up ground approaching 2 flights out. He kept on after Collier Bay for the remainder of the race, but could get no nearer than the 2½ lengths he was beaten at the line. Some commentators thought Dunwoody had given Alderbrook too much ground to make up on soft ground, but Dunwoody was adamant that he had ridden a good race.
Dunwoody kept the ride in what transpired to be Alderbrook's last ever race. Conceding 9 lbs and upwards to the entire field, Alderbrook started as the 8/11 favourite in the [Scottish Champion Hurdle](/wiki/Scottish_Champion_Hurdle "Scottish Champion Hurdle") (a Grade 2 Handicap Hurdle at [Ayr](/wiki/Ayr_Racecourse "Ayr Racecourse")). He won, and this victory afforded him the top\-rated hurdling performance by Timeform. During 1996, it was announced that Alderbrook could no longer be kept sound for racing and he was retired. The retirement was discussed on Channel 4's [The Morning Line](/wiki/The_Morning_Line "The Morning Line"). Jim McGrath was asked how good he thought Alderbrook had been. He replied that the most important point was his high quality despite having serious injury problems. McGrath said he'd visited the stable a month or so before the 1996 Champion Hurdle and that the horse was 'crippled dead' yet went on to finish second.
|
[
"Racing career\n-------------",
"### Early career",
"Sally Hall was Alderbrook's first trainer. His racing career did not start until he was three years old. It took him until his 5th start to register a win, and he did this off a lowly handicap mark of 58 in a Class 6 handicap at [Goodwood](/wiki/Goodwood_Racecourse \"Goodwood Racecourse\"). He won one more race for Sally Hall before he was sent Novice Hurdling (he finished unplaced in a Novice Hurdle at [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_Racecourse \"Newcastle Racecourse\")).",
"During the winter, Alderbrook was sold to Ernie Pick. Pick sent him to Kim Bailey, who had achieved success in the National Hunt game with such horses as [Mr Frisk](/wiki/Mr_Frisk \"Mr Frisk\") (winner of the 1990 [Grand National](/wiki/Grand_National \"Grand National\")). Success was immediate, with Alderbrook winning his next 4 handicaps in a row, his handicap mark rising to 93 in the process. Alderbrook showed a particular liking for soft ground, something which remained true throughout his career.",
"Following another winter's break, Alderbrook returned aged 5 with another win in a Conditions race in 1994\\. Subsequent to this, his sights were raised to Listed, Group 3 and Group 2 level on the flat, with Alderbrook winning the Group 2 [Prix Dollar](/wiki/Prix_Dollar \"Prix Dollar\") at [Longchamp](/wiki/Hippodrome_de_Longchamp \"Hippodrome de Longchamp\") in October 1994 upon his favoured soft ground.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.racingpost.com/results/211/longchamp/1994\\-10\\-01/122402 \\|title\\=Prix Dollar result \\|publisher\\=Racing Post \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-05\\-27}} In all, Alderbrook had won 11 races on the flat all around the distance of ten [furlongs](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\").",
"### Championship",
"Following this successful season on the flat, Alderbrook's sights transferred to the jumps scene, but his progress on the flat, together with his breeding.",
"Although Alderbrook's first attempt at jump racing had ended in failure a couple of years earlier, Kim Bailey had high hopes for his charge. Bailey entered the now six\\-year\\-old in the Grade 2 [Kingwell Hurdle](/wiki/Kingwell_Hurdle \"Kingwell Hurdle\") at [Wincanton](/wiki/Wincanton_Racecourse \"Wincanton Racecourse\"). On the morning of the race, Alderbrook's odds for the Champion Hurdle were slashed from 50/1 into as short as 20/1 before he had even raced at Wincanton. Racing at such a high level is rare for a [Novice](/wiki/Novice_%28racehorse%29 \"Novice (racehorse)\"). Generally they would compete against other Novices, but Alderbrook was racing against experienced horses in a race only one grade below Championship level.",
"The race itself bore out the confidence of Bailey. In the hands of stable jockey Norman Williamson, Alderbrook travelled easily in the race and won by 8 lengths. Such was the manner of his success that David Gandolfo, the trainer of the runner\\-up Trying Again, stated he would not re\\-oppose Alderbrook at the [Cheltenham Festival](/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival \"Cheltenham Festival\") as he could not foresee his horse reversing the form against a horse likely to improve for the run. Alderbrook started the Champion Hurdle at 11/2 behind the consistent Large Action and Irish punter favourite Danoli. Also opposing were two talented but injury\\-prone horses, Fortune and Fame and dual [Cheltenham Festival](/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival \"Cheltenham Festival\") winner Montelado, as well as the front\\-running [Triumph Hurdle](/wiki/Triumph_Hurdle \"Triumph Hurdle\")\\-winning mare Mysilv. Norman Williamson rode a waiting race, holding Alderbrook up at the back of the field and gradually working his way into contention 2 flights out. As they came around the turn, Alderbrook was still hard on the bridle, which prompted commentator Graham Goode to state that \"Alderbrook the Novice is absolutely cruising\". Alderbrook jumped the last just behind Danoli and Large Action but quickened clear up the hill to win by 5 lengths.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.racingpost.com/results/11/cheltenham/1995\\-03\\-14/62208 \\|title\\=1995 Champion Hurdle \\|publisher\\=Racing Post \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-07\\-19}} Given the ease of his win, the high quality of his opponents and the likelihood of further improvement due to his comparative inexperience with hurdling, Alderbrook was installed as a short\\-price favourite to follow up in 1996\\.",
"Just over two weeks after winning the [Champion Hurdle](/wiki/Champion_Hurdle \"Champion Hurdle\"), Alderbrook was back in action on the flat. Due to his requirement for soft ground and potential easier opposition, he was sent overseas for his three flat races in 1995\\. He started off with a 7th\\-place finish in the Group 2 [Prix d'Harcourt](/wiki/Prix_d%27Harcourt \"Prix d'Harcourt\") at Longchamp but then improved on this considerably with arguably his best flat performance in finishing second in the Group 1 [Prix Ganay](/wiki/Prix_Ganay \"Prix Ganay\"), again at Longchamp.",
"Alderbrook's final race on the flat was a 2nd\\-place finish in the [Grosser Preis der Wirtschaft](/wiki/Grosser_Preis_der_Badischen_Unternehmen \"Grosser Preis der Badischen Unternehmen\") (Group 2\\) at Baden Baden in Germany. This form was boosted when the winner of the race, Freedom Cry, finished the season with a 2nd in one of Europe's top middle\\-distance races, the [Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe](/wiki/Prix_de_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe \"Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe\") (Group 1\\), only beaten by the unbeaten [Epsom Derby](/wiki/Epsom_Derby \"Epsom Derby\") winner \\- [Lammtarra](/wiki/Lammtarra \"Lammtarra\"). During his time on the flat, Alderbrook was transferred to Julie Cecil. Bailey was not entirely pleased with the transfer, but continued to train Alderbrook over hurdles.",
"On the flat, Alderbrook was ridden on 20 occasions by Paul Eddery (brother of the better\\-known Champion Jockey [Pat Eddery](/wiki/Pat_Eddery \"Pat Eddery\")). Other jockeys who rode him on the flat were Tony Clark, George Duffield, Nicky Carlisle and John Carroll.",
"### Later career",
"During the previous jumps season, Kim Bailey had split with his stable jockey Norman Williamson. Alderbrook therefore needed a new jockey, and Graham Bradley was chosen as the replacement. However, Bradley was late for a schooling session one morning (due to an alarm clock not going off), and Bailey replaced him before a competitive ride. The ride therefore went to the then\\-Champion Jockey, [Richard Dunwoody](/wiki/Richard_Dunwoody \"Richard Dunwoody\").",
"Alderbrook had continued to suffer leg and feet problems and was proving difficult for Bailey to keep sound. He returned to hurdles in February 1996 in a Class B Hurdle at [Kempton](/wiki/Kempton_Park_Racecourse \"Kempton Park Racecourse\"). Starting at a shade of odds on (10/11\\), he won despite it being his first race in more than eight months.",
"Alderbrook was the clear favourite at 10/11 for the 1996 Champion Hurdle and strongly expected to retain his title against a field thought to be inferior to that of 1995\\. The weather in the days leading up to the race was very wet, and the race took place on ground officially good to soft, but considered softer. Graham Bradley had been given an alternative ride in the race by Jim Old, on [Collier Bay](/wiki/Collier_Bay_%28horse%29 \"Collier Bay (horse)\"). Bradley kept Collier Bay up with a comparatively slow pace and started to race for home 2 flights from the finish. Alderbrook was instead held up at the back of the field and started to try to make up ground approaching 2 flights out. He kept on after Collier Bay for the remainder of the race, but could get no nearer than the 2½ lengths he was beaten at the line. Some commentators thought Dunwoody had given Alderbrook too much ground to make up on soft ground, but Dunwoody was adamant that he had ridden a good race.",
"Dunwoody kept the ride in what transpired to be Alderbrook's last ever race. Conceding 9 lbs and upwards to the entire field, Alderbrook started as the 8/11 favourite in the [Scottish Champion Hurdle](/wiki/Scottish_Champion_Hurdle \"Scottish Champion Hurdle\") (a Grade 2 Handicap Hurdle at [Ayr](/wiki/Ayr_Racecourse \"Ayr Racecourse\")). He won, and this victory afforded him the top\\-rated hurdling performance by Timeform. During 1996, it was announced that Alderbrook could no longer be kept sound for racing and he was retired. The retirement was discussed on Channel 4's [The Morning Line](/wiki/The_Morning_Line \"The Morning Line\"). Jim McGrath was asked how good he thought Alderbrook had been. He replied that the most important point was his high quality despite having serious injury problems. McGrath said he'd visited the stable a month or so before the 1996 Champion Hurdle and that the horse was 'crippled dead' yet went on to finish second.",
""
] |
### Championship
Following this successful season on the flat, Alderbrook's sights transferred to the jumps scene, but his progress on the flat, together with his breeding.
Although Alderbrook's first attempt at jump racing had ended in failure a couple of years earlier, Kim Bailey had high hopes for his charge. Bailey entered the now six\-year\-old in the Grade 2 [Kingwell Hurdle](/wiki/Kingwell_Hurdle "Kingwell Hurdle") at [Wincanton](/wiki/Wincanton_Racecourse "Wincanton Racecourse"). On the morning of the race, Alderbrook's odds for the Champion Hurdle were slashed from 50/1 into as short as 20/1 before he had even raced at Wincanton. Racing at such a high level is rare for a [Novice](/wiki/Novice_%28racehorse%29 "Novice (racehorse)"). Generally they would compete against other Novices, but Alderbrook was racing against experienced horses in a race only one grade below Championship level.
The race itself bore out the confidence of Bailey. In the hands of stable jockey Norman Williamson, Alderbrook travelled easily in the race and won by 8 lengths. Such was the manner of his success that David Gandolfo, the trainer of the runner\-up Trying Again, stated he would not re\-oppose Alderbrook at the [Cheltenham Festival](/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival "Cheltenham Festival") as he could not foresee his horse reversing the form against a horse likely to improve for the run. Alderbrook started the Champion Hurdle at 11/2 behind the consistent Large Action and Irish punter favourite Danoli. Also opposing were two talented but injury\-prone horses, Fortune and Fame and dual [Cheltenham Festival](/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival "Cheltenham Festival") winner Montelado, as well as the front\-running [Triumph Hurdle](/wiki/Triumph_Hurdle "Triumph Hurdle")\-winning mare Mysilv. Norman Williamson rode a waiting race, holding Alderbrook up at the back of the field and gradually working his way into contention 2 flights out. As they came around the turn, Alderbrook was still hard on the bridle, which prompted commentator Graham Goode to state that "Alderbrook the Novice is absolutely cruising". Alderbrook jumped the last just behind Danoli and Large Action but quickened clear up the hill to win by 5 lengths.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.racingpost.com/results/11/cheltenham/1995\-03\-14/62208 \|title\=1995 Champion Hurdle \|publisher\=Racing Post \|date\= \|accessdate\=2012\-07\-19}} Given the ease of his win, the high quality of his opponents and the likelihood of further improvement due to his comparative inexperience with hurdling, Alderbrook was installed as a short\-price favourite to follow up in 1996\.
Just over two weeks after winning the [Champion Hurdle](/wiki/Champion_Hurdle "Champion Hurdle"), Alderbrook was back in action on the flat. Due to his requirement for soft ground and potential easier opposition, he was sent overseas for his three flat races in 1995\. He started off with a 7th\-place finish in the Group 2 [Prix d'Harcourt](/wiki/Prix_d%27Harcourt "Prix d'Harcourt") at Longchamp but then improved on this considerably with arguably his best flat performance in finishing second in the Group 1 [Prix Ganay](/wiki/Prix_Ganay "Prix Ganay"), again at Longchamp.
Alderbrook's final race on the flat was a 2nd\-place finish in the [Grosser Preis der Wirtschaft](/wiki/Grosser_Preis_der_Badischen_Unternehmen "Grosser Preis der Badischen Unternehmen") (Group 2\) at Baden Baden in Germany. This form was boosted when the winner of the race, Freedom Cry, finished the season with a 2nd in one of Europe's top middle\-distance races, the [Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe](/wiki/Prix_de_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe "Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe") (Group 1\), only beaten by the unbeaten [Epsom Derby](/wiki/Epsom_Derby "Epsom Derby") winner \- [Lammtarra](/wiki/Lammtarra "Lammtarra"). During his time on the flat, Alderbrook was transferred to Julie Cecil. Bailey was not entirely pleased with the transfer, but continued to train Alderbrook over hurdles.
On the flat, Alderbrook was ridden on 20 occasions by Paul Eddery (brother of the better\-known Champion Jockey [Pat Eddery](/wiki/Pat_Eddery "Pat Eddery")). Other jockeys who rode him on the flat were Tony Clark, George Duffield, Nicky Carlisle and John Carroll.
|
[
"### Championship",
"Following this successful season on the flat, Alderbrook's sights transferred to the jumps scene, but his progress on the flat, together with his breeding.",
"Although Alderbrook's first attempt at jump racing had ended in failure a couple of years earlier, Kim Bailey had high hopes for his charge. Bailey entered the now six\\-year\\-old in the Grade 2 [Kingwell Hurdle](/wiki/Kingwell_Hurdle \"Kingwell Hurdle\") at [Wincanton](/wiki/Wincanton_Racecourse \"Wincanton Racecourse\"). On the morning of the race, Alderbrook's odds for the Champion Hurdle were slashed from 50/1 into as short as 20/1 before he had even raced at Wincanton. Racing at such a high level is rare for a [Novice](/wiki/Novice_%28racehorse%29 \"Novice (racehorse)\"). Generally they would compete against other Novices, but Alderbrook was racing against experienced horses in a race only one grade below Championship level.",
"The race itself bore out the confidence of Bailey. In the hands of stable jockey Norman Williamson, Alderbrook travelled easily in the race and won by 8 lengths. Such was the manner of his success that David Gandolfo, the trainer of the runner\\-up Trying Again, stated he would not re\\-oppose Alderbrook at the [Cheltenham Festival](/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival \"Cheltenham Festival\") as he could not foresee his horse reversing the form against a horse likely to improve for the run. Alderbrook started the Champion Hurdle at 11/2 behind the consistent Large Action and Irish punter favourite Danoli. Also opposing were two talented but injury\\-prone horses, Fortune and Fame and dual [Cheltenham Festival](/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival \"Cheltenham Festival\") winner Montelado, as well as the front\\-running [Triumph Hurdle](/wiki/Triumph_Hurdle \"Triumph Hurdle\")\\-winning mare Mysilv. Norman Williamson rode a waiting race, holding Alderbrook up at the back of the field and gradually working his way into contention 2 flights out. As they came around the turn, Alderbrook was still hard on the bridle, which prompted commentator Graham Goode to state that \"Alderbrook the Novice is absolutely cruising\". Alderbrook jumped the last just behind Danoli and Large Action but quickened clear up the hill to win by 5 lengths.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.racingpost.com/results/11/cheltenham/1995\\-03\\-14/62208 \\|title\\=1995 Champion Hurdle \\|publisher\\=Racing Post \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-07\\-19}} Given the ease of his win, the high quality of his opponents and the likelihood of further improvement due to his comparative inexperience with hurdling, Alderbrook was installed as a short\\-price favourite to follow up in 1996\\.",
"Just over two weeks after winning the [Champion Hurdle](/wiki/Champion_Hurdle \"Champion Hurdle\"), Alderbrook was back in action on the flat. Due to his requirement for soft ground and potential easier opposition, he was sent overseas for his three flat races in 1995\\. He started off with a 7th\\-place finish in the Group 2 [Prix d'Harcourt](/wiki/Prix_d%27Harcourt \"Prix d'Harcourt\") at Longchamp but then improved on this considerably with arguably his best flat performance in finishing second in the Group 1 [Prix Ganay](/wiki/Prix_Ganay \"Prix Ganay\"), again at Longchamp.",
"Alderbrook's final race on the flat was a 2nd\\-place finish in the [Grosser Preis der Wirtschaft](/wiki/Grosser_Preis_der_Badischen_Unternehmen \"Grosser Preis der Badischen Unternehmen\") (Group 2\\) at Baden Baden in Germany. This form was boosted when the winner of the race, Freedom Cry, finished the season with a 2nd in one of Europe's top middle\\-distance races, the [Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe](/wiki/Prix_de_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe \"Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe\") (Group 1\\), only beaten by the unbeaten [Epsom Derby](/wiki/Epsom_Derby \"Epsom Derby\") winner \\- [Lammtarra](/wiki/Lammtarra \"Lammtarra\"). During his time on the flat, Alderbrook was transferred to Julie Cecil. Bailey was not entirely pleased with the transfer, but continued to train Alderbrook over hurdles.",
"On the flat, Alderbrook was ridden on 20 occasions by Paul Eddery (brother of the better\\-known Champion Jockey [Pat Eddery](/wiki/Pat_Eddery \"Pat Eddery\")). Other jockeys who rode him on the flat were Tony Clark, George Duffield, Nicky Carlisle and John Carroll.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Gatsinzi was born in Kigali on 9 January 1948\.[Rwanda: Gen Gatsinzi reka gusaza wanduranije cyane. Gushaka kwigura sibyo bizatuma Kagame akurebera izuba.](https://glpost.com/rwanda-gen-gatsinzi-reka-gusaza-wanduranije-cyane-gushaka-kwigura-sibyo-bizatuma-kagame-akurebera-izuba/) He started his formal education at Collège Saint\-André in Nyamirambo, Kigali, where he graduated with a diploma in 1968\. His military career began at the Kigali Military Academy in the same year, and he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 31 March 1970\.
Gatsinzi pursued his military career courses in Belgium at Heverlee (Louvain) in the School of Logistics in 1971 and in Brussels at the Royal High Institute of Defence from 1974 to 1976\.
Beside the military assignments in the Rwandan Army, Colonel Gatsinzi served in the OAU Neutral Military Observer Group set by the [Organization of African Unity](/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity "Organization of African Unity"). That OAU NMOG was meant to monitor the cease fire during the period of the negotiations between the Government and the RPF during the [Rwandan Civil War](/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War "Rwandan Civil War") (1990–1994\). He also participated in the negotiations process.
During the genocide, from 6 to 17 April 1994 he served as Army Chief of Staff of the FAR.{{cite book \|last1\=Guichaoua \|first1\=André \|title\=From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994 \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=University of Wisconsin Press \|isbn\=9780299298203 \|pages\=159, 212 \|language\=en}} Because he advocated a more moderate approach and opposed expansion of the genocide, Gatsinzi was removed from the post and was replaced by [Augustin Bizimungu](/wiki/Augustin_Bizimungu "Augustin Bizimungu").{{cite book \|last1\=Guichaoua \|first1\=André \|title\=From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994 \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=University of Wisconsin Press \|isbn\=9780299298203 \|pages\=251–253 \|language\=en}}Twagiramungu, Noel, "Two Rebel Roads to Power: Explaining Variation in the Transition from Genocidal Violence to Rebel Governance in Contemporary Rwanda and Burundi," PhD Dissertation, Tufts University, 2014, p. 137\. Afterwards he was promoted to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general "Brigadier general") and assigned to negotiate with the RPF and "other duties that did not involve direct command of troops".{{cite book\|last1\=Des Forges\|first1\=Alison\|authorlink\=Alison Des Forges\|title\=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – Butare: "This Is an Extermination"\|at\=Note 72\|date\=March 1999\|publisher\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]]\|location\=New York\|isbn\=1\-56432\-171\-1\|url\=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno11\-4\-04\.htm}}
### After the genocide
Because of his resistance to the genocide and willingness to negotiate with the RPF, he was integrated into the [Rwandan Patriotic Army](/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army "Rwandan Patriotic Army") shortly after their taking power. He was appointed chief of staff of the gendarmerie in 1997\.Guichaoua, André, "Gouvernements, Répresentation Politique, Principaux Corps D'État, Institutions de la Société Civile," Paris, 2000\.
Gatsinzi held various political and military appointments with the following as his main career highlights:
* Deputy Chief of Staff of Rwanda Patriotic Army from 1995–1997
* Chief of Staff of the National Gendarmerie from 1997–2000
* Secretary General of the National Security Service from 2000 to 2002
* Minister of Defence on 15 November 2002
* Re\-appointed Minister of Defence on 19 October 2003 till 10 April 2010
* Minister of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs from 2010 to 2013
Gatsinzi held a series of honorific military medal awards.
Gatsinzi was appointed Minister of Defence on 15 November 2002, succeeding Brig.\-Gen. [Emmanuel Habyarimana](/wiki/Emmanuel_Habyarimana "Emmanuel Habyarimana").
Gatsinzi died on 7 March 2023, at the age of 75\.[General Marcel Gatsinzi dies in Belgium](https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/03/general-marcel-gatsinzi-dies-in-belgium/)
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Gatsinzi was born in Kigali on 9 January 1948\\.[Rwanda: Gen Gatsinzi reka gusaza wanduranije cyane. Gushaka kwigura sibyo bizatuma Kagame akurebera izuba.](https://glpost.com/rwanda-gen-gatsinzi-reka-gusaza-wanduranije-cyane-gushaka-kwigura-sibyo-bizatuma-kagame-akurebera-izuba/) He started his formal education at Collège Saint\\-André in Nyamirambo, Kigali, where he graduated with a diploma in 1968\\. His military career began at the Kigali Military Academy in the same year, and he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 31 March 1970\\.",
"Gatsinzi pursued his military career courses in Belgium at Heverlee (Louvain) in the School of Logistics in 1971 and in Brussels at the Royal High Institute of Defence from 1974 to 1976\\.",
"Beside the military assignments in the Rwandan Army, Colonel Gatsinzi served in the OAU Neutral Military Observer Group set by the [Organization of African Unity](/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity \"Organization of African Unity\"). That OAU NMOG was meant to monitor the cease fire during the period of the negotiations between the Government and the RPF during the [Rwandan Civil War](/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War \"Rwandan Civil War\") (1990–1994\\). He also participated in the negotiations process.",
"During the genocide, from 6 to 17 April 1994 he served as Army Chief of Staff of the FAR.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Guichaoua \\|first1\\=André \\|title\\=From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994 \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=University of Wisconsin Press \\|isbn\\=9780299298203 \\|pages\\=159, 212 \\|language\\=en}} Because he advocated a more moderate approach and opposed expansion of the genocide, Gatsinzi was removed from the post and was replaced by [Augustin Bizimungu](/wiki/Augustin_Bizimungu \"Augustin Bizimungu\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Guichaoua \\|first1\\=André \\|title\\=From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994 \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=University of Wisconsin Press \\|isbn\\=9780299298203 \\|pages\\=251–253 \\|language\\=en}}Twagiramungu, Noel, \"Two Rebel Roads to Power: Explaining Variation in the Transition from Genocidal Violence to Rebel Governance in Contemporary Rwanda and Burundi,\" PhD Dissertation, Tufts University, 2014, p. 137\\. Afterwards he was promoted to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general \"Brigadier general\") and assigned to negotiate with the RPF and \"other duties that did not involve direct command of troops\".{{cite book\\|last1\\=Des Forges\\|first1\\=Alison\\|authorlink\\=Alison Des Forges\\|title\\=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – Butare: \"This Is an Extermination\"\\|at\\=Note 72\\|date\\=March 1999\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]]\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=1\\-56432\\-171\\-1\\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno11\\-4\\-04\\.htm}}",
"### After the genocide",
"Because of his resistance to the genocide and willingness to negotiate with the RPF, he was integrated into the [Rwandan Patriotic Army](/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army \"Rwandan Patriotic Army\") shortly after their taking power. He was appointed chief of staff of the gendarmerie in 1997\\.Guichaoua, André, \"Gouvernements, Répresentation Politique, Principaux Corps D'État, Institutions de la Société Civile,\" Paris, 2000\\.",
"Gatsinzi held various political and military appointments with the following as his main career highlights:\n* Deputy Chief of Staff of Rwanda Patriotic Army from 1995–1997\n* Chief of Staff of the National Gendarmerie from 1997–2000\n* Secretary General of the National Security Service from 2000 to 2002\n* Minister of Defence on 15 November 2002\n* Re\\-appointed Minister of Defence on 19 October 2003 till 10 April 2010\n* Minister of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs from 2010 to 2013\nGatsinzi held a series of honorific military medal awards.",
"Gatsinzi was appointed Minister of Defence on 15 November 2002, succeeding Brig.\\-Gen. [Emmanuel Habyarimana](/wiki/Emmanuel_Habyarimana \"Emmanuel Habyarimana\").",
"Gatsinzi died on 7 March 2023, at the age of 75\\.[General Marcel Gatsinzi dies in Belgium](https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/03/general-marcel-gatsinzi-dies-in-belgium/)",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1982–1984: Early history
[thumb\|The band in 1984\. From left: [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 "Flea (musician)"), [Anthony Kiedis](/wiki/Anthony_Kiedis "Anthony Kiedis"), [Jack Sherman](/wiki/Jack_Sherman "Jack Sherman") and [Cliff Martinez](/wiki/Cliff_Martinez "Cliff Martinez").](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers%2C_1984.jpg "Red Hot Chili Peppers, 1984.jpg")
The Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") in 1982 by singer [Anthony Kiedis](/wiki/Anthony_Kiedis "Anthony Kiedis"), guitarist [Hillel Slovak](/wiki/Hillel_Slovak "Hillel Slovak"), bassist [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 "Flea (musician)"), and drummer [Jack Irons](/wiki/Jack_Irons "Jack Irons"), classmates at [Fairfax High School](/wiki/Fairfax_High_School_%28Los_Angeles%29 "Fairfax High School (Los Angeles)").{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p5241\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers \> Biography \|access\-date\=June 5, 2007 \|author\=Prato, Greg \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} Their first performance was on December 16, 1982, at the Grandia Room club on [Hollywood Boulevard](/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard "Hollywood Boulevard") to a crowd of approximately 30\. Gary Allen, a friend of the band, was hosting a release party for his new EP and asked Kiedis and Flea to put together an opening act.{{Cite book \|last\=Duncan \|first\=Hamish \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1333620372 \|title\=Out in L.A. : the Red Hot Chili Peppers 1983 \|date\=2023 \|isbn\=978\-1\-64160\-801\-5 \|location\=Chicago, Illinois \|oclc\=1333620372}}
At the time, Slovak and Irons were already committed to another group, [What Is This?](/wiki/What_Is_This%3F "What Is This?"); however, the new band was asked to return the following week.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=106}} In March, they changed their name to the Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing several shows at Los Angeles venues. Six songs from these shows were on the band's first [demo tape](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 "Demo (music)").{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=115}} In November 1983, manager [Lindy Goetz](/wiki/Lindy_Goetz "Lindy Goetz") struck a seven\-album deal with [EMI America](/wiki/EMI_America "EMI America") and [Enigma Records](/wiki/Enigma_Records "Enigma Records"). Two weeks earlier, however, What Is This? had also obtained a record deal with [MCA](/wiki/MCA_Records "MCA Records"), and in December Slovak and Irons quit the Red Hot Chili Peppers to focus on What Is This?.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=127}} Flea and Kiedis recruited [Weirdos](/wiki/The_Weirdos "The Weirdos") drummer [Cliff Martinez](/wiki/Cliff_Martinez "Cliff Martinez") and guitarist [Jack Sherman](/wiki/Jack_Sherman_%28guitarist%29 "Jack Sherman (guitarist)").Kiedis, Sloman, 2004\.
The band released their debut album, *[The Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/The_Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_%28album%29 "The Red Hot Chili Peppers (album)")*, in August 1984\. Airplay on [college radio](/wiki/Campus_radio "Campus radio") and [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") helped build a fan base,{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p5241\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers \> Overview \|access\-date\=July 26, 2009 \|author\=Prato, Greg \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} and the album sold 300,000 copies. [Gang of Four](/wiki/Gang_of_Four_%28band%29 "Gang of Four (band)") guitarist [Andy Gill](/wiki/Andy_Gill "Andy Gill"), who produced the album, pushed the band to play with a cleaner, more radio\-friendly sound,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=144}} and the band was disappointed with the result, finding it over\-polished.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=145}} The album included backing vocals by Gwen Dickey, the singer for the 1970s [disco funk](/wiki/Disco_funk "Disco funk") group [Rose Royce](/wiki/Rose_Royce "Rose Royce").Jeff Apter, Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Pepper's story. The band embarked on a gruelling tour, performing 60 shows in 64 days. During the tour, continuing musical and lifestyle tension between Kiedis and Sherman complicated the transition between concert and daily band life.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=133–134}} Sherman was fired in February 1985,{{Cite web\|url\=http://rhcplivearchive.com/show/feb\-16\-1985\-new\-orleans\-la\-1906\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive\|website\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive\|language\=en\|access\-date\=February 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=February 6, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206092320/http://rhcplivearchive.com/show/feb\-16\-1985\-new\-orleans\-la\-1906\|url\-status\=live}} and Slovak, who had just quit What Is This?, rejoined the band.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=132}}
### 1985–1988: Building a following, drug abuse, and death of Slovak
[thumb\|Vocalist [Anthony Kiedis](/wiki/Anthony_Kiedis "Anthony Kiedis") and bassist [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 "Flea (musician)") (pictured in August 1989\) have remained with the Red Hot Chili Peppers through the band's history.\|alt\=](/wiki/File:RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg "RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg")
The second Chili Peppers album, *[Freaky Styley](/wiki/Freaky_Styley "Freaky Styley")* (1985\), was produced by [funk](/wiki/Funk "Funk") musician [George Clinton](/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29 "George Clinton (funk musician)"), who introduced elements of punk and funk into the band's repertoire.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r16298\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=Freaky Styley \> Review \|access\-date\=June 6, 2007 \|author\=Birchmeier, Jason \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} The album featured [Maceo Parker](/wiki/Maceo_Parker "Maceo Parker") and [Fred Wesley](/wiki/Fred_Wesley "Fred Wesley"). The band used heroin while recording the album, which influenced the lyrics and music.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=172}} The band had a much better relationship with Clinton than with Gill,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=175}} but *Freaky Styley*, released on August 16, 1985, also achieved little success, failing to make an impression on any chart. The band also considered the subsequent tour unproductive.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=178–179}}{{cite news \|title \= What's Red Hot and Chili (Advertisement) \|page \= 4 \|newspaper \= Commonwealth Times \|location \= Richmond Va \|date \= November 12, 1985 \|url \= http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/com/id/7497 \|access\-date \= June 6, 2013 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140420005727/http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/com/id/7497 \|archive\-date \= April 20, 2014 \|url\-status \= dead}}{{cite news \|last \= Cope \|first \= Michael \|title \= Photos from RHCP Tour, Nov. 16, 1985, Richmond Va. \|pages \= 1, 11–12 \|newspaper \= Commonwealth Times \|location \= Richmond Va \|date \= November 12, 1985 \|url \= http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/com/id/7532 \|access\-date \= June 6, 2013 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928232152/http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/com/id/7532 \|archive\-date \= September 28, 2013 \|url\-status \= dead}} Despite the lack of success, the band was satisfied with *Freaky Styley*; Kiedis reflected that "it so surpassed anything we thought we could have done that we were thinking we were on the road to enormity."{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=176}} Around this time, the band appeared in the 1986 films *[Thrashin'](/wiki/Thrashin%27_%28film%29 "Thrashin' (film)")*, playing the song "Blackeyed Blonde" from *Freaky Styley,* and *[Tough Guys](/wiki/Tough_Guys "Tough Guys")*, performing the unreleased song "Set It Straight".{{cite web \|last\=Snider \|first\=Eric \|date\=May 26, 2011 \|title\=Eric's Bad Movies: Thrashin' (1986\) \|url\=https://www.mtv.com/news/ztma7d/erics\-bad\-movies\-thrashin\-1986 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131195112/https://www.mtv.com/news/ztma7d/erics\-bad\-movies\-thrashin\-1986 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 31, 2024 \|access\-date\= \|website\=MTV}}
In early 1986, EMI gave the Chili Peppers $5,000 to record a demo tape for their next album. They chose to work with producer [Keith Levene](/wiki/Keith_Levene "Keith Levene") from [Public Image Ltd](/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd "Public Image Ltd"), as he shared their interest in drugs.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=187}} Levene and Slovak put aside $2,000 of the budget to spend on heroin and [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine"), which created tension between the band members. Martinez's "heart was no longer in the band", but he did not quit, so Kiedis and Flea fired him in April 1986\.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=188}} Irons rejoined the band, to their surprise; it marked the first time all four founding members were together since 1983\. During the recording and subsequent tour of *Freaky Styley*, Kiedis and Slovak were dealing with debilitating heroin addictions. Due to his addiction, Kiedis "didn't have the same drive or desire to come up with ideas or lyrics" and appeared at rehearsal "literally asleep".{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=191}}
For their third album, the Chili Peppers attempted to hire [Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin "Rick Rubin") to produce, but he declined due to the band's increasing drug problems. They eventually hired [Michael Beinhorn](/wiki/Michael_Beinhorn "Michael Beinhorn") from the art funk project [Material](/wiki/Material_%28band%29 "Material (band)"), their last choice.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|pp\=130–141}} The early attempts at recording were halted due to Kiedis's worsening drug problems, and Kiedis was briefly fired.{{cite web \|last \= Hughes \|first \= Joe \|url \= https://www.alternativenation.net/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-fired\-anthony\-kiedis\-terrible\-reason/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers Fired Anthony Kiedis For Terrible Reason \|publisher \= Alternative Nation \|date \= April 14, 2019 \|access\-date \= April 21, 2019 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190421205233/https://www.alternativenation.net/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-fired\-anthony\-kiedis\-terrible\-reason/ \|archive\-date \= April 21, 2019 \|url\-status \= live}} After the band were named "band of the year" by *[LA Weekly](/wiki/LA_Weekly "LA Weekly")*, Kiedis entered [drug rehabilitation](/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation "Drug rehabilitation").{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=193}} The band auditioned new singers,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=199}} but Kiedis, now sober, rejoined the recording sessions with new enthusiasm.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=200}} Songs formed quickly, blending the funk feel and rhythms of *Freaky Styley* with a harder, more immediate approach to [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock"). The album was recorded in the basement of the [Capitol Records Building](/wiki/Capitol_Records_Building "Capitol Records Building").{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=204}} The recording process was difficult; Kiedis would frequently disappear to seek drugs;{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=184}} after fifty days of sobriety, Kiedis had decided to take drugs again to celebrate his new music.
The third Red Hot Chili Peppers album, *[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan](/wiki/The_Uplift_Mofo_Party_Plan "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan")*, was released in September 1987 and peaked at No. 148 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") chart,{{cite magazine\|url\={{BillboardURLbyName\|artist\=red hot chili peppers\|chart\=Billboard 200}} \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Album \& Song Chart History: Billboard 200 \|access\-date\=December 26, 2011 \|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]}} a significant improvement over their earlier albums. The band immediately embarked on a two and a half month North American tour to promote the release, accompanied by [Faith No More](/wiki/Faith_No_More "Faith No More") as support who were also promoting their new album *[Introduce Yourself](/wiki/Introduce_Yourself "Introduce Yourself")*.{{Cite web\|last\=Bowie\|first\=Andrew\|title\=1987 Faith No More Shows\|url\=http://www.fnmlive.com/1987\|access\-date\=November 14, 2021\|website\=Faith No More Gig Database}}{{Cite web\|title\=1987 Red Hot Chili Peppers Shows\|url\=http://www.rhcplivearchive.com/year/1987\|access\-date\=November 14, 2021\|website\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive\|language\=en}} During this period, however, Kiedis and Slovak had both developed serious drug addictions,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=219–225}} often disappearing for days on end. Slovak died from a [heroin overdose](/wiki/Heroin_overdose "Heroin overdose") on June 25, 1988, soon after the conclusion of the *Uplift* tour.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=222}} Kiedis fled the city and did not attend Slovak's funeral.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=210–223}} Irons, troubled by the death, left the band; following years of depression, he became a member of the Seattle grunge band [Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam "Pearl Jam") in 1994\.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=224}}
### 1988–1989: Frusciante and Smith join
[thumb\|[Chad Smith](/wiki/Chad_Smith "Chad Smith") (pictured in 2019\) has been the Red Hot Chili Peppers' drummer since 1988\.](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_at_Ohana2019-313_%2849679348892%29.jpg "Red Hot Chili Peppers at Ohana2019-313 (49679348892).jpg")
[DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight](/wiki/DeWayne_McKnight "DeWayne McKnight"), a former member of [Parliament\-Funkadelic](/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic "Parliament-Funkadelic"), joined as guitarist, and [D. H. Peligro](/wiki/D._H._Peligro "D. H. Peligro") of [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys "Dead Kennedys") joined as drummer.{{When\|date\=January 2021}} Kiedis re\-entered rehab for 30 days, and visited Slovak's grave as part of his rehabilitation, finally confronting his grief. Three dates into the tour, McKnight was fired for lack of chemistry with the band.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=224}} McKnight was so unhappy he threatened to burn down Kiedis's house.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=173}}
Peligro introduced Kiedis and Flea to teenage guitarist and Chili Peppers fan [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante "John Frusciante"),{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=179}} who brought a darker, more melodic rock style to the band.{{Cite web\|last1\=May 7\|first1\=Tim\|last2\=Karan\|date\=2015\|title\=23 Years Ago: John Frusciante Quit the Red Hot Chili Peppers\|url\=https://diffuser.fm/john\-frusciante\-quits\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-anniversary/\|access\-date\=September 12, 2020\|website\=Diffuser.fm\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003040815/https://diffuser.fm/john\-frusciante\-quits\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-anniversary/\|url\-status\=live}} Frusciante performed his first show with the Chili Peppers in September 1988\. The new lineup began writing for the next album and went on a short tour, the Turd Town Tour. In November, Kiedis and Flea fired Peligro due to his drug and alcohol problems.{{Cite web \|last\=Duran \|first\=Anagricel \|date\=2023\-05\-04 \|title\=Dead Kennedys issue statement on D.H. Peligro's cause of death \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/dead\-kennedys\-issue\-statement\-on\-d\-h\-peligros\-cause\-of\-death\-3439431 \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-03 \|website\=NME \|language\=en\-GB}} Following open auditions, they hired drummer [Chad Smith](/wiki/Chad_Smith "Chad Smith") in December 1988, who has remained since.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=181}} According to Smith, "We started playing, and right away we just hit it off musically."{{cite web\|date\=March 30, 2012\|title\=Chad Smith talks about the Red Hot Chili Peppers induction into the Hall of Fame in 2012\|url\=http://stadium\-arcadium.com/30\-03\-2012/chad\-smith\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-rock\-and\-roll\-hall\-of\-fame\-induction\-gary\-graff\-article/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-news/article17340\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220102211/http://stadium\-arcadium.com/30\-03\-2012/chad\-smith\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-rock\-and\-roll\-hall\-of\-fame\-induction\-gary\-graff\-article/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-news/article17340\|archive\-date\=February 20, 2016\|access\-date\=April 3, 2012\|website\=Stadium\-arcadium.com}}
The Chili Peppers began work on their fourth album in late 1988\.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=185}} Unlike the stop\-start sessions for *The Uplift Mofo Party Plan,* preproduction went smoothly. However, the sessions were made tense by Beinhorn's desire to create a hit, frustrating Frusciante and Kiedis.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=188}} Released on August 16, 1989, *[Mother's Milk](/wiki/Mother%27s_Milk_%28album%29 "Mother's Milk (album)")* peaked at number 52 on the [U.S. *Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200"). The record failed to chart in the United Kingdom and Europe, but climbed to number 33 in Australia.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.australian\-charts.com/search.asp?search\=Red\+Hot\+Chili\+Peppers\&cat\=a \|title \= australian\-charts.com — Australian charts portal \|access\-date \= May 31, 2008 \|publisher \= ARIA Charts \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110707191050/http://www.australian\-charts.com/search.asp?search\=Red\+Hot\+Chili\+Peppers\&cat\=a \|archive\-date \= July 7, 2011 \|url\-status \= live}} "[Knock Me Down](/wiki/Knock_Me_Down "Knock Me Down")" reached number six on the [U.S. Modern Rock Tracks](/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks "Modern Rock Tracks"), whereas "[Higher Ground](/wiki/Higher_Ground_%28Stevie_Wonder_song%29 "Higher Ground (Stevie Wonder song)")" charted at number eleven{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p5241\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers \> Charts and Awards \> ''Billboard'' Singles\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=June 7, 2007}} and reached number 54 in the UK and 45 in Australia and France.{{Cite book \|year \= 2006 \|editor\-last \= Roberts \|editor\-first \= David \|title \= \[\[Guinness Book of British Hit Singles \& Albums\|British Hit Singles \& Albums]] \|edition \= 19th \|publisher \= \[\[HIT Entertainment]] \|isbn \= 1\-904994\-10\-5}}{{cite web \|url \= http://australian\-charts.com/search.asp?search\=Red\+Hot\+Chili\+Peppers\&cat\=s \|title \= Australia Singles Charts — Red Hot Chili Peppers \|website \= Australian\-charts.com \|access\-date \= October 3, 2007 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011113403/http://australian\-charts.com/search.asp?search\=Red\+Hot\+Chili\+Peppers\&cat\=s \|archive\-date \= October 11, 2007 \|url\-status \= live}} *Mother's Milk* was [certified gold](/wiki/Certified_Gold "Certified Gold") in March 1990 and was the first Chili Peppers album to ship over 500,000 units.{{cite web \|url \= http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage\=1\&table\=SEARCH\_RESULTS\&title\=mother\&artist\=red%20hot%20chili%20peppers\&sort\=Artist\&perPage\=25 \|title \= Search Results \|publisher \= \[\[Recording Industry Association of America]] \|access\-date \= December 31, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://www.webcitation.org/6FcCrF9xe?url\=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage\=1\&table\=SEARCH\_RESULTS\&title\=mother\&artist\=red%20hot%20chili%20peppers\&sort\=Artist\&perPage\=25 \|archive\-date \= April 4, 2013 \|df \= mdy\-all}}
### 1990–1993: *Blood Sugar Sex Magik*, fame, and Frusciante's first departure
{{Main\|Blood Sugar Sex Magik}}
[thumb\|[Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin "Rick Rubin") has produced almost every Red Hot Chili Peppers album since 1991\.\|alt\=\|upright\=0\.8](/wiki/File:RickRubinSept09.jpg "RickRubinSept09.jpg")
In 1990, after the success of *Mother's Milk*, the Chili Peppers left EMI and entered a major\-label bidding war. They signed with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._records "Warner Bros. records") and hired the producer [Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin "Rick Rubin"). Rubin had turned the band down in 1987 because of their drug problems but felt they were now healthier and more focused; he went on produce several more of their albums. The writing process was more productive than it had been for *Mother's Milk*, with Kiedis saying, "\[every day], there was new music for me to lyricize".{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=264}} At Rubin's suggestion, they recorded in [the Mansion](/wiki/The_Mansion_%28recording_studio%29 "The Mansion (recording studio)"), a studio in a house where magician [Harry Houdini](/wiki/Harry_Houdini "Harry Houdini") once lived.Kiedis, Sloman, 2004\. pp. 274–275
In September 1991, *[Blood Sugar Sex Magik](/wiki/Blood_Sugar_Sex_Magik "Blood Sugar Sex Magik")* was released. "[Give It Away](/wiki/Give_It_Away_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 "Give It Away (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)")" was the first single, which achieved international fame and became the band's first number\-one single on the [Modern Rock](/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks "Modern Rock Tracks") chart. The ballad "[Under the Bridge](/wiki/Under_the_Bridge "Under the Bridge")" was the second single, and reached number two on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart, the band's highest position to date.
*Blood Sugar Sex Magik* sold over 12 million copies.{{cite web \|url \= http://top40\.about.com/od/redhotchilipeppers/tp/Red\-Hot\-Chili\-Peppers\-Discography.htm \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers Discography \|access\-date \= June 10, 2007 \|author \= Lamb, Bill \|website \= About.com \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161834/http://top40\.about.com/od/redhotchilipeppers/tp/Red\-Hot\-Chili\-Peppers\-Discography.htm \|archive\-date \= May 2, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} It was listed at number 310 on *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")'s* list of [500 Greatest Albums of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time"), and in 1992 it rose to number three on the US album charts, almost a year after its release. The album was accompanied by a documentary, *[Funky Monks](/wiki/Funky_Monks "Funky Monks")*.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=279}} The Chili Peppers began their *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* tour, which featured [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 "Nirvana (band)"), [Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam "Pearl Jam") and [Smashing Pumpkins](/wiki/Smashing_Pumpkins "Smashing Pumpkins"), three of the era's biggest upcoming bands in alternative music, as opening acts.{{Cite web\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers, Nirvana, \& Pearl Jam Started A Tour Together On This Day In '91\|url\=https://liveforlivemusic.com/features/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-nirvana\-pearl\-jam\-started\-tour\-together\-this\-day\-25\-years\-ago/\|date\=December 27, 2016\|website\=L4LM\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=May 8, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 6, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174220/https://liveforlivemusic.com/features/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-nirvana\-pearl\-jam\-started\-tour\-together\-this\-day\-25\-years\-ago/\|url\-status\=live}}
Frusciante was troubled by fame, and began falling out with Kiedis. He isolated himself and developed a secret heroin addiction. In an appearance on *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live"),* he performed off\-key; Kiedis believed he wanted to sabotage the performance. Frusciante abruptly quit after a show in Tokyo in May 1992\. He returned to Los Angeles and spent years living in squalor, struggling with addiction.
To replace Frusciante, the Chili Peppers contacted [Dave Navarro](/wiki/Dave_Navarro "Dave Navarro"), who had just split from [Jane's Addiction](/wiki/Jane%27s_Addiction "Jane's Addiction"), but he was involved in his own drug problems. After failed auditions with [Zander Schloss](/wiki/Zander_Schloss "Zander Schloss"), they hired [Arik Marshall](/wiki/Arik_Marshall "Arik Marshall") of the Los Angeles band Marshall Law,{{AllMusic \|id\=weapon\-of\-choice\-mn0000239111 \|title\=Weapon of Choice \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-06}}{{cite magazine \| last\=Neely \| first\=Kim \| title\=Lollapalooza '92: On The Road With the Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden \| magazine\=Rolling Stone \| date\=September 17, 1992 \| url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/lollapalooza\-92\-on\-the\-road\-with\-the\-chili\-peppers\-pearl\-jam\-and\-soundgarden\-249442/ \| access\-date\=April 6, 2024}} and headlined the [Lollapalooza](/wiki/Lollapalooza "Lollapalooza") festival in 1992\.{{cite web \|last\=Banas \|first\=Erica \|title\=Lollapalooza: 30\+ Years of Headliners/Notable Acts \| website\=93\.3 WMMR \| date\=March 21, 2024 \| url\=https://wmmr.com/galleries/lollapalooza\-30\-years\-of\-headliners\-notable\-acts/ \| access\-date\=April 6, 2024}} Marshall appeared in the music videos for "[Breaking the Girl](/wiki/Breaking_the_Girl "Breaking the Girl")" and "[If You Have to Ask](/wiki/If_You_Have_to_Ask "If You Have to Ask")", as well as the *[Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons "The Simpsons")* episode "[Krusty Gets Kancelled](/wiki/Krusty_Gets_Kancelled "Krusty Gets Kancelled")".{{Citation\|title\="The Simpsons" Krusty Gets Kancelled (TV Episode 1993\) – IMDb\|url\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0701148/characters/nm1976624\|access\-date\=September 30, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 18, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718222902/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0701148/characters/nm1976624\|url\-status\=live}}{{unreliable source?\|date\=September 2020}} In September 1992, the Chili Peppers performed "Give It Away" at the [MTV Video Music Awards](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award "MTV Video Music Award"). They were nominated for seven awards, winning three, including [Viewer's Choice](/wiki/Viewer%27s_Choice_%28MTV%29 "Viewer's Choice (MTV)"). In February 1993, they performed "Give It Away" at the [Grammy Awards](/wiki/35th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "35th Annual Grammy Awards"), and the song won the band their first Grammy, Best Hard Rock Performance With Vocal.{{Cite web\|date\=November 28, 2017\|title\=35th Annual GRAMMY Awards\|url\=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/35th\-annual\-grammy\-awards\-1992\|access\-date\=September 30, 2020\|website\=GRAMMY.com\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=May 15, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515055103/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/35th\-annual\-grammy\-awards\-1992\|url\-status\=live}}
The Chili Peppers dismissed Marshall{{cite web \| last\=Archives \| first\=L.A. Times \| title\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers are looking... \| website\=Los Angeles Times \| date\=May 30, 1993 \| url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1993\-05\-30\-ca\-41569\-story.html \| access\-date\=April 6, 2024}} and held auditions for a new guitarist, including [Buckethead](/wiki/Buckethead "Buckethead"), whom Flea felt was not right for the band.{{cite web \|first \= Robert \|last \= White \|url \= http://www.bucketheadland.com/faq/faq2/FAQ\_2\_0\.html\#57 \|title \= FAQ 2\.0 \|website\=Bucketheadland.com \|access\-date \= August 17, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121115151612/http://www.bucketheadland.com/faq/faq2/FAQ\_2\_0\.html \|archive\-date \= November 15, 2012}} [Jesse Tobias](/wiki/Jesse_Tobias "Jesse Tobias") of the Los Angeles band Mother Tongue was briefly hired, but dismissed due to poor chemistry.{{cite magazine \|author \= Foege, Alec \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938152/the\_red\_hot\_chili\_peppers \|title \= The Red Hot Chili Peppers (Page 1\) \|magazine \= Rolling Stone \|date \= October 19, 1995 \|access\-date \= March 31, 2007 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221034/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938152/the\_red\_hot\_chili\_peppers \|archive\-date \= February 24, 2009}} However, Navarro said he was now ready to join the band.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=312}} In August 1993, the non\-album single "[Soul to Squeeze](/wiki/Soul_to_Squeeze "Soul to Squeeze")" was released and featured on the soundtrack to the film [*Coneheads*](/wiki/Coneheads_%28film%29 "Coneheads (film)").{{cite web \|title\=Coneheads – Original Soundtrack \|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/coneheads\-mw0000101137 \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \|access\-date\=June 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404012647/https://www.allmusic.com/album/coneheads\-mw0000101137 \|archive\-date\=April 4, 2019 \|url\-status\=live}} The song topped the Billboard US Modern Rock chart.{{cite magazine \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers chart history \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/364771/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers/chart?page\=2\&f\=377 \|magazine\=Billboard \|access\-date\=June 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124030322/https://www.billboard.com/artist/364771/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers/chart?page\=2\&f\=377 \|archive\-date\=January 24, 2019 \|url\-status\=live}}
### 1994–1997: *One Hot Minute* and Dave Navarro
{{Main\|One Hot Minute}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\=0\.75\|[Dave Navarro](/wiki/Dave_Navarro "Dave Navarro") (pictured in 2009\) replaced Jesse Tobias as guitarist in 1993\. He left in 1998\.](/wiki/File:Dave_Navarro%2C_Santa_Barbara_2009_large.jpg "Dave Navarro, Santa Barbara 2009 large.jpg")
Navarro first appeared with the Chili Peppers at [Woodstock '94](/wiki/Woodstock_%2794 "Woodstock '94"), performing early versions of new songs. This was followed by a brief tour, including headlining appearances at [Pukkelpop](/wiki/Pukkelpop "Pukkelpop") and [Reading Festivals](/wiki/Reading_Festival "Reading Festival") and two performances as the opening act for the [Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones").{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=330}} The relationship between Navarro and the band began to deteriorate;{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=350}} Navarro admitted he did not care for funk music or jamming. Kiedis had relapsed into heroin addiction following a dental procedure in which an addictive sedative, [Valium](/wiki/Diazepam "Diazepam"), was used, though the band did not discover this until later.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=315–323}}
Without Frusciante, songs were written at a far slower rate. Kiedis said: "John had been a true anomaly when it came to songwriting ... I just figured that was how all guitar players were, that you showed them your lyrics and sang a little bit and the next thing you knew you had a song. That didn't happen right off the bat with Dave." With Kiedis often absent from recording due to his drug problems, Flea took on a larger role when he wrote and sang lead on "Pea".{{cite magazine\|url\=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/pea\-the\-only\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-song\-sung\-by\-flea/\|magazine\=Fallout\|title\='Pea': The only Red Hot Chili Peppers song sung by Flea\|author\=Tim Coffman\|date\=11 March 2024}}
*[One Hot Minute](/wiki/One_Hot_Minute "One Hot Minute")* was released in September 1995 after several delays. It departed from the Chili Peppers' previous sound, with Navarro's guitar work incorporating [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") riffs and [psychedelic rock](/wiki/Psychedelic_rock "Psychedelic rock").{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r220822\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|author\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine\|title\=''One Hot Minute'' album review\|access\-date\=September 18, 2007\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} The band described it as a darker, sadder record.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938152/the\_red\_hot\_chili\_peppers/2\|title\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers (Page 2\)\|author\=Foege, Alec\|date\=October 19, 1995\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207182246/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938152/cover\_story\_the\_red\_hot\_chili\_peppers/2\|archive\-date\=February 7, 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=March 31, 2007}} Kiedis's lyrics addressed drugs, including the lead single, "[Warped](/wiki/Warped_%28song%29 "Warped (song)")", and broken relationships and deaths of loved ones, including "Tearjerker", written about [Kurt Cobain](/wiki/Kurt_Cobain "Kurt Cobain") and "Transcending" about [River Phoenix](/wiki/River_Phoenix "River Phoenix"). Despite mixed reviews, the album sold eight million copies worldwide.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=401}} The band also contributed to soundtracks including *[Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon](/wiki/Working_Class_Hero:A_Tribute_to_John_Lennon "A Tribute to John Lennon")*{{Discogs release\|1895088\|Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon\|type\=album}} and *[Beavis and Butt\-Head Do America](/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head_Do_America "Beavis and Butt-Head Do America"),*{{cite AV media notes\|title\= Beavis and Butt\-Head Do America: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack \|year\= 1996 \|type\= booklet \|publisher\= \[\[Geffen Records\|Geffen]]}} and Flea and Navarro contributed to [Alanis Morissette](/wiki/Alanis_Morissette "Alanis Morissette")'s single "[You Oughta Know](/wiki/You_Oughta_Know "You Oughta Know")".{{Cite magazine\|title\=12 fun facts about Alanis Morissette's 'Jagged Little Pill'\|url\=https://ew.com/article/2015/06/08/jagged\-little\-pill\-fun\-facts/\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|language\=EN\|archive\-date\=October 16, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016204430/https://ew.com/article/2015/06/08/jagged\-little\-pill\-fun\-facts/\|url\-status\=live}}
The Chili Peppers began the tour for *One Hot Minute* in Europe in 1995\. The US tour was postponed after Smith broke his wrist. In 1997, several shows were cancelled following deteriorating band relations, injuries, and Navarro and Kiedis's drug use. The band played three shows that year, including the first [Fuji Rock Festival](/wiki/Fuji_Rock_Festival "Fuji Rock Festival") in Japan.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers?year\=1997 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers's 1997 Concert History \|website\=Concert Archives \|publisher\=Thiele Unlimited \|access\-date\=November 22, 2021}} In April 1998, the Chili Peppers announced that Navarro had left due to creative differences. Kiedis said the decision was mutual.{{cite magazine \|author \= Rosenthal, Joe \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5927983/pepper\_guitar\_mill\_grinds\_on \|title \= Pepper Guitar Mill Grinds On \|magazine \= Rolling Stone \|date \= April 6, 1998 \|access\-date \= March 31, 2007 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220920/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5927983/pepper\_guitar\_mill\_grinds\_on \|archive\-date \= February 24, 2009}} Reports at the time indicated that Navarro's departure came after he attended a band practice under the influence of drugs.
### 1998–2001: Return of Frusciante and *Californication*
{{Main\|Californication (album)}}
[thumb\|left\|upright\=0\.75\|The band regained commercial success after guitarist [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante "John Frusciante") (pictured in 2006\) rejoined them in 1998\. He left again in 2009 and rejoined in 2019\.\|alt\=](/wiki/File:JohnFruscianteAugust2006.jpg "JohnFruscianteAugust2006.jpg")
With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=404}} In the years following Frusciante's departure, his heroin addiction had left him in poverty and near death.{{cite magazine \|author \= Skanse, Richard \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5923940/red\_hot\_redux \|title \= Red Hot Redux \|magazine \= Rolling Stone \|date \= April 30, 1998 \|access\-date \= March 31, 2007 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090228174015/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5923940/red\_hot\_redux \|archive\-date \= February 28, 2009}} Flea convinced Frusciante to enter Las Encinas Drug Rehabilitation Center in January 1998\.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=397}}{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p78092\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=John Frusciante Biography \|access\-date\=August 8, 2007 \|author\=Prato, Greg \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} His addiction left him with scarring on his arms, a restructured nose, and dental implants following an oral infection.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/feb/14/artsfeatures.popandrock \|title \= It's great to go straight \|work \= The Guardian \|location \= UK \|first \= Dave \|last \= Simpson \|date \= February 14, 2003 \|access\-date \= August 15, 2008 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001005206/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/feb/14/artsfeatures.popandrock \|archive\-date \= October 1, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|url \= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/18/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-interview \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers: The band that couldn't be stopped \|first \= Rob \|last \= Fitzpatrick \|work \= The Guardian \|date \= August 18, 2011 \|access\-date \= July 5, 2015 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150706105819/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/18/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-interview \|archive\-date \= July 6, 2015 \|url\-status \= live}} In April 1998, Flea visited the recovered Frusciante and asked him to rejoin the band. Frusciante began sobbing and said nothing would make him happier.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=398}}{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=408}}
[thumb\|200px\|Red Hot Chili Peppers logo](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_logo.svg "Red Hot Chili Peppers logo.svg")
In June 1999, after more than a year of production, the Red Hot Chili Peppers released *[Californication](/wiki/Californication_%28album%29 "Californication (album)")*, their seventh studio album. It sold over 16 million copies, and remains their most successful album.{{cite news \|url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3864401\.stm \|title \= Chili Peppers' album tops survey \|date \= July 4, 2004 \|access\-date \= April 20, 2007 \|publisher \= BBC \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080407194800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3864401\.stm \|archive\-date \= April 7, 2008 \|url\-status \= live}} *Californication* contained fewer rap songs than its predecessors, instead integrating textured and melodic guitar riffs, vocals and basslines. It produced three number\-one modern rock hits, "[Scar Tissue](/wiki/Scar_Tissue "Scar Tissue")", "[Otherside](/wiki/Otherside "Otherside")" and "[Californication](/wiki/Californication_%28song%29 "Californication (song)")". *Californication* received stronger reviews than *One Hot Minute*, and was a greater success worldwide.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r417478\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Californication'' Album Review\|author\=Prato, Greg\|access\-date\=February 26, 2010\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} While many critics credited the success of the album to Frusciante's return, they also felt Kiedis's vocals had also improved.{{cite magazine \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers/albumguide \|title \= Album Guide: Red Hot Chili Peppers \|access\-date \= April 20, 2007 \|magazine \= Rolling Stone \|author \= Tate, Greg \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130125005007/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers/albumguide \|archive\-date \= January 25, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} It was later listed at number 399 on the *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* magazine list of the [500 Greatest Albums of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time").{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2020}}
*Californication* was supported with a [two\-year international world tour](/wiki/Californication_Tour "Californication Tour"), producing the first Chili Peppers concert DVD, *[Off the Map](/wiki/Off_the_Map_%28video%29 "Off the Map (video)")* (2001\).Thompson, 2004\. p. In July 1999, the Chili Peppers played the closing show at [Woodstock 1999](/wiki/Woodstock_1999 "Woodstock 1999").{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=423}} During the set, a small fire escalated into violence and vandalism, resulting in the intervention of riot control squads.{{cite magazine \|author \= Eliscu, Jenny \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5921381/woodstock\_99\_burns\_its\_own\_mythology \|title \= Woodstock '99 Burns Its Own Mythology \|magazine \= Rolling Stone \|date \= July 26, 1999 \|access\-date \= March 31, 2007 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220920/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5921381/woodstock\_99\_burns\_its\_own\_mythology \|archive\-date \= February 24, 2009}} ATMs and several semi\-tractor trailers were looted and destroyed.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/national/daily/july99/woodstock27\.htm \|title \= Woodstock '99 Goes Up in Smoke \|first \= Alona \|last \= Wartofsky \|date \= July 27, 1999 \|access\-date \= June 14, 2008 \|newspaper \= \[\[The Washington Post]] \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203058/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/national/daily/july99/woodstock27\.htm \|archive\-date \= June 28, 2011 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|title \= Repeated Violence: Large Block Parties Need Supervision \|work \= The Lantern \|url \= http://www.thelantern.com/2\.1346/repeated\-violence\-1\.99635 \|date \= May 2, 2001 \|access\-date \= June 14, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20101123024218/http://www.thelantern.com/2\.1346/repeated\-violence\-1\.99635 \|archive\-date \= November 23, 2010 \|df \= mdy\-all}} The band was blamed in the media for inciting the riots after performing a cover of the [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix "Jimi Hendrix") song "[Fire](/wiki/Fire_%28The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_song%29 "Fire (The Jimi Hendrix Experience song)")". In his memoir, Kiedis wrote: "It was clear that this situation had nothing to do with Woodstock anymore. It wasn't symbolic of peace and love, but of greed and cashing in."{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=424}}
### 2001–2004: *By the Way*
{{Main\|By the Way}}
The Chili Peppers began writing their next album in early 2001, immediately following the *Californication* tour.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=456}} Frusciante and Kiedis would collaborate for days straight, discussing and sharing guitar progressions and lyrics.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=458}} For Kiedis, "writing *By the Way* ... was a whole different experience from *Californication*. John was back to himself and brimming with confidence." The recording was difficult for Flea, who felt his role was being diminishedRHCP, Mullen 2010\. p. 210 and fought with Frusciante about the musical direction. Flea considered quitting the band after the album, but the two worked out their problems.RHCP, Mullen 2010\. p. 211
[280px\|left\|thumb\|Red Hot Chili Peppers performing in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") in 2003](/wiki/File:Red_hot_chili_peppers_%28cropped%29.jpg "Red hot chili peppers (cropped).jpg")
*By the Way* was released in July 2002 and produced four singles; "[By the Way](/wiki/By_the_Way_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 "By the Way (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)")", "[The Zephyr Song](/wiki/The_Zephyr_Song "The Zephyr Song")", "[Can't Stop](/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 "Can't Stop (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)")" and "[Universally Speaking](/wiki/Universally_Speaking "Universally Speaking")". The album was their most subdued to date, focusing on melodic ballads over rap and funk, with layered textures, more keyboards, and string arrangements.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r595243\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=By The Way \> Overview\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|author\=Johnson, Zac\|access\-date\=January 28, 2008}} The album was followed by an [eighteen\-month world tour](/wiki/By_the_Way_tour "By the Way tour"),{{cite web \|url \= http://news.modernrock.com/1972 \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers plot first U.S. dates behind 'By the Way' \|publisher \= \[\[LiveDaily]] \|author \= Zahlaway, Jon \|date \= February 11, 2003 \|access\-date \= January 28, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20041119215623/http://news.modernrock.com/1972 \|archive\-date \= November 19, 2004 \|df \= mdy\-all}} a concert DVD, *[Live at Slane Castle](/wiki/Live_at_Slane_Castle_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_video%29 "Live at Slane Castle (Red Hot Chili Peppers video)")*, and the band's first live album, *[Red Hot Chili Peppers Live in Hyde Park](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_Live_in_Hyde_Park "Red Hot Chili Peppers Live in Hyde Park")*.{{cite book \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=5BIEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA5 \|title \= Billboard – Google Boeken \|date \= August 7, 2004 \|access\-date \= March 31, 2012 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130607055831/http://books.google.com/books?id\=5BIEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA5 \|archive\-date \= June 7, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} More than 258,000 fans paid over $17,100,000 for tickets over three nights, a 2004 record; the event ranked No. 1 on *Billboard*{{'}}s Top Concert Boxscores of 2004\.{{cite book \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=1BMEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=RA1\-PA7 \|title \= Billboard – Google Boeken \|date \= December 25, 2004 \|access\-date \= March 31, 2012 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130607044123/http://books.google.com/books?id\=1BMEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=RA1\-PA7 \|archive\-date \= June 7, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} In November 2003, the Chili Peppers released their *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_album%29 "Greatest Hits (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)")* album, which featured new songs "[Fortune Faded](/wiki/Fortune_Faded "Fortune Faded")" and "[Save the Population](/wiki/Save_the_Population "Save the Population")".{{harvnb\|Thompson\|2004\|p\=272}}
### 2005–2007: *Stadium Arcadium*
{{Main\|Stadium Arcadium}}
In 2006, the Chili Peppers released their ninth album, *[Stadium Arcadium](/wiki/Stadium_Arcadium "Stadium Arcadium")*. Although they initially planned to release a trilogy of albums,Catucci, Nick. "Red Hot Chili Peppers: Stadium Arcadium" (review). *Blender* magazine, June 2006 (Issue 48\), p. 146 they chose to release a 28\-track double album. It was their first album to debut at number one on the US charts, where it stayed for two weeks, and debuted at number one in the [UK](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart") and 25 other countries. *Stadium Arcadium* sold over seven million units.{{cite web \|url \= http://kroq.radio.com/2010/11/01/meet\-the\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-this\-thursday\-in\-la/ \|title \= Meet The Red Hot Chili Peppers This Thursday In LA \|publisher \= \[\[KROQ]] \|date \= November 1, 2010 \|access\-date \= December 26, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110315085838/http://kroq.radio.com/2010/11/01/meet\-the\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-this\-thursday\-in\-la/ \|archive\-date \= March 15, 2011 \|df \= mdy\-all}} It won the Grammys for [Best Rock Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Album "Grammy Award for Best Rock Album") and [Best Rock Performance by a Duo Or Group With Vocal](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal "Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal") ("Dani California").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist\=%22Red\+Hot\+Chili\+Peppers%22\&title\=\&year\=All\&genre\=All\|title\=Artists: Red Hot Chili Peppers\|website\=Grammy.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501150244/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist\=%22Red\+Hot\+Chili\+Peppers%22\&title\=\&year\=All\&genre\=All\|archive\-date\=May 1, 2013\|access\-date\=June 7, 2007}}
[thumb\|Red Hot Chili Peppers performing at the [Pinkpop Festival](/wiki/Pinkpop_Festival "Pinkpop Festival") in 2006](/wiki/File:Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg "Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg")
The first single, "[Dani California](/wiki/Dani_California "Dani California")", was the band's fastest\-selling single, debuting on top of the Modern Rock chart in the U.S., peaking at number six on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100"), and reaching number 2 in the UK. "[Tell Me Baby](/wiki/Tell_Me_Baby "Tell Me Baby")", released next, also topped the charts in 2006\. "[Snow (Hey Oh)](/wiki/Snow_%28Hey_Oh%29 "Snow (Hey Oh)")" was released in late 2006, breaking multiple records by 2007\. The song became their eleventh number\-one single, giving the band a cumulative total of 81 weeks at number one. It was also the first time three consecutive singles by the band made it to number one. "[Desecration Smile](/wiki/Desecration_Smile "Desecration Smile")" was released internationally in February 2007 and reached number 27 on the UK charts. "[Hump de Bump](/wiki/Hump_de_Bump "Hump de Bump")" was planned to be the next single for the US, Canada, and Australia only, but due to positive feedback from the music video, it was released as a worldwide single in May 2007\.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2011}}
The [Stadium Arcadium World Tour](/wiki/Stadium_Arcadium_World_Tour "Stadium Arcadium World Tour") began in 2006, including several festival dates. Frusciante's friend and frequent musical collaborator [Josh Klinghoffer](/wiki/Josh_Klinghoffer "Josh Klinghoffer") joined the touring band, contributing guitar, backing vocals, and keyboards. The band was the musical guest for *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live")*, which aired in May 2006 with featured host [Tom Hanks](/wiki/Tom_Hanks "Tom Hanks").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0793241/\|title\=Tom Hanks/Red Hot Chili Peppers\|website\=IMDb\|date\=May 6, 2006\|access\-date\=May 2, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424053244/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0793241/\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2019\|url\-status\=live}}{{unreliable source?\|date\=September 2020}}
### 2008–2009: Klinghoffer replaces Frusciante
[thumb\|right\|upright\=0\.75\|[Josh Klinghoffer](/wiki/Josh_Klinghoffer "Josh Klinghoffer") (pictured in 2016\) was the backup touring guitarist in 2007\. He replaced [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante "John Frusciante") in 2009, until Frusciante's return in 2019\.](/wiki/File:2016_RiP_Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Josh_Klinghoffer_-_by_2eight_-_DSC9996.jpg "2016 RiP Red Hot Chili Peppers - Josh Klinghoffer - by 2eight - DSC9996.jpg")
Following the [Stadium Arcadium tour](/wiki/Stadium_Arcadium_tour "Stadium Arcadium tour"), the Chili Peppers took an extended break. Kiedis attributed this to the band being worn out from their years of nonstop work since *Californication*. Their only recording during this time was in 2008 with [George Clinton](/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29 "George Clinton (funk musician)") on his album *[George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love](/wiki/George_Clinton_and_His_Gangsters_of_Love "George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love");* accompanied by [Kim Manning](/wiki/Kim_Manning_%28singer%29 "Kim Manning (singer)"), they recorded a new version of Shirley and Lee's classic "[Let the Good Times Roll](/wiki/Let_the_Good_Times_Roll_%28Shirley_and_Lee_song%29 "Let the Good Times Roll (Shirley and Lee song)")".{{cite web \|url \= http://www.ultimate\-guitar.com/news/video\_news/rhcp\_help\_george\_clinton\_let\_the\_good\_times\_roll\_during\_hiatus.html \|title \= RHCP Help George Clinton Let The Good Times Roll During Hiatus \|website \= Ultimate\-guitar.com \|access\-date \= September 10, 2010 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130523210108/http://www.ultimate\-guitar.com/news/ \|archive\-date \= May 23, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}}
Kiedis, who had recently become a father, planned to spend the time taking care of his son and developing a television series based on his autobiography, *Spider and Son.*{{cite web \|url \= http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20274341,00\.html \|title \= Anthony Kiedis's Red\-Hot Roommate? His Son \|work \= People \|first \= Mariso \|last \= Laudadio \|date \= April 23, 2009 \|access\-date \= May 11, 2012 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130623012946/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20274341,00\.html \|archive\-date \= June 23, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} Flea began taking [music theory](/wiki/Music_theory "Music theory") classes at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California"), and revealed plans to release a mainly instrumental solo record; guest musicians included [Patti Smith](/wiki/Patti_Smith "Patti Smith") and a choir from the [Silverlake Conservatory](/wiki/Silverlake_Conservatory_of_Music "Silverlake Conservatory of Music").{{Cite news \|url \= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/09/flea\-usc\-freshm.html \|title \= Flea, USC freshman, talks about his upcoming solo record \|author \= Wells, Annie \|date \= September 23, 2008 \|work \= Los Angeles Times \|access\-date \= September 29, 2008 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100205220722/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/09/flea\-usc\-freshm.html \|archive\-date \= February 5, 2010}} He also joined [Thom Yorke](/wiki/Thom_Yorke "Thom Yorke") in the supergroup [Atoms for Peace](/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace_%28band%29 "Atoms for Peace (band)").{{cite web \|last\=Dombal \|first\=Ryan \|date\=February 25, 2010 \|title\=Thom Yorke Names Solo Band, Lines Up American Spring Tour \|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/38018\-thom\-yorke\-names\-solo\-band\-lines\-up\-american\-spring\-tour/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227180356/http://pitchfork.com/news/38018\-thom\-yorke\-names\-solo\-band\-lines\-up\-american\-spring\-tour/ \|archive\-date\=February 27, 2010 \|access\-date\=March 2, 2010 \|website\=\[\[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]}} Frusciante released his album *[The Empyrean](/wiki/The_Empyrean "The Empyrean")*.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/jan/18/john\-frusciante\-the\-empyrean\-album\-review \|title \= CD: Rock review: John Frusciante, The Empyrean \|work \= The Observer \|first \= Chris \|last \= Campion \|date \= January 18, 2009 \|access\-date \= December 26, 2011 \|location \= London \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001005104/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/jan/18/john\-frusciante\-the\-empyrean\-album\-review \|archive\-date \= October 1, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} Smith worked with [Sammy Hagar](/wiki/Sammy_Hagar "Sammy Hagar"), [Joe Satriani](/wiki/Joe_Satriani "Joe Satriani"), and [Michael Anthony](/wiki/Michael_Anthony_%28musician%29 "Michael Anthony (musician)") in the supergroup [Chickenfoot](/wiki/Chickenfoot_%28band%29 "Chickenfoot (band)"), as well as on his solo project, [Chad Smith's Bombastic Meatbats](/wiki/Chad_Smith%27s_Bombastic_Meatbats "Chad Smith's Bombastic Meatbats").{{cite web \|last \= Firecloud \|first \= Johnny \|url \= http://www.craveonline.com/music/interviews/143702\-chad\-smith\-of\-rhcp\-chickenfoot\-and\-bombastic\-meatbats \|title \= Chad Smith of RHCP, Chickenfoot and Bombastic Meatbats \|publisher \= CraveOnline \|date \= September 17, 2009 \|access\-date \= February 14, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415174251/http://www.craveonline.com/music/interviews/143702\-chad\-smith\-of\-rhcp\-chickenfoot\-and\-bombastic\-meatbats \|archive\-date \= April 15, 2012 \|df \= mdy\-all}}
In July 2009, Frusciante again left the Chili Peppers, though no announcement was made until December. Frusciante explained on his [Myspace](/wiki/Myspace "Myspace") page that there was no ill feeling about his departure this time, and that he wanted to focus on his solo work.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.undercover.fm/news/9709\-john\-frusciante\-explains\-his\-departure\-from\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\|title\=John Frusciante Explains His Departure from Red Hot Chili Peppers\|date\=January 29, 2010\|website\=Undercover.com.au\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126001931/http://www.undercover.fm/news/9709\-john\-frusciante\-explains\-his\-departure\-from\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\|archive\-date\=January 26, 2011\|access\-date\=September 10, 2010}} In October 2009, the Chili Peppers entered the studio to begin writing their tenth studio album, with Klinghoffer replacing Frusciante.{{cite web \|url \= http://redhotchilipeppers.com/timeline \|title \= RHCP Timeline \|access\-date \= February 2, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002037/http://redhotchilipeppers.com/timeline \|archive\-date \= February 6, 2015 \|df \= mdy\-all}} In January 2010, the Chili Peppers made their live comeback in January 2010, paying tribute to [Neil Young](/wiki/Neil_Young "Neil Young") with a cover of "[A Man Needs a Maid](/wiki/A_Man_Needs_a_Maid_%28song%29 "A Man Needs a Maid (song)")" at MusiCares. In February, after months of speculation, Klinghoffer was confirmed as Frusciante's replacement.{{cite web \|date\=February 8, 2010 \|title\=GRAMMY Camper Nick Arnold Interview With Red Hot Chili Peppers' Drummer Chad Smith \|url\=http://grammycampblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/grammy\-camper\-nick\-arnold\-interviews.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312001811/http://grammycampblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/grammy\-camper\-nick\-arnold\-interviews.html \|archive\-date\=March 12, 2012 \|access\-date\=September 10, 2010 \|website\=Grammycampblog.blogspot.com}}
### 2011–2014: *I'm with You*
{{Main\|I'm with You (album)}}
Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded their tenth album, *I'm with You*, between September 2010 and March 2011\. They decided against releasing another double album, reducing the album to 14 tracks.[EXCLUSIVE: Anthony Kiedis Talks New RHCP Album](https://www.spin.com/2011/02/exclusive-anthony-kiedis-talks-new-rhcp-album/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416070750/https://www.spin.com/2011/02/exclusive\-anthony\-kiedis\-talks\-new\-rhcp\-album/ \|date\=April 16, 2019}}, *Spin* *I'm with You* was released in the US in August 2011\. It topped the charts in 18 countries, and received mostly positive reviews. "[The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Rain_Dance_Maggie "The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie")", became the band's 12th number\-one single.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/1666327/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-adventures\-rain\-dance\-maggie\-video\-kreayshawn/\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers' New Video To Be Directed By ... Kreayshawn?\|work\=MTV\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625001310/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-adventures\-rain\-dance\-maggie\-video\-kreayshawn.jhtml\|archive\-date\=June 25, 2011\|access\-date\=December 15, 2021}}{{cite news\|last\=Martens\|first\=Todd\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music\_blog/2011/07/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-filming\-latest\-video\-tonight\-on\-a\-venice\-rooftop.html\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers filming latest video tonight on a Venice rooftop\|date\=July 30, 2011\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=August 1, 2011\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801104012/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music\_blog/2011/07/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-filming\-latest\-video\-tonight\-on\-a\-venice\-rooftop.html\|archive\-date\=August 1, 2011}} "[Monarchy of Roses](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Roses "Monarchy of Roses")", "[Look Around](/wiki/Look_Around_%28song%29 "Look Around (song)")" and "[Did I Let You Know](/wiki/Did_I_Let_You_Know "Did I Let You Know")" (released only in [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil")), and "[Brendan's Death Song](/wiki/Brendan%27s_Death_Song "Brendan's Death Song")" were also released as singles.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\-news/john\-frusciante\-wont\-attend\-rock\-hall\-induction\-of\-chili\-peppers\-502875/\|title\=John Frusciante Won't Attend Rock Hall Induction of Chili Peppers\|date\=September 14, 2009\|magazine\=Billboard\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529143607/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/502875/john\-frusciante\-wont\-attend\-rock\-hall\-induction\-of\-chili\-peppers\|archive\-date\=May 29, 2013\|access\-date\=December 15, 2021}}
[thumb\|left\|A 2012 promotional image of the Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_2012-07-02_001.jpg "Red Hot Chili Peppers 2012-07-02 001.jpg")
In July 2011, the Chili Peppers played three invitation\-only warm\-up shows in California, their first since 2007\.{{cite web \|first \= Chris \|last \= Martins \|url \= https://www.spin.com/2011/07/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-rock\-big\-sur/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers Rock Big Sur \|website \= Spin.com \|date \= July 29, 2011 \|access\-date \= July 29, 2011 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150915224926/http://www.spin.com/2011/07/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-rock\-big\-sur/ \|archive\-date \= September 15, 2015 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|title \= Chili Peppers are Go \|url \= http://andigood.wordpress.com/2011/07/29/chili\-peppers\-are\-go/ \|website \= Andigood.wordpress.com \|access\-date \= June 24, 2017 \|date \= July 30, 2011 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120225141940/http://andigood.wordpress.com/2011/07/29/chili\-peppers\-are\-go/ \|archive\-date \= February 25, 2012 \|url\-status \= live}} They began a month\-long promotional tour in August 2011, starting in Asia. The [I'm with You World Tour](/wiki/I%27m_with_You_World_Tour "I'm with You World Tour") ran from September 2011 until 2013\. The North American leg, expected to begin in January 2012, was postponed to March due to a surgery Kiedis required for foot injuries he had sustained during the Stadium Arcadium tour. Following the *I'm with You World Tour*, the band set out on another [small tour](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_2013_Tour "Red Hot Chili Peppers 2013 Tour"), including their first shows in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska "Alaska"), [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay"), the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") and [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico").{{Cite web \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive \|url\=https://www.rhcplivearchive.com/livearchive \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-24 \|website\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive \|language\=en}} Recordings from the tours were released in 2012 on the free *[2011 Live EP](/wiki/2011_Live_EP "2011 Live EP").*{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2020}}
[thumb\|Flea and Smith at [Rock in Rio](/wiki/Rock_in_Rio "Rock in Rio") Madrid 2012](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Rock_in_Rio_Madrid_2012_-_34.jpg "Red Hot Chili Peppers - Rock in Rio Madrid 2012 - 34.jpg")
The Chili Peppers were nominated for two [MTV Europe Music Awards](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards "MTV Europe Music Awards") for *Best Rock Band* and *Best Live Artist*{{cite web \|url \= http://tv.mtvema.com/ \|title \= Mtv ema belfast 2011 \|date \= September 19, 2011 \|access\-date \= September 19, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160927004155/http://tv.mtvema.com/ \|archive\-date \= September 27, 2016 \|df \= mdy\-all}} and nominated for *Best Group* at the 2012 [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards "People's Choice Awards"){{cite web \|url \= http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/ \|title \= People's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees \|website \= PeoplesChoice.com \|access\-date \= February 14, 2012 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20161102071337/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/ \|archive\-date \= November 2, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}} *I'm with You* was also nominated for a [2012 Grammy Award](/wiki/54th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "54th Annual Grammy Awards") for [Best Rock Album](/wiki/Best_Rock_Album "Best Rock Album").{{cite web \|url \= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-nominated\-213700212\.html \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers Nominated for Best Rock Album Grammy(R) Award – Yahoo! Finance \|website\=Finance.yahoo.com \|date \= December 1, 2011 \|access\-date \= February 14, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120714180635/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-nominated\-213700212\.html \|archive\-date \= July 14, 2012 \|df \= mdy\-all}} In April 2012, the Chili Peppers were inducted into the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"). May saw the release of the download\-only *[Rock \& Roll Hall of Fame Covers EP](/wiki/Rock_%26_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_Covers_EP "Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Covers EP")*, comprising previously released studio and live covers of artists that had influenced the band. From August 2012, the band began releasing a series of singles as the *[I'm with You Sessions](/wiki/I%27m_with_You_Sessions "I'm with You Sessions"),* which were compiled on the *I'm Beside You* LP in November 2013 as a [Record Store Day](/wiki/Record_Store_Day "Record Store Day") exclusive.{{Cite web\|date\=April 21, 2020\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers From 1983 to 2020\|url\=https://www.ericcanto.com/en/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers/\|access\-date\=October 13, 2021\|language\=en\-US}}
In February 2014, the Chili Peppers joined [Bruno Mars](/wiki/Bruno_Mars "Bruno Mars") as performers at the [Super Bowl XLVIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII "Super Bowl XLVIII") half\-time show, watched by a record 115\.3 million viewers. The performance was met with mixed reviews for its use of backing music; Flea responded that it was an [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") rule for bands to pre\-record music due to time and technical issues, and that they had agreed because it was a once\-in\-a\-lifetime opportunity. He said Kiedis's vocals were completely live and the band had recorded "Give it Away" during rehearsals.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.reuters.com/article/nfl\-superbowl\-ratings\-idUSL3N0L83IM20140203 \|work \= Reuters \|title \= Despite rout, Super Bowl sets TV ratings record \-Fox \|date \= February 3, 2014 \|access\-date \= July 1, 2017 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20151020095041/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/nfl\-superbowl\-ratings\-idUSL3N0L83IM20140203 \|archive\-date \= October 20, 2015 \|url\-status \= live}} The band began [another tour](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_2013/2014_Tour "Red Hot Chili Peppers 2013/2014 Tour") in May 2013, which ended in June 2014\. *[2012\-13 Live EP](/wiki/2012-13_Live_EP "2012-13 Live EP")* was released in July 2014 through their website as a free download.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2020}}
### 2015–2018: *The Getaway*
{{Main\|The Getaway (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)}}
The Chili Peppers released *Fandemonium* in November 2014, a book dedicated to their fans.{{Cite book\|last\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers\|title\=Fandemonium\|publisher\=Running Press Adult\|year\=2014\|isbn\=978\-0762451487}} That December, they began work on their eleventh album, their first without producer [Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin "Rick Rubin") since 1989;{{cite web \|url \= http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\-topic/new\-titles/adult\-announcements/article/62975\-fall\-2014\-announcements\-music\-back\-to\-the\-80s.html \|title \= Fall 2014 Book Announcements: Music: Back to the '80s \|last \= Rotella \|first \= Mark \|work \= \[\[Publishers Weekly]] \|date \= June 20, 2014 \|access\-date \= August 19, 2014 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120347/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\-topic/new\-titles/adult\-announcements/article/62975\-fall\-2014\-announcements\-music\-back\-to\-the\-80s.html \|archive\-date \= August 26, 2014 \|url\-status \= live}} it was instead produced by [Danger Mouse](/wiki/Danger_Mouse_%28musician%29 "Danger Mouse (musician)").{{cite news \|url \= http://www.alternativenation.net/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-reveal\-producer\-new\-album/ \|work \= Alternative Nation \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers Reveal Producer Of New Album \|date \= February 2, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150202155425/http://www.alternativenation.net/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-reveal\-producer\-new\-album/ \|archive\-date \= February 2, 2015}} Flea broke his arm during a skiing trip, which delayed the recording for several months.{{cite news \|url \= http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/flea\_breaks\_arm\_in\_apparent\_skiing\_accident \|work \= Exclaim \|title \= Flea Breaks Arm in Apparent Skiing Accident \|date \= February 17, 2015 \|access\-date \= February 19, 2015 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150220010204/http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/flea\_breaks\_arm\_in\_apparent\_skiing\_accident \|archive\-date \= February 20, 2015 \|url\-status \= live}} "[Dark Necessities](/wiki/Dark_Necessities "Dark Necessities")", the first single from their upcoming album, was released on May 5\. Their eleventh album, *The Getaway*, was released in June.{{cite web \|url \= http://thegetaway.warnerbrosrecords.com/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers – The Getaway \|website \= Thegetaway.warnerbrosrecords.com \|access\-date \= June 17, 2016 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160617212727/http://thegetaway.warnerbrosrecords.com/ \|archive\-date \= June 17, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}} Kiedis said the songs were influenced by a two\-year relationship that fell apart.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=FAx7RZ7yJUQ \|title \= Anthony Kiedis interview – The Getaway (9 May 2016\) \|date \= May 9, 2016 \|publisher \= \[\[YouTube]] \|access\-date \= June 17, 2016 \|archive\-date \= May 21, 2021 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210521195732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=FAx7RZ7yJUQ \|url\-status \= live}} "Dark Necessities" became the band's 25th top\-ten single on the [*Billboard* Alternative Songs chart](/wiki/Billboard_Alternative_Songs_chart "Billboard Alternative Songs chart"), a record they hold over [U2](/wiki/U2 "U2").{{cite magazine \|first \= Kevin \|last \= Rutherford \|url \= https://www.billboard.com/pro/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-extend\-alternative\-songs\-chart\-record/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers Extend Alternative Songs Chart Record \|magazine \= Billboard \|date \= May 18, 2016 \|access\-date \= December 15, 2021 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160622104835/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/7377475/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-extend\-alternative\-songs\-chart\-record \|archive\-date \= June 22, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}} In February 2016, "Circle of the Noose", an unreleased song recorded with Navarro in 1998, was leaked.{{cite web \|last \= Fulmer \|first \= Elias \|url \= http://www.alternativenation.net/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-unreleased\-1998\-song\-circle\-of\-the\-noose\-leaks/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers' Unreleased 1998 Song "Circle of the Noose" Leaks \|website \= Alternativenation.net \|date \= February 3, 2016 \|access\-date \= June 17, 2016 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160611233954/http://www.alternativenation.net/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-unreleased\-1998\-song\-circle\-of\-the\-noose\-leaks/ \|archive\-date \= June 11, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}}
[thumb\|left\|The Red Hot Chili Peppers performing at [Rock am Ring](/wiki/Rock_am_Ring "Rock am Ring") in 2016](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Rock_am_Ring_2016_-2016156230638_2016-06-04_Rock_am_Ring_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0206_-_AK8I1154_mod.jpg "Red Hot Chili Peppers - Rock am Ring 2016 -2016156230638 2016-06-04 Rock am Ring - Sven - 1D X MK II - 0206 - AK8I1154 mod.jpg")
In May, the band released "The Getaway".{{cite web \|url \= http://redhotchilipeppers.com/news/526\-new\-song\-the\-getaway \|title \= New Song: "The Getaway" – RHCP News \|website \=Redhotchilipeppers.com \|access\-date \= June 17, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160629002054/http://redhotchilipeppers.com/news/526\-new\-song\-the\-getaway \|archive\-date \= June 29, 2016 \|df \= mdy\-all}} The music video for "Dark Necessities", directed by actress [Olivia Wilde](/wiki/Olivia_Wilde "Olivia Wilde"), was released in June 2016\.{{cite magazine \|last \= Leight \|first \= Elias \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/watch\-socal\-skaters\-in\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-dark\-necessities\-video\-43713/ \|title \= Watch SoCal Skaters in Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Dark Necessities' Video \|magazine \= \[\[Rolling Stone]] \|date \= June 16, 2016 \|access\-date \= December 15, 2021 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160618060939/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch\-socal\-skaters\-in\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-dark\-necessities\-video\-20160616 \|archive\-date \= June 18, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}} *The Getaway* made its debut at number 2 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") chart, behind [Drake](/wiki/Drake_%28rapper%29 "Drake (rapper)"), who had the number\-one album for eight consecutive weeks. *The Getaway* outsold Drake its opening week with album sales of 108,000 to 33,000 (actually placing him at 4th in sales for the week) though due to album streaming, Drake managed to top the band for the top position in the charts.{{cite magazine \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/on\-the\-charts\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-cant\-dethrone\-drake\-97611/ \|title \= On the Charts: Red Hot Chili Peppers Can't Dethrone Drake \|magazine \= \[\[Rolling Stone]] \|date \= June 26, 2016 \|access\-date \= December 15, 2021 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20161106153104/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/on\-the\-charts\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-cant\-dethrone\-drake\-20160626 \|archive\-date \= November 6, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|url \= http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2016/06/this\-is\-getting\-ridiculous\-ret\-hot.html \|title \= This is Getting Ridiculous: Red Hot Chili Peppers Outsell Drake 3\-to\-1 Yet Drake Will Have the Number 1 Album \|access\-date \= January 11, 2017 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20161029200119/http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2016/06/this\-is\-getting\-ridiculous\-ret\-hot.html \|archive\-date \= October 29, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}} In July 2016, the *[Live In Paris EP](/wiki/Live_In_Paris_EP "Live In Paris EP")* was released exclusively through the [music streaming](/wiki/Music_streaming "Music streaming") website [Deezer](/wiki/Deezer "Deezer"). "Go Robot" was announced as the second single from *The Getaway*. In the same month, the band members started to post images from the set of the music video.{{cite tweet\|number\=757973260407541760\|user\=RHCPchad\|title\=No rest for the wicked..\#doorman\|access\-date\= January 11, 2017 \|date\=July 26, 2016}} *The Getaway* was reissued on limited edition pink vinyl in September, as part of 10 Bands 1 Cause. All money from sales of the re\-issue went to [Gilda's Club](/wiki/Gilda%27s_Club "Gilda's Club") NYC an organization that provides community support for both those diagnosed with cancer and their caretakers. It is named after comedian [Gilda Radner](/wiki/Gilda_Radner "Gilda Radner").{{cite web \|url \= http://www.10bands1cause.com/ \|title \= 10 Bands 1 Cause \|website \= 10bands1cause.com \|access\-date \= July 29, 2016 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160724145124/http://www.10bands1cause.com/ \|archive\-date \= July 24, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}}
The band began the headlining portion of the [Getaway World Tour](/wiki/The_Getaway_World_Tour "The Getaway World Tour") in September with the North American leg, featuring Jack Irons, the band's original drummer, as an opening act, beginning in January 2017\.{{cite web \|url \= http://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/432161/2017\-north\-american\-tour \|title \= 2017 North American Tour – Red Hot Chili Peppers \|access\-date \= January 11, 2017 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113556/https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/432161/2017\-north\-american\-tour \|archive\-date \= September 1, 2018 \|url\-status \= dead}} [Dave Rat](/wiki/Dave_Rat "Dave Rat"), the band's sound engineer since 1991, announced that following the show of January 22, 2017, he would no longer be working with the band.{{cite web \|url \= http://ratsound.com/daveswordpress/2017/01/11/new\-orleans\-and\-6/ \|title \= New Orleans and 6 \|date \= January 12, 2017 \|access\-date \= January 23, 2017 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170116215159/http://ratsound.com/daveswordpress/2017/01/11/new\-orleans\-and\-6/ \|archive\-date \= January 16, 2017 \|url\-status \= live}}
The Getaway World Tour concluded in October 2017\. The tour consisted of 151 shows lasting a year and almost five months.{{cite tweet\|user\=ChiliPeppers\|author\=Red Hot ChiliPeppers\|number\=921034284676329472\|date\=October 19, 2017\|title\=and thats a wrap 🤘🏽... thanks everyone for hangin with us on The Getaway tour}} In December, the band headlined the Band Together 2 Benefit Concert at the [Bill Graham Civic Auditorium](/wiki/Bill_Graham_Civic_Auditorium "Bill Graham Civic Auditorium") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). Money raised from the concert went to the Tipping Point Emergency Relief Fund which between 2005 and 2017 raised $150 million to educate, employ, house and support those in need in the [Bay Area](/wiki/Bay_Area "Bay Area").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/28/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-headline\-band\-together\-2\-benefit\-concert/\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers headline Band Together 2 Benefit Concert\|date\=November 28, 2017\|website\=Mercurynews.com\|access\-date\=November 29, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130060133/http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/28/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-headline\-band\-together\-2\-benefit\-concert/\|archive\-date\=November 30, 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2019–2023: Frusciante's second return, *Unlimited Love*, and *Return of the Dream Canteen*
{{main\|Unlimited Love\|Return of the Dream Canteen}}
The recording of the next Chili Peppers album was delayed due to the [Woolsey Fire](/wiki/Woolsey_Fire "Woolsey Fire"); the band performed a benefit show for fire victims on January 13, 2019\.{{cite web\|title\=RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS: Writing Sessions For New Album Were Halted By Woolsey Fire\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-writing\-sessions\-for\-new\-album\-were\-halted\-by\-woolsey\-fire/\|website\=Blabbermouth.net\|date\=January 16, 2019\|access\-date\=January 16, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117020748/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-writing\-sessions\-for\-new\-album\-were\-halted\-by\-woolsey\-fire/\|archive\-date\=January 17, 2019\|url\-status\=live}} In February, they performed "Dark Necessities" with rapper [Post Malone](/wiki/Post_Malone "Post Malone") at the [61st Annual Grammy Awards](/wiki/61st_Annual_Grammy_Awards "61st Annual Grammy Awards").{{cite web\|title\=Post Malone and Red Hot Chili Peppers to Perform Together at 2019 Grammys\|url\=https://www.spin.com/2019/01/post\-malone\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-2019\-grammys/\|website\=Spin \|date\=January 24, 2019\|access\-date\=January 24, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125022029/https://www.spin.com/2019/01/post\-malone\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-2019\-grammys/\|archive\-date\=January 25, 2019\|url\-status\=live \|last\=Serota \|first\=Maggie }}{{cite web\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers and Post Malone team up at 2019 Grammys: Watch\|url\=https://consequence.net/2019/02/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-post\-malone\-perform\-grammys\-performance/\|website\=Consequence\|date\=February 11, 2019\|access\-date\=December 15, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211073958/https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/02/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-post\-malone\-perform\-grammys\-performance/\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2019\|url\-status\=live \|last\=Schatz \|first\=Lake }} They appeared in Malone's music video for "[Wow](/wiki/Wow_%28Post_Malone_song%29 "Wow (Post Malone song)")", released in March.{{cite web\|title\=Post Malone Releases A Music Video, But Not Really A Music Video, For 'Wow' \|last\=Alston \|first\=Trey \|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/3117653/post\-malone\-wow\-video/\|website\=MTV\|date\=March 20, 2019\|access\-date\=March 20, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321141444/http://www.mtv.com/news/3117653/post\-malone\-wow\-video/\|archive\-date\=March 21, 2019\|url\-status\=dead}}
[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|Red Hot Chili Peppers performing at the Ohana Music Festival in September 2019, three months before Klinghoffer was replaced by Frusciante](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_at_Ohana2019-296_%2849679352827%29.jpg "Red Hot Chili Peppers at Ohana2019-296 (49679352827).jpg")
In February 2019, the Chili Peppers began a month\-long tour, featuring their first headlining shows in Australia in 12 years,{{cite web\|title\=ADDITIONAL OZ/NZ SHOWS\|url\=https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/457376/second\-sydney\-auckland\-shows\-announced\|website\=Redhotchilipeppers.com\|date\=November 22, 2018\|access\-date\=November 27, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075313/https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/457376/second\-sydney\-auckland\-shows\-announced\|archive\-date\=November 28, 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} including their first show in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania "Tasmania"), which was briefly halted due to a power outage.{{cite web\|title\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers first Tasmania show ever halted after epic tech blunder\|url\=https://metro.co.uk/2019/02/17/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-first\-tasmania\-show\-ever\-halted\-epic\-tech\-blunder\-8649339/\|website\=Metro\|date\=February 17, 2019\|access\-date\=February 19, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218144802/https://metro.co.uk/2019/02/17/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-first\-tasmania\-show\-ever\-halted\-epic\-tech\-blunder\-8649339/\|archive\-date\=February 18, 2019\|url\-status\=live}} On March 15, they performed in Egypt, becoming one of the few acts allowed to perform at the [Pyramids of Giza](/wiki/Pyramids_of_Giza "Pyramids of Giza").{{cite web\|title\=RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS TO PERFORM AT EGYPT'S PYRAMIDS OF GIZA\|url\=http://loudwire.com/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-egypt\-pyramids\-of\-giza/\|website\=Loudwire.com\|date\=January 16, 2019\|access\-date\=January 16, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117001819/http://loudwire.com/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-egypt\-pyramids\-of\-giza/\|archive\-date\=January 17, 2019\|url\-status\=live}} The performance was [livestreamed](/wiki/Live_streamed "Live streamed").{{cite web\|title\=LIVE STREAM FROM EGYPT\|url\=https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/459053/live\-stream\-from\-egypt\|website\=Redhotchilipeppers.com\|date\=March 8, 2019\|access\-date\=March 10, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404171458/https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/459053/live\-stream\-from\-egypt\|archive\-date\=April 4, 2019\|url\-status\=dead}} On October 26, the photographer David Mushegain announced that a Chili Peppers documentary was in the works.{{Cite web\|url\=http://exclaim.ca/film/article/red\_hot\_chili\_peppers\_prepping\_new\_documentary\_film\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Prep New Documentary Film\|website\=Exclaim\|date\=October 26, 2019 \|language\=en\-ca\|access\-date\=April 18, 2020\|archive\-date\=April 18, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418155759/https://exclaim.ca/film/article/red\_hot\_chili\_peppers\_prepping\_new\_documentary\_film\|url\-status\=live}}
On December 15, 2019, the Chili Peppers announced that, after 10 years, Frusciante had rejoined, replacing Klinghoffer. They wrote that Klinghoffer was "a beautiful musician who we respect and love".{{Cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/john\-frusciante\-rejoins\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-josh\-klinghoffer\-927387/\|title\=John Frusciante Rejoins Red Hot Chili Peppers; Josh Klinghoffer Exits\|last\=Kreps\|first\=Daniel\|date\=December 15, 2019\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=April 18, 2020\|archive\-date\=December 15, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215222846/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/john\-frusciante\-rejoins\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-josh\-klinghoffer\-927387/\|url\-status\=live}} In an interview, Klinghoffer said there was no animosity: "It's absolutely John's place to be in that band ... I'm happy that he's back with them."{{cite web \|url\=https://consequence.net/2020/01/josh\-klinghoffer\-chili\-peppers\-firing/\|title\=Josh Klinghoffer calls firing from Red Hot Chili Peppers a "pretty simple" decision \|date\=January 23, 2020 \|publisher\=Consequence \|access\-date\=December 15, 2021 \|archive\-date\=January 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124133745/https://consequenceofsound.net/2020/01/josh\-klinghoffer\-chili\-peppers\-firing/ \|url\-status\=live}} On November 2, the Chili Peppers performed their final show with Klinghoffer, at a charity event at the Silverlake Conservatory of Music in Los Angeles.{{cite web \|date\=December 16, 2019 \|title\=Watch Red Hot Chili Peppers' Final Concert With Josh Klinghoffer \|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/watch\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-163850377\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170211/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/watch\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-163850377\.html \|archive\-date\=December 17, 2019 \|access\-date\=December 17, 2019 \|website\=yahoo.com}} Klinghoffer released his debut solo album, *[To Be One with You](/wiki/To_Be_One_with_You "To Be One with You")*, on November 22, 2019, featuring Flea and the former Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons.{{cite web \|date\=October 4, 2019 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Josh Klinghoffer announces debut solo album as Pluralone \|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-josh\-171249395\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029194427/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-josh\-171249395\.html \|archive\-date\=October 29, 2019 \|access\-date\=October 29, 2019 \|website\=Yahoo}}
On February 8, 2020, Frusciante performed with the Chili Peppers for the first time in 13 years at a memorial service held by the [Tony Hawk Foundation](/wiki/Tony_Hawk_Foundation "Tony Hawk Foundation") for the film producer Andrew Burkle, the son of billionaire [Ronald Burkle](/wiki/Ronald_Burkle "Ronald Burkle").{{Cite web \|title\=Watch RHCP and John Frusciante Perform Live for the First Time Since 2007 \|url\=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/watch\_rhcp\_and\_john\_frusciante\_perform\_live\_for\_the\_first\_time\_since\_2007 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212103648/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/watch\_rhcp\_and\_john\_frusciante\_perform\_live\_for\_the\_first\_time\_since\_2007 \|archive\-date\=February 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=February 9, 2020 \|website\=exclaim.ca \|date\=February 8, 2020 \|language\=en\-ca}} Shows were scheduled for three festivals that May,{{Cite web \|title\=After COVID\-19's over, prepare for a hug from Flea \|url\=https://www.933thedrive.com/2020/03/20/after\-covid\-19s\-over\-prepare\-for\-a\-hug\-from\-flea/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308170835/https://www.933thedrive.com/2020/03/20/after\-covid\-19s\-over\-prepare\-for\-a\-hug\-from\-flea/ \|archive\-date\=March 8, 2021 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2020 \|website\=93\.3 The Drive \|language\=en}} but were cancelled due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{Cite web \|author\= \|title\=Hangout Music Festival 2020 canceled due to COVID\-19 \|url\=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/03/31/coronavirus\-florida\-2020\-hangout\-music\-festival\-canceled/5099357002/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412132045/https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/03/31/coronavirus\-florida\-2020\-hangout\-music\-festival\-canceled/5099357002/ \|archive\-date\=April 12, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2020 \|website\=USA Today \|language\=en\-US}} In August, the former Chili Peppers guitarist [Jack Sherman](/wiki/Jack_Sherman "Jack Sherman") died aged 64; the band issued a statement thanking him for "all times good, bad and in between".{{Cite web\|author\=\|date\=August 22, 2020\|title\=Jack Sherman, former Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist, dies aged 64\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/22/jack\-sherman\-former\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-guitarist\-dies\-aged\-64\|access\-date\=August 22, 2020\|website\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=August 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822111002/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/22/jack\-sherman\-former\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-guitarist\-dies\-aged\-64\|url\-status\=live}}
On April 24, 2021, the Chili Peppers announced that they had left Q Prime, their management company for the previous 20 years, and would now be managed by their longtime friend [Guy Oseary](/wiki/Guy_Oseary "Guy Oseary"), founder of [Maverick Records](/wiki/Maverick_Records "Maverick Records").{{cite web \|url\=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-guy\-oseary\-management\-1234958279/ \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Go With Guy Oseary for Management \|work\=Variety \|date\=April 23, 2021 \|access\-date\=April 24, 2021 \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424183401/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-guy\-oseary\-management\-1234958279/ \|url\-status\=live}} On May 3, it was reported that the Red Hot Chili Peppers would sell their back catalogue to [Hipgnosis Songs Fund](/wiki/Hipgnosis_Songs_Fund "Hipgnosis Songs Fund") for $140–$150 million.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.msn.com/en\-us/music/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-to\-sell\-catalog\-for\-24150\-million/ar\-BB1gkgXb?ocid\=BingNewsSearch\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers to Sell Catalog for $150 Million\|publisher\=MSN\|access\-date\=May 3, 2021\|archive\-date\=May 4, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504020515/https://www.msn.com/en\-us/music/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-to\-sell\-catalog\-for\-24150\-million/ar\-BB1gkgXb?ocid\=BingNewsSearch\|url\-status\=live}} On March 31, the Chili Peppers received a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame "Hollywood Walk of Fame").{{Cite magazine \|last\=Zhu \|first\=Jude \|date\=March 31, 2022 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Reflect on Their LA Beginnings at Hollywood Walk of Fame Ceremony: 'I Know This Street Inside Out' \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-hollywood\-walk\-of\-fame\-star\-1235053308/ \|magazine\=Billboard \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=April 1, 2022}}
[thumb\|The band performing in July 2023](/wiki/File:RHChiliPeppersSpurs210723_%2849_of_90%29_%2853065772693%29.jpg "RHChiliPeppersSpurs210723 (49 of 90) (53065772693).jpg")
The 12th Red Hot Chili Peppers album, *[Unlimited Love](/wiki/Unlimited_Love "Unlimited Love")*, produced by Rubin, was released on April 1, 2022\. It debuted at number one in ten countries, becoming the first US number\-one Chili Peppers album since *Stadium Arcadium*.{{Cite web\|first\=Keith\|last\=Caulfield\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-unlimited\-213029289\.html\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Unlimited Love' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\|website\=yahoo.com\|date\=April 10, 2022\|access\-date\=April 11, 2022}} It was promoted with the singles "[Black Summer](/wiki/Black_Summer_%28song%29 "Black Summer (song)")"{{Cite web\|last\=Strauss\|first\=Matthew\|date\=February 4, 2022\|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers announce new album ''Unlimited Love'', share video for new song 'Black Summer': Watch\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-announce\-new\-album\-unlimited\-love\-share\-new\-song\-black\-summer\-listen/\|access\-date\=February 4, 2022\|website\=\[\[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]\|language\=en\-US}} and "[These Are the Ways](/wiki/These_Are_the_Ways "These Are the Ways")".{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.howardstern.com/news/2022/04/01/anthony\-kiedis\-runs\-from\-the\-cops\-in\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-these\-are\-the\-ways\-music\-video/\|title\=ANTHONY KIEDIS RUNS FROM THE COPS IN RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS' 'THESE ARE THE WAYS' MUSIC VIDEO\|website\=howardstern.com\|access\-date\=April 1, 2022}} *[NME](/wiki/NME "NME")* wrote that *Unlimited Love* shared the "melancholic riffmaking, anthemic choruses and softly\-sung melodies" of Frusciante's previous work with the Chili Peppers, but introduced new "grungy" and acoustic elements.{{Cite web \|last\=Flood \|first\=Alex \|date\=February 4, 2022 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers: 'We feel fresh, like a new band' \|url\=https://www.nme.com/big\-reads/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-cover\-interview\-2022\-unlimited\-love\-3152682 \|access\-date\=February 4, 2022 \|website\=\[\[NME]] \|language\=en\-US}}
On the day of the release, the broadcasting company [Sirius XM](/wiki/Sirius_XM "Sirius XM") launched a dedicated Red Hot Chili Peppers channel, Whole Lotta Red Hot, featuring music videos, live performances and acts that influenced the Chili Peppers.{{Cite web \|last\=Aubrey \|first\=Elizabeth \|date\=March 30, 2022 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers to launch own SiriusXM channel \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-to\-launch\-own\-siriusxm\-channel\-3194418 \|access\-date\=April 2, 2022 \|website\=\[\[NME]] \|language\=en\-GB}} On June 4, the Red Hot Chili Peppers began their [Global Stadium Tour](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_2022%E2%80%932024_Global_Stadium_Tour "Red Hot Chili Peppers 2022–2024 Global Stadium Tour").{{Cite web \|last\=Hussey \|first\=Allison \|date\=October 7, 2021 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers reveal 2022 tour dates with the Strokes, Haim, St. Vincent, more \|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-reveal\-2022\-tour\-dates/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217223446/https://pitchfork.com/news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-reveal\-2022\-tour\-dates/ \|archive\-date\=February 17, 2022 \|access\-date\=March 4, 2022 \|website\=\[\[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]] \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite magazine \|last\=Kauffman \|first\=Gil \|date\=2022\-12\-05 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Announce 2023 World Tour Featuring Iggy Pop, The Roots, The Strokes \& More\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-announce\-143422844\.html\|magazine\=\[\[Yahoo]] \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-05}} The 13th Chili Peppers album, *[Return of the Dream Canteen](/wiki/Return_of_the_Dream_Canteen "Return of the Dream Canteen")*, recorded during the same sessions as *Unlimited Love,* was released on October 14\.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Kreps \|first\=Daniel \|date\=July 24, 2022 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers announce second album of 2022, ''Return of the Dream Canteen'' \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-new\-album\-return\-of\-the\-dream\-canteen\-1387388/ \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=July 24, 2022}} The first single, "[Tippa My Tongue](/wiki/Tippa_My_Tongue "Tippa My Tongue")", was released in August,{{cite magazine \|last\=Graff \|first\=Gary \|date\=August 19, 2022 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Lick New Release 'Tippa My Tongue': 'It's Got P\-Funk In It' \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-tippa\-my\-tongue\-1235128595/ \|access\-date\=August 19, 2022 \|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]}} followed by "[The Drummer](/wiki/The_Drummer_%28song%29 "The Drummer (song)")" in October.{{Cite news \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers' Synth\-y New Single "The Drummer" Gets Video \|url\=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/red\_hot\_chili\_peppers\_the\_drummer\_video \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-18 \|website\=exclaim.ca}} The band's former drummer [D.H. Peligro](/wiki/D.H._Peligro "D.H. Peligro") died at the age of 63 on October 28\.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Haring \|first\=Bruce \|date\=October 29, 2022 \|title\=D.H. Peligro Dies: Drummer For Dead Kennedys, Red Hot Chili Peppers Was 63 \|url\=https://deadline.com/2022/10/d\-h\-peligro\-dead\-drummer\-for\-dead\-kennedys\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-was\-63\-1235158334/\|magazine\=Deadline \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=October 30, 2022}}
### 2024–present: Upcoming fourteenth album
In April 2024, Smith said the Chili Peppers would take a break following their 2024 tour dates, and would start writing their next album in 2025\.{{Cite magazine \|date\=April 21, 2024 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Will Begin Writing New Songs In 2025, According To Chad! (April 21, 2024\) \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=EdL3hM64HPY\|magazine\=YouTube \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=April 23, 2024}} In July, Klinghoffer was sued for [wrongful death](/wiki/Wrongful_death "Wrongful death") after striking a pedestrian and killing him in March 2024\.{{cite magazine \|date\=July 10, 2024 \|title\=Former Red Hot Chili Peppers Guitarist Josh Klinghoffer Sued for Wrongful Death Over Fatal Traffic Accident \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-guitarist\-josh\-klinghoffer\-fatal\-traffic\-accident\-sued\-1235057068/ \|access\-date\=July 10, 2024 \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \|publisher\=}} For the closing ceremony of the [2024 Paris Olympics](/wiki/2024_Paris_Olympics "2024 Paris Olympics") on August 11, the Chili Peppers provided a performance of "Can't Stop" ("Eddie" was performed during a post\-Olympics special on [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC")){{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=2024\-08\-12 \|title\=Red Hot Chili Peppers \- Eddie \- Paris 2024 Olympic Games \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=P\_\_\-\_\_G3VLU \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-12 \|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|language\=en\-US}} in [Long Beach, California](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California "Long Beach, California"), representing Los Angeles, where the [2028 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics "2028 Summer Olympics") will be held.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Legaspi \|first\=Althea \|date\=2024\-08\-11 \|title\=Billie Eilish, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Snoop Dogg, H.E.R. Perform at Olympics Closing Ceremony \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/billie\-eilish\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-snoop\-dogg\-h\-e\-r\-perform\-olympics\-closing\-ceremony\-paris\-1235077980/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-11 \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \|language\=en\-US}}{{cite web \|last1\=Tolentino \|first1\=Daysia \|title\=Snoop Dogg, Billie Eilish and Red Hot Chili Peppers usher in L.A. 2028 \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/sports/olympics/phoenix\-air\-snoop\-dogg\-billie\-eilish\-paris\-closing\-ceremony\-rcna166146 \|publisher\=NBC News \|access\-date\=13 August 2024 \|date\=11 August 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1982–1984: Early history",
"[thumb\\|The band in 1984\\. From left: [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 \"Flea (musician)\"), [Anthony Kiedis](/wiki/Anthony_Kiedis \"Anthony Kiedis\"), [Jack Sherman](/wiki/Jack_Sherman \"Jack Sherman\") and [Cliff Martinez](/wiki/Cliff_Martinez \"Cliff Martinez\").](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers%2C_1984.jpg \"Red Hot Chili Peppers, 1984.jpg\")",
"The Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") in 1982 by singer [Anthony Kiedis](/wiki/Anthony_Kiedis \"Anthony Kiedis\"), guitarist [Hillel Slovak](/wiki/Hillel_Slovak \"Hillel Slovak\"), bassist [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 \"Flea (musician)\"), and drummer [Jack Irons](/wiki/Jack_Irons \"Jack Irons\"), classmates at [Fairfax High School](/wiki/Fairfax_High_School_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Fairfax High School (Los Angeles)\").{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p5241\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers \\> Biography \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2007 \\|author\\=Prato, Greg \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} Their first performance was on December 16, 1982, at the Grandia Room club on [Hollywood Boulevard](/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard \"Hollywood Boulevard\") to a crowd of approximately 30\\. Gary Allen, a friend of the band, was hosting a release party for his new EP and asked Kiedis and Flea to put together an opening act.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Duncan \\|first\\=Hamish \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1333620372 \\|title\\=Out in L.A. : the Red Hot Chili Peppers 1983 \\|date\\=2023 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-64160\\-801\\-5 \\|location\\=Chicago, Illinois \\|oclc\\=1333620372}}",
"At the time, Slovak and Irons were already committed to another group, [What Is This?](/wiki/What_Is_This%3F \"What Is This?\"); however, the new band was asked to return the following week.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=106}} In March, they changed their name to the Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing several shows at Los Angeles venues. Six songs from these shows were on the band's first [demo tape](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 \"Demo (music)\").{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=115}} In November 1983, manager [Lindy Goetz](/wiki/Lindy_Goetz \"Lindy Goetz\") struck a seven\\-album deal with [EMI America](/wiki/EMI_America \"EMI America\") and [Enigma Records](/wiki/Enigma_Records \"Enigma Records\"). Two weeks earlier, however, What Is This? had also obtained a record deal with [MCA](/wiki/MCA_Records \"MCA Records\"), and in December Slovak and Irons quit the Red Hot Chili Peppers to focus on What Is This?.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=127}} Flea and Kiedis recruited [Weirdos](/wiki/The_Weirdos \"The Weirdos\") drummer [Cliff Martinez](/wiki/Cliff_Martinez \"Cliff Martinez\") and guitarist [Jack Sherman](/wiki/Jack_Sherman_%28guitarist%29 \"Jack Sherman (guitarist)\").Kiedis, Sloman, 2004\\.",
"The band released their debut album, *[The Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/The_Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_%28album%29 \"The Red Hot Chili Peppers (album)\")*, in August 1984\\. Airplay on [college radio](/wiki/Campus_radio \"Campus radio\") and [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") helped build a fan base,{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p5241\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers \\> Overview \\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2009 \\|author\\=Prato, Greg \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} and the album sold 300,000 copies. [Gang of Four](/wiki/Gang_of_Four_%28band%29 \"Gang of Four (band)\") guitarist [Andy Gill](/wiki/Andy_Gill \"Andy Gill\"), who produced the album, pushed the band to play with a cleaner, more radio\\-friendly sound,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=144}} and the band was disappointed with the result, finding it over\\-polished.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=145}} The album included backing vocals by Gwen Dickey, the singer for the 1970s [disco funk](/wiki/Disco_funk \"Disco funk\") group [Rose Royce](/wiki/Rose_Royce \"Rose Royce\").Jeff Apter, Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Pepper's story. The band embarked on a gruelling tour, performing 60 shows in 64 days. During the tour, continuing musical and lifestyle tension between Kiedis and Sherman complicated the transition between concert and daily band life.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=133–134}} Sherman was fired in February 1985,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://rhcplivearchive.com/show/feb\\-16\\-1985\\-new\\-orleans\\-la\\-1906\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive\\|website\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=February 6, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206092320/http://rhcplivearchive.com/show/feb\\-16\\-1985\\-new\\-orleans\\-la\\-1906\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and Slovak, who had just quit What Is This?, rejoined the band.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=132}}",
"### 1985–1988: Building a following, drug abuse, and death of Slovak",
"[thumb\\|Vocalist [Anthony Kiedis](/wiki/Anthony_Kiedis \"Anthony Kiedis\") and bassist [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 \"Flea (musician)\") (pictured in August 1989\\) have remained with the Red Hot Chili Peppers through the band's history.\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg \"RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg\")\nThe second Chili Peppers album, *[Freaky Styley](/wiki/Freaky_Styley \"Freaky Styley\")* (1985\\), was produced by [funk](/wiki/Funk \"Funk\") musician [George Clinton](/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29 \"George Clinton (funk musician)\"), who introduced elements of punk and funk into the band's repertoire.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r16298\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=Freaky Styley \\> Review \\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2007 \\|author\\=Birchmeier, Jason \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} The album featured [Maceo Parker](/wiki/Maceo_Parker \"Maceo Parker\") and [Fred Wesley](/wiki/Fred_Wesley \"Fred Wesley\"). The band used heroin while recording the album, which influenced the lyrics and music.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=172}} The band had a much better relationship with Clinton than with Gill,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=175}} but *Freaky Styley*, released on August 16, 1985, also achieved little success, failing to make an impression on any chart. The band also considered the subsequent tour unproductive.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=178–179}}{{cite news \\|title \\= What's Red Hot and Chili (Advertisement) \\|page \\= 4 \\|newspaper \\= Commonwealth Times \\|location \\= Richmond Va \\|date \\= November 12, 1985 \\|url \\= http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/com/id/7497 \\|access\\-date \\= June 6, 2013 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140420005727/http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/com/id/7497 \\|archive\\-date \\= April 20, 2014 \\|url\\-status \\= dead}}{{cite news \\|last \\= Cope \\|first \\= Michael \\|title \\= Photos from RHCP Tour, Nov. 16, 1985, Richmond Va. \\|pages \\= 1, 11–12 \\|newspaper \\= Commonwealth Times \\|location \\= Richmond Va \\|date \\= November 12, 1985 \\|url \\= http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/com/id/7532 \\|access\\-date \\= June 6, 2013 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928232152/http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/com/id/7532 \\|archive\\-date \\= September 28, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= dead}} Despite the lack of success, the band was satisfied with *Freaky Styley*; Kiedis reflected that \"it so surpassed anything we thought we could have done that we were thinking we were on the road to enormity.\"{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=176}} Around this time, the band appeared in the 1986 films *[Thrashin'](/wiki/Thrashin%27_%28film%29 \"Thrashin' (film)\")*, playing the song \"Blackeyed Blonde\" from *Freaky Styley,* and *[Tough Guys](/wiki/Tough_Guys \"Tough Guys\")*, performing the unreleased song \"Set It Straight\".{{cite web \\|last\\=Snider \\|first\\=Eric \\|date\\=May 26, 2011 \\|title\\=Eric's Bad Movies: Thrashin' (1986\\) \\|url\\=https://www.mtv.com/news/ztma7d/erics\\-bad\\-movies\\-thrashin\\-1986 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131195112/https://www.mtv.com/news/ztma7d/erics\\-bad\\-movies\\-thrashin\\-1986 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=MTV}}",
"In early 1986, EMI gave the Chili Peppers $5,000 to record a demo tape for their next album. They chose to work with producer [Keith Levene](/wiki/Keith_Levene \"Keith Levene\") from [Public Image Ltd](/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd \"Public Image Ltd\"), as he shared their interest in drugs.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=187}} Levene and Slovak put aside $2,000 of the budget to spend on heroin and [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\"), which created tension between the band members. Martinez's \"heart was no longer in the band\", but he did not quit, so Kiedis and Flea fired him in April 1986\\.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=188}} Irons rejoined the band, to their surprise; it marked the first time all four founding members were together since 1983\\. During the recording and subsequent tour of *Freaky Styley*, Kiedis and Slovak were dealing with debilitating heroin addictions. Due to his addiction, Kiedis \"didn't have the same drive or desire to come up with ideas or lyrics\" and appeared at rehearsal \"literally asleep\".{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=191}}",
"For their third album, the Chili Peppers attempted to hire [Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin \"Rick Rubin\") to produce, but he declined due to the band's increasing drug problems. They eventually hired [Michael Beinhorn](/wiki/Michael_Beinhorn \"Michael Beinhorn\") from the art funk project [Material](/wiki/Material_%28band%29 \"Material (band)\"), their last choice.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|pp\\=130–141}} The early attempts at recording were halted due to Kiedis's worsening drug problems, and Kiedis was briefly fired.{{cite web \\|last \\= Hughes \\|first \\= Joe \\|url \\= https://www.alternativenation.net/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-fired\\-anthony\\-kiedis\\-terrible\\-reason/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers Fired Anthony Kiedis For Terrible Reason \\|publisher \\= Alternative Nation \\|date \\= April 14, 2019 \\|access\\-date \\= April 21, 2019 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190421205233/https://www.alternativenation.net/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-fired\\-anthony\\-kiedis\\-terrible\\-reason/ \\|archive\\-date \\= April 21, 2019 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} After the band were named \"band of the year\" by *[LA Weekly](/wiki/LA_Weekly \"LA Weekly\")*, Kiedis entered [drug rehabilitation](/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation \"Drug rehabilitation\").{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=193}} The band auditioned new singers,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=199}} but Kiedis, now sober, rejoined the recording sessions with new enthusiasm.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=200}} Songs formed quickly, blending the funk feel and rhythms of *Freaky Styley* with a harder, more immediate approach to [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\"). The album was recorded in the basement of the [Capitol Records Building](/wiki/Capitol_Records_Building \"Capitol Records Building\").{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=204}} The recording process was difficult; Kiedis would frequently disappear to seek drugs;{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=184}} after fifty days of sobriety, Kiedis had decided to take drugs again to celebrate his new music.",
"The third Red Hot Chili Peppers album, *[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan](/wiki/The_Uplift_Mofo_Party_Plan \"The Uplift Mofo Party Plan\")*, was released in September 1987 and peaked at No. 148 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") chart,{{cite magazine\\|url\\={{BillboardURLbyName\\|artist\\=red hot chili peppers\\|chart\\=Billboard 200}} \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Album \\& Song Chart History: Billboard 200 \\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2011 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]}} a significant improvement over their earlier albums. The band immediately embarked on a two and a half month North American tour to promote the release, accompanied by [Faith No More](/wiki/Faith_No_More \"Faith No More\") as support who were also promoting their new album *[Introduce Yourself](/wiki/Introduce_Yourself \"Introduce Yourself\")*.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Bowie\\|first\\=Andrew\\|title\\=1987 Faith No More Shows\\|url\\=http://www.fnmlive.com/1987\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2021\\|website\\=Faith No More Gig Database}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=1987 Red Hot Chili Peppers Shows\\|url\\=http://www.rhcplivearchive.com/year/1987\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2021\\|website\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive\\|language\\=en}} During this period, however, Kiedis and Slovak had both developed serious drug addictions,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=219–225}} often disappearing for days on end. Slovak died from a [heroin overdose](/wiki/Heroin_overdose \"Heroin overdose\") on June 25, 1988, soon after the conclusion of the *Uplift* tour.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=222}} Kiedis fled the city and did not attend Slovak's funeral.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=210–223}} Irons, troubled by the death, left the band; following years of depression, he became a member of the Seattle grunge band [Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam \"Pearl Jam\") in 1994\\.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=224}}",
"### 1988–1989: Frusciante and Smith join",
"[thumb\\|[Chad Smith](/wiki/Chad_Smith \"Chad Smith\") (pictured in 2019\\) has been the Red Hot Chili Peppers' drummer since 1988\\.](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_at_Ohana2019-313_%2849679348892%29.jpg \"Red Hot Chili Peppers at Ohana2019-313 (49679348892).jpg\")",
"[DeWayne \"Blackbyrd\" McKnight](/wiki/DeWayne_McKnight \"DeWayne McKnight\"), a former member of [Parliament\\-Funkadelic](/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic \"Parliament-Funkadelic\"), joined as guitarist, and [D. H. Peligro](/wiki/D._H._Peligro \"D. H. Peligro\") of [Dead Kennedys](/wiki/Dead_Kennedys \"Dead Kennedys\") joined as drummer.{{When\\|date\\=January 2021}} Kiedis re\\-entered rehab for 30 days, and visited Slovak's grave as part of his rehabilitation, finally confronting his grief. Three dates into the tour, McKnight was fired for lack of chemistry with the band.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=224}} McKnight was so unhappy he threatened to burn down Kiedis's house.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=173}}",
"Peligro introduced Kiedis and Flea to teenage guitarist and Chili Peppers fan [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante \"John Frusciante\"),{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=179}} who brought a darker, more melodic rock style to the band.{{Cite web\\|last1\\=May 7\\|first1\\=Tim\\|last2\\=Karan\\|date\\=2015\\|title\\=23 Years Ago: John Frusciante Quit the Red Hot Chili Peppers\\|url\\=https://diffuser.fm/john\\-frusciante\\-quits\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-anniversary/\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2020\\|website\\=Diffuser.fm\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003040815/https://diffuser.fm/john\\-frusciante\\-quits\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-anniversary/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Frusciante performed his first show with the Chili Peppers in September 1988\\. The new lineup began writing for the next album and went on a short tour, the Turd Town Tour. In November, Kiedis and Flea fired Peligro due to his drug and alcohol problems.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Duran \\|first\\=Anagricel \\|date\\=2023\\-05\\-04 \\|title\\=Dead Kennedys issue statement on D.H. Peligro's cause of death \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/dead\\-kennedys\\-issue\\-statement\\-on\\-d\\-h\\-peligros\\-cause\\-of\\-death\\-3439431 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-03 \\|website\\=NME \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} Following open auditions, they hired drummer [Chad Smith](/wiki/Chad_Smith \"Chad Smith\") in December 1988, who has remained since.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=181}} According to Smith, \"We started playing, and right away we just hit it off musically.\"{{cite web\\|date\\=March 30, 2012\\|title\\=Chad Smith talks about the Red Hot Chili Peppers induction into the Hall of Fame in 2012\\|url\\=http://stadium\\-arcadium.com/30\\-03\\-2012/chad\\-smith\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-rock\\-and\\-roll\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-induction\\-gary\\-graff\\-article/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-news/article17340\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220102211/http://stadium\\-arcadium.com/30\\-03\\-2012/chad\\-smith\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-rock\\-and\\-roll\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\-induction\\-gary\\-graff\\-article/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-news/article17340\\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2012\\|website\\=Stadium\\-arcadium.com}}",
"The Chili Peppers began work on their fourth album in late 1988\\.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=185}} Unlike the stop\\-start sessions for *The Uplift Mofo Party Plan,* preproduction went smoothly. However, the sessions were made tense by Beinhorn's desire to create a hit, frustrating Frusciante and Kiedis.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=188}} Released on August 16, 1989, *[Mother's Milk](/wiki/Mother%27s_Milk_%28album%29 \"Mother's Milk (album)\")* peaked at number 52 on the [U.S. *Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\"). The record failed to chart in the United Kingdom and Europe, but climbed to number 33 in Australia.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.australian\\-charts.com/search.asp?search\\=Red\\+Hot\\+Chili\\+Peppers\\&cat\\=a \\|title \\= australian\\-charts.com — Australian charts portal \\|access\\-date \\= May 31, 2008 \\|publisher \\= ARIA Charts \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110707191050/http://www.australian\\-charts.com/search.asp?search\\=Red\\+Hot\\+Chili\\+Peppers\\&cat\\=a \\|archive\\-date \\= July 7, 2011 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} \"[Knock Me Down](/wiki/Knock_Me_Down \"Knock Me Down\")\" reached number six on the [U.S. Modern Rock Tracks](/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks \"Modern Rock Tracks\"), whereas \"[Higher Ground](/wiki/Higher_Ground_%28Stevie_Wonder_song%29 \"Higher Ground (Stevie Wonder song)\")\" charted at number eleven{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p5241\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers \\> Charts and Awards \\> ''Billboard'' Singles\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2007}} and reached number 54 in the UK and 45 in Australia and France.{{Cite book \\|year \\= 2006 \\|editor\\-last \\= Roberts \\|editor\\-first \\= David \\|title \\= \\[\\[Guinness Book of British Hit Singles \\& Albums\\|British Hit Singles \\& Albums]] \\|edition \\= 19th \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[HIT Entertainment]] \\|isbn \\= 1\\-904994\\-10\\-5}}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://australian\\-charts.com/search.asp?search\\=Red\\+Hot\\+Chili\\+Peppers\\&cat\\=s \\|title \\= Australia Singles Charts — Red Hot Chili Peppers \\|website \\= Australian\\-charts.com \\|access\\-date \\= October 3, 2007 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011113403/http://australian\\-charts.com/search.asp?search\\=Red\\+Hot\\+Chili\\+Peppers\\&cat\\=s \\|archive\\-date \\= October 11, 2007 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} *Mother's Milk* was [certified gold](/wiki/Certified_Gold \"Certified Gold\") in March 1990 and was the first Chili Peppers album to ship over 500,000 units.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage\\=1\\&table\\=SEARCH\\_RESULTS\\&title\\=mother\\&artist\\=red%20hot%20chili%20peppers\\&sort\\=Artist\\&perPage\\=25 \\|title \\= Search Results \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Recording Industry Association of America]] \\|access\\-date \\= December 31, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://www.webcitation.org/6FcCrF9xe?url\\=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage\\=1\\&table\\=SEARCH\\_RESULTS\\&title\\=mother\\&artist\\=red%20hot%20chili%20peppers\\&sort\\=Artist\\&perPage\\=25 \\|archive\\-date \\= April 4, 2013 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}}",
"### 1990–1993: *Blood Sugar Sex Magik*, fame, and Frusciante's first departure",
"{{Main\\|Blood Sugar Sex Magik}}\n[thumb\\|[Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin \"Rick Rubin\") has produced almost every Red Hot Chili Peppers album since 1991\\.\\|alt\\=\\|upright\\=0\\.8](/wiki/File:RickRubinSept09.jpg \"RickRubinSept09.jpg\")",
"In 1990, after the success of *Mother's Milk*, the Chili Peppers left EMI and entered a major\\-label bidding war. They signed with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._records \"Warner Bros. records\") and hired the producer [Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin \"Rick Rubin\"). Rubin had turned the band down in 1987 because of their drug problems but felt they were now healthier and more focused; he went on produce several more of their albums. The writing process was more productive than it had been for *Mother's Milk*, with Kiedis saying, \"\\[every day], there was new music for me to lyricize\".{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=264}} At Rubin's suggestion, they recorded in [the Mansion](/wiki/The_Mansion_%28recording_studio%29 \"The Mansion (recording studio)\"), a studio in a house where magician [Harry Houdini](/wiki/Harry_Houdini \"Harry Houdini\") once lived.Kiedis, Sloman, 2004\\. pp. 274–275",
"In September 1991, *[Blood Sugar Sex Magik](/wiki/Blood_Sugar_Sex_Magik \"Blood Sugar Sex Magik\")* was released. \"[Give It Away](/wiki/Give_It_Away_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 \"Give It Away (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)\")\" was the first single, which achieved international fame and became the band's first number\\-one single on the [Modern Rock](/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks \"Modern Rock Tracks\") chart. The ballad \"[Under the Bridge](/wiki/Under_the_Bridge \"Under the Bridge\")\" was the second single, and reached number two on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart, the band's highest position to date.",
"*Blood Sugar Sex Magik* sold over 12 million copies.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://top40\\.about.com/od/redhotchilipeppers/tp/Red\\-Hot\\-Chili\\-Peppers\\-Discography.htm \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers Discography \\|access\\-date \\= June 10, 2007 \\|author \\= Lamb, Bill \\|website \\= About.com \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161834/http://top40\\.about.com/od/redhotchilipeppers/tp/Red\\-Hot\\-Chili\\-Peppers\\-Discography.htm \\|archive\\-date \\= May 2, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} It was listed at number 310 on *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")'s* list of [500 Greatest Albums of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time \"Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\"), and in 1992 it rose to number three on the US album charts, almost a year after its release. The album was accompanied by a documentary, *[Funky Monks](/wiki/Funky_Monks \"Funky Monks\")*.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=279}} The Chili Peppers began their *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* tour, which featured [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 \"Nirvana (band)\"), [Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam \"Pearl Jam\") and [Smashing Pumpkins](/wiki/Smashing_Pumpkins \"Smashing Pumpkins\"), three of the era's biggest upcoming bands in alternative music, as opening acts.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers, Nirvana, \\& Pearl Jam Started A Tour Together On This Day In '91\\|url\\=https://liveforlivemusic.com/features/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-nirvana\\-pearl\\-jam\\-started\\-tour\\-together\\-this\\-day\\-25\\-years\\-ago/\\|date\\=December 27, 2016\\|website\\=L4LM\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174220/https://liveforlivemusic.com/features/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-nirvana\\-pearl\\-jam\\-started\\-tour\\-together\\-this\\-day\\-25\\-years\\-ago/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Frusciante was troubled by fame, and began falling out with Kiedis. He isolated himself and developed a secret heroin addiction. In an appearance on *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\"),* he performed off\\-key; Kiedis believed he wanted to sabotage the performance. Frusciante abruptly quit after a show in Tokyo in May 1992\\. He returned to Los Angeles and spent years living in squalor, struggling with addiction.",
"To replace Frusciante, the Chili Peppers contacted [Dave Navarro](/wiki/Dave_Navarro \"Dave Navarro\"), who had just split from [Jane's Addiction](/wiki/Jane%27s_Addiction \"Jane's Addiction\"), but he was involved in his own drug problems. After failed auditions with [Zander Schloss](/wiki/Zander_Schloss \"Zander Schloss\"), they hired [Arik Marshall](/wiki/Arik_Marshall \"Arik Marshall\") of the Los Angeles band Marshall Law,{{AllMusic \\|id\\=weapon\\-of\\-choice\\-mn0000239111 \\|title\\=Weapon of Choice \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-06}}{{cite magazine \\| last\\=Neely \\| first\\=Kim \\| title\\=Lollapalooza '92: On The Road With the Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden \\| magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\| date\\=September 17, 1992 \\| url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/lollapalooza\\-92\\-on\\-the\\-road\\-with\\-the\\-chili\\-peppers\\-pearl\\-jam\\-and\\-soundgarden\\-249442/ \\| access\\-date\\=April 6, 2024}} and headlined the [Lollapalooza](/wiki/Lollapalooza \"Lollapalooza\") festival in 1992\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Banas \\|first\\=Erica \\|title\\=Lollapalooza: 30\\+ Years of Headliners/Notable Acts \\| website\\=93\\.3 WMMR \\| date\\=March 21, 2024 \\| url\\=https://wmmr.com/galleries/lollapalooza\\-30\\-years\\-of\\-headliners\\-notable\\-acts/ \\| access\\-date\\=April 6, 2024}} Marshall appeared in the music videos for \"[Breaking the Girl](/wiki/Breaking_the_Girl \"Breaking the Girl\")\" and \"[If You Have to Ask](/wiki/If_You_Have_to_Ask \"If You Have to Ask\")\", as well as the *[Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons \"The Simpsons\")* episode \"[Krusty Gets Kancelled](/wiki/Krusty_Gets_Kancelled \"Krusty Gets Kancelled\")\".{{Citation\\|title\\=\"The Simpsons\" Krusty Gets Kancelled (TV Episode 1993\\) – IMDb\\|url\\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0701148/characters/nm1976624\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718222902/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0701148/characters/nm1976624\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{unreliable source?\\|date\\=September 2020}} In September 1992, the Chili Peppers performed \"Give It Away\" at the [MTV Video Music Awards](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award \"MTV Video Music Award\"). They were nominated for seven awards, winning three, including [Viewer's Choice](/wiki/Viewer%27s_Choice_%28MTV%29 \"Viewer's Choice (MTV)\"). In February 1993, they performed \"Give It Away\" at the [Grammy Awards](/wiki/35th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"35th Annual Grammy Awards\"), and the song won the band their first Grammy, Best Hard Rock Performance With Vocal.{{Cite web\\|date\\=November 28, 2017\\|title\\=35th Annual GRAMMY Awards\\|url\\=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/35th\\-annual\\-grammy\\-awards\\-1992\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2020\\|website\\=GRAMMY.com\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515055103/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/35th\\-annual\\-grammy\\-awards\\-1992\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The Chili Peppers dismissed Marshall{{cite web \\| last\\=Archives \\| first\\=L.A. Times \\| title\\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers are looking... \\| website\\=Los Angeles Times \\| date\\=May 30, 1993 \\| url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1993\\-05\\-30\\-ca\\-41569\\-story.html \\| access\\-date\\=April 6, 2024}} and held auditions for a new guitarist, including [Buckethead](/wiki/Buckethead \"Buckethead\"), whom Flea felt was not right for the band.{{cite web \\|first \\= Robert \\|last \\= White \\|url \\= http://www.bucketheadland.com/faq/faq2/FAQ\\_2\\_0\\.html\\#57 \\|title \\= FAQ 2\\.0 \\|website\\=Bucketheadland.com \\|access\\-date \\= August 17, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121115151612/http://www.bucketheadland.com/faq/faq2/FAQ\\_2\\_0\\.html \\|archive\\-date \\= November 15, 2012}} [Jesse Tobias](/wiki/Jesse_Tobias \"Jesse Tobias\") of the Los Angeles band Mother Tongue was briefly hired, but dismissed due to poor chemistry.{{cite magazine \\|author \\= Foege, Alec \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938152/the\\_red\\_hot\\_chili\\_peppers \\|title \\= The Red Hot Chili Peppers (Page 1\\) \\|magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\|date \\= October 19, 1995 \\|access\\-date \\= March 31, 2007 \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221034/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938152/the\\_red\\_hot\\_chili\\_peppers \\|archive\\-date \\= February 24, 2009}} However, Navarro said he was now ready to join the band.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=312}} In August 1993, the non\\-album single \"[Soul to Squeeze](/wiki/Soul_to_Squeeze \"Soul to Squeeze\")\" was released and featured on the soundtrack to the film [*Coneheads*](/wiki/Coneheads_%28film%29 \"Coneheads (film)\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Coneheads – Original Soundtrack \\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/coneheads\\-mw0000101137 \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404012647/https://www.allmusic.com/album/coneheads\\-mw0000101137 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The song topped the Billboard US Modern Rock chart.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers chart history \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/364771/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers/chart?page\\=2\\&f\\=377 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124030322/https://www.billboard.com/artist/364771/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers/chart?page\\=2\\&f\\=377 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 1994–1997: *One Hot Minute* and Dave Navarro",
"{{Main\\|One Hot Minute}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=0\\.75\\|[Dave Navarro](/wiki/Dave_Navarro \"Dave Navarro\") (pictured in 2009\\) replaced Jesse Tobias as guitarist in 1993\\. He left in 1998\\.](/wiki/File:Dave_Navarro%2C_Santa_Barbara_2009_large.jpg \"Dave Navarro, Santa Barbara 2009 large.jpg\")",
"Navarro first appeared with the Chili Peppers at [Woodstock '94](/wiki/Woodstock_%2794 \"Woodstock '94\"), performing early versions of new songs. This was followed by a brief tour, including headlining appearances at [Pukkelpop](/wiki/Pukkelpop \"Pukkelpop\") and [Reading Festivals](/wiki/Reading_Festival \"Reading Festival\") and two performances as the opening act for the [Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\").{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=330}} The relationship between Navarro and the band began to deteriorate;{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=350}} Navarro admitted he did not care for funk music or jamming. Kiedis had relapsed into heroin addiction following a dental procedure in which an addictive sedative, [Valium](/wiki/Diazepam \"Diazepam\"), was used, though the band did not discover this until later.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=315–323}}",
"Without Frusciante, songs were written at a far slower rate. Kiedis said: \"John had been a true anomaly when it came to songwriting ... I just figured that was how all guitar players were, that you showed them your lyrics and sang a little bit and the next thing you knew you had a song. That didn't happen right off the bat with Dave.\" With Kiedis often absent from recording due to his drug problems, Flea took on a larger role when he wrote and sang lead on \"Pea\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/pea\\-the\\-only\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-song\\-sung\\-by\\-flea/\\|magazine\\=Fallout\\|title\\='Pea': The only Red Hot Chili Peppers song sung by Flea\\|author\\=Tim Coffman\\|date\\=11 March 2024}}",
"*[One Hot Minute](/wiki/One_Hot_Minute \"One Hot Minute\")* was released in September 1995 after several delays. It departed from the Chili Peppers' previous sound, with Navarro's guitar work incorporating [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") riffs and [psychedelic rock](/wiki/Psychedelic_rock \"Psychedelic rock\").{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r220822\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|author\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine\\|title\\=''One Hot Minute'' album review\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2007\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} The band described it as a darker, sadder record.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938152/the\\_red\\_hot\\_chili\\_peppers/2\\|title\\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers (Page 2\\)\\|author\\=Foege, Alec\\|date\\=October 19, 1995\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207182246/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938152/cover\\_story\\_the\\_red\\_hot\\_chili\\_peppers/2\\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2007}} Kiedis's lyrics addressed drugs, including the lead single, \"[Warped](/wiki/Warped_%28song%29 \"Warped (song)\")\", and broken relationships and deaths of loved ones, including \"Tearjerker\", written about [Kurt Cobain](/wiki/Kurt_Cobain \"Kurt Cobain\") and \"Transcending\" about [River Phoenix](/wiki/River_Phoenix \"River Phoenix\"). Despite mixed reviews, the album sold eight million copies worldwide.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=401}} The band also contributed to soundtracks including *[Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon](/wiki/Working_Class_Hero:A_Tribute_to_John_Lennon \"A Tribute to John Lennon\")*{{Discogs release\\|1895088\\|Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon\\|type\\=album}} and *[Beavis and Butt\\-Head Do America](/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head_Do_America \"Beavis and Butt-Head Do America\"),*{{cite AV media notes\\|title\\= Beavis and Butt\\-Head Do America: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack \\|year\\= 1996 \\|type\\= booklet \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Geffen Records\\|Geffen]]}} and Flea and Navarro contributed to [Alanis Morissette](/wiki/Alanis_Morissette \"Alanis Morissette\")'s single \"[You Oughta Know](/wiki/You_Oughta_Know \"You Oughta Know\")\".{{Cite magazine\\|title\\=12 fun facts about Alanis Morissette's 'Jagged Little Pill'\\|url\\=https://ew.com/article/2015/06/08/jagged\\-little\\-pill\\-fun\\-facts/\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|language\\=EN\\|archive\\-date\\=October 16, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016204430/https://ew.com/article/2015/06/08/jagged\\-little\\-pill\\-fun\\-facts/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The Chili Peppers began the tour for *One Hot Minute* in Europe in 1995\\. The US tour was postponed after Smith broke his wrist. In 1997, several shows were cancelled following deteriorating band relations, injuries, and Navarro and Kiedis's drug use. The band played three shows that year, including the first [Fuji Rock Festival](/wiki/Fuji_Rock_Festival \"Fuji Rock Festival\") in Japan.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers?year\\=1997 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers's 1997 Concert History \\|website\\=Concert Archives \\|publisher\\=Thiele Unlimited \\|access\\-date\\=November 22, 2021}} In April 1998, the Chili Peppers announced that Navarro had left due to creative differences. Kiedis said the decision was mutual.{{cite magazine \\|author \\= Rosenthal, Joe \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5927983/pepper\\_guitar\\_mill\\_grinds\\_on \\|title \\= Pepper Guitar Mill Grinds On \\|magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\|date \\= April 6, 1998 \\|access\\-date \\= March 31, 2007 \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220920/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5927983/pepper\\_guitar\\_mill\\_grinds\\_on \\|archive\\-date \\= February 24, 2009}} Reports at the time indicated that Navarro's departure came after he attended a band practice under the influence of drugs.",
"### 1998–2001: Return of Frusciante and *Californication*",
"{{Main\\|Californication (album)}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.75\\|The band regained commercial success after guitarist [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante \"John Frusciante\") (pictured in 2006\\) rejoined them in 1998\\. He left again in 2009 and rejoined in 2019\\.\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:JohnFruscianteAugust2006.jpg \"JohnFruscianteAugust2006.jpg\")",
"With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=404}} In the years following Frusciante's departure, his heroin addiction had left him in poverty and near death.{{cite magazine \\|author \\= Skanse, Richard \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5923940/red\\_hot\\_redux \\|title \\= Red Hot Redux \\|magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\|date \\= April 30, 1998 \\|access\\-date \\= March 31, 2007 \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090228174015/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5923940/red\\_hot\\_redux \\|archive\\-date \\= February 28, 2009}} Flea convinced Frusciante to enter Las Encinas Drug Rehabilitation Center in January 1998\\.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=397}}{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p78092\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=John Frusciante Biography \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2007 \\|author\\=Prato, Greg \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} His addiction left him with scarring on his arms, a restructured nose, and dental implants following an oral infection.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/feb/14/artsfeatures.popandrock \\|title \\= It's great to go straight \\|work \\= The Guardian \\|location \\= UK \\|first \\= Dave \\|last \\= Simpson \\|date \\= February 14, 2003 \\|access\\-date \\= August 15, 2008 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001005206/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/feb/14/artsfeatures.popandrock \\|archive\\-date \\= October 1, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/18/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-interview \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers: The band that couldn't be stopped \\|first \\= Rob \\|last \\= Fitzpatrick \\|work \\= The Guardian \\|date \\= August 18, 2011 \\|access\\-date \\= July 5, 2015 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150706105819/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/18/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-interview \\|archive\\-date \\= July 6, 2015 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} In April 1998, Flea visited the recovered Frusciante and asked him to rejoin the band. Frusciante began sobbing and said nothing would make him happier.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=398}}{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=408}}",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|Red Hot Chili Peppers logo](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_logo.svg \"Red Hot Chili Peppers logo.svg\")",
"In June 1999, after more than a year of production, the Red Hot Chili Peppers released *[Californication](/wiki/Californication_%28album%29 \"Californication (album)\")*, their seventh studio album. It sold over 16 million copies, and remains their most successful album.{{cite news \\|url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3864401\\.stm \\|title \\= Chili Peppers' album tops survey \\|date \\= July 4, 2004 \\|access\\-date \\= April 20, 2007 \\|publisher \\= BBC \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080407194800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3864401\\.stm \\|archive\\-date \\= April 7, 2008 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} *Californication* contained fewer rap songs than its predecessors, instead integrating textured and melodic guitar riffs, vocals and basslines. It produced three number\\-one modern rock hits, \"[Scar Tissue](/wiki/Scar_Tissue \"Scar Tissue\")\", \"[Otherside](/wiki/Otherside \"Otherside\")\" and \"[Californication](/wiki/Californication_%28song%29 \"Californication (song)\")\". *Californication* received stronger reviews than *One Hot Minute*, and was a greater success worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r417478\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Californication'' Album Review\\|author\\=Prato, Greg\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2010\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} While many critics credited the success of the album to Frusciante's return, they also felt Kiedis's vocals had also improved.{{cite magazine \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers/albumguide \\|title \\= Album Guide: Red Hot Chili Peppers \\|access\\-date \\= April 20, 2007 \\|magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\|author \\= Tate, Greg \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130125005007/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers/albumguide \\|archive\\-date \\= January 25, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} It was later listed at number 399 on the *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* magazine list of the [500 Greatest Albums of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time \"Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2020}}",
"*Californication* was supported with a [two\\-year international world tour](/wiki/Californication_Tour \"Californication Tour\"), producing the first Chili Peppers concert DVD, *[Off the Map](/wiki/Off_the_Map_%28video%29 \"Off the Map (video)\")* (2001\\).Thompson, 2004\\. p. In July 1999, the Chili Peppers played the closing show at [Woodstock 1999](/wiki/Woodstock_1999 \"Woodstock 1999\").{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=423}} During the set, a small fire escalated into violence and vandalism, resulting in the intervention of riot control squads.{{cite magazine \\|author \\= Eliscu, Jenny \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5921381/woodstock\\_99\\_burns\\_its\\_own\\_mythology \\|title \\= Woodstock '99 Burns Its Own Mythology \\|magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\|date \\= July 26, 1999 \\|access\\-date \\= March 31, 2007 \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220920/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5921381/woodstock\\_99\\_burns\\_its\\_own\\_mythology \\|archive\\-date \\= February 24, 2009}} ATMs and several semi\\-tractor trailers were looted and destroyed.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/national/daily/july99/woodstock27\\.htm \\|title \\= Woodstock '99 Goes Up in Smoke \\|first \\= Alona \\|last \\= Wartofsky \\|date \\= July 27, 1999 \\|access\\-date \\= June 14, 2008 \\|newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203058/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/national/daily/july99/woodstock27\\.htm \\|archive\\-date \\= June 28, 2011 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|title \\= Repeated Violence: Large Block Parties Need Supervision \\|work \\= The Lantern \\|url \\= http://www.thelantern.com/2\\.1346/repeated\\-violence\\-1\\.99635 \\|date \\= May 2, 2001 \\|access\\-date \\= June 14, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101123024218/http://www.thelantern.com/2\\.1346/repeated\\-violence\\-1\\.99635 \\|archive\\-date \\= November 23, 2010 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} The band was blamed in the media for inciting the riots after performing a cover of the [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix \"Jimi Hendrix\") song \"[Fire](/wiki/Fire_%28The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_song%29 \"Fire (The Jimi Hendrix Experience song)\")\". In his memoir, Kiedis wrote: \"It was clear that this situation had nothing to do with Woodstock anymore. It wasn't symbolic of peace and love, but of greed and cashing in.\"{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=424}}",
"### 2001–2004: *By the Way*",
"{{Main\\|By the Way}}\nThe Chili Peppers began writing their next album in early 2001, immediately following the *Californication* tour.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=456}} Frusciante and Kiedis would collaborate for days straight, discussing and sharing guitar progressions and lyrics.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=458}} For Kiedis, \"writing *By the Way* ... was a whole different experience from *Californication*. John was back to himself and brimming with confidence.\" The recording was difficult for Flea, who felt his role was being diminishedRHCP, Mullen 2010\\. p. 210 and fought with Frusciante about the musical direction. Flea considered quitting the band after the album, but the two worked out their problems.RHCP, Mullen 2010\\. p. 211",
"[280px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Red Hot Chili Peppers performing in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") in 2003](/wiki/File:Red_hot_chili_peppers_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Red hot chili peppers (cropped).jpg\")\n*By the Way* was released in July 2002 and produced four singles; \"[By the Way](/wiki/By_the_Way_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 \"By the Way (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)\")\", \"[The Zephyr Song](/wiki/The_Zephyr_Song \"The Zephyr Song\")\", \"[Can't Stop](/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 \"Can't Stop (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)\")\" and \"[Universally Speaking](/wiki/Universally_Speaking \"Universally Speaking\")\". The album was their most subdued to date, focusing on melodic ballads over rap and funk, with layered textures, more keyboards, and string arrangements.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r595243\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=By The Way \\> Overview\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|author\\=Johnson, Zac\\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2008}} The album was followed by an [eighteen\\-month world tour](/wiki/By_the_Way_tour \"By the Way tour\"),{{cite web \\|url \\= http://news.modernrock.com/1972 \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers plot first U.S. dates behind 'By the Way' \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[LiveDaily]] \\|author \\= Zahlaway, Jon \\|date \\= February 11, 2003 \\|access\\-date \\= January 28, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20041119215623/http://news.modernrock.com/1972 \\|archive\\-date \\= November 19, 2004 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} a concert DVD, *[Live at Slane Castle](/wiki/Live_at_Slane_Castle_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_video%29 \"Live at Slane Castle (Red Hot Chili Peppers video)\")*, and the band's first live album, *[Red Hot Chili Peppers Live in Hyde Park](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_Live_in_Hyde_Park \"Red Hot Chili Peppers Live in Hyde Park\")*.{{cite book \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5BIEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA5 \\|title \\= Billboard – Google Boeken \\|date \\= August 7, 2004 \\|access\\-date \\= March 31, 2012 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130607055831/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=5BIEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA5 \\|archive\\-date \\= June 7, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} More than 258,000 fans paid over $17,100,000 for tickets over three nights, a 2004 record; the event ranked No. 1 on *Billboard*{{'}}s Top Concert Boxscores of 2004\\.{{cite book \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1BMEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA7 \\|title \\= Billboard – Google Boeken \\|date \\= December 25, 2004 \\|access\\-date \\= March 31, 2012 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130607044123/http://books.google.com/books?id\\=1BMEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA7 \\|archive\\-date \\= June 7, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} In November 2003, the Chili Peppers released their *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_album%29 \"Greatest Hits (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)\")* album, which featured new songs \"[Fortune Faded](/wiki/Fortune_Faded \"Fortune Faded\")\" and \"[Save the Population](/wiki/Save_the_Population \"Save the Population\")\".{{harvnb\\|Thompson\\|2004\\|p\\=272}}",
"### 2005–2007: *Stadium Arcadium*",
"{{Main\\|Stadium Arcadium}}\nIn 2006, the Chili Peppers released their ninth album, *[Stadium Arcadium](/wiki/Stadium_Arcadium \"Stadium Arcadium\")*. Although they initially planned to release a trilogy of albums,Catucci, Nick. \"Red Hot Chili Peppers: Stadium Arcadium\" (review). *Blender* magazine, June 2006 (Issue 48\\), p. 146 they chose to release a 28\\-track double album. It was their first album to debut at number one on the US charts, where it stayed for two weeks, and debuted at number one in the [UK](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\") and 25 other countries. *Stadium Arcadium* sold over seven million units.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://kroq.radio.com/2010/11/01/meet\\-the\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-this\\-thursday\\-in\\-la/ \\|title \\= Meet The Red Hot Chili Peppers This Thursday In LA \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[KROQ]] \\|date \\= November 1, 2010 \\|access\\-date \\= December 26, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110315085838/http://kroq.radio.com/2010/11/01/meet\\-the\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-this\\-thursday\\-in\\-la/ \\|archive\\-date \\= March 15, 2011 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} It won the Grammys for [Best Rock Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Album \"Grammy Award for Best Rock Album\") and [Best Rock Performance by a Duo Or Group With Vocal](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal \"Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal\") (\"Dani California\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist\\=%22Red\\+Hot\\+Chili\\+Peppers%22\\&title\\=\\&year\\=All\\&genre\\=All\\|title\\=Artists: Red Hot Chili Peppers\\|website\\=Grammy.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501150244/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist\\=%22Red\\+Hot\\+Chili\\+Peppers%22\\&title\\=\\&year\\=All\\&genre\\=All\\|archive\\-date\\=May 1, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2007}}",
"[thumb\\|Red Hot Chili Peppers performing at the [Pinkpop Festival](/wiki/Pinkpop_Festival \"Pinkpop Festival\") in 2006](/wiki/File:Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg \"Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg\")\nThe first single, \"[Dani California](/wiki/Dani_California \"Dani California\")\", was the band's fastest\\-selling single, debuting on top of the Modern Rock chart in the U.S., peaking at number six on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\"), and reaching number 2 in the UK. \"[Tell Me Baby](/wiki/Tell_Me_Baby \"Tell Me Baby\")\", released next, also topped the charts in 2006\\. \"[Snow (Hey Oh)](/wiki/Snow_%28Hey_Oh%29 \"Snow (Hey Oh)\")\" was released in late 2006, breaking multiple records by 2007\\. The song became their eleventh number\\-one single, giving the band a cumulative total of 81 weeks at number one. It was also the first time three consecutive singles by the band made it to number one. \"[Desecration Smile](/wiki/Desecration_Smile \"Desecration Smile\")\" was released internationally in February 2007 and reached number 27 on the UK charts. \"[Hump de Bump](/wiki/Hump_de_Bump \"Hump de Bump\")\" was planned to be the next single for the US, Canada, and Australia only, but due to positive feedback from the music video, it was released as a worldwide single in May 2007\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2011}}",
"The [Stadium Arcadium World Tour](/wiki/Stadium_Arcadium_World_Tour \"Stadium Arcadium World Tour\") began in 2006, including several festival dates. Frusciante's friend and frequent musical collaborator [Josh Klinghoffer](/wiki/Josh_Klinghoffer \"Josh Klinghoffer\") joined the touring band, contributing guitar, backing vocals, and keyboards. The band was the musical guest for *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")*, which aired in May 2006 with featured host [Tom Hanks](/wiki/Tom_Hanks \"Tom Hanks\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0793241/\\|title\\=Tom Hanks/Red Hot Chili Peppers\\|website\\=IMDb\\|date\\=May 6, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424053244/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0793241/\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{unreliable source?\\|date\\=September 2020}}",
"### 2008–2009: Klinghoffer replaces Frusciante",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=0\\.75\\|[Josh Klinghoffer](/wiki/Josh_Klinghoffer \"Josh Klinghoffer\") (pictured in 2016\\) was the backup touring guitarist in 2007\\. He replaced [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante \"John Frusciante\") in 2009, until Frusciante's return in 2019\\.](/wiki/File:2016_RiP_Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Josh_Klinghoffer_-_by_2eight_-_DSC9996.jpg \"2016 RiP Red Hot Chili Peppers - Josh Klinghoffer - by 2eight - DSC9996.jpg\")",
"Following the [Stadium Arcadium tour](/wiki/Stadium_Arcadium_tour \"Stadium Arcadium tour\"), the Chili Peppers took an extended break. Kiedis attributed this to the band being worn out from their years of nonstop work since *Californication*. Their only recording during this time was in 2008 with [George Clinton](/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29 \"George Clinton (funk musician)\") on his album *[George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love](/wiki/George_Clinton_and_His_Gangsters_of_Love \"George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love\");* accompanied by [Kim Manning](/wiki/Kim_Manning_%28singer%29 \"Kim Manning (singer)\"), they recorded a new version of Shirley and Lee's classic \"[Let the Good Times Roll](/wiki/Let_the_Good_Times_Roll_%28Shirley_and_Lee_song%29 \"Let the Good Times Roll (Shirley and Lee song)\")\".{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.ultimate\\-guitar.com/news/video\\_news/rhcp\\_help\\_george\\_clinton\\_let\\_the\\_good\\_times\\_roll\\_during\\_hiatus.html \\|title \\= RHCP Help George Clinton Let The Good Times Roll During Hiatus \\|website \\= Ultimate\\-guitar.com \\|access\\-date \\= September 10, 2010 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130523210108/http://www.ultimate\\-guitar.com/news/ \\|archive\\-date \\= May 23, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"Kiedis, who had recently become a father, planned to spend the time taking care of his son and developing a television series based on his autobiography, *Spider and Son.*{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20274341,00\\.html \\|title \\= Anthony Kiedis's Red\\-Hot Roommate? His Son \\|work \\= People \\|first \\= Mariso \\|last \\= Laudadio \\|date \\= April 23, 2009 \\|access\\-date \\= May 11, 2012 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130623012946/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20274341,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date \\= June 23, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} Flea began taking [music theory](/wiki/Music_theory \"Music theory\") classes at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\"), and revealed plans to release a mainly instrumental solo record; guest musicians included [Patti Smith](/wiki/Patti_Smith \"Patti Smith\") and a choir from the [Silverlake Conservatory](/wiki/Silverlake_Conservatory_of_Music \"Silverlake Conservatory of Music\").{{Cite news \\|url \\= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/09/flea\\-usc\\-freshm.html \\|title \\= Flea, USC freshman, talks about his upcoming solo record \\|author \\= Wells, Annie \\|date \\= September 23, 2008 \\|work \\= Los Angeles Times \\|access\\-date \\= September 29, 2008 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100205220722/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/09/flea\\-usc\\-freshm.html \\|archive\\-date \\= February 5, 2010}} He also joined [Thom Yorke](/wiki/Thom_Yorke \"Thom Yorke\") in the supergroup [Atoms for Peace](/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace_%28band%29 \"Atoms for Peace (band)\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Dombal \\|first\\=Ryan \\|date\\=February 25, 2010 \\|title\\=Thom Yorke Names Solo Band, Lines Up American Spring Tour \\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/38018\\-thom\\-yorke\\-names\\-solo\\-band\\-lines\\-up\\-american\\-spring\\-tour/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227180356/http://pitchfork.com/news/38018\\-thom\\-yorke\\-names\\-solo\\-band\\-lines\\-up\\-american\\-spring\\-tour/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 27, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2010 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork (website)\\|Pitchfork]]}} Frusciante released his album *[The Empyrean](/wiki/The_Empyrean \"The Empyrean\")*.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/jan/18/john\\-frusciante\\-the\\-empyrean\\-album\\-review \\|title \\= CD: Rock review: John Frusciante, The Empyrean \\|work \\= The Observer \\|first \\= Chris \\|last \\= Campion \\|date \\= January 18, 2009 \\|access\\-date \\= December 26, 2011 \\|location \\= London \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001005104/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/jan/18/john\\-frusciante\\-the\\-empyrean\\-album\\-review \\|archive\\-date \\= October 1, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} Smith worked with [Sammy Hagar](/wiki/Sammy_Hagar \"Sammy Hagar\"), [Joe Satriani](/wiki/Joe_Satriani \"Joe Satriani\"), and [Michael Anthony](/wiki/Michael_Anthony_%28musician%29 \"Michael Anthony (musician)\") in the supergroup [Chickenfoot](/wiki/Chickenfoot_%28band%29 \"Chickenfoot (band)\"), as well as on his solo project, [Chad Smith's Bombastic Meatbats](/wiki/Chad_Smith%27s_Bombastic_Meatbats \"Chad Smith's Bombastic Meatbats\").{{cite web \\|last \\= Firecloud \\|first \\= Johnny \\|url \\= http://www.craveonline.com/music/interviews/143702\\-chad\\-smith\\-of\\-rhcp\\-chickenfoot\\-and\\-bombastic\\-meatbats \\|title \\= Chad Smith of RHCP, Chickenfoot and Bombastic Meatbats \\|publisher \\= CraveOnline \\|date \\= September 17, 2009 \\|access\\-date \\= February 14, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415174251/http://www.craveonline.com/music/interviews/143702\\-chad\\-smith\\-of\\-rhcp\\-chickenfoot\\-and\\-bombastic\\-meatbats \\|archive\\-date \\= April 15, 2012 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}}",
"In July 2009, Frusciante again left the Chili Peppers, though no announcement was made until December. Frusciante explained on his [Myspace](/wiki/Myspace \"Myspace\") page that there was no ill feeling about his departure this time, and that he wanted to focus on his solo work.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.undercover.fm/news/9709\\-john\\-frusciante\\-explains\\-his\\-departure\\-from\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\|title\\=John Frusciante Explains His Departure from Red Hot Chili Peppers\\|date\\=January 29, 2010\\|website\\=Undercover.com.au\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126001931/http://www.undercover.fm/news/9709\\-john\\-frusciante\\-explains\\-his\\-departure\\-from\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\|archive\\-date\\=January 26, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2010}} In October 2009, the Chili Peppers entered the studio to begin writing their tenth studio album, with Klinghoffer replacing Frusciante.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://redhotchilipeppers.com/timeline \\|title \\= RHCP Timeline \\|access\\-date \\= February 2, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002037/http://redhotchilipeppers.com/timeline \\|archive\\-date \\= February 6, 2015 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} In January 2010, the Chili Peppers made their live comeback in January 2010, paying tribute to [Neil Young](/wiki/Neil_Young \"Neil Young\") with a cover of \"[A Man Needs a Maid](/wiki/A_Man_Needs_a_Maid_%28song%29 \"A Man Needs a Maid (song)\")\" at MusiCares. In February, after months of speculation, Klinghoffer was confirmed as Frusciante's replacement.{{cite web \\|date\\=February 8, 2010 \\|title\\=GRAMMY Camper Nick Arnold Interview With Red Hot Chili Peppers' Drummer Chad Smith \\|url\\=http://grammycampblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/grammy\\-camper\\-nick\\-arnold\\-interviews.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312001811/http://grammycampblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/grammy\\-camper\\-nick\\-arnold\\-interviews.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2010 \\|website\\=Grammycampblog.blogspot.com}}",
"### 2011–2014: *I'm with You*",
"{{Main\\|I'm with You (album)}}\nRed Hot Chili Peppers recorded their tenth album, *I'm with You*, between September 2010 and March 2011\\. They decided against releasing another double album, reducing the album to 14 tracks.[EXCLUSIVE: Anthony Kiedis Talks New RHCP Album](https://www.spin.com/2011/02/exclusive-anthony-kiedis-talks-new-rhcp-album/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416070750/https://www.spin.com/2011/02/exclusive\\-anthony\\-kiedis\\-talks\\-new\\-rhcp\\-album/ \\|date\\=April 16, 2019}}, *Spin* *I'm with You* was released in the US in August 2011\\. It topped the charts in 18 countries, and received mostly positive reviews. \"[The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Rain_Dance_Maggie \"The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie\")\", became the band's 12th number\\-one single.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/1666327/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-adventures\\-rain\\-dance\\-maggie\\-video\\-kreayshawn/\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers' New Video To Be Directed By ... Kreayshawn?\\|work\\=MTV\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625001310/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-adventures\\-rain\\-dance\\-maggie\\-video\\-kreayshawn.jhtml\\|archive\\-date\\=June 25, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2021}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Martens\\|first\\=Todd\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music\\_blog/2011/07/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-filming\\-latest\\-video\\-tonight\\-on\\-a\\-venice\\-rooftop.html\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers filming latest video tonight on a Venice rooftop\\|date\\=July 30, 2011\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801104012/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music\\_blog/2011/07/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-filming\\-latest\\-video\\-tonight\\-on\\-a\\-venice\\-rooftop.html\\|archive\\-date\\=August 1, 2011}} \"[Monarchy of Roses](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Roses \"Monarchy of Roses\")\", \"[Look Around](/wiki/Look_Around_%28song%29 \"Look Around (song)\")\" and \"[Did I Let You Know](/wiki/Did_I_Let_You_Know \"Did I Let You Know\")\" (released only in [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\")), and \"[Brendan's Death Song](/wiki/Brendan%27s_Death_Song \"Brendan's Death Song\")\" were also released as singles.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/music\\-news/john\\-frusciante\\-wont\\-attend\\-rock\\-hall\\-induction\\-of\\-chili\\-peppers\\-502875/\\|title\\=John Frusciante Won't Attend Rock Hall Induction of Chili Peppers\\|date\\=September 14, 2009\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529143607/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/502875/john\\-frusciante\\-wont\\-attend\\-rock\\-hall\\-induction\\-of\\-chili\\-peppers\\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2021}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A 2012 promotional image of the Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_2012-07-02_001.jpg \"Red Hot Chili Peppers 2012-07-02 001.jpg\")\nIn July 2011, the Chili Peppers played three invitation\\-only warm\\-up shows in California, their first since 2007\\.{{cite web \\|first \\= Chris \\|last \\= Martins \\|url \\= https://www.spin.com/2011/07/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-rock\\-big\\-sur/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers Rock Big Sur \\|website \\= Spin.com \\|date \\= July 29, 2011 \\|access\\-date \\= July 29, 2011 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150915224926/http://www.spin.com/2011/07/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-rock\\-big\\-sur/ \\|archive\\-date \\= September 15, 2015 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|title \\= Chili Peppers are Go \\|url \\= http://andigood.wordpress.com/2011/07/29/chili\\-peppers\\-are\\-go/ \\|website \\= Andigood.wordpress.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 24, 2017 \\|date \\= July 30, 2011 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120225141940/http://andigood.wordpress.com/2011/07/29/chili\\-peppers\\-are\\-go/ \\|archive\\-date \\= February 25, 2012 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} They began a month\\-long promotional tour in August 2011, starting in Asia. The [I'm with You World Tour](/wiki/I%27m_with_You_World_Tour \"I'm with You World Tour\") ran from September 2011 until 2013\\. The North American leg, expected to begin in January 2012, was postponed to March due to a surgery Kiedis required for foot injuries he had sustained during the Stadium Arcadium tour. Following the *I'm with You World Tour*, the band set out on another [small tour](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_2013_Tour \"Red Hot Chili Peppers 2013 Tour\"), including their first shows in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\"), the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\") and [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive \\|url\\=https://www.rhcplivearchive.com/livearchive \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-24 \\|website\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Live Archive \\|language\\=en}} Recordings from the tours were released in 2012 on the free *[2011 Live EP](/wiki/2011_Live_EP \"2011 Live EP\").*{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2020}}",
"[thumb\\|Flea and Smith at [Rock in Rio](/wiki/Rock_in_Rio \"Rock in Rio\") Madrid 2012](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Rock_in_Rio_Madrid_2012_-_34.jpg \"Red Hot Chili Peppers - Rock in Rio Madrid 2012 - 34.jpg\")\nThe Chili Peppers were nominated for two [MTV Europe Music Awards](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards \"MTV Europe Music Awards\") for *Best Rock Band* and *Best Live Artist*{{cite web \\|url \\= http://tv.mtvema.com/ \\|title \\= Mtv ema belfast 2011 \\|date \\= September 19, 2011 \\|access\\-date \\= September 19, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160927004155/http://tv.mtvema.com/ \\|archive\\-date \\= September 27, 2016 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} and nominated for *Best Group* at the 2012 [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards \"People's Choice Awards\"){{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/ \\|title \\= People's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees \\|website \\= PeoplesChoice.com \\|access\\-date \\= February 14, 2012 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161102071337/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/ \\|archive\\-date \\= November 2, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} *I'm with You* was also nominated for a [2012 Grammy Award](/wiki/54th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"54th Annual Grammy Awards\") for [Best Rock Album](/wiki/Best_Rock_Album \"Best Rock Album\").{{cite web \\|url \\= https://finance.yahoo.com/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-nominated\\-213700212\\.html \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers Nominated for Best Rock Album Grammy(R) Award – Yahoo! Finance \\|website\\=Finance.yahoo.com \\|date \\= December 1, 2011 \\|access\\-date \\= February 14, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120714180635/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-nominated\\-213700212\\.html \\|archive\\-date \\= July 14, 2012 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} In April 2012, the Chili Peppers were inducted into the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"). May saw the release of the download\\-only *[Rock \\& Roll Hall of Fame Covers EP](/wiki/Rock_%26_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_Covers_EP \"Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Covers EP\")*, comprising previously released studio and live covers of artists that had influenced the band. From August 2012, the band began releasing a series of singles as the *[I'm with You Sessions](/wiki/I%27m_with_You_Sessions \"I'm with You Sessions\"),* which were compiled on the *I'm Beside You* LP in November 2013 as a [Record Store Day](/wiki/Record_Store_Day \"Record Store Day\") exclusive.{{Cite web\\|date\\=April 21, 2020\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers From 1983 to 2020\\|url\\=https://www.ericcanto.com/en/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers/\\|access\\-date\\=October 13, 2021\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In February 2014, the Chili Peppers joined [Bruno Mars](/wiki/Bruno_Mars \"Bruno Mars\") as performers at the [Super Bowl XLVIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII \"Super Bowl XLVIII\") half\\-time show, watched by a record 115\\.3 million viewers. The performance was met with mixed reviews for its use of backing music; Flea responded that it was an [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") rule for bands to pre\\-record music due to time and technical issues, and that they had agreed because it was a once\\-in\\-a\\-lifetime opportunity. He said Kiedis's vocals were completely live and the band had recorded \"Give it Away\" during rehearsals.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.reuters.com/article/nfl\\-superbowl\\-ratings\\-idUSL3N0L83IM20140203 \\|work \\= Reuters \\|title \\= Despite rout, Super Bowl sets TV ratings record \\-Fox \\|date \\= February 3, 2014 \\|access\\-date \\= July 1, 2017 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151020095041/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/nfl\\-superbowl\\-ratings\\-idUSL3N0L83IM20140203 \\|archive\\-date \\= October 20, 2015 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} The band began [another tour](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_2013/2014_Tour \"Red Hot Chili Peppers 2013/2014 Tour\") in May 2013, which ended in June 2014\\. *[2012\\-13 Live EP](/wiki/2012-13_Live_EP \"2012-13 Live EP\")* was released in July 2014 through their website as a free download.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2020}}",
"### 2015–2018: *The Getaway*",
"{{Main\\|The Getaway (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)}}\nThe Chili Peppers released *Fandemonium* in November 2014, a book dedicated to their fans.{{Cite book\\|last\\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers\\|title\\=Fandemonium\\|publisher\\=Running Press Adult\\|year\\=2014\\|isbn\\=978\\-0762451487}} That December, they began work on their eleventh album, their first without producer [Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin \"Rick Rubin\") since 1989;{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\\-topic/new\\-titles/adult\\-announcements/article/62975\\-fall\\-2014\\-announcements\\-music\\-back\\-to\\-the\\-80s.html \\|title \\= Fall 2014 Book Announcements: Music: Back to the '80s \\|last \\= Rotella \\|first \\= Mark \\|work \\= \\[\\[Publishers Weekly]] \\|date \\= June 20, 2014 \\|access\\-date \\= August 19, 2014 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120347/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\\-topic/new\\-titles/adult\\-announcements/article/62975\\-fall\\-2014\\-announcements\\-music\\-back\\-to\\-the\\-80s.html \\|archive\\-date \\= August 26, 2014 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} it was instead produced by [Danger Mouse](/wiki/Danger_Mouse_%28musician%29 \"Danger Mouse (musician)\").{{cite news \\|url \\= http://www.alternativenation.net/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-reveal\\-producer\\-new\\-album/ \\|work \\= Alternative Nation \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers Reveal Producer Of New Album \\|date \\= February 2, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150202155425/http://www.alternativenation.net/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-reveal\\-producer\\-new\\-album/ \\|archive\\-date \\= February 2, 2015}} Flea broke his arm during a skiing trip, which delayed the recording for several months.{{cite news \\|url \\= http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/flea\\_breaks\\_arm\\_in\\_apparent\\_skiing\\_accident \\|work \\= Exclaim \\|title \\= Flea Breaks Arm in Apparent Skiing Accident \\|date \\= February 17, 2015 \\|access\\-date \\= February 19, 2015 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150220010204/http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/flea\\_breaks\\_arm\\_in\\_apparent\\_skiing\\_accident \\|archive\\-date \\= February 20, 2015 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} \"[Dark Necessities](/wiki/Dark_Necessities \"Dark Necessities\")\", the first single from their upcoming album, was released on May 5\\. Their eleventh album, *The Getaway*, was released in June.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://thegetaway.warnerbrosrecords.com/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers – The Getaway \\|website \\= Thegetaway.warnerbrosrecords.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 17, 2016 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160617212727/http://thegetaway.warnerbrosrecords.com/ \\|archive\\-date \\= June 17, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} Kiedis said the songs were influenced by a two\\-year relationship that fell apart.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=FAx7RZ7yJUQ \\|title \\= Anthony Kiedis interview – The Getaway (9 May 2016\\) \\|date \\= May 9, 2016 \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[YouTube]] \\|access\\-date \\= June 17, 2016 \\|archive\\-date \\= May 21, 2021 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210521195732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=FAx7RZ7yJUQ \\|url\\-status \\= live}} \"Dark Necessities\" became the band's 25th top\\-ten single on the [*Billboard* Alternative Songs chart](/wiki/Billboard_Alternative_Songs_chart \"Billboard Alternative Songs chart\"), a record they hold over [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\").{{cite magazine \\|first \\= Kevin \\|last \\= Rutherford \\|url \\= https://www.billboard.com/pro/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-extend\\-alternative\\-songs\\-chart\\-record/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers Extend Alternative Songs Chart Record \\|magazine \\= Billboard \\|date \\= May 18, 2016 \\|access\\-date \\= December 15, 2021 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160622104835/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/7377475/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-extend\\-alternative\\-songs\\-chart\\-record \\|archive\\-date \\= June 22, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} In February 2016, \"Circle of the Noose\", an unreleased song recorded with Navarro in 1998, was leaked.{{cite web \\|last \\= Fulmer \\|first \\= Elias \\|url \\= http://www.alternativenation.net/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-unreleased\\-1998\\-song\\-circle\\-of\\-the\\-noose\\-leaks/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers' Unreleased 1998 Song \"Circle of the Noose\" Leaks \\|website \\= Alternativenation.net \\|date \\= February 3, 2016 \\|access\\-date \\= June 17, 2016 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160611233954/http://www.alternativenation.net/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-unreleased\\-1998\\-song\\-circle\\-of\\-the\\-noose\\-leaks/ \\|archive\\-date \\= June 11, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The Red Hot Chili Peppers performing at [Rock am Ring](/wiki/Rock_am_Ring \"Rock am Ring\") in 2016](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Rock_am_Ring_2016_-2016156230638_2016-06-04_Rock_am_Ring_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0206_-_AK8I1154_mod.jpg \"Red Hot Chili Peppers - Rock am Ring 2016 -2016156230638 2016-06-04 Rock am Ring - Sven - 1D X MK II - 0206 - AK8I1154 mod.jpg\")\nIn May, the band released \"The Getaway\".{{cite web \\|url \\= http://redhotchilipeppers.com/news/526\\-new\\-song\\-the\\-getaway \\|title \\= New Song: \"The Getaway\" – RHCP News \\|website \\=Redhotchilipeppers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 17, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160629002054/http://redhotchilipeppers.com/news/526\\-new\\-song\\-the\\-getaway \\|archive\\-date \\= June 29, 2016 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} The music video for \"Dark Necessities\", directed by actress [Olivia Wilde](/wiki/Olivia_Wilde \"Olivia Wilde\"), was released in June 2016\\.{{cite magazine \\|last \\= Leight \\|first \\= Elias \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/watch\\-socal\\-skaters\\-in\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-dark\\-necessities\\-video\\-43713/ \\|title \\= Watch SoCal Skaters in Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Dark Necessities' Video \\|magazine \\= \\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|date \\= June 16, 2016 \\|access\\-date \\= December 15, 2021 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160618060939/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch\\-socal\\-skaters\\-in\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-dark\\-necessities\\-video\\-20160616 \\|archive\\-date \\= June 18, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} *The Getaway* made its debut at number 2 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") chart, behind [Drake](/wiki/Drake_%28rapper%29 \"Drake (rapper)\"), who had the number\\-one album for eight consecutive weeks. *The Getaway* outsold Drake its opening week with album sales of 108,000 to 33,000 (actually placing him at 4th in sales for the week) though due to album streaming, Drake managed to top the band for the top position in the charts.{{cite magazine \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/on\\-the\\-charts\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-cant\\-dethrone\\-drake\\-97611/ \\|title \\= On the Charts: Red Hot Chili Peppers Can't Dethrone Drake \\|magazine \\= \\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|date \\= June 26, 2016 \\|access\\-date \\= December 15, 2021 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161106153104/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/on\\-the\\-charts\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-cant\\-dethrone\\-drake\\-20160626 \\|archive\\-date \\= November 6, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2016/06/this\\-is\\-getting\\-ridiculous\\-ret\\-hot.html \\|title \\= This is Getting Ridiculous: Red Hot Chili Peppers Outsell Drake 3\\-to\\-1 Yet Drake Will Have the Number 1 Album \\|access\\-date \\= January 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161029200119/http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2016/06/this\\-is\\-getting\\-ridiculous\\-ret\\-hot.html \\|archive\\-date \\= October 29, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} In July 2016, the *[Live In Paris EP](/wiki/Live_In_Paris_EP \"Live In Paris EP\")* was released exclusively through the [music streaming](/wiki/Music_streaming \"Music streaming\") website [Deezer](/wiki/Deezer \"Deezer\"). \"Go Robot\" was announced as the second single from *The Getaway*. In the same month, the band members started to post images from the set of the music video.{{cite tweet\\|number\\=757973260407541760\\|user\\=RHCPchad\\|title\\=No rest for the wicked..\\#doorman\\|access\\-date\\= January 11, 2017 \\|date\\=July 26, 2016}} *The Getaway* was reissued on limited edition pink vinyl in September, as part of 10 Bands 1 Cause. All money from sales of the re\\-issue went to [Gilda's Club](/wiki/Gilda%27s_Club \"Gilda's Club\") NYC an organization that provides community support for both those diagnosed with cancer and their caretakers. It is named after comedian [Gilda Radner](/wiki/Gilda_Radner \"Gilda Radner\").{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.10bands1cause.com/ \\|title \\= 10 Bands 1 Cause \\|website \\= 10bands1cause.com \\|access\\-date \\= July 29, 2016 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160724145124/http://www.10bands1cause.com/ \\|archive\\-date \\= July 24, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"The band began the headlining portion of the [Getaway World Tour](/wiki/The_Getaway_World_Tour \"The Getaway World Tour\") in September with the North American leg, featuring Jack Irons, the band's original drummer, as an opening act, beginning in January 2017\\.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/432161/2017\\-north\\-american\\-tour \\|title \\= 2017 North American Tour – Red Hot Chili Peppers \\|access\\-date \\= January 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113556/https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/432161/2017\\-north\\-american\\-tour \\|archive\\-date \\= September 1, 2018 \\|url\\-status \\= dead}} [Dave Rat](/wiki/Dave_Rat \"Dave Rat\"), the band's sound engineer since 1991, announced that following the show of January 22, 2017, he would no longer be working with the band.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://ratsound.com/daveswordpress/2017/01/11/new\\-orleans\\-and\\-6/ \\|title \\= New Orleans and 6 \\|date \\= January 12, 2017 \\|access\\-date \\= January 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170116215159/http://ratsound.com/daveswordpress/2017/01/11/new\\-orleans\\-and\\-6/ \\|archive\\-date \\= January 16, 2017 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"The Getaway World Tour concluded in October 2017\\. The tour consisted of 151 shows lasting a year and almost five months.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=ChiliPeppers\\|author\\=Red Hot ChiliPeppers\\|number\\=921034284676329472\\|date\\=October 19, 2017\\|title\\=and thats a wrap 🤘🏽... thanks everyone for hangin with us on The Getaway tour}} In December, the band headlined the Band Together 2 Benefit Concert at the [Bill Graham Civic Auditorium](/wiki/Bill_Graham_Civic_Auditorium \"Bill Graham Civic Auditorium\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). Money raised from the concert went to the Tipping Point Emergency Relief Fund which between 2005 and 2017 raised $150 million to educate, employ, house and support those in need in the [Bay Area](/wiki/Bay_Area \"Bay Area\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/28/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-headline\\-band\\-together\\-2\\-benefit\\-concert/\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers headline Band Together 2 Benefit Concert\\|date\\=November 28, 2017\\|website\\=Mercurynews.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130060133/http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/28/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-headline\\-band\\-together\\-2\\-benefit\\-concert/\\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2019–2023: Frusciante's second return, *Unlimited Love*, and *Return of the Dream Canteen*",
"{{main\\|Unlimited Love\\|Return of the Dream Canteen}}\nThe recording of the next Chili Peppers album was delayed due to the [Woolsey Fire](/wiki/Woolsey_Fire \"Woolsey Fire\"); the band performed a benefit show for fire victims on January 13, 2019\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS: Writing Sessions For New Album Were Halted By Woolsey Fire\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-writing\\-sessions\\-for\\-new\\-album\\-were\\-halted\\-by\\-woolsey\\-fire/\\|website\\=Blabbermouth.net\\|date\\=January 16, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117020748/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-writing\\-sessions\\-for\\-new\\-album\\-were\\-halted\\-by\\-woolsey\\-fire/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 17, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In February, they performed \"Dark Necessities\" with rapper [Post Malone](/wiki/Post_Malone \"Post Malone\") at the [61st Annual Grammy Awards](/wiki/61st_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"61st Annual Grammy Awards\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Post Malone and Red Hot Chili Peppers to Perform Together at 2019 Grammys\\|url\\=https://www.spin.com/2019/01/post\\-malone\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-2019\\-grammys/\\|website\\=Spin \\|date\\=January 24, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=January 24, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125022029/https://www.spin.com/2019/01/post\\-malone\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-2019\\-grammys/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last\\=Serota \\|first\\=Maggie }}{{cite web\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers and Post Malone team up at 2019 Grammys: Watch\\|url\\=https://consequence.net/2019/02/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-post\\-malone\\-perform\\-grammys\\-performance/\\|website\\=Consequence\\|date\\=February 11, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211073958/https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/02/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-post\\-malone\\-perform\\-grammys\\-performance/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last\\=Schatz \\|first\\=Lake }} They appeared in Malone's music video for \"[Wow](/wiki/Wow_%28Post_Malone_song%29 \"Wow (Post Malone song)\")\", released in March.{{cite web\\|title\\=Post Malone Releases A Music Video, But Not Really A Music Video, For 'Wow' \\|last\\=Alston \\|first\\=Trey \\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/3117653/post\\-malone\\-wow\\-video/\\|website\\=MTV\\|date\\=March 20, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321141444/http://www.mtv.com/news/3117653/post\\-malone\\-wow\\-video/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 21, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|Red Hot Chili Peppers performing at the Ohana Music Festival in September 2019, three months before Klinghoffer was replaced by Frusciante](/wiki/File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_at_Ohana2019-296_%2849679352827%29.jpg \"Red Hot Chili Peppers at Ohana2019-296 (49679352827).jpg\")\nIn February 2019, the Chili Peppers began a month\\-long tour, featuring their first headlining shows in Australia in 12 years,{{cite web\\|title\\=ADDITIONAL OZ/NZ SHOWS\\|url\\=https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/457376/second\\-sydney\\-auckland\\-shows\\-announced\\|website\\=Redhotchilipeppers.com\\|date\\=November 22, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=November 27, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075313/https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/457376/second\\-sydney\\-auckland\\-shows\\-announced\\|archive\\-date\\=November 28, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} including their first show in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\"), which was briefly halted due to a power outage.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Red Hot Chili Peppers first Tasmania show ever halted after epic tech blunder\\|url\\=https://metro.co.uk/2019/02/17/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-first\\-tasmania\\-show\\-ever\\-halted\\-epic\\-tech\\-blunder\\-8649339/\\|website\\=Metro\\|date\\=February 17, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218144802/https://metro.co.uk/2019/02/17/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-first\\-tasmania\\-show\\-ever\\-halted\\-epic\\-tech\\-blunder\\-8649339/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On March 15, they performed in Egypt, becoming one of the few acts allowed to perform at the [Pyramids of Giza](/wiki/Pyramids_of_Giza \"Pyramids of Giza\").{{cite web\\|title\\=RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS TO PERFORM AT EGYPT'S PYRAMIDS OF GIZA\\|url\\=http://loudwire.com/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-egypt\\-pyramids\\-of\\-giza/\\|website\\=Loudwire.com\\|date\\=January 16, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117001819/http://loudwire.com/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-egypt\\-pyramids\\-of\\-giza/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 17, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The performance was [livestreamed](/wiki/Live_streamed \"Live streamed\").{{cite web\\|title\\=LIVE STREAM FROM EGYPT\\|url\\=https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/459053/live\\-stream\\-from\\-egypt\\|website\\=Redhotchilipeppers.com\\|date\\=March 8, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404171458/https://redhotchilipeppers.com/blog/news/459053/live\\-stream\\-from\\-egypt\\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On October 26, the photographer David Mushegain announced that a Chili Peppers documentary was in the works.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://exclaim.ca/film/article/red\\_hot\\_chili\\_peppers\\_prepping\\_new\\_documentary\\_film\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Prep New Documentary Film\\|website\\=Exclaim\\|date\\=October 26, 2019 \\|language\\=en\\-ca\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418155759/https://exclaim.ca/film/article/red\\_hot\\_chili\\_peppers\\_prepping\\_new\\_documentary\\_film\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On December 15, 2019, the Chili Peppers announced that, after 10 years, Frusciante had rejoined, replacing Klinghoffer. They wrote that Klinghoffer was \"a beautiful musician who we respect and love\".{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/john\\-frusciante\\-rejoins\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-josh\\-klinghoffer\\-927387/\\|title\\=John Frusciante Rejoins Red Hot Chili Peppers; Josh Klinghoffer Exits\\|last\\=Kreps\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=December 15, 2019\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=December 15, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215222846/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/john\\-frusciante\\-rejoins\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-josh\\-klinghoffer\\-927387/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In an interview, Klinghoffer said there was no animosity: \"It's absolutely John's place to be in that band ... I'm happy that he's back with them.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://consequence.net/2020/01/josh\\-klinghoffer\\-chili\\-peppers\\-firing/\\|title\\=Josh Klinghoffer calls firing from Red Hot Chili Peppers a \"pretty simple\" decision \\|date\\=January 23, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Consequence \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124133745/https://consequenceofsound.net/2020/01/josh\\-klinghoffer\\-chili\\-peppers\\-firing/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} On November 2, the Chili Peppers performed their final show with Klinghoffer, at a charity event at the Silverlake Conservatory of Music in Los Angeles.{{cite web \\|date\\=December 16, 2019 \\|title\\=Watch Red Hot Chili Peppers' Final Concert With Josh Klinghoffer \\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/watch\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-163850377\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170211/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/watch\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-163850377\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2019 \\|website\\=yahoo.com}} Klinghoffer released his debut solo album, *[To Be One with You](/wiki/To_Be_One_with_You \"To Be One with You\")*, on November 22, 2019, featuring Flea and the former Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons.{{cite web \\|date\\=October 4, 2019 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Josh Klinghoffer announces debut solo album as Pluralone \\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-josh\\-171249395\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029194427/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-josh\\-171249395\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2019 \\|website\\=Yahoo}}",
"On February 8, 2020, Frusciante performed with the Chili Peppers for the first time in 13 years at a memorial service held by the [Tony Hawk Foundation](/wiki/Tony_Hawk_Foundation \"Tony Hawk Foundation\") for the film producer Andrew Burkle, the son of billionaire [Ronald Burkle](/wiki/Ronald_Burkle \"Ronald Burkle\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Watch RHCP and John Frusciante Perform Live for the First Time Since 2007 \\|url\\=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/watch\\_rhcp\\_and\\_john\\_frusciante\\_perform\\_live\\_for\\_the\\_first\\_time\\_since\\_2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212103648/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/watch\\_rhcp\\_and\\_john\\_frusciante\\_perform\\_live\\_for\\_the\\_first\\_time\\_since\\_2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2020 \\|website\\=exclaim.ca \\|date\\=February 8, 2020 \\|language\\=en\\-ca}} Shows were scheduled for three festivals that May,{{Cite web \\|title\\=After COVID\\-19's over, prepare for a hug from Flea \\|url\\=https://www.933thedrive.com/2020/03/20/after\\-covid\\-19s\\-over\\-prepare\\-for\\-a\\-hug\\-from\\-flea/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308170835/https://www.933thedrive.com/2020/03/20/after\\-covid\\-19s\\-over\\-prepare\\-for\\-a\\-hug\\-from\\-flea/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2020 \\|website\\=93\\.3 The Drive \\|language\\=en}} but were cancelled due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{Cite web \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Hangout Music Festival 2020 canceled due to COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/03/31/coronavirus\\-florida\\-2020\\-hangout\\-music\\-festival\\-canceled/5099357002/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412132045/https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/03/31/coronavirus\\-florida\\-2020\\-hangout\\-music\\-festival\\-canceled/5099357002/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 12, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2020 \\|website\\=USA Today \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In August, the former Chili Peppers guitarist [Jack Sherman](/wiki/Jack_Sherman \"Jack Sherman\") died aged 64; the band issued a statement thanking him for \"all times good, bad and in between\".{{Cite web\\|author\\=\\|date\\=August 22, 2020\\|title\\=Jack Sherman, former Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist, dies aged 64\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/22/jack\\-sherman\\-former\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-guitarist\\-dies\\-aged\\-64\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822111002/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/22/jack\\-sherman\\-former\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-guitarist\\-dies\\-aged\\-64\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On April 24, 2021, the Chili Peppers announced that they had left Q Prime, their management company for the previous 20 years, and would now be managed by their longtime friend [Guy Oseary](/wiki/Guy_Oseary \"Guy Oseary\"), founder of [Maverick Records](/wiki/Maverick_Records \"Maverick Records\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-guy\\-oseary\\-management\\-1234958279/ \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Go With Guy Oseary for Management \\|work\\=Variety \\|date\\=April 23, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424183401/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-guy\\-oseary\\-management\\-1234958279/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} On May 3, it was reported that the Red Hot Chili Peppers would sell their back catalogue to [Hipgnosis Songs Fund](/wiki/Hipgnosis_Songs_Fund \"Hipgnosis Songs Fund\") for $140–$150 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/music/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-to\\-sell\\-catalog\\-for\\-24150\\-million/ar\\-BB1gkgXb?ocid\\=BingNewsSearch\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers to Sell Catalog for $150 Million\\|publisher\\=MSN\\|access\\-date\\=May 3, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504020515/https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/music/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-to\\-sell\\-catalog\\-for\\-24150\\-million/ar\\-BB1gkgXb?ocid\\=BingNewsSearch\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On March 31, the Chili Peppers received a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\").{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Zhu \\|first\\=Jude \\|date\\=March 31, 2022 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Reflect on Their LA Beginnings at Hollywood Walk of Fame Ceremony: 'I Know This Street Inside Out' \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-hollywood\\-walk\\-of\\-fame\\-star\\-1235053308/ \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022}}",
"[thumb\\|The band performing in July 2023](/wiki/File:RHChiliPeppersSpurs210723_%2849_of_90%29_%2853065772693%29.jpg \"RHChiliPeppersSpurs210723 (49 of 90) (53065772693).jpg\")\nThe 12th Red Hot Chili Peppers album, *[Unlimited Love](/wiki/Unlimited_Love \"Unlimited Love\")*, produced by Rubin, was released on April 1, 2022\\. It debuted at number one in ten countries, becoming the first US number\\-one Chili Peppers album since *Stadium Arcadium*.{{Cite web\\|first\\=Keith\\|last\\=Caulfield\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-unlimited\\-213029289\\.html\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Unlimited Love' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\\|website\\=yahoo.com\\|date\\=April 10, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2022}} It was promoted with the singles \"[Black Summer](/wiki/Black_Summer_%28song%29 \"Black Summer (song)\")\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Strauss\\|first\\=Matthew\\|date\\=February 4, 2022\\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers announce new album ''Unlimited Love'', share video for new song 'Black Summer': Watch\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-unlimited\\-love\\-share\\-new\\-song\\-black\\-summer\\-listen/\\|access\\-date\\=February 4, 2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork (website)\\|Pitchfork]]\\|language\\=en\\-US}} and \"[These Are the Ways](/wiki/These_Are_the_Ways \"These Are the Ways\")\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.howardstern.com/news/2022/04/01/anthony\\-kiedis\\-runs\\-from\\-the\\-cops\\-in\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-these\\-are\\-the\\-ways\\-music\\-video/\\|title\\=ANTHONY KIEDIS RUNS FROM THE COPS IN RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS' 'THESE ARE THE WAYS' MUSIC VIDEO\\|website\\=howardstern.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2022}} *[NME](/wiki/NME \"NME\")* wrote that *Unlimited Love* shared the \"melancholic riffmaking, anthemic choruses and softly\\-sung melodies\" of Frusciante's previous work with the Chili Peppers, but introduced new \"grungy\" and acoustic elements.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Flood \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=February 4, 2022 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers: 'We feel fresh, like a new band' \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/big\\-reads/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-cover\\-interview\\-2022\\-unlimited\\-love\\-3152682 \\|access\\-date\\=February 4, 2022 \\|website\\=\\[\\[NME]] \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"On the day of the release, the broadcasting company [Sirius XM](/wiki/Sirius_XM \"Sirius XM\") launched a dedicated Red Hot Chili Peppers channel, Whole Lotta Red Hot, featuring music videos, live performances and acts that influenced the Chili Peppers.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Aubrey \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|date\\=March 30, 2022 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers to launch own SiriusXM channel \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-to\\-launch\\-own\\-siriusxm\\-channel\\-3194418 \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|website\\=\\[\\[NME]] \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} On June 4, the Red Hot Chili Peppers began their [Global Stadium Tour](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_2022%E2%80%932024_Global_Stadium_Tour \"Red Hot Chili Peppers 2022–2024 Global Stadium Tour\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hussey \\|first\\=Allison \\|date\\=October 7, 2021 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers reveal 2022 tour dates with the Strokes, Haim, St. Vincent, more \\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-reveal\\-2022\\-tour\\-dates/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217223446/https://pitchfork.com/news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-reveal\\-2022\\-tour\\-dates/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 17, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=March 4, 2022 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork (website)\\|Pitchfork]] \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Kauffman \\|first\\=Gil \\|date\\=2022\\-12\\-05 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Announce 2023 World Tour Featuring Iggy Pop, The Roots, The Strokes \\& More\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-announce\\-143422844\\.html\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Yahoo]] \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-05}} The 13th Chili Peppers album, *[Return of the Dream Canteen](/wiki/Return_of_the_Dream_Canteen \"Return of the Dream Canteen\")*, recorded during the same sessions as *Unlimited Love,* was released on October 14\\.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Kreps \\|first\\=Daniel \\|date\\=July 24, 2022 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers announce second album of 2022, ''Return of the Dream Canteen'' \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-new\\-album\\-return\\-of\\-the\\-dream\\-canteen\\-1387388/ \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2022}} The first single, \"[Tippa My Tongue](/wiki/Tippa_My_Tongue \"Tippa My Tongue\")\", was released in August,{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Graff \\|first\\=Gary \\|date\\=August 19, 2022 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Lick New Release 'Tippa My Tongue': 'It's Got P\\-Funk In It' \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-tippa\\-my\\-tongue\\-1235128595/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2022 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]}} followed by \"[The Drummer](/wiki/The_Drummer_%28song%29 \"The Drummer (song)\")\" in October.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers' Synth\\-y New Single \"The Drummer\" Gets Video \\|url\\=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/red\\_hot\\_chili\\_peppers\\_the\\_drummer\\_video \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-18 \\|website\\=exclaim.ca}} The band's former drummer [D.H. Peligro](/wiki/D.H._Peligro \"D.H. Peligro\") died at the age of 63 on October 28\\.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Haring \\|first\\=Bruce \\|date\\=October 29, 2022 \\|title\\=D.H. Peligro Dies: Drummer For Dead Kennedys, Red Hot Chili Peppers Was 63 \\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2022/10/d\\-h\\-peligro\\-dead\\-drummer\\-for\\-dead\\-kennedys\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-was\\-63\\-1235158334/\\|magazine\\=Deadline \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=October 30, 2022}}",
"### 2024–present: Upcoming fourteenth album",
"In April 2024, Smith said the Chili Peppers would take a break following their 2024 tour dates, and would start writing their next album in 2025\\.{{Cite magazine \\|date\\=April 21, 2024 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers Will Begin Writing New Songs In 2025, According To Chad! (April 21, 2024\\) \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=EdL3hM64HPY\\|magazine\\=YouTube \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2024}} In July, Klinghoffer was sued for [wrongful death](/wiki/Wrongful_death \"Wrongful death\") after striking a pedestrian and killing him in March 2024\\.{{cite magazine \\|date\\=July 10, 2024 \\|title\\=Former Red Hot Chili Peppers Guitarist Josh Klinghoffer Sued for Wrongful Death Over Fatal Traffic Accident \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-guitarist\\-josh\\-klinghoffer\\-fatal\\-traffic\\-accident\\-sued\\-1235057068/ \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2024 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|publisher\\=}} For the closing ceremony of the [2024 Paris Olympics](/wiki/2024_Paris_Olympics \"2024 Paris Olympics\") on August 11, the Chili Peppers provided a performance of \"Can't Stop\" (\"Eddie\" was performed during a post\\-Olympics special on [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")){{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-12 \\|title\\=Red Hot Chili Peppers \\- Eddie \\- Paris 2024 Olympic Games \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=P\\_\\_\\-\\_\\_G3VLU \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-12 \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|language\\=en\\-US}} in [Long Beach, California](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California \"Long Beach, California\"), representing Los Angeles, where the [2028 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics \"2028 Summer Olympics\") will be held.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Legaspi \\|first\\=Althea \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-11 \\|title\\=Billie Eilish, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Snoop Dogg, H.E.R. Perform at Olympics Closing Ceremony \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/billie\\-eilish\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-snoop\\-dogg\\-h\\-e\\-r\\-perform\\-olympics\\-closing\\-ceremony\\-paris\\-1235077980/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-11 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Tolentino \\|first1\\=Daysia \\|title\\=Snoop Dogg, Billie Eilish and Red Hot Chili Peppers usher in L.A. 2028 \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/sports/olympics/phoenix\\-air\\-snoop\\-dogg\\-billie\\-eilish\\-paris\\-closing\\-ceremony\\-rcna166146 \\|publisher\\=NBC News \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2024 \\|date\\=11 August 2024}}",
""
] |
Style
-----
{{Specific\|section\|date\=May 2020\|problem\=An extensive list of the band's "influences" are listed without saying how they influenced the band.}}
The music of the Red Hot Chili Peppers has been characterized as [funk rock](/wiki/Funk_rock "Funk rock"),{{cite news \|last \= Mayhew \|first \= Malcolm \|title \= Hit Parade \|url \= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1992/03/11/hit\-parade\-14/ \|newspaper \= Chicago Tribune \|date \= March 11, 1992 \|access\-date \= December 25, 2013 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226220548/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992\-03\-11/entertainment/9201230051\_1\_flea\-balzary\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-music\-scene \|archive\-date \= December 26, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|first \= Hermione \|last \= Hoby \|url \= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/28/chili\-peppers\-with\-you\-review \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers: I'm with You – review \| Music \| The Observer \|website \= Theguardian.com \|date \= August 27, 2011 \|access\-date \= April 19, 2014 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226200044/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/28/chili\-peppers\-with\-you\-review \|archive\-date \= December 26, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|url \= http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music\_box/2006/06/funky\_white\_boys.html \|title \= The improbable rise of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. \|first \= Jody \|last \= Rosen \|date \= June 2, 2006 \|work \= Slate Magazine \|access\-date \= January 26, 2016 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160202233130/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music\_box/2006/06/funky\_white\_boys.html \|archive\-date \= February 2, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|url \= http://www.spin.com/2012/08/lollapalooza\-2012\-10\-best\-and\-worst\-day\-two/ \|title \= Lollapalooza 2012: 10 Best and Worst of Day Two \|work \= Spin \|date \= August 5, 2012 \|access\-date \= January 26, 2016 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160201130249/http://www.spin.com/2012/08/lollapalooza\-2012\-10\-best\-and\-worst\-day\-two/ \|archive\-date \= February 1, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}} [alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock "Alternative rock"),{{cite magazine \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers/biography \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers Biography \|magazine \= Rolling Stone \|date \= June 28, 2013 \|access\-date \= April 19, 2014 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140312122029/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers/biography \|archive\-date \= March 12, 2014 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|url \= http://www.cmj.com/live/photos\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-sleigh\-bells\-may\-4\-2012/ \|title \= Photos: Red Hot Chili Peppers, Sleigh Bells At Prudential Center \|website\=Cmj.com \|access\-date \= April 19, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205717/http://www.cmj.com/live/photos\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-sleigh\-bells\-may\-4\-2012/ \|archive\-date \= September 23, 2015 \|df \= mdy\-all}}{{cite web \|url \= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-mn0000883318/biography \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers \|first \= Greg \|last \= Prato \|work \= AllMusic \|access\-date \= January 26, 2016 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20161023153525/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-mn0000883318/biography \|archive\-date \= October 23, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}} [funk metal](/wiki/Funk_metal "Funk metal"),{{cite book \|last \= Shuker \|first \= Roy \|title \= Understanding Popular Music Culture \|year \= 2012 \|publisher \= Routledge \|isbn \= 978\-0\-415\-41906\-2 \|page \= \[https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk\_r1s0/page/103 103] \|url \= https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk\_r1s0/page/103}}{{cite news \|last \= Petridis \|first \= Alexis \|title \= The top pop picks for spring \|url \= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/apr/09/pop\-picks\-spring \|newspaper \= The Guardian \|date \= April 9, 2012 \|access\-date \= December 16, 2016 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20161230162031/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/apr/09/pop\-picks\-spring \|archive\-date \= December 30, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|url \= https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21992\-the\-getaway/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers: The Getaway Album Review \|website \= Pitchfork.com \|access\-date \= January 23, 2017 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170203001043/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21992\-the\-getaway/ \|archive\-date \= February 3, 2017 \|url\-status \= live}} and [rap rock](/wiki/Rap_rock "Rap rock"),{{cite web \|url \= https://buffalonews.com/2016/09/19/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-warm\-buffalo\-february/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers to warm Buffalo in February \|first \= Jeff \|last \= Miers \|date \= September 19, 2016 \|access\-date \= January 23, 2017 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045118/https://buffalonews.com/2016/09/19/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-warm\-buffalo\-february/ \|archive\-date \= February 2, 2017 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web \|url \= https://www.stereogum.com/1882877/9\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-songs\-that\-dont\-suck/franchises/list/ \|title \= 9 Red Hot Chili Peppers Songs That Don't Suck \|date \= June 16, 2016 \|access\-date \= January 23, 2017 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012421/http://www.stereogum.com/1882877/9\-red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-songs\-that\-dont\-suck/franchises/list/ \|archive\-date \= February 2, 2017 \|url\-status \= live}} with influences from [hard](/wiki/Hard_rock "Hard rock"), [psychedelic](/wiki/Psychedelic_rock "Psychedelic rock"), and [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock"). Regarding their genre, Flea stated in a 2006 *[Guitar World](/wiki/Guitar_World "Guitar World")* interview, "For all the styles that have come and gone through\-out our career, we never really aligned ourselves with any of them; we were never part of any movement. At one time, people put us together in a category with [Fishbone](/wiki/Fishbone "Fishbone") and [Faith No More](/wiki/Faith_No_More "Faith No More"), but we were always different from those bands, and they were always different from us."{{Cite web\|url\=http://thechilisource.com/guitar\-world\-july\-2006\-flea\-on\-rhcp/\|title\=Guitar World July 2006 Flea on RHCP\|website\=Thechilisource.com\|date\=March 5, 2011\|access\-date\=June 20, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625122601/http://thechilisource.com/guitar\-world\-july\-2006\-flea\-on\-rhcp/\|url\-status\=live}} The band's influences include [Parliament\-Funkadelic](/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic "Parliament-Funkadelic"), [Defunkt](/wiki/Defunkt "Defunkt"), [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix "Jimi Hendrix"), [the Misfits](/wiki/Misfits_%28band%29 "Misfits (band)"), [Black Sabbath](/wiki/Black_Sabbath "Black Sabbath"), [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica"), [James Brown](/wiki/James_Brown "James Brown"), [Gang of Four](/wiki/Gang_of_Four_%28band%29 "Gang of Four (band)"), [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley "Bob Marley"), [Big Boys](/wiki/Big_Boys "Big Boys"), [Bad Brains](/wiki/Bad_Brains "Bad Brains"), [Sly and the Family Stone](/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone "Sly and the Family Stone"), [Ohio Players](/wiki/Ohio_Players "Ohio Players"), [Queen](/wiki/Queen_%28band%29 "Queen (band)"), [Stevie Wonder](/wiki/Stevie_Wonder "Stevie Wonder"), [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley"), [Deep Purple](/wiki/Deep_Purple "Deep Purple"), [the Beach Boys](/wiki/The_Beach_Boys "The Beach Boys"), [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 "Black Flag (band)"), [Ornette Coleman](/wiki/Ornette_Coleman "Ornette Coleman"), [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin"), [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 "Yes (band)"),Blackett, Matt (September 1999\). "Return of the Prodigal Son." *[Guitar Player](/wiki/Guitar_Player "Guitar Player")*. [Fugazi](/wiki/Fugazi "Fugazi"), [Fishbone](/wiki/Fishbone "Fishbone"), [Marvin Gaye](/wiki/Marvin_Gaye "Marvin Gaye"), [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday "Billie Holiday"), [Santana](/wiki/Santana_%28band%29 "Santana (band)"), [Elvis Costello](/wiki/Elvis_Costello "Elvis Costello"), [the Stooges](/wiki/The_Stooges "The Stooges"),{{cite web \|url \= http://www.punk77\.co.uk/groups/thestooges.htm \|title \= The Stooges – Classic US Punk \|website \= Punk77\.co.uk \|access\-date \= September 10, 2010 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130501111828/http://www.punk77\.co.uk/groups/thestooges.htm \|archive\-date \= May 1, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} [the Clash](/wiki/The_Clash "The Clash"), [Siouxsie and the Banshees](/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees "Siouxsie and the Banshees"),["Saunalahti.fi" setlists](https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102852/http://www.saunalahti.fi/~tomppat/rhcp/). "Saunalahti.fi" (Red Hot Chili Peppers'site). Retrieved July 2, 2016\. Setlist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' concert performing "Christine" (a Siouxsie and the Banshees cover) on August 19, 2001, V2001 Hylands Park Chelmsford, Essex UK.[Red Hot Chili Peppers "Christine" (Siouxsie and the Banshees' cover) V2001 festival](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWP40P4HEwU) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718223013/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=sWP40P4HEwU \|date\=July 18, 2021}}. Youtube. Retrieved July 2, 2016\. [Devo](/wiki/Devo "Devo"), and [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis").{{cite web \|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=mXppgjlt2mA \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers – The Interview part 4 \|website \= \[\[YouTube]] \|access\-date \= July 26, 2016 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405012907/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=mXppgjlt2mA \|archive\-date \= April 5, 2016 \|url\-status \= live}}
Kiedis provided multiple vocal styles. His primary approach up to *[Blood Sugar Sex Magik](/wiki/Blood_Sugar_Sex_Magik "Blood Sugar Sex Magik")* was spoken verse and rapping, which he complemented with traditional vocals. This helped the band to maintain a consistent style.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p93719\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=Anthony Kiedis Biography \|access\-date\=August 8, 2007 \|author\=Sutton, Michael \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} As the group matured, notably with *[Californication](/wiki/Californication_%28album%29 "Californication (album)")* (1999\), they reduced the number of rapped verses. *By the Way* (2002\) contained only two songs with a rap\-driven verse and melodic chorus.Allmusic *By the Way* Album Review. \[{{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r595243\|pure\_url\=yes}} Allmusic.com] Kiedis's more recent style was developed through ongoing coaching.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=420}}
Original guitarist Slovak's style was based in blues and funk. Slovak was primarily influenced by hard\-rock artists such as Hendrix, [Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28band%29 "Kiss (band)") and Led Zeppelin,Mullen, p. 21 while his playing method was based on improvisation common in funk.{{cite web \|url \= https://consequence.net/2008/07/icons\-of\-rock\-hillel\-slovak/ \|title \= Icons of Rock: Hillel Slovak \|last \= Sayers \|first \= Blaine \|work \= Consequence \|date \= July 23, 2008 \|access\-date \= December 15, 2021 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130511130157/http://consequenceofsound.net/2008/07/icons\-of\-rock\-hillel\-slovak/ \|archive\-date \= May 11, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} He was noted for an aggressive playing style; he would often play with such force, that his fingers would "come apart". Kiedis observed that his playing evolved during his time away from the group in What Is This?, when Slovak adopted a more fluid style featuring "sultry" elements compared to his earlier hard\-rock techniques.Kiedis, p. 168 On *The Uplift Mofo Party Plan* (1987\), Slovak experimented with genres outside of traditional funk music including [reggae](/wiki/Reggae "Reggae") and [speed metal](/wiki/Speed_metal "Speed metal").Kiedis, p. 204 His guitar riffs would often serve as the basis of the group's songs, with the other members writing their parts to complement his guitar work. His melodic riff featured in the song "Behind the Sun" inspired the group to create "pretty" songs with an emphasis on melody. Kiedis describes the song as "pure Hillel inspiration".Slovak, p. 12 Slovak also used a [talk box](/wiki/Talk_box "Talk box") on songs such as "Green Heaven" and "Funky Crime", in which he would sing into a tube while playing to create psychedelic effects.Kiedis, p. 112
Frusciante's musical style has evolved over the course of his career. His guitar playing employs melody and emotion rather than virtuosity.{{clarify\|date\=May 2020\|problem\=This word is too esoteric.}} Although virtuoso influences can be heard throughout his career, he has said that he often minimizes this.*Kerrang!* Issue No. 21; pp. 76–82 Frusciante brought a melodic and textured sound, notably on *Californication*, *By the Way*, and *Stadium Arcadium* (2006\). This contrasts with his earlier abrasive approach in *Mother's Milk*,{{cite magazine \|title \= Total Guitar Magazine interview with John Frusciante \|magazine \= \[\[Total Guitar]] \|url \= http://rhcprock.free.fr/totalguitar\_john.htm \|access\-date \= May 14, 2013 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130530035451/http://rhcprock.free.fr/totalguitar\_john.htm \|archive\-date \= May 30, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r16302\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=Allmusic; Mother's Milk \|access\-date\=August 8, 2007 \|author\=Hanson, Amy \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} as well as his dry, funky and more docile arrangements on *Blood Sugar Sex Magik*. On *Californication* and *By the Way*, Frusciante derived the technique of creating tonal texture through chord patterns from [post\-punk](/wiki/Post-punk "Post-punk") guitarist [Vini Reilly](/wiki/Vini_Reilly "Vini Reilly") of [the Durutti Column](/wiki/The_Durutti_Column "The Durutti Column"), and bands such as [Fugazi](/wiki/Fugazi "Fugazi") and [the Cure](/wiki/The_Cure "The Cure").Dalley, Helen (August 2002\). "John Frusciante" *Total Guitar*. Retrieved August 27, 2007\.Page, Scarlet (July 2004\). "Red Hot Chili Peppers: The LA Punks Who Defied Death, Grunge And A Burning Crack Den". *Mojo*.Mitchell, Ed. "Robert Johnson – King of the Delta Blues Singers". *Total Guitar*. February 2006\. p. 66 On *By the Way*, he wanted people to be able to sing the lead guitar part, influenced by [John McGeoch](/wiki/John_McGeoch "John McGeoch") of Siouxsie and the Banshees, [Johnny Marr](/wiki/Johnny_Marr "Johnny Marr") of [the Smiths](/wiki/The_Smiths "The Smiths"), and Bernard Sumner of [Joy Division](/wiki/Joy_Division "Joy Division").{{citation \|first \= Phil \|last \= Ascott \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers \|work \= Total Guitar \|issue \= July 2006}} He initially wanted this album to be composed of "these punky, rough songs", drawing inspiration from early punk artists such as the Germs and [the Damned](/wiki/The_Damned_%28band%29 "The Damned (band)"). However, this was discouraged by producer Rick Rubin, and he instead built upon *Californication*{{'}}s melodically driven style.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=329}} During the recording of *Stadium Arcadium* (2006\), he moved away from his new\-wave influences and concentrated on emulating flashier guitar players such as Hendrix and Van Halen.{{cite video \|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=g9E8livzmRM \|year \= 2006 \|people \= Gallori, Paolo \|title \= Intervista a John Frusciante \|publisher \= \[\[YouTube]] \|medium \= TV interview \|access\-date \= January 11, 2009 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120501172148/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=g9E8livzmRM \|archive\-date \= May 1, 2012 \|url\-status \= live}} Navarro brought his own sound to the band during his tenure, with his style based on [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music"), [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock "Progressive rock") and [psychedelia](/wiki/Psychedelia "Psychedelia").{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r220822\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=''One Hot Minute'' review \|access\-date\=August 1, 2007 \|author\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}}
Flea's bass guitar style can be considered an amalgamation of funk, psychedelic, punk, and hard rock.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p76467\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=Flea Biography \|access\-date\=August 8, 2007 \|author\=Prato, Greg \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}} The groove\-heavy melodies, played through either finger\-picking or [slapping](/wiki/Slap_bass "Slap bass"), contributed to their signature style. While Flea's slap bass style was prominent in earlier albums, albums after *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* have more melodic and funk\-driven bass lines. He has also used [double stops](/wiki/Double_stop "Double stop") on some newer songs. Flea's bass playing has changed considerably throughout the years. When he joined Fear, his technique centered largely around traditional punk\-rock bass lines.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=JzkeyWNkhpY \|title \= Interview with Flea in 1988 \|date \= March 8, 2006 \|access\-date \= January 16, 2008 \|publisher \= \[\[VPRO]] \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130505081705/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=JzkeyWNkhpY \|archive\-date \= May 5, 2013 \|url\-status \= live}} However, he changed this style when the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed. He began to incorporate a "slap" bass style that drew influence largely from [Bootsy Collins](/wiki/Bootsy_Collins "Bootsy Collins").{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|p\=70}} *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* saw a notable shift in style as it featured none of his signature technique but focused more on traditional and melodic roots.Malandrone, Scott (October 1995\). "Flea Interview". *Bass Player*. His intellectual beliefs as a musician also shifted: "I was trying to play simply on *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* because I had been playing too much prior to that, so I thought, 'I've really got to chill out and play half as many notes'. When you play less, it's more exciting—there's more room for everything. If I do play something busy, it stands out, instead of the bass being a constant onslaught of notes. Space is good."
Drummer Smith blends rock with funk, mixing metal and jazz to his beats. Influences include [Buddy Rich](/wiki/Buddy_Rich "Buddy Rich") and [John Bonham](/wiki/John_Bonham "John Bonham").{{cite web \|url \= http://www.sabian.com/en/artist/chad\-smith \|title \= SABIAN Cymbals – Chad Smith \|website \= Sabian.com \|access\-date \= September 10, 2010 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20111103220408/http://www.sabian.com/en/artist/chad\-smith \|archive\-date \= November 3, 2011 \|url\-status \= live}} He brought a different sound to *Mother's Milk*, playing tight and fast. In *Blood Sugar Sex Magik*, he displays greater power. He is recognized for his [ghost notes](/wiki/Ghost_note "Ghost note"), his beats and his fast right foot. MusicRadar put him in sixth place on their list of the "50 Greatest Drummers Of All Time".{{cite web \|url \= http://www.musicradar.com/news/drums/50\-greatest\-drummers\-of\-all\-time\-part\-2\-225815 \|title \= 50 greatest drummers of all time: part 2 \|website \= Musicradar.com \|date \= November 5, 2009 \|access\-date \= August 8, 2023 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110714141407/http://www.musicradar.com/news/drums/50\-greatest\-drummers\-of\-all\-time\-part\-2\-225815/23\#content \|archive\-date \= July 14, 2011 \|url\-status \= live}}
During their early career, the Chili Peppers would often perform nude, wearing only socks over their genitals; this became a part of their stage persona, and brought them early notoriety. They retired the tradition in 2000 as they approached their forties.{{Cite web\|last\=Taysom\|first\=Joe\|date\=June 12, 2020\|title\=The first time the Red Hot Chili Peppers performed naked\|url\=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-naked\-performance\-origin/\|access\-date\=December 27, 2021\|website\=\[\[Far Out Magazine\|Far Out]]\|language\=en\-US}}
### Lyrics and songwriting
Early in the group's career, Kiedis wrote comical songs filled with sexual innuendos and songs inspired by friendship and the band members' personal experiences. However, after the death of his close friend and bandmate Hillel Slovak, Kiedis's lyrics became much more introspective and personal, as exemplified by the *Mother's Milk* song "Knock Me Down", which was dedicated to Slovak along with the *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* song "My Lovely Man".
When the band recorded *One Hot Minute* (1995\), Kiedis had turned to drugs once again, which resulted in darker lyrics.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|pp\=184–190}} He began to write about anguish, and the self\-mutilating thoughts he would experience as a result of his heroin and [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") addiction.{{cite magazine \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-the\-naked\-truth\-192368/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers: The Naked Truth \|first \= David \|last \= Fricke \|access\-date \= December 15, 2021 \|magazine \= Rolling Stone \|date \= June 25, 1992 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090316023649/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5938432/the\_naked\_truth \|archive\-date \= March 16, 2009}}{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=265–266}} The album also featured tributes to close friends the band lost during the recording process including [Kurt Cobain](/wiki/Kurt_Cobain "Kurt Cobain") on the song "Tearjerker" and [River Phoenix](/wiki/River_Phoenix "River Phoenix") on the song "Transcending".
After witnessing Frusciante's recovery from his heroin addiction, Kiedis wrote many songs inspired by rebirth and the meaning of life on *Californication*. He was also intrigued by the life lessons that the band had learned,(2002\) "[Behind the Music](/wiki/Behind_the_Music "Behind the Music"): Red Hot Chili Peppers episode". [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1"). including Kiedis's experience with meeting a young mother at the [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA "YMCA"), who was attempting to battle her crack addiction while living with her infant daughter.
On *By the Way*, Kiedis was lyrically influenced by love and his girlfriend.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=456–465}} Drugs also played an integral part in Kiedis's writings, as he had only been sober since 2000\.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=433}} Tracks such as "This Is the Place" and "Don't Forget Me" expressed his intense dislike for narcotics and the harmful physical and emotional effects they caused him. *Stadium Arcadium* (2006\) continued the themes of love and romance; Kiedis stated, that "love and women, pregnancies and marriages, relationship struggles—those are real and profound influences on this record. And it's great, because it wasn't just me writing about the fact that I'm in love. It was everybody in the band. We were brimming with energy based on falling in love."{{cite web \|url \= http://www.invisible\-movement.net/articles/2006\-press/0601\-rollingstone \|title \= Tattooed Love Boys \| John Frusciante unofficial website \|website\=Invisible Movement \|access\-date \= February 14, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603060432/http://invisible\-movement.net/articles/2006\-press/0601\-rollingstone \|archive\-date \= June 3, 2013 \|df \= mdy\-all}} *I'm with You* (2011\) again featured Kiedis writing about the loss of a close friend, this time in the song "Brendan's Death Song", a tribute to club owner [Brendan Mullen](/wiki/Brendan_Mullen "Brendan Mullen") who gave the band some of their earliest shows and showed support to them throughout their career.
Themes within Kiedis's repertoire include love and friendship,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=264–265}}{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=271}} teenage angst, good\-time aggression,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=108}} various sexual topics and the link between sex and music, political and social commentary ([Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") issues in particular),{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=112}} romance,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=269–270}}{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=242}} loneliness,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=404–405}} globalization and the cons of fame and Hollywood,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=418–419}} poverty, drugs, alcohol, dealing with death, and California.
|
[
"Style\n-----",
"{{Specific\\|section\\|date\\=May 2020\\|problem\\=An extensive list of the band's \"influences\" are listed without saying how they influenced the band.}}\nThe music of the Red Hot Chili Peppers has been characterized as [funk rock](/wiki/Funk_rock \"Funk rock\"),{{cite news \\|last \\= Mayhew \\|first \\= Malcolm \\|title \\= Hit Parade \\|url \\= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1992/03/11/hit\\-parade\\-14/ \\|newspaper \\= Chicago Tribune \\|date \\= March 11, 1992 \\|access\\-date \\= December 25, 2013 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226220548/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992\\-03\\-11/entertainment/9201230051\\_1\\_flea\\-balzary\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-music\\-scene \\|archive\\-date \\= December 26, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|first \\= Hermione \\|last \\= Hoby \\|url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/28/chili\\-peppers\\-with\\-you\\-review \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers: I'm with You – review \\| Music \\| The Observer \\|website \\= Theguardian.com \\|date \\= August 27, 2011 \\|access\\-date \\= April 19, 2014 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226200044/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/28/chili\\-peppers\\-with\\-you\\-review \\|archive\\-date \\= December 26, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music\\_box/2006/06/funky\\_white\\_boys.html \\|title \\= The improbable rise of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. \\|first \\= Jody \\|last \\= Rosen \\|date \\= June 2, 2006 \\|work \\= Slate Magazine \\|access\\-date \\= January 26, 2016 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160202233130/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music\\_box/2006/06/funky\\_white\\_boys.html \\|archive\\-date \\= February 2, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.spin.com/2012/08/lollapalooza\\-2012\\-10\\-best\\-and\\-worst\\-day\\-two/ \\|title \\= Lollapalooza 2012: 10 Best and Worst of Day Two \\|work \\= Spin \\|date \\= August 5, 2012 \\|access\\-date \\= January 26, 2016 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160201130249/http://www.spin.com/2012/08/lollapalooza\\-2012\\-10\\-best\\-and\\-worst\\-day\\-two/ \\|archive\\-date \\= February 1, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} [alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock \"Alternative rock\"),{{cite magazine \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers/biography \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers Biography \\|magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\|date \\= June 28, 2013 \\|access\\-date \\= April 19, 2014 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140312122029/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers/biography \\|archive\\-date \\= March 12, 2014 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.cmj.com/live/photos\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-sleigh\\-bells\\-may\\-4\\-2012/ \\|title \\= Photos: Red Hot Chili Peppers, Sleigh Bells At Prudential Center \\|website\\=Cmj.com \\|access\\-date \\= April 19, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205717/http://www.cmj.com/live/photos\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-sleigh\\-bells\\-may\\-4\\-2012/ \\|archive\\-date \\= September 23, 2015 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}}{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-mn0000883318/biography \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers \\|first \\= Greg \\|last \\= Prato \\|work \\= AllMusic \\|access\\-date \\= January 26, 2016 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161023153525/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-mn0000883318/biography \\|archive\\-date \\= October 23, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} [funk metal](/wiki/Funk_metal \"Funk metal\"),{{cite book \\|last \\= Shuker \\|first \\= Roy \\|title \\= Understanding Popular Music Culture \\|year \\= 2012 \\|publisher \\= Routledge \\|isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-415\\-41906\\-2 \\|page \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk\\_r1s0/page/103 103] \\|url \\= https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk\\_r1s0/page/103}}{{cite news \\|last \\= Petridis \\|first \\= Alexis \\|title \\= The top pop picks for spring \\|url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/apr/09/pop\\-picks\\-spring \\|newspaper \\= The Guardian \\|date \\= April 9, 2012 \\|access\\-date \\= December 16, 2016 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161230162031/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/apr/09/pop\\-picks\\-spring \\|archive\\-date \\= December 30, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|url \\= https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21992\\-the\\-getaway/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers: The Getaway Album Review \\|website \\= Pitchfork.com \\|access\\-date \\= January 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170203001043/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21992\\-the\\-getaway/ \\|archive\\-date \\= February 3, 2017 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} and [rap rock](/wiki/Rap_rock \"Rap rock\"),{{cite web \\|url \\= https://buffalonews.com/2016/09/19/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-warm\\-buffalo\\-february/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers to warm Buffalo in February \\|first \\= Jeff \\|last \\= Miers \\|date \\= September 19, 2016 \\|access\\-date \\= January 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045118/https://buffalonews.com/2016/09/19/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-warm\\-buffalo\\-february/ \\|archive\\-date \\= February 2, 2017 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.stereogum.com/1882877/9\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-songs\\-that\\-dont\\-suck/franchises/list/ \\|title \\= 9 Red Hot Chili Peppers Songs That Don't Suck \\|date \\= June 16, 2016 \\|access\\-date \\= January 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012421/http://www.stereogum.com/1882877/9\\-red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-songs\\-that\\-dont\\-suck/franchises/list/ \\|archive\\-date \\= February 2, 2017 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} with influences from [hard](/wiki/Hard_rock \"Hard rock\"), [psychedelic](/wiki/Psychedelic_rock \"Psychedelic rock\"), and [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\"). Regarding their genre, Flea stated in a 2006 *[Guitar World](/wiki/Guitar_World \"Guitar World\")* interview, \"For all the styles that have come and gone through\\-out our career, we never really aligned ourselves with any of them; we were never part of any movement. At one time, people put us together in a category with [Fishbone](/wiki/Fishbone \"Fishbone\") and [Faith No More](/wiki/Faith_No_More \"Faith No More\"), but we were always different from those bands, and they were always different from us.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://thechilisource.com/guitar\\-world\\-july\\-2006\\-flea\\-on\\-rhcp/\\|title\\=Guitar World July 2006 Flea on RHCP\\|website\\=Thechilisource.com\\|date\\=March 5, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625122601/http://thechilisource.com/guitar\\-world\\-july\\-2006\\-flea\\-on\\-rhcp/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The band's influences include [Parliament\\-Funkadelic](/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic \"Parliament-Funkadelic\"), [Defunkt](/wiki/Defunkt \"Defunkt\"), [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix \"Jimi Hendrix\"), [the Misfits](/wiki/Misfits_%28band%29 \"Misfits (band)\"), [Black Sabbath](/wiki/Black_Sabbath \"Black Sabbath\"), [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\"), [James Brown](/wiki/James_Brown \"James Brown\"), [Gang of Four](/wiki/Gang_of_Four_%28band%29 \"Gang of Four (band)\"), [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley \"Bob Marley\"), [Big Boys](/wiki/Big_Boys \"Big Boys\"), [Bad Brains](/wiki/Bad_Brains \"Bad Brains\"), [Sly and the Family Stone](/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone \"Sly and the Family Stone\"), [Ohio Players](/wiki/Ohio_Players \"Ohio Players\"), [Queen](/wiki/Queen_%28band%29 \"Queen (band)\"), [Stevie Wonder](/wiki/Stevie_Wonder \"Stevie Wonder\"), [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\"), [Deep Purple](/wiki/Deep_Purple \"Deep Purple\"), [the Beach Boys](/wiki/The_Beach_Boys \"The Beach Boys\"), [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 \"Black Flag (band)\"), [Ornette Coleman](/wiki/Ornette_Coleman \"Ornette Coleman\"), [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\"), [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 \"Yes (band)\"),Blackett, Matt (September 1999\\). \"Return of the Prodigal Son.\" *[Guitar Player](/wiki/Guitar_Player \"Guitar Player\")*. [Fugazi](/wiki/Fugazi \"Fugazi\"), [Fishbone](/wiki/Fishbone \"Fishbone\"), [Marvin Gaye](/wiki/Marvin_Gaye \"Marvin Gaye\"), [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday \"Billie Holiday\"), [Santana](/wiki/Santana_%28band%29 \"Santana (band)\"), [Elvis Costello](/wiki/Elvis_Costello \"Elvis Costello\"), [the Stooges](/wiki/The_Stooges \"The Stooges\"),{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.punk77\\.co.uk/groups/thestooges.htm \\|title \\= The Stooges – Classic US Punk \\|website \\= Punk77\\.co.uk \\|access\\-date \\= September 10, 2010 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130501111828/http://www.punk77\\.co.uk/groups/thestooges.htm \\|archive\\-date \\= May 1, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} [the Clash](/wiki/The_Clash \"The Clash\"), [Siouxsie and the Banshees](/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees \"Siouxsie and the Banshees\"),[\"Saunalahti.fi\" setlists](https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102852/http://www.saunalahti.fi/~tomppat/rhcp/). \"Saunalahti.fi\" (Red Hot Chili Peppers'site). Retrieved July 2, 2016\\. Setlist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' concert performing \"Christine\" (a Siouxsie and the Banshees cover) on August 19, 2001, V2001 Hylands Park Chelmsford, Essex UK.[Red Hot Chili Peppers \"Christine\" (Siouxsie and the Banshees' cover) V2001 festival](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWP40P4HEwU) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718223013/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=sWP40P4HEwU \\|date\\=July 18, 2021}}. Youtube. Retrieved July 2, 2016\\. [Devo](/wiki/Devo \"Devo\"), and [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\").{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=mXppgjlt2mA \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers – The Interview part 4 \\|website \\= \\[\\[YouTube]] \\|access\\-date \\= July 26, 2016 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405012907/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=mXppgjlt2mA \\|archive\\-date \\= April 5, 2016 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"Kiedis provided multiple vocal styles. His primary approach up to *[Blood Sugar Sex Magik](/wiki/Blood_Sugar_Sex_Magik \"Blood Sugar Sex Magik\")* was spoken verse and rapping, which he complemented with traditional vocals. This helped the band to maintain a consistent style.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p93719\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=Anthony Kiedis Biography \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2007 \\|author\\=Sutton, Michael \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} As the group matured, notably with *[Californication](/wiki/Californication_%28album%29 \"Californication (album)\")* (1999\\), they reduced the number of rapped verses. *By the Way* (2002\\) contained only two songs with a rap\\-driven verse and melodic chorus.Allmusic *By the Way* Album Review. \\[{{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r595243\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} Allmusic.com] Kiedis's more recent style was developed through ongoing coaching.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=420}}",
"Original guitarist Slovak's style was based in blues and funk. Slovak was primarily influenced by hard\\-rock artists such as Hendrix, [Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28band%29 \"Kiss (band)\") and Led Zeppelin,Mullen, p. 21 while his playing method was based on improvisation common in funk.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://consequence.net/2008/07/icons\\-of\\-rock\\-hillel\\-slovak/ \\|title \\= Icons of Rock: Hillel Slovak \\|last \\= Sayers \\|first \\= Blaine \\|work \\= Consequence \\|date \\= July 23, 2008 \\|access\\-date \\= December 15, 2021 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130511130157/http://consequenceofsound.net/2008/07/icons\\-of\\-rock\\-hillel\\-slovak/ \\|archive\\-date \\= May 11, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} He was noted for an aggressive playing style; he would often play with such force, that his fingers would \"come apart\". Kiedis observed that his playing evolved during his time away from the group in What Is This?, when Slovak adopted a more fluid style featuring \"sultry\" elements compared to his earlier hard\\-rock techniques.Kiedis, p. 168 On *The Uplift Mofo Party Plan* (1987\\), Slovak experimented with genres outside of traditional funk music including [reggae](/wiki/Reggae \"Reggae\") and [speed metal](/wiki/Speed_metal \"Speed metal\").Kiedis, p. 204 His guitar riffs would often serve as the basis of the group's songs, with the other members writing their parts to complement his guitar work. His melodic riff featured in the song \"Behind the Sun\" inspired the group to create \"pretty\" songs with an emphasis on melody. Kiedis describes the song as \"pure Hillel inspiration\".Slovak, p. 12 Slovak also used a [talk box](/wiki/Talk_box \"Talk box\") on songs such as \"Green Heaven\" and \"Funky Crime\", in which he would sing into a tube while playing to create psychedelic effects.Kiedis, p. 112",
"Frusciante's musical style has evolved over the course of his career. His guitar playing employs melody and emotion rather than virtuosity.{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2020\\|problem\\=This word is too esoteric.}} Although virtuoso influences can be heard throughout his career, he has said that he often minimizes this.*Kerrang!* Issue No. 21; pp. 76–82 Frusciante brought a melodic and textured sound, notably on *Californication*, *By the Way*, and *Stadium Arcadium* (2006\\). This contrasts with his earlier abrasive approach in *Mother's Milk*,{{cite magazine \\|title \\= Total Guitar Magazine interview with John Frusciante \\|magazine \\= \\[\\[Total Guitar]] \\|url \\= http://rhcprock.free.fr/totalguitar\\_john.htm \\|access\\-date \\= May 14, 2013 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130530035451/http://rhcprock.free.fr/totalguitar\\_john.htm \\|archive\\-date \\= May 30, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r16302\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=Allmusic; Mother's Milk \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2007 \\|author\\=Hanson, Amy \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} as well as his dry, funky and more docile arrangements on *Blood Sugar Sex Magik*. On *Californication* and *By the Way*, Frusciante derived the technique of creating tonal texture through chord patterns from [post\\-punk](/wiki/Post-punk \"Post-punk\") guitarist [Vini Reilly](/wiki/Vini_Reilly \"Vini Reilly\") of [the Durutti Column](/wiki/The_Durutti_Column \"The Durutti Column\"), and bands such as [Fugazi](/wiki/Fugazi \"Fugazi\") and [the Cure](/wiki/The_Cure \"The Cure\").Dalley, Helen (August 2002\\). \"John Frusciante\" *Total Guitar*. Retrieved August 27, 2007\\.Page, Scarlet (July 2004\\). \"Red Hot Chili Peppers: The LA Punks Who Defied Death, Grunge And A Burning Crack Den\". *Mojo*.Mitchell, Ed. \"Robert Johnson – King of the Delta Blues Singers\". *Total Guitar*. February 2006\\. p. 66 On *By the Way*, he wanted people to be able to sing the lead guitar part, influenced by [John McGeoch](/wiki/John_McGeoch \"John McGeoch\") of Siouxsie and the Banshees, [Johnny Marr](/wiki/Johnny_Marr \"Johnny Marr\") of [the Smiths](/wiki/The_Smiths \"The Smiths\"), and Bernard Sumner of [Joy Division](/wiki/Joy_Division \"Joy Division\").{{citation \\|first \\= Phil \\|last \\= Ascott \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers \\|work \\= Total Guitar \\|issue \\= July 2006}} He initially wanted this album to be composed of \"these punky, rough songs\", drawing inspiration from early punk artists such as the Germs and [the Damned](/wiki/The_Damned_%28band%29 \"The Damned (band)\"). However, this was discouraged by producer Rick Rubin, and he instead built upon *Californication*{{'}}s melodically driven style.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=329}} During the recording of *Stadium Arcadium* (2006\\), he moved away from his new\\-wave influences and concentrated on emulating flashier guitar players such as Hendrix and Van Halen.{{cite video \\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=g9E8livzmRM \\|year \\= 2006 \\|people \\= Gallori, Paolo \\|title \\= Intervista a John Frusciante \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[YouTube]] \\|medium \\= TV interview \\|access\\-date \\= January 11, 2009 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120501172148/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=g9E8livzmRM \\|archive\\-date \\= May 1, 2012 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} Navarro brought his own sound to the band during his tenure, with his style based on [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\"), [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\") and [psychedelia](/wiki/Psychedelia \"Psychedelia\").{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r220822\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=''One Hot Minute'' review \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2007 \\|author\\=Stephen Thomas Erlewine \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}}",
"Flea's bass guitar style can be considered an amalgamation of funk, psychedelic, punk, and hard rock.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p76467\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=Flea Biography \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2007 \\|author\\=Prato, Greg \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}} The groove\\-heavy melodies, played through either finger\\-picking or [slapping](/wiki/Slap_bass \"Slap bass\"), contributed to their signature style. While Flea's slap bass style was prominent in earlier albums, albums after *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* have more melodic and funk\\-driven bass lines. He has also used [double stops](/wiki/Double_stop \"Double stop\") on some newer songs. Flea's bass playing has changed considerably throughout the years. When he joined Fear, his technique centered largely around traditional punk\\-rock bass lines.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=JzkeyWNkhpY \\|title \\= Interview with Flea in 1988 \\|date \\= March 8, 2006 \\|access\\-date \\= January 16, 2008 \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[VPRO]] \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130505081705/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=JzkeyWNkhpY \\|archive\\-date \\= May 5, 2013 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} However, he changed this style when the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed. He began to incorporate a \"slap\" bass style that drew influence largely from [Bootsy Collins](/wiki/Bootsy_Collins \"Bootsy Collins\").{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|p\\=70}} *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* saw a notable shift in style as it featured none of his signature technique but focused more on traditional and melodic roots.Malandrone, Scott (October 1995\\). \"Flea Interview\". *Bass Player*. His intellectual beliefs as a musician also shifted: \"I was trying to play simply on *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* because I had been playing too much prior to that, so I thought, 'I've really got to chill out and play half as many notes'. When you play less, it's more exciting—there's more room for everything. If I do play something busy, it stands out, instead of the bass being a constant onslaught of notes. Space is good.\"",
"Drummer Smith blends rock with funk, mixing metal and jazz to his beats. Influences include [Buddy Rich](/wiki/Buddy_Rich \"Buddy Rich\") and [John Bonham](/wiki/John_Bonham \"John Bonham\").{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.sabian.com/en/artist/chad\\-smith \\|title \\= SABIAN Cymbals – Chad Smith \\|website \\= Sabian.com \\|access\\-date \\= September 10, 2010 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111103220408/http://www.sabian.com/en/artist/chad\\-smith \\|archive\\-date \\= November 3, 2011 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} He brought a different sound to *Mother's Milk*, playing tight and fast. In *Blood Sugar Sex Magik*, he displays greater power. He is recognized for his [ghost notes](/wiki/Ghost_note \"Ghost note\"), his beats and his fast right foot. MusicRadar put him in sixth place on their list of the \"50 Greatest Drummers Of All Time\".{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.musicradar.com/news/drums/50\\-greatest\\-drummers\\-of\\-all\\-time\\-part\\-2\\-225815 \\|title \\= 50 greatest drummers of all time: part 2 \\|website \\= Musicradar.com \\|date \\= November 5, 2009 \\|access\\-date \\= August 8, 2023 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110714141407/http://www.musicradar.com/news/drums/50\\-greatest\\-drummers\\-of\\-all\\-time\\-part\\-2\\-225815/23\\#content \\|archive\\-date \\= July 14, 2011 \\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"During their early career, the Chili Peppers would often perform nude, wearing only socks over their genitals; this became a part of their stage persona, and brought them early notoriety. They retired the tradition in 2000 as they approached their forties.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Taysom\\|first\\=Joe\\|date\\=June 12, 2020\\|title\\=The first time the Red Hot Chili Peppers performed naked\\|url\\=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-naked\\-performance\\-origin/\\|access\\-date\\=December 27, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Far Out Magazine\\|Far Out]]\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Lyrics and songwriting",
"Early in the group's career, Kiedis wrote comical songs filled with sexual innuendos and songs inspired by friendship and the band members' personal experiences. However, after the death of his close friend and bandmate Hillel Slovak, Kiedis's lyrics became much more introspective and personal, as exemplified by the *Mother's Milk* song \"Knock Me Down\", which was dedicated to Slovak along with the *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* song \"My Lovely Man\".",
"When the band recorded *One Hot Minute* (1995\\), Kiedis had turned to drugs once again, which resulted in darker lyrics.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|pp\\=184–190}} He began to write about anguish, and the self\\-mutilating thoughts he would experience as a result of his heroin and [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") addiction.{{cite magazine \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-the\\-naked\\-truth\\-192368/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers: The Naked Truth \\|first \\= David \\|last \\= Fricke \\|access\\-date \\= December 15, 2021 \\|magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\|date \\= June 25, 1992 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090316023649/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5938432/the\\_naked\\_truth \\|archive\\-date \\= March 16, 2009}}{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=265–266}} The album also featured tributes to close friends the band lost during the recording process including [Kurt Cobain](/wiki/Kurt_Cobain \"Kurt Cobain\") on the song \"Tearjerker\" and [River Phoenix](/wiki/River_Phoenix \"River Phoenix\") on the song \"Transcending\".",
"After witnessing Frusciante's recovery from his heroin addiction, Kiedis wrote many songs inspired by rebirth and the meaning of life on *Californication*. He was also intrigued by the life lessons that the band had learned,(2002\\) \"[Behind the Music](/wiki/Behind_the_Music \"Behind the Music\"): Red Hot Chili Peppers episode\". [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\"). including Kiedis's experience with meeting a young mother at the [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA \"YMCA\"), who was attempting to battle her crack addiction while living with her infant daughter.",
"On *By the Way*, Kiedis was lyrically influenced by love and his girlfriend.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=456–465}} Drugs also played an integral part in Kiedis's writings, as he had only been sober since 2000\\.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=433}} Tracks such as \"This Is the Place\" and \"Don't Forget Me\" expressed his intense dislike for narcotics and the harmful physical and emotional effects they caused him. *Stadium Arcadium* (2006\\) continued the themes of love and romance; Kiedis stated, that \"love and women, pregnancies and marriages, relationship struggles—those are real and profound influences on this record. And it's great, because it wasn't just me writing about the fact that I'm in love. It was everybody in the band. We were brimming with energy based on falling in love.\"{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.invisible\\-movement.net/articles/2006\\-press/0601\\-rollingstone \\|title \\= Tattooed Love Boys \\| John Frusciante unofficial website \\|website\\=Invisible Movement \\|access\\-date \\= February 14, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603060432/http://invisible\\-movement.net/articles/2006\\-press/0601\\-rollingstone \\|archive\\-date \\= June 3, 2013 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} *I'm with You* (2011\\) again featured Kiedis writing about the loss of a close friend, this time in the song \"Brendan's Death Song\", a tribute to club owner [Brendan Mullen](/wiki/Brendan_Mullen \"Brendan Mullen\") who gave the band some of their earliest shows and showed support to them throughout their career.",
"Themes within Kiedis's repertoire include love and friendship,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=264–265}}{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=271}} teenage angst, good\\-time aggression,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=108}} various sexual topics and the link between sex and music, political and social commentary ([Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") issues in particular),{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=112}} romance,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=269–270}}{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=242}} loneliness,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=404–405}} globalization and the cons of fame and Hollywood,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=418–419}} poverty, drugs, alcohol, dealing with death, and California.",
""
] |
### Lyrics and songwriting
Early in the group's career, Kiedis wrote comical songs filled with sexual innuendos and songs inspired by friendship and the band members' personal experiences. However, after the death of his close friend and bandmate Hillel Slovak, Kiedis's lyrics became much more introspective and personal, as exemplified by the *Mother's Milk* song "Knock Me Down", which was dedicated to Slovak along with the *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* song "My Lovely Man".
When the band recorded *One Hot Minute* (1995\), Kiedis had turned to drugs once again, which resulted in darker lyrics.{{harvnb\|Apter\|2004\|pp\=184–190}} He began to write about anguish, and the self\-mutilating thoughts he would experience as a result of his heroin and [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") addiction.{{cite magazine \|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/red\-hot\-chili\-peppers\-the\-naked\-truth\-192368/ \|title \= Red Hot Chili Peppers: The Naked Truth \|first \= David \|last \= Fricke \|access\-date \= December 15, 2021 \|magazine \= Rolling Stone \|date \= June 25, 1992 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090316023649/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5938432/the\_naked\_truth \|archive\-date \= March 16, 2009}}{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=265–266}} The album also featured tributes to close friends the band lost during the recording process including [Kurt Cobain](/wiki/Kurt_Cobain "Kurt Cobain") on the song "Tearjerker" and [River Phoenix](/wiki/River_Phoenix "River Phoenix") on the song "Transcending".
After witnessing Frusciante's recovery from his heroin addiction, Kiedis wrote many songs inspired by rebirth and the meaning of life on *Californication*. He was also intrigued by the life lessons that the band had learned,(2002\) "[Behind the Music](/wiki/Behind_the_Music "Behind the Music"): Red Hot Chili Peppers episode". [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1"). including Kiedis's experience with meeting a young mother at the [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA "YMCA"), who was attempting to battle her crack addiction while living with her infant daughter.
On *By the Way*, Kiedis was lyrically influenced by love and his girlfriend.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=456–465}} Drugs also played an integral part in Kiedis's writings, as he had only been sober since 2000\.{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=433}} Tracks such as "This Is the Place" and "Don't Forget Me" expressed his intense dislike for narcotics and the harmful physical and emotional effects they caused him. *Stadium Arcadium* (2006\) continued the themes of love and romance; Kiedis stated, that "love and women, pregnancies and marriages, relationship struggles—those are real and profound influences on this record. And it's great, because it wasn't just me writing about the fact that I'm in love. It was everybody in the band. We were brimming with energy based on falling in love."{{cite web \|url \= http://www.invisible\-movement.net/articles/2006\-press/0601\-rollingstone \|title \= Tattooed Love Boys \| John Frusciante unofficial website \|website\=Invisible Movement \|access\-date \= February 14, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603060432/http://invisible\-movement.net/articles/2006\-press/0601\-rollingstone \|archive\-date \= June 3, 2013 \|df \= mdy\-all}} *I'm with You* (2011\) again featured Kiedis writing about the loss of a close friend, this time in the song "Brendan's Death Song", a tribute to club owner [Brendan Mullen](/wiki/Brendan_Mullen "Brendan Mullen") who gave the band some of their earliest shows and showed support to them throughout their career.
Themes within Kiedis's repertoire include love and friendship,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=264–265}}{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=271}} teenage angst, good\-time aggression,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=108}} various sexual topics and the link between sex and music, political and social commentary ([Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") issues in particular),{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=112}} romance,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=269–270}}{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|p\=242}} loneliness,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=404–405}} globalization and the cons of fame and Hollywood,{{harvnb\|Kiedis\|Sloman\|2004\|pp\=418–419}} poverty, drugs, alcohol, dealing with death, and California.
|
[
"### Lyrics and songwriting",
"Early in the group's career, Kiedis wrote comical songs filled with sexual innuendos and songs inspired by friendship and the band members' personal experiences. However, after the death of his close friend and bandmate Hillel Slovak, Kiedis's lyrics became much more introspective and personal, as exemplified by the *Mother's Milk* song \"Knock Me Down\", which was dedicated to Slovak along with the *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* song \"My Lovely Man\".",
"When the band recorded *One Hot Minute* (1995\\), Kiedis had turned to drugs once again, which resulted in darker lyrics.{{harvnb\\|Apter\\|2004\\|pp\\=184–190}} He began to write about anguish, and the self\\-mutilating thoughts he would experience as a result of his heroin and [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") addiction.{{cite magazine \\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/red\\-hot\\-chili\\-peppers\\-the\\-naked\\-truth\\-192368/ \\|title \\= Red Hot Chili Peppers: The Naked Truth \\|first \\= David \\|last \\= Fricke \\|access\\-date \\= December 15, 2021 \\|magazine \\= Rolling Stone \\|date \\= June 25, 1992 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090316023649/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/redhotchilipeppers/articles/story/5938432/the\\_naked\\_truth \\|archive\\-date \\= March 16, 2009}}{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=265–266}} The album also featured tributes to close friends the band lost during the recording process including [Kurt Cobain](/wiki/Kurt_Cobain \"Kurt Cobain\") on the song \"Tearjerker\" and [River Phoenix](/wiki/River_Phoenix \"River Phoenix\") on the song \"Transcending\".",
"After witnessing Frusciante's recovery from his heroin addiction, Kiedis wrote many songs inspired by rebirth and the meaning of life on *Californication*. He was also intrigued by the life lessons that the band had learned,(2002\\) \"[Behind the Music](/wiki/Behind_the_Music \"Behind the Music\"): Red Hot Chili Peppers episode\". [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\"). including Kiedis's experience with meeting a young mother at the [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA \"YMCA\"), who was attempting to battle her crack addiction while living with her infant daughter.",
"On *By the Way*, Kiedis was lyrically influenced by love and his girlfriend.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=456–465}} Drugs also played an integral part in Kiedis's writings, as he had only been sober since 2000\\.{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=433}} Tracks such as \"This Is the Place\" and \"Don't Forget Me\" expressed his intense dislike for narcotics and the harmful physical and emotional effects they caused him. *Stadium Arcadium* (2006\\) continued the themes of love and romance; Kiedis stated, that \"love and women, pregnancies and marriages, relationship struggles—those are real and profound influences on this record. And it's great, because it wasn't just me writing about the fact that I'm in love. It was everybody in the band. We were brimming with energy based on falling in love.\"{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.invisible\\-movement.net/articles/2006\\-press/0601\\-rollingstone \\|title \\= Tattooed Love Boys \\| John Frusciante unofficial website \\|website\\=Invisible Movement \\|access\\-date \\= February 14, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603060432/http://invisible\\-movement.net/articles/2006\\-press/0601\\-rollingstone \\|archive\\-date \\= June 3, 2013 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} *I'm with You* (2011\\) again featured Kiedis writing about the loss of a close friend, this time in the song \"Brendan's Death Song\", a tribute to club owner [Brendan Mullen](/wiki/Brendan_Mullen \"Brendan Mullen\") who gave the band some of their earliest shows and showed support to them throughout their career.",
"Themes within Kiedis's repertoire include love and friendship,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=264–265}}{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=271}} teenage angst, good\\-time aggression,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=108}} various sexual topics and the link between sex and music, political and social commentary ([Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") issues in particular),{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=112}} romance,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=269–270}}{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|p\\=242}} loneliness,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=404–405}} globalization and the cons of fame and Hollywood,{{harvnb\\|Kiedis\\|Sloman\\|2004\\|pp\\=418–419}} poverty, drugs, alcohol, dealing with death, and California.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
The painting is a portrayal of Saint Petronilla's [martyrdom](/wiki/Martyrdom "Martyrdom"). The representation created by Guercino emphasizes Petronilla's devotion to [God](/wiki/God "God") above all, but also to the [Church](/wiki/Christian_Church "Christian Church") and the reward with which she met upon her [death](/wiki/Death "Death").
The painted narrative occurs on two tiers, Heaven and Earth. Petronilla is seen being lowered into her grave and at the same time entering Heaven. Both images are aligned along the central vertical axis, mirroring each other. The figures are directly involved in the actions depicted. However, the narrative representation does not exclude the congregation from its action. It tends more to emphasize its importance over the acts within the lives of the congregation.
The painting is open on all sides. In the lower portion hands reaching up from below the image field can be seen. The congregation is being included in the act of burying the St. The sense of belonging to and being affected by the act in progress is strengthened by its open form. The hands extending toward the Saint break the line between the action in the painting and the world in which the congregation inhabited. It is as though the scene were speaking directly to the congregation, beckoning them to participate in reverence.
### Lower tier
The lower, earthly representation of the painting leans toward the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque"). There exists a relative clarity, the light shifts from place to place, dark shadows dissolve forms. The right corner hand of the painting dissolves into complete darkness, while light is thrown onto Petronilla and the men lowering her into her grave. The clothing of a blue robed man appears to flow in and out of darks and lights. Overall, the effect creates a sense of immediacy, the here and the now. There is a feeling of chaos and haphazard organization. Figures are cut out of the picture maintaining a feeling of quick movement, a sense of time, emphasizing the effect of disorganization.
The style is painterly, lending to heavy, liquid shadows and tones. There is little unity as we could take any image from the lower tier and have an independent picture. The view of the painting takes on a haptic perspective, a close up scene without an integrated background. However, there is a slight sense of rhythm in the spiraling effect of figures from the lower tier to the top tier.
Though, overall the lower tier of the painting is definite in its depiction of action, defined time and haphazard order. There is a worldly, terrestrial, feeling to the depiction in the lower scene. The warm colors, yellows, and rust even add a sense of earth and dust. The location of the burial scene on the bottom tier, the hands of an unseen man reaching toward the dead saint, the steady action of figures, the focus of attention on the burial of Petronilla, the proximity of the lowering of Petronilla's dead body to the altar where the congregation makes its own sacrifice envelope the congregation into its realm. It becomes part of them and they become part of it. The size of the figures emphasizes the scene's statement, the congregation is made more aware of their part in the painting by its dominating presence.
### Upper tier
The second tier, while maintaining certain elements of the Baroque has started to lean to a classical representation. There is a sense of time, as Petronilla bows before Christ [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus "Jesus"), however, the animation is more suspended, calm, less fleeting. Petronilla's head is bowed before Christ as he welcomes her, though the angels in heaven are relaxed and calm upon her arrival as they continue to make their own way beside and around her.
Though certain aspects still can be withdrawn independently, there is still a feeling of overall unity. Petronilla's gown is red; however, overall the colors in heaven are cooler and crisp. The lines are clearer and depths more definable, which lends a feeling of freshness, cleanliness and purity. The upper tier is farthest away from the congregation, reaching toward heaven. There is no direct link between this heaven for the congregation except through Petronilla who has passed from the earth and is greeted by Christ.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"The painting is a portrayal of Saint Petronilla's [martyrdom](/wiki/Martyrdom \"Martyrdom\"). The representation created by Guercino emphasizes Petronilla's devotion to [God](/wiki/God \"God\") above all, but also to the [Church](/wiki/Christian_Church \"Christian Church\") and the reward with which she met upon her [death](/wiki/Death \"Death\").",
"The painted narrative occurs on two tiers, Heaven and Earth. Petronilla is seen being lowered into her grave and at the same time entering Heaven. Both images are aligned along the central vertical axis, mirroring each other. The figures are directly involved in the actions depicted. However, the narrative representation does not exclude the congregation from its action. It tends more to emphasize its importance over the acts within the lives of the congregation.",
"The painting is open on all sides. In the lower portion hands reaching up from below the image field can be seen. The congregation is being included in the act of burying the St. The sense of belonging to and being affected by the act in progress is strengthened by its open form. The hands extending toward the Saint break the line between the action in the painting and the world in which the congregation inhabited. It is as though the scene were speaking directly to the congregation, beckoning them to participate in reverence.",
"### Lower tier",
"The lower, earthly representation of the painting leans toward the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\"). There exists a relative clarity, the light shifts from place to place, dark shadows dissolve forms. The right corner hand of the painting dissolves into complete darkness, while light is thrown onto Petronilla and the men lowering her into her grave. The clothing of a blue robed man appears to flow in and out of darks and lights. Overall, the effect creates a sense of immediacy, the here and the now. There is a feeling of chaos and haphazard organization. Figures are cut out of the picture maintaining a feeling of quick movement, a sense of time, emphasizing the effect of disorganization.",
"The style is painterly, lending to heavy, liquid shadows and tones. There is little unity as we could take any image from the lower tier and have an independent picture. The view of the painting takes on a haptic perspective, a close up scene without an integrated background. However, there is a slight sense of rhythm in the spiraling effect of figures from the lower tier to the top tier.",
"Though, overall the lower tier of the painting is definite in its depiction of action, defined time and haphazard order. There is a worldly, terrestrial, feeling to the depiction in the lower scene. The warm colors, yellows, and rust even add a sense of earth and dust. The location of the burial scene on the bottom tier, the hands of an unseen man reaching toward the dead saint, the steady action of figures, the focus of attention on the burial of Petronilla, the proximity of the lowering of Petronilla's dead body to the altar where the congregation makes its own sacrifice envelope the congregation into its realm. It becomes part of them and they become part of it. The size of the figures emphasizes the scene's statement, the congregation is made more aware of their part in the painting by its dominating presence.",
"### Upper tier",
"The second tier, while maintaining certain elements of the Baroque has started to lean to a classical representation. There is a sense of time, as Petronilla bows before Christ [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus \"Jesus\"), however, the animation is more suspended, calm, less fleeting. Petronilla's head is bowed before Christ as he welcomes her, though the angels in heaven are relaxed and calm upon her arrival as they continue to make their own way beside and around her.",
"Though certain aspects still can be withdrawn independently, there is still a feeling of overall unity. Petronilla's gown is red; however, overall the colors in heaven are cooler and crisp. The lines are clearer and depths more definable, which lends a feeling of freshness, cleanliness and purity. The upper tier is farthest away from the congregation, reaching toward heaven. There is no direct link between this heaven for the congregation except through Petronilla who has passed from the earth and is greeted by Christ.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### New England Revolution
Parkhurst, who grew up in Rhode Island and played for CLCF Soccer and Bayside United, was in attendance at the inaugural home game for the [New England Revolution](/wiki/New_England_Revolution "New England Revolution"), in 1996\. Nine years later, on January 14, 2005, he was selected ninth overall in the [2005 MLS SuperDraft](/wiki/2005_MLS_SuperDraft "2005 MLS SuperDraft") by his hometown Revolution. He was ever\-present for the Revs in his first season and was named [MLS Rookie of the Year](/wiki/MLS_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award "MLS Rookie of the Year Award").
He scored his first career MLS goal on October 20, 2007, in a 2–2 draw between the Revolution and [Toronto FC](/wiki/Toronto_FC "Toronto FC"). The goal was scored from sixty yards out, having caught Toronto's keeper [Kenny Stamatopoulos](/wiki/Kenny_Stamatopoulos "Kenny Stamatopoulos") off\-guard.
Parkhurst won the [MLS Defender of the Year Award](/wiki/MLS_Defender_of_the_Year_Award "MLS Defender of the Year Award") in 2007, the [MLS Fair Play Award](/wiki/MLS_Fair_Play_Award "MLS Fair Play Award") in 2007 and 2008 and was also twice named the [MLS Humanitarian of the Year](/wiki/MLS_Humanitarian_of_the_Year "MLS Humanitarian of the Year") in 2006 and 2008\.
### F.C. Nordsjælland
After his contract with the Revolution expired after the 2008 season, Parkhurst signed a three\-year contract with [Danish Superliga](/wiki/Danish_Superliga "Danish Superliga") side [Nordsjælland](/wiki/FC_Nordsj%C3%A6lland "FC Nordsjælland") on December 9, 2008, as a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent_%28football%29 "Free agent (football)").{{cite news \| first\=Kyle \| last\=McCarthy \| title\=Michael Parkhurst will move on to Denmark \| url\=http://www.bostonherald.com/sports/soccer/revolution/view.bg?articleid\=1137774\&position\=recent \| work\=\[\[The Boston Herald]] \| date\=December 9, 2008 \| access\-date\=December 8, 2008 }}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite news \| title\=FCN henter amerikansk landsholdsspiller \| url\=http://www.fcn.dk/script/site/page.asp?Cat\_ID\=17\&artID\=937 \| language\=da \| date\=December 9, 2008 \| publisher\=\[\[FC Nordsjælland]] \| access\-date\=December 9, 2008 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116012903/http://www.fcn.dk/script/site/page.asp?Cat\_ID\=17\&artID\=937 \| archive\-date\=January 16, 2009 \| df\=mdy\-all }} March 1, 2009, Parkhurst made his FCN league debut in a 1–1 away draw against [Vejle](/wiki/Vejle_Boldklub "Vejle Boldklub").
[2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Danish_Superliga "2009–10 Danish Superliga") season, with the arrival of [Andreas Bjelland](/wiki/Andreas_Bjelland "Andreas Bjelland") and injury to [Henrik Kildentoft](/wiki/Henrik_Kildentoft "Henrik Kildentoft"), Parkhurst was inserted into a variety of new positions, including [full back](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29%23Full-back "Defender (association football)#Full-back") and [center midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder%23Central_midfielder "Midfielder#Central midfielder"), becoming adept at playing at [right back](/wiki/Rightback "Rightback").{{cite web \|last\=Horn \|first\=Jakob \|url\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Kildentoft\-har\-savnet\-en\-konkurrent \|title\=Kildentoft har savnet en konkurrent \|publisher\=Bold.dk \|language\=da \|date\=January 21, 2010 \|access\-date\=December 1, 2011}} Parkhurst would help the Wild Tigers to win the [Danish Cup](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Danish_Cup "2009–10 Danish Cup"), the club's first silverware in their history, and his first trophy in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark").
The following season, Parkhurst was hampered by numerous injury setbacks throughout the campaign, eventually losing his place to [Jores Okore](/wiki/Jores_Okore "Jores Okore").{{cite web \|last\=Houlind \|first\=Søren \|url\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/FCN\-stopper\-tilbage\-om\-tre\-uger \|title\=FCN\-stopper tilbage om tre uger \|publisher\=Bold.dk \|language\=da \|date\=August 31, 2010 \|access\-date\=December 1, 2011}}{{cite web \|last\=Jørgensen \|first\=Jakob Stig \|url\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Parkhurst\-ude\-i\-fire\-uger \|title\=Parkhurst ude i fire uger \|publisher\=Bold.dk \|language\=da \|date\=April 4, 2011 \|access\-date\=December 1, 2011}} He would make his return in time for Nordsjælland's [Danish Cup](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Danish_Cup "2010–11 Danish Cup") final, winning the cup with a 3–2 victory over [F.C. Midtjylland](/wiki/FC_Midtjylland "FC Midtjylland"), lifting the trophy for the second consecutive year.
With less than a year remaining on his contract, there was speculation on Michael Parkhurst's future at FCN at the start of the [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Danish_Superliga "2011–12 Danish Superliga") season, with the emergence of Bjelland and Okore's partnership in [central defense](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29%23Centre_back "Defender (association football)#Centre back"), Parkhurst was forced to play out of position, often at right back.{{cite web \|last\=Anker\-Møller \|first\=Kristian \|url\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Parkhurst\-tager\-efteraaret\-i\-FCN \|title\=Parkhurst tager efteråret i FCN \|publisher\=Bold.dk \|language\=da \|date\=May 31, 2011 \|access\-date\=December 1, 2011}}{{cite web \|last\=Helmin \|first\=Jesper \|url\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Hjulmand\-Parkhurst\-har\-vaeret\-outstanding \|title\=Hjulmand: Parkhurst har været outstanding \|publisher\=Bold.dk \|language\=da \|date\=October 24, 2011 \|access\-date\=December 1, 2011}} Helping the club to their best ever start to a season, ending the winter break in December 2011 at a club record second in the league, Parkhurst put rumors to rest when he signed a one\-year contract extension with F.C. Nordsjælland, despite financially better offers from other clubs.{{cite web \|last\=Blond \|first\=Mikael \|url\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Parkhurst\-har\-fravalgt\-bedre\-tilbud \|title\=Parkhurst har fravalgt bedre tilbud \|publisher\=Bold.dk \|language\=da \|date\=November 15, 2011 \|access\-date\=December 1, 2011}}{{cite web \|last\=Houlind \|first\=Søren \|url\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Parkhurst\-har\-det\-godt\-i\-toppen \|title\=Parkhurst har det godt i toppen \|publisher\=Bold.dk \|language\=da \|date\=November 20, 2011 \|access\-date\=December 1, 2011}} Michael Parkhust later this season helped F.C. Nordsjælland win the Danish Superliga for the first time in club history, securing the team automatic qualification for 2012–13 season's Champions League group stage.
Parkhurst featured in every minute of Nordsjælland's [2012\-2013 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2012-2013_UEFA_Champions_League "2012-2013 UEFA Champions League") campaign against [Shakhtar Donetsk](/wiki/Shakhtar_Donetsk "Shakhtar Donetsk"), [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C."), and [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus "Juventus").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.co.uk/soccer/match?gameId\=355641 \|website\=www.espn.co.uk \|title\= Shakhtar Donetsk 2\-0 FC Nordsjaelland \|access\-date \= January 16, 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.com/soccer/lineups?gameId\=355665 \|website\=www.espn.co.uk \|title\=FC Nordsjaelland 1\-1 Juventus \|access\-date \= January 16, 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.eurosport.com/football/champions\-league/2012\-2013/live\-fc\-nordsjaelland\-shakhtar\-donetsk\_mtc519062/live.shtml \|title\=FC Nordsjælland 2\-5 Shakhtar Donetsk \|website\=www.eurosport.com \|date\=November 20, 2012 \|access\-date\= January 16, 2019}}
{{cite web\|url\=https://www.eurosport.com/football/champions\-league/2012\-2013/live\-chelsea\-fc\-nordsjaelland\_mtc519061/live.shtml \|title\=Chelsea 6\-1 FC Nordsjælland\|website\=www.eurosport.com \|date\=December 5, 2012\|access\-date\= January 16, 2019}}
{{cite web\|url\=https://gh.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/07/europe/uefa\-champions\-league/juventus\-fc/fc\-nordsjalland/1388737/\|title\=JUVENTUS VS. NORDSJÆLLAND 4 \- 0\|website\=gh.socceryway.com \|access\-date\= January 16, 2019}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/oct/02/champions\-league\-nordsjaelland\-chelsea\-live \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|title\=FC Nordsjaelland v Chelsea – as it happened \|date\=October 2, 2012 \|access\-date \= January 16, 2019\|last1\=Doyle \|first1\=Paul }}
### Augsburg
On December 19, 2012, it was announced that Parkhurst joined [FC Augsburg](/wiki/FC_Augsburg "FC Augsburg") on a free transfer. The struggling [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") side finished 15th for the 2012–13 season.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.soccerbyives.net/2012/12/michael\-parkhurst\-signs\-with\-bundesliga\-side\-augsburg.html \| title \= Michael Parkhurst signs with Bundesliga side FC Augsburg \| publisher \= soccerbyives.net \| date \= December 19, 2012 \| access\-date \= February 10, 2013 \| first\= Ives \| last \= Galarcep}} He played his first competitive match in Germany on February 10, 2013 – a 1–1 draw at home against [1\. FSV Mainz 05](/wiki/1._FSV_Mainz_05 "1. FSV Mainz 05").
### Columbus Crew SC
The MLS rights to Parkhurst were traded by New England to [Columbus Crew SC](/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC "Columbus Crew SC") on January 12, 2014, in exchange for the Crew's first\-round selection in the [2014 MLS SuperDraft](/wiki/2014_MLS_SuperDraft "2014 MLS SuperDraft") and allocation money. Parkhurst made 33 appearances in his first season with Columbus and was named captain of the club. In summer 2014, Parkhurst became the first Columbus player in four years named to the [MLS All\-Star Team](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer_All-Star_Game "Major League Soccer All-Star Game").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thecrew.com/news/2014/07/crew\-captain\-michael\-parkhurst\-named\-2014\-att\-mls\-all\-star\-game\-roster\|title\=Crew captain Michael Parkhurst named to 2014 AT\&T MLS All\-Star Game roster\|date\=July 19, 2014}}
### Atlanta United FC
[thumb\|Michael Parkhurst playing for Atlanta United on June 2, 2018](/wiki/File:Michael_Parkhurst_playing_for_Atlanta_United_on_June_2%2C_2018.jpg "Michael Parkhurst playing for Atlanta United on June 2, 2018.jpg")
On December 11, 2016, Parkhurst was traded to [Atlanta United FC](/wiki/Atlanta_United_FC "Atlanta United FC") in exchange for General Allocation Money.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2016/12/11/atlanta\-united\-acquire\-veteran\-defender\-michael\-parkhurst\-columbus\#\|title\=Atlanta United acquire veteran defender Michael Parkhurst from Columbus\|date\=December 11, 2016}}
Parkhurst captained Atlanta to their first [MLS Cup victory](/wiki/MLS_Cup_2018 "MLS Cup 2018") in 2018, which broke his personal cup drought after four previous finals.{{cite news \|last\=Vivlamore \|first\=Chris \|date\=December 8, 2018 \|title\=Atlanta United's Parkhurst finally gets his MLS Cup \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/sports/soccer/atlanta\-united\-parkhurst\-finally\-gets\-his\-mls\-cup/z01jf4evWHLvW0i7WJe9aP/ \|work\=Atlanta Journal\-Constitution \|access\-date\=December 16, 2018}}
On September 23, 2019, Parkhurst announced his intention to retire as a professional player at the end of the 2019 season.
{{cite news\|url\=https://www.ajc.com/sports/soccer/breaking\-atlanta\-united\-michael\-parkhurst\-retire\-end\-season/pS83rIydaoym3tLxZpKyZJ/\|title\= Breaking: Atlanta United's Michael Parkhurst to retire at end of season
\|newspaper\=The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution \|access\-date\= September 23, 2019\|last1\= Roberson
\|first1\= Doug
}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### New England Revolution",
"Parkhurst, who grew up in Rhode Island and played for CLCF Soccer and Bayside United, was in attendance at the inaugural home game for the [New England Revolution](/wiki/New_England_Revolution \"New England Revolution\"), in 1996\\. Nine years later, on January 14, 2005, he was selected ninth overall in the [2005 MLS SuperDraft](/wiki/2005_MLS_SuperDraft \"2005 MLS SuperDraft\") by his hometown Revolution. He was ever\\-present for the Revs in his first season and was named [MLS Rookie of the Year](/wiki/MLS_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award \"MLS Rookie of the Year Award\").",
"He scored his first career MLS goal on October 20, 2007, in a 2–2 draw between the Revolution and [Toronto FC](/wiki/Toronto_FC \"Toronto FC\"). The goal was scored from sixty yards out, having caught Toronto's keeper [Kenny Stamatopoulos](/wiki/Kenny_Stamatopoulos \"Kenny Stamatopoulos\") off\\-guard.",
"Parkhurst won the [MLS Defender of the Year Award](/wiki/MLS_Defender_of_the_Year_Award \"MLS Defender of the Year Award\") in 2007, the [MLS Fair Play Award](/wiki/MLS_Fair_Play_Award \"MLS Fair Play Award\") in 2007 and 2008 and was also twice named the [MLS Humanitarian of the Year](/wiki/MLS_Humanitarian_of_the_Year \"MLS Humanitarian of the Year\") in 2006 and 2008\\.",
"### F.C. Nordsjælland",
"After his contract with the Revolution expired after the 2008 season, Parkhurst signed a three\\-year contract with [Danish Superliga](/wiki/Danish_Superliga \"Danish Superliga\") side [Nordsjælland](/wiki/FC_Nordsj%C3%A6lland \"FC Nordsjælland\") on December 9, 2008, as a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent_%28football%29 \"Free agent (football)\").{{cite news \\| first\\=Kyle \\| last\\=McCarthy \\| title\\=Michael Parkhurst will move on to Denmark \\| url\\=http://www.bostonherald.com/sports/soccer/revolution/view.bg?articleid\\=1137774\\&position\\=recent \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Boston Herald]] \\| date\\=December 9, 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=December 8, 2008 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite news \\| title\\=FCN henter amerikansk landsholdsspiller \\| url\\=http://www.fcn.dk/script/site/page.asp?Cat\\_ID\\=17\\&artID\\=937 \\| language\\=da \\| date\\=December 9, 2008 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[FC Nordsjælland]] \\| access\\-date\\=December 9, 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116012903/http://www.fcn.dk/script/site/page.asp?Cat\\_ID\\=17\\&artID\\=937 \\| archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2009 \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }} March 1, 2009, Parkhurst made his FCN league debut in a 1–1 away draw against [Vejle](/wiki/Vejle_Boldklub \"Vejle Boldklub\").",
"[2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Danish_Superliga \"2009–10 Danish Superliga\") season, with the arrival of [Andreas Bjelland](/wiki/Andreas_Bjelland \"Andreas Bjelland\") and injury to [Henrik Kildentoft](/wiki/Henrik_Kildentoft \"Henrik Kildentoft\"), Parkhurst was inserted into a variety of new positions, including [full back](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29%23Full-back \"Defender (association football)#Full-back\") and [center midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder%23Central_midfielder \"Midfielder#Central midfielder\"), becoming adept at playing at [right back](/wiki/Rightback \"Rightback\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Horn \\|first\\=Jakob \\|url\\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Kildentoft\\-har\\-savnet\\-en\\-konkurrent \\|title\\=Kildentoft har savnet en konkurrent \\|publisher\\=Bold.dk \\|language\\=da \\|date\\=January 21, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011}} Parkhurst would help the Wild Tigers to win the [Danish Cup](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Danish_Cup \"2009–10 Danish Cup\"), the club's first silverware in their history, and his first trophy in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\").",
"The following season, Parkhurst was hampered by numerous injury setbacks throughout the campaign, eventually losing his place to [Jores Okore](/wiki/Jores_Okore \"Jores Okore\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Houlind \\|first\\=Søren \\|url\\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/FCN\\-stopper\\-tilbage\\-om\\-tre\\-uger \\|title\\=FCN\\-stopper tilbage om tre uger \\|publisher\\=Bold.dk \\|language\\=da \\|date\\=August 31, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Jørgensen \\|first\\=Jakob Stig \\|url\\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Parkhurst\\-ude\\-i\\-fire\\-uger \\|title\\=Parkhurst ude i fire uger \\|publisher\\=Bold.dk \\|language\\=da \\|date\\=April 4, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011}} He would make his return in time for Nordsjælland's [Danish Cup](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Danish_Cup \"2010–11 Danish Cup\") final, winning the cup with a 3–2 victory over [F.C. Midtjylland](/wiki/FC_Midtjylland \"FC Midtjylland\"), lifting the trophy for the second consecutive year.",
"With less than a year remaining on his contract, there was speculation on Michael Parkhurst's future at FCN at the start of the [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Danish_Superliga \"2011–12 Danish Superliga\") season, with the emergence of Bjelland and Okore's partnership in [central defense](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29%23Centre_back \"Defender (association football)#Centre back\"), Parkhurst was forced to play out of position, often at right back.{{cite web \\|last\\=Anker\\-Møller \\|first\\=Kristian \\|url\\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Parkhurst\\-tager\\-efteraaret\\-i\\-FCN \\|title\\=Parkhurst tager efteråret i FCN \\|publisher\\=Bold.dk \\|language\\=da \\|date\\=May 31, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Helmin \\|first\\=Jesper \\|url\\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Hjulmand\\-Parkhurst\\-har\\-vaeret\\-outstanding \\|title\\=Hjulmand: Parkhurst har været outstanding \\|publisher\\=Bold.dk \\|language\\=da \\|date\\=October 24, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011}} Helping the club to their best ever start to a season, ending the winter break in December 2011 at a club record second in the league, Parkhurst put rumors to rest when he signed a one\\-year contract extension with F.C. Nordsjælland, despite financially better offers from other clubs.{{cite web \\|last\\=Blond \\|first\\=Mikael \\|url\\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Parkhurst\\-har\\-fravalgt\\-bedre\\-tilbud \\|title\\=Parkhurst har fravalgt bedre tilbud \\|publisher\\=Bold.dk \\|language\\=da \\|date\\=November 15, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Houlind \\|first\\=Søren \\|url\\=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Parkhurst\\-har\\-det\\-godt\\-i\\-toppen \\|title\\=Parkhurst har det godt i toppen \\|publisher\\=Bold.dk \\|language\\=da \\|date\\=November 20, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011}} Michael Parkhust later this season helped F.C. Nordsjælland win the Danish Superliga for the first time in club history, securing the team automatic qualification for 2012–13 season's Champions League group stage.",
"Parkhurst featured in every minute of Nordsjælland's [2012\\-2013 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2012-2013_UEFA_Champions_League \"2012-2013 UEFA Champions League\") campaign against [Shakhtar Donetsk](/wiki/Shakhtar_Donetsk \"Shakhtar Donetsk\"), [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\"), and [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus \"Juventus\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.co.uk/soccer/match?gameId\\=355641 \\|website\\=www.espn.co.uk \\|title\\= Shakhtar Donetsk 2\\-0 FC Nordsjaelland \\|access\\-date \\= January 16, 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/soccer/lineups?gameId\\=355665 \\|website\\=www.espn.co.uk \\|title\\=FC Nordsjaelland 1\\-1 Juventus \\|access\\-date \\= January 16, 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eurosport.com/football/champions\\-league/2012\\-2013/live\\-fc\\-nordsjaelland\\-shakhtar\\-donetsk\\_mtc519062/live.shtml \\|title\\=FC Nordsjælland 2\\-5 Shakhtar Donetsk \\|website\\=www.eurosport.com \\|date\\=November 20, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\= January 16, 2019}}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eurosport.com/football/champions\\-league/2012\\-2013/live\\-chelsea\\-fc\\-nordsjaelland\\_mtc519061/live.shtml \\|title\\=Chelsea 6\\-1 FC Nordsjælland\\|website\\=www.eurosport.com \\|date\\=December 5, 2012\\|access\\-date\\= January 16, 2019}}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://gh.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/07/europe/uefa\\-champions\\-league/juventus\\-fc/fc\\-nordsjalland/1388737/\\|title\\=JUVENTUS VS. NORDSJÆLLAND 4 \\- 0\\|website\\=gh.socceryway.com \\|access\\-date\\= January 16, 2019}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/oct/02/champions\\-league\\-nordsjaelland\\-chelsea\\-live \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|title\\=FC Nordsjaelland v Chelsea – as it happened \\|date\\=October 2, 2012 \\|access\\-date \\= January 16, 2019\\|last1\\=Doyle \\|first1\\=Paul }}",
"### Augsburg",
"On December 19, 2012, it was announced that Parkhurst joined [FC Augsburg](/wiki/FC_Augsburg \"FC Augsburg\") on a free transfer. The struggling [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") side finished 15th for the 2012–13 season.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.soccerbyives.net/2012/12/michael\\-parkhurst\\-signs\\-with\\-bundesliga\\-side\\-augsburg.html \\| title \\= Michael Parkhurst signs with Bundesliga side FC Augsburg \\| publisher \\= soccerbyives.net \\| date \\= December 19, 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= February 10, 2013 \\| first\\= Ives \\| last \\= Galarcep}} He played his first competitive match in Germany on February 10, 2013 – a 1–1 draw at home against [1\\. FSV Mainz 05](/wiki/1._FSV_Mainz_05 \"1. FSV Mainz 05\").",
"### Columbus Crew SC",
"The MLS rights to Parkhurst were traded by New England to [Columbus Crew SC](/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC \"Columbus Crew SC\") on January 12, 2014, in exchange for the Crew's first\\-round selection in the [2014 MLS SuperDraft](/wiki/2014_MLS_SuperDraft \"2014 MLS SuperDraft\") and allocation money. Parkhurst made 33 appearances in his first season with Columbus and was named captain of the club. In summer 2014, Parkhurst became the first Columbus player in four years named to the [MLS All\\-Star Team](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer_All-Star_Game \"Major League Soccer All-Star Game\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thecrew.com/news/2014/07/crew\\-captain\\-michael\\-parkhurst\\-named\\-2014\\-att\\-mls\\-all\\-star\\-game\\-roster\\|title\\=Crew captain Michael Parkhurst named to 2014 AT\\&T MLS All\\-Star Game roster\\|date\\=July 19, 2014}}",
"### Atlanta United FC",
"[thumb\\|Michael Parkhurst playing for Atlanta United on June 2, 2018](/wiki/File:Michael_Parkhurst_playing_for_Atlanta_United_on_June_2%2C_2018.jpg \"Michael Parkhurst playing for Atlanta United on June 2, 2018.jpg\")\nOn December 11, 2016, Parkhurst was traded to [Atlanta United FC](/wiki/Atlanta_United_FC \"Atlanta United FC\") in exchange for General Allocation Money.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2016/12/11/atlanta\\-united\\-acquire\\-veteran\\-defender\\-michael\\-parkhurst\\-columbus\\#\\|title\\=Atlanta United acquire veteran defender Michael Parkhurst from Columbus\\|date\\=December 11, 2016}}",
"Parkhurst captained Atlanta to their first [MLS Cup victory](/wiki/MLS_Cup_2018 \"MLS Cup 2018\") in 2018, which broke his personal cup drought after four previous finals.{{cite news \\|last\\=Vivlamore \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=December 8, 2018 \\|title\\=Atlanta United's Parkhurst finally gets his MLS Cup \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/sports/soccer/atlanta\\-united\\-parkhurst\\-finally\\-gets\\-his\\-mls\\-cup/z01jf4evWHLvW0i7WJe9aP/ \\|work\\=Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2018}}",
"On September 23, 2019, Parkhurst announced his intention to retire as a professional player at the end of the 2019 season.\n{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/sports/soccer/breaking\\-atlanta\\-united\\-michael\\-parkhurst\\-retire\\-end\\-season/pS83rIydaoym3tLxZpKyZJ/\\|title\\= Breaking: Atlanta United's Michael Parkhurst to retire at end of season\n\\|newspaper\\=The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution \\|access\\-date\\= September 23, 2019\\|last1\\= Roberson\n\\|first1\\= Doug\n}}",
""
] |
History
-------
{{See also\|List of Oregon Ducks men's basketball seasons\|List of Oregon Ducks men's basketball head coaches}}
### Early years
[thumb\|left\|1919 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team](/wiki/File:Oregon_Ducks_men%27s_basketball_1919_team.jpg "Oregon Ducks men's basketball 1919 team.jpg")
The University of Oregon men's basketball team played its first season in 1902–03 with Charles Burden as the head coach. Only two games were played that season, both against Corvallis State Agricultural College, now known as [Oregon State](/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_men%27s_basketball "Oregon State Beavers men's basketball"). Oregon lost both games, losing the first one 32\-2 on the road, and the second one 24\-22 at home.[University of Oregon 2010\-2011 Men's Basketball Media Guide](http://www.goducks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=500&ATCLID=205034508) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226013416/http://www.goducks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=500\&ATCLID\=205034508 \|date\=2010\-12\-26 }} Oregon did not record a win until its fourth season in 1907 against Roseburg. That season ended with a winning record of 4–3, under [Hugo Bezdek](/wiki/Hugo_Bezdek "Hugo Bezdek"), who also coached the football team. Bezdek left after that season to coach at Arkansas until 1913 when he went back to Oregon to coach until 1917\.{{cite web\|url\=http://collegefootball.org/famer\_selected.php?id\=20088\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605233825/http://collegefootball.org/famer\_selected.php?id\=20088\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=5 June 2011\|title\=College Football Hall of Fame \-\- Famer Search\|date\=5 June 2011}}
During Bezdek's absence, the basketball team was coached largely by [William Hayward](/wiki/Bill_Hayward "Bill Hayward"), Oregon's track coach. In 1923, [William Reinhart](/wiki/William_Reinhart "William Reinhart") took over as the head coach and remained through the erection of McArthur Court until 1935\. Coach Reinhart suffered only one losing season at Oregon.
### The Tall Firs
{{main\|1938–39 Oregon Webfoots men's basketball team}}
[thumb\|250px\|The 1939 Oregon team, first NCAA champions](/wiki/File:Oregon_webfoots_basketball_1939.jpg "Oregon webfoots basketball 1939.jpg")
[Howard Hobson](/wiki/Howard_Hobson "Howard Hobson"), an alumnus of the university, became the head coach in 1935, following Reinhart's departure. His ideas were considered cutting edge during his years at Oregon and he was well ahead of his time. He ran a fast break offense little used by anyone else in the country at the time and his defenses were an unorthodox hybrid defense. He lobbied for the installment of a shot clock and three\-point field goal years before they were first introduced.{{cite journal\|last\=Gergen\|first\=Joe\|title\=The beginning: Oregon is king – 1939\|journal\=\[\[Sporting News]]\|url\=http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/ncaa/1939\.html\|access\-date\=January 24, 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004033704/http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/ncaa/1939\.html\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2008}}
In 1939, the Oregon Ducks became the first team to win the [NCAA Basketball Championship](/wiki/1939_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "1939 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament"). Sports editor [L. H. Gregory](/wiki/L._H._Gregory "L. H. Gregory") coined the phrase "Tall Firs" to describe the Oregon players due to their taller stature compared to other teams in the country.
The season started with a long trip to the east coast for a series of games, ending with a loss to [Stanford](/wiki/Stanford "Stanford") back west in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). The Ducks went 6–3 during that trip but gained valuable experience for the remainder of the season.{{cite news\|last\=Russell\|first\=Michael\|title\=When Firs stood tall\|work\=\[\[The Oregonian]]\|date\=April 7, 2008 \|url\=http://blog.oregonlive.com/sportsupdates/2008/04/when\_firs\_stood\_tall.html\|access\-date\=January 24, 2011}} Oregon went 14–2 to claim the North Division title in the [Pacific Coast Conference](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Conference "Pacific Coast Conference"), which set off a best\-of\-three playoff against the [California Golden Bears](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"). The Ducks won two games straight to claim the conference title.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.goducks.com//pdf4/661632\.pdf?DB\_OEM\_ID\=500 \|title\=2009\-2010 Oregon Ducks Basketball Media Guide \|format\=PDF \|access\-date\=2010\-04\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302174223/http://www.goducks.com//pdf4/661632\.pdf?DB\_OEM\_ID\=500 \|archive\-date\=2012\-03\-02 \|url\-status\=dead }}
The Ducks returned to San Francisco for the NCAA regional series where they defeated the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns "Texas Longhorns") in the first game 56–41 then the [Oklahoma Sooners](/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners "Oklahoma Sooners") 55–37\. The [Ohio State Buckeyes](/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes "Ohio State Buckeyes") had defeated [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University "Wake Forest University") and [Villanova](/wiki/Villanova_University "Villanova University") in their regional series to earn their right in the championship game. On March 27, Oregon and Ohio State squared off to claim the national title. Oregon emerged victorious to claim the first NCAA national championship trophy, defeating Ohio State 46–33\.
Howard Hobson remained as the head coach until 1947 except for a one\-year hiatus during the 1944–45 season, coached by [John Warren](/wiki/John_A._Warren "John A. Warren").
### Kamikaze Kids
The six decades following the Tall Firs consisted of an eclectic mix of up and down years, with more down than up. From Hobson's departure in 1947 until 1970, Oregon made only two NCAA Tournament appearances, in 1960 and 1961 under head coach [Steve Belko](/wiki/Steve_Belko "Steve Belko"). Those were the days when only one team per conference (usually the conference champion) was guaranteed a bid to the NCAA Tournament. One of Belko's stars was [Stan Love](/wiki/Stan_Love_%28basketball%29 "Stan Love (basketball)"), a gifted shooter and rebounder, who led the Pac\-8 in scoring for two straight seasons. He is the father of current NBA star [Kevin Love](/wiki/Kevin_Love "Kevin Love"). In 1971, head coach [Dick Harter](/wiki/Dick_Harter "Dick Harter") arrived at Oregon and achieved some consistency with the program.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/basketball/men/02tourney/2002\-03\-15\-usat\-oregon.htm \|title\=Kent raises Ducks from forgotten decades \|last\=Moore \|first\=David \|website\=USA Today \|date\=March 15, 2002 \|access\-date\=January 25, 2011}} Harter's teams were dubbed the [Kamikaze Kids](/wiki/Kamikaze_Kids "Kamikaze Kids") and featured hard play, diving for loose balls, and swarming defense. They were also credited for inspiring the intimidating atmosphere at [McArthur Court](/wiki/McArthur_Court "McArthur Court"). While they never earned any conference titles due to UCLA's dominance of the Pac\-8 (their best finish was second in 1976–77\), they were not without accomplishments. They assembled two 20 win seasons, appeared in three straight [NITs](/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament "National Invitation Tournament"), and upset \#1 ranked UCLA in 1974\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2010\-jan\-29\-la\-sp\-ucla\-basketball29\-2010jan29\-story.html \|title\=Bruins fall in the Pit \|last\=Foster \|first\=Chris \|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=January 29, 2010 \|access\-date\=January 25, 2011}}
Harter's only losing season in Oregon was his first. He left in 1978 and the Ducks slid, suffering five consecutive losing seasons. Oregon made an appearance in the NCAA tournament in 1995 under head coach [Jerry Green](/wiki/Jerry_Green_%28basketball_coach%29 "Jerry Green (basketball coach)"), but otherwise accrued largely mediocre records in the two decades after Harter's departure.
### Ernie Kent era
In 1997, [Ernie Kent](/wiki/Ernie_Kent "Ernie Kent") was hired to fill the vacancy at head coach left by Jerry Green.{{cite web \|url\= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=PI\&s\_site\=philly\&p\_multi\=PI\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EB32E7DD1E65EEE\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|title\= Kent named basketball coach at Oregon \|access\-date\=March 27, 2009 \|date\=1997\-04\-11 \|website\=The Philadelphia Inquirer}} Kent had been one of Harter's Kamikaze Kids, and his teams were known for a similarly up\-tempo style of play.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi\-bin/article.cgi?f\=/c/a/2000/02/10/SP88388\.DTL\&hw\=KHALEEJ\+TIMES\&sn\=008≻\=432 \|title\= Kent Revives Oregon Program \|access\-date\=March 26, 2009 \|last\=Curtis \|first\=Jake \|date\=2000\-02\-10 \|website\=San Francisco Chronicle}} In his third season as head coach, he took the Ducks back to the NCAA tournament where they fell in the first round. In 2002, Kent led the Ducks to their first conference championship since 1945, going through the regular season undefeated at home. They earned a number 2 seed in the NCAA Tournament that year and advanced to the [Elite Eight](/wiki/2002_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "2002 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament") by defeating [Montana](/wiki/University_of_Montana "University of Montana"), [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University "Wake Forest University") and [Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas "University of Texas").{{cite news \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=j8heAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5457,2405360\&dq\=oregon\+ducks\+basketball\&hl\=en \|title\=Oregon's success has been a steady climb \|publisher\=Lewiston Morning Tribune \|date\=March 24, 2002 \|access\-date\=January 27, 2011}} They were eliminated by [Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") and finished the season with a number 11 ranking in the AP Poll.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=224000046 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002126/http://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/recap?gameId\=224000046 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=September 23, 2017 \|title\=Ducks can't keep up with high\-octane Jayhawks \|work\=ESPN \|date\=March 24, 2002 \|access\-date\=January 27, 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.collegepollarchive.com/mbasketball/ap/seasons.cfm?seasonid\=2002\|title\=2002 Final AP Men's Basketball Poll \- College Poll Archive \- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings\|website\=www.collegepollarchive.com}} It was Oregon's deepest run in the tournament in 42 years.
[Luke Ridnour](/wiki/Luke_Ridnour "Luke Ridnour") was selected as the [Pac\-10](/wiki/Pacific-10_Conference_men%27s_basketball "Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball") Player of the Year in 2003 as the Ducks won the Pac\-10 tournament, defeating the [USC Trojans](/wiki/USC_Trojans "USC Trojans") in the conference championship game 74–66\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/16/Sports/PAC\_10\_\_Ducks\_win\_fir.shtml \|title\=PAC\-10: Ducks win first Championship \|newspaper\=St. Petersburg Times \|date\=March 16, 2003 \|access\-date\=January 27, 2011}} The Ducks entered the NCAA Tournament as an 8 seed and lost to Utah in the first round 58–60\.{{cite news \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=50spAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=1144,4173235\&dq\=oregon\+utah\+ncaa\+8\+seed\&hl\=en \|title\=Utah 60, Oregon 58 \|newspaper\=Sun Journal \|date\=March 22, 2003 \|access\-date\=January 27, 2011}}
Oregon made a Final Four appearance in the [NIT](/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament "National Invitation Tournament") in 2004 but otherwise made little impact until 2007\. Oregon swept its 12 intersectional games to start 2007 and upset \#1 ranked [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA") in the third Pac\-10 game. The Ducks finished the regular season with a 23–7 record and defeated [Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona"), [California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California"), and [USC](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") to win the 2007 [Pac\-10 Tournament](/wiki/Pac-10_Tournament "Pac-10 Tournament").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/team/schedule/\_/id/2483/year/2007/oregon\-ducks\|title\=Oregon Ducks Basketball 2006\-07 Schedule \- Ducks Home and Away \- ESPN\|website\=ESPN}} The Ducks earned a \#3 seed{{cite web \|url\= http://www.salem\-news.com/sports/march112007/oregonducks\_031107\.php \|title\= Red Hot Oregon Gets Midwest Region \#3 Seed \|publisher\=Salem News \|date\=March 11, 2007 \|access\-date\=January 28, 2011}} in the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament") and advanced to the [Elite Eight](/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "2007 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament") by defeating [Miami (Ohio)](/wiki/Miami_University "Miami University") 58–56, [Winthrop](/wiki/Winthrop_University "Winthrop University") 75–61 and [University of Nevada, Las Vegas](/wiki/UNLV "UNLV") 76–72\. On March 25, played and lost to the eventual NCAA National Champions, the [Florida Gators](/wiki/Florida_Gators "Florida Gators"), by a score of 77–85\.
Oregon was considered the favorite to land Class of 2007 high school stars [Kevin Love](/wiki/Kevin_Love "Kevin Love") and [Kyle Singler](/wiki/Kyle_Singler "Kyle Singler"), widely considered to be the greatest high school players to ever come out of Oregon. Love eventually chose to attend [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA") and Singler chose [Duke](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University").
The Ducks were selected as a No. 9 seed in the 2008 [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship") in the Southern Region. They lost to No. 8 seed [Mississippi State Bulldogs](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs "Mississippi State Bulldogs") in first\-round play on March 21, 2008, in [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas "Little Rock, Arkansas").{{cite web\|title\=Basketball \- M \- 2007\-08 Schedule/Results\|publisher\=GoDucks.com\|access\-date\=January 6, 2009 \|url\=http://www.goducks.com/SportSelect.dbml?SPSID\=4294\&SPID\=235\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=500\&KEY\=\&Q\_SEASON\=2007}}
On March 15, 2010, the university announced that the decision had been made to fire [Ernie Kent](/wiki/Ernie_Kent "Ernie Kent") as a result of poor performance in the previous two seasons, placing 9th and 10th in conference in the respective years. Kent departed as the longest tenured Pac\-10 coach and winningest coach in school history with 235 wins.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.espn.com/mens\-college\-basketball/news/story?id\=5001481 \|title\= Kent out as school's winningest coach \|work\=ESPN \|date\=March 17, 2010 \|access\-date\=January 28, 2011}}
### Dana Altman era
In April 2010, [Dana Altman](/wiki/Dana_Altman "Dana Altman") from [Creighton University](/wiki/Creighton_University "Creighton University") was hired to replace [Ernie Kent](/wiki/Ernie_Kent "Ernie Kent") after a monthlong search.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section\=ncb\&id\=5133668 \|title\= Reports: Creighton's Altman hired at Oregon \|work\=ESPN \|date\=April 24, 2010 \|access\-date\=January 28, 2011}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kmtv.com/global/story.asp?s\=12369282 \|title\=Confirmed: Oregon Ducks Hire Creighton's Dana Altman \|publisher\=Action 3 News, Omaha \|date\=April 24, 2010 \|access\-date\=January 28, 2011 }}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Altman led the Ducks to a CBI championship in his first year at Oregon and led the Ducks to the [Sweet 16](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "2013 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament") during the 2012–13 season. Altman led the Ducks back to the NCAA Tournament in the 2013–14 season where they defeated BYU but fell to Wisconsin in the round of 32\. It was their 12th NCAA tournament appearance and was the first time Oregon won tournament games in back to back seasons in program history. In 2014–15, Altman won his 2nd [Pac\-12 Coach of the Year](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Coach_of_the_Year "Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Coach of the Year") in three seasons, as he had won the award in 2013\. Altman also broke another school record as he became the first coach in Oregon history to go to three consecutive NCAA Tournaments (2013, 2014, 2015\). Altman's success continued into the following season as [Oregon](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Oregon_Ducks_men%27s_basketball_team "2015–16 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team") won the 2015–16 regular season title, finishing 14–4 in league play. Altman also won the 2015–2016 [Pac\-12 Coach of the Year](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Coach_of_the_Year "Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Coach of the Year") for the third time in four years. [Lute Olson](/wiki/Lute_Olson "Lute Olson") had been the only other coach in Pac\-12 history to win the award three times in a four\-year span.
The 2015–16 season was very noteworthy, with the Ducks emerging victorious in the 2015–16 Pac\-12 Conference Tournament. This led to the Ducks being the top seed in the West Regional of the 2015–2016 NCAA tournament, its first ever top seeding in the NCAA tournament. The Ducks defeated [Holy Cross](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_men%27s_basketball "Holy Cross Crusaders men's basketball") and [Saint Joseph's](/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Hawks "Saint Joseph's Hawks") in the first two rounds of the NCAA tournament to advance to the Sweet 16 in Anaheim, where they defeated the number four seed and defending national champion [Duke Blue Devils](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball "Duke Blue Devils men's basketball"), 82–68, to advance to the Elite 8\. The following year, the Ducks would go on to be Pac\-12 conference co\-champions with Arizona, whom they lost to in the championship game of the Pac\-12 Tournament. In that year's NCAA Tournament the Ducks would advance all the way to the Final Four, losing to [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball "North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball") by one point.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{See also\\|List of Oregon Ducks men's basketball seasons\\|List of Oregon Ducks men's basketball head coaches}}",
"### Early years",
"[thumb\\|left\\|1919 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team](/wiki/File:Oregon_Ducks_men%27s_basketball_1919_team.jpg \"Oregon Ducks men's basketball 1919 team.jpg\")\nThe University of Oregon men's basketball team played its first season in 1902–03 with Charles Burden as the head coach. Only two games were played that season, both against Corvallis State Agricultural College, now known as [Oregon State](/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_men%27s_basketball \"Oregon State Beavers men's basketball\"). Oregon lost both games, losing the first one 32\\-2 on the road, and the second one 24\\-22 at home.[University of Oregon 2010\\-2011 Men's Basketball Media Guide](http://www.goducks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=500&ATCLID=205034508) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226013416/http://www.goducks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=500\\&ATCLID\\=205034508 \\|date\\=2010\\-12\\-26 }} Oregon did not record a win until its fourth season in 1907 against Roseburg. That season ended with a winning record of 4–3, under [Hugo Bezdek](/wiki/Hugo_Bezdek \"Hugo Bezdek\"), who also coached the football team. Bezdek left after that season to coach at Arkansas until 1913 when he went back to Oregon to coach until 1917\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://collegefootball.org/famer\\_selected.php?id\\=20088\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605233825/http://collegefootball.org/famer\\_selected.php?id\\=20088\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2011\\|title\\=College Football Hall of Fame \\-\\- Famer Search\\|date\\=5 June 2011}}",
"During Bezdek's absence, the basketball team was coached largely by [William Hayward](/wiki/Bill_Hayward \"Bill Hayward\"), Oregon's track coach. In 1923, [William Reinhart](/wiki/William_Reinhart \"William Reinhart\") took over as the head coach and remained through the erection of McArthur Court until 1935\\. Coach Reinhart suffered only one losing season at Oregon.",
"### The Tall Firs",
"{{main\\|1938–39 Oregon Webfoots men's basketball team}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|The 1939 Oregon team, first NCAA champions](/wiki/File:Oregon_webfoots_basketball_1939.jpg \"Oregon webfoots basketball 1939.jpg\")\n[Howard Hobson](/wiki/Howard_Hobson \"Howard Hobson\"), an alumnus of the university, became the head coach in 1935, following Reinhart's departure. His ideas were considered cutting edge during his years at Oregon and he was well ahead of his time. He ran a fast break offense little used by anyone else in the country at the time and his defenses were an unorthodox hybrid defense. He lobbied for the installment of a shot clock and three\\-point field goal years before they were first introduced.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Gergen\\|first\\=Joe\\|title\\=The beginning: Oregon is king – 1939\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Sporting News]]\\|url\\=http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/ncaa/1939\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=January 24, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004033704/http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/ncaa/1939\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2008}}\nIn 1939, the Oregon Ducks became the first team to win the [NCAA Basketball Championship](/wiki/1939_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"1939 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"). Sports editor [L. H. Gregory](/wiki/L._H._Gregory \"L. H. Gregory\") coined the phrase \"Tall Firs\" to describe the Oregon players due to their taller stature compared to other teams in the country.\nThe season started with a long trip to the east coast for a series of games, ending with a loss to [Stanford](/wiki/Stanford \"Stanford\") back west in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). The Ducks went 6–3 during that trip but gained valuable experience for the remainder of the season.{{cite news\\|last\\=Russell\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=When Firs stood tall\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Oregonian]]\\|date\\=April 7, 2008 \\|url\\=http://blog.oregonlive.com/sportsupdates/2008/04/when\\_firs\\_stood\\_tall.html\\|access\\-date\\=January 24, 2011}} Oregon went 14–2 to claim the North Division title in the [Pacific Coast Conference](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Conference \"Pacific Coast Conference\"), which set off a best\\-of\\-three playoff against the [California Golden Bears](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\"). The Ducks won two games straight to claim the conference title.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.goducks.com//pdf4/661632\\.pdf?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=500 \\|title\\=2009\\-2010 Oregon Ducks Basketball Media Guide \\|format\\=PDF \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-04\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302174223/http://www.goducks.com//pdf4/661632\\.pdf?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=500 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The Ducks returned to San Francisco for the NCAA regional series where they defeated the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns \"Texas Longhorns\") in the first game 56–41 then the [Oklahoma Sooners](/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners \"Oklahoma Sooners\") 55–37\\. The [Ohio State Buckeyes](/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes \"Ohio State Buckeyes\") had defeated [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University \"Wake Forest University\") and [Villanova](/wiki/Villanova_University \"Villanova University\") in their regional series to earn their right in the championship game. On March 27, Oregon and Ohio State squared off to claim the national title. Oregon emerged victorious to claim the first NCAA national championship trophy, defeating Ohio State 46–33\\.",
"Howard Hobson remained as the head coach until 1947 except for a one\\-year hiatus during the 1944–45 season, coached by [John Warren](/wiki/John_A._Warren \"John A. Warren\").",
"### Kamikaze Kids",
"The six decades following the Tall Firs consisted of an eclectic mix of up and down years, with more down than up. From Hobson's departure in 1947 until 1970, Oregon made only two NCAA Tournament appearances, in 1960 and 1961 under head coach [Steve Belko](/wiki/Steve_Belko \"Steve Belko\"). Those were the days when only one team per conference (usually the conference champion) was guaranteed a bid to the NCAA Tournament. One of Belko's stars was [Stan Love](/wiki/Stan_Love_%28basketball%29 \"Stan Love (basketball)\"), a gifted shooter and rebounder, who led the Pac\\-8 in scoring for two straight seasons. He is the father of current NBA star [Kevin Love](/wiki/Kevin_Love \"Kevin Love\"). In 1971, head coach [Dick Harter](/wiki/Dick_Harter \"Dick Harter\") arrived at Oregon and achieved some consistency with the program.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/basketball/men/02tourney/2002\\-03\\-15\\-usat\\-oregon.htm \\|title\\=Kent raises Ducks from forgotten decades \\|last\\=Moore \\|first\\=David \\|website\\=USA Today \\|date\\=March 15, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2011}} Harter's teams were dubbed the [Kamikaze Kids](/wiki/Kamikaze_Kids \"Kamikaze Kids\") and featured hard play, diving for loose balls, and swarming defense. They were also credited for inspiring the intimidating atmosphere at [McArthur Court](/wiki/McArthur_Court \"McArthur Court\"). While they never earned any conference titles due to UCLA's dominance of the Pac\\-8 (their best finish was second in 1976–77\\), they were not without accomplishments. They assembled two 20 win seasons, appeared in three straight [NITs](/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament \"National Invitation Tournament\"), and upset \\#1 ranked UCLA in 1974\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2010\\-jan\\-29\\-la\\-sp\\-ucla\\-basketball29\\-2010jan29\\-story.html \\|title\\=Bruins fall in the Pit \\|last\\=Foster \\|first\\=Chris \\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=January 29, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2011}}",
"Harter's only losing season in Oregon was his first. He left in 1978 and the Ducks slid, suffering five consecutive losing seasons. Oregon made an appearance in the NCAA tournament in 1995 under head coach [Jerry Green](/wiki/Jerry_Green_%28basketball_coach%29 \"Jerry Green (basketball coach)\"), but otherwise accrued largely mediocre records in the two decades after Harter's departure.",
"### Ernie Kent era",
"In 1997, [Ernie Kent](/wiki/Ernie_Kent \"Ernie Kent\") was hired to fill the vacancy at head coach left by Jerry Green.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=PI\\&s\\_site\\=philly\\&p\\_multi\\=PI\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EB32E7DD1E65EEE\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|title\\= Kent named basketball coach at Oregon \\|access\\-date\\=March 27, 2009 \\|date\\=1997\\-04\\-11 \\|website\\=The Philadelphia Inquirer}} Kent had been one of Harter's Kamikaze Kids, and his teams were known for a similarly up\\-tempo style of play.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi\\-bin/article.cgi?f\\=/c/a/2000/02/10/SP88388\\.DTL\\&hw\\=KHALEEJ\\+TIMES\\&sn\\=008≻\\=432 \\|title\\= Kent Revives Oregon Program \\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2009 \\|last\\=Curtis \\|first\\=Jake \\|date\\=2000\\-02\\-10 \\|website\\=San Francisco Chronicle}} In his third season as head coach, he took the Ducks back to the NCAA tournament where they fell in the first round. In 2002, Kent led the Ducks to their first conference championship since 1945, going through the regular season undefeated at home. They earned a number 2 seed in the NCAA Tournament that year and advanced to the [Elite Eight](/wiki/2002_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2002 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") by defeating [Montana](/wiki/University_of_Montana \"University of Montana\"), [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University \"Wake Forest University\") and [Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas \"University of Texas\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=j8heAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5457,2405360\\&dq\\=oregon\\+ducks\\+basketball\\&hl\\=en \\|title\\=Oregon's success has been a steady climb \\|publisher\\=Lewiston Morning Tribune \\|date\\=March 24, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2011}} They were eliminated by [Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas \"University of Kansas\") and finished the season with a number 11 ranking in the AP Poll.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=224000046 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002126/http://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/recap?gameId\\=224000046 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=September 23, 2017 \\|title\\=Ducks can't keep up with high\\-octane Jayhawks \\|work\\=ESPN \\|date\\=March 24, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.collegepollarchive.com/mbasketball/ap/seasons.cfm?seasonid\\=2002\\|title\\=2002 Final AP Men's Basketball Poll \\- College Poll Archive \\- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings\\|website\\=www.collegepollarchive.com}} It was Oregon's deepest run in the tournament in 42 years.",
"[Luke Ridnour](/wiki/Luke_Ridnour \"Luke Ridnour\") was selected as the [Pac\\-10](/wiki/Pacific-10_Conference_men%27s_basketball \"Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball\") Player of the Year in 2003 as the Ducks won the Pac\\-10 tournament, defeating the [USC Trojans](/wiki/USC_Trojans \"USC Trojans\") in the conference championship game 74–66\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/16/Sports/PAC\\_10\\_\\_Ducks\\_win\\_fir.shtml \\|title\\=PAC\\-10: Ducks win first Championship \\|newspaper\\=St. Petersburg Times \\|date\\=March 16, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2011}} The Ducks entered the NCAA Tournament as an 8 seed and lost to Utah in the first round 58–60\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=50spAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=1144,4173235\\&dq\\=oregon\\+utah\\+ncaa\\+8\\+seed\\&hl\\=en \\|title\\=Utah 60, Oregon 58 \\|newspaper\\=Sun Journal \\|date\\=March 22, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2011}}",
"Oregon made a Final Four appearance in the [NIT](/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament \"National Invitation Tournament\") in 2004 but otherwise made little impact until 2007\\. Oregon swept its 12 intersectional games to start 2007 and upset \\#1 ranked [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\") in the third Pac\\-10 game. The Ducks finished the regular season with a 23–7 record and defeated [Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\"), [California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\"), and [USC](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\") to win the 2007 [Pac\\-10 Tournament](/wiki/Pac-10_Tournament \"Pac-10 Tournament\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/team/schedule/\\_/id/2483/year/2007/oregon\\-ducks\\|title\\=Oregon Ducks Basketball 2006\\-07 Schedule \\- Ducks Home and Away \\- ESPN\\|website\\=ESPN}} The Ducks earned a \\#3 seed{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.salem\\-news.com/sports/march112007/oregonducks\\_031107\\.php \\|title\\= Red Hot Oregon Gets Midwest Region \\#3 Seed \\|publisher\\=Salem News \\|date\\=March 11, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2011}} in the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") and advanced to the [Elite Eight](/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2007 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") by defeating [Miami (Ohio)](/wiki/Miami_University \"Miami University\") 58–56, [Winthrop](/wiki/Winthrop_University \"Winthrop University\") 75–61 and [University of Nevada, Las Vegas](/wiki/UNLV \"UNLV\") 76–72\\. On March 25, played and lost to the eventual NCAA National Champions, the [Florida Gators](/wiki/Florida_Gators \"Florida Gators\"), by a score of 77–85\\.",
"Oregon was considered the favorite to land Class of 2007 high school stars [Kevin Love](/wiki/Kevin_Love \"Kevin Love\") and [Kyle Singler](/wiki/Kyle_Singler \"Kyle Singler\"), widely considered to be the greatest high school players to ever come out of Oregon. Love eventually chose to attend [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\") and Singler chose [Duke](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\").",
"The Ducks were selected as a No. 9 seed in the 2008 [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\") in the Southern Region. They lost to No. 8 seed [Mississippi State Bulldogs](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs \"Mississippi State Bulldogs\") in first\\-round play on March 21, 2008, in [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas \"Little Rock, Arkansas\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Basketball \\- M \\- 2007\\-08 Schedule/Results\\|publisher\\=GoDucks.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2009 \\|url\\=http://www.goducks.com/SportSelect.dbml?SPSID\\=4294\\&SPID\\=235\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=500\\&KEY\\=\\&Q\\_SEASON\\=2007}}",
"On March 15, 2010, the university announced that the decision had been made to fire [Ernie Kent](/wiki/Ernie_Kent \"Ernie Kent\") as a result of poor performance in the previous two seasons, placing 9th and 10th in conference in the respective years. Kent departed as the longest tenured Pac\\-10 coach and winningest coach in school history with 235 wins.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.espn.com/mens\\-college\\-basketball/news/story?id\\=5001481 \\|title\\= Kent out as school's winningest coach \\|work\\=ESPN \\|date\\=March 17, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2011}}",
"### Dana Altman era",
"In April 2010, [Dana Altman](/wiki/Dana_Altman \"Dana Altman\") from [Creighton University](/wiki/Creighton_University \"Creighton University\") was hired to replace [Ernie Kent](/wiki/Ernie_Kent \"Ernie Kent\") after a monthlong search.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section\\=ncb\\&id\\=5133668 \\|title\\= Reports: Creighton's Altman hired at Oregon \\|work\\=ESPN \\|date\\=April 24, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2011}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kmtv.com/global/story.asp?s\\=12369282 \\|title\\=Confirmed: Oregon Ducks Hire Creighton's Dana Altman \\|publisher\\=Action 3 News, Omaha \\|date\\=April 24, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2011 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Altman led the Ducks to a CBI championship in his first year at Oregon and led the Ducks to the [Sweet 16](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2013 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") during the 2012–13 season. Altman led the Ducks back to the NCAA Tournament in the 2013–14 season where they defeated BYU but fell to Wisconsin in the round of 32\\. It was their 12th NCAA tournament appearance and was the first time Oregon won tournament games in back to back seasons in program history. In 2014–15, Altman won his 2nd [Pac\\-12 Coach of the Year](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Coach_of_the_Year \"Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Coach of the Year\") in three seasons, as he had won the award in 2013\\. Altman also broke another school record as he became the first coach in Oregon history to go to three consecutive NCAA Tournaments (2013, 2014, 2015\\). Altman's success continued into the following season as [Oregon](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Oregon_Ducks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2015–16 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team\") won the 2015–16 regular season title, finishing 14–4 in league play. Altman also won the 2015–2016 [Pac\\-12 Coach of the Year](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Coach_of_the_Year \"Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Coach of the Year\") for the third time in four years. [Lute Olson](/wiki/Lute_Olson \"Lute Olson\") had been the only other coach in Pac\\-12 history to win the award three times in a four\\-year span.",
"The 2015–16 season was very noteworthy, with the Ducks emerging victorious in the 2015–16 Pac\\-12 Conference Tournament. This led to the Ducks being the top seed in the West Regional of the 2015–2016 NCAA tournament, its first ever top seeding in the NCAA tournament. The Ducks defeated [Holy Cross](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_men%27s_basketball \"Holy Cross Crusaders men's basketball\") and [Saint Joseph's](/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Hawks \"Saint Joseph's Hawks\") in the first two rounds of the NCAA tournament to advance to the Sweet 16 in Anaheim, where they defeated the number four seed and defending national champion [Duke Blue Devils](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball \"Duke Blue Devils men's basketball\"), 82–68, to advance to the Elite 8\\. The following year, the Ducks would go on to be Pac\\-12 conference co\\-champions with Arizona, whom they lost to in the championship game of the Pac\\-12 Tournament. In that year's NCAA Tournament the Ducks would advance all the way to the Final Four, losing to [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball \"North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball\") by one point.",
""
] |
History
-------
Originally going by the name Titanic,{{cite web\|url\=http://cwas.hinah.com/interview/?id\=38\|title\=Interview: The Czars (John William Grant) by Martin Williams\|website\=Cwas.hinah.com\|accessdate\=25 November 2018}} The Czars was formed by Grant, Pearson, and Linsenmaier after Grant came back from a long stay in Germany in 1994\. Prior to forming the band, John Grant aspired to be a translator in Germany before realizing that his English skills were poor and he would be unable to have the job he desired. The band went through a few personnel changes in its early stages, although Grant and Pearson were the stable members through this period. It took a few years before the official Czars' line\-up was formed: John Grant on vocals and piano, Jeff Linsenmaier on drums, Andy Monley and Roger Green on guitar, and Chris Pearson on bass.
In 1996, the band's demos were released on the album *Mood Swing* through Pearson's record label, Velveteen Records.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.terapija.net/english.asp?ID\=305\|title\=THE CZARS\|website\=Terapija.net\|accessdate\=25 November 2018}} The following year, the album *The La Brea Tar Pits of Routine* was also released by Pearson's Velveteen Records. It has been noted by John Grant that he was dissatisfied with this album. Grant personally felt that the songs on the album weren't strong on a lyrical level and some of his vocals were out of tune. Both releases were produced by Bob Ferbrache and released by Chris Pearson on his label Velveteen Records. During this period of time, John Grant's lyrics were mostly improvised and he often added new words to his lyrics during live performances, making it difficult for Grant to ever do the same song twice.
The same year The Czars released *The La Brea Tar Pits of Routine*, [Simon Raymonde](/wiki/Simon_Raymonde "Simon Raymonde"), former bassist of the [Cocteau Twins](/wiki/Cocteau_Twins "Cocteau Twins"), formed the record label [Bella Union](/wiki/Bella_Union "Bella Union"). Chris Pearson, looking for label interest, used this as an opportunity to send the La Brea CD to the label. Raymonde was initially pleased with these efforts and saw potential in the band, but the tracks he received didn't impress him enough to immediately work with the band. This did not end the relationship between Raymonde and The Czars. Instead, it opened up a line of communication between the two and The Czars continued to create demos to send to Raymonde. In early 1997, the band recorded 4 new songs with local engineer Bob Ferbrache in Denver as demos for the label. The demos that were sent after the initial disc impressed Raymonde and the band was invited to start an album on the [Bella Union](/wiki/Bella_Union "Bella Union") label.
With the help of [Simon Raymonde](/wiki/Simon_Raymonde "Simon Raymonde") as the producer, the Czars began to work on their new album, *Before...But Longer* in London. Simon did not request a certain sound for the band and allowed them to create and work on their own sound at their own pace. Grant's long writing process as a songwriter caused a lot of the music to be recorded before any lyrics were attached to the song. Most of Grant's songwriting for this album took place near paths by the Thames in Twickenham and Richmond on park benches. He decided to abandon his previous form of songwriting, which mostly relied on improvisation, and started to write lyrics that were more set in stone. Grant said the following about his writing process for the album: "I used to think it was cool to improvise like that but not anymore. For example, Val, the single from the album, I had different lyrics for that one every time. And when I finally got lyrics that were set in stone it was the first time I was really able to enjoy the song and really sing it with feeling. That's another thing, you can't really sing anything with conviction if it's improvised every time because it's always different."
The recording of *Before...But Longer* took place in 1998 and the album was finished in September. With no team in place, no agent, no European licensee, no live show, Raymonde then spent a year trying to drum up interest for the band in the musical community to enable him to launch the band. Upon the actual release of the album in 2000, the band had already considered the material to be old, and didn't seem that keen to promote it, but despite this, the album was received decently. Drowned in Sound gave the album 8/10\.{{cite web\|url\=http://drownedinsound.com/releases/2411/reviews/37\-\|title\=Album Review: The Czars \- Before but longer\|website\=Drownedinsound.com\|accessdate\=25 November 2018\|archive\-date\=26 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126005453/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/2411/reviews/37\-\|url\-status\=dead}}
In 2000 the band began to work on 'The Ugly People vs The Beautiful People' with Simon Raymonde providing his production services gratis once again, leaving his young family back in London while he and The Czars battled their way through the new songs in snowy Denver. Engineering on the album was provided by Colin Bricker at Mighty Fine Audio in Denver. The Czars also appeared on the compilation album, *Sing a Song for You: A Tribute to Tim Buckley* after being asked to cover "Song to the Siren" and were also asked to compose the soundtrack for the independent film *I'd Rather Be... Gone*.
The EP, *X Would Rather Listen to Y Than Suffer Through a C of Z's* was self\-produced by the band with Colin Bricker and released during the 2002 tour. The name of the EP is a joke and came from a dictionary. John Grant has said the following about the meaning of the title: "It's just a joke about how people use calculated formulas with people when they go out into the world to deal with people and how that simply doesn't work."
Violinist Elin Palmer joined the band in 2003 and contributed to the album, *Goodbye*, which was also produced and engineered by Colin Bricker at Mighty Fine Audio in Denver. Having sunk several thousand dollars into the band over the course of the two previous albums, and with the band facing a large unrecouped balance, the label decided to hold off on picking up the next option. The band received help from friends and within a year or so had made the album *Goodbye*, which Grant has stated is his favorite Czars album.
Despite *Goodbye'''s critical acclaim, it was the final album made by the band. Roger Green quit the band on November 22, 2004\. The next day, Grant unceremoniously fired Pearson via e\-mail, even though they had co\-founded the band 10 years before. Overall, five out of the six members decided to part ways over a span of nine months in 2004, resulting in John Grant being the only member. Grant continued to perform live with the moniker until finally deciding to part with the name. In 2005, [Bella Union](/wiki/Bella_Union "Bella Union") released a compilation of b\-sides and rarities by the band, titled* Sorry I Made You Cry*.*
[Best Of](/wiki/Best_Of_%28The_Czars_album%29 "Best Of (The Czars album)") *compilation album came out on December 1, 2014, on Bella Union.*
Discography
-----------
### Studio albums
* Moodswing *\- 1995*
* The La Brea Tar Pits of Routine *\- 1997*
* Before... But Longer \- 2000
* *[The Ugly People Vs The Beautiful People](/wiki/The_Ugly_People_Vs_The_Beautiful_People "The Ugly People Vs The Beautiful People")* \- 2001
* *X Would Rather Listen To Y Than Suffer Through a C of Z's* (Tour EP) \- 2002
* *[Goodbye](/wiki/Goodbye_%28The_Czars_album%29 "Goodbye (The Czars album)")* \- 2004
* *Sorry I Made You Cry* \- 2006
* *[Best Of](/wiki/Best_Of_%28The_Czars_album%29 "Best Of (The Czars album)")* \- 2014
### Singles
* "Val" \- 2000
* "Side Effect" \- 2002
* "X Would Rather Listen" \- 2002
* "Paint the Moon" \- 2004
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Originally going by the name Titanic,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cwas.hinah.com/interview/?id\\=38\\|title\\=Interview: The Czars (John William Grant) by Martin Williams\\|website\\=Cwas.hinah.com\\|accessdate\\=25 November 2018}} The Czars was formed by Grant, Pearson, and Linsenmaier after Grant came back from a long stay in Germany in 1994\\. Prior to forming the band, John Grant aspired to be a translator in Germany before realizing that his English skills were poor and he would be unable to have the job he desired. The band went through a few personnel changes in its early stages, although Grant and Pearson were the stable members through this period. It took a few years before the official Czars' line\\-up was formed: John Grant on vocals and piano, Jeff Linsenmaier on drums, Andy Monley and Roger Green on guitar, and Chris Pearson on bass.",
"In 1996, the band's demos were released on the album *Mood Swing* through Pearson's record label, Velveteen Records.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.terapija.net/english.asp?ID\\=305\\|title\\=THE CZARS\\|website\\=Terapija.net\\|accessdate\\=25 November 2018}} The following year, the album *The La Brea Tar Pits of Routine* was also released by Pearson's Velveteen Records. It has been noted by John Grant that he was dissatisfied with this album. Grant personally felt that the songs on the album weren't strong on a lyrical level and some of his vocals were out of tune. Both releases were produced by Bob Ferbrache and released by Chris Pearson on his label Velveteen Records. During this period of time, John Grant's lyrics were mostly improvised and he often added new words to his lyrics during live performances, making it difficult for Grant to ever do the same song twice.",
"The same year The Czars released *The La Brea Tar Pits of Routine*, [Simon Raymonde](/wiki/Simon_Raymonde \"Simon Raymonde\"), former bassist of the [Cocteau Twins](/wiki/Cocteau_Twins \"Cocteau Twins\"), formed the record label [Bella Union](/wiki/Bella_Union \"Bella Union\"). Chris Pearson, looking for label interest, used this as an opportunity to send the La Brea CD to the label. Raymonde was initially pleased with these efforts and saw potential in the band, but the tracks he received didn't impress him enough to immediately work with the band. This did not end the relationship between Raymonde and The Czars. Instead, it opened up a line of communication between the two and The Czars continued to create demos to send to Raymonde. In early 1997, the band recorded 4 new songs with local engineer Bob Ferbrache in Denver as demos for the label. The demos that were sent after the initial disc impressed Raymonde and the band was invited to start an album on the [Bella Union](/wiki/Bella_Union \"Bella Union\") label.",
"With the help of [Simon Raymonde](/wiki/Simon_Raymonde \"Simon Raymonde\") as the producer, the Czars began to work on their new album, *Before...But Longer* in London. Simon did not request a certain sound for the band and allowed them to create and work on their own sound at their own pace. Grant's long writing process as a songwriter caused a lot of the music to be recorded before any lyrics were attached to the song. Most of Grant's songwriting for this album took place near paths by the Thames in Twickenham and Richmond on park benches. He decided to abandon his previous form of songwriting, which mostly relied on improvisation, and started to write lyrics that were more set in stone. Grant said the following about his writing process for the album: \"I used to think it was cool to improvise like that but not anymore. For example, Val, the single from the album, I had different lyrics for that one every time. And when I finally got lyrics that were set in stone it was the first time I was really able to enjoy the song and really sing it with feeling. That's another thing, you can't really sing anything with conviction if it's improvised every time because it's always different.\"",
"The recording of *Before...But Longer* took place in 1998 and the album was finished in September. With no team in place, no agent, no European licensee, no live show, Raymonde then spent a year trying to drum up interest for the band in the musical community to enable him to launch the band. Upon the actual release of the album in 2000, the band had already considered the material to be old, and didn't seem that keen to promote it, but despite this, the album was received decently. Drowned in Sound gave the album 8/10\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://drownedinsound.com/releases/2411/reviews/37\\-\\|title\\=Album Review: The Czars \\- Before but longer\\|website\\=Drownedinsound.com\\|accessdate\\=25 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=26 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126005453/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/2411/reviews/37\\-\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 2000 the band began to work on 'The Ugly People vs The Beautiful People' with Simon Raymonde providing his production services gratis once again, leaving his young family back in London while he and The Czars battled their way through the new songs in snowy Denver. Engineering on the album was provided by Colin Bricker at Mighty Fine Audio in Denver. The Czars also appeared on the compilation album, *Sing a Song for You: A Tribute to Tim Buckley* after being asked to cover \"Song to the Siren\" and were also asked to compose the soundtrack for the independent film *I'd Rather Be... Gone*.",
"The EP, *X Would Rather Listen to Y Than Suffer Through a C of Z's* was self\\-produced by the band with Colin Bricker and released during the 2002 tour. The name of the EP is a joke and came from a dictionary. John Grant has said the following about the meaning of the title: \"It's just a joke about how people use calculated formulas with people when they go out into the world to deal with people and how that simply doesn't work.\"",
"Violinist Elin Palmer joined the band in 2003 and contributed to the album, *Goodbye*, which was also produced and engineered by Colin Bricker at Mighty Fine Audio in Denver. Having sunk several thousand dollars into the band over the course of the two previous albums, and with the band facing a large unrecouped balance, the label decided to hold off on picking up the next option. The band received help from friends and within a year or so had made the album *Goodbye*, which Grant has stated is his favorite Czars album.",
"Despite *Goodbye'''s critical acclaim, it was the final album made by the band. Roger Green quit the band on November 22, 2004\\. The next day, Grant unceremoniously fired Pearson via e\\-mail, even though they had co\\-founded the band 10 years before. Overall, five out of the six members decided to part ways over a span of nine months in 2004, resulting in John Grant being the only member. Grant continued to perform live with the moniker until finally deciding to part with the name. In 2005, [Bella Union](/wiki/Bella_Union \"Bella Union\") released a compilation of b\\-sides and rarities by the band, titled* Sorry I Made You Cry*.*",
"[Best Of](/wiki/Best_Of_%28The_Czars_album%29 \"Best Of (The Czars album)\") *compilation album came out on December 1, 2014, on Bella Union.*",
"Discography\n-----------",
"### Studio albums",
"* Moodswing *\\- 1995*\n* The La Brea Tar Pits of Routine *\\- 1997*\n* Before... But Longer \\- 2000\n* *[The Ugly People Vs The Beautiful People](/wiki/The_Ugly_People_Vs_The_Beautiful_People \"The Ugly People Vs The Beautiful People\")* \\- 2001\n* *X Would Rather Listen To Y Than Suffer Through a C of Z's* (Tour EP) \\- 2002\n* *[Goodbye](/wiki/Goodbye_%28The_Czars_album%29 \"Goodbye (The Czars album)\")* \\- 2004\n* *Sorry I Made You Cry* \\- 2006\n* *[Best Of](/wiki/Best_Of_%28The_Czars_album%29 \"Best Of (The Czars album)\")* \\- 2014",
"### Singles",
"* \"Val\" \\- 2000\n* \"Side Effect\" \\- 2002\n* \"X Would Rather Listen\" \\- 2002\n* \"Paint the Moon\" \\- 2004"
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Joseph Dwenger was born near [Minster](/wiki/Minster%2C_Ohio "Minster, Ohio"), [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), on April 7, 1837\. His parents were Johann Gerhard Heinrich "Henry" Dwenger and Maria Catherine Wirdt. Dying of [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera"), his widowed mother entrusted the boy to Fr. Andrew Kunkler. Joseph was raised by the [Missionaries of the Precious Blood](/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Precious_Blood "Missionaries of the Precious Blood") and educated at Holy Trinity School in Cincinnati[Hammer, Bonaventure. "Fort Wayne." The Catholic Encyclopedia](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06150a.htm) Vol. 6\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909\. 10 October 2022 {{PD\-notice}} He later joined the community, and was sent to [Mount St. Mary's Seminary](/wiki/Athenaeum_of_Ohio "Athenaeum of Ohio") in Cincinnati.
### Priesthood
Dwenger was [ordained](/wiki/Holy_Orders "Holy Orders") a priest for the Missionaries of the Precious Blood by Archbishop [John Baptist Purcell](/wiki/John_Baptist_Purcell "John Baptist Purcell") on September 4, 1859\. He had received a papal dispensation to receive ordination at age 22\.{{Cite news \|date\=1893\-01\-23 \|title\=OBITUARY.; BISHOP DWENGER. \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1893/01/23/archives/obituary\-bishop\-dwenger.html \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} In 1861, he arranged for the purchase of the property where [St. Charles Seminary](/wiki/St._Charles_Seminary "St. Charles Seminary") would eventually be located and was its founding rector.{{cite web\|work\=St. Charles, Carthagena, Ohio\|url\=http://www.st\-charles\-cpps.org/history.htm\|title\=History of St. Charles Center}} In 1862, he was assigned to parochial work. From 1867 to 1872, he was occupied in preaching missions in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), Indiana and [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky"). In 1872, Dwenger accompanied Purcell as his theologian to the [Second Plenary Council](/wiki/Second_Plenary_Council_of_Baltimore "Second Plenary Council of Baltimore") of American bishops in [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland "Baltimore, Maryland").
### Bishop of Fort Wayne
On February 15, 1872, [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX "Pope Pius IX") appointed Dwenger as bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne. He was consecrated by Purcell on April 14, 1872, in Cincinnati. In 1874, Dwenger joined other American bishops in a [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage "Pilgrimage") to Europe.
During his time in office he supported the congregation of the [Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ](/wiki/Poor_Handmaids_of_Jesus_Christ "Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ"), as had his predecessor Bishop [John Henry Luers](/wiki/John_Henry_Luers "John Henry Luers"). He allowed Father Edward Koenig – who had served as advisor to the sisters since their arrival – to remain in office in their Motherhouse in Fort Wayne. The good relationship continued, and in due course the congregation opened many schools, orphanages and hospitals in his and the neighbouring dioceses. Especially the establishment of orphanages were at his core interest.
He served such parishes as [Holy Rosary](/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Catholic_Church_%28St._Marys%2C_Ohio%29 "Holy Rosary Catholic Church (St. Marys, Ohio)") in [St. Marys](/wiki/St._Marys%2C_Ohio "St. Marys, Ohio") and [St. Joseph's](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Catholic_Church_%28Wapakoneta%2C_Ohio%29 "St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Wapakoneta, Ohio)") in [Wapakoneta](/wiki/Wapakoneta%2C_Ohio "Wapakoneta, Ohio"), both in [Auglaize County](/wiki/Auglaize_County%2C_Ohio "Auglaize County, Ohio"),McMurray, William J., ed. *History of Auglaize County Ohio*. Vol. 1\. [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis"): Historical Publishing Company, 1923, 324\. and he aided in establishing [Immaculate Conception parish](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Catholic_Church_%28Celina%2C_Ohio%29 "Immaculate Conception Catholic Church (Celina, Ohio)") in [Celina](/wiki/Celina%2C_Ohio "Celina, Ohio") in [Mercer County](/wiki/Mercer_County%2C_Ohio "Mercer County, Ohio")."Mercer County, Ohio History 1978\." Celina: Mercer County Historical Society, 1978, 525\. In 1875, he erected an [orphan asylum](/wiki/Orphanage "Orphanage") and a trade school for boys at [Lafayette](/wiki/Lafayette%2C_Indiana "Lafayette, Indiana"). He was a zealous promoter of the [parochial school](/wiki/Parochial_school "Parochial school") system.
In 1884 he attended the [Third Plenary Council at Baltimore](/wiki/Plenary_Councils_of_Baltimore "Plenary Councils of Baltimore"). The following March he was deputed, with Bishops [John Moore](/wiki/John_Moore_%28bishop_of_St_Augustine%29 "John Moore (bishop of St Augustine)") and [Richard Gilmour](/wiki/Richard_Gilmour "Richard Gilmour"), to present the decrees of the council to [Pope Leo XIII](/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII "Pope Leo XIII"). In 1886, he erected an asylum for orphan girls at [Fort Wayne](/wiki/Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana "Fort Wayne, Indiana"). In 1888 when he was on his way to Rome he visited the German Motherhouse of the congregation of the [Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ](/wiki/Poor_Handmaids_of_Jesus_Christ "Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ") in Dernbach Westerwald from where their community took its beginnings. He stated his intention as to express personally his gratitude for the many services which had been done for the development of his diocese and the many sisters which had been sent to serve in the US. As in 1888, in 1891 he again went to Rome, the last time in the interest of the [Pontifical North American College](/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College "Pontifical North American College").[Stack, C.PP.S., Jerome. "Bishop Dwenger Promoted Catholic Education", Missionaries of the Precious Blood, US Province](https://cpps-preciousblood.org/2021/04/bishop-dwenger-promoted-catholic-education/)
### Death and legacy
Joseph Dwenger died on January 22, 1893, in Fort Wayne.{{Cite web \|title\=Bishop Joseph Gregory Dwenger \[Catholic\-Hierarchy] \|url\=https://www.catholic\-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdwenger.html \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09 \|website\=www.catholic\-hierarchy.org}} He was buried at the [Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana%29 "Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Fort Wayne, Indiana)") in Fort Wayne.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113277230/burial\-of\-bishops\-brooks\-and\-dwenger/ \|title\=Burial of Bishops Brooks and Dwenger \|date\=1893\-01\-27 \|newspaper\=\[\[St. Louis Globe\-Democrat]] \|page\=4 \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-18}}{{Open access}} [Bishop Dwenger High School](/wiki/Bishop_Dwenger_High_School "Bishop Dwenger High School") in Fort Wayne is named for him.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Joseph Dwenger was born near [Minster](/wiki/Minster%2C_Ohio \"Minster, Ohio\"), [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"), on April 7, 1837\\. His parents were Johann Gerhard Heinrich \"Henry\" Dwenger and Maria Catherine Wirdt. Dying of [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\"), his widowed mother entrusted the boy to Fr. Andrew Kunkler. Joseph was raised by the [Missionaries of the Precious Blood](/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Precious_Blood \"Missionaries of the Precious Blood\") and educated at Holy Trinity School in Cincinnati[Hammer, Bonaventure. \"Fort Wayne.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06150a.htm) Vol. 6\\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909\\. 10 October 2022 {{PD\\-notice}} He later joined the community, and was sent to [Mount St. Mary's Seminary](/wiki/Athenaeum_of_Ohio \"Athenaeum of Ohio\") in Cincinnati.",
"### Priesthood",
"Dwenger was [ordained](/wiki/Holy_Orders \"Holy Orders\") a priest for the Missionaries of the Precious Blood by Archbishop [John Baptist Purcell](/wiki/John_Baptist_Purcell \"John Baptist Purcell\") on September 4, 1859\\. He had received a papal dispensation to receive ordination at age 22\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1893\\-01\\-23 \\|title\\=OBITUARY.; BISHOP DWENGER. \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1893/01/23/archives/obituary\\-bishop\\-dwenger.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} In 1861, he arranged for the purchase of the property where [St. Charles Seminary](/wiki/St._Charles_Seminary \"St. Charles Seminary\") would eventually be located and was its founding rector.{{cite web\\|work\\=St. Charles, Carthagena, Ohio\\|url\\=http://www.st\\-charles\\-cpps.org/history.htm\\|title\\=History of St. Charles Center}} In 1862, he was assigned to parochial work. From 1867 to 1872, he was occupied in preaching missions in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"), Indiana and [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\"). In 1872, Dwenger accompanied Purcell as his theologian to the [Second Plenary Council](/wiki/Second_Plenary_Council_of_Baltimore \"Second Plenary Council of Baltimore\") of American bishops in [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore, Maryland\").",
"### Bishop of Fort Wayne",
"On February 15, 1872, [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX \"Pope Pius IX\") appointed Dwenger as bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne. He was consecrated by Purcell on April 14, 1872, in Cincinnati. In 1874, Dwenger joined other American bishops in a [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage \"Pilgrimage\") to Europe.",
"During his time in office he supported the congregation of the [Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ](/wiki/Poor_Handmaids_of_Jesus_Christ \"Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ\"), as had his predecessor Bishop [John Henry Luers](/wiki/John_Henry_Luers \"John Henry Luers\"). He allowed Father Edward Koenig – who had served as advisor to the sisters since their arrival – to remain in office in their Motherhouse in Fort Wayne. The good relationship continued, and in due course the congregation opened many schools, orphanages and hospitals in his and the neighbouring dioceses. Especially the establishment of orphanages were at his core interest.",
"He served such parishes as [Holy Rosary](/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Catholic_Church_%28St._Marys%2C_Ohio%29 \"Holy Rosary Catholic Church (St. Marys, Ohio)\") in [St. Marys](/wiki/St._Marys%2C_Ohio \"St. Marys, Ohio\") and [St. Joseph's](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Catholic_Church_%28Wapakoneta%2C_Ohio%29 \"St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Wapakoneta, Ohio)\") in [Wapakoneta](/wiki/Wapakoneta%2C_Ohio \"Wapakoneta, Ohio\"), both in [Auglaize County](/wiki/Auglaize_County%2C_Ohio \"Auglaize County, Ohio\"),McMurray, William J., ed. *History of Auglaize County Ohio*. Vol. 1\\. [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\"): Historical Publishing Company, 1923, 324\\. and he aided in establishing [Immaculate Conception parish](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Catholic_Church_%28Celina%2C_Ohio%29 \"Immaculate Conception Catholic Church (Celina, Ohio)\") in [Celina](/wiki/Celina%2C_Ohio \"Celina, Ohio\") in [Mercer County](/wiki/Mercer_County%2C_Ohio \"Mercer County, Ohio\").\"Mercer County, Ohio History 1978\\.\" Celina: Mercer County Historical Society, 1978, 525\\. In 1875, he erected an [orphan asylum](/wiki/Orphanage \"Orphanage\") and a trade school for boys at [Lafayette](/wiki/Lafayette%2C_Indiana \"Lafayette, Indiana\"). He was a zealous promoter of the [parochial school](/wiki/Parochial_school \"Parochial school\") system.",
"In 1884 he attended the [Third Plenary Council at Baltimore](/wiki/Plenary_Councils_of_Baltimore \"Plenary Councils of Baltimore\"). The following March he was deputed, with Bishops [John Moore](/wiki/John_Moore_%28bishop_of_St_Augustine%29 \"John Moore (bishop of St Augustine)\") and [Richard Gilmour](/wiki/Richard_Gilmour \"Richard Gilmour\"), to present the decrees of the council to [Pope Leo XIII](/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII \"Pope Leo XIII\"). In 1886, he erected an asylum for orphan girls at [Fort Wayne](/wiki/Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana \"Fort Wayne, Indiana\"). In 1888 when he was on his way to Rome he visited the German Motherhouse of the congregation of the [Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ](/wiki/Poor_Handmaids_of_Jesus_Christ \"Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ\") in Dernbach Westerwald from where their community took its beginnings. He stated his intention as to express personally his gratitude for the many services which had been done for the development of his diocese and the many sisters which had been sent to serve in the US. As in 1888, in 1891 he again went to Rome, the last time in the interest of the [Pontifical North American College](/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College \"Pontifical North American College\").[Stack, C.PP.S., Jerome. \"Bishop Dwenger Promoted Catholic Education\", Missionaries of the Precious Blood, US Province](https://cpps-preciousblood.org/2021/04/bishop-dwenger-promoted-catholic-education/)",
"### Death and legacy",
"Joseph Dwenger died on January 22, 1893, in Fort Wayne.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bishop Joseph Gregory Dwenger \\[Catholic\\-Hierarchy] \\|url\\=https://www.catholic\\-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdwenger.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09 \\|website\\=www.catholic\\-hierarchy.org}} He was buried at the [Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana%29 \"Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Fort Wayne, Indiana)\") in Fort Wayne.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113277230/burial\\-of\\-bishops\\-brooks\\-and\\-dwenger/ \\|title\\=Burial of Bishops Brooks and Dwenger \\|date\\=1893\\-01\\-27 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[St. Louis Globe\\-Democrat]] \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-18}}{{Open access}} [Bishop Dwenger High School](/wiki/Bishop_Dwenger_High_School \"Bishop Dwenger High School\") in Fort Wayne is named for him.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{More citations needed\|date\=March 2012\|reason\=more cites needed for \[\[WP:V]] and to guard against copyright violation}}
Springfield Township was established by the [Michigan Legislature](/wiki/Michigan_Legislature "Michigan Legislature") on March 2, 1836\. Civil government was first organized April 3, 1837\. Springfield, one of the first settlements in the area, began with a hotel along the Detroit and Saginaw Turnpike, now known as [Dixie Highway](/wiki/Dixie_Highway "Dixie Highway"). Andersonville, located at the intersection of Andersonville Road and Big Lake Road, was settled shortly thereafter in 1833, followed three years later by the hamlet of Davisburg. Springfield Township transitioned from a General Law Township to a Charter Township under Michigan's Charter Township Act on April 1, 1986\.
The Detroit and Milwaukee Railway (now part of the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway")) was built in 1856, and two stations were in the township, in Andersonville and Davisburg. The railroad provided a major impetus to growth. Agriculture was the mainstay of the local economy and trains allowed the farmers to ship produce and live stock to market and to receive supplies and equipment. By 1860 Springfield Township's population was 1,425\.
In 1924, Dixie Highway was paved from [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac%2C_Michigan "Pontiac, Michigan") to [Flint](/wiki/Flint%2C_Michigan "Flint, Michigan"). With the decline of agriculture as a major economic activity in the township, residents began commuting to Pontiac and Flint for employment in the developing automotive factories, marking the beginning of the township's decline. By 1930, Springfield Township's population had fallen to 923\. The township's decline would unexpectedly be reversed in the 1960s with the construction of [Interstate 75](/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan "Interstate 75 in Michigan"). The accessibility provided by two interchanges accelerated residential growth in the late 1960s and 1970s. Population improved, going from 1,825 in 1950 to 2,664 in 1960, 4,388 in 1970, 6,502 in 1976, and 8,295 in 1980\.
Springfield Township has had a long\-standing commitment to [zoning](/wiki/Zoning "Zoning") and [planning](/wiki/Land_use_planning "Land use planning") dating back to the early 1950s. The Township Board adopted an interim zoning ordinance in early 1952, which contained five zoning districts. In 1965 an ordinance which contained 13 different zoning districts was adopted. Planning and zoning functions were coordinated with the adoption of the township's first Master Plan in 1972 and subsequently the adoption of an entirely new zoning ordinance the following year. The 1973 ordinance serves as a basis for the current zoning ordinance.
Out of concern for the residential growth during the 1970s and its effects on the entire township, the Planning Commission embarked on a comprehensive review of the Master Plan and the Zoning Map in the early 1980s. As a result, the revised Master Plan and Zoning Ordinance incorporated natural resource protection information and standards. This slowed the growth of Springfield Township during the decade, growing to 9,927 in 1990\. Additional comprehensive reviews and updates were done in the early 1990s and again in 2002\. The primary basis for the township's planning, zoning, and land use decisions for at least the last 20 years has been the protection and preservation of their abundant and very special natural resources.
Today, Springfield Township is home to many parks, including Springfield Oaks County Park, site of the annual Oakland County Fair, and Indian Springs Metropark. The township is also home to several churches, a few schools including Springfield Christian Academy (the township's only high school) and a handful of shopping areas. The township's population, which increased by a third in the 1990s, continued to grow through the first decade of the 21st century.
Springfield Township also houses a former Superfund site, [The Springfield Township Dump.](/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Michigan "List of Superfund sites in Michigan")
Springfield Township is a member of the [Clarkston](/wiki/Clarkston%2C_Michigan "Clarkston, Michigan") Area Chamber of Commerce and Holly Chamber of Commerce.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{More citations needed\\|date\\=March 2012\\|reason\\=more cites needed for \\[\\[WP:V]] and to guard against copyright violation}}\nSpringfield Township was established by the [Michigan Legislature](/wiki/Michigan_Legislature \"Michigan Legislature\") on March 2, 1836\\. Civil government was first organized April 3, 1837\\. Springfield, one of the first settlements in the area, began with a hotel along the Detroit and Saginaw Turnpike, now known as [Dixie Highway](/wiki/Dixie_Highway \"Dixie Highway\"). Andersonville, located at the intersection of Andersonville Road and Big Lake Road, was settled shortly thereafter in 1833, followed three years later by the hamlet of Davisburg. Springfield Township transitioned from a General Law Township to a Charter Township under Michigan's Charter Township Act on April 1, 1986\\.",
"The Detroit and Milwaukee Railway (now part of the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\")) was built in 1856, and two stations were in the township, in Andersonville and Davisburg. The railroad provided a major impetus to growth. Agriculture was the mainstay of the local economy and trains allowed the farmers to ship produce and live stock to market and to receive supplies and equipment. By 1860 Springfield Township's population was 1,425\\.",
"In 1924, Dixie Highway was paved from [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac%2C_Michigan \"Pontiac, Michigan\") to [Flint](/wiki/Flint%2C_Michigan \"Flint, Michigan\"). With the decline of agriculture as a major economic activity in the township, residents began commuting to Pontiac and Flint for employment in the developing automotive factories, marking the beginning of the township's decline. By 1930, Springfield Township's population had fallen to 923\\. The township's decline would unexpectedly be reversed in the 1960s with the construction of [Interstate 75](/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan \"Interstate 75 in Michigan\"). The accessibility provided by two interchanges accelerated residential growth in the late 1960s and 1970s. Population improved, going from 1,825 in 1950 to 2,664 in 1960, 4,388 in 1970, 6,502 in 1976, and 8,295 in 1980\\.",
"Springfield Township has had a long\\-standing commitment to [zoning](/wiki/Zoning \"Zoning\") and [planning](/wiki/Land_use_planning \"Land use planning\") dating back to the early 1950s. The Township Board adopted an interim zoning ordinance in early 1952, which contained five zoning districts. In 1965 an ordinance which contained 13 different zoning districts was adopted. Planning and zoning functions were coordinated with the adoption of the township's first Master Plan in 1972 and subsequently the adoption of an entirely new zoning ordinance the following year. The 1973 ordinance serves as a basis for the current zoning ordinance.",
"Out of concern for the residential growth during the 1970s and its effects on the entire township, the Planning Commission embarked on a comprehensive review of the Master Plan and the Zoning Map in the early 1980s. As a result, the revised Master Plan and Zoning Ordinance incorporated natural resource protection information and standards. This slowed the growth of Springfield Township during the decade, growing to 9,927 in 1990\\. Additional comprehensive reviews and updates were done in the early 1990s and again in 2002\\. The primary basis for the township's planning, zoning, and land use decisions for at least the last 20 years has been the protection and preservation of their abundant and very special natural resources.",
"Today, Springfield Township is home to many parks, including Springfield Oaks County Park, site of the annual Oakland County Fair, and Indian Springs Metropark. The township is also home to several churches, a few schools including Springfield Christian Academy (the township's only high school) and a handful of shopping areas. The township's population, which increased by a third in the 1990s, continued to grow through the first decade of the 21st century.",
"Springfield Township also houses a former Superfund site, [The Springfield Township Dump.](/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Michigan \"List of Superfund sites in Michigan\")",
"Springfield Township is a member of the [Clarkston](/wiki/Clarkston%2C_Michigan \"Clarkston, Michigan\") Area Chamber of Commerce and Holly Chamber of Commerce.",
""
] |
Petrographic characteristics
----------------------------
### Primary minerals
Minerals that crystallized from the silicate melt are considered primary minerals. They are grouped into "Major", "Minor", and "Accessory" minerals based upon their modal percentages in the rock.
### Major mineralogy
Primary minerals in I\-type granites are [plagioclase](/wiki/Plagioclase "Plagioclase"), [potassium feldspar](/wiki/Potassium_feldspar "Potassium feldspar"), and [quartz](/wiki/Quartz "Quartz") as in [S](/wiki/S-type_granite "S-type granite")\- and [A\-type](/wiki/A-type_granite "A-type granite") granites. I\-type granites have less quartz then their S\-type granite color index equivalents. Plagioclase displays zonation and [albite twinning](/wiki/Crystal_twinning%23Common_twin_laws "Crystal twinning#Common twin laws"). Potassium feldspar can show [perthite](/wiki/Perthite "Perthite") textures, [carlsbad twinning](/wiki/Crystal_twinning%23Common_twin_laws "Crystal twinning#Common twin laws"), and, in [microcline](/wiki/Microcline "Microcline"), tartan twinning. Quartz and potassium feldspar scarcely show [granophyric textures](/wiki/Granophyric_texture "Granophyric texture").
### Minor minerals
[Biotite](/wiki/Biotite "Biotite") is the most common minor mineral in I\-type granites. The biotites in I\-type granites are greener in general than those in S\-type, both in hand sample and in plane polarized light. More [mafic](/wiki/Mafic "Mafic") composition granites, those with a higher color index, contain more [hornblende](/wiki/Hornblende "Hornblende") and biotite. Hornblende is a typical I\-type granite mineral which never occurs in S\-type granite. Hornblende crystals can be twinned and compositionally zoned.
### Accessory minerals
[Zircon](/wiki/Zircon "Zircon") and [apatite](/wiki/Apatite "Apatite") can occur in both I\- and S\-type granites, whereas [titanite](/wiki/Titanite "Titanite") (sphene) and [allanite](/wiki/Allanite "Allanite") are considered diagnostic accessory minerals for I\-type granites. Allanite is typically surrounded by radial fractures, caused by the [subsolidus](/wiki/Subsolidus "Subsolidus") increase in volume of allanite as a result of [metamict](/wiki/Metamict "Metamict") alteration due to [radioactive decay](/wiki/Radioactive_decay "Radioactive decay"). While apatite inclusions are common, they are not as abundant or large as those in S\-Type granites. Primary [muscovite](/wiki/Muscovite "Muscovite") can occur in weakly [peraluminous](/wiki/Peraluminous "Peraluminous") fractionated I\-type granites. Therefore, the presence of muscovite alone is not diagnostic of S\-type granites.
### Subsolidus and alteration minerals
Minerals that form in the rock as a result of chemical reactions that take place between primary minerals and [hydrothermal fluids](/wiki/Hydrothermal_fluid "Hydrothermal fluid") are classified as subsolidus minerals. They form below the temperature and pressure conditions of the solidus in the absence of a silicate melt. Other alteration minerals may form at surface conditions from interaction of the minerals present in the rock with groundwater and the atmosphere.
Alteration of biotites can produce [fluorite](/wiki/Fluorite "Fluorite"), [chlorite](/wiki/Chlorite "Chlorite"), and iron oxides such as [magnetite](/wiki/Magnetite "Magnetite") and [ilmenite](/wiki/Ilmenite "Ilmenite"). Sericitic alteration is seen within feldspars. In more evolved I\-Type granites, [calcite](/wiki/Calcite "Calcite") occurs as a late stage and/or a subsolidus mineral. Fluorite, like calcite, is rare and where observed it is associated with the more evolved I\-type granites. It can form as a late stage product of crystallization. It is commonly observed as part of the subsolidus alteration of biotite along with chlorite and opaque oxides. [Muscovite](/wiki/Muscovite "Muscovite") occurs as an alteration of feldspars and biotite. [Epidote](/wiki/Epidote "Epidote") can be found, especially on the edges of allanite.
### Color index
Color index, or the modal abundance of minerals other than quartz, plagioclase and alkali feldspar (e.g., mafic silicates, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, etc.), can be used to infer the maturity of a granite. Juvenile I\-type granites have a higher color index. [Amphibole](/wiki/Amphibole "Amphibole"), biotite, [sphene](/wiki/Sphene "Sphene"), allanite, and oxides are typically more abundant. In contrast, more evolved (i.e. fractionated) I\-type granites have a lower color index, and may contain minerals such as muscovite that are indicative of their fractionated nature.
### Textures
I\-type granites can have variable textures. I\-type granites, like other granite types, can vary in crystal size from [aphanitic](/wiki/Aphanitic "Aphanitic") to [phaneritic](/wiki/Phaneritic "Phaneritic"); crystal size distributions include porphyritic, seriate, and rarely equigranular textures. Like other granites, [phenocrysts](/wiki/Phenocryst "Phenocryst") in I\-type granites are commonly feldspars, but can also be [hornblende](/wiki/Hornblende "Hornblende"). Amphibole is a diagnostic feature on the hand sample scale between S\-type and I\-type granites.
|
[
"Petrographic characteristics\n----------------------------",
"### Primary minerals",
"Minerals that crystallized from the silicate melt are considered primary minerals. They are grouped into \"Major\", \"Minor\", and \"Accessory\" minerals based upon their modal percentages in the rock.",
"### Major mineralogy",
"Primary minerals in I\\-type granites are [plagioclase](/wiki/Plagioclase \"Plagioclase\"), [potassium feldspar](/wiki/Potassium_feldspar \"Potassium feldspar\"), and [quartz](/wiki/Quartz \"Quartz\") as in [S](/wiki/S-type_granite \"S-type granite\")\\- and [A\\-type](/wiki/A-type_granite \"A-type granite\") granites. I\\-type granites have less quartz then their S\\-type granite color index equivalents. Plagioclase displays zonation and [albite twinning](/wiki/Crystal_twinning%23Common_twin_laws \"Crystal twinning#Common twin laws\"). Potassium feldspar can show [perthite](/wiki/Perthite \"Perthite\") textures, [carlsbad twinning](/wiki/Crystal_twinning%23Common_twin_laws \"Crystal twinning#Common twin laws\"), and, in [microcline](/wiki/Microcline \"Microcline\"), tartan twinning. Quartz and potassium feldspar scarcely show [granophyric textures](/wiki/Granophyric_texture \"Granophyric texture\").",
"### Minor minerals",
"[Biotite](/wiki/Biotite \"Biotite\") is the most common minor mineral in I\\-type granites. The biotites in I\\-type granites are greener in general than those in S\\-type, both in hand sample and in plane polarized light. More [mafic](/wiki/Mafic \"Mafic\") composition granites, those with a higher color index, contain more [hornblende](/wiki/Hornblende \"Hornblende\") and biotite. Hornblende is a typical I\\-type granite mineral which never occurs in S\\-type granite. Hornblende crystals can be twinned and compositionally zoned.",
"### Accessory minerals",
"[Zircon](/wiki/Zircon \"Zircon\") and [apatite](/wiki/Apatite \"Apatite\") can occur in both I\\- and S\\-type granites, whereas [titanite](/wiki/Titanite \"Titanite\") (sphene) and [allanite](/wiki/Allanite \"Allanite\") are considered diagnostic accessory minerals for I\\-type granites. Allanite is typically surrounded by radial fractures, caused by the [subsolidus](/wiki/Subsolidus \"Subsolidus\") increase in volume of allanite as a result of [metamict](/wiki/Metamict \"Metamict\") alteration due to [radioactive decay](/wiki/Radioactive_decay \"Radioactive decay\"). While apatite inclusions are common, they are not as abundant or large as those in S\\-Type granites. Primary [muscovite](/wiki/Muscovite \"Muscovite\") can occur in weakly [peraluminous](/wiki/Peraluminous \"Peraluminous\") fractionated I\\-type granites. Therefore, the presence of muscovite alone is not diagnostic of S\\-type granites.",
"### Subsolidus and alteration minerals",
"Minerals that form in the rock as a result of chemical reactions that take place between primary minerals and [hydrothermal fluids](/wiki/Hydrothermal_fluid \"Hydrothermal fluid\") are classified as subsolidus minerals. They form below the temperature and pressure conditions of the solidus in the absence of a silicate melt. Other alteration minerals may form at surface conditions from interaction of the minerals present in the rock with groundwater and the atmosphere.",
"Alteration of biotites can produce [fluorite](/wiki/Fluorite \"Fluorite\"), [chlorite](/wiki/Chlorite \"Chlorite\"), and iron oxides such as [magnetite](/wiki/Magnetite \"Magnetite\") and [ilmenite](/wiki/Ilmenite \"Ilmenite\"). Sericitic alteration is seen within feldspars. In more evolved I\\-Type granites, [calcite](/wiki/Calcite \"Calcite\") occurs as a late stage and/or a subsolidus mineral. Fluorite, like calcite, is rare and where observed it is associated with the more evolved I\\-type granites. It can form as a late stage product of crystallization. It is commonly observed as part of the subsolidus alteration of biotite along with chlorite and opaque oxides. [Muscovite](/wiki/Muscovite \"Muscovite\") occurs as an alteration of feldspars and biotite. [Epidote](/wiki/Epidote \"Epidote\") can be found, especially on the edges of allanite.",
"### Color index",
"Color index, or the modal abundance of minerals other than quartz, plagioclase and alkali feldspar (e.g., mafic silicates, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, etc.), can be used to infer the maturity of a granite. Juvenile I\\-type granites have a higher color index. [Amphibole](/wiki/Amphibole \"Amphibole\"), biotite, [sphene](/wiki/Sphene \"Sphene\"), allanite, and oxides are typically more abundant. In contrast, more evolved (i.e. fractionated) I\\-type granites have a lower color index, and may contain minerals such as muscovite that are indicative of their fractionated nature.",
"### Textures",
"I\\-type granites can have variable textures. I\\-type granites, like other granite types, can vary in crystal size from [aphanitic](/wiki/Aphanitic \"Aphanitic\") to [phaneritic](/wiki/Phaneritic \"Phaneritic\"); crystal size distributions include porphyritic, seriate, and rarely equigranular textures. Like other granites, [phenocrysts](/wiki/Phenocryst \"Phenocryst\") in I\\-type granites are commonly feldspars, but can also be [hornblende](/wiki/Hornblende \"Hornblende\"). Amphibole is a diagnostic feature on the hand sample scale between S\\-type and I\\-type granites.",
""
] |
Interpretation(s)
-----------------
{{unsourced\|section\|date\=November 2020}}
### Source characteristics
I\-type granites are interpreted to be generated from the melting of igneous rocks. The “I” in I\-type in fact stands for igneous. This interpretation was made by Chappell and White in their 1974 paper based on their observations in the [Lachlan Fold belt](/wiki/Lachlan_Fold_belt "Lachlan Fold belt") of southeastern [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia").
### The I\-S line
The I\-S line is an observed contact between I\- and S\-type granites in an igneous terrane. This contact is usually clearly defined; one example of this occurring is within the Lachlan fold belt of Australia. The I\-S line is interpreted to be the location of a paleo\-structure in the subsurface that separated the generation zones of the two different melts.
### Suites and supersuites
Granite plutons can be grouped into suites and super suites by their source regions, which in turn are interpreted by comparing their compositions. This interpretation comes from the plotting of different element concentrations against the level of evolution of the granite, usually as percent silica or its magnesium to iron ratio. Igneous rocks with the same source region will plot along a line in silica to element space.
### Restite unmixing
Granites traced to the same source region can often have very variable mineralogy; color index for example can vary greatly within the same batholith. In addition, many minerals resist melting and would not melt at the temperatures known to create the magmas that form I\-type granites. One model that explains this mineralogic anomaly is restite unmixing. In this model, minerals that are resistant to melting, such as the color index minerals, do not melt but are rather brought up by the melt in solid state. Melts that are farther from their source regions would therefore contain fewer color index minerals, while those closer to their source regions would have a higher color index. This model supplements the models of partial melting and [fractional crystallization](/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_%28geology%29 "Fractional crystallization (geology)").
### Other models
Other models include [magma mixing](/wiki/Magma_mixing "Magma mixing"), [crustal assimilation](/wiki/Crustal_assimilation "Crustal assimilation"), and [source region mixing](/wiki/Source_region_mixing "Source region mixing"). More recent studies have shown that the source regions of I\-type and S\-type magmas cannot be homogeneously igneous or sedimentary, respectively. Instead, many magmas show signs of being sourced from a combination of source materials. These magmas can be characterized by having a series of [neodymium](/wiki/Neodymium "Neodymium") and [hafnium](/wiki/Hafnium "Hafnium") isotope characteristics that can be thought of as a combination of both I\- and S\-type isotopic characteristics. Magma mixing is another aspect of granite formation that must be taken into account when observing granites. Magma mixing occurs when magmas of a different composition intrude a larger magma body. In some cases, the melts are [immiscible](/wiki/Immiscible "Immiscible") and stay separated to form pillow like collections of denser mafic magmas on the bottom of less dense dense felsic magma chambers. The mafic [pillow basalts](/wiki/Pillow_basalt "Pillow basalt") will demonstrate a felsic matrix, suggesting magma mingling. Alternatively, the melts mix together and form a magma of a composition intermediate to the intrusive and intruded melt.
|
[
"Interpretation(s)\n-----------------",
"{{unsourced\\|section\\|date\\=November 2020}}\n### Source characteristics",
"I\\-type granites are interpreted to be generated from the melting of igneous rocks. The “I” in I\\-type in fact stands for igneous. This interpretation was made by Chappell and White in their 1974 paper based on their observations in the [Lachlan Fold belt](/wiki/Lachlan_Fold_belt \"Lachlan Fold belt\") of southeastern [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").",
"### The I\\-S line",
"The I\\-S line is an observed contact between I\\- and S\\-type granites in an igneous terrane. This contact is usually clearly defined; one example of this occurring is within the Lachlan fold belt of Australia. The I\\-S line is interpreted to be the location of a paleo\\-structure in the subsurface that separated the generation zones of the two different melts.",
"### Suites and supersuites",
"Granite plutons can be grouped into suites and super suites by their source regions, which in turn are interpreted by comparing their compositions. This interpretation comes from the plotting of different element concentrations against the level of evolution of the granite, usually as percent silica or its magnesium to iron ratio. Igneous rocks with the same source region will plot along a line in silica to element space.",
"### Restite unmixing",
"Granites traced to the same source region can often have very variable mineralogy; color index for example can vary greatly within the same batholith. In addition, many minerals resist melting and would not melt at the temperatures known to create the magmas that form I\\-type granites. One model that explains this mineralogic anomaly is restite unmixing. In this model, minerals that are resistant to melting, such as the color index minerals, do not melt but are rather brought up by the melt in solid state. Melts that are farther from their source regions would therefore contain fewer color index minerals, while those closer to their source regions would have a higher color index. This model supplements the models of partial melting and [fractional crystallization](/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_%28geology%29 \"Fractional crystallization (geology)\").",
"### Other models",
"Other models include [magma mixing](/wiki/Magma_mixing \"Magma mixing\"), [crustal assimilation](/wiki/Crustal_assimilation \"Crustal assimilation\"), and [source region mixing](/wiki/Source_region_mixing \"Source region mixing\"). More recent studies have shown that the source regions of I\\-type and S\\-type magmas cannot be homogeneously igneous or sedimentary, respectively. Instead, many magmas show signs of being sourced from a combination of source materials. These magmas can be characterized by having a series of [neodymium](/wiki/Neodymium \"Neodymium\") and [hafnium](/wiki/Hafnium \"Hafnium\") isotope characteristics that can be thought of as a combination of both I\\- and S\\-type isotopic characteristics. Magma mixing is another aspect of granite formation that must be taken into account when observing granites. Magma mixing occurs when magmas of a different composition intrude a larger magma body. In some cases, the melts are [immiscible](/wiki/Immiscible \"Immiscible\") and stay separated to form pillow like collections of denser mafic magmas on the bottom of less dense dense felsic magma chambers. The mafic [pillow basalts](/wiki/Pillow_basalt \"Pillow basalt\") will demonstrate a felsic matrix, suggesting magma mingling. Alternatively, the melts mix together and form a magma of a composition intermediate to the intrusive and intruded melt.",
""
] |
Impact on art history
---------------------
### Photographers
Our knowledge of the exhibition is mainly conveyed by numerous photographs, such as works by [Raoul Ubac](/wiki/Raoul_Ubac "Raoul Ubac"), [Josef Breitenbach](/wiki/Josef_Breitenbach "Josef Breitenbach"), Robert Valencay, [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray "Man Ray"), [Denise Bellon](/wiki/Denise_Bellon "Denise Bellon") and Thérèse Le Prat, who generally not only dealt with surrealistic mannequins in single pictures but in entire sequences.\[15] In 1966 Man Ray documented the exhibition in a book. It was published as a limited edition in Paris by Jean Petithory with the title, "Résurrection des mannequins in Paris by Jean Petithory". Apart from an explanatory essay, the book contains fifteen silver\-gelatine photograph prints.
### The mannequin as an object of art
The surrealist artists had a special interest in mannequins. With these mannequins the art myth of [Ovid](/wiki/Ovid "Ovid")'s [Pygmalion](/wiki/Pygmalion_%28mythology%29 "Pygmalion (mythology)"), a sculptor who carved the perfect woman, fell in love with her and then asked [Venus](/wiki/Venus "Venus") to awaken her to life, is kept alive. [Raoul Hausmann](/wiki/Raoul_Hausmann "Raoul Hausmann"), who was an artist of [Dadaism](/wiki/Dada "Dada"), which preceded [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism"), had already created a mechanical head in 1919 named "The Spirit of Our Age". It was a decorated head of [papier\-mâché](/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9 "Papier-mâché"), such as [hairdresser](/wiki/Hairdresser "Hairdresser") apprentices use to learn how to make [wigs](/wiki/Wig "Wig"). Thus, the everyday item lost its common function and experienced a transformation into an artistic concept. Hausmann was involved in the first international Dada exhibition, which took place in 1920 in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"). The sculptor and photographer [Hans Bellmer](/wiki/Hans_Bellmer "Hans Bellmer"), who emigrated to Paris in 1938, was also a participant of the exhibition. He had been experimenting with mannequins since the beginning of the 1930s.
At the beginning of 2011 an exhibition called "surreal things" in the [Schirn Art Gallery](/wiki/Schirn_Art_Gallery "Schirn Art Gallery") in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt") showcased not only sculptures and objects from [Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD "Salvador Dalí") to [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray "Man Ray"), but also documentary photographs of mannequins from [Raoul Ubac](/wiki/Raoul_Ubac "Raoul Ubac") and Denise Bellon. According to the Schirn art gallery, the objects testify to "the passion of the [Surrealists](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism") for the iconography of the mannequin and reflect the desire to sexualise the body by means of surrealistic methods, such as combinatorics, veiling and exposure."
### The exhibition as a final manifestation
[thumb\|175px\|[Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD "Salvador Dalí") in 1939\. Photographer: [Carl van Vechten](/wiki/Carl_van_Vechten "Carl van Vechten")](/wiki/File:Salvador_Dal%C3%AD_1939.jpg "Salvador Dalí 1939.jpg")
Intentionally or not, the exhibition in 1938 turned out to be the last highlight and final manifestation of the surrealist movement. It had concentrated once again all of its energy in order to affirm its significance and potential for provocation. Political circumstances as well as personal, politically motivated differences (for example in 1938 between [Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton "André Breton") and [Éluard](/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard "Paul Éluard"), who sympathized with [Stalinism](/wiki/Stalinism "Stalinism")), led Éluard to leave the group of surrealists. [Max Ernst](/wiki/Max_Ernst "Max Ernst") and [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray "Man Ray") followed suit out of solidarity \[47]. The final break between Breton and Dalí followed in 1939, which sealed the temporary end of the surrealist community. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") many artists went into exile in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"); their influence played a decisive role in future styles of art such as [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism"), [Neo\-Dada](/wiki/Neo-Dada "Neo-Dada") and [Pop Art](/wiki/Pop_Art "Pop Art") \[48]. In 1942, Breton and Duchamp, who had emigrated from France, organized the exhibition "First Papers of Surrealism" alongside [Sidney Janis](/wiki/Sidney_Janis "Sidney Janis") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") \[49].
When Breton and Duchamp opened the exhibition "Le surréalisme en 1947" in the [Galerie Maeght](/wiki/Galerie_Maeght "Galerie Maeght") in Paris after the war, Breton referred back to the exhibition of 1938\. He remarked that, on the one hand, the exhibition was supposed to represent the surrealist intention, which was situated on the boundary between poetry and reality, while, on the other hand, it was also supposed to manifest the spirit of 1938\. According to Breton's biographer, [Volker Zotz](/wiki/Volker_Zotz "Volker Zotz"), the exhibition of 1947 did not, however, have the same effect as its Parisian forerunner in 1938 and was criticised for being too exclusive. He described post\-war Surrealism as an "esoteric circle", while many pieces which had their origin in its roots had achieved world\-wide recognition. Duchamp's biographer, [Calvin Tomkins](/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins "Calvin Tomkins"), described the exhibition as "the movement's last hurrah". He remarked that the post\-war era had found different outlets, namely [existentialism](/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") in Europe and [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism") in the United States.
### Influence on exhibitions since the 1960s
The rejection of modernist, white\-walled galleries and the *[mise\-en\-scène](/wiki/Mise-en-sc%C3%A8ne "Mise-en-scène")*, as well as the placing of equal emphasis on works of art and finds was a decisive forerunner of exhibitions and installations of the 1960s. In 1962, the Dylaby (dynamic labyrinth) exhibition at the [Stedelijk Museum](/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum "Stedelijk Museum") in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") built directly on the 1938 exhibition. Involved in Dylaby were [Jean Tinguely](/wiki/Jean_Tinguely "Jean Tinguely"), [Daniel Spoerri](/wiki/Daniel_Spoerri "Daniel Spoerri"), [Robert Rauschenberg](/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg "Robert Rauschenberg"), [Martial Raysse](/wiki/Martial_Raysse "Martial Raysse"), [Niki de Saint Phalle](/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle "Niki de Saint Phalle"), Per Olof Ultvedt, and its organiser [Pontus Hultén](/wiki/Pontus_Hult%C3%A9n "Pontus Hultén").{{cite web \|url\=https://player.eyefilm.nl/en/films/karel\-appel\-dylaby\|title\=Karel Appel \& Dylaby\|website\= Eye Film Player\|date\=5 December 2023\|access\-date\=7 December 2023}} The room and exhibition as part of the artwork established itself as "a medium unto itself within the medium of the exhibition, which emerged out of surrealist practice." Among the exhibitors that helped, "based on surrealist practice, to establish the exhibition as a medium", was the BEUYS exhibition by the sculptor [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys "Joseph Beuys") at the [Abteiberg Museum](/wiki/Abteiberg_Museum "Abteiberg Museum") in [Mönchengladbach](/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach "Mönchengladbach"), Germany (Sept\-Oct 1967\), along with '503 (1600 Cubic Feet) Level Dirt' by [Walter De Maria](/wiki/Walter_De_Maria "Walter De Maria") (Sept\-Oct 1968\) at the [Heiner Friedrich Gallery](/wiki/Heiner_Friedrich_Gallery "Heiner Friedrich Gallery") in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), and 'Senza titolo (Dodici cavelli vivi)' by [Jannis Kounellis](/wiki/Jannis_Kounellis "Jannis Kounellis"), who, in 1969, put twelve lively horses on display at the Galleria L'Attico in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"). As a result, the exhibitions of the 1980s emerged.
### Reconstructions
From March to May 1995 the [Ubu gallery](https://web.archive.org/web/20120121095913/http://www.ubugallery.com/phpwcms/?id=34,162,0,0,1,0) in New York, which was founded just the year before, paid homage to the ground\-breaking 1938 exhibition. Exhibits, photographs and Duchamp's installation from the main room were shown.
The Wilhelm\-Hack museum in [Ludwigshafen](/wiki/Ludwigshafen "Ludwigshafen") presented another retrospective in the context of their exhibition with the title *Gegen jede Vernunft. Surrealismus Paris\-Prag im Jahr 2009/10* ("Against all reason. Surrealism Paris\-Prague in 2009/10"). Exhibited was a partial reproduction: the main room as decorated by Marcel Duchamp featured sacks of coal mounted on the ceiling, leaves on the floor, a [brazier](/wiki/Brazier "Brazier") and a bed, as well as paintings on the wall. An audio track filled the room with the sounds of marching soldiers and hysterical laughter. Just as in 1938 the visitors were forced to explore the room with a flashlight.
The Fondation Beyeler in [Riehen](/wiki/Riehen "Riehen") near [Basel](/wiki/Basel "Basel") showed the first comprehensive surrealist exhibition in [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") from October 2, 2011, until January 29, 2012\. The visitors were guided through the exhibition, as in 1938, by imitation Parisian street signs with fictitious or real names. The title of the exhibition is *Dalí, Magritte, Miró \- Surrealismus in Paris* ("Dalí, Magritte, Miró \- Surrealism in Paris").
|
[
"Impact on art history\n---------------------",
"### Photographers",
"Our knowledge of the exhibition is mainly conveyed by numerous photographs, such as works by [Raoul Ubac](/wiki/Raoul_Ubac \"Raoul Ubac\"), [Josef Breitenbach](/wiki/Josef_Breitenbach \"Josef Breitenbach\"), Robert Valencay, [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray \"Man Ray\"), [Denise Bellon](/wiki/Denise_Bellon \"Denise Bellon\") and Thérèse Le Prat, who generally not only dealt with surrealistic mannequins in single pictures but in entire sequences.\\[15] In 1966 Man Ray documented the exhibition in a book. It was published as a limited edition in Paris by Jean Petithory with the title, \"Résurrection des mannequins in Paris by Jean Petithory\". Apart from an explanatory essay, the book contains fifteen silver\\-gelatine photograph prints.",
"### The mannequin as an object of art",
"The surrealist artists had a special interest in mannequins. With these mannequins the art myth of [Ovid](/wiki/Ovid \"Ovid\")'s [Pygmalion](/wiki/Pygmalion_%28mythology%29 \"Pygmalion (mythology)\"), a sculptor who carved the perfect woman, fell in love with her and then asked [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\") to awaken her to life, is kept alive. [Raoul Hausmann](/wiki/Raoul_Hausmann \"Raoul Hausmann\"), who was an artist of [Dadaism](/wiki/Dada \"Dada\"), which preceded [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\"), had already created a mechanical head in 1919 named \"The Spirit of Our Age\". It was a decorated head of [papier\\-mâché](/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9 \"Papier-mâché\"), such as [hairdresser](/wiki/Hairdresser \"Hairdresser\") apprentices use to learn how to make [wigs](/wiki/Wig \"Wig\"). Thus, the everyday item lost its common function and experienced a transformation into an artistic concept. Hausmann was involved in the first international Dada exhibition, which took place in 1920 in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"). The sculptor and photographer [Hans Bellmer](/wiki/Hans_Bellmer \"Hans Bellmer\"), who emigrated to Paris in 1938, was also a participant of the exhibition. He had been experimenting with mannequins since the beginning of the 1930s.",
"At the beginning of 2011 an exhibition called \"surreal things\" in the [Schirn Art Gallery](/wiki/Schirn_Art_Gallery \"Schirn Art Gallery\") in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\") showcased not only sculptures and objects from [Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD \"Salvador Dalí\") to [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray \"Man Ray\"), but also documentary photographs of mannequins from [Raoul Ubac](/wiki/Raoul_Ubac \"Raoul Ubac\") and Denise Bellon. According to the Schirn art gallery, the objects testify to \"the passion of the [Surrealists](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\") for the iconography of the mannequin and reflect the desire to sexualise the body by means of surrealistic methods, such as combinatorics, veiling and exposure.\"",
"### The exhibition as a final manifestation",
"[thumb\\|175px\\|[Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD \"Salvador Dalí\") in 1939\\. Photographer: [Carl van Vechten](/wiki/Carl_van_Vechten \"Carl van Vechten\")](/wiki/File:Salvador_Dal%C3%AD_1939.jpg \"Salvador Dalí 1939.jpg\")\nIntentionally or not, the exhibition in 1938 turned out to be the last highlight and final manifestation of the surrealist movement. It had concentrated once again all of its energy in order to affirm its significance and potential for provocation. Political circumstances as well as personal, politically motivated differences (for example in 1938 between [Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton \"André Breton\") and [Éluard](/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard \"Paul Éluard\"), who sympathized with [Stalinism](/wiki/Stalinism \"Stalinism\")), led Éluard to leave the group of surrealists. [Max Ernst](/wiki/Max_Ernst \"Max Ernst\") and [Man Ray](/wiki/Man_Ray \"Man Ray\") followed suit out of solidarity \\[47]. The final break between Breton and Dalí followed in 1939, which sealed the temporary end of the surrealist community. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") many artists went into exile in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"); their influence played a decisive role in future styles of art such as [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism \"Abstract expressionism\"), [Neo\\-Dada](/wiki/Neo-Dada \"Neo-Dada\") and [Pop Art](/wiki/Pop_Art \"Pop Art\") \\[48]. In 1942, Breton and Duchamp, who had emigrated from France, organized the exhibition \"First Papers of Surrealism\" alongside [Sidney Janis](/wiki/Sidney_Janis \"Sidney Janis\") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") \\[49].",
"When Breton and Duchamp opened the exhibition \"Le surréalisme en 1947\" in the [Galerie Maeght](/wiki/Galerie_Maeght \"Galerie Maeght\") in Paris after the war, Breton referred back to the exhibition of 1938\\. He remarked that, on the one hand, the exhibition was supposed to represent the surrealist intention, which was situated on the boundary between poetry and reality, while, on the other hand, it was also supposed to manifest the spirit of 1938\\. According to Breton's biographer, [Volker Zotz](/wiki/Volker_Zotz \"Volker Zotz\"), the exhibition of 1947 did not, however, have the same effect as its Parisian forerunner in 1938 and was criticised for being too exclusive. He described post\\-war Surrealism as an \"esoteric circle\", while many pieces which had their origin in its roots had achieved world\\-wide recognition. Duchamp's biographer, [Calvin Tomkins](/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins \"Calvin Tomkins\"), described the exhibition as \"the movement's last hurrah\". He remarked that the post\\-war era had found different outlets, namely [existentialism](/wiki/Existentialism \"Existentialism\") in Europe and [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism \"Abstract expressionism\") in the United States.",
"### Influence on exhibitions since the 1960s",
"The rejection of modernist, white\\-walled galleries and the *[mise\\-en\\-scène](/wiki/Mise-en-sc%C3%A8ne \"Mise-en-scène\")*, as well as the placing of equal emphasis on works of art and finds was a decisive forerunner of exhibitions and installations of the 1960s. In 1962, the Dylaby (dynamic labyrinth) exhibition at the [Stedelijk Museum](/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum \"Stedelijk Museum\") in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") built directly on the 1938 exhibition. Involved in Dylaby were [Jean Tinguely](/wiki/Jean_Tinguely \"Jean Tinguely\"), [Daniel Spoerri](/wiki/Daniel_Spoerri \"Daniel Spoerri\"), [Robert Rauschenberg](/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg \"Robert Rauschenberg\"), [Martial Raysse](/wiki/Martial_Raysse \"Martial Raysse\"), [Niki de Saint Phalle](/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle \"Niki de Saint Phalle\"), Per Olof Ultvedt, and its organiser [Pontus Hultén](/wiki/Pontus_Hult%C3%A9n \"Pontus Hultén\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://player.eyefilm.nl/en/films/karel\\-appel\\-dylaby\\|title\\=Karel Appel \\& Dylaby\\|website\\= Eye Film Player\\|date\\=5 December 2023\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2023}} The room and exhibition as part of the artwork established itself as \"a medium unto itself within the medium of the exhibition, which emerged out of surrealist practice.\" Among the exhibitors that helped, \"based on surrealist practice, to establish the exhibition as a medium\", was the BEUYS exhibition by the sculptor [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys \"Joseph Beuys\") at the [Abteiberg Museum](/wiki/Abteiberg_Museum \"Abteiberg Museum\") in [Mönchengladbach](/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach \"Mönchengladbach\"), Germany (Sept\\-Oct 1967\\), along with '503 (1600 Cubic Feet) Level Dirt' by [Walter De Maria](/wiki/Walter_De_Maria \"Walter De Maria\") (Sept\\-Oct 1968\\) at the [Heiner Friedrich Gallery](/wiki/Heiner_Friedrich_Gallery \"Heiner Friedrich Gallery\") in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), and 'Senza titolo (Dodici cavelli vivi)' by [Jannis Kounellis](/wiki/Jannis_Kounellis \"Jannis Kounellis\"), who, in 1969, put twelve lively horses on display at the Galleria L'Attico in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"). As a result, the exhibitions of the 1980s emerged.",
"### Reconstructions",
"From March to May 1995 the [Ubu gallery](https://web.archive.org/web/20120121095913/http://www.ubugallery.com/phpwcms/?id=34,162,0,0,1,0) in New York, which was founded just the year before, paid homage to the ground\\-breaking 1938 exhibition. Exhibits, photographs and Duchamp's installation from the main room were shown.",
"The Wilhelm\\-Hack museum in [Ludwigshafen](/wiki/Ludwigshafen \"Ludwigshafen\") presented another retrospective in the context of their exhibition with the title *Gegen jede Vernunft. Surrealismus Paris\\-Prag im Jahr 2009/10* (\"Against all reason. Surrealism Paris\\-Prague in 2009/10\"). Exhibited was a partial reproduction: the main room as decorated by Marcel Duchamp featured sacks of coal mounted on the ceiling, leaves on the floor, a [brazier](/wiki/Brazier \"Brazier\") and a bed, as well as paintings on the wall. An audio track filled the room with the sounds of marching soldiers and hysterical laughter. Just as in 1938 the visitors were forced to explore the room with a flashlight.",
"The Fondation Beyeler in [Riehen](/wiki/Riehen \"Riehen\") near [Basel](/wiki/Basel \"Basel\") showed the first comprehensive surrealist exhibition in [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") from October 2, 2011, until January 29, 2012\\. The visitors were guided through the exhibition, as in 1938, by imitation Parisian street signs with fictitious or real names. The title of the exhibition is *Dalí, Magritte, Miró \\- Surrealismus in Paris* (\"Dalí, Magritte, Miró \\- Surrealism in Paris\").",
""
] |
Implementation
--------------
Peek can generally be implemented very easily in simple routine taking *O*(1\) time and no added space, by a simple variant of the pop operation. Most sequential data types are implemented by a data structure containing a [reference](/wiki/Reference_%28computer_science%29 "Reference (computer science)") to the end, and thus peek is simply implemented by [dereferencing](/wiki/Dereference_operator "Dereference operator") this. In some cases it is more complicated, however.
For some data types, such as stacks, this can be replicated in terms of more basic operations, but for other data types, such as queues, it cannot. Even if peek can be replicated in terms of other operations, it is almost always more efficient to implement it separately, as this avoids modifying the data, and it is easy to implement, as this simply consists of returning the same value as the "pop" (or analogous operation), but then not modifying the data.
For the stack, priority queue, deque, and DEPQ types, peek can be implemented in terms of pop and push (if done at same end). For stacks and deques this is generally efficient, as these operations are *O*(1\) in most implementations, and do not require memory allocation (as they decrease the size of the data) – the two ends of a deque each functioning as a stack. For priority queues and DEPQs, however, dequeuing and enqueuing often take *O*(log *n*) time (for example if implemented as a [binary heap](/wiki/Binary_heap "Binary heap")), while *O*(1\) performance of "peek" (here generally called "find\-min" or "find\-max") is a key desired characteristic of priority queues, and thus peek is almost invariably implemented separately.
For queue, because enqueuing and dequeuing occur at opposite ends, peek cannot be implemented in terms of basic operations, and thus is often implemented separately.
One case in which peek is not trivial is in an ordered list type (i.e., elements accessible in order) implemented by a [self\-balancing binary search tree](/wiki/Self-balancing_binary_search_tree "Self-balancing binary search tree"). In this case find\-min or find\-max take *O*(log *n*) time, as does access to any other element. Making find\-min or find\-max take *O*(1\) time can be done by caching the min or max values, but this adds overhead to the data structure and to the operations of adding or removing elements.
|
[
"Implementation\n--------------",
"Peek can generally be implemented very easily in simple routine taking *O*(1\\) time and no added space, by a simple variant of the pop operation. Most sequential data types are implemented by a data structure containing a [reference](/wiki/Reference_%28computer_science%29 \"Reference (computer science)\") to the end, and thus peek is simply implemented by [dereferencing](/wiki/Dereference_operator \"Dereference operator\") this. In some cases it is more complicated, however.",
"For some data types, such as stacks, this can be replicated in terms of more basic operations, but for other data types, such as queues, it cannot. Even if peek can be replicated in terms of other operations, it is almost always more efficient to implement it separately, as this avoids modifying the data, and it is easy to implement, as this simply consists of returning the same value as the \"pop\" (or analogous operation), but then not modifying the data.",
"For the stack, priority queue, deque, and DEPQ types, peek can be implemented in terms of pop and push (if done at same end). For stacks and deques this is generally efficient, as these operations are *O*(1\\) in most implementations, and do not require memory allocation (as they decrease the size of the data) – the two ends of a deque each functioning as a stack. For priority queues and DEPQs, however, dequeuing and enqueuing often take *O*(log *n*) time (for example if implemented as a [binary heap](/wiki/Binary_heap \"Binary heap\")), while *O*(1\\) performance of \"peek\" (here generally called \"find\\-min\" or \"find\\-max\") is a key desired characteristic of priority queues, and thus peek is almost invariably implemented separately.",
"For queue, because enqueuing and dequeuing occur at opposite ends, peek cannot be implemented in terms of basic operations, and thus is often implemented separately.",
"One case in which peek is not trivial is in an ordered list type (i.e., elements accessible in order) implemented by a [self\\-balancing binary search tree](/wiki/Self-balancing_binary_search_tree \"Self-balancing binary search tree\"). In this case find\\-min or find\\-max take *O*(log *n*) time, as does access to any other element. Making find\\-min or find\\-max take *O*(1\\) time can be done by caching the min or max values, but this adds overhead to the data structure and to the operations of adding or removing elements.",
""
] |
Visayan Style Corto Kadena
--------------------------
Maestro Sonny created Visayan Style Corto Kadena (VSCK) Larga Mano Eskrima in the late 1970s. It's characterized by fluid movements, timing, elusiveness and explosive power. The art is based on the blade, although \-sticks, pangamot (empty hands), and sikaran (kicks) are also used.
There are certain phases that track his research, which he synthesized into his own unique contribution to the art. Some of this progression can be seen in different generations of students, as he himself was always evolving.
Maestro Sonny gained global attention during his early practice format focused on doble kada (use of double sticks). His insights on leverage allowed Maestro Sonny, a slight man in stature, to hit with speed and power from any angle. While mastering this skill, Maestro Sonny developed fulcrum strikes unique to VSCK. One of his greatest contributions to Filipino Martial Arts (FMA) is the Centerline Roll, which incorporates [Wing Chun](/wiki/Wing_Chun "Wing Chun")'s straight punch principle into a simple and unique method of double sticks. This methodology is what he referred to as "live" or random, meaning it does not rely on set patterns or left/right hand matchups to be effective.
Sonny worked during the late 1980s and early 1990s to define his sikaran, an FMA style of kicking and kneeing integrated with weaponry use. While his weapon and hand techniques draw strongly on Visayan styles, Sonny's footwork was heavily influenced by the [Moro people](/wiki/Moro_people "Moro people"). VSCK uses low stances and cross steps to control range, angles, and to uncoil with spring loaded explosiveness. In conjunction with the weapon above low stance attacks aim to cripple by hitting lowline targets such as joints. When Maestro Sonny introduced the pendulum flow into his students' training, he strived to further develop attributes that would be the hallmark of the VSCK \- movement, timing, range, and improvisation.
During the early 1990s until his final days Maestro Sonny focused his training and teachings heavily on the random flow of the blade, both sword and knife within the pendulum. He believed that sword and knife fighting should simulate unpredictable exchanges over choreographed set drills. The evasiveness of the VCSK bladework refined the larga mano part of his art, Maestro Sonny practiced working with the cane and then developed the bugsay (oar). Used to transition fluidly from long to short range attacks..
Today many of Maestro Sonny's students continue to practice his art but only a few teach it. Sonny was very informal in his approach to teaching so there were no ranking systems nor official hierarchy in place. In fact, no one actually called him Maestro until he passed away. He encouraged all his students to teach what they knew as he believed that there was more to learn through teaching as it reinforced what they've learned.
|
[
"Visayan Style Corto Kadena\n--------------------------",
"Maestro Sonny created Visayan Style Corto Kadena (VSCK) Larga Mano Eskrima in the late 1970s. It's characterized by fluid movements, timing, elusiveness and explosive power. The art is based on the blade, although \\-sticks, pangamot (empty hands), and sikaran (kicks) are also used.",
"There are certain phases that track his research, which he synthesized into his own unique contribution to the art. Some of this progression can be seen in different generations of students, as he himself was always evolving.",
"Maestro Sonny gained global attention during his early practice format focused on doble kada (use of double sticks). His insights on leverage allowed Maestro Sonny, a slight man in stature, to hit with speed and power from any angle. While mastering this skill, Maestro Sonny developed fulcrum strikes unique to VSCK. One of his greatest contributions to Filipino Martial Arts (FMA) is the Centerline Roll, which incorporates [Wing Chun](/wiki/Wing_Chun \"Wing Chun\")'s straight punch principle into a simple and unique method of double sticks. This methodology is what he referred to as \"live\" or random, meaning it does not rely on set patterns or left/right hand matchups to be effective.",
"Sonny worked during the late 1980s and early 1990s to define his sikaran, an FMA style of kicking and kneeing integrated with weaponry use. While his weapon and hand techniques draw strongly on Visayan styles, Sonny's footwork was heavily influenced by the [Moro people](/wiki/Moro_people \"Moro people\"). VSCK uses low stances and cross steps to control range, angles, and to uncoil with spring loaded explosiveness. In conjunction with the weapon above low stance attacks aim to cripple by hitting lowline targets such as joints. When Maestro Sonny introduced the pendulum flow into his students' training, he strived to further develop attributes that would be the hallmark of the VSCK \\- movement, timing, range, and improvisation.",
"During the early 1990s until his final days Maestro Sonny focused his training and teachings heavily on the random flow of the blade, both sword and knife within the pendulum. He believed that sword and knife fighting should simulate unpredictable exchanges over choreographed set drills. The evasiveness of the VCSK bladework refined the larga mano part of his art, Maestro Sonny practiced working with the cane and then developed the bugsay (oar). Used to transition fluidly from long to short range attacks..",
"Today many of Maestro Sonny's students continue to practice his art but only a few teach it. Sonny was very informal in his approach to teaching so there were no ranking systems nor official hierarchy in place. In fact, no one actually called him Maestro until he passed away. He encouraged all his students to teach what they knew as he believed that there was more to learn through teaching as it reinforced what they've learned.",
""
] |
Story
-----
The story follows Kenichi Nakamura, a researcher at PSP R\&D in Tokyo. He has made the discovery of invisible animals, which he dubs Invizimals. Invizimals are only visible using an attached PSP camera and pointing it at a device called the trap. Kenichi's life is devoted to finding Invizimals, in addition to furthering the common understanding surrounding them. Only specific people have the aura necessary to see these Invizimals, even among those with access to the same equipment, and Kenichi detects that the player is one of these select few people.
Kenichi's most trusted colleague, Professor Bob Dawson, teaches the player the basics of Invizimal combat and assists Kenichi in his research. Dawson makes the discovery that Invizimals are made of energy, specifically light, and that the light particles that emit off of them in battle \- sparks, as Dawson calls them \- can be used as a currency in the Invizimal world. After being taught the basics of Invizimal combat, the player hones their skills and trains their Invizimals across various Invizimal fighting clubs spotted across the world.
Kenichi's boss requests that he take a business trip to a business associate of his located in Mumbai, India, and that Kenichi takes vital research data about Invizimals with him. However, after Kenichi disembarks the plane and leaves the airport, he is kidnapped by an unknown man. Kenichi's good friend Jazmin Nayar notifies the player that she could not find Kenichi around the time he was scheduled to meet up with her. The unknown man interrogated Kenichi, as the unknown man had knowledge of Invizimals. However, Kenichi played dumb in the interrogation, and hid the crucial thumb drive with his research data on it, and was eventually let go. After this incident, Kenichi's boss reached an arrangement with another associate of his, Sir Sebastian Campbell, to have Kenichi transferred to the Campbell Castle in England to give Kenichi a safe place to further conduct his research.
After having met Campbell, the player is invited to a tournament in Berlin where many of Campbell's colleagues are attending. After winning the tournament, the player sits down to have dinner with Rolf, the champion of the Berlin club that the player defeated in the tournament. Rolf asks the player to find his favorite Invizimal for him, and in return, Rolf gives the player a mutant Invizimal, an Invizimal with a different color than normal that is more powerful than its regular counterparts.
Kenichi and Jazmin continue their research in the lower levels of the Campbell Castle, conducting experiments. Kenichi comes to the conclusion that Invizimals can be used as a source of electricity, and is conducting experiments to see how to adequately make use of this. However, in one of his experiments, Kenichi causes the castle's power grid to go out. During the blackout, Kenichi and Jazmin are attacked in a kidnapping plot; Kenichi is successfully kidnapped, but Jazmin managed to escape, sustaining a serious arm injury in the process, and was quickly transferred to Windsor Hospital to rest and heal up. After this happened, Dawson's library was vandalized, destroying many pieces of Dawson's Invizimal research data.
While the player continues research, Campbell notifies the player of a criminal that he suspects engineered the kidnapping plot: Axel Kaminsky, a Russian arms dealer and international terrorist with extensive knowledge of Invizimals. After awhile, the player gets in contact with Kaminsky, who confirms that he has kidnapped Kenichi. After paying a ransom of sparks, the player is allowed into Kaminsky's secret lair, the Viper's Nest, an underground tunnel in Russia where he is keeping Kenichi hostage. After a brief introduction, Dawson and Jazmin manage to hijack Kaminsky's signal temporarily to warn the player of Kaminsky, as he is secretly an incredibly powerful Invizimal battler that has never been defeated. After Kaminsky regains the signal, he challenges the player to a battle.
After the player wins and defeats Kaminsky, Kenichi is freed. Before they can escape the Viper's Nest, Campbell and his security storm the Viper's Nest, where it is revealed that Campbell was the one after the Invizimals all along. Campbell hired Kaminsky personally to carry out his work in attempting to steal all Invizimal knowledge in the world for himself. After revealing his true intentions, Campbell challenges the player to a final showdown, which Campbell loses. After having lost the battle, Kenichi and Campbell enter a brief struggle, during which, Kenichi's damaged PSP system begins to glow brilliantly. With Campbell holding Kenichi's PSP in his hand, a large energy explosion is generated, and Campbell is gone, presumably vaporized by the blast. Kenichi and the player leave the Viper's Nest relatively unscathed.
|
[
"Story\n-----",
"The story follows Kenichi Nakamura, a researcher at PSP R\\&D in Tokyo. He has made the discovery of invisible animals, which he dubs Invizimals. Invizimals are only visible using an attached PSP camera and pointing it at a device called the trap. Kenichi's life is devoted to finding Invizimals, in addition to furthering the common understanding surrounding them. Only specific people have the aura necessary to see these Invizimals, even among those with access to the same equipment, and Kenichi detects that the player is one of these select few people.",
"Kenichi's most trusted colleague, Professor Bob Dawson, teaches the player the basics of Invizimal combat and assists Kenichi in his research. Dawson makes the discovery that Invizimals are made of energy, specifically light, and that the light particles that emit off of them in battle \\- sparks, as Dawson calls them \\- can be used as a currency in the Invizimal world. After being taught the basics of Invizimal combat, the player hones their skills and trains their Invizimals across various Invizimal fighting clubs spotted across the world.",
"Kenichi's boss requests that he take a business trip to a business associate of his located in Mumbai, India, and that Kenichi takes vital research data about Invizimals with him. However, after Kenichi disembarks the plane and leaves the airport, he is kidnapped by an unknown man. Kenichi's good friend Jazmin Nayar notifies the player that she could not find Kenichi around the time he was scheduled to meet up with her. The unknown man interrogated Kenichi, as the unknown man had knowledge of Invizimals. However, Kenichi played dumb in the interrogation, and hid the crucial thumb drive with his research data on it, and was eventually let go. After this incident, Kenichi's boss reached an arrangement with another associate of his, Sir Sebastian Campbell, to have Kenichi transferred to the Campbell Castle in England to give Kenichi a safe place to further conduct his research.",
"After having met Campbell, the player is invited to a tournament in Berlin where many of Campbell's colleagues are attending. After winning the tournament, the player sits down to have dinner with Rolf, the champion of the Berlin club that the player defeated in the tournament. Rolf asks the player to find his favorite Invizimal for him, and in return, Rolf gives the player a mutant Invizimal, an Invizimal with a different color than normal that is more powerful than its regular counterparts.",
"Kenichi and Jazmin continue their research in the lower levels of the Campbell Castle, conducting experiments. Kenichi comes to the conclusion that Invizimals can be used as a source of electricity, and is conducting experiments to see how to adequately make use of this. However, in one of his experiments, Kenichi causes the castle's power grid to go out. During the blackout, Kenichi and Jazmin are attacked in a kidnapping plot; Kenichi is successfully kidnapped, but Jazmin managed to escape, sustaining a serious arm injury in the process, and was quickly transferred to Windsor Hospital to rest and heal up. After this happened, Dawson's library was vandalized, destroying many pieces of Dawson's Invizimal research data.",
"While the player continues research, Campbell notifies the player of a criminal that he suspects engineered the kidnapping plot: Axel Kaminsky, a Russian arms dealer and international terrorist with extensive knowledge of Invizimals. After awhile, the player gets in contact with Kaminsky, who confirms that he has kidnapped Kenichi. After paying a ransom of sparks, the player is allowed into Kaminsky's secret lair, the Viper's Nest, an underground tunnel in Russia where he is keeping Kenichi hostage. After a brief introduction, Dawson and Jazmin manage to hijack Kaminsky's signal temporarily to warn the player of Kaminsky, as he is secretly an incredibly powerful Invizimal battler that has never been defeated. After Kaminsky regains the signal, he challenges the player to a battle.",
"After the player wins and defeats Kaminsky, Kenichi is freed. Before they can escape the Viper's Nest, Campbell and his security storm the Viper's Nest, where it is revealed that Campbell was the one after the Invizimals all along. Campbell hired Kaminsky personally to carry out his work in attempting to steal all Invizimal knowledge in the world for himself. After revealing his true intentions, Campbell challenges the player to a final showdown, which Campbell loses. After having lost the battle, Kenichi and Campbell enter a brief struggle, during which, Kenichi's damaged PSP system begins to glow brilliantly. With Campbell holding Kenichi's PSP in his hand, a large energy explosion is generated, and Campbell is gone, presumably vaporized by the blast. Kenichi and the player leave the Viper's Nest relatively unscathed.",
""
] |
Career
------
Gaetani started her career working as a costume designer for theater productions, often in association with Italian directors. She then worked as set designer, costume designer and art director for theater, opera, ballet and cinema all over the world. Her sketches and costumes have been exhibited in Italy and in England.
### Theater
In 1973, Gaetani designed the costumes for *Saturday, Sunday, Monday* by [Eduardo De Filippo](/wiki/Eduardo_De_Filippo "Eduardo De Filippo"), at The Old Vic, London, directed by [Franco Zeffirelli](/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli "Franco Zeffirelli"), starring [Laurence Olivier](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier "Laurence Olivier") and [Joan Plowright](/wiki/Joan_Plowright "Joan Plowright"). Again for Zeffirelli, she designed stage sets and costumes for the English production of the comedy *[Filumena Marturano](/wiki/Filumena_Marturano "Filumena Marturano")* by De Filippo at the Lyric Theatre in London, and later at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen and National Theater in Oslo.
From 1974 she started regularly cooperating with Eduardo De Filippo, for whom she designed stage sets and costumes for productions in Rome, Naples and Florence. She also designed a number of TV productions of De Filippo, [Scarpetta](/wiki/Eduardo_Scarpetta "Eduardo Scarpetta") and [Pirandello](/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello "Luigi Pirandello").
At the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre") in London she created stage sets ad costumes for *Inner Voices* with [Ralph Richardson](/wiki/Ralph_Richardson "Ralph Richardson"), directed by Mike Ockrent. Again for Zeffirelli, at Teatro Greco in Taormina, she designed the costumes for *Sei personaggi in cerca d’autore* of [Pirandello](/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello "Luigi Pirandello").
[thumb\|*Inner Voices*, National Theatre, 1973, Foto di scena Atto II © Group Three Photography, Hahnemuhle photo matt fibre 200 gsm, 50c35cm Courtesy of Archivio Raimonda Gaetani](/wiki/File:Inner_Voices_Atto_II.jpg "Inner Voices Atto II.jpg")
In 1984, Gaetani designed the costumes of *Ghosts* by [Ibsen](/wiki/Ibsen "Ibsen") directed by Kirsten Sørlie at the Rogaland Theater in Norway,{{cite web\|url\=https://ibsenstage.hf.uio.no/pages/event/86178\|title\=IbsenStage\|website\=Ibsenstage.hf.uio.no\|access\-date\=16 November 2018}} followed by *Saturday, Sunday, Monday* and *La grande magia* by De Filippo. For the National Theater of Bergen, she designed the costumes for the *Don Giovanni*, directed by Bentein Baardson, and for *Bernarda Alba* by Lorca. In 1999 she created the stage sets and costumes for *Il suicida* by N. Erdman in Bergamo.{{cite web\|url\=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1999/11/15/un\-eroe\-per\-caso\-sulla\-napoli\-mosca.html\|title\=Un eroe per caso sulla Napoli\-Mosca\|website\=Ricerca.repubblica.it\|date\=15 November 1999 \|access\-date\=16 November 2018}}
In 2003 she designed the costumes for *Absolutely, Perhaps*, a [Pirandello](/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello "Luigi Pirandello") play starring [Joan Plowright](/wiki/Joan_Plowright "Joan Plowright") directed by [Zeffirelli](/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli "Franco Zeffirelli") at the Wyndham Theatre, London, for which she received the nomination for the [Laurence Olivier Award](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award "Laurence Olivier Award") for the best costumes of the year.
She worked with [Luca De Filippo](/wiki/Luca_De_Filippo "Luca De Filippo"), designing various plays by his father, [Eduardo De Filippo](/wiki/Eduardo_De_Filippo "Eduardo De Filippo"), and also Molière’s *Don Juan*. *La Grande Magia* in 2012\. In 2016 Raimonda designed sets and costumes for *Filumena* directed by Liliana Cavani for Spoleto Festival.
### Opera
[thumb\|Singer (*I Pagliacci*) 2006; Tempera and acrylic on canvas cm 60x70; courtesy of Archivio Raimonda Gaetani](/wiki/File:Cantante_%28I_Pagliacci%29_2006_Tempera_e_acriclico_su_tela_cm_60x70_Courtesy_of_Archivio_Raimonda_Gaetani.jpg "Cantante (I Pagliacci) 2006 Tempera e acriclico su tela cm 60x70 Courtesy of Archivio Raimonda Gaetani.jpg")
Gaetani designed sets and costumes for various productions of the opera *[Pagliacci](/wiki/Pagliacci "Pagliacci")* directed by [Zeffirelli](/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli "Franco Zeffirelli"), first presented in Leeds in 1984 (Opera North), and then in Rome (Teatro dell'Opera, 1992\) and in Washington (Kennedy Center, 1997\) starring [Plácido Domingo](/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo "Plácido Domingo"). A new production of *Pagliacci* premiered in 2003 at Covent Garden, starring Plácido Domingo and [Angela Gheorghiu](/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu "Angela Gheorghiu"). Following productions were shown in Athens (2005, Herodeion, Athens Festival), Moscow (Kremlin Theater, 2007\), Genoa (Teatro Carlo Felice), Verona (Teatro Filarmonico), Los Angeles (LA Opera, 2015\), and Muscat (Royal Opera House, 2018\). Gaetani also designed both sets and costumes for *[Cavalleria Rusticana](/wiki/Cavalleria_Rusticana "Cavalleria Rusticana")* (Opera North). She created costumes for *[La Traviata](/wiki/La_Traviata "La Traviata")* at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York (1998\), at the Teatro de la Maestranza of Seville in Spain (1999\) and later in Rome (2007\) and Messina (Teatro Vittorio Emanuele, 2018\), always directed by Zeffirelli. Moreover, hers are the costumes for *[Il Trovatore](/wiki/Il_Trovatore "Il Trovatore")* at [Arena di Verona](/wiki/Arena_di_Verona "Arena di Verona") (2001, 2016\).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.operabase.com/a/Raimonda\_Gaetani/14350/en\|title\=Operabase \- Artists\|website\=Operabase.com\|access\-date\=16 November 2018}}
### Ballet
Gaetani has been very active also as a costume designer for ballet. She created the costumes for *[Esoterik Satie](/wiki/Esoterik_Satie "Esoterik Satie")* by Lorca Massine (Teatro alla Scala in Milan), *[Pulcinella](/wiki/Pulcinella "Pulcinella")* (Teatro La Fenice in Venice), *[Gaité Parisienne](/wiki/Gait%C3%A9_Parisienne "Gaité Parisienne")* (Garnier Theatre in Monte Carlo),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.balletsdemontecarlo.com/fr/gaite\-parisienne\|title\=Gaité Parisienne \- Les Ballets de Monte\-Carlo\|website\=Balletsdemontecarlo.com\|access\-date\=16 November 2018}} as well as a following (2005\) edition for the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. She designed the costumes for *Peer Gynt* by Jamey Hampton (Grand Théâtre de Genève) and for *Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra* by Igor Stravinsky with choreography by Lorca Massine (Rome Opera). Moreover, she worked as set and costume designer for the ballet *[Raymonda](/wiki/Raymonda "Raymonda")* (Rome Opera, 2008\),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.operaroma.it/spettacoli/balletto\-raymonda\-08/\|title\=Raymonda}} for *Mary Stuart, the last night* (2004\), and for *[The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker "The Nutcracker")* starring [Carla Fracci](/wiki/Carla_Fracci "Carla Fracci") and directed by [Beppe Menegatti](/wiki/Beppe_Menegatti "Beppe Menegatti") (Rome Opera, 2009\).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sipario.it/recensionidanzas/item/1554\-sipario\-recensioni\-schiaccianoci\-lo.html\|title \= SCHIACCIANOCI (LO) \- coreografia Luc Bouy}}
### Cinema
Gaetani collaborated with distinguished Italian directors, such as [Armando Pugliese](/wiki/Armando_Pugliese "Armando Pugliese"), [Carlo Cecchi](/wiki/Carlo_Cecchi "Carlo Cecchi"), [Enrico Maria Salerno](/wiki/Enrico_Maria_Salerno "Enrico Maria Salerno"), and [Mario Monicelli](/wiki/Mario_Monicelli "Mario Monicelli"). She worked with [Nando Scarfiotti](/wiki/Nando_Scarfiotti "Nando Scarfiotti") in the film *[Avanti!](/wiki/Avanti%21 "Avanti!")*, directed by [Billy Wilder](/wiki/Billy_Wilder "Billy Wilder"), with [Danilo Donati](/wiki/Danilo_Donati "Danilo Donati") for *Fellini's Casanova* ([Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") for Best Costume Design) directed by [Federico Fellini](/wiki/Federico_Fellini "Federico Fellini"). In 1989, she was the production designer for the special, *[Leonardo 2000](/wiki/Leonardo_2000 "Leonardo 2000")*, an experimental production in SHOWSCAN directed by [Douglas Trumbull](/wiki/Douglas_Trumbull "Douglas Trumbull"). She was art director for *[Young Toscanini](/wiki/Young_Toscanini "Young Toscanini")* by [Zeffirelli](/wiki/Zeffirelli "Zeffirelli") with [Elizabeth Taylor](/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor "Elizabeth Taylor") and for two further Zeffirelli films: *[Sparrow](/wiki/Sparrow_%281993_film%29 "Sparrow (1993 film)")* in 1992 and *[Jane Eyre (1996 film)](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%281996_film%29 "Jane Eyre (1996 film)")* in 1996\. Raimonda Gaetani also designed costumes for productions by foreign directors such as Kirsten Sørlie, Bentein Baardson, Mike Ockrent.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Gaetani started her career working as a costume designer for theater productions, often in association with Italian directors. She then worked as set designer, costume designer and art director for theater, opera, ballet and cinema all over the world. Her sketches and costumes have been exhibited in Italy and in England.",
"### Theater",
"In 1973, Gaetani designed the costumes for *Saturday, Sunday, Monday* by [Eduardo De Filippo](/wiki/Eduardo_De_Filippo \"Eduardo De Filippo\"), at The Old Vic, London, directed by [Franco Zeffirelli](/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli \"Franco Zeffirelli\"), starring [Laurence Olivier](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier \"Laurence Olivier\") and [Joan Plowright](/wiki/Joan_Plowright \"Joan Plowright\"). Again for Zeffirelli, she designed stage sets and costumes for the English production of the comedy *[Filumena Marturano](/wiki/Filumena_Marturano \"Filumena Marturano\")* by De Filippo at the Lyric Theatre in London, and later at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen and National Theater in Oslo.",
"From 1974 she started regularly cooperating with Eduardo De Filippo, for whom she designed stage sets and costumes for productions in Rome, Naples and Florence. She also designed a number of TV productions of De Filippo, [Scarpetta](/wiki/Eduardo_Scarpetta \"Eduardo Scarpetta\") and [Pirandello](/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello \"Luigi Pirandello\").\nAt the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\") in London she created stage sets ad costumes for *Inner Voices* with [Ralph Richardson](/wiki/Ralph_Richardson \"Ralph Richardson\"), directed by Mike Ockrent. Again for Zeffirelli, at Teatro Greco in Taormina, she designed the costumes for *Sei personaggi in cerca d’autore* of [Pirandello](/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello \"Luigi Pirandello\").",
"[thumb\\|*Inner Voices*, National Theatre, 1973, Foto di scena Atto II © Group Three Photography, Hahnemuhle photo matt fibre 200 gsm, 50c35cm Courtesy of Archivio Raimonda Gaetani](/wiki/File:Inner_Voices_Atto_II.jpg \"Inner Voices Atto II.jpg\")",
"In 1984, Gaetani designed the costumes of *Ghosts* by [Ibsen](/wiki/Ibsen \"Ibsen\") directed by Kirsten Sørlie at the Rogaland Theater in Norway,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ibsenstage.hf.uio.no/pages/event/86178\\|title\\=IbsenStage\\|website\\=Ibsenstage.hf.uio.no\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2018}} followed by *Saturday, Sunday, Monday* and *La grande magia* by De Filippo. For the National Theater of Bergen, she designed the costumes for the *Don Giovanni*, directed by Bentein Baardson, and for *Bernarda Alba* by Lorca. In 1999 she created the stage sets and costumes for *Il suicida* by N. Erdman in Bergamo.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1999/11/15/un\\-eroe\\-per\\-caso\\-sulla\\-napoli\\-mosca.html\\|title\\=Un eroe per caso sulla Napoli\\-Mosca\\|website\\=Ricerca.repubblica.it\\|date\\=15 November 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2018}}\nIn 2003 she designed the costumes for *Absolutely, Perhaps*, a [Pirandello](/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello \"Luigi Pirandello\") play starring [Joan Plowright](/wiki/Joan_Plowright \"Joan Plowright\") directed by [Zeffirelli](/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli \"Franco Zeffirelli\") at the Wyndham Theatre, London, for which she received the nomination for the [Laurence Olivier Award](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award \"Laurence Olivier Award\") for the best costumes of the year.\nShe worked with [Luca De Filippo](/wiki/Luca_De_Filippo \"Luca De Filippo\"), designing various plays by his father, [Eduardo De Filippo](/wiki/Eduardo_De_Filippo \"Eduardo De Filippo\"), and also Molière’s *Don Juan*. *La Grande Magia* in 2012\\. In 2016 Raimonda designed sets and costumes for *Filumena* directed by Liliana Cavani for Spoleto Festival.",
"### Opera",
"",
"[thumb\\|Singer (*I Pagliacci*) 2006; Tempera and acrylic on canvas cm 60x70; courtesy of Archivio Raimonda Gaetani](/wiki/File:Cantante_%28I_Pagliacci%29_2006_Tempera_e_acriclico_su_tela_cm_60x70_Courtesy_of_Archivio_Raimonda_Gaetani.jpg \"Cantante (I Pagliacci) 2006 Tempera e acriclico su tela cm 60x70 Courtesy of Archivio Raimonda Gaetani.jpg\")",
"Gaetani designed sets and costumes for various productions of the opera *[Pagliacci](/wiki/Pagliacci \"Pagliacci\")* directed by [Zeffirelli](/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli \"Franco Zeffirelli\"), first presented in Leeds in 1984 (Opera North), and then in Rome (Teatro dell'Opera, 1992\\) and in Washington (Kennedy Center, 1997\\) starring [Plácido Domingo](/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo \"Plácido Domingo\"). A new production of *Pagliacci* premiered in 2003 at Covent Garden, starring Plácido Domingo and [Angela Gheorghiu](/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu \"Angela Gheorghiu\"). Following productions were shown in Athens (2005, Herodeion, Athens Festival), Moscow (Kremlin Theater, 2007\\), Genoa (Teatro Carlo Felice), Verona (Teatro Filarmonico), Los Angeles (LA Opera, 2015\\), and Muscat (Royal Opera House, 2018\\). Gaetani also designed both sets and costumes for *[Cavalleria Rusticana](/wiki/Cavalleria_Rusticana \"Cavalleria Rusticana\")* (Opera North). She created costumes for *[La Traviata](/wiki/La_Traviata \"La Traviata\")* at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York (1998\\), at the Teatro de la Maestranza of Seville in Spain (1999\\) and later in Rome (2007\\) and Messina (Teatro Vittorio Emanuele, 2018\\), always directed by Zeffirelli. Moreover, hers are the costumes for *[Il Trovatore](/wiki/Il_Trovatore \"Il Trovatore\")* at [Arena di Verona](/wiki/Arena_di_Verona \"Arena di Verona\") (2001, 2016\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.operabase.com/a/Raimonda\\_Gaetani/14350/en\\|title\\=Operabase \\- Artists\\|website\\=Operabase.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2018}}",
"### Ballet",
"Gaetani has been very active also as a costume designer for ballet. She created the costumes for *[Esoterik Satie](/wiki/Esoterik_Satie \"Esoterik Satie\")* by Lorca Massine (Teatro alla Scala in Milan), *[Pulcinella](/wiki/Pulcinella \"Pulcinella\")* (Teatro La Fenice in Venice), *[Gaité Parisienne](/wiki/Gait%C3%A9_Parisienne \"Gaité Parisienne\")* (Garnier Theatre in Monte Carlo),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.balletsdemontecarlo.com/fr/gaite\\-parisienne\\|title\\=Gaité Parisienne \\- Les Ballets de Monte\\-Carlo\\|website\\=Balletsdemontecarlo.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2018}} as well as a following (2005\\) edition for the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. She designed the costumes for *Peer Gynt* by Jamey Hampton (Grand Théâtre de Genève) and for *Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra* by Igor Stravinsky with choreography by Lorca Massine (Rome Opera). Moreover, she worked as set and costume designer for the ballet *[Raymonda](/wiki/Raymonda \"Raymonda\")* (Rome Opera, 2008\\),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.operaroma.it/spettacoli/balletto\\-raymonda\\-08/\\|title\\=Raymonda}} for *Mary Stuart, the last night* (2004\\), and for *[The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker \"The Nutcracker\")* starring [Carla Fracci](/wiki/Carla_Fracci \"Carla Fracci\") and directed by [Beppe Menegatti](/wiki/Beppe_Menegatti \"Beppe Menegatti\") (Rome Opera, 2009\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sipario.it/recensionidanzas/item/1554\\-sipario\\-recensioni\\-schiaccianoci\\-lo.html\\|title \\= SCHIACCIANOCI (LO) \\- coreografia Luc Bouy}}",
"### Cinema",
"Gaetani collaborated with distinguished Italian directors, such as [Armando Pugliese](/wiki/Armando_Pugliese \"Armando Pugliese\"), [Carlo Cecchi](/wiki/Carlo_Cecchi \"Carlo Cecchi\"), [Enrico Maria Salerno](/wiki/Enrico_Maria_Salerno \"Enrico Maria Salerno\"), and [Mario Monicelli](/wiki/Mario_Monicelli \"Mario Monicelli\"). She worked with [Nando Scarfiotti](/wiki/Nando_Scarfiotti \"Nando Scarfiotti\") in the film *[Avanti!](/wiki/Avanti%21 \"Avanti!\")*, directed by [Billy Wilder](/wiki/Billy_Wilder \"Billy Wilder\"), with [Danilo Donati](/wiki/Danilo_Donati \"Danilo Donati\") for *Fellini's Casanova* ([Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") for Best Costume Design) directed by [Federico Fellini](/wiki/Federico_Fellini \"Federico Fellini\"). In 1989, she was the production designer for the special, *[Leonardo 2000](/wiki/Leonardo_2000 \"Leonardo 2000\")*, an experimental production in SHOWSCAN directed by [Douglas Trumbull](/wiki/Douglas_Trumbull \"Douglas Trumbull\"). She was art director for *[Young Toscanini](/wiki/Young_Toscanini \"Young Toscanini\")* by [Zeffirelli](/wiki/Zeffirelli \"Zeffirelli\") with [Elizabeth Taylor](/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor \"Elizabeth Taylor\") and for two further Zeffirelli films: *[Sparrow](/wiki/Sparrow_%281993_film%29 \"Sparrow (1993 film)\")* in 1992 and *[Jane Eyre (1996 film)](/wiki/Jane_Eyre_%281996_film%29 \"Jane Eyre (1996 film)\")* in 1996\\. Raimonda Gaetani also designed costumes for productions by foreign directors such as Kirsten Sørlie, Bentein Baardson, Mike Ockrent.",
""
] |
History
-------
### China
[thumb\|A bonsai specimen of *C. japonica*](/wiki/File:Japanese_Camellia_bonsai_55%2C_December_24%2C_2008.jpg "Japanese Camellia bonsai 55, December 24, 2008.jpg")
*Camellia japonica* has appeared in paintings and porcelain in China since the 11th century. Early paintings of the plant are usually of the single red flowering type. However, a single white flowering plant is shown in the scroll of the *Four Magpies* of the [Song Dynasty](/wiki/Song_Dynasty "Song Dynasty").Valder, Peter. The Garden Plants of China. Oregon: Timber Press, 1999\. {{ISBN\|0\-88192\-470\-9}}
### Australia
[thumb\|*Camellia japonica* 'Aspasia Macarthur'](/wiki/File:02_Camelia.jpg "02 Camelia.jpg")
The first records of camellias in Australia pertain to a consignment to [Alexander Macleay](/wiki/Alexander_Macleay "Alexander Macleay") of Sydney that arrived in 1826 and were planted in Sydney at [Elizabeth Bay House](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay_House "Elizabeth Bay House").
In 1838 six *C. japonica* plants were imported by the botanist, horticulturist and agriculturist [William Macarthur](/wiki/William_Macarthur "William Macarthur"). During the years that followed he brought in several hundred varieties and grew them at [Camden Park Estate](/wiki/Camden_Park_Estate "Camden Park Estate"). For many years Macarthur's nursery was one of the main sources of supply to the colony in Australia of ornamental plants, as well as fruit trees and vines.
In 1845, William Macarthur wrote to the London nurseryman [Conrad Loddiges](/wiki/Loddiges "Loddiges"), acknowledging receipt of camellias and mentioning: "I have raised four or five hundred seedlings of camellia, chiefly from seeds produced by 'Anemoniflora'. As this variety never has anthers of its own, I fertilised its blossoms with pollen of *C. reticulata* and Sp. *maliflora*." Although most of Macarthur's seedling varieties have been lost to cultivation, some are still popular today, including 'Aspasia Macarthur' (named after him).
A well\-known camellia nursery in Sydney was "Camellia Grove", set up in 1852 by Silas Sheather who leased land adjoining the [Parramatta River](/wiki/Parramatta_River "Parramatta River") on what was originally part of [Elizabeth Farm](/wiki/Elizabeth_Farm "Elizabeth Farm"). *Fuller's Sydney Handbook* of 1877 describes his nursery as having 59 varieties of camellias. Camellia and other flowers from Sheather's nursery were sent by [steamship](/wiki/Steamship "Steamship") downriver to florists at Sydney Markets, tied in bunches and suspended from long pieces of wood which were hung up about the decks. Silas Sheather developed a number of camellia cultivars, the most popular (and still commercially grown) were [*C. japonica* 'Prince Frederick William'](/wiki/Camellia_japonica_%27Prince_Frederick_William%27 "Camellia japonica 'Prince Frederick William'") and *C. japonica* 'Harriet Beecher Sheather', named after his daughter. The area in the vicinity of Sheather's nursery was eventually made a suburb and named [Camellia](/wiki/Camellia%2C_New_South_Wales "Camellia, New South Wales"), in honor of Camellia Grove nursery.
By 1883, Shepherd and Company, the leading nurserymen in Australia at the time, listed 160 varieties of *Camellia japonica*.
Associate Professor [Eben Gowrie Waterhouse](/wiki/Eben_Gowrie_Waterhouse "Eben Gowrie Waterhouse") was a scholar, linguist, garden designer and camellia expert who brought about a worldwide revival of interest in the genus in the first half of the twentieth century.{{cite book\|last1\=O'Neil\|first1\=W.M.\|title\=Eben Gowrie Waterhouse\|chapter\=Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (1881–1977\)\|url\=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/waterhouse\-eben\-gowrie\-8991\|via\=Australian Dictionary of Biography\|publisher\=Australian National University\|access\-date\=19 September 2016\|archive\-date\=19 September 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919072643/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/waterhouse\-eben\-gowrie\-8991\|url\-status\=live}} The E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Garden in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), Australia is named after him.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Outdoors/Parks\-and\-Playgrounds/Parks/E.G.\-Waterhouse\-National\-Camellia\-Gardens\-Caringbah\-South\|title\=E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens, Caringbah South \- Sutherland Shire Council\|website\=www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=23 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923073047/http://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Outdoors/Parks\-and\-Playgrounds/Parks/E.G.\-Waterhouse\-National\-Camellia\-Gardens\-Caringbah\-South}}
### Europe
According to a research conducted in 1959, by Dr. Frederick Meyer, of the United States Department of Agriculture, the camellias of Campo Bello (Portugal) are the oldest known specimens in Europe, which would have been planted around 1550, that is to say, these trees are nowadays approximately 460 years old.Jorge Garrido: "Portuguese Camellias, History\&Beauty" Agro\-Manual Publicaçoes, Lda, February 2014\. Page: 1 However it is said that the camellia was first brought to the West in 1692 by [Engelbert Kaempfer](/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer "Engelbert Kaempfer"), Chief Surgeon to the Dutch East India Company. He brought details of over 30 varieties back from Asia.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2021}} Camellias were introduced into Europe during the 18th century and had already been cultivated in the Orient for thousands of years. Robert James of Essex, England, is thought to have brought back the first live camellia to England in 1739\. On his return from [Dejima](/wiki/Dejima "Dejima"), [Carl Peter Thunberg](/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg "Carl Peter Thunberg") made a short trip to London where he made the acquaintance of [Sir Joseph Banks](/wiki/Sir_Joseph_Banks "Sir Joseph Banks"). Thunberg donated to [Kew Botanic Gardens](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew") four specimens of *Camellia japonica*. One of these was supposedly given in 1780 to the botanical garden of [Pillnitz Castle](/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle "Pillnitz Castle") near [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden") in Germany where it currently measures {{convert\|8\.9\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}} in height and {{convert\|11\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}} in diameter.
[thumb\|*Camellia japonica* in the garden of [Pillnitz Castle](/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle "Pillnitz Castle"), Germany](/wiki/File:Pillnitz_Castle._Camellia_japonica_001.jpg "Pillnitz Castle. Camellia japonica 001.jpg")
The oldest trees of *Camellia japonica* in Europe can be found in [Campobello](/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia "Vila Nova de Gaia") (Portugal), [Caserta](/wiki/Caserta "Caserta") (Italy) and [Pillnitz](/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle "Pillnitz Castle") (Germany).P. Vela, J. L. Couselo, C. Salinero, M. González, M. J. Sainz: "Morpho\-botanic and molecular characterization of the oldest camellia trees in Europe". In: *International Camellia Journal*, No. 41, 2009, pp. 51\-57 These were probably planted at the end of the 16th century.
### United States
In the U.S., camellias were first sold in 1807 as greenhouse plants, but were soon distributed to be grown outdoors in the south.Cothran, James R. *Gardens and historic plants of the antebellum South*. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 2003\. pages 166\-167\. {{ISBN\|1\-57003\-501\-6}}
In Charleston, South Carolina, the estate garden of Magnolia\-on\-the\-Ashley introduced hundreds of new *Camellia japonica* cultivars from the 19th century onwards, and its recently restored collection has been designated an International Camellia Garden of Excellence. "Debutante", a popular variety, was originally introduced by Magnolia as "Sarah C. Hastie". The name was changed to give it more marketing appeal.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2023}}
Cross\-breeding of camellias has produced many cultivars which are tolerant of [hardiness zone](/wiki/Hardiness_zone "Hardiness zone") 6 winters. These camellia varieties can grow in the milder parts of the lower Midwest (St. Louis, for example), Pacific Northwest, NYC area (NYC/NJ/CT), and even Ontario, Canada (near edge of the Great Lakes).{{citation needed\|date\=March 2023}}
It is the official state flower of the US state of [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.meettheusa.com/usa\-facts/alabama\-facts \|title\=51 Alabama Facts \|publisher\=Meet The USA \|date\=2022 \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-03 \|archive\-date\=2022\-07\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703041510/https://www.meettheusa.com/usa\-facts/alabama\-facts \|url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### China",
"[thumb\\|A bonsai specimen of *C. japonica*](/wiki/File:Japanese_Camellia_bonsai_55%2C_December_24%2C_2008.jpg \"Japanese Camellia bonsai 55, December 24, 2008.jpg\")\n*Camellia japonica* has appeared in paintings and porcelain in China since the 11th century. Early paintings of the plant are usually of the single red flowering type. However, a single white flowering plant is shown in the scroll of the *Four Magpies* of the [Song Dynasty](/wiki/Song_Dynasty \"Song Dynasty\").Valder, Peter. The Garden Plants of China. Oregon: Timber Press, 1999\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-88192\\-470\\-9}}",
"### Australia",
"[thumb\\|*Camellia japonica* 'Aspasia Macarthur'](/wiki/File:02_Camelia.jpg \"02 Camelia.jpg\")\nThe first records of camellias in Australia pertain to a consignment to [Alexander Macleay](/wiki/Alexander_Macleay \"Alexander Macleay\") of Sydney that arrived in 1826 and were planted in Sydney at [Elizabeth Bay House](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay_House \"Elizabeth Bay House\").",
"In 1838 six *C. japonica* plants were imported by the botanist, horticulturist and agriculturist [William Macarthur](/wiki/William_Macarthur \"William Macarthur\"). During the years that followed he brought in several hundred varieties and grew them at [Camden Park Estate](/wiki/Camden_Park_Estate \"Camden Park Estate\"). For many years Macarthur's nursery was one of the main sources of supply to the colony in Australia of ornamental plants, as well as fruit trees and vines.",
"In 1845, William Macarthur wrote to the London nurseryman [Conrad Loddiges](/wiki/Loddiges \"Loddiges\"), acknowledging receipt of camellias and mentioning: \"I have raised four or five hundred seedlings of camellia, chiefly from seeds produced by 'Anemoniflora'. As this variety never has anthers of its own, I fertilised its blossoms with pollen of *C. reticulata* and Sp. *maliflora*.\" Although most of Macarthur's seedling varieties have been lost to cultivation, some are still popular today, including 'Aspasia Macarthur' (named after him).",
"A well\\-known camellia nursery in Sydney was \"Camellia Grove\", set up in 1852 by Silas Sheather who leased land adjoining the [Parramatta River](/wiki/Parramatta_River \"Parramatta River\") on what was originally part of [Elizabeth Farm](/wiki/Elizabeth_Farm \"Elizabeth Farm\"). *Fuller's Sydney Handbook* of 1877 describes his nursery as having 59 varieties of camellias. Camellia and other flowers from Sheather's nursery were sent by [steamship](/wiki/Steamship \"Steamship\") downriver to florists at Sydney Markets, tied in bunches and suspended from long pieces of wood which were hung up about the decks. Silas Sheather developed a number of camellia cultivars, the most popular (and still commercially grown) were [*C. japonica* 'Prince Frederick William'](/wiki/Camellia_japonica_%27Prince_Frederick_William%27 \"Camellia japonica 'Prince Frederick William'\") and *C. japonica* 'Harriet Beecher Sheather', named after his daughter. The area in the vicinity of Sheather's nursery was eventually made a suburb and named [Camellia](/wiki/Camellia%2C_New_South_Wales \"Camellia, New South Wales\"), in honor of Camellia Grove nursery.",
"By 1883, Shepherd and Company, the leading nurserymen in Australia at the time, listed 160 varieties of *Camellia japonica*.",
"Associate Professor [Eben Gowrie Waterhouse](/wiki/Eben_Gowrie_Waterhouse \"Eben Gowrie Waterhouse\") was a scholar, linguist, garden designer and camellia expert who brought about a worldwide revival of interest in the genus in the first half of the twentieth century.{{cite book\\|last1\\=O'Neil\\|first1\\=W.M.\\|title\\=Eben Gowrie Waterhouse\\|chapter\\=Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (1881–1977\\)\\|url\\=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/waterhouse\\-eben\\-gowrie\\-8991\\|via\\=Australian Dictionary of Biography\\|publisher\\=Australian National University\\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919072643/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/waterhouse\\-eben\\-gowrie\\-8991\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Garden in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), Australia is named after him.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Outdoors/Parks\\-and\\-Playgrounds/Parks/E.G.\\-Waterhouse\\-National\\-Camellia\\-Gardens\\-Caringbah\\-South\\|title\\=E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens, Caringbah South \\- Sutherland Shire Council\\|website\\=www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923073047/http://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Outdoors/Parks\\-and\\-Playgrounds/Parks/E.G.\\-Waterhouse\\-National\\-Camellia\\-Gardens\\-Caringbah\\-South}}",
"### Europe",
"According to a research conducted in 1959, by Dr. Frederick Meyer, of the United States Department of Agriculture, the camellias of Campo Bello (Portugal) are the oldest known specimens in Europe, which would have been planted around 1550, that is to say, these trees are nowadays approximately 460 years old.Jorge Garrido: \"Portuguese Camellias, History\\&Beauty\" Agro\\-Manual Publicaçoes, Lda, February 2014\\. Page: 1 However it is said that the camellia was first brought to the West in 1692 by [Engelbert Kaempfer](/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer \"Engelbert Kaempfer\"), Chief Surgeon to the Dutch East India Company. He brought details of over 30 varieties back from Asia.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2021}} Camellias were introduced into Europe during the 18th century and had already been cultivated in the Orient for thousands of years. Robert James of Essex, England, is thought to have brought back the first live camellia to England in 1739\\. On his return from [Dejima](/wiki/Dejima \"Dejima\"), [Carl Peter Thunberg](/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg \"Carl Peter Thunberg\") made a short trip to London where he made the acquaintance of [Sir Joseph Banks](/wiki/Sir_Joseph_Banks \"Sir Joseph Banks\"). Thunberg donated to [Kew Botanic Gardens](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew \"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\") four specimens of *Camellia japonica*. One of these was supposedly given in 1780 to the botanical garden of [Pillnitz Castle](/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle \"Pillnitz Castle\") near [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\") in Germany where it currently measures {{convert\\|8\\.9\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}} in height and {{convert\\|11\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}} in diameter.",
"[thumb\\|*Camellia japonica* in the garden of [Pillnitz Castle](/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle \"Pillnitz Castle\"), Germany](/wiki/File:Pillnitz_Castle._Camellia_japonica_001.jpg \"Pillnitz Castle. Camellia japonica 001.jpg\")",
"The oldest trees of *Camellia japonica* in Europe can be found in [Campobello](/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia \"Vila Nova de Gaia\") (Portugal), [Caserta](/wiki/Caserta \"Caserta\") (Italy) and [Pillnitz](/wiki/Pillnitz_Castle \"Pillnitz Castle\") (Germany).P. Vela, J. L. Couselo, C. Salinero, M. González, M. J. Sainz: \"Morpho\\-botanic and molecular characterization of the oldest camellia trees in Europe\". In: *International Camellia Journal*, No. 41, 2009, pp. 51\\-57 These were probably planted at the end of the 16th century.",
"### United States",
"In the U.S., camellias were first sold in 1807 as greenhouse plants, but were soon distributed to be grown outdoors in the south.Cothran, James R. *Gardens and historic plants of the antebellum South*. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 2003\\. pages 166\\-167\\. {{ISBN\\|1\\-57003\\-501\\-6}}",
"In Charleston, South Carolina, the estate garden of Magnolia\\-on\\-the\\-Ashley introduced hundreds of new *Camellia japonica* cultivars from the 19th century onwards, and its recently restored collection has been designated an International Camellia Garden of Excellence. \"Debutante\", a popular variety, was originally introduced by Magnolia as \"Sarah C. Hastie\". The name was changed to give it more marketing appeal.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2023}}",
"Cross\\-breeding of camellias has produced many cultivars which are tolerant of [hardiness zone](/wiki/Hardiness_zone \"Hardiness zone\") 6 winters. These camellia varieties can grow in the milder parts of the lower Midwest (St. Louis, for example), Pacific Northwest, NYC area (NYC/NJ/CT), and even Ontario, Canada (near edge of the Great Lakes).{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2023}}",
"It is the official state flower of the US state of [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.meettheusa.com/usa\\-facts/alabama\\-facts \\|title\\=51 Alabama Facts \\|publisher\\=Meet The USA \\|date\\=2022 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-03 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703041510/https://www.meettheusa.com/usa\\-facts/alabama\\-facts \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
During Later Zhou
-----------------
### During Guo Wei's reign
After Guo Wei took the throne, he gave Li Gu, who was then referred to as the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, *Hubu Shilang*) in addition to being the acting director of the financial agencies, the title of *Zhongshu Shilang* (中書侍郎, deputy head of the legislative bureau) and gave him the designation of *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi* ({{lang\|zh\|同中書門下平章事}}), making Li a chancellor, along with [Wang Jun](/wiki/Wang_Jun_%28Later_Zhou_chancellor%29 "Wang Jun (Later Zhou chancellor)") and [Fan Zhi](/wiki/Fan_Zhi "Fan Zhi"); Li continued to serve as the acting director of the financial agencies. The people and officials of Chen Prefecture, apparently wanting to ingratiate the new chancellor, requested that a temple be built for him even though he was still living; Li declined earnestly, and Guo agreed with him.
As chancellor, Li was said to be silent, resolute, and full of strategies. He spoke convincingly before the emperor on important matters, and was often able to persuade the emperor by using analogies. The previous laws (inherited from Later Han) forbid the common people from using cowhide for their own purposes (because the cowhides were needed for military purposes), and the laws were so harsh that violators were put to death. Li effectuated a change in the laws such that only a portion, truly needed for military use, would be set aside, while the rest could be used by civilians. He also ended the practice of conscripting the people for farm labor far away from home, requiring only that the people submit to duties in their home territory.*Zizhi Tongjian*, [vol. 291](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7291 "資治通鑑/卷291"). He also rebuilt his grandfather's and father's mansion at [Luoyang](/wiki/Luoyang "Luoyang") (which was destroyed in the late\-Tang [Huang Chao](/wiki/Huang_Chao "Huang Chao") Rebellion) and built houses around the mansion to allow his clansmen who were not serving in government to live and farm on the property.
In 952, when Guo was battling the rebellion by Liu Zhiyuan's half\-brother [Murong Yanchao](/wiki/Murong_Yanchao "Murong Yanchao") at Yan Prefecture (兗州, in modern [Jining](/wiki/Jining "Jining"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong "Shandong")), he left Li in charge of the capital, as well as serving as the acting mayor of Kaifeng. Later in the year (after Guo had destroyed Murong's rebellion), Li suffered injuries to his right arm in a fall, and requested to resign. Guo did not allow him to resign, instead ordering him to simply attend to the affairs of state and not having to attend imperial meetings.
In 953, for reasons lost to history, Wang Jun, who had been Guo's closest associate ever since he joined Guo's rebellion against Liu Chengyou and who had been extremely powerful in Guo's administration, demanded that Guo replace Fan and Li as chancellors with Yan Kan ({{lang\|zh\|顏衎}}) and Chen Guan ({{lang\|zh\|陳觀}}). Guo initially attempted to dissuade Wang by telling him that that will happen later, but when Wang insisted, turned against Wang and put him under house arrest. Wang died shortly after.
### During Guo Rong's reign
Guo Wei died in 954 and was succeeded by his adoptive son [Guo Rong](/wiki/Chai_Rong "Chai Rong") the Prince of Jin (the biological son of his brother\-in\-law [Chai Shouli](/wiki/Chai_Shouli "Chai Shouli")). Almost immediately on Guo Rong's ascension to the throne, Liu Zhiyuan's brother [Liu Min](/wiki/Liu_Chong "Liu Chong") the emperor of Later Zhou's northwestern neighbor [Northern Han](/wiki/Northern_Han "Northern Han") (which claimed to be the legitimate successor to Later Han) launched a major attack on Later Zhou, allied with the Khitan [Liao dynasty](/wiki/Liao_dynasty "Liao dynasty") to the north. Against the advice of most of his officials and generals, Guo Rong decided to command the Later Zhou troops himself. Li Gu accompanied him on the campaign. The armies engaged at Gaoping (高平, in modern [Jincheng](/wiki/Jincheng "Jincheng"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi")). The engagement initially went poorly for Later Zhou troops, and during the battle, the panic was such that Li had to hide in a valley. However, the battle then turned against the Northern Han/Liao troops, and the Northern Han troops were routed. Li, however, was unable to leave the valley for a few days, and only after that did he rejoin the victorious Guo Rong. The Later Zhou emperor decided to advance and put the Northern Han capital [Taiyuan](/wiki/Taiyuan "Taiyuan") under siege, and he had Li accompany there to be in charge of supplying the troops. However, when the food supply ran out for the Later Zhou troops, Guo Rong withdrew the Later Zhou army. Upon Guo Rong's return to Kaifeng, he gave Li the honorary title *Sikong* ({{lang\|zh\|司空}}), made him *Menxia Shilang* (門下侍郎, the deputy head of the examination bureau), and put him in charge of editing the imperial history. Li pointed out that during the past dynasties, there were imperial attendants recording the words and actions of the emperor, and that the history needed to be based on such records, but that this responsibility had been neglected during the wars. He requested that imperial scholars be appointed to this task, and that their records be then turned over to the historians. Later in the year, Guo Rong sent Li to oversee a project to rebuild [Yellow River](/wiki/Yellow_River "Yellow River") levees at Chan (澶州, in modern [Anyang](/wiki/Anyang "Anyang"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan "Henan")), Yun (鄆州, in modern [Tai'an](/wiki/Tai%27an "Tai'an"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong "Shandong")), and Qi (齊州, in modern [Jinan](/wiki/Jinan "Jinan"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong "Shandong")) Prefectures. (The Yellow River levees in the region had been destroyed years earlier, causing frequent massive flooding and great human misery, including famines, in the region, and over the years, the successive dynasties were unable to properly rebuild the levees.) Under Li's supervision, 60,000 men were conscripted, and the project was completed in 30 days.*Zizhi Tongjian*, [vol. 292](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7292 "資治通鑑/卷292").
In winter 955, Guo Rong launched a major attack on Later Zhou's southeastern neighbor [Southern Tang](/wiki/Southern_Tang "Southern Tang") (the successor state to Wu). He put Li in command of the army and made him acting governor of the Southern Tang prefectures that Later Zhou was seeking to capture, including Shou (壽州, in modern Lu'an) and Lu (廬州, in modern [Hefei](/wiki/Hefei "Hefei"), [Anhui](/wiki/Anhui "Anhui")) Prefectures, with the general Wang Yanchao ({{lang\|zh\|王彥超}}) serving as his deputy and 12 generals serving under them. Li and Wang crossed the Huai at Zhengyang by means of a temporary floating bridge, and put Shou Prefecture under siege. However, even though the Later Zhou army scored several victories against Southern Tang forces, Li was unable to capture Shou quickly. In spring 956, fearful that the Southern Tang general Liu Yanzhen ({{lang\|zh\|劉彥貞}}) would destroy the bridge and leave the Later Zhou army with no means to retreat, he decided to withdraw back north of the Huai and await Guo, who had decided to lead an army himself to join the attack by that point, as well as the major general [Li Chongjin](/wiki/Li_Chongjin "Li Chongjin") (Guo's cousin). Li's withdrawal drew disapproval from Guo, but turned out to work well for Later Zhou — as Liu believed it to be a sign of weakness and decided to prepare to attack the Later Zhou army, despite the dissuasions by Southern Tang's defender of Shou, Liu Renzhan ({{lang\|zh\|劉仁瞻}}). When Li Chongjin subsequently arrived and engaged Liu Yanzhen, Liu Yanzhen's army was crushed — Liu Yanzhen himself was killed, and several of his subordinate generals were captured. Guo subsequently had Li Chongjin replace Li Gu as the overall commander of the operations, while making Li Gu the acting governor of Shou, apparently having Li Gu overseeing the subsequent reinitiating of the [siege against Shou.](/wiki/Siege_of_Shouzhou "Siege of Shouzhou")
In fall 956, with Guo himself back in Kaifeng but the campaign continuing, he recalled Li Gu to the capital. Shortly after, Li suffered a stroke that led him to take a leave from governmental service. After he was on leave for 100 days, he made repeated requests to retire. Guo declined his requests and continued to have him serve as chancellor, often sending attendants to ask for his suggestion. By spring 957 — at which time the Shou defenses were still holding under Liu Renzhan's capable defense, despite many heavy losses suffered by Southern Tang in other parts of the campaign, and many Later Zhou officials were calling for abandoning the Southern Tang campaign — Guo sent Fan Zhi and [Wang Pu](/wiki/Wang_Pu_%28Song_dynasty%29 "Wang Pu (Song dynasty)") to Li's mansion to consult with him. Li suggested that Guo himself again head to the Shou siege, believing that doing so would be a great morale booster for the Later Zhou forces and would destroy the morale of the Southern Tang forces. When Guo went to Shou, the Later Zhou forces defeated the Southern Tang forces trying to lift the siege, and subsequently, with Liu Renzhan deathly ill, the Shou garrison surrendered to Later Zhou.*Zizhi Tongjian*, [vol. 293](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7293 "資治通鑑/卷293"). Guo rewarded Li greatly for his contributions. Upon Guo's return to Kaifeng, Li again requested to retire, which Guo initially again declined but finally accepted in the fall, allowing him to keep only the position of *Sikong* while removing him from the chancellor post. After the conclusion of the campaign in 958 — which ended with Southern Tang ceding all of its remaining territory north of the [Yangtze River](/wiki/Yangtze_River "Yangtze River") and submitting to Later Zhou as a vassal — Guo again rewarded Li greatly.
### During Guo Zongxun's reign
In 959, Guo Rong died, and his young son [Guo Zongxun](/wiki/Chai_Zongxun "Chai Zongxun") the Prince of Liang succeeded him as emperor.*Zizhi Tongjian*, [vol. 294](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7294 "資治通鑑/卷294"). The new emperor gave Li Gu the additional honorific title *Kaifu Yitong Sansi* ({{lang\|zh\|開府儀同三司}}) and created him the Duke of Zhao. Li subsequently requested retirement to Luoyang, and that request was granted. Li Rong, whose name had been changed to Li Yun (to observe [naming taboo](/wiki/Naming_taboo "Naming taboo") for Guo Rong) was then the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern [Changzhi](/wiki/Changzhi "Changzhi"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi")), and he, believing that Li Gu was a great chancellor, sent gifts of money and other materials to him, which Li Gu accepted.
|
[
"During Later Zhou\n-----------------",
"### During Guo Wei's reign",
"After Guo Wei took the throne, he gave Li Gu, who was then referred to as the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, *Hubu Shilang*) in addition to being the acting director of the financial agencies, the title of *Zhongshu Shilang* (中書侍郎, deputy head of the legislative bureau) and gave him the designation of *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi* ({{lang\\|zh\\|同中書門下平章事}}), making Li a chancellor, along with [Wang Jun](/wiki/Wang_Jun_%28Later_Zhou_chancellor%29 \"Wang Jun (Later Zhou chancellor)\") and [Fan Zhi](/wiki/Fan_Zhi \"Fan Zhi\"); Li continued to serve as the acting director of the financial agencies. The people and officials of Chen Prefecture, apparently wanting to ingratiate the new chancellor, requested that a temple be built for him even though he was still living; Li declined earnestly, and Guo agreed with him.",
"As chancellor, Li was said to be silent, resolute, and full of strategies. He spoke convincingly before the emperor on important matters, and was often able to persuade the emperor by using analogies. The previous laws (inherited from Later Han) forbid the common people from using cowhide for their own purposes (because the cowhides were needed for military purposes), and the laws were so harsh that violators were put to death. Li effectuated a change in the laws such that only a portion, truly needed for military use, would be set aside, while the rest could be used by civilians. He also ended the practice of conscripting the people for farm labor far away from home, requiring only that the people submit to duties in their home territory.*Zizhi Tongjian*, [vol. 291](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7291 \"資治通鑑/卷291\"). He also rebuilt his grandfather's and father's mansion at [Luoyang](/wiki/Luoyang \"Luoyang\") (which was destroyed in the late\\-Tang [Huang Chao](/wiki/Huang_Chao \"Huang Chao\") Rebellion) and built houses around the mansion to allow his clansmen who were not serving in government to live and farm on the property.",
"In 952, when Guo was battling the rebellion by Liu Zhiyuan's half\\-brother [Murong Yanchao](/wiki/Murong_Yanchao \"Murong Yanchao\") at Yan Prefecture (兗州, in modern [Jining](/wiki/Jining \"Jining\"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong \"Shandong\")), he left Li in charge of the capital, as well as serving as the acting mayor of Kaifeng. Later in the year (after Guo had destroyed Murong's rebellion), Li suffered injuries to his right arm in a fall, and requested to resign. Guo did not allow him to resign, instead ordering him to simply attend to the affairs of state and not having to attend imperial meetings.",
"In 953, for reasons lost to history, Wang Jun, who had been Guo's closest associate ever since he joined Guo's rebellion against Liu Chengyou and who had been extremely powerful in Guo's administration, demanded that Guo replace Fan and Li as chancellors with Yan Kan ({{lang\\|zh\\|顏衎}}) and Chen Guan ({{lang\\|zh\\|陳觀}}). Guo initially attempted to dissuade Wang by telling him that that will happen later, but when Wang insisted, turned against Wang and put him under house arrest. Wang died shortly after.",
"### During Guo Rong's reign",
"Guo Wei died in 954 and was succeeded by his adoptive son [Guo Rong](/wiki/Chai_Rong \"Chai Rong\") the Prince of Jin (the biological son of his brother\\-in\\-law [Chai Shouli](/wiki/Chai_Shouli \"Chai Shouli\")). Almost immediately on Guo Rong's ascension to the throne, Liu Zhiyuan's brother [Liu Min](/wiki/Liu_Chong \"Liu Chong\") the emperor of Later Zhou's northwestern neighbor [Northern Han](/wiki/Northern_Han \"Northern Han\") (which claimed to be the legitimate successor to Later Han) launched a major attack on Later Zhou, allied with the Khitan [Liao dynasty](/wiki/Liao_dynasty \"Liao dynasty\") to the north. Against the advice of most of his officials and generals, Guo Rong decided to command the Later Zhou troops himself. Li Gu accompanied him on the campaign. The armies engaged at Gaoping (高平, in modern [Jincheng](/wiki/Jincheng \"Jincheng\"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\")). The engagement initially went poorly for Later Zhou troops, and during the battle, the panic was such that Li had to hide in a valley. However, the battle then turned against the Northern Han/Liao troops, and the Northern Han troops were routed. Li, however, was unable to leave the valley for a few days, and only after that did he rejoin the victorious Guo Rong. The Later Zhou emperor decided to advance and put the Northern Han capital [Taiyuan](/wiki/Taiyuan \"Taiyuan\") under siege, and he had Li accompany there to be in charge of supplying the troops. However, when the food supply ran out for the Later Zhou troops, Guo Rong withdrew the Later Zhou army. Upon Guo Rong's return to Kaifeng, he gave Li the honorary title *Sikong* ({{lang\\|zh\\|司空}}), made him *Menxia Shilang* (門下侍郎, the deputy head of the examination bureau), and put him in charge of editing the imperial history. Li pointed out that during the past dynasties, there were imperial attendants recording the words and actions of the emperor, and that the history needed to be based on such records, but that this responsibility had been neglected during the wars. He requested that imperial scholars be appointed to this task, and that their records be then turned over to the historians. Later in the year, Guo Rong sent Li to oversee a project to rebuild [Yellow River](/wiki/Yellow_River \"Yellow River\") levees at Chan (澶州, in modern [Anyang](/wiki/Anyang \"Anyang\"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan \"Henan\")), Yun (鄆州, in modern [Tai'an](/wiki/Tai%27an \"Tai'an\"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong \"Shandong\")), and Qi (齊州, in modern [Jinan](/wiki/Jinan \"Jinan\"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong \"Shandong\")) Prefectures. (The Yellow River levees in the region had been destroyed years earlier, causing frequent massive flooding and great human misery, including famines, in the region, and over the years, the successive dynasties were unable to properly rebuild the levees.) Under Li's supervision, 60,000 men were conscripted, and the project was completed in 30 days.*Zizhi Tongjian*, [vol. 292](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7292 \"資治通鑑/卷292\").",
"In winter 955, Guo Rong launched a major attack on Later Zhou's southeastern neighbor [Southern Tang](/wiki/Southern_Tang \"Southern Tang\") (the successor state to Wu). He put Li in command of the army and made him acting governor of the Southern Tang prefectures that Later Zhou was seeking to capture, including Shou (壽州, in modern Lu'an) and Lu (廬州, in modern [Hefei](/wiki/Hefei \"Hefei\"), [Anhui](/wiki/Anhui \"Anhui\")) Prefectures, with the general Wang Yanchao ({{lang\\|zh\\|王彥超}}) serving as his deputy and 12 generals serving under them. Li and Wang crossed the Huai at Zhengyang by means of a temporary floating bridge, and put Shou Prefecture under siege. However, even though the Later Zhou army scored several victories against Southern Tang forces, Li was unable to capture Shou quickly. In spring 956, fearful that the Southern Tang general Liu Yanzhen ({{lang\\|zh\\|劉彥貞}}) would destroy the bridge and leave the Later Zhou army with no means to retreat, he decided to withdraw back north of the Huai and await Guo, who had decided to lead an army himself to join the attack by that point, as well as the major general [Li Chongjin](/wiki/Li_Chongjin \"Li Chongjin\") (Guo's cousin). Li's withdrawal drew disapproval from Guo, but turned out to work well for Later Zhou — as Liu believed it to be a sign of weakness and decided to prepare to attack the Later Zhou army, despite the dissuasions by Southern Tang's defender of Shou, Liu Renzhan ({{lang\\|zh\\|劉仁瞻}}). When Li Chongjin subsequently arrived and engaged Liu Yanzhen, Liu Yanzhen's army was crushed — Liu Yanzhen himself was killed, and several of his subordinate generals were captured. Guo subsequently had Li Chongjin replace Li Gu as the overall commander of the operations, while making Li Gu the acting governor of Shou, apparently having Li Gu overseeing the subsequent reinitiating of the [siege against Shou.](/wiki/Siege_of_Shouzhou \"Siege of Shouzhou\")",
"In fall 956, with Guo himself back in Kaifeng but the campaign continuing, he recalled Li Gu to the capital. Shortly after, Li suffered a stroke that led him to take a leave from governmental service. After he was on leave for 100 days, he made repeated requests to retire. Guo declined his requests and continued to have him serve as chancellor, often sending attendants to ask for his suggestion. By spring 957 — at which time the Shou defenses were still holding under Liu Renzhan's capable defense, despite many heavy losses suffered by Southern Tang in other parts of the campaign, and many Later Zhou officials were calling for abandoning the Southern Tang campaign — Guo sent Fan Zhi and [Wang Pu](/wiki/Wang_Pu_%28Song_dynasty%29 \"Wang Pu (Song dynasty)\") to Li's mansion to consult with him. Li suggested that Guo himself again head to the Shou siege, believing that doing so would be a great morale booster for the Later Zhou forces and would destroy the morale of the Southern Tang forces. When Guo went to Shou, the Later Zhou forces defeated the Southern Tang forces trying to lift the siege, and subsequently, with Liu Renzhan deathly ill, the Shou garrison surrendered to Later Zhou.*Zizhi Tongjian*, [vol. 293](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7293 \"資治通鑑/卷293\"). Guo rewarded Li greatly for his contributions. Upon Guo's return to Kaifeng, Li again requested to retire, which Guo initially again declined but finally accepted in the fall, allowing him to keep only the position of *Sikong* while removing him from the chancellor post. After the conclusion of the campaign in 958 — which ended with Southern Tang ceding all of its remaining territory north of the [Yangtze River](/wiki/Yangtze_River \"Yangtze River\") and submitting to Later Zhou as a vassal — Guo again rewarded Li greatly.",
"### During Guo Zongxun's reign",
"In 959, Guo Rong died, and his young son [Guo Zongxun](/wiki/Chai_Zongxun \"Chai Zongxun\") the Prince of Liang succeeded him as emperor.*Zizhi Tongjian*, [vol. 294](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7294 \"資治通鑑/卷294\"). The new emperor gave Li Gu the additional honorific title *Kaifu Yitong Sansi* ({{lang\\|zh\\|開府儀同三司}}) and created him the Duke of Zhao. Li subsequently requested retirement to Luoyang, and that request was granted. Li Rong, whose name had been changed to Li Yun (to observe [naming taboo](/wiki/Naming_taboo \"Naming taboo\") for Guo Rong) was then the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern [Changzhi](/wiki/Changzhi \"Changzhi\"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\")), and he, believing that Li Gu was a great chancellor, sent gifts of money and other materials to him, which Li Gu accepted.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|Queen [Catherine of Braganza](/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza "Catherine of Braganza"), widow of King [Charles II of England](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England"), ordered Bemposta Palace be built.](/wiki/File:CatherineofBraganza1.jpg "CatherineofBraganza1.jpg")
Eight years after the death of [Charles II of England](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England") (in 1685\), who left no legitimate son as heir to the throne, Queen [Catherine of Braganza](/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza "Catherine of Braganza"), daughter of [John IV](/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal "John IV of Portugal"), returned to Portugal in 1693\.Isley (1853\), p.197{{cite web\|url\=http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70151/\|editor\=IGESPAR\|title\=Capela do Paço da Bemposta\|location\=Lisbon, Portugal\|language\=pt\|date\=16 October 2007\|access\-date\=1 July 2011\|first\=Catarina\|last\=Oliveira\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127214124/http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70151/\|archive\-date\=27 November 2011\|df\=dmy\-all}} Without a home in Lisbon, she resided in the homes of various noblemen for a time, including the Count of Redondo in Santa Maria or the palace of the Count of Aveiras, in Belém. She decided to purchase from Francisca Pereira Teles, the noble homes and land in Bemposta area in the centre of Lisbon, in order to build her residence. A chapel dating back to 1501 existed there and she requested the architect, [João Antunes](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Antunes "João Antunes") (1642–1712\), to incorporate a chapel in the site plan under the invocation of *Nossa Senhora da Conceição* (*Our Lady of the Conception*).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\=2443\|title\=Paço e capela da Bemposta\|publisher\=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico\|location\=Lisbon, Portugal\|language\=pt\|first1\=Teresa\|last1\=Vale\|first2\=Carlos\|last2\=Gomes\|orig\-year\=2004\|editor\-first\=Júlio\|editor\-last\=Grilo\|year\=2008\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928231806/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\=2443\|archive\-date\=28 September 2011\|df\=dmy\-all}} The project began in 1694, with Antunes coming on board in 1702, and by 1702 the Queen had already begun to live in the palace. The building was a mixed construction: limestone and marble was used in many of the flourishes, but the structure was built of reinforced steel, wood and masonry.
Catherine died here on 31 December 1705, leaving in her will the Palace of Bemposta to her brother, King [Peter II of Portugal](/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal "Peter II of Portugal"), who in 1668 had become regent on behalf of his mentally unstable elder brother [Afonso VI of Portugal](/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal "Afonso VI of Portugal") and king in 1683\. On 29 October 1706 a royal chapel was constructed.
In 1707, King [John V](/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal "John V of Portugal"), made the house and lands part of the [House of the Infantado](/wiki/House_of_the_Infantado "House of the Infantado"), so that it became the residence of the Portuguese monarchy's [Infantes](/wiki/Infante "Infante") and [Infantas](/wiki/Infanta "Infanta") of the realm, such as [Infante Francis, Duke of Beja](/wiki/Infante_Francis%2C_Duke_of_Beja "Infante Francis, Duke of Beja"), King John V's brother and Lord of the Infantado, and his son [João da Bemposta](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Bemposta "João da Bemposta"), named so for having resided in the palace.
After the [1755 Lisbon earthquake](/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake "1755 Lisbon earthquake"), the palace required extensive reconstruction, including the royal chapel, which was completely destroyed. Under the direction of [Manuel Caetano de Sousa](/wiki/Manuel_Caetano_de_Sousa "Manuel Caetano de Sousa") (1742–1802\), the building was remodeled and an elaborate chapel was constructed, with a rectangular vestibule and nave and polychromatic [mosaics](/wiki/Mosaic "Mosaic"). A portrait of the royal family was commissioned for the main altar, [Maria I](/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal "Maria I of Portugal") and [Infante John](/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal "John VI of Portugal") with the court, in an iconographic representation of Lisbon, seen from the [Castle of São Jorge](/wiki/Castle_of_S%C3%A3o_Jorge "Castle of São Jorge"). The success of the chapel, came from the contribution of the woodworkers from the [Church of São Roque](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Roque_Church_%28Lisbon%29 "São Roque Church (Lisbon)") (and in particular the Chapel of São João Baptista). A similar design esthetic was also brought in from the Royal Chapel in the [Palace of Queluz](/wiki/Palace_of_Queluz "Palace of Queluz"). The Bemposta Palace had its own singers (since 1759\) that incorporated an organist and singers, that were contracted and regularly performed in Lisbon.Mauricio Dottori (2008\), p.72 But, the organ had already been spirited away to the Palace of Queluz by 1778\.
The palace too began to be abandoned, as the royals move to other preferred lodgings: by 1798 the palace was already abandoned and falling into ruin.
{{multiple image
\| direction \= horizontal
\| align \= right
\| width \= 150
\| image1 \= Brazão de Armas de D. Catarina de Bragança.jpg
\| image2 \= Brasão Academia Militar.png
\| footer \= Coat of arms of Queen \[\[Catherine of Braganza]] (left) and the \[\[Portuguese Military Academy\|Military Academy]] (right).
}}
[thumb\|left\|The palace chapel, designed by José Troni and [Thomas F. Hickey](/wiki/Thomas_Hickey_%28painter%29 "Thomas Hickey (painter)").](/wiki/File:Capela_do_Pa%C3%A7o_da_Bemposta_-_Tecto_da_Capela-Mor.png "Capela do Paço da Bemposta - Tecto da Capela-Mor.png")
In 1803, the Prince\-Regent, (the future King [John VI](/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal "John VI of Portugal")) lived at Bemposta. Even after the return of the royal family, in 1821, John returned to Bemposta, and with the intent of making the residence more habitable, began various renovations in 1822, 1824 and 1825, principally in the rooms behind the chapel and on the floor near the gardens. At Bemposta the politics of King John VI's reign played\-out: including the events of the insurrections known as the **[Vilafrancada](/wiki/Vilafrancada "Vilafrancada")** and **[Abrilada](/wiki/April_Revolt "April Revolt")**, and his eventual death (he died in his personal quarters, on 10 March 1826\).
In 1828, King [Miguel](/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal "Miguel of Portugal") began holding weekly audiences in the palace.
The designation as *Casa do Infantado* was removed in 1833, and the palace was incorporated into the Crown's property. Until 18 March 1834, a formal political administration occupied the Bemposta Palace, but it was vacated and returned to Crown estates under Queen [Maria II](/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal "Maria II of Portugal"). Yet, the Queen later transferred the palace to the [Army](/wiki/Portuguese_Army "Portuguese Army") in 1837, where, after 1851, it began to function as an Army Academy (after extensive remodelling in 1850–1851\), where, under General [Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira](/wiki/Bernardo_de_S%C3%A1_Nogueira_de_Figueiredo%2C_1st_Marquess_of_S%C3%A1_da_Bandeira "Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira"), the building was expanded and interior remodelled. In 1853, the chapel, until this time a private hermitage, began to be open to the faith community. With changes in the urban planning in Lisbon, the area in front of the palace became reduced, and traffic along the avenue resulted in the shortening of the main outside staircase in 1860 (with the widening of the road).
In 1944, there was a complete restoration of the chapel, followed in 1997 by a renovation of the electrical and fire prevention systems in order to meet safety standards.
On 13 September 1999, an analysis of the architectural state was begun by the [General\-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments](/wiki/Dire%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Geral_do_Patrim%C3%B3nio_Cultural "Direção-Geral do Património Cultural"). The palace houses the [Portuguese Military Academy](/wiki/Portuguese_Military_Academy "Portuguese Military Academy"), and the coat\-of\-arms of Queen [Catherine](/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza "Catherine of Braganza") are still visible above the principal doors of the building.The Military Academy was originally installed in the *Palácio dos Condes de Murça* (*Palace of the Counts of Murça*), along *Rua de Santo António dos Capuchos*.
In 2001, a monument to Queen Catherine was installed in front of the buildings façade.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Queen [Catherine of Braganza](/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza \"Catherine of Braganza\"), widow of King [Charles II of England](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\"), ordered Bemposta Palace be built.](/wiki/File:CatherineofBraganza1.jpg \"CatherineofBraganza1.jpg\")\nEight years after the death of [Charles II of England](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\") (in 1685\\), who left no legitimate son as heir to the throne, Queen [Catherine of Braganza](/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza \"Catherine of Braganza\"), daughter of [John IV](/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal \"John IV of Portugal\"), returned to Portugal in 1693\\.Isley (1853\\), p.197{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70151/\\|editor\\=IGESPAR\\|title\\=Capela do Paço da Bemposta\\|location\\=Lisbon, Portugal\\|language\\=pt\\|date\\=16 October 2007\\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2011\\|first\\=Catarina\\|last\\=Oliveira\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127214124/http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70151/\\|archive\\-date\\=27 November 2011\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Without a home in Lisbon, she resided in the homes of various noblemen for a time, including the Count of Redondo in Santa Maria or the palace of the Count of Aveiras, in Belém. She decided to purchase from Francisca Pereira Teles, the noble homes and land in Bemposta area in the centre of Lisbon, in order to build her residence. A chapel dating back to 1501 existed there and she requested the architect, [João Antunes](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Antunes \"João Antunes\") (1642–1712\\), to incorporate a chapel in the site plan under the invocation of *Nossa Senhora da Conceição* (*Our Lady of the Conception*).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP\\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\\=2443\\|title\\=Paço e capela da Bemposta\\|publisher\\=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico\\|location\\=Lisbon, Portugal\\|language\\=pt\\|first1\\=Teresa\\|last1\\=Vale\\|first2\\=Carlos\\|last2\\=Gomes\\|orig\\-year\\=2004\\|editor\\-first\\=Júlio\\|editor\\-last\\=Grilo\\|year\\=2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928231806/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP\\_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id\\=2443\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2011\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The project began in 1694, with Antunes coming on board in 1702, and by 1702 the Queen had already begun to live in the palace. The building was a mixed construction: limestone and marble was used in many of the flourishes, but the structure was built of reinforced steel, wood and masonry.",
"Catherine died here on 31 December 1705, leaving in her will the Palace of Bemposta to her brother, King [Peter II of Portugal](/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal \"Peter II of Portugal\"), who in 1668 had become regent on behalf of his mentally unstable elder brother [Afonso VI of Portugal](/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal \"Afonso VI of Portugal\") and king in 1683\\. On 29 October 1706 a royal chapel was constructed.",
"In 1707, King [John V](/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal \"John V of Portugal\"), made the house and lands part of the [House of the Infantado](/wiki/House_of_the_Infantado \"House of the Infantado\"), so that it became the residence of the Portuguese monarchy's [Infantes](/wiki/Infante \"Infante\") and [Infantas](/wiki/Infanta \"Infanta\") of the realm, such as [Infante Francis, Duke of Beja](/wiki/Infante_Francis%2C_Duke_of_Beja \"Infante Francis, Duke of Beja\"), King John V's brother and Lord of the Infantado, and his son [João da Bemposta](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Bemposta \"João da Bemposta\"), named so for having resided in the palace.",
"After the [1755 Lisbon earthquake](/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake \"1755 Lisbon earthquake\"), the palace required extensive reconstruction, including the royal chapel, which was completely destroyed. Under the direction of [Manuel Caetano de Sousa](/wiki/Manuel_Caetano_de_Sousa \"Manuel Caetano de Sousa\") (1742–1802\\), the building was remodeled and an elaborate chapel was constructed, with a rectangular vestibule and nave and polychromatic [mosaics](/wiki/Mosaic \"Mosaic\"). A portrait of the royal family was commissioned for the main altar, [Maria I](/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal \"Maria I of Portugal\") and [Infante John](/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal \"John VI of Portugal\") with the court, in an iconographic representation of Lisbon, seen from the [Castle of São Jorge](/wiki/Castle_of_S%C3%A3o_Jorge \"Castle of São Jorge\"). The success of the chapel, came from the contribution of the woodworkers from the [Church of São Roque](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Roque_Church_%28Lisbon%29 \"São Roque Church (Lisbon)\") (and in particular the Chapel of São João Baptista). A similar design esthetic was also brought in from the Royal Chapel in the [Palace of Queluz](/wiki/Palace_of_Queluz \"Palace of Queluz\"). The Bemposta Palace had its own singers (since 1759\\) that incorporated an organist and singers, that were contracted and regularly performed in Lisbon.Mauricio Dottori (2008\\), p.72 But, the organ had already been spirited away to the Palace of Queluz by 1778\\.",
"The palace too began to be abandoned, as the royals move to other preferred lodgings: by 1798 the palace was already abandoned and falling into ruin.\n{{multiple image\n \\| direction \\= horizontal\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| width \\= 150\n \\| image1 \\= Brazão de Armas de D. Catarina de Bragança.jpg\n \\| image2 \\= Brasão Academia Militar.png\n \\| footer \\= Coat of arms of Queen \\[\\[Catherine of Braganza]] (left) and the \\[\\[Portuguese Military Academy\\|Military Academy]] (right).\n}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|The palace chapel, designed by José Troni and [Thomas F. Hickey](/wiki/Thomas_Hickey_%28painter%29 \"Thomas Hickey (painter)\").](/wiki/File:Capela_do_Pa%C3%A7o_da_Bemposta_-_Tecto_da_Capela-Mor.png \"Capela do Paço da Bemposta - Tecto da Capela-Mor.png\")\nIn 1803, the Prince\\-Regent, (the future King [John VI](/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal \"John VI of Portugal\")) lived at Bemposta. Even after the return of the royal family, in 1821, John returned to Bemposta, and with the intent of making the residence more habitable, began various renovations in 1822, 1824 and 1825, principally in the rooms behind the chapel and on the floor near the gardens. At Bemposta the politics of King John VI's reign played\\-out: including the events of the insurrections known as the **[Vilafrancada](/wiki/Vilafrancada \"Vilafrancada\")** and **[Abrilada](/wiki/April_Revolt \"April Revolt\")**, and his eventual death (he died in his personal quarters, on 10 March 1826\\).",
"In 1828, King [Miguel](/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal \"Miguel of Portugal\") began holding weekly audiences in the palace.",
"The designation as *Casa do Infantado* was removed in 1833, and the palace was incorporated into the Crown's property. Until 18 March 1834, a formal political administration occupied the Bemposta Palace, but it was vacated and returned to Crown estates under Queen [Maria II](/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal \"Maria II of Portugal\"). Yet, the Queen later transferred the palace to the [Army](/wiki/Portuguese_Army \"Portuguese Army\") in 1837, where, after 1851, it began to function as an Army Academy (after extensive remodelling in 1850–1851\\), where, under General [Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira](/wiki/Bernardo_de_S%C3%A1_Nogueira_de_Figueiredo%2C_1st_Marquess_of_S%C3%A1_da_Bandeira \"Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira\"), the building was expanded and interior remodelled. In 1853, the chapel, until this time a private hermitage, began to be open to the faith community. With changes in the urban planning in Lisbon, the area in front of the palace became reduced, and traffic along the avenue resulted in the shortening of the main outside staircase in 1860 (with the widening of the road).",
"In 1944, there was a complete restoration of the chapel, followed in 1997 by a renovation of the electrical and fire prevention systems in order to meet safety standards.",
"On 13 September 1999, an analysis of the architectural state was begun by the [General\\-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments](/wiki/Dire%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Geral_do_Patrim%C3%B3nio_Cultural \"Direção-Geral do Património Cultural\"). The palace houses the [Portuguese Military Academy](/wiki/Portuguese_Military_Academy \"Portuguese Military Academy\"), and the coat\\-of\\-arms of Queen [Catherine](/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza \"Catherine of Braganza\") are still visible above the principal doors of the building.The Military Academy was originally installed in the *Palácio dos Condes de Murça* (*Palace of the Counts of Murça*), along *Rua de Santo António dos Capuchos*.",
"In 2001, a monument to Queen Catherine was installed in front of the buildings façade.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in [Lae](/wiki/Lae "Lae"), Papua New Guinea, Grabowsky is a pianist and composer of music for film, theatre and opera. His father Alistair had lived in Papua New Guinea with his wife Charlotte since the 1930s working on oil rigs, building roads, flying planes. Grabowsky described his ancestry as "failed Polish aristocracy".{{cite news\|last1\=Bilson\|first1\=Gay\|title\=Impresario\|url\=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2010/january/1346655139/gay\-bilson/impresario\|access\-date\=18 December 2015\|work\=\[\[The Monthly]]\|date\=January 2010\|url\-access\=subscription}} His grandfather was a legitimate Polish Count of the [Grabowski noble family](/wiki/List_of_Polish_noble_families_with_the_title_of_Count "List of Polish noble families with the title of Count"), a descendant of [Jan Jerzy Grabowski](/wiki/Jan_Jerzy_Grabowski "Jan Jerzy Grabowski") from where he gets his title; his grandfather was exiled from Poland and lived in Scotland.{{Cite web\|date\=20 September 2019\|title\=The Conversation Hour\|type\=interview of \[\[Katie Noonan]] and Paul Grabowsky by \[\[Derek Guille]] and \[\[Jon Faine]]\|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/melbourne/programs/theconversationhour/the\-conversation\-hour/11512762\|access\-date\=3 July 2022\|website\=\[\[ABC Radio Melbourne]]}}{{Time needed\|date\=July 2022\|reason\=This is a one\-hour interview.}} His older brother Michael took great interest in the young composer and later worked with Paul co\-ordinating and producing many of his television and film scores in the 1990s.
Grabowsky grew up in [Glen Waverley](/wiki/Glen_Waverley%2C_Victoria "Glen Waverley, Victoria"), Melbourne, Australia, and began piano lessons when he was five years old. He studied the classical repertoire with Mack Jost, senior lecturer in piano at the [Conservatorium of Music](/wiki/Faculty_of_Fine_Arts_and_Music%2C_University_of_Melbourne "Faculty of Fine Arts and Music, University of Melbourne") at the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne") from the age of seven until his university years. He attended [Wesley College](/wiki/Wesley_College_%28Victoria%29 "Wesley College (Victoria)") and it was that school's [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") band which introduced him to the genre.
### 1980s
{{main\|Wizards of Oz\|Paul Grabowsky Trio}}
Immersing himself in jazz, Grabowsky left the conservatorium in 1978 to pursue musical studies at the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School "Juilliard School") in New York and then embarked on extensive travel in Europe. 1980 he worked in the Melbourne [cabaret](/wiki/Cabaret "Cabaret")/comedy scene where he began his relationship with [Steve Vizard](/wiki/Steve_Vizard "Steve Vizard") and [Robyn Archer](/wiki/Robyn_Archer "Robyn Archer"). He flew in 1980 to London where he travelled via Spain to Germany; he lived there in Munich until 1985\. He had been back in Australia for Christmas 1982 when, on the invitation of [Red Symons](/wiki/Red_Symons "Red Symons"), he co\-composed his first film score, the first of many. In Europe he played with many musicians including [Chet Baker](/wiki/Chet_Baker "Chet Baker"), [Art Farmer](/wiki/Art_Farmer "Art Farmer") and [Johnny Griffin](/wiki/Johnny_Griffin "Johnny Griffin") as well as influential European artists. In 1983, Grabowsky formed the [Paul Grabowsky Trio](/wiki/Paul_Grabowsky_Trio "Paul Grabowsky Trio") with [Allan Browne](/wiki/Allan_Browne "Allan Browne") and [Gary Costello](/wiki/Gary_Costello_%28musician%29 "Gary Costello (musician)"). The duo recorded the album *[Six by Three](/wiki/Six_by_Three "Six by Three")*, which was released in 1989 and won the trio an [ARIA Music Award](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Award "ARIA Music Award") at the [ARIA Music Awards of 1990](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1990 "ARIA Music Awards of 1990").
After his return to Australia in 1986, he played in various jazz ensembles. Grabowsky produced [Vince Jones](/wiki/Vince_Jones "Vince Jones")' ARIA Award\-winning album *It All Ends Up In Tears*. In 1987, Grabowsky formed the [Wizards of Oz](/wiki/Wizards_of_Oz "Wizards of Oz") with Saxophonist Dale Barlow, bassist Lloyd Swanton and drummer Tony Buck. Wizards of Oz recorded *[Soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack_%28Wizards_of_Oz_album%29 "Soundtrack (Wizards of Oz album)")* and won the [ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album](/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Jazz_Album "ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album") at the [ARIA Music Awards of 1989](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1989 "ARIA Music Awards of 1989"). During this time, he also wrote the score to the film *[The Last Days of Chez Nous](/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Chez_Nous "The Last Days of Chez Nous")* and for television shows *[Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "Phoenix (Australian TV series)")*, *[Janus](/wiki/Janus_%28TV_series%29 "Janus (TV series)")* and *[Fast Forward](/wiki/Fast_Forward_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "Fast Forward (Australian TV series)")*.
### 1990s
Grabowsky and the Groovematics were the innovative house band on the [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network "Seven Network") TV show *[Tonight Live with Steve Vizard](/wiki/Tonight_Live_with_Steve_Vizard "Tonight Live with Steve Vizard")* from February 1990 to November 1993\. This show was live five nights a week. Grabowsky also continued to compose scores for feature films many of which won awards.
In 1990 he was commissioned to write several pieces for the Munich\-based jazz/contemporary\-music group Die Konferenz. One group of these was based on songs of [Édith Piaf](/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf "Édith Piaf") ("Et les Affaires Piaf"), while a second group was based on songs from German [UFA](/wiki/Universum_Film_AG "Universum Film AG") films from the 1920s to 1940s ("Es wird einmal ein Wunder"). With the support from its artistic director [Richard Wherrett](/wiki/Richard_Wherrett "Richard Wherrett"), this led to the formation of the project *Ringing the Bell Backwards* at the [Melbourne International Arts Festival](/wiki/Melbourne_International_Arts_Festival "Melbourne International Arts Festival") and eventually to the [Australian Art Orchestra](/wiki/Australian_Art_Orchestra "Australian Art Orchestra") in 1994\. That year, Grabowsky wrote a [piano concerto](/wiki/Piano_concerto "Piano concerto") for [Michael Kieran Harvey](/wiki/Michael_Kieran_Harvey "Michael Kieran Harvey").
He is married to Margot Salomon and in 1991 their first child was born; Isabella Grabowsky. Their son Guy Grabowsky was born in 1995\..
In 1995, the Australian Art Orchestra toured Europe, and later India in 1996\. Grabowsky directed the [Victorian Arts Centre](/wiki/The_Arts_Centre_%28Melbourne%29 "The Arts Centre (Melbourne)")'s Summer Music programme. Late that year he was commissioned to front the 14\-part [ABC TV](/wiki/ABC1 "ABC1") series *Access All Areas*. As Commissioning Editor for ABC Television Arts and Entertainment (1996–1998\), he commissioned the documentary series *[Long Way to the Top](/wiki/Long_Way_to_the_Top "Long Way to the Top")*. During the late 1990s, Grabowsky concentrated on writing music for film and television: *[Molokai: The Story of Father Damien](/wiki/Molokai:The_Story_of_Father_Damien "The Story of Father Damien")* (1999\) and *[Innocence](/wiki/Innocence_%282000_film%29 "Innocence (2000 film)")* (2000\) by [Paul Cox](/wiki/Paul_Cox_%28director%29 "Paul Cox (director)"), *[Siam Sunset](/wiki/Siam_Sunset "Siam Sunset")* by [John Polson](/wiki/John_Polson "John Polson"), the [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") mini\-series *[Noah's Ark](/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_%281999_film%29 "Noah's Ark (1999 film)")*, the UK production *[Shiner](/wiki/Shiner_%282000_film%29 "Shiner (2000 film)")*. [Northern Rivers](/wiki/Northern_Rivers "Northern Rivers") Performing Arts (NORPA) commissioned his first opera, *The Mercenary* with a ([libretto](/wiki/Libretto "Libretto") by Janis Balodis).
### 2000s
In 2000, the project *The Theft of Sita* (a collaboration with [Wayan Yudane](/wiki/Wayan_Yudane "Wayan Yudane")) came to fruition; it combined jazz elements, [Balinese](/wiki/Bali "Bali") [gamelan](/wiki/Gamelan "Gamelan") music and [puppetry](/wiki/Puppetry "Puppetry"). The piece premiered in Adelaide, and has since toured worldwide. In that year, Grabowsky was also involved in the writing music for the opening ceremonies of the [Sydney Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics "2000 Summer Olympics") and the [Paralympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics "2000 Summer Paralympics"). Since then, he has written the opera *[Love in the Age of Therapy](/wiki/Love_in_the_Age_of_Therapy "Love in the Age of Therapy")* (libretto by [Joanna Murray\-Smith](/wiki/Joanna_Murray-Smith "Joanna Murray-Smith")) commissioned by Melbourne Festival and Sydney Festival, and the symphony *Streets of Hurqalya* (26 June 2002\), commissioned by the [Melbourne Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Melbourne_Symphony_Orchestra "Melbourne Symphony Orchestra"). Among his recent film scores are [Fred Schepisi](/wiki/Fred_Schepisi "Fred Schepisi")'s *[Last Orders](/wiki/Last_Orders_%28film%29 "Last Orders (film)")* and *[It Runs in the Family](/wiki/It_Runs_in_the_Family_%282003_film%29 "It Runs in the Family (2003 film)")*, *The Eye Of The Storm,* *Empire Falls* (HBO) [Paul Cox](/wiki/Paul_Cox_%28director%29 "Paul Cox (director)")'s *The Diaries of [Vaslav Nijinsky](/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky "Vaslav Nijinsky")*, and [Disney](/wiki/DisneyToon_Studios "DisneyToon Studios")'s *[The Jungle Book 2](/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2 "The Jungle Book 2")*. From 2003 to 2007, Grabowsky was commissioner at the [Australian Film Commission](/wiki/Australian_Film_Commission "Australian Film Commission"). In 2004 he became involved in [Charles Darwin University](/wiki/Charles_Darwin_University "Charles Darwin University")'s Remote Indigenous Music Program.{{cite web
\|url \= http://www.cdu.edu.au/newsroom/stories/2004/march/musicprogram/index.html
\|title \= Indigenous music program attracts Grabowsky
\|access\-date \= 1 March 2008
\|date \= 12 March 2004
\|publisher \= \[\[Charles Darwin University]]
\|url\-status \= dead
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060907053601/http://www.cdu.edu.au/newsroom/stories/2004/march/musicprogram/index.html
\|archive\-date \= 7 September 2006
\|df \= dmy\-all
}}
In 2004, Grabowsky visited the remote community in the [Northern Territory](/wiki/Northern_Territory "Northern Territory") called [Ngukurr](/wiki/Ngukurr "Ngukurr"), in order to meet the traditional songmen. He met with the local [elders](/wiki/Aboriginal_elder "Aboriginal elder") and, after hearing two [Wagilak](/wiki/Wagilak "Wagilak") songmen sing, asked permission to bring his [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra") on a return visit. When he returned in 2005, he brought singer\-songwriters [Archie Roach](/wiki/Archie_Roach "Archie Roach") and his wife [Ruby Hunter](/wiki/Ruby_Hunter "Ruby Hunter"), along with 10 members of his [Australian Art Orchestra](/wiki/Australian_Art_Orchestra "Australian Art Orchestra"). After working together for five days, the musicians staged a concert in the town. The European musicians learnt about the [manikay](/wiki/Manikay "Manikay") (song cycles) and were led to experiment with whole new ways of exploring sound.{{cite web \| title\=Crossing the divide \| website\=The Sydney Morning Herald \| date\=30 July 2010 \| url\=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/crossing\-the\-divide\-20100730\-10zme.html\|first\=Lisa\|last\=Power\| access\-date\=20 February 2020}}
The resulting project, called *Crossing Roper Bar*, toured the Northern Territory, played at the [Birrarung Marr](/wiki/Birrarung_Marr "Birrarung Marr") park in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), the [National Gallery of Victoria](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria "National Gallery of Victoria"), [Apollo Bay](/wiki/Apollo_Bay "Apollo Bay") Music Festival and the [Sydney Opera House](/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House "Sydney Opera House"). When the group travelled to [Gulkula](/wiki/Gulkula "Gulkula") to play at the 2006 [Garma Festival](/wiki/Garma_Festival "Garma Festival"), the [Yolngu](/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu "Yolŋu") songmen from nearby regions were amazed, thinking that those songs had been lost long ago. In 2010 a *Crossing Roper Bar* album was released.
In 2005, Grabowsky was appointed Artistic Director for the [Queensland Music Festival](/wiki/Queensland_Music_Festival "Queensland Music Festival") 2007\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.qmf.com.au/01\_cms/details.asp?ID\=32 \|title\=QMF Artistic Director Paul Grabowsky \|access\-date\=1 March 2008 \|publisher\=Queensland Music Festival \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828231938/http://www.qmf.com.au/01\_cms/details.asp?ID\=32 \|archive\-date\=28 August 2007 }} His [song cycle](/wiki/Song_cycle "Song cycle") *[Before Time Could Change Us](/wiki/Before_Time_Could_Change_Us "Before Time Could Change Us")*, lyrics by [Dorothy Porter](/wiki/Dorothy_Porter "Dorothy Porter") and featuring [Katie Noonan](/wiki/Katie_Noonan "Katie Noonan"), was commissioned by the Queensland Music Festival and released in 2005 by the [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group"). The album peaked at number 65 on the [ARIA Charts](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts") and number 3 on the ARIA Jazz chart.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aria.com.au/issue808\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050819140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050820\-0000/issue808\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2005\-08\-19\|title\=ARIA Report week commencing 22 August 2005 – issue 808\|publisher\=webarchive.nla.gov.au\|date\=22 August 2005\|access\-date\=26 April 2016}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} He recorded an album of original jazz compositions, *Tales of Time and Space*, with [Branford Marsalis](/wiki/Branford_Marsalis "Branford Marsalis") (soprano sax), [Joe Lovano](/wiki/Joe_Lovano "Joe Lovano") (tenor sax), [Scott Tinkler](/wiki/Scott_Tinkler "Scott Tinkler") (trumpet), [Ed Schuller](/wiki/Ed_Schuller "Ed Schuller") (bass) and [Jeff "Tain" Watts](/wiki/Jeff_%22Tain%22_Watts "Jeff ") (drums). In 2007 he was appointed inaugural patron of the [National Film and Sound Archive](/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive "National Film and Sound Archive")'s project *Sounds of Australia*.{{cite web
\|url \= http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/the\_collection/soundsofaustralia/index.html
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070829161032/http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/the\_collection/soundsofaustralia/index.html
\|url\-status \= dead
\|archive\-date \= 29 August 2007
\|title \= Sounds of Australia
\|access\-date \= 1 March 2008
\|publisher \= National Film and Sound Archive
}}
On 4 January 2008, the prestigious [Adelaide Festival of Arts](/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_of_Arts "Adelaide Festival of Arts") appointed Grabowsky as its artistic director for the 2010 festival, its 50th anniversary year. He was then asked to stay on and direct the 2012 Adelaide Festival.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.adelaidefestival.com.au/Blog/archive/2008/01/04\.aspx\|title\=Paul Grabowsky announced as new Artistic Director!\|access\-date\=1 March 2008\|date\=4 January 2008\|publisher\=Adelaide Festival Corporation\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120716103745/http://www.adelaidefestival.com.au/Blog/archive/2008/01/04\.aspx\|archive\-date\=16 July 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}}
### 2010s
In June 2012, Grabowsky was appointed Vice\-Chancellor's Professorial Fellow in the School of Music at [Monash University](/wiki/Monash_University "Monash University") and in July 2012, he was appointed Executive Director, Performing Arts, Academy of Performing Arts, Monash University.
In 2014 Grabowsky was awarded the [Order of Australia](/wiki/Order_of_Australia "Order of Australia") (AO) for services to music as an educator, a mentor composer and pianist. He won his 5th Aria Award in 2014 for his sextet recording of original compositions *The Bitter Suite*.
In 2015/2016 he wrote the music and songs for theatre work *Last Man Standing* performed by the [Melbourne Theatre Company](/wiki/Melbourne_Theatre_Company "Melbourne Theatre Company"), words and play by Steve Vizard; the two teamed again to write another new music theatre work, *Banquet of Secrets*, performed by the [Victorian Opera](/wiki/Victorian_Opera_%28Melbourne%29 "Victorian Opera (Melbourne)") company.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in [Lae](/wiki/Lae \"Lae\"), Papua New Guinea, Grabowsky is a pianist and composer of music for film, theatre and opera. His father Alistair had lived in Papua New Guinea with his wife Charlotte since the 1930s working on oil rigs, building roads, flying planes. Grabowsky described his ancestry as \"failed Polish aristocracy\".{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bilson\\|first1\\=Gay\\|title\\=Impresario\\|url\\=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2010/january/1346655139/gay\\-bilson/impresario\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Monthly]]\\|date\\=January 2010\\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} His grandfather was a legitimate Polish Count of the [Grabowski noble family](/wiki/List_of_Polish_noble_families_with_the_title_of_Count \"List of Polish noble families with the title of Count\"), a descendant of [Jan Jerzy Grabowski](/wiki/Jan_Jerzy_Grabowski \"Jan Jerzy Grabowski\") from where he gets his title; his grandfather was exiled from Poland and lived in Scotland.{{Cite web\\|date\\=20 September 2019\\|title\\=The Conversation Hour\\|type\\=interview of \\[\\[Katie Noonan]] and Paul Grabowsky by \\[\\[Derek Guille]] and \\[\\[Jon Faine]]\\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/melbourne/programs/theconversationhour/the\\-conversation\\-hour/11512762\\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[ABC Radio Melbourne]]}}{{Time needed\\|date\\=July 2022\\|reason\\=This is a one\\-hour interview.}} His older brother Michael took great interest in the young composer and later worked with Paul co\\-ordinating and producing many of his television and film scores in the 1990s.",
"Grabowsky grew up in [Glen Waverley](/wiki/Glen_Waverley%2C_Victoria \"Glen Waverley, Victoria\"), Melbourne, Australia, and began piano lessons when he was five years old. He studied the classical repertoire with Mack Jost, senior lecturer in piano at the [Conservatorium of Music](/wiki/Faculty_of_Fine_Arts_and_Music%2C_University_of_Melbourne \"Faculty of Fine Arts and Music, University of Melbourne\") at the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\") from the age of seven until his university years. He attended [Wesley College](/wiki/Wesley_College_%28Victoria%29 \"Wesley College (Victoria)\") and it was that school's [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") band which introduced him to the genre.",
"### 1980s",
"{{main\\|Wizards of Oz\\|Paul Grabowsky Trio}}\nImmersing himself in jazz, Grabowsky left the conservatorium in 1978 to pursue musical studies at the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School \"Juilliard School\") in New York and then embarked on extensive travel in Europe. 1980 he worked in the Melbourne [cabaret](/wiki/Cabaret \"Cabaret\")/comedy scene where he began his relationship with [Steve Vizard](/wiki/Steve_Vizard \"Steve Vizard\") and [Robyn Archer](/wiki/Robyn_Archer \"Robyn Archer\"). He flew in 1980 to London where he travelled via Spain to Germany; he lived there in Munich until 1985\\. He had been back in Australia for Christmas 1982 when, on the invitation of [Red Symons](/wiki/Red_Symons \"Red Symons\"), he co\\-composed his first film score, the first of many. In Europe he played with many musicians including [Chet Baker](/wiki/Chet_Baker \"Chet Baker\"), [Art Farmer](/wiki/Art_Farmer \"Art Farmer\") and [Johnny Griffin](/wiki/Johnny_Griffin \"Johnny Griffin\") as well as influential European artists. In 1983, Grabowsky formed the [Paul Grabowsky Trio](/wiki/Paul_Grabowsky_Trio \"Paul Grabowsky Trio\") with [Allan Browne](/wiki/Allan_Browne \"Allan Browne\") and [Gary Costello](/wiki/Gary_Costello_%28musician%29 \"Gary Costello (musician)\"). The duo recorded the album *[Six by Three](/wiki/Six_by_Three \"Six by Three\")*, which was released in 1989 and won the trio an [ARIA Music Award](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Award \"ARIA Music Award\") at the [ARIA Music Awards of 1990](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1990 \"ARIA Music Awards of 1990\").",
"After his return to Australia in 1986, he played in various jazz ensembles. Grabowsky produced [Vince Jones](/wiki/Vince_Jones \"Vince Jones\")' ARIA Award\\-winning album *It All Ends Up In Tears*. In 1987, Grabowsky formed the [Wizards of Oz](/wiki/Wizards_of_Oz \"Wizards of Oz\") with Saxophonist Dale Barlow, bassist Lloyd Swanton and drummer Tony Buck. Wizards of Oz recorded *[Soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack_%28Wizards_of_Oz_album%29 \"Soundtrack (Wizards of Oz album)\")* and won the [ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album](/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Jazz_Album \"ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album\") at the [ARIA Music Awards of 1989](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1989 \"ARIA Music Awards of 1989\"). During this time, he also wrote the score to the film *[The Last Days of Chez Nous](/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Chez_Nous \"The Last Days of Chez Nous\")* and for television shows *[Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"Phoenix (Australian TV series)\")*, *[Janus](/wiki/Janus_%28TV_series%29 \"Janus (TV series)\")* and *[Fast Forward](/wiki/Fast_Forward_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"Fast Forward (Australian TV series)\")*.",
"### 1990s",
"Grabowsky and the Groovematics were the innovative house band on the [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network \"Seven Network\") TV show *[Tonight Live with Steve Vizard](/wiki/Tonight_Live_with_Steve_Vizard \"Tonight Live with Steve Vizard\")* from February 1990 to November 1993\\. This show was live five nights a week. Grabowsky also continued to compose scores for feature films many of which won awards.",
"In 1990 he was commissioned to write several pieces for the Munich\\-based jazz/contemporary\\-music group Die Konferenz. One group of these was based on songs of [Édith Piaf](/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf \"Édith Piaf\") (\"Et les Affaires Piaf\"), while a second group was based on songs from German [UFA](/wiki/Universum_Film_AG \"Universum Film AG\") films from the 1920s to 1940s (\"Es wird einmal ein Wunder\"). With the support from its artistic director [Richard Wherrett](/wiki/Richard_Wherrett \"Richard Wherrett\"), this led to the formation of the project *Ringing the Bell Backwards* at the [Melbourne International Arts Festival](/wiki/Melbourne_International_Arts_Festival \"Melbourne International Arts Festival\") and eventually to the [Australian Art Orchestra](/wiki/Australian_Art_Orchestra \"Australian Art Orchestra\") in 1994\\. That year, Grabowsky wrote a [piano concerto](/wiki/Piano_concerto \"Piano concerto\") for [Michael Kieran Harvey](/wiki/Michael_Kieran_Harvey \"Michael Kieran Harvey\").",
"He is married to Margot Salomon and in 1991 their first child was born; Isabella Grabowsky. Their son Guy Grabowsky was born in 1995\\..",
"In 1995, the Australian Art Orchestra toured Europe, and later India in 1996\\. Grabowsky directed the [Victorian Arts Centre](/wiki/The_Arts_Centre_%28Melbourne%29 \"The Arts Centre (Melbourne)\")'s Summer Music programme. Late that year he was commissioned to front the 14\\-part [ABC TV](/wiki/ABC1 \"ABC1\") series *Access All Areas*. As Commissioning Editor for ABC Television Arts and Entertainment (1996–1998\\), he commissioned the documentary series *[Long Way to the Top](/wiki/Long_Way_to_the_Top \"Long Way to the Top\")*. During the late 1990s, Grabowsky concentrated on writing music for film and television: *[Molokai: The Story of Father Damien](/wiki/Molokai:The_Story_of_Father_Damien \"The Story of Father Damien\")* (1999\\) and *[Innocence](/wiki/Innocence_%282000_film%29 \"Innocence (2000 film)\")* (2000\\) by [Paul Cox](/wiki/Paul_Cox_%28director%29 \"Paul Cox (director)\"), *[Siam Sunset](/wiki/Siam_Sunset \"Siam Sunset\")* by [John Polson](/wiki/John_Polson \"John Polson\"), the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") mini\\-series *[Noah's Ark](/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_%281999_film%29 \"Noah's Ark (1999 film)\")*, the UK production *[Shiner](/wiki/Shiner_%282000_film%29 \"Shiner (2000 film)\")*. [Northern Rivers](/wiki/Northern_Rivers \"Northern Rivers\") Performing Arts (NORPA) commissioned his first opera, *The Mercenary* with a ([libretto](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\") by Janis Balodis).",
"### 2000s",
"In 2000, the project *The Theft of Sita* (a collaboration with [Wayan Yudane](/wiki/Wayan_Yudane \"Wayan Yudane\")) came to fruition; it combined jazz elements, [Balinese](/wiki/Bali \"Bali\") [gamelan](/wiki/Gamelan \"Gamelan\") music and [puppetry](/wiki/Puppetry \"Puppetry\"). The piece premiered in Adelaide, and has since toured worldwide. In that year, Grabowsky was also involved in the writing music for the opening ceremonies of the [Sydney Olympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics \"2000 Summer Olympics\") and the [Paralympics](/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics \"2000 Summer Paralympics\"). Since then, he has written the opera *[Love in the Age of Therapy](/wiki/Love_in_the_Age_of_Therapy \"Love in the Age of Therapy\")* (libretto by [Joanna Murray\\-Smith](/wiki/Joanna_Murray-Smith \"Joanna Murray-Smith\")) commissioned by Melbourne Festival and Sydney Festival, and the symphony *Streets of Hurqalya* (26 June 2002\\), commissioned by the [Melbourne Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Melbourne_Symphony_Orchestra \"Melbourne Symphony Orchestra\"). Among his recent film scores are [Fred Schepisi](/wiki/Fred_Schepisi \"Fred Schepisi\")'s *[Last Orders](/wiki/Last_Orders_%28film%29 \"Last Orders (film)\")* and *[It Runs in the Family](/wiki/It_Runs_in_the_Family_%282003_film%29 \"It Runs in the Family (2003 film)\")*, *The Eye Of The Storm,* *Empire Falls* (HBO) [Paul Cox](/wiki/Paul_Cox_%28director%29 \"Paul Cox (director)\")'s *The Diaries of [Vaslav Nijinsky](/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky \"Vaslav Nijinsky\")*, and [Disney](/wiki/DisneyToon_Studios \"DisneyToon Studios\")'s *[The Jungle Book 2](/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2 \"The Jungle Book 2\")*. From 2003 to 2007, Grabowsky was commissioner at the [Australian Film Commission](/wiki/Australian_Film_Commission \"Australian Film Commission\"). In 2004 he became involved in [Charles Darwin University](/wiki/Charles_Darwin_University \"Charles Darwin University\")'s Remote Indigenous Music Program.{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://www.cdu.edu.au/newsroom/stories/2004/march/musicprogram/index.html\n \\|title \\= Indigenous music program attracts Grabowsky\n \\|access\\-date \\= 1 March 2008\n \\|date \\= 12 March 2004\n \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Charles Darwin University]]\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060907053601/http://www.cdu.edu.au/newsroom/stories/2004/march/musicprogram/index.html\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 7 September 2006\n \\|df \\= dmy\\-all\n}}",
"In 2004, Grabowsky visited the remote community in the [Northern Territory](/wiki/Northern_Territory \"Northern Territory\") called [Ngukurr](/wiki/Ngukurr \"Ngukurr\"), in order to meet the traditional songmen. He met with the local [elders](/wiki/Aboriginal_elder \"Aboriginal elder\") and, after hearing two [Wagilak](/wiki/Wagilak \"Wagilak\") songmen sing, asked permission to bring his [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra \"Orchestra\") on a return visit. When he returned in 2005, he brought singer\\-songwriters [Archie Roach](/wiki/Archie_Roach \"Archie Roach\") and his wife [Ruby Hunter](/wiki/Ruby_Hunter \"Ruby Hunter\"), along with 10 members of his [Australian Art Orchestra](/wiki/Australian_Art_Orchestra \"Australian Art Orchestra\"). After working together for five days, the musicians staged a concert in the town. The European musicians learnt about the [manikay](/wiki/Manikay \"Manikay\") (song cycles) and were led to experiment with whole new ways of exploring sound.{{cite web \\| title\\=Crossing the divide \\| website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\| date\\=30 July 2010 \\| url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/crossing\\-the\\-divide\\-20100730\\-10zme.html\\|first\\=Lisa\\|last\\=Power\\| access\\-date\\=20 February 2020}}",
"The resulting project, called *Crossing Roper Bar*, toured the Northern Territory, played at the [Birrarung Marr](/wiki/Birrarung_Marr \"Birrarung Marr\") park in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), the [National Gallery of Victoria](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria \"National Gallery of Victoria\"), [Apollo Bay](/wiki/Apollo_Bay \"Apollo Bay\") Music Festival and the [Sydney Opera House](/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House \"Sydney Opera House\"). When the group travelled to [Gulkula](/wiki/Gulkula \"Gulkula\") to play at the 2006 [Garma Festival](/wiki/Garma_Festival \"Garma Festival\"), the [Yolngu](/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu \"Yolŋu\") songmen from nearby regions were amazed, thinking that those songs had been lost long ago. In 2010 a *Crossing Roper Bar* album was released.",
"In 2005, Grabowsky was appointed Artistic Director for the [Queensland Music Festival](/wiki/Queensland_Music_Festival \"Queensland Music Festival\") 2007\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.qmf.com.au/01\\_cms/details.asp?ID\\=32 \\|title\\=QMF Artistic Director Paul Grabowsky \\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2008 \\|publisher\\=Queensland Music Festival \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828231938/http://www.qmf.com.au/01\\_cms/details.asp?ID\\=32 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2007 }} His [song cycle](/wiki/Song_cycle \"Song cycle\") *[Before Time Could Change Us](/wiki/Before_Time_Could_Change_Us \"Before Time Could Change Us\")*, lyrics by [Dorothy Porter](/wiki/Dorothy_Porter \"Dorothy Porter\") and featuring [Katie Noonan](/wiki/Katie_Noonan \"Katie Noonan\"), was commissioned by the Queensland Music Festival and released in 2005 by the [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"). The album peaked at number 65 on the [ARIA Charts](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") and number 3 on the ARIA Jazz chart.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aria.com.au/issue808\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050819140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050820\\-0000/issue808\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-08\\-19\\|title\\=ARIA Report week commencing 22 August 2005 – issue 808\\|publisher\\=webarchive.nla.gov.au\\|date\\=22 August 2005\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2016}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} He recorded an album of original jazz compositions, *Tales of Time and Space*, with [Branford Marsalis](/wiki/Branford_Marsalis \"Branford Marsalis\") (soprano sax), [Joe Lovano](/wiki/Joe_Lovano \"Joe Lovano\") (tenor sax), [Scott Tinkler](/wiki/Scott_Tinkler \"Scott Tinkler\") (trumpet), [Ed Schuller](/wiki/Ed_Schuller \"Ed Schuller\") (bass) and [Jeff \"Tain\" Watts](/wiki/Jeff_%22Tain%22_Watts \"Jeff \") (drums). In 2007 he was appointed inaugural patron of the [National Film and Sound Archive](/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive \"National Film and Sound Archive\")'s project *Sounds of Australia*.{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/the\\_collection/soundsofaustralia/index.html\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070829161032/http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/the\\_collection/soundsofaustralia/index.html\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 29 August 2007\n \\|title \\= Sounds of Australia\n \\|access\\-date \\= 1 March 2008\n \\|publisher \\= National Film and Sound Archive\n}}",
"On 4 January 2008, the prestigious [Adelaide Festival of Arts](/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_of_Arts \"Adelaide Festival of Arts\") appointed Grabowsky as its artistic director for the 2010 festival, its 50th anniversary year. He was then asked to stay on and direct the 2012 Adelaide Festival.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.adelaidefestival.com.au/Blog/archive/2008/01/04\\.aspx\\|title\\=Paul Grabowsky announced as new Artistic Director!\\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2008\\|date\\=4 January 2008\\|publisher\\=Adelaide Festival Corporation\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120716103745/http://www.adelaidefestival.com.au/Blog/archive/2008/01/04\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"### 2010s",
"In June 2012, Grabowsky was appointed Vice\\-Chancellor's Professorial Fellow in the School of Music at [Monash University](/wiki/Monash_University \"Monash University\") and in July 2012, he was appointed Executive Director, Performing Arts, Academy of Performing Arts, Monash University.",
"In 2014 Grabowsky was awarded the [Order of Australia](/wiki/Order_of_Australia \"Order of Australia\") (AO) for services to music as an educator, a mentor composer and pianist. He won his 5th Aria Award in 2014 for his sextet recording of original compositions *The Bitter Suite*.",
"In 2015/2016 he wrote the music and songs for theatre work *Last Man Standing* performed by the [Melbourne Theatre Company](/wiki/Melbourne_Theatre_Company \"Melbourne Theatre Company\"), words and play by Steve Vizard; the two teamed again to write another new music theatre work, *Banquet of Secrets*, performed by the [Victorian Opera](/wiki/Victorian_Opera_%28Melbourne%29 \"Victorian Opera (Melbourne)\") company.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Youth and ordination
Johannes Willebrands was born in [Bovenkarspel](/wiki/Bovenkarspel "Bovenkarspel"), as the eldest of the nine children of Herman and Afra (née Kok) Willebrands. His father worked as a paymaster at the local vegetable market, and one of his brothers went on to become a [Redemptorist](/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer "Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer") [missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary") in [Surinam](/wiki/Surinam_%28Dutch_colony%29 "Surinam (Dutch colony)"). Willebrands studied at the [Major Seminary, Warmond](/wiki/Major_Seminary%2C_Warmond "Major Seminary, Warmond"), near [Leiden](/wiki/Leiden "Leiden"), where he was [ordained](/wiki/Holy_Orders "Holy Orders") to the priesthood on 26 May 1934\. In 1937 he received a [Doctorate in Philosophy](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy "Doctor of Philosophy") at the [Pontifical Athenaeum *Angelicum*](/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29 "Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)") in Rome with a thesis entitled [*John Henry Cardinal Newman*](/wiki/John_Henry_Newman "John Henry Newman") *Zijn denkleer en haar toepassing op de kennis van God door het geweten.*
### Early involvement in ecumenism
Willebrands returned to the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") in 1937 and acted as chaplain of the Church of Begijnhof in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"). In 1940 he began teaching philosophy at his alma mater of the Warmond seminary. Five years later, he became the seminary's [rector](/wiki/Rector_%28ecclesiastical%29 "Rector (ecclesiastical)"). Willebrands demonstrated a very active interest in the cause of Christian unity as president of the [St Willibrord Association](/wiki/St_Willibrord_Association "St Willibrord Association"), which promoted [ecumenism](/wiki/Ecumenism "Ecumenism") in the Netherlands; in 1951, he organized the Catholic Conference on Ecumenical Questions, which was in contact with the [World Council of Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches "World Council of Churches").
### Bishop of Mauriana
He was named [Titular Bishop](/wiki/Titular_bishop "Titular bishop") of [Mauriana](/wiki/Mauriana "Mauriana") on 4 June 1964\. Willebrands received his [episcopal consecration](/wiki/Bishop_%28Catholicism%29 "Bishop (Catholicism)") on the following 28 June from [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI "Pope Paul VI"), with Archbishops Diego Venini and [Ettore Cunial](/wiki/Ettore_Cunial "Ettore Cunial") serving as [co\-consecrators](/wiki/Consecrator "Consecrator"), in [St. Peter's Basilica](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica "St. Peter's Basilica"). On 7 December 1965, he read out the declaration by which the Catholic and Orthodox churches "cancelled out of the memory of men" their mutual [excommunication](/wiki/Excommunication "Excommunication") following the [Great Schism of](/wiki/East-West_Schism "East-West Schism") 1054\.
{{infobox cardinalstyles\|
image\=Coat of arms of Johannes Willebrands.svg\|
cardinal name\=Johannes Willebrands\|
dipstyle\=His Eminence\|
offstyle\=Your Eminence\|
See\=\[\[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht\|Utrecht]]\|}}
### Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
On 28 June 1960, [Pope John XXIII](/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII "Pope John XXIII") nominated him Secretary of the newly established [Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity](/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity "Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity") (later elevated to a [pontifical council](/wiki/Pontifical_Council "Pontifical Council")), under the direction of [Augustin Bea](/wiki/Augustin_Bea "Augustin Bea"). Aided by [fluency](/wiki/Fluency "Fluency") in six languages, Willebrands was involved in building bridges to the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican") church, and the [Russian Orthodox](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox "Russian Orthodox") church.
He was instrumental in persuading the Orthodox churches to attend the sessions of the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council "Second Vatican Council") as observers while it met from 1962 to 1965\.Chiron, Yves, *Paul VI: Le pape écartelé*, Perrin, Paris, 1993 {{ISBN\|2\-262\-00952\-X}} p. 186 and 246Interview with Paul\-Joseph Schmitt, Archbishop of Metz, in Le Lorrain, 9 March 1963 {{dubious\|date\=August 2012}} During the work of the Second Vatican Council, he prepared the documents relating to scripture and tradition, ecumenism, religious freedom, and relations with non\-Christian religions. Willebrands was raised to the rank of [Monsignor](/wiki/Monsignor "Monsignor") in 1963\. On 12 April 1969, [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI "Pope Paul VI") named Willebrands as President of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, succeeding Cardinal Bea after his death.
After his resignation as archbishop of Utrecht, Willebrands continued as president for Promoting Christian Unity. Willebrands acted as President Delegate at the Second Extraordinary Assembly of World Synod of Bishops, held from 24 November to 8 December 1985, and became President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity on 12 December 1989, when was succeeded as president by [Edward Idris Cassidy](/wiki/Edward_Idris_Cassidy "Edward Idris Cassidy").
### Archbishop of Utrecht
On 6 December 1975, he was appointed [Archbishop of Utrecht](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht") and thus de facto [Primate](/wiki/Primate_%28bishop%29 "Primate (bishop)") of the Netherlands, continuing at the same time to serve as President of the Secretariat. It was hoped that would be able to use his diplomatic talents to reconcile the conservative and liberal wings of the [Catholic Church in the Netherlands](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_Netherlands "Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands"),Time Magazine. [Paul's Flying Dutchman](https://web.archive.org/web/20110524020038/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947620-1,00.html) 5 January 1976 but the qualities of patience, reticence and reservation that made him such a success in ecumenical circles did not endear him to his Dutch flock. He resigned as Archbishop on 3 December 1983\.
### Cardinal elector
He was created [Cardinal\-Deacon](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholicism%29 "Cardinal (Catholicism)") of *[Santi Cosma e Damiano](/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano%2C_Rome "Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome")* by Paul VI in the [consistory](/wiki/Papal_consistory "Papal consistory") of 28 April 1969, and later became [Cardinal\-Priest](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholicism%29 "Cardinal (Catholicism)") of *[S. Sebastiano alle Catacombe](/wiki/S._Sebastiano_alle_Catacombe "S. Sebastiano alle Catacombe")* on 6 December 1975\.
Cardinal Willebrands was one of the [cardinal electors](/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_Papal_conclaves%2C_August_and_October_1978 "Cardinal electors in Papal conclaves, August and October 1978") who participated at the [conclaves](/wiki/Papal_conclave "Papal conclave") of [August](/wiki/Papal_conclave%2C_August_1978 "Papal conclave, August 1978") and [October 1978](/wiki/Papal_conclave%2C_October_1978 "Papal conclave, October 1978"), which selected [Pope John Paul I](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I "Pope John Paul I") and [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II"), respectively. During the latter conclave, the highly *[papabile](/wiki/Papabile "Papabile")* Dutch prelate willingly withdrew his candidacy in order for Karol Wojtyła to be elected pope.Time Magazine. [A "Foreign" Pope](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093021/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-5,00.html) 30 October 1978
He became [Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals](/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Sacred_College_of_Cardinals "Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals") in 1988, and served until 1995, after which the post was abolished.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fiu.edu/\~mirandas/camerlengos.htm\|title\=Cardinals camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals\|author\=Salvador Miranda\|accessdate\=25 May 2009}}
### Retirement and death
Cardinal Willebrands moved to the [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan "Franciscan") [convent](/wiki/Convent "Convent") of [Saint Nicolaasstichting](/wiki/Saint_Nicolaasstichting "Saint Nicolaasstichting") at [Denekamp](/wiki/Denekamp "Denekamp") in 1997, where he died nine years later, at age 96\. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living member of the [College of Cardinals](/wiki/College_of_Cardinals "College of Cardinals").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Youth and ordination",
"Johannes Willebrands was born in [Bovenkarspel](/wiki/Bovenkarspel \"Bovenkarspel\"), as the eldest of the nine children of Herman and Afra (née Kok) Willebrands. His father worked as a paymaster at the local vegetable market, and one of his brothers went on to become a [Redemptorist](/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer \"Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer\") [missionary](/wiki/Missionary \"Missionary\") in [Surinam](/wiki/Surinam_%28Dutch_colony%29 \"Surinam (Dutch colony)\"). Willebrands studied at the [Major Seminary, Warmond](/wiki/Major_Seminary%2C_Warmond \"Major Seminary, Warmond\"), near [Leiden](/wiki/Leiden \"Leiden\"), where he was [ordained](/wiki/Holy_Orders \"Holy Orders\") to the priesthood on 26 May 1934\\. In 1937 he received a [Doctorate in Philosophy](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") at the [Pontifical Athenaeum *Angelicum*](/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29 \"Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)\") in Rome with a thesis entitled [*John Henry Cardinal Newman*](/wiki/John_Henry_Newman \"John Henry Newman\") *Zijn denkleer en haar toepassing op de kennis van God door het geweten.*",
"### Early involvement in ecumenism",
"Willebrands returned to the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") in 1937 and acted as chaplain of the Church of Begijnhof in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"). In 1940 he began teaching philosophy at his alma mater of the Warmond seminary. Five years later, he became the seminary's [rector](/wiki/Rector_%28ecclesiastical%29 \"Rector (ecclesiastical)\"). Willebrands demonstrated a very active interest in the cause of Christian unity as president of the [St Willibrord Association](/wiki/St_Willibrord_Association \"St Willibrord Association\"), which promoted [ecumenism](/wiki/Ecumenism \"Ecumenism\") in the Netherlands; in 1951, he organized the Catholic Conference on Ecumenical Questions, which was in contact with the [World Council of Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches \"World Council of Churches\").",
"### Bishop of Mauriana",
"He was named [Titular Bishop](/wiki/Titular_bishop \"Titular bishop\") of [Mauriana](/wiki/Mauriana \"Mauriana\") on 4 June 1964\\. Willebrands received his [episcopal consecration](/wiki/Bishop_%28Catholicism%29 \"Bishop (Catholicism)\") on the following 28 June from [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI \"Pope Paul VI\"), with Archbishops Diego Venini and [Ettore Cunial](/wiki/Ettore_Cunial \"Ettore Cunial\") serving as [co\\-consecrators](/wiki/Consecrator \"Consecrator\"), in [St. Peter's Basilica](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica \"St. Peter's Basilica\"). On 7 December 1965, he read out the declaration by which the Catholic and Orthodox churches \"cancelled out of the memory of men\" their mutual [excommunication](/wiki/Excommunication \"Excommunication\") following the [Great Schism of](/wiki/East-West_Schism \"East-West Schism\") 1054\\.",
"{{infobox cardinalstyles\\|\nimage\\=Coat of arms of Johannes Willebrands.svg\\|\ncardinal name\\=Johannes Willebrands\\|\ndipstyle\\=His Eminence\\|\noffstyle\\=Your Eminence\\|\nSee\\=\\[\\[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht\\|Utrecht]]\\|}}",
"### Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity",
"On 28 June 1960, [Pope John XXIII](/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII \"Pope John XXIII\") nominated him Secretary of the newly established [Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity](/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity \"Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity\") (later elevated to a [pontifical council](/wiki/Pontifical_Council \"Pontifical Council\")), under the direction of [Augustin Bea](/wiki/Augustin_Bea \"Augustin Bea\"). Aided by [fluency](/wiki/Fluency \"Fluency\") in six languages, Willebrands was involved in building bridges to the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") church, and the [Russian Orthodox](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox \"Russian Orthodox\") church.",
"He was instrumental in persuading the Orthodox churches to attend the sessions of the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council \"Second Vatican Council\") as observers while it met from 1962 to 1965\\.Chiron, Yves, *Paul VI: Le pape écartelé*, Perrin, Paris, 1993 {{ISBN\\|2\\-262\\-00952\\-X}} p. 186 and 246Interview with Paul\\-Joseph Schmitt, Archbishop of Metz, in Le Lorrain, 9 March 1963 {{dubious\\|date\\=August 2012}} During the work of the Second Vatican Council, he prepared the documents relating to scripture and tradition, ecumenism, religious freedom, and relations with non\\-Christian religions. Willebrands was raised to the rank of [Monsignor](/wiki/Monsignor \"Monsignor\") in 1963\\. On 12 April 1969, [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI \"Pope Paul VI\") named Willebrands as President of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, succeeding Cardinal Bea after his death.",
"After his resignation as archbishop of Utrecht, Willebrands continued as president for Promoting Christian Unity. Willebrands acted as President Delegate at the Second Extraordinary Assembly of World Synod of Bishops, held from 24 November to 8 December 1985, and became President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity on 12 December 1989, when was succeeded as president by [Edward Idris Cassidy](/wiki/Edward_Idris_Cassidy \"Edward Idris Cassidy\").",
"### Archbishop of Utrecht",
"On 6 December 1975, he was appointed [Archbishop of Utrecht](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht\") and thus de facto [Primate](/wiki/Primate_%28bishop%29 \"Primate (bishop)\") of the Netherlands, continuing at the same time to serve as President of the Secretariat. It was hoped that would be able to use his diplomatic talents to reconcile the conservative and liberal wings of the [Catholic Church in the Netherlands](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_Netherlands \"Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands\"),Time Magazine. [Paul's Flying Dutchman](https://web.archive.org/web/20110524020038/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947620-1,00.html) 5 January 1976 but the qualities of patience, reticence and reservation that made him such a success in ecumenical circles did not endear him to his Dutch flock. He resigned as Archbishop on 3 December 1983\\.",
"### Cardinal elector",
"He was created [Cardinal\\-Deacon](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholicism%29 \"Cardinal (Catholicism)\") of *[Santi Cosma e Damiano](/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano%2C_Rome \"Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome\")* by Paul VI in the [consistory](/wiki/Papal_consistory \"Papal consistory\") of 28 April 1969, and later became [Cardinal\\-Priest](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholicism%29 \"Cardinal (Catholicism)\") of *[S. Sebastiano alle Catacombe](/wiki/S._Sebastiano_alle_Catacombe \"S. Sebastiano alle Catacombe\")* on 6 December 1975\\.",
"Cardinal Willebrands was one of the [cardinal electors](/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_Papal_conclaves%2C_August_and_October_1978 \"Cardinal electors in Papal conclaves, August and October 1978\") who participated at the [conclaves](/wiki/Papal_conclave \"Papal conclave\") of [August](/wiki/Papal_conclave%2C_August_1978 \"Papal conclave, August 1978\") and [October 1978](/wiki/Papal_conclave%2C_October_1978 \"Papal conclave, October 1978\"), which selected [Pope John Paul I](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I \"Pope John Paul I\") and [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\"), respectively. During the latter conclave, the highly *[papabile](/wiki/Papabile \"Papabile\")* Dutch prelate willingly withdrew his candidacy in order for Karol Wojtyła to be elected pope.Time Magazine. [A \"Foreign\" Pope](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093021/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-5,00.html) 30 October 1978",
"He became [Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals](/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Sacred_College_of_Cardinals \"Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals\") in 1988, and served until 1995, after which the post was abolished.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fiu.edu/\\~mirandas/camerlengos.htm\\|title\\=Cardinals camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals\\|author\\=Salvador Miranda\\|accessdate\\=25 May 2009}}",
"### Retirement and death",
"Cardinal Willebrands moved to the [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan \"Franciscan\") [convent](/wiki/Convent \"Convent\") of [Saint Nicolaasstichting](/wiki/Saint_Nicolaasstichting \"Saint Nicolaasstichting\") at [Denekamp](/wiki/Denekamp \"Denekamp\") in 1997, where he died nine years later, at age 96\\. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living member of the [College of Cardinals](/wiki/College_of_Cardinals \"College of Cardinals\").",
""
] |
Description
-----------
DEC's first video terminal was the [VT05](/wiki/VT05 "VT05") (1970\), succeeded by the [VT50](/wiki/VT50 "VT50") (1974\), and soon upgraded to the [VT52](/wiki/VT52 "VT52") (1975\). The VT52 featured a text display with 80 columns and 24 rows, bidirectional scrolling, and a custom control protocol that allowed the cursor to be moved about the screen. These "smart terminals" were a hit due both to their capabilities and to their ability to be run over inexpensive serial links, rather than custom proprietary connections as in the case of systems like the [IBM 3270](/wiki/IBM_3270 "IBM 3270"), which generally required expensive controllers for distributed applications. In contrast, "dumb terminals" or "glass teletypes" like the [ADM\-3A](/wiki/ADM-3A "ADM-3A") (1976\) lacked advanced features such as full cursor addressability, and competed mostly on lowest possible hardware cost.
The VT100 was introduced in August 1978, replacing the VT50/VT52 family. Like the earlier models, it communicated with its [host](/wiki/Server_%28computing%29 "Server (computing)") system over serial lines at a minimum speed of 50 bit/s, but increased the maximum speed to 19,200 bit/s, double that of the VT52\.{{cite book \|url\=http://www.vt100\.net/docs/vt100\-tm/ek\-vt100\-tm\-002\.pdf \|title\=VT100 Series Technical Manual \|publisher\=Digital Equipment Corporation \|date\=1979 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-22 \|archive\-date\=2020\-01\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101071544/https://vt100\.net/docs/vt100\-tm/ek\-vt100\-tm\-002\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{rp\|1{{hyp}}3}}
The terminal provided an option for "smooth scrolling", whereby displayed lines of text were moved gradually up or down the screen to make room for new lines, instead of advancing in sudden "jumps". This made it easier to scan or read the text, although it somewhat slowed down the maximum data rate.{{rp\|2{{hyp}}16}}
The major internal change was the control protocol. Unlike the VT50/52's proprietary cursor control language, the VT100 was based on the newly emerging [ANSI X3\.64](/wiki/ANSI_X3.64 "ANSI X3.64") standard for command codes.{{efn\|A similar standard was being organized as ECMA\-48, which was fairly similar to X3\.64\. The two standards were later merged in ISO 6429\.}} At the time, some computer vendors{{who\|date\=January 2022}} had suggested that the new standard was beyond the [state of the art](/wiki/State_of_the_art "State of the art") and could not be implemented at a reasonable price. The introduction of low\-cost [microprocessors](/wiki/Microprocessor "Microprocessor") and the ever\-falling cost of [computer memory](/wiki/Computer_memory "Computer memory") offered greatly expanded capabilities, and the VT100 used the new [Intel 8080](/wiki/Intel_8080 "Intel 8080") as its internal [processor](/wiki/CPU "CPU").{{citation \|url\= https://invisible\-island.net/archives/shuford/terminal/dec.html \|title\= DEC Video Terminals—The VT100 and Its Successors \|last\= Shuford \|first\= Richard S. \|year\= 2005 \|access\-date\= 2015\-08\-22 \|archive\-date\= 2022\-04\-22 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220422092438/https://invisible\-island.net/archives/shuford/terminal/dec.html \|url\-status\= live }} In addition, the VT100 provided [backwards compatibility](/wiki/Backwards_compatibility "Backwards compatibility") for VT52\-compatible software, by also supporting the older control sequences.
Other improvements beyond the VT52 included a 132\-column mode, and a variety of "graphic renditions" including blinking, bolding, [reverse video](/wiki/Reverse_video "Reverse video"), underlining, and lines of double\-sized or double\-width characters. The VT100 also introduced an additional [box\-drawing character set](/wiki/Box-drawing_characters "Box-drawing characters") containing various pseudographics that allowed the drawing of on\-screen forms.
All configuration setup of the VT100 was accomplished using interactive displays presented on the screen; the setup data was stored in [non\-volatile memory](/wiki/Non-volatile_memory "Non-volatile memory") within the terminal. Maintainability was also significantly improved, since a VT100 could be quickly dismantled into replaceable modules.
The VT100's internal layout can be split into two boards for functionality, not including the VT100's optional boards you can purchase. There is a board called the video monitor board which is used for things like adjusting the CRT on the terminal itself. This board is responsible for adjusting the CRT in the case that the electron beam is offset.{{cite book \|url\=https://vt100\.net/dec/ek\-vt101\-ps\-001\.pdf \|title\=VT101 Series Pocket Service Guide \|date\=September 1981 \|publisher\=Digital Equipment Corporation \|id\=EK\-VT101\-PS\-001}} The terminal controller board is what handles the terminal logic, and includes a multitude of chips such as DEC's rebranding of the Intel 8080\.
In 1983, the VT100 was replaced by the more powerful VT200 series terminals such as the [VT220](/wiki/VT220 "VT220").
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"DEC's first video terminal was the [VT05](/wiki/VT05 \"VT05\") (1970\\), succeeded by the [VT50](/wiki/VT50 \"VT50\") (1974\\), and soon upgraded to the [VT52](/wiki/VT52 \"VT52\") (1975\\). The VT52 featured a text display with 80 columns and 24 rows, bidirectional scrolling, and a custom control protocol that allowed the cursor to be moved about the screen. These \"smart terminals\" were a hit due both to their capabilities and to their ability to be run over inexpensive serial links, rather than custom proprietary connections as in the case of systems like the [IBM 3270](/wiki/IBM_3270 \"IBM 3270\"), which generally required expensive controllers for distributed applications. In contrast, \"dumb terminals\" or \"glass teletypes\" like the [ADM\\-3A](/wiki/ADM-3A \"ADM-3A\") (1976\\) lacked advanced features such as full cursor addressability, and competed mostly on lowest possible hardware cost.",
"The VT100 was introduced in August 1978, replacing the VT50/VT52 family. Like the earlier models, it communicated with its [host](/wiki/Server_%28computing%29 \"Server (computing)\") system over serial lines at a minimum speed of 50 bit/s, but increased the maximum speed to 19,200 bit/s, double that of the VT52\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=http://www.vt100\\.net/docs/vt100\\-tm/ek\\-vt100\\-tm\\-002\\.pdf \\|title\\=VT100 Series Technical Manual \\|publisher\\=Digital Equipment Corporation \\|date\\=1979 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101071544/https://vt100\\.net/docs/vt100\\-tm/ek\\-vt100\\-tm\\-002\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{rp\\|1{{hyp}}3}}\nThe terminal provided an option for \"smooth scrolling\", whereby displayed lines of text were moved gradually up or down the screen to make room for new lines, instead of advancing in sudden \"jumps\". This made it easier to scan or read the text, although it somewhat slowed down the maximum data rate.{{rp\\|2{{hyp}}16}}",
"The major internal change was the control protocol. Unlike the VT50/52's proprietary cursor control language, the VT100 was based on the newly emerging [ANSI X3\\.64](/wiki/ANSI_X3.64 \"ANSI X3.64\") standard for command codes.{{efn\\|A similar standard was being organized as ECMA\\-48, which was fairly similar to X3\\.64\\. The two standards were later merged in ISO 6429\\.}} At the time, some computer vendors{{who\\|date\\=January 2022}} had suggested that the new standard was beyond the [state of the art](/wiki/State_of_the_art \"State of the art\") and could not be implemented at a reasonable price. The introduction of low\\-cost [microprocessors](/wiki/Microprocessor \"Microprocessor\") and the ever\\-falling cost of [computer memory](/wiki/Computer_memory \"Computer memory\") offered greatly expanded capabilities, and the VT100 used the new [Intel 8080](/wiki/Intel_8080 \"Intel 8080\") as its internal [processor](/wiki/CPU \"CPU\").{{citation \\|url\\= https://invisible\\-island.net/archives/shuford/terminal/dec.html \\|title\\= DEC Video Terminals—The VT100 and Its Successors \\|last\\= Shuford \\|first\\= Richard S. \\|year\\= 2005 \\|access\\-date\\= 2015\\-08\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\= 2022\\-04\\-22 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220422092438/https://invisible\\-island.net/archives/shuford/terminal/dec.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} In addition, the VT100 provided [backwards compatibility](/wiki/Backwards_compatibility \"Backwards compatibility\") for VT52\\-compatible software, by also supporting the older control sequences.\nOther improvements beyond the VT52 included a 132\\-column mode, and a variety of \"graphic renditions\" including blinking, bolding, [reverse video](/wiki/Reverse_video \"Reverse video\"), underlining, and lines of double\\-sized or double\\-width characters. The VT100 also introduced an additional [box\\-drawing character set](/wiki/Box-drawing_characters \"Box-drawing characters\") containing various pseudographics that allowed the drawing of on\\-screen forms.",
"All configuration setup of the VT100 was accomplished using interactive displays presented on the screen; the setup data was stored in [non\\-volatile memory](/wiki/Non-volatile_memory \"Non-volatile memory\") within the terminal. Maintainability was also significantly improved, since a VT100 could be quickly dismantled into replaceable modules.",
"The VT100's internal layout can be split into two boards for functionality, not including the VT100's optional boards you can purchase. There is a board called the video monitor board which is used for things like adjusting the CRT on the terminal itself. This board is responsible for adjusting the CRT in the case that the electron beam is offset.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://vt100\\.net/dec/ek\\-vt101\\-ps\\-001\\.pdf \\|title\\=VT101 Series Pocket Service Guide \\|date\\=September 1981 \\|publisher\\=Digital Equipment Corporation \\|id\\=EK\\-VT101\\-PS\\-001}} The terminal controller board is what handles the terminal logic, and includes a multitude of chips such as DEC's rebranding of the Intel 8080\\.",
"In 1983, the VT100 was replaced by the more powerful VT200 series terminals such as the [VT220](/wiki/VT220 \"VT220\").",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
Coutu turned professional with the Canadiens in [1916–17](/wiki/1916%E2%80%9317_NHA_season "1916–17 NHA season"), the last season of the NHA. He stayed with the Canadiens when the new NHL formed for [1917–18](/wiki/1917%E2%80%9318_NHL_season "1917–18 NHL season"). During the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup "Stanley Cup") playoffs in [1919](/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_NHL_season "1918–19 NHL season"), Coutu and four other teammates contracted [influenza](/wiki/Influenza "Influenza") and were hospitalized. The [1919 Stanley Cup series](/wiki/1919_Stanley_Cup_Finals "1919 Stanley Cup Finals") was cancelled.
After playing the [1920–21 NHL season](/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_NHL_season "1920–21 NHL season") with the Hamilton Tigers, Coutu was traded back to Montreal prior to the start of the [1921–22 NHL season](/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_NHL_season "1921–22 NHL season"), along with [Sprague Cleghorn](/wiki/Sprague_Cleghorn "Sprague Cleghorn"), in exchange for [Harry Mummery](/wiki/Harry_Mummery "Harry Mummery"), [Amos Arbour](/wiki/Amos_Arbour "Amos Arbour"), and [Cully Wilson](/wiki/Cully_Wilson "Cully Wilson"), in the NHL's first multiple\-player trade.
Wearing No. 9, Coutu was named Canadiens captain in 1925–26, replacing Sprague Cleghorn. After the [1925–26 NHL season](/wiki/1925%E2%80%9326_NHL_season "1925–26 NHL season"), Coutu was deemed expendable and traded to the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins") in exchange for defenceman [Amby Moran](/wiki/Amby_Moran "Amby Moran") who ultimately played just 12 games for the Canadiens.
During his first practice with the Bruins, Coutu body\-slammed [Eddie Shore](/wiki/Eddie_Shore "Eddie Shore"). Coutu's forehead hit Shore's skull, severing Shore's ear. Shore visited several doctors who wanted to amputate the ear, but finally found one who sewed it back on. After refusing anaesthetic, Shore used a mirror to watch the doctor sew the ear back on. Shore claimed Coutu used his [hockey stick](/wiki/Hockey_stick "Hockey stick") to cut off the ear, and Coutu was fined $50; Shore later recanted and Coutu's money was refunded.
At the end of Game 4 of the [1927 Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/1927_Stanley_Cup_Finals "1927 Stanley Cup Finals"), Coutu started a bench\-clearing brawl, apparently at the request of coach [Art Ross](/wiki/Art_Ross "Art Ross"), by assaulting referee Jerry Laflamme and tackling referee [Billy Bell](/wiki/Billy_Bell_%28ice_hockey%29 "Billy Bell (ice hockey)") in the corridor. As a result, he was expelled from the NHL for life; the longest suspension to date. On October 8, 1929, the suspension was lifted allowing Coutu to play in [minor professional leagues](/wiki/Minor_league%23Ice_hockey "Minor league#Ice hockey"), where he played into his late 30s with Minneapolis and also coached for several years. He never played in the NHL again, although the lifetime ban was lifted in 1929–30 and Coutu was reinstated in 1932–33 at the insistence of Canadiens owner [Leo Dandurand](/wiki/Leo_Dandurand "Leo Dandurand").
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"Coutu turned professional with the Canadiens in [1916–17](/wiki/1916%E2%80%9317_NHA_season \"1916–17 NHA season\"), the last season of the NHA. He stayed with the Canadiens when the new NHL formed for [1917–18](/wiki/1917%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"1917–18 NHL season\"). During the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup \"Stanley Cup\") playoffs in [1919](/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_NHL_season \"1918–19 NHL season\"), Coutu and four other teammates contracted [influenza](/wiki/Influenza \"Influenza\") and were hospitalized. The [1919 Stanley Cup series](/wiki/1919_Stanley_Cup_Finals \"1919 Stanley Cup Finals\") was cancelled.",
"After playing the [1920–21 NHL season](/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"1920–21 NHL season\") with the Hamilton Tigers, Coutu was traded back to Montreal prior to the start of the [1921–22 NHL season](/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_NHL_season \"1921–22 NHL season\"), along with [Sprague Cleghorn](/wiki/Sprague_Cleghorn \"Sprague Cleghorn\"), in exchange for [Harry Mummery](/wiki/Harry_Mummery \"Harry Mummery\"), [Amos Arbour](/wiki/Amos_Arbour \"Amos Arbour\"), and [Cully Wilson](/wiki/Cully_Wilson \"Cully Wilson\"), in the NHL's first multiple\\-player trade.",
"Wearing No. 9, Coutu was named Canadiens captain in 1925–26, replacing Sprague Cleghorn. After the [1925–26 NHL season](/wiki/1925%E2%80%9326_NHL_season \"1925–26 NHL season\"), Coutu was deemed expendable and traded to the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") in exchange for defenceman [Amby Moran](/wiki/Amby_Moran \"Amby Moran\") who ultimately played just 12 games for the Canadiens.",
"During his first practice with the Bruins, Coutu body\\-slammed [Eddie Shore](/wiki/Eddie_Shore \"Eddie Shore\"). Coutu's forehead hit Shore's skull, severing Shore's ear. Shore visited several doctors who wanted to amputate the ear, but finally found one who sewed it back on. After refusing anaesthetic, Shore used a mirror to watch the doctor sew the ear back on. Shore claimed Coutu used his [hockey stick](/wiki/Hockey_stick \"Hockey stick\") to cut off the ear, and Coutu was fined $50; Shore later recanted and Coutu's money was refunded.",
"At the end of Game 4 of the [1927 Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/1927_Stanley_Cup_Finals \"1927 Stanley Cup Finals\"), Coutu started a bench\\-clearing brawl, apparently at the request of coach [Art Ross](/wiki/Art_Ross \"Art Ross\"), by assaulting referee Jerry Laflamme and tackling referee [Billy Bell](/wiki/Billy_Bell_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Billy Bell (ice hockey)\") in the corridor. As a result, he was expelled from the NHL for life; the longest suspension to date. On October 8, 1929, the suspension was lifted allowing Coutu to play in [minor professional leagues](/wiki/Minor_league%23Ice_hockey \"Minor league#Ice hockey\"), where he played into his late 30s with Minneapolis and also coached for several years. He never played in the NHL again, although the lifetime ban was lifted in 1929–30 and Coutu was reinstated in 1932–33 at the insistence of Canadiens owner [Leo Dandurand](/wiki/Leo_Dandurand \"Leo Dandurand\").",
""
] |
Approaches of study
-------------------
Researchers who have been prominent in the field combine principles from [perceptual psychology](/wiki/Perceptual_psychology "Perceptual psychology"), [evolutionary biology](/wiki/Evolutionary_biology "Evolutionary biology"), neurological deficits, and functional brain anatomy in order to address the evolutionary meaning of beauty that may be the essence of art.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Tyler CW \| title \= Perspectives: neuroscience. Is art lawful? \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 285 \| issue \= 5428 \| pages \= 673–4 \| date \= July 1999 \| pmid \= 10454922 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.285\.5428\.673 \| s2cid \= 142590965 }} Involvement from both the rewards center of the brain and the Default Mode Network, once believed to only play a part in daydreaming, have been implicated in why humans derive pleasure from viewing and creating art.{{Cite journal\|title \= Your Brain on Art: The Case for Neuroaesthetics.\| vauthors \= Magsamen S \|date \= July 2019\|journal \= Cerebrum\| volume \= 2019 \| pmid \= 32206171\| pmc \= 7075503 }} It is felt that neuroscience is a very promising path for the search for the quantified evaluation of art.{{cite journal\| vauthors \=Salah AA \|title\=Technoscience art: A bridge between neuroesthetics and art history?\|journal\=Review of General Psychology \|volume\=12 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=147–158 \|url\=http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/12500/12500B.pdf \|doi\=10\.1037/1089\-2680\.12\.2\.147 \|year\=2008 \|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.457\.8736 \|s2cid\=21710020}} With the aim of discovering general rules about aesthetics, one approach is the observation of subjects viewing art and the exploration of the mechanics of [vision](/wiki/Visual_perception "Visual perception"). It is proposed that pleasing sensations are derived from the repeated activation of neurons due to primitive visual stimuli such as horizontal and vertical lines. In addition to the generation of theories to explain this, such as [Ramachandran's](/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran "Vilayanur S. Ramachandran") set of laws, it is important to use neuroscience to determine and understand the neurological mechanisms involved.
Neuroaesthetics approaches can be either [descriptive](/wiki/Descriptive_research "Descriptive research") or [experimental](/wiki/Experiment "Experiment").{{Cite book\|title\=The aesthetic brain: How we evolved to desire beauty and enjoy art\| vauthors \= Chatterjee A \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=9780199811809 \|location\=New York, NY\|oclc\=858861779\|author\-link\=Anjan Chatterjee (neuroscientist)\|url\-access\=registration \|url\=https://archive.org/details/aestheticbrainho0000chat}} Descriptive neuroaesthetics refers to the practice of mapping properties of the brain onto aesthetic experiences. For example, if color is important to the experience of [Fauvist art](/wiki/Fauvism "Fauvism"), then it is likely that [areas of the brain that process color](/wiki/Color_vision%23Color_in_the_human_brain "Color vision#Color in the human brain") will be engaged when looking at such art. The claims of descriptive neuroaesthetics are regarded as hypothesis\-generating and are typically [qualitative](/wiki/Qualitative_research "Qualitative research") in nature. Experimental neuroaesthetics, like any experimental science, produces data that are [quantitative](/wiki/Quantitative_research "Quantitative research") and vetted statistically. Experimental neuroaesthetics tests [hypotheses](/wiki/Hypothesis "Hypothesis"), predicts results, and invites [replication](/wiki/Replication_%28science%29 "Replication (science)") or falsification. The typical experimental methods used are those of [cognitive neuroscience](/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience "Cognitive neuroscience"): [fMRI](/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging "Functional magnetic resonance imaging"), [ERP](/wiki/Event-related_potential "Event-related potential"), [TMS](/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation "Transcranial magnetic stimulation"), [TDCS](/wiki/Transcranial_direct-current_stimulation "Transcranial direct-current stimulation"), and [neuropsychology](/wiki/Neuropsychology "Neuropsychology"). Critics of neuroaesthetics typically target descriptive and not experimental neuroaesthetics.{{Cite journal\| vauthors \= Croft J \|date\=2011\|title\=The challenges of interdisciplinary epistemology in neuroaesthetics\|journal\=Mind, Brain, and Education \|language\=en \|volume\=5 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=5–11 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1751\-228X.2011\.01103\.x}}{{Cite journal\| vauthors \= Tallis R \|date\=2008 \|title\=The limitations of a neurological approach to art\|journal\=The Lancet\|language\=en\|volume\=372\|issue\=9632\|pages\=19–20 \|doi\=10\.1016/S0140\-6736(08\)60975\-7 \|s2cid\=54349231 \|issn\=0140\-6736\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal\| vauthors \= Chatterjee A \| author\-link\=Anjan Chatterjee (neuroscientist) \|date\=Summer 2011\|title\=Where there be dragons: Finding the edges of neuroaesthetics \|url\=https://aesthetics\-online.org/page/ChatterjeeNeuro\|journal\=American Society for Aesthetics Newsletter \|volume\=31 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=4–6}}
The link between specific brain areas and artistic activity is of great importance to the field of neuroesthetics. This can be applied both to the ability to create and interpret art. A common approach to uncover the neural mechanisms is through the study of individuals, specifically artists, with neural disorders such as [savant syndrome](/wiki/Savant_syndrome "Savant syndrome") or some form of [traumatic injury](/wiki/Traumatic_injury "Traumatic injury"). The analysis of art created by these patients provides valuable insights to the brain areas responsible for capturing the essence of art.
The aesthetic enjoyment of individuals can be investigated using brain imaging experiments. When subjects are confronted with images of a particular level of aesthetics, the specific brain areas that are activated can be identified. It is argued that the sense of beauty and aesthetic judgment presupposes a change in the activation of the brain's reward system.
In 2004, [Helmut Leder](/wiki/Helmut_Leder "Helmut Leder") has developed a broad research program on the psychology of aesthetics and the [arts](/wiki/Arts "Arts"). This program was introduced as a cognitive model of the appreciation of art in a paper{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Leder H, Belke B, Oeberst A, Augustin D \| title \= A model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments \| journal \= British Journal of Psychology \|location \= London, England \| volume \= 95 \| issue \= Pt 4 \| pages \= 489–508 \| date \= November 2004 \| pmid \= 15527534 \| doi \= 10\.1348/0007126042369811 }} published in the *[British Journal of Psychology](/wiki/British_Psychological_Society "British Psychological Society")*. This model has served to frame many studies on the cognitive foundations of art,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Leder H, Nadal M \| title \= Curved art in the real world: A psychological look at the art of Guillaume Bottazzi \| journal \= Vienna Cognitive Science Hub \| date \= 2017 \| url \= https://ucris.univie.ac.at/portal/en/publications/curved\-art\-in\-the\-real\-world\-a\-psychological\-look\-at\-the\-art\-of\-guillaume\-bottazzi(87423f02\-d3c0\-4c81\-9768\-f9e9197de77e).html }} neuroaesthetics, [product design](/wiki/Product_design "Product design"), and [web design](/wiki/Web_design "Web design"), among other fields.
A crucial aspect of research lies in whether aesthetic judgment can be thought of as a [bottom\-up process](/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design "Top-down and bottom-up design") driven by neural primitives or as a top\-down process with high level cognition. Neurologists have had success researching primitives. However, there is a need to define higher level abstract philosophical concepts objectively with neural correlates. A phenomenon called embodied cognition allows art viewers to mentally place themselves inside the artwork, and feel not only as if they were there but feel how the creator of the art may have felt \[1a]. Embodied cognition is a theory that suggests sensory experiences, motor actions, and the environment play significant roles in shaping how we think, reason, and understand the world; our material world is just that, not a projection created by the mind.{{Cite journal\|title \= Embodied Cognition is Not What you Think it is.\| vauthors \= Wilson AD, Golonka S \|date \= February 2013\|journal \= Frontiers in Psychology \| volume \= 4\| page \= 58 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fpsyg.2013\.00058\| doi\-access \= free \| pmid \= 23408669 \| pmc \= 3569617}} It is suggested that aesthetic experience is a function of the interaction between top\-down, intentional orientation of attention and the bottom\-up perceptual facilitation of image construction.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Cupchik GC, Vartanian O, Crawley A, Mikulis DJ \| title \= Viewing artworks: contributions of cognitive control and perceptual facilitation to aesthetic experience \| journal \= Brain and Cognition \| volume \= 70 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 84–91 \| date \= June 2009 \| pmid \= 19223099 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.bandc.2009\.01\.003 \| s2cid \= 24268984 }} In other words, because untrained persons automatically apply the object\-identification habit to viewing artworks, top\-down control to reduce this habit may be necessary to engage aesthetic perception. This suggests that artists would show different levels of activation than non\-artists.
Aesthetic responses to different types of art and techniques has recently been explored. [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism") is the most radical departure from Western forms of art, with the proposed purpose of forcing the viewer to discover less unstable elements of the object to be represented. It eliminates interferences such as lighting and perspective angle to capture objects as they really are. This may be compared to how the brain maintains an object's identity despite varying conditions. [Modern](/wiki/Modern_art "Modern art"), [representational](/wiki/Representational_art "Representational art"), and [impressionistic art](/wiki/Impressionism "Impressionism") has also been studied for the purpose of explaining visual processing systems. Yet aesthetic judgments exists in all domains, not just art.
|
[
"Approaches of study\n-------------------",
"Researchers who have been prominent in the field combine principles from [perceptual psychology](/wiki/Perceptual_psychology \"Perceptual psychology\"), [evolutionary biology](/wiki/Evolutionary_biology \"Evolutionary biology\"), neurological deficits, and functional brain anatomy in order to address the evolutionary meaning of beauty that may be the essence of art.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Tyler CW \\| title \\= Perspectives: neuroscience. Is art lawful? \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 285 \\| issue \\= 5428 \\| pages \\= 673–4 \\| date \\= July 1999 \\| pmid \\= 10454922 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.285\\.5428\\.673 \\| s2cid \\= 142590965 }} Involvement from both the rewards center of the brain and the Default Mode Network, once believed to only play a part in daydreaming, have been implicated in why humans derive pleasure from viewing and creating art.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Your Brain on Art: The Case for Neuroaesthetics.\\| vauthors \\= Magsamen S \\|date \\= July 2019\\|journal \\= Cerebrum\\| volume \\= 2019 \\| pmid \\= 32206171\\| pmc \\= 7075503 }} It is felt that neuroscience is a very promising path for the search for the quantified evaluation of art.{{cite journal\\| vauthors \\=Salah AA \\|title\\=Technoscience art: A bridge between neuroesthetics and art history?\\|journal\\=Review of General Psychology \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=147–158 \\|url\\=http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/12500/12500B.pdf \\|doi\\=10\\.1037/1089\\-2680\\.12\\.2\\.147 \\|year\\=2008 \\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.457\\.8736 \\|s2cid\\=21710020}} With the aim of discovering general rules about aesthetics, one approach is the observation of subjects viewing art and the exploration of the mechanics of [vision](/wiki/Visual_perception \"Visual perception\"). It is proposed that pleasing sensations are derived from the repeated activation of neurons due to primitive visual stimuli such as horizontal and vertical lines. In addition to the generation of theories to explain this, such as [Ramachandran's](/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran \"Vilayanur S. Ramachandran\") set of laws, it is important to use neuroscience to determine and understand the neurological mechanisms involved.",
"Neuroaesthetics approaches can be either [descriptive](/wiki/Descriptive_research \"Descriptive research\") or [experimental](/wiki/Experiment \"Experiment\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=The aesthetic brain: How we evolved to desire beauty and enjoy art\\| vauthors \\= Chatterjee A \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=9780199811809 \\|location\\=New York, NY\\|oclc\\=858861779\\|author\\-link\\=Anjan Chatterjee (neuroscientist)\\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/aestheticbrainho0000chat}} Descriptive neuroaesthetics refers to the practice of mapping properties of the brain onto aesthetic experiences. For example, if color is important to the experience of [Fauvist art](/wiki/Fauvism \"Fauvism\"), then it is likely that [areas of the brain that process color](/wiki/Color_vision%23Color_in_the_human_brain \"Color vision#Color in the human brain\") will be engaged when looking at such art. The claims of descriptive neuroaesthetics are regarded as hypothesis\\-generating and are typically [qualitative](/wiki/Qualitative_research \"Qualitative research\") in nature. Experimental neuroaesthetics, like any experimental science, produces data that are [quantitative](/wiki/Quantitative_research \"Quantitative research\") and vetted statistically. Experimental neuroaesthetics tests [hypotheses](/wiki/Hypothesis \"Hypothesis\"), predicts results, and invites [replication](/wiki/Replication_%28science%29 \"Replication (science)\") or falsification. The typical experimental methods used are those of [cognitive neuroscience](/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience \"Cognitive neuroscience\"): [fMRI](/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Functional magnetic resonance imaging\"), [ERP](/wiki/Event-related_potential \"Event-related potential\"), [TMS](/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation \"Transcranial magnetic stimulation\"), [TDCS](/wiki/Transcranial_direct-current_stimulation \"Transcranial direct-current stimulation\"), and [neuropsychology](/wiki/Neuropsychology \"Neuropsychology\"). Critics of neuroaesthetics typically target descriptive and not experimental neuroaesthetics.{{Cite journal\\| vauthors \\= Croft J \\|date\\=2011\\|title\\=The challenges of interdisciplinary epistemology in neuroaesthetics\\|journal\\=Mind, Brain, and Education \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=5–11 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1751\\-228X.2011\\.01103\\.x}}{{Cite journal\\| vauthors \\= Tallis R \\|date\\=2008 \\|title\\=The limitations of a neurological approach to art\\|journal\\=The Lancet\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=372\\|issue\\=9632\\|pages\\=19–20 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(08\\)60975\\-7 \\|s2cid\\=54349231 \\|issn\\=0140\\-6736\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal\\| vauthors \\= Chatterjee A \\| author\\-link\\=Anjan Chatterjee (neuroscientist) \\|date\\=Summer 2011\\|title\\=Where there be dragons: Finding the edges of neuroaesthetics \\|url\\=https://aesthetics\\-online.org/page/ChatterjeeNeuro\\|journal\\=American Society for Aesthetics Newsletter \\|volume\\=31 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=4–6}}",
"The link between specific brain areas and artistic activity is of great importance to the field of neuroesthetics. This can be applied both to the ability to create and interpret art. A common approach to uncover the neural mechanisms is through the study of individuals, specifically artists, with neural disorders such as [savant syndrome](/wiki/Savant_syndrome \"Savant syndrome\") or some form of [traumatic injury](/wiki/Traumatic_injury \"Traumatic injury\"). The analysis of art created by these patients provides valuable insights to the brain areas responsible for capturing the essence of art.",
"The aesthetic enjoyment of individuals can be investigated using brain imaging experiments. When subjects are confronted with images of a particular level of aesthetics, the specific brain areas that are activated can be identified. It is argued that the sense of beauty and aesthetic judgment presupposes a change in the activation of the brain's reward system.",
"In 2004, [Helmut Leder](/wiki/Helmut_Leder \"Helmut Leder\") has developed a broad research program on the psychology of aesthetics and the [arts](/wiki/Arts \"Arts\"). This program was introduced as a cognitive model of the appreciation of art in a paper{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Leder H, Belke B, Oeberst A, Augustin D \\| title \\= A model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments \\| journal \\= British Journal of Psychology \\|location \\= London, England \\| volume \\= 95 \\| issue \\= Pt 4 \\| pages \\= 489–508 \\| date \\= November 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15527534 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1348/0007126042369811 }} published in the *[British Journal of Psychology](/wiki/British_Psychological_Society \"British Psychological Society\")*. This model has served to frame many studies on the cognitive foundations of art,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Leder H, Nadal M \\| title \\= Curved art in the real world: A psychological look at the art of Guillaume Bottazzi \\| journal \\= Vienna Cognitive Science Hub \\| date \\= 2017 \\| url \\= https://ucris.univie.ac.at/portal/en/publications/curved\\-art\\-in\\-the\\-real\\-world\\-a\\-psychological\\-look\\-at\\-the\\-art\\-of\\-guillaume\\-bottazzi(87423f02\\-d3c0\\-4c81\\-9768\\-f9e9197de77e).html }} neuroaesthetics, [product design](/wiki/Product_design \"Product design\"), and [web design](/wiki/Web_design \"Web design\"), among other fields.",
"A crucial aspect of research lies in whether aesthetic judgment can be thought of as a [bottom\\-up process](/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design \"Top-down and bottom-up design\") driven by neural primitives or as a top\\-down process with high level cognition. Neurologists have had success researching primitives. However, there is a need to define higher level abstract philosophical concepts objectively with neural correlates. A phenomenon called embodied cognition allows art viewers to mentally place themselves inside the artwork, and feel not only as if they were there but feel how the creator of the art may have felt \\[1a]. Embodied cognition is a theory that suggests sensory experiences, motor actions, and the environment play significant roles in shaping how we think, reason, and understand the world; our material world is just that, not a projection created by the mind.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Embodied Cognition is Not What you Think it is.\\| vauthors \\= Wilson AD, Golonka S \\|date \\= February 2013\\|journal \\= Frontiers in Psychology \\| volume \\= 4\\| page \\= 58 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fpsyg.2013\\.00058\\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| pmid \\= 23408669 \\| pmc \\= 3569617}} It is suggested that aesthetic experience is a function of the interaction between top\\-down, intentional orientation of attention and the bottom\\-up perceptual facilitation of image construction.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Cupchik GC, Vartanian O, Crawley A, Mikulis DJ \\| title \\= Viewing artworks: contributions of cognitive control and perceptual facilitation to aesthetic experience \\| journal \\= Brain and Cognition \\| volume \\= 70 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 84–91 \\| date \\= June 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19223099 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.bandc.2009\\.01\\.003 \\| s2cid \\= 24268984 }} In other words, because untrained persons automatically apply the object\\-identification habit to viewing artworks, top\\-down control to reduce this habit may be necessary to engage aesthetic perception. This suggests that artists would show different levels of activation than non\\-artists.",
"Aesthetic responses to different types of art and techniques has recently been explored. [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism \"Cubism\") is the most radical departure from Western forms of art, with the proposed purpose of forcing the viewer to discover less unstable elements of the object to be represented. It eliminates interferences such as lighting and perspective angle to capture objects as they really are. This may be compared to how the brain maintains an object's identity despite varying conditions. [Modern](/wiki/Modern_art \"Modern art\"), [representational](/wiki/Representational_art \"Representational art\"), and [impressionistic art](/wiki/Impressionism \"Impressionism\") has also been studied for the purpose of explaining visual processing systems. Yet aesthetic judgments exists in all domains, not just art.",
""
] |
Frameworks
----------
### Aesthetic triad
Aesthetic experiences are an emergent property of interactions among a triad of neural systems that involve sensory\-motor, emotion\-valuation, and meaning\-knowledge circuitry.{{Cite encyclopedia\| vauthors \= Shimamura AP \|title\=Toward a science of aesthetics\|encyclopedia\=Aesthetic science: Connecting minds, brains, and experience\| veditors \= Shimamura AP, Palmer SE \|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|location\=New York, NY\|isbn\=9780199732142\|doi\=10\.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732142\.003\.0010\|url\=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10\.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732142\.001\.0001/acprof\-9780199732142\-chapter\-001\|date\=2011\|oclc\=900639942}} Understanding that much of the research done on neuroaesthetics utilizes the aesthetic triad. The aesthetic triad are the components of the neural system utilized in an aesthetic experience and in research method, these components include sensory\-motor, knowledge meaning and emotional valuation. The sensory\- motor aspect is our automatic response to the recognition of objects and our engagement with said objects through our natural embodied reactions, while knowledge meaning establishes the understanding that our experience depends on the context and content present within the experience as shown in studies on neuroaesthetics, lastly the emotional valuation of these experiences is the component of our emotional response of either anger, fear, elation, or awe in these settings. Exploring the different subtopics of neuroaesthetics and the research being done aligns with this aesthetic triad.
The visual brain segregates visual elements like luminance, color, and motion, as well as higher order objects like faces, bodies, and landscapes. Aesthetic encounters engage these sensory systems. For example, gazing at [Van Gogh's](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh "Vincent van Gogh") dynamic paintings evokes a subjective sense of movement and activates [visual motion areas V5/MT\+](/wiki/Visual_cortex%23Middle_temporal_visual_area_%28V5%29 "Visual cortex#Middle temporal visual area (V5)").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Thakral PP, Moo LR, Slotnick SD \| title \= A neural mechanism for aesthetic experience \| journal \= NeuroReport \| volume \= 23 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 310–3 \| date \= March 2012 \| pmid \= 22357395 \| doi \= 10\.1097/WNR.0b013e328351759f \| s2cid \= 17485395 }} Portraits activate the [face area in the fusiform gyrus (FFA)](/wiki/Fusiform_face_area "Fusiform face area") and landscape paintings activate the place area in the [parahippocampal gyrus (PPA)](/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus%23Scene_recognition "Parahippocampal gyrus#Scene recognition").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Yue X, Vessel EA, Biederman I \| title \= The neural basis of scene preferences \| journal \= NeuroReport \| volume \= 18 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 525–529 \| date \= April 2007 \| pmid \= 17413651 \| doi \= 10\.1097/WNR.0b013e328091c1f9 \| s2cid \= 11587403 }} Beyond classifying visual elements, these sensory areas may also be involved in evaluating them. Beautiful faces activate the fusiform face and adjacent areas.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Chatterjee A, Thomas A, Smith SE, Aguirre GK \| title \= The neural response to facial attractiveness \| journal \= Neuropsychology \| volume \= 23 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 135–43 \| date \= March 2009 \| pmid \= 19254086 \| doi \= 10\.1037/a0014430 \| s2cid \= 15350936 }} The question of how much and what kind of valuation takes place in sensory cortices is an area of active inquiry.
Looking at paintings that depict actions also engages parts of people's [motor systems](/wiki/Motor_system "Motor system"). This engagement taps into the extended [mirror neuron](/wiki/Mirror_neuron "Mirror neuron") system. Mirror neurons, first discovered in monkeys, are neurons that respond to both the execution and perception of actions.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G \| title \= Action recognition in the premotor cortex \| journal \= Brain \| volume \= 119 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 593–609 \| date \= April 1996 \| pmid \= 8800951 \| doi \= 10\.1093/brain/119\.2\.593 \| doi\-access \= free }} A similar system exists in humans.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Cattaneo L, Rizzolatti G \| title \= The mirror neuron system \| journal \= Archives of Neurology \| volume \= 66 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 557–60 \| date \= May 2009 \| pmid \= 19433654 \| doi \= 10\.1001/archneurol.2009\.41 \| doi\-access \= }} This system resonates when people infer the intent of artistic gestures or observe the consequences of actions such as in [Lucio Fontana's](/wiki/Lucio_Fontana "Lucio Fontana") cut canvases. This subtle motor engagement may represent an [embodied](/wiki/Embodied_cognition "Embodied cognition") element of our empathetic responses to visual art.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Freedberg D, Gallese V \| title \= Motion, emotion and empathy in esthetic experience \| journal \= Trends in Cognitive Sciences \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 197–203 \| date \= May 2007 \| pmid \= 17347026 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.tics.2007\.02\.003 \| s2cid \= 1996468 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Umilta' MA, Berchio C, Sestito M, Freedberg D, Gallese V \| title \= Abstract art and cortical motor activation: an EEG study \| journal \= Frontiers in Human Neuroscience \| volume \= 6 \| pages \= 311 \| date \= 2012 \| pmid \= 23162456 \| pmc \= 3499799 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fnhum.2012\.00311 \| doi\-access \= free }}
The pleasure that people derive from looking at beautiful objects automatically engages [general reward circuitry](/wiki/Reward_system "Reward system").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kühn S, Gallinat J \| title \= The neural correlates of subjective pleasantness \| journal \= NeuroImage \| volume \= 61 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 289–94 \| date \= May 2012 \| pmid \= 22406357 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.neuroimage.2012\.02\.065 \| s2cid \= 6283390 }} For example, attractive faces activate the FFA and parts of the ventral [striatum](/wiki/Striatum "Striatum"){{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kim H, Adolphs R, O'Doherty JP, Shimojo S \| title \= Temporal isolation of neural processes underlying face preference decisions \| journal \= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume \= 104 \| issue \= 46 \| pages \= 18253–8 \| date \= November 2007 \| pmid \= 17989234 \| pmc \= 2084329 \| doi \= 10\.1073/pnas.0703101104 \| bibcode \= 2007PNAS..10418253K \| doi\-access \= free }} even when people are not thinking explicitly about the attractiveness of these faces. The orbito\- and medial\-frontal cortex, the ventral striatum, [anterior cingulate](/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex "Anterior cingulate cortex") and [insula](/wiki/Insular_cortex "Insular cortex") respond to beautiful visual images{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Jacobs RH, Renken R, Cornelissen FW \| title \= Neural correlates of visual aesthetics\-\-beauty as the coalescence of stimulus and internal state \| journal \= PLOS ONE \| volume \= 7 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= e31248 \| date \= 2012 \| pmid \= 22384006 \| pmc \= 3285156 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0031248 \| bibcode \= 2012PLoSO...731248J \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Jacobsen T, Schubotz RI, Höfel L, Cramon DY \| title \= Brain correlates of aesthetic judgment of beauty \| journal \= NeuroImage \| volume \= 29 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 276–85 \| date \= January 2006 \| pmid \= 16087351 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.neuroimage.2005\.07\.010 \| s2cid \= 10904306 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Vartanian O, Goel V \| title \= Neuroanatomical correlates of aesthetic preference for paintings \| journal \= NeuroReport \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 893–7 \| date \= April 2004 \| pmid \= 15073538 \| doi \= 10\.1097/00001756\-200404090\-00032 \| s2cid \= 7892067 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kawabata H, Zeki S \| title \= Neural correlates of beauty \| journal \= Journal of Neurophysiology \| volume \= 91 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 1699–705 \| date \= April 2004 \| pmid \= 15010496 \| doi \= 10\.1152/jn.00696\.2003 \| s2cid \= 13828130 }} and the medial orbitofrontal cortex and adjacent [cingulate cortex](/wiki/Cingulate_cortex "Cingulate cortex") respond to different sources of pleasures including music{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ishizu T, Zeki S \| title \= Toward a brain\-based theory of beauty \| journal \= PLOS ONE \| volume \= 6 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= e21852 \| date \= 2011 \| pmid \= 21755004 \| pmc \= 3130765 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0021852 \| bibcode \= 2011PLoSO...621852I \| doi\-access \= free }} and even architectural spaces.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Vartanian O, Navarrete G, Chatterjee A, Fich LB, Leder H, Modroño C, Nadal M, Rostrup N, Skov M \| title \= Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach\-avoidance decisions in architecture \| journal \= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume \= 110 \| issue \= Supplement 2 \| pages \= 10446–53 \| date \= June 2013 \| pmid \= 23754408 \| pmc \= 3690611 \| doi \= 10\.1073/pnas.1301227110 \| doi\-access \= free }}
Kirk and colleagues{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kirk U, Skov M, Hulme O, Christensen MS, Zeki S \| title \= Modulation of aesthetic value by semantic context: an fMRI study \| journal \= NeuroImage \| volume \= 44 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 1125–32 \| date \= February 2009 \| pmid \= 19010423 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.neuroimage.2008\.10\.009 \| s2cid \= 17891964 }} investigated the effects of expectations on neural responses. People rated abstract "art\-like" images as more attractive if labeled as being from a museum than labeled as generated by a computer. This preference was accompanied by greater neural activity in the medial orbitofrontal and [ventromedial prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex "Ventromedial prefrontal cortex"). Thinking an image was a museum piece also produced activity in the [entorhinal cortex](/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex "Entorhinal cortex"), suggesting that people's expectations draw on memories that enhance (or probably also diminish) visual pleasure. Similarly, Lacey and colleagues{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lacey S, Hagtvedt H, Patrick VM, Anderson A, Stilla R, Deshpande G, Hu X, Sato JR, Reddy S, Sathian K \| title \= Art for reward's sake: visual art recruits the ventral striatum \| journal \= NeuroImage \| volume \= 55 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 420–33 \| date \= March 2011 \| pmid \= 21111833 \| pmc \= 3031763 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.neuroimage.2010\.11\.027 }} found that people's ventral striatum and parts of the orbitofrontal cortex were more responsive to the "art status" than to the actual content of visual images. Huang and colleagues{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Huang M, Bridge H, Kemp MJ, Parker AJ \| title \= Human cortical activity evoked by the assignment of authenticity when viewing works of art \| journal \= Frontiers in Human Neuroscience \| volume \= 5 \| pages \= 134 \| date \= 2011 \| pmid \= 22164139 \| pmc \= 3225016 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fnhum.2011\.00134 \| doi\-access \= free }} found that people have different neural responses when told that they are looking at an authentic or copied [Rembrandt](/wiki/Rembrandt "Rembrandt") portrait. Authentic portraits evoked orbitofrontal activity, whereas copies evoked neural responses in the [frontopolar cortex](/wiki/Brodmann_area_10 "Brodmann area 10") and the right [precuneus](/wiki/Precuneus "Precuneus").
Alternatively, according to the Neo\-Kantian approach, "aesthetic pleasure arises from the fitting of predictive representations to sensory experiences".{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Chen L, Jones A \| title \= The Impact of Meditation on Brain Plasticity: A Systematic Review of Imaging Studies \| journal \=Frontiers in Neuroscience \| volume \= 17 \| pages \= 1225308 \| date \= July 2023 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fnins.2023\.1225308 \| doi\-access \= free \| pmid \= 37521683 \| pmc \= 10381953 }} When our predictive representations align well with our sensory experiences, it results in a sense of aesthetic pleasure. This alignment might involve things like finding coherence, harmony, or resonance between what we expected and what we actually perceive.The implication of these studies is that context and knowledge beyond the sensory qualities of visual images demonstrably affects people's neural activity in aesthetic experiences.
### Semir Zeki's laws of the visual brain
[Semir Zeki](/wiki/Semir_Zeki "Semir Zeki"), professor of neuroesthetics at the [University College of London](/wiki/University_College_London "University College London"), views art as an example of the variability of the brain.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zeki S \| title \= Essays on science and society. Artistic creativity and the brain \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 293 \| issue \= 5527 \| pages \= 51–2 \| date \= July 2001 \| pmid \= 11441167 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.1062331 \| s2cid \= 141795803 }}{{cite book \| vauthors \= Zeki S \| date \= 2008 \| title \= Splendours and Miseries of the Brain \| publisher \= Wiley Blackwell \| isbn \= 978\-1\-4051\-8558\-5 \| oclc \= 783443550 }} Thus a neurological approach to the source of this variability may explain particular [subjective](/wiki/Subjectivity "Subjectivity") experiences as well as the ranges of abilities to create and experience art. Zeki theorizes that artists [unconsciously](/wiki/Unconscious_mind "Unconscious mind") use techniques to create visual art to study the brain. Zeki suggests that
> "...the artist is in a sense, a neuroscientist, exploring the potentials and capacities of the brain, though with different tools. How such creations can arouse aesthetic experiences can only be fully understood in neural terms. Such an understanding is now well within our reach."{{cite web \| vauthors \= Zeki S \| url \= http://www.neuroesthetics.org/statement\-on\-neuroesthetics.php \| title \= Statement on Neuroesthetics \| work \= neuroesthetics.org \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090913082254/http://www.neuroesthetics.org/statement\-on\-neuroesthetics.php \| archive\-date\= 13 September 2009 \| date \= 24 November 2009 }}
He proposes two supreme laws of the visual brain:
#### Constancy
Despite the changes that occur when processing visual stimuli ([distance](/wiki/Distance "Distance"), [viewing angle](/wiki/Viewing_angle "Viewing angle"), illumination, etc.), the brain has the unique ability to retain knowledge of constant and essential properties of an object and discard irrelevant dynamic properties. This applies not only to the ability to, for example, always see a [banana](/wiki/Banana "Banana") as the color yellow but also the [recognition of faces](/wiki/Face_perception "Face perception") at varying angles.
Comparatively, a work of art captures the essence of an object. The creation of art itself may be modeled off of this primitive neural function. The process of painting for example involves distilling an object down to represent it as it really is, which differs from the way the eyes see it. Zeki also tried to represent the [Platonic Ideal](/wiki/Theory_of_Forms "Theory of Forms") and the [Hegelian Concept](/wiki/Hegelianism "Hegelianism") through the statement: forms do not have an existence without a brain and the ability for stored memory, referring to how artists such as [Monet](/wiki/Claude_Monet "Claude Monet") could paint without knowing what the objects are in order to capture their true form.
#### Abstraction
This process refers to the hierarchical coordination where a general representation can be applied to many particulars, allowing the brain to efficiently process visual stimuli. The ability to abstract may have evolved as a necessity due to the limitations of memory. In a way, art externalizes the functions of [abstraction](/wiki/Abstraction "Abstraction") in the brain. The process of abstraction is unknown to cognitive [neurobiology](/wiki/Neuroscience "Neuroscience"). However, Zeki proposes an interesting question of whether there is a significant difference in the pattern of brain activity when viewing abstract art as opposed to representational art.
### Ramachandran's eight laws of artistic experience
[Vilayanur S. Ramachandran](/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran "Vilayanur S. Ramachandran") and his fellow researchers including [William Hirstein](/wiki/William_Hirstein "William Hirstein"), developed a highly speculative theory of human artistic experience and the neural mechanisms that mediate it. These "laws" combine to develop underlying high order concepts of the human artistic experience. Although not all encompassing as there are undoubtedly many other principles of artistic experience, the theorists claim that they provide a framework for understanding aspects of [visual art](/wiki/Visual_arts "Visual arts"), [style](/wiki/Style_%28visual_arts%29 "Style (visual arts)") and [design](/wiki/Design "Design"). Although testing of these principles quantitatively may provide future evidence for specific areas of the brain responsible for one kind of aesthetic appeal, the theory faces substantial [philosophical](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy") and historical objections.
#### Peak shift principle
This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal [discrimination learning](/wiki/Discrimination_learning "Discrimination learning"). In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For instance, a [rat](/wiki/Rat "Rat") is trained to discriminate a square from a rectangle by being rewarded for recognizing the rectangle. The rat will respond more frequently to the object for which it is being rewarded to the point that a rat will respond to a rectangle that is longer and more narrow with a higher frequency than the original with which it was trained. This is called a [supernormal stimulus](/wiki/Supernormal_stimulus "Supernormal stimulus"). The fact that the rat is responding more to a "super" rectangle implies that it is learning a rule.
This effect can be applied to human [pattern recognition](/wiki/Pattern_recognition "Pattern recognition") and aesthetic preference. Some artists attempt to capture the very essence of something in order to evoke a direct [emotional response](/wiki/Emotion "Emotion"). In other words, they try to make a "super" rectangle to get the viewer to have an enhanced response. To capture the essence of something, an artist amplifies the differences of that object, or what makes it unique, to highlight the essential features and reduce redundant information. This process mimics what the visual areas of the brain have evolved to do and more powerfully activates the same neural mechanisms that were originally activated by the original object.
Some artists deliberately exaggerate creative components such as [shading](/wiki/Shading "Shading"), highlights, and illumination to an extent that would never occur in a real image to produce a [caricature](/wiki/Caricature "Caricature"). These artists may be unconsciously producing heightened activity in the specific areas of the brain in a manner that is not obvious to the conscious mind. A significant portion of the experience of art is not self\-consciously reflected upon by audiences, so it is not clear whether the peak\-shift thesis has any special explanatory power in understanding the creation and reception of art.
#### Isolation
Isolating a single visual cue helps the organism allocate attention to the output of a single module, thereby allowing it to more effectively enjoy the peak shift along the dimensions represented in that module. In other words, there is a need to isolate the desired visual form before that aspect is amplified. This is why an outline [drawing](/wiki/Drawing "Drawing") or sketch is sometimes more effective as art than an original [color photograph](/wiki/Color_photography "Color photography"). For example, a [cartoonist](/wiki/Cartoonist "Cartoonist") may exaggerate certain [facial features](/wiki/Face "Face") which are unique to the character and remove other forms which it shares such as [skin tones](/wiki/Human_skin_color "Human skin color"). This efficiency prevents non\-unique features from detracting from the image. This is why one can predict that an outline drawing would be more aesthetically pleasing than a color photograph.
The viewer's attention is drawn towards this single area allowing one's attention to be focused on this source of information. Enhancements introduced by the artist more carefully noted resulting in the amplification of [limbic system](/wiki/Limbic_system "Limbic system") activation and reinforcement.
#### Grouping
Perceptual grouping to delineate a figure from the background may be enjoyable. The source of the pleasure may have come about because of the evolutionary necessity to give organisms an incentive to uncover objects, such as [predators](/wiki/Predation "Predation"), from noisy environments. For example, when viewing [ink blots](/wiki/Rorschach_test "Rorschach test"), the visual system segments the scene to defeat [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage "Camouflage") and link a subset of splotches together. This may be accomplished most effectively if limbic reinforcement is [fed back](/wiki/Feedback "Feedback") to early vision at every stage of visual processing leading up to the discovery of the object. The key idea is that due to the limited attentional resources, constant feedback facilitates processing of features at earlier stages due to the discovery of a clue which produces limbic activation to draw one's attention to important features. Though not spontaneous, this reinforcement is the source of the pleasant sensation. The discovery of the object itself results in a pleasant 'aha' revelation causing the organism to hold onto the image.
An artist can make use of this phenomenon by teasing the system. This allows for temporary binding to be communicated by a signal to the limbic system for reinforcement which is a source of the aesthetic experience.
#### Contrast
Extracting contrast involves eliminating redundant information and focusing attention. Cells in the [retina](/wiki/Retina "Retina"), the [lateral geniculate body](/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus "Lateral geniculate nucleus") or relay station in the brain, and in the [visual cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex "Visual cortex") respond predominantly to step changes in luminance rather than homogeneous surface colors. Smooth [gradients](/wiki/Gradient "Gradient") are much harder for the visual system to detect rather than segmented divisions of shades resulting in easily detectable edges. Contrasts due to the formation of edges may be pleasing to the eye. The importance of the visual neuron's varying responses to the orientation and presence of edges has previously been proven by [David H. Hubel](/wiki/David_H._Hubel "David H. Hubel") and [Torsten Wiesel](/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel "Torsten Wiesel").
{{cite book \| title \= Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25\-year collaboration \| vauthors \= Hubel DH, Wiesel TM \| publisher \= Oxford University Press US \| year \= 2005 \| isbn \= 978\-0\-19\-517618\-6 \| page \= 106 \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=8YrxWojxUA4C\&q\=hubel\+1959\&pg\=PA106 }} This may hold evolutionary significance since regions of contrast are information rich requiring reinforcement and the allocation of attention. In contrast to the principle of grouping, contrasting features are typically in close proximity eliminating the need to link distant, but similar features.
#### Perceptual problem solving
Tied to the detection of contrast and grouping is the concept that discovery of an object after a struggle is more pleasing than one which is instantaneously obvious. The mechanism ensures that the struggle is reinforcing so that the viewer continues to look until the discovery. From a survival point of view, this may be important for the continued search for predators. Ramachandran suggests for the same reason that a model whose [hips](/wiki/Hip "Hip") and [breasts](/wiki/Breast "Breast") are about to be revealed is more provocative than one who is already completely naked. A meaning that is implied is more alluring than one that is explicit.
#### Generic viewpoint
The visual system dislikes interpretations which rely on a unique vantage point. Rather it accepts the visual interpretation for which there is an infinite set of viewpoints that could produce the class of retinal images. For example, in a [landscape](/wiki/Landscape_photography "Landscape photography") image, it will interpret an object in the foreground as obscuring an object in the background, rather than assuming that the background figure has a piece missing.
In theory, if an artist is trying to please the eye, they should avoid such coincidences. However, in certain applications, the violation of this principle can also produce a pleasing effect.
#### Visual metaphors
Ramachandran defines a metaphor as a mental tunnel between two concepts that appear grossly dissimilar on the surface, but instead share a deeper connection. Similar to the effects of perceptual problem solving, grasping an [analogy](/wiki/Analogy "Analogy") is rewarding. It enables the viewer to highlight crucial aspects that the two objects share. Although it is uncertain whether the reason for this mechanism is for effective communication or purely cognitive, the discovery of similarities between superficially dissimilar events leads to activation of the limbic system to create a rewarding process.
Support for this view is highlighted by the symptoms of [Capgras delusion](/wiki/Capgras_delusion "Capgras delusion"), where sufferers experience reduced facial recognition due to impairments in the connections from the [inferotemporal cortex](/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus "Inferior temporal gyrus") to the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala "Amygdala"), which is responsible for emotions. The result is that a person no longer experiences the warm fuzzy feeling when presented with a familiar face. A person's "glow" is lost through what is suggested as due to the lack of limbic activation.
#### Symmetry
The aesthetic appeal of [symmetry](/wiki/Symmetry "Symmetry") is easily understandable. Biologically it is important during the detection of a predator, location of prey, and the choosing of a mate as all of these tend to display symmetry in nature. It complements other principles relating to the discovering of information rich objects. Additionally, evolutionary biologists suggest that the predisposition towards symmetry is because biologically, [asymmetry](/wiki/Asymmetry "Asymmetry") is associated with [infection](/wiki/Infection "Infection") and [disease](/wiki/Disease "Disease"), which can lead to poor mate selection. However, departures from symmetry in visual art are also widely considered beautiful, suggesting that while symmetry may explain the judgment that a particular individual's face is beautiful, it cannot explain the judgment that a work of art is beautiful.
|
[
"Frameworks\n----------",
"### Aesthetic triad",
"Aesthetic experiences are an emergent property of interactions among a triad of neural systems that involve sensory\\-motor, emotion\\-valuation, and meaning\\-knowledge circuitry.{{Cite encyclopedia\\| vauthors \\= Shimamura AP \\|title\\=Toward a science of aesthetics\\|encyclopedia\\=Aesthetic science: Connecting minds, brains, and experience\\| veditors \\= Shimamura AP, Palmer SE \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|location\\=New York, NY\\|isbn\\=9780199732142\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732142\\.003\\.0010\\|url\\=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10\\.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732142\\.001\\.0001/acprof\\-9780199732142\\-chapter\\-001\\|date\\=2011\\|oclc\\=900639942}} Understanding that much of the research done on neuroaesthetics utilizes the aesthetic triad. The aesthetic triad are the components of the neural system utilized in an aesthetic experience and in research method, these components include sensory\\-motor, knowledge meaning and emotional valuation. The sensory\\- motor aspect is our automatic response to the recognition of objects and our engagement with said objects through our natural embodied reactions, while knowledge meaning establishes the understanding that our experience depends on the context and content present within the experience as shown in studies on neuroaesthetics, lastly the emotional valuation of these experiences is the component of our emotional response of either anger, fear, elation, or awe in these settings. Exploring the different subtopics of neuroaesthetics and the research being done aligns with this aesthetic triad.",
"The visual brain segregates visual elements like luminance, color, and motion, as well as higher order objects like faces, bodies, and landscapes. Aesthetic encounters engage these sensory systems. For example, gazing at [Van Gogh's](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh \"Vincent van Gogh\") dynamic paintings evokes a subjective sense of movement and activates [visual motion areas V5/MT\\+](/wiki/Visual_cortex%23Middle_temporal_visual_area_%28V5%29 \"Visual cortex#Middle temporal visual area (V5)\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Thakral PP, Moo LR, Slotnick SD \\| title \\= A neural mechanism for aesthetic experience \\| journal \\= NeuroReport \\| volume \\= 23 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 310–3 \\| date \\= March 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22357395 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/WNR.0b013e328351759f \\| s2cid \\= 17485395 }} Portraits activate the [face area in the fusiform gyrus (FFA)](/wiki/Fusiform_face_area \"Fusiform face area\") and landscape paintings activate the place area in the [parahippocampal gyrus (PPA)](/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus%23Scene_recognition \"Parahippocampal gyrus#Scene recognition\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Yue X, Vessel EA, Biederman I \\| title \\= The neural basis of scene preferences \\| journal \\= NeuroReport \\| volume \\= 18 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 525–529 \\| date \\= April 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17413651 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/WNR.0b013e328091c1f9 \\| s2cid \\= 11587403 }} Beyond classifying visual elements, these sensory areas may also be involved in evaluating them. Beautiful faces activate the fusiform face and adjacent areas.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Chatterjee A, Thomas A, Smith SE, Aguirre GK \\| title \\= The neural response to facial attractiveness \\| journal \\= Neuropsychology \\| volume \\= 23 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 135–43 \\| date \\= March 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19254086 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1037/a0014430 \\| s2cid \\= 15350936 }} The question of how much and what kind of valuation takes place in sensory cortices is an area of active inquiry.",
"Looking at paintings that depict actions also engages parts of people's [motor systems](/wiki/Motor_system \"Motor system\"). This engagement taps into the extended [mirror neuron](/wiki/Mirror_neuron \"Mirror neuron\") system. Mirror neurons, first discovered in monkeys, are neurons that respond to both the execution and perception of actions.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G \\| title \\= Action recognition in the premotor cortex \\| journal \\= Brain \\| volume \\= 119 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 593–609 \\| date \\= April 1996 \\| pmid \\= 8800951 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/brain/119\\.2\\.593 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} A similar system exists in humans.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Cattaneo L, Rizzolatti G \\| title \\= The mirror neuron system \\| journal \\= Archives of Neurology \\| volume \\= 66 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 557–60 \\| date \\= May 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19433654 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1001/archneurol.2009\\.41 \\| doi\\-access \\= }} This system resonates when people infer the intent of artistic gestures or observe the consequences of actions such as in [Lucio Fontana's](/wiki/Lucio_Fontana \"Lucio Fontana\") cut canvases. This subtle motor engagement may represent an [embodied](/wiki/Embodied_cognition \"Embodied cognition\") element of our empathetic responses to visual art.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Freedberg D, Gallese V \\| title \\= Motion, emotion and empathy in esthetic experience \\| journal \\= Trends in Cognitive Sciences \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 197–203 \\| date \\= May 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17347026 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.tics.2007\\.02\\.003 \\| s2cid \\= 1996468 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Umilta' MA, Berchio C, Sestito M, Freedberg D, Gallese V \\| title \\= Abstract art and cortical motor activation: an EEG study \\| journal \\= Frontiers in Human Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 311 \\| date \\= 2012 \\| pmid \\= 23162456 \\| pmc \\= 3499799 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fnhum.2012\\.00311 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"The pleasure that people derive from looking at beautiful objects automatically engages [general reward circuitry](/wiki/Reward_system \"Reward system\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kühn S, Gallinat J \\| title \\= The neural correlates of subjective pleasantness \\| journal \\= NeuroImage \\| volume \\= 61 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 289–94 \\| date \\= May 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22406357 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.neuroimage.2012\\.02\\.065 \\| s2cid \\= 6283390 }} For example, attractive faces activate the FFA and parts of the ventral [striatum](/wiki/Striatum \"Striatum\"){{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kim H, Adolphs R, O'Doherty JP, Shimojo S \\| title \\= Temporal isolation of neural processes underlying face preference decisions \\| journal \\= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\| volume \\= 104 \\| issue \\= 46 \\| pages \\= 18253–8 \\| date \\= November 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17989234 \\| pmc \\= 2084329 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1073/pnas.0703101104 \\| bibcode \\= 2007PNAS..10418253K \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} even when people are not thinking explicitly about the attractiveness of these faces. The orbito\\- and medial\\-frontal cortex, the ventral striatum, [anterior cingulate](/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex \"Anterior cingulate cortex\") and [insula](/wiki/Insular_cortex \"Insular cortex\") respond to beautiful visual images{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Jacobs RH, Renken R, Cornelissen FW \\| title \\= Neural correlates of visual aesthetics\\-\\-beauty as the coalescence of stimulus and internal state \\| journal \\= PLOS ONE \\| volume \\= 7 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= e31248 \\| date \\= 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22384006 \\| pmc \\= 3285156 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0031248 \\| bibcode \\= 2012PLoSO...731248J \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Jacobsen T, Schubotz RI, Höfel L, Cramon DY \\| title \\= Brain correlates of aesthetic judgment of beauty \\| journal \\= NeuroImage \\| volume \\= 29 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 276–85 \\| date \\= January 2006 \\| pmid \\= 16087351 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.neuroimage.2005\\.07\\.010 \\| s2cid \\= 10904306 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Vartanian O, Goel V \\| title \\= Neuroanatomical correlates of aesthetic preference for paintings \\| journal \\= NeuroReport \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 893–7 \\| date \\= April 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15073538 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/00001756\\-200404090\\-00032 \\| s2cid \\= 7892067 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kawabata H, Zeki S \\| title \\= Neural correlates of beauty \\| journal \\= Journal of Neurophysiology \\| volume \\= 91 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 1699–705 \\| date \\= April 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15010496 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1152/jn.00696\\.2003 \\| s2cid \\= 13828130 }} and the medial orbitofrontal cortex and adjacent [cingulate cortex](/wiki/Cingulate_cortex \"Cingulate cortex\") respond to different sources of pleasures including music{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ishizu T, Zeki S \\| title \\= Toward a brain\\-based theory of beauty \\| journal \\= PLOS ONE \\| volume \\= 6 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= e21852 \\| date \\= 2011 \\| pmid \\= 21755004 \\| pmc \\= 3130765 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0021852 \\| bibcode \\= 2011PLoSO...621852I \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} and even architectural spaces.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Vartanian O, Navarrete G, Chatterjee A, Fich LB, Leder H, Modroño C, Nadal M, Rostrup N, Skov M \\| title \\= Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach\\-avoidance decisions in architecture \\| journal \\= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\| volume \\= 110 \\| issue \\= Supplement 2 \\| pages \\= 10446–53 \\| date \\= June 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23754408 \\| pmc \\= 3690611 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1073/pnas.1301227110 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"Kirk and colleagues{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kirk U, Skov M, Hulme O, Christensen MS, Zeki S \\| title \\= Modulation of aesthetic value by semantic context: an fMRI study \\| journal \\= NeuroImage \\| volume \\= 44 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 1125–32 \\| date \\= February 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19010423 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.neuroimage.2008\\.10\\.009 \\| s2cid \\= 17891964 }} investigated the effects of expectations on neural responses. People rated abstract \"art\\-like\" images as more attractive if labeled as being from a museum than labeled as generated by a computer. This preference was accompanied by greater neural activity in the medial orbitofrontal and [ventromedial prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex \"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex\"). Thinking an image was a museum piece also produced activity in the [entorhinal cortex](/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex \"Entorhinal cortex\"), suggesting that people's expectations draw on memories that enhance (or probably also diminish) visual pleasure. Similarly, Lacey and colleagues{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lacey S, Hagtvedt H, Patrick VM, Anderson A, Stilla R, Deshpande G, Hu X, Sato JR, Reddy S, Sathian K \\| title \\= Art for reward's sake: visual art recruits the ventral striatum \\| journal \\= NeuroImage \\| volume \\= 55 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 420–33 \\| date \\= March 2011 \\| pmid \\= 21111833 \\| pmc \\= 3031763 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.neuroimage.2010\\.11\\.027 }} found that people's ventral striatum and parts of the orbitofrontal cortex were more responsive to the \"art status\" than to the actual content of visual images. Huang and colleagues{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Huang M, Bridge H, Kemp MJ, Parker AJ \\| title \\= Human cortical activity evoked by the assignment of authenticity when viewing works of art \\| journal \\= Frontiers in Human Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 134 \\| date \\= 2011 \\| pmid \\= 22164139 \\| pmc \\= 3225016 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fnhum.2011\\.00134 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} found that people have different neural responses when told that they are looking at an authentic or copied [Rembrandt](/wiki/Rembrandt \"Rembrandt\") portrait. Authentic portraits evoked orbitofrontal activity, whereas copies evoked neural responses in the [frontopolar cortex](/wiki/Brodmann_area_10 \"Brodmann area 10\") and the right [precuneus](/wiki/Precuneus \"Precuneus\").",
"Alternatively, according to the Neo\\-Kantian approach, \"aesthetic pleasure arises from the fitting of predictive representations to sensory experiences\".{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Chen L, Jones A \\| title \\= The Impact of Meditation on Brain Plasticity: A Systematic Review of Imaging Studies \\| journal \\=Frontiers in Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 17 \\| pages \\= 1225308 \\| date \\= July 2023 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fnins.2023\\.1225308 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| pmid \\= 37521683 \\| pmc \\= 10381953 }} When our predictive representations align well with our sensory experiences, it results in a sense of aesthetic pleasure. This alignment might involve things like finding coherence, harmony, or resonance between what we expected and what we actually perceive.The implication of these studies is that context and knowledge beyond the sensory qualities of visual images demonstrably affects people's neural activity in aesthetic experiences.",
"### Semir Zeki's laws of the visual brain",
"[Semir Zeki](/wiki/Semir_Zeki \"Semir Zeki\"), professor of neuroesthetics at the [University College of London](/wiki/University_College_London \"University College London\"), views art as an example of the variability of the brain.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zeki S \\| title \\= Essays on science and society. Artistic creativity and the brain \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 293 \\| issue \\= 5527 \\| pages \\= 51–2 \\| date \\= July 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11441167 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1062331 \\| s2cid \\= 141795803 }}{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Zeki S \\| date \\= 2008 \\| title \\= Splendours and Miseries of the Brain \\| publisher \\= Wiley Blackwell \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-4051\\-8558\\-5 \\| oclc \\= 783443550 }} Thus a neurological approach to the source of this variability may explain particular [subjective](/wiki/Subjectivity \"Subjectivity\") experiences as well as the ranges of abilities to create and experience art. Zeki theorizes that artists [unconsciously](/wiki/Unconscious_mind \"Unconscious mind\") use techniques to create visual art to study the brain. Zeki suggests that",
"> \"...the artist is in a sense, a neuroscientist, exploring the potentials and capacities of the brain, though with different tools. How such creations can arouse aesthetic experiences can only be fully understood in neural terms. Such an understanding is now well within our reach.\"{{cite web \\| vauthors \\= Zeki S \\| url \\= http://www.neuroesthetics.org/statement\\-on\\-neuroesthetics.php \\| title \\= Statement on Neuroesthetics \\| work \\= neuroesthetics.org \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090913082254/http://www.neuroesthetics.org/statement\\-on\\-neuroesthetics.php \\| archive\\-date\\= 13 September 2009 \\| date \\= 24 November 2009 }}",
"He proposes two supreme laws of the visual brain:",
"#### Constancy",
"Despite the changes that occur when processing visual stimuli ([distance](/wiki/Distance \"Distance\"), [viewing angle](/wiki/Viewing_angle \"Viewing angle\"), illumination, etc.), the brain has the unique ability to retain knowledge of constant and essential properties of an object and discard irrelevant dynamic properties. This applies not only to the ability to, for example, always see a [banana](/wiki/Banana \"Banana\") as the color yellow but also the [recognition of faces](/wiki/Face_perception \"Face perception\") at varying angles.",
"Comparatively, a work of art captures the essence of an object. The creation of art itself may be modeled off of this primitive neural function. The process of painting for example involves distilling an object down to represent it as it really is, which differs from the way the eyes see it. Zeki also tried to represent the [Platonic Ideal](/wiki/Theory_of_Forms \"Theory of Forms\") and the [Hegelian Concept](/wiki/Hegelianism \"Hegelianism\") through the statement: forms do not have an existence without a brain and the ability for stored memory, referring to how artists such as [Monet](/wiki/Claude_Monet \"Claude Monet\") could paint without knowing what the objects are in order to capture their true form.",
"#### Abstraction",
"This process refers to the hierarchical coordination where a general representation can be applied to many particulars, allowing the brain to efficiently process visual stimuli. The ability to abstract may have evolved as a necessity due to the limitations of memory. In a way, art externalizes the functions of [abstraction](/wiki/Abstraction \"Abstraction\") in the brain. The process of abstraction is unknown to cognitive [neurobiology](/wiki/Neuroscience \"Neuroscience\"). However, Zeki proposes an interesting question of whether there is a significant difference in the pattern of brain activity when viewing abstract art as opposed to representational art.",
"### Ramachandran's eight laws of artistic experience",
"[Vilayanur S. Ramachandran](/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran \"Vilayanur S. Ramachandran\") and his fellow researchers including [William Hirstein](/wiki/William_Hirstein \"William Hirstein\"), developed a highly speculative theory of human artistic experience and the neural mechanisms that mediate it. These \"laws\" combine to develop underlying high order concepts of the human artistic experience. Although not all encompassing as there are undoubtedly many other principles of artistic experience, the theorists claim that they provide a framework for understanding aspects of [visual art](/wiki/Visual_arts \"Visual arts\"), [style](/wiki/Style_%28visual_arts%29 \"Style (visual arts)\") and [design](/wiki/Design \"Design\"). Although testing of these principles quantitatively may provide future evidence for specific areas of the brain responsible for one kind of aesthetic appeal, the theory faces substantial [philosophical](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\") and historical objections.",
"#### Peak shift principle",
"This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal [discrimination learning](/wiki/Discrimination_learning \"Discrimination learning\"). In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For instance, a [rat](/wiki/Rat \"Rat\") is trained to discriminate a square from a rectangle by being rewarded for recognizing the rectangle. The rat will respond more frequently to the object for which it is being rewarded to the point that a rat will respond to a rectangle that is longer and more narrow with a higher frequency than the original with which it was trained. This is called a [supernormal stimulus](/wiki/Supernormal_stimulus \"Supernormal stimulus\"). The fact that the rat is responding more to a \"super\" rectangle implies that it is learning a rule.",
"This effect can be applied to human [pattern recognition](/wiki/Pattern_recognition \"Pattern recognition\") and aesthetic preference. Some artists attempt to capture the very essence of something in order to evoke a direct [emotional response](/wiki/Emotion \"Emotion\"). In other words, they try to make a \"super\" rectangle to get the viewer to have an enhanced response. To capture the essence of something, an artist amplifies the differences of that object, or what makes it unique, to highlight the essential features and reduce redundant information. This process mimics what the visual areas of the brain have evolved to do and more powerfully activates the same neural mechanisms that were originally activated by the original object.",
"Some artists deliberately exaggerate creative components such as [shading](/wiki/Shading \"Shading\"), highlights, and illumination to an extent that would never occur in a real image to produce a [caricature](/wiki/Caricature \"Caricature\"). These artists may be unconsciously producing heightened activity in the specific areas of the brain in a manner that is not obvious to the conscious mind. A significant portion of the experience of art is not self\\-consciously reflected upon by audiences, so it is not clear whether the peak\\-shift thesis has any special explanatory power in understanding the creation and reception of art.",
"#### Isolation",
"Isolating a single visual cue helps the organism allocate attention to the output of a single module, thereby allowing it to more effectively enjoy the peak shift along the dimensions represented in that module. In other words, there is a need to isolate the desired visual form before that aspect is amplified. This is why an outline [drawing](/wiki/Drawing \"Drawing\") or sketch is sometimes more effective as art than an original [color photograph](/wiki/Color_photography \"Color photography\"). For example, a [cartoonist](/wiki/Cartoonist \"Cartoonist\") may exaggerate certain [facial features](/wiki/Face \"Face\") which are unique to the character and remove other forms which it shares such as [skin tones](/wiki/Human_skin_color \"Human skin color\"). This efficiency prevents non\\-unique features from detracting from the image. This is why one can predict that an outline drawing would be more aesthetically pleasing than a color photograph.",
"The viewer's attention is drawn towards this single area allowing one's attention to be focused on this source of information. Enhancements introduced by the artist more carefully noted resulting in the amplification of [limbic system](/wiki/Limbic_system \"Limbic system\") activation and reinforcement.",
"#### Grouping",
"Perceptual grouping to delineate a figure from the background may be enjoyable. The source of the pleasure may have come about because of the evolutionary necessity to give organisms an incentive to uncover objects, such as [predators](/wiki/Predation \"Predation\"), from noisy environments. For example, when viewing [ink blots](/wiki/Rorschach_test \"Rorschach test\"), the visual system segments the scene to defeat [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage \"Camouflage\") and link a subset of splotches together. This may be accomplished most effectively if limbic reinforcement is [fed back](/wiki/Feedback \"Feedback\") to early vision at every stage of visual processing leading up to the discovery of the object. The key idea is that due to the limited attentional resources, constant feedback facilitates processing of features at earlier stages due to the discovery of a clue which produces limbic activation to draw one's attention to important features. Though not spontaneous, this reinforcement is the source of the pleasant sensation. The discovery of the object itself results in a pleasant 'aha' revelation causing the organism to hold onto the image.",
"An artist can make use of this phenomenon by teasing the system. This allows for temporary binding to be communicated by a signal to the limbic system for reinforcement which is a source of the aesthetic experience.",
"#### Contrast",
"Extracting contrast involves eliminating redundant information and focusing attention. Cells in the [retina](/wiki/Retina \"Retina\"), the [lateral geniculate body](/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus \"Lateral geniculate nucleus\") or relay station in the brain, and in the [visual cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex \"Visual cortex\") respond predominantly to step changes in luminance rather than homogeneous surface colors. Smooth [gradients](/wiki/Gradient \"Gradient\") are much harder for the visual system to detect rather than segmented divisions of shades resulting in easily detectable edges. Contrasts due to the formation of edges may be pleasing to the eye. The importance of the visual neuron's varying responses to the orientation and presence of edges has previously been proven by [David H. Hubel](/wiki/David_H._Hubel \"David H. Hubel\") and [Torsten Wiesel](/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel \"Torsten Wiesel\").\n{{cite book \\| title \\= Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25\\-year collaboration \\| vauthors \\= Hubel DH, Wiesel TM \\| publisher \\= Oxford University Press US \\| year \\= 2005 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-19\\-517618\\-6 \\| page \\= 106 \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8YrxWojxUA4C\\&q\\=hubel\\+1959\\&pg\\=PA106 }} This may hold evolutionary significance since regions of contrast are information rich requiring reinforcement and the allocation of attention. In contrast to the principle of grouping, contrasting features are typically in close proximity eliminating the need to link distant, but similar features.",
"#### Perceptual problem solving",
"Tied to the detection of contrast and grouping is the concept that discovery of an object after a struggle is more pleasing than one which is instantaneously obvious. The mechanism ensures that the struggle is reinforcing so that the viewer continues to look until the discovery. From a survival point of view, this may be important for the continued search for predators. Ramachandran suggests for the same reason that a model whose [hips](/wiki/Hip \"Hip\") and [breasts](/wiki/Breast \"Breast\") are about to be revealed is more provocative than one who is already completely naked. A meaning that is implied is more alluring than one that is explicit.",
"#### Generic viewpoint",
"The visual system dislikes interpretations which rely on a unique vantage point. Rather it accepts the visual interpretation for which there is an infinite set of viewpoints that could produce the class of retinal images. For example, in a [landscape](/wiki/Landscape_photography \"Landscape photography\") image, it will interpret an object in the foreground as obscuring an object in the background, rather than assuming that the background figure has a piece missing.",
"In theory, if an artist is trying to please the eye, they should avoid such coincidences. However, in certain applications, the violation of this principle can also produce a pleasing effect.",
"#### Visual metaphors",
"Ramachandran defines a metaphor as a mental tunnel between two concepts that appear grossly dissimilar on the surface, but instead share a deeper connection. Similar to the effects of perceptual problem solving, grasping an [analogy](/wiki/Analogy \"Analogy\") is rewarding. It enables the viewer to highlight crucial aspects that the two objects share. Although it is uncertain whether the reason for this mechanism is for effective communication or purely cognitive, the discovery of similarities between superficially dissimilar events leads to activation of the limbic system to create a rewarding process.",
"Support for this view is highlighted by the symptoms of [Capgras delusion](/wiki/Capgras_delusion \"Capgras delusion\"), where sufferers experience reduced facial recognition due to impairments in the connections from the [inferotemporal cortex](/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus \"Inferior temporal gyrus\") to the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala \"Amygdala\"), which is responsible for emotions. The result is that a person no longer experiences the warm fuzzy feeling when presented with a familiar face. A person's \"glow\" is lost through what is suggested as due to the lack of limbic activation.",
"#### Symmetry",
"The aesthetic appeal of [symmetry](/wiki/Symmetry \"Symmetry\") is easily understandable. Biologically it is important during the detection of a predator, location of prey, and the choosing of a mate as all of these tend to display symmetry in nature. It complements other principles relating to the discovering of information rich objects. Additionally, evolutionary biologists suggest that the predisposition towards symmetry is because biologically, [asymmetry](/wiki/Asymmetry \"Asymmetry\") is associated with [infection](/wiki/Infection \"Infection\") and [disease](/wiki/Disease \"Disease\"), which can lead to poor mate selection. However, departures from symmetry in visual art are also widely considered beautiful, suggesting that while symmetry may explain the judgment that a particular individual's face is beautiful, it cannot explain the judgment that a work of art is beautiful.",
""
] |
### Ramachandran's eight laws of artistic experience
[Vilayanur S. Ramachandran](/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran "Vilayanur S. Ramachandran") and his fellow researchers including [William Hirstein](/wiki/William_Hirstein "William Hirstein"), developed a highly speculative theory of human artistic experience and the neural mechanisms that mediate it. These "laws" combine to develop underlying high order concepts of the human artistic experience. Although not all encompassing as there are undoubtedly many other principles of artistic experience, the theorists claim that they provide a framework for understanding aspects of [visual art](/wiki/Visual_arts "Visual arts"), [style](/wiki/Style_%28visual_arts%29 "Style (visual arts)") and [design](/wiki/Design "Design"). Although testing of these principles quantitatively may provide future evidence for specific areas of the brain responsible for one kind of aesthetic appeal, the theory faces substantial [philosophical](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy") and historical objections.
#### Peak shift principle
This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal [discrimination learning](/wiki/Discrimination_learning "Discrimination learning"). In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For instance, a [rat](/wiki/Rat "Rat") is trained to discriminate a square from a rectangle by being rewarded for recognizing the rectangle. The rat will respond more frequently to the object for which it is being rewarded to the point that a rat will respond to a rectangle that is longer and more narrow with a higher frequency than the original with which it was trained. This is called a [supernormal stimulus](/wiki/Supernormal_stimulus "Supernormal stimulus"). The fact that the rat is responding more to a "super" rectangle implies that it is learning a rule.
This effect can be applied to human [pattern recognition](/wiki/Pattern_recognition "Pattern recognition") and aesthetic preference. Some artists attempt to capture the very essence of something in order to evoke a direct [emotional response](/wiki/Emotion "Emotion"). In other words, they try to make a "super" rectangle to get the viewer to have an enhanced response. To capture the essence of something, an artist amplifies the differences of that object, or what makes it unique, to highlight the essential features and reduce redundant information. This process mimics what the visual areas of the brain have evolved to do and more powerfully activates the same neural mechanisms that were originally activated by the original object.
Some artists deliberately exaggerate creative components such as [shading](/wiki/Shading "Shading"), highlights, and illumination to an extent that would never occur in a real image to produce a [caricature](/wiki/Caricature "Caricature"). These artists may be unconsciously producing heightened activity in the specific areas of the brain in a manner that is not obvious to the conscious mind. A significant portion of the experience of art is not self\-consciously reflected upon by audiences, so it is not clear whether the peak\-shift thesis has any special explanatory power in understanding the creation and reception of art.
#### Isolation
Isolating a single visual cue helps the organism allocate attention to the output of a single module, thereby allowing it to more effectively enjoy the peak shift along the dimensions represented in that module. In other words, there is a need to isolate the desired visual form before that aspect is amplified. This is why an outline [drawing](/wiki/Drawing "Drawing") or sketch is sometimes more effective as art than an original [color photograph](/wiki/Color_photography "Color photography"). For example, a [cartoonist](/wiki/Cartoonist "Cartoonist") may exaggerate certain [facial features](/wiki/Face "Face") which are unique to the character and remove other forms which it shares such as [skin tones](/wiki/Human_skin_color "Human skin color"). This efficiency prevents non\-unique features from detracting from the image. This is why one can predict that an outline drawing would be more aesthetically pleasing than a color photograph.
The viewer's attention is drawn towards this single area allowing one's attention to be focused on this source of information. Enhancements introduced by the artist more carefully noted resulting in the amplification of [limbic system](/wiki/Limbic_system "Limbic system") activation and reinforcement.
#### Grouping
Perceptual grouping to delineate a figure from the background may be enjoyable. The source of the pleasure may have come about because of the evolutionary necessity to give organisms an incentive to uncover objects, such as [predators](/wiki/Predation "Predation"), from noisy environments. For example, when viewing [ink blots](/wiki/Rorschach_test "Rorschach test"), the visual system segments the scene to defeat [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage "Camouflage") and link a subset of splotches together. This may be accomplished most effectively if limbic reinforcement is [fed back](/wiki/Feedback "Feedback") to early vision at every stage of visual processing leading up to the discovery of the object. The key idea is that due to the limited attentional resources, constant feedback facilitates processing of features at earlier stages due to the discovery of a clue which produces limbic activation to draw one's attention to important features. Though not spontaneous, this reinforcement is the source of the pleasant sensation. The discovery of the object itself results in a pleasant 'aha' revelation causing the organism to hold onto the image.
An artist can make use of this phenomenon by teasing the system. This allows for temporary binding to be communicated by a signal to the limbic system for reinforcement which is a source of the aesthetic experience.
#### Contrast
Extracting contrast involves eliminating redundant information and focusing attention. Cells in the [retina](/wiki/Retina "Retina"), the [lateral geniculate body](/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus "Lateral geniculate nucleus") or relay station in the brain, and in the [visual cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex "Visual cortex") respond predominantly to step changes in luminance rather than homogeneous surface colors. Smooth [gradients](/wiki/Gradient "Gradient") are much harder for the visual system to detect rather than segmented divisions of shades resulting in easily detectable edges. Contrasts due to the formation of edges may be pleasing to the eye. The importance of the visual neuron's varying responses to the orientation and presence of edges has previously been proven by [David H. Hubel](/wiki/David_H._Hubel "David H. Hubel") and [Torsten Wiesel](/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel "Torsten Wiesel").
{{cite book \| title \= Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25\-year collaboration \| vauthors \= Hubel DH, Wiesel TM \| publisher \= Oxford University Press US \| year \= 2005 \| isbn \= 978\-0\-19\-517618\-6 \| page \= 106 \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=8YrxWojxUA4C\&q\=hubel\+1959\&pg\=PA106 }} This may hold evolutionary significance since regions of contrast are information rich requiring reinforcement and the allocation of attention. In contrast to the principle of grouping, contrasting features are typically in close proximity eliminating the need to link distant, but similar features.
#### Perceptual problem solving
Tied to the detection of contrast and grouping is the concept that discovery of an object after a struggle is more pleasing than one which is instantaneously obvious. The mechanism ensures that the struggle is reinforcing so that the viewer continues to look until the discovery. From a survival point of view, this may be important for the continued search for predators. Ramachandran suggests for the same reason that a model whose [hips](/wiki/Hip "Hip") and [breasts](/wiki/Breast "Breast") are about to be revealed is more provocative than one who is already completely naked. A meaning that is implied is more alluring than one that is explicit.
#### Generic viewpoint
The visual system dislikes interpretations which rely on a unique vantage point. Rather it accepts the visual interpretation for which there is an infinite set of viewpoints that could produce the class of retinal images. For example, in a [landscape](/wiki/Landscape_photography "Landscape photography") image, it will interpret an object in the foreground as obscuring an object in the background, rather than assuming that the background figure has a piece missing.
In theory, if an artist is trying to please the eye, they should avoid such coincidences. However, in certain applications, the violation of this principle can also produce a pleasing effect.
#### Visual metaphors
Ramachandran defines a metaphor as a mental tunnel between two concepts that appear grossly dissimilar on the surface, but instead share a deeper connection. Similar to the effects of perceptual problem solving, grasping an [analogy](/wiki/Analogy "Analogy") is rewarding. It enables the viewer to highlight crucial aspects that the two objects share. Although it is uncertain whether the reason for this mechanism is for effective communication or purely cognitive, the discovery of similarities between superficially dissimilar events leads to activation of the limbic system to create a rewarding process.
Support for this view is highlighted by the symptoms of [Capgras delusion](/wiki/Capgras_delusion "Capgras delusion"), where sufferers experience reduced facial recognition due to impairments in the connections from the [inferotemporal cortex](/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus "Inferior temporal gyrus") to the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala "Amygdala"), which is responsible for emotions. The result is that a person no longer experiences the warm fuzzy feeling when presented with a familiar face. A person's "glow" is lost through what is suggested as due to the lack of limbic activation.
#### Symmetry
The aesthetic appeal of [symmetry](/wiki/Symmetry "Symmetry") is easily understandable. Biologically it is important during the detection of a predator, location of prey, and the choosing of a mate as all of these tend to display symmetry in nature. It complements other principles relating to the discovering of information rich objects. Additionally, evolutionary biologists suggest that the predisposition towards symmetry is because biologically, [asymmetry](/wiki/Asymmetry "Asymmetry") is associated with [infection](/wiki/Infection "Infection") and [disease](/wiki/Disease "Disease"), which can lead to poor mate selection. However, departures from symmetry in visual art are also widely considered beautiful, suggesting that while symmetry may explain the judgment that a particular individual's face is beautiful, it cannot explain the judgment that a work of art is beautiful.
|
[
"### Ramachandran's eight laws of artistic experience",
"[Vilayanur S. Ramachandran](/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran \"Vilayanur S. Ramachandran\") and his fellow researchers including [William Hirstein](/wiki/William_Hirstein \"William Hirstein\"), developed a highly speculative theory of human artistic experience and the neural mechanisms that mediate it. These \"laws\" combine to develop underlying high order concepts of the human artistic experience. Although not all encompassing as there are undoubtedly many other principles of artistic experience, the theorists claim that they provide a framework for understanding aspects of [visual art](/wiki/Visual_arts \"Visual arts\"), [style](/wiki/Style_%28visual_arts%29 \"Style (visual arts)\") and [design](/wiki/Design \"Design\"). Although testing of these principles quantitatively may provide future evidence for specific areas of the brain responsible for one kind of aesthetic appeal, the theory faces substantial [philosophical](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\") and historical objections.",
"#### Peak shift principle",
"This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal [discrimination learning](/wiki/Discrimination_learning \"Discrimination learning\"). In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For instance, a [rat](/wiki/Rat \"Rat\") is trained to discriminate a square from a rectangle by being rewarded for recognizing the rectangle. The rat will respond more frequently to the object for which it is being rewarded to the point that a rat will respond to a rectangle that is longer and more narrow with a higher frequency than the original with which it was trained. This is called a [supernormal stimulus](/wiki/Supernormal_stimulus \"Supernormal stimulus\"). The fact that the rat is responding more to a \"super\" rectangle implies that it is learning a rule.",
"This effect can be applied to human [pattern recognition](/wiki/Pattern_recognition \"Pattern recognition\") and aesthetic preference. Some artists attempt to capture the very essence of something in order to evoke a direct [emotional response](/wiki/Emotion \"Emotion\"). In other words, they try to make a \"super\" rectangle to get the viewer to have an enhanced response. To capture the essence of something, an artist amplifies the differences of that object, or what makes it unique, to highlight the essential features and reduce redundant information. This process mimics what the visual areas of the brain have evolved to do and more powerfully activates the same neural mechanisms that were originally activated by the original object.",
"Some artists deliberately exaggerate creative components such as [shading](/wiki/Shading \"Shading\"), highlights, and illumination to an extent that would never occur in a real image to produce a [caricature](/wiki/Caricature \"Caricature\"). These artists may be unconsciously producing heightened activity in the specific areas of the brain in a manner that is not obvious to the conscious mind. A significant portion of the experience of art is not self\\-consciously reflected upon by audiences, so it is not clear whether the peak\\-shift thesis has any special explanatory power in understanding the creation and reception of art.",
"#### Isolation",
"Isolating a single visual cue helps the organism allocate attention to the output of a single module, thereby allowing it to more effectively enjoy the peak shift along the dimensions represented in that module. In other words, there is a need to isolate the desired visual form before that aspect is amplified. This is why an outline [drawing](/wiki/Drawing \"Drawing\") or sketch is sometimes more effective as art than an original [color photograph](/wiki/Color_photography \"Color photography\"). For example, a [cartoonist](/wiki/Cartoonist \"Cartoonist\") may exaggerate certain [facial features](/wiki/Face \"Face\") which are unique to the character and remove other forms which it shares such as [skin tones](/wiki/Human_skin_color \"Human skin color\"). This efficiency prevents non\\-unique features from detracting from the image. This is why one can predict that an outline drawing would be more aesthetically pleasing than a color photograph.",
"The viewer's attention is drawn towards this single area allowing one's attention to be focused on this source of information. Enhancements introduced by the artist more carefully noted resulting in the amplification of [limbic system](/wiki/Limbic_system \"Limbic system\") activation and reinforcement.",
"#### Grouping",
"Perceptual grouping to delineate a figure from the background may be enjoyable. The source of the pleasure may have come about because of the evolutionary necessity to give organisms an incentive to uncover objects, such as [predators](/wiki/Predation \"Predation\"), from noisy environments. For example, when viewing [ink blots](/wiki/Rorschach_test \"Rorschach test\"), the visual system segments the scene to defeat [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage \"Camouflage\") and link a subset of splotches together. This may be accomplished most effectively if limbic reinforcement is [fed back](/wiki/Feedback \"Feedback\") to early vision at every stage of visual processing leading up to the discovery of the object. The key idea is that due to the limited attentional resources, constant feedback facilitates processing of features at earlier stages due to the discovery of a clue which produces limbic activation to draw one's attention to important features. Though not spontaneous, this reinforcement is the source of the pleasant sensation. The discovery of the object itself results in a pleasant 'aha' revelation causing the organism to hold onto the image.",
"An artist can make use of this phenomenon by teasing the system. This allows for temporary binding to be communicated by a signal to the limbic system for reinforcement which is a source of the aesthetic experience.",
"#### Contrast",
"Extracting contrast involves eliminating redundant information and focusing attention. Cells in the [retina](/wiki/Retina \"Retina\"), the [lateral geniculate body](/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus \"Lateral geniculate nucleus\") or relay station in the brain, and in the [visual cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex \"Visual cortex\") respond predominantly to step changes in luminance rather than homogeneous surface colors. Smooth [gradients](/wiki/Gradient \"Gradient\") are much harder for the visual system to detect rather than segmented divisions of shades resulting in easily detectable edges. Contrasts due to the formation of edges may be pleasing to the eye. The importance of the visual neuron's varying responses to the orientation and presence of edges has previously been proven by [David H. Hubel](/wiki/David_H._Hubel \"David H. Hubel\") and [Torsten Wiesel](/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel \"Torsten Wiesel\").\n{{cite book \\| title \\= Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25\\-year collaboration \\| vauthors \\= Hubel DH, Wiesel TM \\| publisher \\= Oxford University Press US \\| year \\= 2005 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-19\\-517618\\-6 \\| page \\= 106 \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8YrxWojxUA4C\\&q\\=hubel\\+1959\\&pg\\=PA106 }} This may hold evolutionary significance since regions of contrast are information rich requiring reinforcement and the allocation of attention. In contrast to the principle of grouping, contrasting features are typically in close proximity eliminating the need to link distant, but similar features.",
"#### Perceptual problem solving",
"Tied to the detection of contrast and grouping is the concept that discovery of an object after a struggle is more pleasing than one which is instantaneously obvious. The mechanism ensures that the struggle is reinforcing so that the viewer continues to look until the discovery. From a survival point of view, this may be important for the continued search for predators. Ramachandran suggests for the same reason that a model whose [hips](/wiki/Hip \"Hip\") and [breasts](/wiki/Breast \"Breast\") are about to be revealed is more provocative than one who is already completely naked. A meaning that is implied is more alluring than one that is explicit.",
"#### Generic viewpoint",
"The visual system dislikes interpretations which rely on a unique vantage point. Rather it accepts the visual interpretation for which there is an infinite set of viewpoints that could produce the class of retinal images. For example, in a [landscape](/wiki/Landscape_photography \"Landscape photography\") image, it will interpret an object in the foreground as obscuring an object in the background, rather than assuming that the background figure has a piece missing.",
"In theory, if an artist is trying to please the eye, they should avoid such coincidences. However, in certain applications, the violation of this principle can also produce a pleasing effect.",
"#### Visual metaphors",
"Ramachandran defines a metaphor as a mental tunnel between two concepts that appear grossly dissimilar on the surface, but instead share a deeper connection. Similar to the effects of perceptual problem solving, grasping an [analogy](/wiki/Analogy \"Analogy\") is rewarding. It enables the viewer to highlight crucial aspects that the two objects share. Although it is uncertain whether the reason for this mechanism is for effective communication or purely cognitive, the discovery of similarities between superficially dissimilar events leads to activation of the limbic system to create a rewarding process.",
"Support for this view is highlighted by the symptoms of [Capgras delusion](/wiki/Capgras_delusion \"Capgras delusion\"), where sufferers experience reduced facial recognition due to impairments in the connections from the [inferotemporal cortex](/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus \"Inferior temporal gyrus\") to the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala \"Amygdala\"), which is responsible for emotions. The result is that a person no longer experiences the warm fuzzy feeling when presented with a familiar face. A person's \"glow\" is lost through what is suggested as due to the lack of limbic activation.",
"#### Symmetry",
"The aesthetic appeal of [symmetry](/wiki/Symmetry \"Symmetry\") is easily understandable. Biologically it is important during the detection of a predator, location of prey, and the choosing of a mate as all of these tend to display symmetry in nature. It complements other principles relating to the discovering of information rich objects. Additionally, evolutionary biologists suggest that the predisposition towards symmetry is because biologically, [asymmetry](/wiki/Asymmetry \"Asymmetry\") is associated with [infection](/wiki/Infection \"Infection\") and [disease](/wiki/Disease \"Disease\"), which can lead to poor mate selection. However, departures from symmetry in visual art are also widely considered beautiful, suggesting that while symmetry may explain the judgment that a particular individual's face is beautiful, it cannot explain the judgment that a work of art is beautiful.",
""
] |
Areas of the brain linked to the processing of visual aesthetics
----------------------------------------------------------------
Aesthetic perception relies heavily on the processing by the visual centers in the brain such as the [V1 cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex "Visual cortex"). Signals from V1 are distributed to various specialized areas of the brain. There is no single area where all specialized visual circuitry connect, reducing the chances of determining a single neural center responsible for aesthetics, rather a neural network is more likely. Therefore, the visual brain consists of several parallel multistage processing systems, each specialized in a given task such as color or motion. Functional specializations of the visual brain are already known.
Physiological phenomenon can explain several aspects of art appreciation. Different [extrastriate areas](/wiki/Extrastriate_cortex "Extrastriate cortex") of the visual cortex may have evolved to extract correlations of different visual features. The discovery and linking of various visual stimuli is facilitated and reinforced by direct connections from these areas to [limbic structures](/wiki/Limbic_system "Limbic system"). Additionally, art may be most appealing if it produces heightened activity in a single dimension rather than redundant activation of multiple modules, restricted by the allocation of attentional resources. In experimentation to determine specific areas, many researchers allow the viewer to decide the aesthetic appeal prior to the use of imaging techniques to account for the varying perceptions of beauty. When individuals contemplate the aesthetic appeal, different neural processes are engaged than when pragmatically viewing an image. However, processes of object identification and aesthetic judgment are involved simultaneously in the overall perception of aesthetics.
### Prefrontal cortex
[thumb\|right\|Location of the orbito\-frontal cortex shown through MRI](/wiki/File:MRI_of_orbitofrontal_cortex.jpg "MRI of orbitofrontal cortex.jpg")
The [prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex "Prefrontal cortex") is previously known for its roles in the perception of colored objects, decision making, and memory. Recent studies have also linked it to the conscious aesthetic experience because it is activated during aesthetic tasks such as determining the appeal of a visual stimuli. This may be because a judgment is needed, requiring visiospatial memory. In a study performed by Zeki and Kawabata, it was found that the medial [orbito\-frontal cortex](/wiki/Orbito-frontal_cortex "Orbito-frontal cortex") (mOFC) is involved in the judgment of whether a painting is beautiful or not. There is high activation in this region when a person views paintings which they consider beautiful. Other evidence shows that this same area is active during the experience of beauty derived from different sources,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ishizu T, Zeki S \| title \= Toward a brain\-based theory of beauty \| journal \= PLOS ONE \| volume \= 6 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= e21852 \| date \= 2011\-07\-06 \| pmid \= 21755004 \| pmc \= 3130765 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0021852 \| bibcode \= 2011PLoSO...621852I \| doi\-access \= free }} including musical beauty{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ \| title \= Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion \| journal \= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume \= 98 \| issue \= 20 \| pages \= 11818–23 \| date \= September 2001 \| pmid \= 11573015 \| pmc \= 58814 \| doi \= 10\.1073/pnas.191355898 \| bibcode \= 2001PNAS...9811818B \| doi\-access \= free }} and moral beauty,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Tsukiura T, Cabeza R \| title \= Shared brain activity for aesthetic and moral judgments: implications for the Beauty\-is\-Good stereotype \| journal \= Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience \| volume \= 6 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 138–48 \| date \= January 2011 \| pmid \= 20231177 \| pmc \= 3023089 \| doi \= 10\.1093/scan/nsq025 }} and even mathematical beauty.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zeki S, Romaya JP, Benincasa DM, Atiyah MF \| title \= The experience of mathematical beauty and its neural correlates \| language \= English \| journal \= Frontiers in Human Neuroscience \| volume \= 8 \| pages \= 68 \| date \= 2014 \| pmid \= 24592230 \| pmc \= 3923150 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fnhum.2014\.00068 \| doi\-access \= free }} Interestingly, experience of the sublime, as opposed to the beautiful, results in a different pattern of brain activity;{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ishizu T, Zeki S \| title \= A neurobiological enquiry into the origins of our experience of the sublime and beautiful \| language \= English \| journal \= Frontiers in Human Neuroscience \| volume \= 8 \| pages \= 891 \| date \= 2014 \| pmid \= 25426046 \| pmc \= 4227571 \| doi \= 10\.3389/fnhum.2014\.00891 \| doi\-access \= free }} moreover, where it comes to judgment, although aesthetic and perceptual judgments leads t activity in the same brain areas, the pattern of activity is also different between the two, one of the most marked differences being the involvement of mOFC in aesthetic, but not in perceptual, judgments.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ishizu T, Zeki S \| title \= The brain's specialized systems for aesthetic and perceptual judgment \| journal \= The European Journal of Neuroscience \| volume \= 37 \| issue \= 9 \| pages \= 1413–20 \| date \= May 2013 \| pmid \= 23373763 \| pmc \= 3792471 \| doi \= 10\.1111/ejn.12135 }} Surprisingly, when a person views a painting which they consider ugly, no separate structures are activated. Therefore, it is proposed that changes in the intensity of activation in the orbito\-frontal cortex correlate with the determination of beauty (higher activation) or ugliness (lower activation).
Conversely, activity in the motor cortex showed the opposite pattern.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Chen Z, Yang X, Wang L, Li W \|title\=Neuroaesthetics: a narrative review of neuroimaging techniques \|journal\=Journal of Bio\-X Research \|volume\=4 \|issue\=3\| pages\=97–102 \|date\=2021 \|doi\=10\.1097/JBR.0000000000000095 \|doi\-access\=free}} Additionally, the medial OFC has been found to respond aesthetics in terms of the context of which it is presented, such as text or other descriptions about the artwork. The current evidence linking the OFC to attributed hedonistic values across gustatory, olfactory, and visual modalities, suggests that the OFC is a common center for the assessment of a stimulus's value. The perception of aesthetics for these areas must be due to the activation of the brain's reward system with a certain intensity.
[thumb\|Prefrontal cortex is highlighted in orange. Location of Brodmann's areas indicated by numerical tabs.](/wiki/File:Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg "Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg")
Additionally, the [prefrontal dorsalateral cortex](/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex "Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex") (PDC) is selectively activated only by stimuli considered beautiful whereas prefrontal activity as a whole is activated during the judgment of both pleasing and unpleasing stimuli.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Cela\-Conde CJ, Marty G, Maestú F, Ortiz T, Munar E, Fernández A, Roca M, Rosselló J, Quesney F \| title \= Activation of the prefrontal cortex in the human visual aesthetic perception \| journal \= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume \= 101 \| issue \= 16 \| pages \= 6321–5 \| date \= April 2004 \| pmid \= 15079079 \| pmc \= 395967 \| doi \= 10\.1073/pnas.0401427101 \| bibcode \= 2004PNAS..101\.6321C \| doi\-access \= free }} The prefrontal cortex may be generally activated for directing the attention of the cognitive and perceptual mechanisms towards aesthetic perception in viewers untrained in visual arts. In other words, related directly to a person viewing art from an aesthetic perception due to the top\-down control of their cognition. The lateral prefrontal cortex is shown to be linked to higher order self\-referential procession and the evaluation of internally generated information. The left lateral PFC, [Brodmann area 10](/wiki/Brodmann_area_10 "Brodmann area 10"), may be involved in maintaining attention on the execution of internally generated goals associated with approaching art from an aesthetic orientation.
Broca's Area, also in the Prefrontal cortex is impaired in many individuals with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Dysfunction in this area leads to deficits in speech production; in this case the inability to verbally process a traumatic event(s). The process of making art allows those affected to "access pre\-language areas of the brain" by creating their own symbolic imagery and connecting with others through this.{{Cite journal\|title \= Your Brain on Art: The Case for Neuroaesthetics.\| vauthors \= Magsamen S \|date \= July 2019\|journal \= Cerebrum\| volume \= 2019 \| pmid \= 32206171\| pmc \= 7075503 }} Directing attention towards aesthetics may have evolutionary significance.
### Additional areas
Emotions play a large role in aesthetic processing. Experiments designed specifically to force the subjects to view the artwork subjectively (by inquiring of its aesthetic appeal) rather than simply with the visual systems, revealed a higher activation in the brain's emotional circuitry. Results from these experiments revealed high activation in the bilateral [insula](/wiki/Insular_cortex "Insular cortex") which can be attributed to the emotional experience of viewing art. This correlates with other known emotional roles of the insula. However, the correlation between the insula's varying states of activation and positive or negative emotions in this context is unknown. The emotional view of art can be contrasted with perception related to object recognition when pragmatically viewing art. The right [fusiform gyrus](/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus "Fusiform gyrus") has been revealed to show activation to visual stimuli such as faces and representational art. The neuroaesthetics of facial recognition hold particular importance, as being drawn to faces likely increased sociability, allowing tribal environments to grow, resulting in greater protection and more availability of mates. This is likely involved in genetic fitness of offspring and child\-rearing as well.
This holds importance in the field because as Ramachandran also speculated, object recognition and the search for meaning can evoke a pleasant emotional response. The [motor cortex](/wiki/Motor_cortex "Motor cortex") was also shown to be involved in aesthetic perception. However, it displayed opposite trends of activation from the OFC. It may be a common correlate for the perception of emotionally charged stimuli despite its previously known roles. Several other areas of the brain were shown to be slightly activated during certain studies such as the [anterior cingulate cortex](/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex "Anterior cingulate cortex"), previously known for its involvement in the feeling of romance, and the left [parietal cortex](/wiki/Parietal_lobe "Parietal lobe"), whose purpose may be to direct spatial attention.
Different artistic styles may also be processed differently by the brain. In a study between filtered forms of [abstract](/wiki/Abstract_art "Abstract art") and [representation art](/wiki/Representation_%28arts%29 "Representation (arts)"), the bilateral [occipital](/wiki/Occipital_lobe "Occipital lobe") [gyri](/wiki/Gyri "Gyri"), left [cingulate sulcus](/wiki/Cingulate_sulcus "Cingulate sulcus"), and bilateral [fusiform gyrus](/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus "Fusiform gyrus") showed increased activation with increased preference when viewing art. However, activation in the bilateral occipital gyri may be caused by the large processing requirements placed on the visual system when viewing high levels of visual detail in artwork such as representational paintings. Several areas of the brain have been shown to respond particularly to forms representational art perhaps due to the brain's ability to make object associations and other functions relating to attention and memory. This form of stimuli leads to increased activation in the left [frontal lobe](/wiki/Frontal_lobe "Frontal lobe") and bilaterally in the parietal and [limbic lobes](/wiki/Limbic_lobe "Limbic lobe").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lengger PG, Fischmeister FP, Leder H, Bauer H \| title \= Functional neuroanatomy of the perception of modern art: A DC\-EEG study on the influence of stylistic information on aesthetic experience \| journal \= Brain Research \| volume \= 1158 \| pages \= 93–102 \| date \= July 2007 \| pmid \= 17559816 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.brainres.2007\.05\.001 \| s2cid \= 16938839 }} Also, the left superior parietal lobule, [Brodmann's area 7](/wiki/Brodmann_area_7 "Brodmann area 7"), has been shown to play a role in active image construction during the viewing of art specifically containing indeterminate forms such as soft edge paintings. Bottom up processes such as edge detection and the exploration of visual stimuli are engaged during this type of aesthetic perception. These roles are consistent with previously known parietal lobe responsibilities in spatial cognition and visual imagery.
|
[
"Areas of the brain linked to the processing of visual aesthetics\n----------------------------------------------------------------",
"Aesthetic perception relies heavily on the processing by the visual centers in the brain such as the [V1 cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex \"Visual cortex\"). Signals from V1 are distributed to various specialized areas of the brain. There is no single area where all specialized visual circuitry connect, reducing the chances of determining a single neural center responsible for aesthetics, rather a neural network is more likely. Therefore, the visual brain consists of several parallel multistage processing systems, each specialized in a given task such as color or motion. Functional specializations of the visual brain are already known.",
"Physiological phenomenon can explain several aspects of art appreciation. Different [extrastriate areas](/wiki/Extrastriate_cortex \"Extrastriate cortex\") of the visual cortex may have evolved to extract correlations of different visual features. The discovery and linking of various visual stimuli is facilitated and reinforced by direct connections from these areas to [limbic structures](/wiki/Limbic_system \"Limbic system\"). Additionally, art may be most appealing if it produces heightened activity in a single dimension rather than redundant activation of multiple modules, restricted by the allocation of attentional resources. In experimentation to determine specific areas, many researchers allow the viewer to decide the aesthetic appeal prior to the use of imaging techniques to account for the varying perceptions of beauty. When individuals contemplate the aesthetic appeal, different neural processes are engaged than when pragmatically viewing an image. However, processes of object identification and aesthetic judgment are involved simultaneously in the overall perception of aesthetics.",
"### Prefrontal cortex",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Location of the orbito\\-frontal cortex shown through MRI](/wiki/File:MRI_of_orbitofrontal_cortex.jpg \"MRI of orbitofrontal cortex.jpg\")\nThe [prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex \"Prefrontal cortex\") is previously known for its roles in the perception of colored objects, decision making, and memory. Recent studies have also linked it to the conscious aesthetic experience because it is activated during aesthetic tasks such as determining the appeal of a visual stimuli. This may be because a judgment is needed, requiring visiospatial memory. In a study performed by Zeki and Kawabata, it was found that the medial [orbito\\-frontal cortex](/wiki/Orbito-frontal_cortex \"Orbito-frontal cortex\") (mOFC) is involved in the judgment of whether a painting is beautiful or not. There is high activation in this region when a person views paintings which they consider beautiful. Other evidence shows that this same area is active during the experience of beauty derived from different sources,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ishizu T, Zeki S \\| title \\= Toward a brain\\-based theory of beauty \\| journal \\= PLOS ONE \\| volume \\= 6 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= e21852 \\| date \\= 2011\\-07\\-06 \\| pmid \\= 21755004 \\| pmc \\= 3130765 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0021852 \\| bibcode \\= 2011PLoSO...621852I \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} including musical beauty{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ \\| title \\= Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion \\| journal \\= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\| volume \\= 98 \\| issue \\= 20 \\| pages \\= 11818–23 \\| date \\= September 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11573015 \\| pmc \\= 58814 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1073/pnas.191355898 \\| bibcode \\= 2001PNAS...9811818B \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} and moral beauty,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Tsukiura T, Cabeza R \\| title \\= Shared brain activity for aesthetic and moral judgments: implications for the Beauty\\-is\\-Good stereotype \\| journal \\= Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 6 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 138–48 \\| date \\= January 2011 \\| pmid \\= 20231177 \\| pmc \\= 3023089 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/scan/nsq025 }} and even mathematical beauty.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zeki S, Romaya JP, Benincasa DM, Atiyah MF \\| title \\= The experience of mathematical beauty and its neural correlates \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Frontiers in Human Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 68 \\| date \\= 2014 \\| pmid \\= 24592230 \\| pmc \\= 3923150 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fnhum.2014\\.00068 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Interestingly, experience of the sublime, as opposed to the beautiful, results in a different pattern of brain activity;{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ishizu T, Zeki S \\| title \\= A neurobiological enquiry into the origins of our experience of the sublime and beautiful \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Frontiers in Human Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 891 \\| date \\= 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25426046 \\| pmc \\= 4227571 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3389/fnhum.2014\\.00891 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} moreover, where it comes to judgment, although aesthetic and perceptual judgments leads t activity in the same brain areas, the pattern of activity is also different between the two, one of the most marked differences being the involvement of mOFC in aesthetic, but not in perceptual, judgments.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ishizu T, Zeki S \\| title \\= The brain's specialized systems for aesthetic and perceptual judgment \\| journal \\= The European Journal of Neuroscience \\| volume \\= 37 \\| issue \\= 9 \\| pages \\= 1413–20 \\| date \\= May 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23373763 \\| pmc \\= 3792471 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/ejn.12135 }} Surprisingly, when a person views a painting which they consider ugly, no separate structures are activated. Therefore, it is proposed that changes in the intensity of activation in the orbito\\-frontal cortex correlate with the determination of beauty (higher activation) or ugliness (lower activation).",
"Conversely, activity in the motor cortex showed the opposite pattern.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Chen Z, Yang X, Wang L, Li W \\|title\\=Neuroaesthetics: a narrative review of neuroimaging techniques \\|journal\\=Journal of Bio\\-X Research \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=3\\| pages\\=97–102 \\|date\\=2021 \\|doi\\=10\\.1097/JBR.0000000000000095 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Additionally, the medial OFC has been found to respond aesthetics in terms of the context of which it is presented, such as text or other descriptions about the artwork. The current evidence linking the OFC to attributed hedonistic values across gustatory, olfactory, and visual modalities, suggests that the OFC is a common center for the assessment of a stimulus's value. The perception of aesthetics for these areas must be due to the activation of the brain's reward system with a certain intensity.",
"[thumb\\|Prefrontal cortex is highlighted in orange. Location of Brodmann's areas indicated by numerical tabs.](/wiki/File:Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg \"Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg\")\nAdditionally, the [prefrontal dorsalateral cortex](/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex \"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex\") (PDC) is selectively activated only by stimuli considered beautiful whereas prefrontal activity as a whole is activated during the judgment of both pleasing and unpleasing stimuli.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Cela\\-Conde CJ, Marty G, Maestú F, Ortiz T, Munar E, Fernández A, Roca M, Rosselló J, Quesney F \\| title \\= Activation of the prefrontal cortex in the human visual aesthetic perception \\| journal \\= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\| volume \\= 101 \\| issue \\= 16 \\| pages \\= 6321–5 \\| date \\= April 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15079079 \\| pmc \\= 395967 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1073/pnas.0401427101 \\| bibcode \\= 2004PNAS..101\\.6321C \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} The prefrontal cortex may be generally activated for directing the attention of the cognitive and perceptual mechanisms towards aesthetic perception in viewers untrained in visual arts. In other words, related directly to a person viewing art from an aesthetic perception due to the top\\-down control of their cognition. The lateral prefrontal cortex is shown to be linked to higher order self\\-referential procession and the evaluation of internally generated information. The left lateral PFC, [Brodmann area 10](/wiki/Brodmann_area_10 \"Brodmann area 10\"), may be involved in maintaining attention on the execution of internally generated goals associated with approaching art from an aesthetic orientation.",
"Broca's Area, also in the Prefrontal cortex is impaired in many individuals with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Dysfunction in this area leads to deficits in speech production; in this case the inability to verbally process a traumatic event(s). The process of making art allows those affected to \"access pre\\-language areas of the brain\" by creating their own symbolic imagery and connecting with others through this.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Your Brain on Art: The Case for Neuroaesthetics.\\| vauthors \\= Magsamen S \\|date \\= July 2019\\|journal \\= Cerebrum\\| volume \\= 2019 \\| pmid \\= 32206171\\| pmc \\= 7075503 }} Directing attention towards aesthetics may have evolutionary significance.",
"### Additional areas",
"Emotions play a large role in aesthetic processing. Experiments designed specifically to force the subjects to view the artwork subjectively (by inquiring of its aesthetic appeal) rather than simply with the visual systems, revealed a higher activation in the brain's emotional circuitry. Results from these experiments revealed high activation in the bilateral [insula](/wiki/Insular_cortex \"Insular cortex\") which can be attributed to the emotional experience of viewing art. This correlates with other known emotional roles of the insula. However, the correlation between the insula's varying states of activation and positive or negative emotions in this context is unknown. The emotional view of art can be contrasted with perception related to object recognition when pragmatically viewing art. The right [fusiform gyrus](/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus \"Fusiform gyrus\") has been revealed to show activation to visual stimuli such as faces and representational art. The neuroaesthetics of facial recognition hold particular importance, as being drawn to faces likely increased sociability, allowing tribal environments to grow, resulting in greater protection and more availability of mates. This is likely involved in genetic fitness of offspring and child\\-rearing as well.",
"This holds importance in the field because as Ramachandran also speculated, object recognition and the search for meaning can evoke a pleasant emotional response. The [motor cortex](/wiki/Motor_cortex \"Motor cortex\") was also shown to be involved in aesthetic perception. However, it displayed opposite trends of activation from the OFC. It may be a common correlate for the perception of emotionally charged stimuli despite its previously known roles. Several other areas of the brain were shown to be slightly activated during certain studies such as the [anterior cingulate cortex](/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex \"Anterior cingulate cortex\"), previously known for its involvement in the feeling of romance, and the left [parietal cortex](/wiki/Parietal_lobe \"Parietal lobe\"), whose purpose may be to direct spatial attention.",
"Different artistic styles may also be processed differently by the brain. In a study between filtered forms of [abstract](/wiki/Abstract_art \"Abstract art\") and [representation art](/wiki/Representation_%28arts%29 \"Representation (arts)\"), the bilateral [occipital](/wiki/Occipital_lobe \"Occipital lobe\") [gyri](/wiki/Gyri \"Gyri\"), left [cingulate sulcus](/wiki/Cingulate_sulcus \"Cingulate sulcus\"), and bilateral [fusiform gyrus](/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus \"Fusiform gyrus\") showed increased activation with increased preference when viewing art. However, activation in the bilateral occipital gyri may be caused by the large processing requirements placed on the visual system when viewing high levels of visual detail in artwork such as representational paintings. Several areas of the brain have been shown to respond particularly to forms representational art perhaps due to the brain's ability to make object associations and other functions relating to attention and memory. This form of stimuli leads to increased activation in the left [frontal lobe](/wiki/Frontal_lobe \"Frontal lobe\") and bilaterally in the parietal and [limbic lobes](/wiki/Limbic_lobe \"Limbic lobe\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lengger PG, Fischmeister FP, Leder H, Bauer H \\| title \\= Functional neuroanatomy of the perception of modern art: A DC\\-EEG study on the influence of stylistic information on aesthetic experience \\| journal \\= Brain Research \\| volume \\= 1158 \\| pages \\= 93–102 \\| date \\= July 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17559816 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.brainres.2007\\.05\\.001 \\| s2cid \\= 16938839 }} Also, the left superior parietal lobule, [Brodmann's area 7](/wiki/Brodmann_area_7 \"Brodmann area 7\"), has been shown to play a role in active image construction during the viewing of art specifically containing indeterminate forms such as soft edge paintings. Bottom up processes such as edge detection and the exploration of visual stimuli are engaged during this type of aesthetic perception. These roles are consistent with previously known parietal lobe responsibilities in spatial cognition and visual imagery.",
""
] |
Theology
--------
Sabellius taught that God was single and indivisible, with Father, Son, and Holy Spirit being three modes or manifestations of one divine Person.
### Modalism
This understanding has been called [Sabellianism](/wiki/Sabellianism "Sabellianism") or *modalistic [monarchianism](/wiki/Monarchianism "Monarchianism")*.[Jaroslav Pelikan](/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan "Jaroslav Pelikan"), *The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100\-600\)*, The University of Chicago Press, 1975, pp.179\-181 A Sabellian modalist would say that the One God successively revealed Himself to man throughout time as the Father in Creation; the Son in Redemption; and the Spirit in Sanctification and Regeneration. (Because of this focus on God's revelation of himself to man, Modalism is often confused with [economic Trinitarianism](/wiki/Economic_Trinitarianism "Economic Trinitarianism")).
* The suggestion of development and change within the Godhead was seen as contradicting the concept of [impassibility](/wiki/Impassibility "Impassibility").
* It also stood in contrast to the position of distinct persons existing within a single godhead by representing Father, Son and Spirit as different “modes” (hence the term "[modalism](/wiki/Modalism "Modalism")"), “aspects” or “faces”, “roles”, "masks" ([persona](/wiki/Persona "Persona") in Latin)pgs 51\-55[Vladimir Lossky](/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky "Vladimir Lossky") The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, SVS Press, 1997\. ({{ISBN\|0\-913836\-31\-1}}) James Clarke \& Co Ltd, 1991\. ({{ISBN\|0\-227\-67919\-9}})[https://books.google.com/books?id\=dxqvWwPSCSwC\&q\=The\+Mystical\+Theology\+of\+the\+Eastern\+Church](https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqvWwPSCSwC&q=The+Mystical+Theology+of+the+Eastern+Church) that God presented successively to the world.
* More importantly it stood against the Trinitarian teaching that "God was one God in Father" rather than One in the Father's essence only.pgs 51\-55 [Vladimir Lossky](/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky "Vladimir Lossky") The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, SVS Press, 1997\. ({{ISBN\|0\-913836\-31\-1}}) James Clarke \& Co Ltd, 1991\. ({{ISBN\|0\-227\-67919\-9}})[https://books.google.com/books?id\=dxqvWwPSCSwC\&q\=The\+Mystical\+Theology\+of\+the\+Eastern\+Church](https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqvWwPSCSwC&q=The+Mystical+Theology+of+the+Eastern+Church)
It has been noted also that the Greek term "[homoousios](/wiki/Homoousios "Homoousios")", which [Athanasius of Alexandria](/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria "Athanasius of Alexandria") favored, was actually a term that was reported to be put forth and favored also by Sabellius, and was a term that many followers of Athanasius took issue with and were uneasy about. Their objection to the term "homoousios" was that it was considered to be "un\-Scriptural, suspicious, and of a Sabellian tendency."*Select Treatises of St. Athanasius \- In Controversy With the Arians* \- Freely Translated by John Henry Cardinal Newmann \- Longmans, Green, and Co., 1911, footnote, page 124 Athanasius, however, used the term differently than Sabellius, affirming oneness of the Divine Essence while maintaining the distinctions between the Divine Persons.
The term "homoousios" was accepted, however, at the [Council of Nicaea](/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea "First Council of Nicaea") in 325 A.D., using the Athanasian formula and doctrine, of the Father and Son being distinct persons, though co\-eternal, co\-equal, and con\-substantial. The objections to using the term were addressed by clarifying that it was not being used in the Sabellian sense of oneness of Person, but rather to denote oneness of Essence while affirming the distinctions of the Persons or "[hypostases](/wiki/Hypostasis_%28philosophy_and_religion%29 "Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)")".
### Persona
According to [Epiphanius of Salamis](/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis "Epiphanius of Salamis"), Sabellius used the sun's characteristics as an analogy of God's nature. Just as the sun has "three powers" (warmth, light, and circular form), so God has three aspects: the warming power answers to the Holy Spirit; the illuminating power, to the Son; and the form or figure, to the Father.Von Mosheim, J. L., *Historical Commentaries on the State of Christianity During the First Three Hundred and Twenty\-Five Years from the Christian Era*, Wipf \& Stock Publishers, 2006, p220\. {{ISBN\|1\-59752\-704\-1}} Originally published by Trow \& Smith Book Manufacturing Co, 1868\. Partly reproduced online at [Google Book Search](https://books.google.com/books?id=0l9M6PLRNcQC&dq=sabellius&pg=PA216) Sabellius used the term "prosopa" which is Greek for "faces" to describe how the person of God has three faces, this idea is found in 2 Corinthians 4:6 "...God’s glory displayed in the face (prosopon \- singular form of prosopa) of Christ.
### God in essence
[Johann Lorenz von Mosheim](/wiki/Johann_Lorenz_von_Mosheim "Johann Lorenz von Mosheim"), in his book \- The State of Christianity during the first 320 years \- translated and published in English in 1851,Von Mosheim, J. L., *op cit*, p218 described Sabellius' views. On page 217, Von Mosheim explains that different people had different views of what Sabellius taught:
> “The majority say: He taught that the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, are only three names of the one God.”{{Cite web\|last\=Andries van Niekerk\|date\=2021\-12\-09\|title\=Was Sabellius the first Trinitarian?\|url\=https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/sabellius/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-09\|website\=From Daniel to Revelation\|language\=en\-US}}
Others denied that, claiming that Sabellius taught that "the Son is a divine virtue that descended from the Father upon the man Christ," which is similar to what the Socinians taught.{{Cite web\|last\=Andries van Niekerk\|date\=2021\-12\-09\|title\=Was Sabellius the first Trinitarian?\|url\=https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/sabellius/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-09\|website\=From Daniel to Revelation\|language\=en\-US}}As from the last paragraph on page 217, Von Mosheim explains his own understanding of what Sabellius taught.{{Cite web\|last\=Andries van Niekerk\|date\=2021\-12\-09\|title\=Was Sabellius the first Trinitarian?\|url\=https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/sabellius/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-09\|website\=From Daniel to Revelation\|language\=en\-US}} He wrote:
> Reason and Scripture teach God to be “a perfectly simple unity.” To prevent the teaching of “a plurality of Gods,” Sabellius denied “the distinction of persons in the divine nature.” (p217/218\) But while Sabellius maintained that there was but one divine person, “he still believed the distinction of Father, Son, and holy Spirit, described in the Scriptures, to be a real distinction, and not a mere appellative or nominal one” (p218\).
“Although Sabellius made a distinction between the Father and the Son, yet he would not admit that the Son was a divine person, begotten by the Father” (p218\).
“Sabellius ... did not confound the Son and holy Spirit with the Father, but clearly discriminated the two former from the latter” (p218\).
“Sabellius held to a Trinity” (p218\) (The purpose of this statement seems to be to confirm that there are real distinctions between the Father, Son and holy Spirit.)
"Sabellius, therefore, believed that, as a man is but one person, and yet in his one person three things may be discriminated … the body, the soul, and the spirit, so, also, although there is but one undivided person in God, yet in that person, the Father, the Son, and the holy Spirit can be discriminated, not in thought only, but they must be really discriminated and kept distinct." (p219\-220\)
“As Sabellius held to the simple unity of the person and nature of God, and yet supposed the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, to differ really from each other, and not to be three names of the one God, acting in different ways; we are obliged to believe, that he considered the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, as being three portions of the divine nature, severed, as it were, from God, and differing from each other, yet not subsisting as three persons, but all dependent on the one individual divine nature.” (p220\)On page 221 and later, Von Mosheim mentions that "the ancients sometimes speak as if they would represent Sabellius to believe that the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, differ from each other only as three modes of acting." He continues to show examples of how Epiphanius, Basil the Great and Theodoret contradict themselves in this regard.
|
[
"Theology\n--------",
"Sabellius taught that God was single and indivisible, with Father, Son, and Holy Spirit being three modes or manifestations of one divine Person.",
"### Modalism",
"This understanding has been called [Sabellianism](/wiki/Sabellianism \"Sabellianism\") or *modalistic [monarchianism](/wiki/Monarchianism \"Monarchianism\")*.[Jaroslav Pelikan](/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan \"Jaroslav Pelikan\"), *The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100\\-600\\)*, The University of Chicago Press, 1975, pp.179\\-181 A Sabellian modalist would say that the One God successively revealed Himself to man throughout time as the Father in Creation; the Son in Redemption; and the Spirit in Sanctification and Regeneration. (Because of this focus on God's revelation of himself to man, Modalism is often confused with [economic Trinitarianism](/wiki/Economic_Trinitarianism \"Economic Trinitarianism\")).",
"* The suggestion of development and change within the Godhead was seen as contradicting the concept of [impassibility](/wiki/Impassibility \"Impassibility\").\n* It also stood in contrast to the position of distinct persons existing within a single godhead by representing Father, Son and Spirit as different “modes” (hence the term \"[modalism](/wiki/Modalism \"Modalism\")\"), “aspects” or “faces”, “roles”, \"masks\" ([persona](/wiki/Persona \"Persona\") in Latin)pgs 51\\-55[Vladimir Lossky](/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky \"Vladimir Lossky\") The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, SVS Press, 1997\\. ({{ISBN\\|0\\-913836\\-31\\-1}}) James Clarke \\& Co Ltd, 1991\\. ({{ISBN\\|0\\-227\\-67919\\-9}})[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dxqvWwPSCSwC\\&q\\=The\\+Mystical\\+Theology\\+of\\+the\\+Eastern\\+Church](https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqvWwPSCSwC&q=The+Mystical+Theology+of+the+Eastern+Church) that God presented successively to the world.\n* More importantly it stood against the Trinitarian teaching that \"God was one God in Father\" rather than One in the Father's essence only.pgs 51\\-55 [Vladimir Lossky](/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky \"Vladimir Lossky\") The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, SVS Press, 1997\\. ({{ISBN\\|0\\-913836\\-31\\-1}}) James Clarke \\& Co Ltd, 1991\\. ({{ISBN\\|0\\-227\\-67919\\-9}})[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dxqvWwPSCSwC\\&q\\=The\\+Mystical\\+Theology\\+of\\+the\\+Eastern\\+Church](https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqvWwPSCSwC&q=The+Mystical+Theology+of+the+Eastern+Church)",
"It has been noted also that the Greek term \"[homoousios](/wiki/Homoousios \"Homoousios\")\", which [Athanasius of Alexandria](/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria \"Athanasius of Alexandria\") favored, was actually a term that was reported to be put forth and favored also by Sabellius, and was a term that many followers of Athanasius took issue with and were uneasy about. Their objection to the term \"homoousios\" was that it was considered to be \"un\\-Scriptural, suspicious, and of a Sabellian tendency.\"*Select Treatises of St. Athanasius \\- In Controversy With the Arians* \\- Freely Translated by John Henry Cardinal Newmann \\- Longmans, Green, and Co., 1911, footnote, page 124 Athanasius, however, used the term differently than Sabellius, affirming oneness of the Divine Essence while maintaining the distinctions between the Divine Persons.",
"The term \"homoousios\" was accepted, however, at the [Council of Nicaea](/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea \"First Council of Nicaea\") in 325 A.D., using the Athanasian formula and doctrine, of the Father and Son being distinct persons, though co\\-eternal, co\\-equal, and con\\-substantial. The objections to using the term were addressed by clarifying that it was not being used in the Sabellian sense of oneness of Person, but rather to denote oneness of Essence while affirming the distinctions of the Persons or \"[hypostases](/wiki/Hypostasis_%28philosophy_and_religion%29 \"Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)\")\".",
"### Persona",
"According to [Epiphanius of Salamis](/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis \"Epiphanius of Salamis\"), Sabellius used the sun's characteristics as an analogy of God's nature. Just as the sun has \"three powers\" (warmth, light, and circular form), so God has three aspects: the warming power answers to the Holy Spirit; the illuminating power, to the Son; and the form or figure, to the Father.Von Mosheim, J. L., *Historical Commentaries on the State of Christianity During the First Three Hundred and Twenty\\-Five Years from the Christian Era*, Wipf \\& Stock Publishers, 2006, p220\\. {{ISBN\\|1\\-59752\\-704\\-1}} Originally published by Trow \\& Smith Book Manufacturing Co, 1868\\. Partly reproduced online at [Google Book Search](https://books.google.com/books?id=0l9M6PLRNcQC&dq=sabellius&pg=PA216) Sabellius used the term \"prosopa\" which is Greek for \"faces\" to describe how the person of God has three faces, this idea is found in 2 Corinthians 4:6 \"...God’s glory displayed in the face (prosopon \\- singular form of prosopa) of Christ.",
"### God in essence",
"[Johann Lorenz von Mosheim](/wiki/Johann_Lorenz_von_Mosheim \"Johann Lorenz von Mosheim\"), in his book \\- The State of Christianity during the first 320 years \\- translated and published in English in 1851,Von Mosheim, J. L., *op cit*, p218 described Sabellius' views. On page 217, Von Mosheim explains that different people had different views of what Sabellius taught:\n> “The majority say: He taught that the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, are only three names of the one God.”{{Cite web\\|last\\=Andries van Niekerk\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-09\\|title\\=Was Sabellius the first Trinitarian?\\|url\\=https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/sabellius/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-09\\|website\\=From Daniel to Revelation\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"",
"Others denied that, claiming that Sabellius taught that \"the Son is a divine virtue that descended from the Father upon the man Christ,\" which is similar to what the Socinians taught.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Andries van Niekerk\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-09\\|title\\=Was Sabellius the first Trinitarian?\\|url\\=https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/sabellius/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-09\\|website\\=From Daniel to Revelation\\|language\\=en\\-US}}As from the last paragraph on page 217, Von Mosheim explains his own understanding of what Sabellius taught.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Andries van Niekerk\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-09\\|title\\=Was Sabellius the first Trinitarian?\\|url\\=https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/sabellius/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-09\\|website\\=From Daniel to Revelation\\|language\\=en\\-US}} He wrote: \n> Reason and Scripture teach God to be “a perfectly simple unity.” To prevent the teaching of “a plurality of Gods,” Sabellius denied “the distinction of persons in the divine nature.” (p217/218\\) But while Sabellius maintained that there was but one divine person, “he still believed the distinction of Father, Son, and holy Spirit, described in the Scriptures, to be a real distinction, and not a mere appellative or nominal one” (p218\\).",
"",
"“Although Sabellius made a distinction between the Father and the Son, yet he would not admit that the Son was a divine person, begotten by the Father” (p218\\).\n“Sabellius ... did not confound the Son and holy Spirit with the Father, but clearly discriminated the two former from the latter” (p218\\).\n“Sabellius held to a Trinity” (p218\\) (The purpose of this statement seems to be to confirm that there are real distinctions between the Father, Son and holy Spirit.)\n\"Sabellius, therefore, believed that, as a man is but one person, and yet in his one person three things may be discriminated … the body, the soul, and the spirit, so, also, although there is but one undivided person in God, yet in that person, the Father, the Son, and the holy Spirit can be discriminated, not in thought only, but they must be really discriminated and kept distinct.\" (p219\\-220\\)\n“As Sabellius held to the simple unity of the person and nature of God, and yet supposed the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, to differ really from each other, and not to be three names of the one God, acting in different ways; we are obliged to believe, that he considered the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, as being three portions of the divine nature, severed, as it were, from God, and differing from each other, yet not subsisting as three persons, but all dependent on the one individual divine nature.” (p220\\)On page 221 and later, Von Mosheim mentions that \"the ancients sometimes speak as if they would represent Sabellius to believe that the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, differ from each other only as three modes of acting.\" He continues to show examples of how Epiphanius, Basil the Great and Theodoret contradict themselves in this regard.",
""
] |
Attestations
------------
### *Poetic Edda*
In reference to Hel, in the poem *[Völuspá](/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 "Völuspá")*, a [völva](/wiki/V%C3%B6lva "Völva") states that Hel will play an important role in [Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k "Ragnarök"). The völva states that a crowing "sooty\-red cock from the halls of Hel" is one of three cocks that will signal one of the beginning events of Ragnarök. The other two are Fjalar in [Jotunheim](/wiki/Jotunheim "Jotunheim") and Gullinkambi in [Valhalla](/wiki/Valhalla "Valhalla").The name of this rooster is nowhere stated. In *[Völuspá](/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 "Völuspá")*, it is only referred to as a "sooty\-red cock in the halls of Hel" that "crows down below the earth" (Larrington translation).
In *[Grímnismál](/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l "Grímnismál")* stanza 31, Hel is listed as existing beneath one of the three roots of the world tree [Yggdrasil](/wiki/Yggdrasil "Yggdrasil"). One of the other two leads to the [frost jötnar](/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn "Jötunn") and the third to Mankind. In *[Guðrúnarkviða I](/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_I "Guðrúnarkviða I")*, as Herborg tells of her grief in having prepared funeral arrangements for various members of her family, her children and her husbands, described it as "arranging their journey to Hel".Larrington (1996\).
In the short poem *[Helreið Brynhildar](/wiki/Helrei%C3%B0_Brynhildar "Helreið Brynhildar")*, Hel is directly referenced as a location in the title, translating to "Brynhild's Hel\-Ride". While riding along a road on the border of Hel in a lavish cart (the cart her corpse was burnt within), [Brynhildr](/wiki/Brynhildr "Brynhildr") encounters a dead [gýgr](/wiki/G%C3%BDgr "Gýgr") at a [burial mound](/wiki/Burial_mound "Burial mound") belonging to her. This results in a heated exchange, during which Brynhildr tells of her life.
In *[Baldrs draumar](/wiki/Baldrs_draumar "Baldrs draumar")*, [Odin](/wiki/Odin "Odin") rides to the edge of Hel to investigate nightmares that [Baldr](/wiki/Baldr "Baldr") has had. He uses a spell to bring to life the corpse of a völva. Odin introduces himself under a false name and pretense and asks for information from the völva relating to Baldr's dreams. The völva reluctantly proceeds to produce prophecies regarding the events of [Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k "Ragnarök").
The poem gives some information regarding the geographic location of Hel in parallel to the description in the Prose Edda, which may be related to the fact that it was not included in the Codex Regius but is instead a later addition. [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel "Niflhel") is mentioned as being just outside Hel. The bloody [Garmr](/wiki/Garmr "Garmr") makes an appearance, encountering Odin on Odin's ride to Hel. Odin continues down the road and approaches Hel, which is described as the "high hall of Hel." There he proceeds to the grave of the völva near the eastern doors where the descriptions of Hel end.
### *Prose Edda*
In the *[Prose Edda](/wiki/Prose_Edda "Prose Edda")*, more detailed information is given about the location, including a detailed account of a venture to the region after the death of the god [Baldr](/wiki/Baldr "Baldr"). [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson "Snorri Sturluson")'s descriptions of Hel in the *Prose Edda* are not corroborated outside *[Baldrs draumar](/wiki/Baldrs_draumar "Baldrs draumar")*, which does not appear in the original [Codex Regius](/wiki/Codex_Regius "Codex Regius") but is a later addition often included with modern editions of the *Poetic Edda*.
#### *Gylfaginning*
In the book *[Gylfaginning](/wiki/Gylfaginning "Gylfaginning")*, Hel is introduced in chapter 3 as a location where "evil men" go upon death, and into [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel "Niflhel"). The chapter further details that Hel is in the ninth of the [Nine Worlds](/wiki/Norse_cosmology "Norse cosmology").Byock (2006:12\).
In chapter 34, [Hel, the being](/wiki/Hel_%28being%29 "Hel (being)") is introduced. [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson "Snorri Sturluson") writes that Hel was cast down into Hel by Odin who "made her ruler over Nine Worlds". Snorri further writes that there Hel is located in [Niflheim](/wiki/Niflheim "Niflheim"). Here it is related that she could give out lodging and items to those sent to her that have died of disease or old age. A very large dwelling is described as existing in Niflheim owned by Hel with huge walls and gates. The within of this place is called [Éljúðnir](/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir "Éljúðnir"), where Hel is described as having a servant, a slave and various possessions.Byock (2006:39\).
At the end of chapter 49, the death of Baldr and [Nanna](/wiki/Nanna_%28Norse_deity%29 "Nanna (Norse deity)") is described. [Hermóðr](/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r "Hermóðr"), described as Baldr's brother in this source, sets out for Hel on horseback to retrieve the deceased Baldr. To enter Hel, Hermóðr rides for [nine nights](/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology "Numbers in Norse mythology") through "valleys so deep and dark that he saw nothing" until he arrives at the river [Gjöll](/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll "Gjöll") ("Noisy") and the [Gjöll bridge](/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA "Gjallarbrú"). The bridge is described as having a roof made of shining gold. Hermóðr then proceeds to cross it. Hermóðr encounters [Móðguð](/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0 "Móðguð"), who is the guard of the bridge ("Furious Battler").Byock (2006:67\-69\).
Móðguð speaks to Hermóðr and comments that the bridge echoes beneath him more than the entire party of five people who had just passed. This is a reference to Baldr, Nanna and those that were burnt in their funeral pyre passing over the bridge on death. Móðguð also says that the dead in Hel appear as a different color than the living and tells him that to get to Hel he must go "down and to the North" where he would find the Road to Hel.
Continuing along the Road to Hel, Hermóðr encounters the Gates of Hel. Hermóðr remounts and spurs Sleipnir, and the two bound far over it. Hermóðr proceeds further beyond the gates for some distance before arriving at the hall, dismounting and entering. There Hermóðr sees Baldr sitting in a "seat of honor" and Hermóðr spends a night in Hel. The following day, Hermóðr presses Hel, the being, to allow Baldr to leave. Hel gives him an offer and then Baldr leads him out of the hall. Baldr then gives Hermóðr various gifts from Nanna and himself to bring from Hel to the living Æsir. Hermóðr then retraces his path back to the land of the living. Hel's offer fails and in chapter 50, [Loki](/wiki/Loki "Loki") is blamed for Baldr remaining in Hel.
In chapter 53, Hel is mentioned a final time in the *Prose Edda*.Byock (2006:77\). Here, [Höðr](/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r "Höðr") and Baldr are mentioned as returning from Hel in a post\-[Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k "Ragnarök") world:
| *Því næst koma þar Baldr ok Höðr frá Heljar, setjask þá allir samt ok talask við ok minnask á rúnar sínar ok rœða of tíðindi þau er fyrrum höfðu verit, of Miðgarðsorm ok um Fenrisúlf.* \- [Eysteinn Björnsson's edition](http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426052537/http://www3\.hi.is/\~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51\.html \|date\=2009\-04\-26 }} | "After that Baldr shall come thither, and Hödr, from Hel; then all shall sit down together and hold speech with one another, and call to mind their secret wisdom, and speak of those happenings which have been before: of the [Midgard Serpent](/wiki/Midgard_Serpent "Midgard Serpent") and of [Fenris\-Wolf](/wiki/Fenrir "Fenrir")." \- [Brodeur's translation](http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/081085.php) | |
| --- | --- | --- |
### *Gesta Danorum*
Book I of *[Gesta Danorum](/wiki/Gesta_Danorum "Gesta Danorum")* contains an account of what has often been interpreted as a trip to Hel. While having dinner, King [Hadingus](/wiki/Hadingus "Hadingus") is visited by a woman bearing stalks of [hemlock](/wiki/Conium "Conium") who asks him if he knows where such fresh herbs grow in winter. Hadingus wants to know; so the woman muffles him with her cloak, pulls him into the ground, and they vanish. [Saxo](/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus "Saxo Grammaticus") reasons that the gods wished for Hadingus to visit in the flesh where he will go when he dies.Davidson (1998:30\-31\).
The two penetrate a dark and misty cloud, and then continue along a path worn from heavy use over the ages. The two see men wearing rich\-looking robes, and nobles wearing purple. Passing them, they finally reach sunny regions where the herbs the woman presented Hadingus grow.
Hadingus and the woman continue until they arrived at a river of blue\-black water that is fast\-moving, full of rapids, and filled with various weapons. They cross the bridge, and see two "strongly\-matched" armies meeting. Hadingus asks the woman about their identity, and she responds that they are men that have met their death by sword, and that they present an everlasting display of their destruction while attempting to equal the activity of their past lives.
Moving forward, the two encounter a wall that they cannot find a way over. The woman attempts to leap over it, but despite her slender and wrinkled body, cannot. The woman removes the head of a cock that she was carrying and throws it over the wall. The bird crows immediately; it has returned to life. Hadingus returns to his wife, and foils a threat by pirates.
|
[
"Attestations\n------------",
"### *Poetic Edda*",
"In reference to Hel, in the poem *[Völuspá](/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 \"Völuspá\")*, a [völva](/wiki/V%C3%B6lva \"Völva\") states that Hel will play an important role in [Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k \"Ragnarök\"). The völva states that a crowing \"sooty\\-red cock from the halls of Hel\" is one of three cocks that will signal one of the beginning events of Ragnarök. The other two are Fjalar in [Jotunheim](/wiki/Jotunheim \"Jotunheim\") and Gullinkambi in [Valhalla](/wiki/Valhalla \"Valhalla\").The name of this rooster is nowhere stated. In *[Völuspá](/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 \"Völuspá\")*, it is only referred to as a \"sooty\\-red cock in the halls of Hel\" that \"crows down below the earth\" (Larrington translation).",
"In *[Grímnismál](/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l \"Grímnismál\")* stanza 31, Hel is listed as existing beneath one of the three roots of the world tree [Yggdrasil](/wiki/Yggdrasil \"Yggdrasil\"). One of the other two leads to the [frost jötnar](/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn \"Jötunn\") and the third to Mankind. In *[Guðrúnarkviða I](/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_I \"Guðrúnarkviða I\")*, as Herborg tells of her grief in having prepared funeral arrangements for various members of her family, her children and her husbands, described it as \"arranging their journey to Hel\".Larrington (1996\\).",
"In the short poem *[Helreið Brynhildar](/wiki/Helrei%C3%B0_Brynhildar \"Helreið Brynhildar\")*, Hel is directly referenced as a location in the title, translating to \"Brynhild's Hel\\-Ride\". While riding along a road on the border of Hel in a lavish cart (the cart her corpse was burnt within), [Brynhildr](/wiki/Brynhildr \"Brynhildr\") encounters a dead [gýgr](/wiki/G%C3%BDgr \"Gýgr\") at a [burial mound](/wiki/Burial_mound \"Burial mound\") belonging to her. This results in a heated exchange, during which Brynhildr tells of her life.",
"In *[Baldrs draumar](/wiki/Baldrs_draumar \"Baldrs draumar\")*, [Odin](/wiki/Odin \"Odin\") rides to the edge of Hel to investigate nightmares that [Baldr](/wiki/Baldr \"Baldr\") has had. He uses a spell to bring to life the corpse of a völva. Odin introduces himself under a false name and pretense and asks for information from the völva relating to Baldr's dreams. The völva reluctantly proceeds to produce prophecies regarding the events of [Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k \"Ragnarök\").",
"The poem gives some information regarding the geographic location of Hel in parallel to the description in the Prose Edda, which may be related to the fact that it was not included in the Codex Regius but is instead a later addition. [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel \"Niflhel\") is mentioned as being just outside Hel. The bloody [Garmr](/wiki/Garmr \"Garmr\") makes an appearance, encountering Odin on Odin's ride to Hel. Odin continues down the road and approaches Hel, which is described as the \"high hall of Hel.\" There he proceeds to the grave of the völva near the eastern doors where the descriptions of Hel end.",
"### *Prose Edda*",
"In the *[Prose Edda](/wiki/Prose_Edda \"Prose Edda\")*, more detailed information is given about the location, including a detailed account of a venture to the region after the death of the god [Baldr](/wiki/Baldr \"Baldr\"). [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson \"Snorri Sturluson\")'s descriptions of Hel in the *Prose Edda* are not corroborated outside *[Baldrs draumar](/wiki/Baldrs_draumar \"Baldrs draumar\")*, which does not appear in the original [Codex Regius](/wiki/Codex_Regius \"Codex Regius\") but is a later addition often included with modern editions of the *Poetic Edda*.",
"#### *Gylfaginning*",
"In the book *[Gylfaginning](/wiki/Gylfaginning \"Gylfaginning\")*, Hel is introduced in chapter 3 as a location where \"evil men\" go upon death, and into [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel \"Niflhel\"). The chapter further details that Hel is in the ninth of the [Nine Worlds](/wiki/Norse_cosmology \"Norse cosmology\").Byock (2006:12\\).",
"In chapter 34, [Hel, the being](/wiki/Hel_%28being%29 \"Hel (being)\") is introduced. [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson \"Snorri Sturluson\") writes that Hel was cast down into Hel by Odin who \"made her ruler over Nine Worlds\". Snorri further writes that there Hel is located in [Niflheim](/wiki/Niflheim \"Niflheim\"). Here it is related that she could give out lodging and items to those sent to her that have died of disease or old age. A very large dwelling is described as existing in Niflheim owned by Hel with huge walls and gates. The within of this place is called [Éljúðnir](/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir \"Éljúðnir\"), where Hel is described as having a servant, a slave and various possessions.Byock (2006:39\\).",
"At the end of chapter 49, the death of Baldr and [Nanna](/wiki/Nanna_%28Norse_deity%29 \"Nanna (Norse deity)\") is described. [Hermóðr](/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r \"Hermóðr\"), described as Baldr's brother in this source, sets out for Hel on horseback to retrieve the deceased Baldr. To enter Hel, Hermóðr rides for [nine nights](/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology \"Numbers in Norse mythology\") through \"valleys so deep and dark that he saw nothing\" until he arrives at the river [Gjöll](/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll \"Gjöll\") (\"Noisy\") and the [Gjöll bridge](/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA \"Gjallarbrú\"). The bridge is described as having a roof made of shining gold. Hermóðr then proceeds to cross it. Hermóðr encounters [Móðguð](/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0 \"Móðguð\"), who is the guard of the bridge (\"Furious Battler\").Byock (2006:67\\-69\\).",
"Móðguð speaks to Hermóðr and comments that the bridge echoes beneath him more than the entire party of five people who had just passed. This is a reference to Baldr, Nanna and those that were burnt in their funeral pyre passing over the bridge on death. Móðguð also says that the dead in Hel appear as a different color than the living and tells him that to get to Hel he must go \"down and to the North\" where he would find the Road to Hel.",
"Continuing along the Road to Hel, Hermóðr encounters the Gates of Hel. Hermóðr remounts and spurs Sleipnir, and the two bound far over it. Hermóðr proceeds further beyond the gates for some distance before arriving at the hall, dismounting and entering. There Hermóðr sees Baldr sitting in a \"seat of honor\" and Hermóðr spends a night in Hel. The following day, Hermóðr presses Hel, the being, to allow Baldr to leave. Hel gives him an offer and then Baldr leads him out of the hall. Baldr then gives Hermóðr various gifts from Nanna and himself to bring from Hel to the living Æsir. Hermóðr then retraces his path back to the land of the living. Hel's offer fails and in chapter 50, [Loki](/wiki/Loki \"Loki\") is blamed for Baldr remaining in Hel.",
"In chapter 53, Hel is mentioned a final time in the *Prose Edda*.Byock (2006:77\\). Here, [Höðr](/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r \"Höðr\") and Baldr are mentioned as returning from Hel in a post\\-[Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k \"Ragnarök\") world:",
"",
"| *Því næst koma þar Baldr ok Höðr frá Heljar, setjask þá allir samt ok talask við ok minnask á rúnar sínar ok rœða of tíðindi þau er fyrrum höfðu verit, of Miðgarðsorm ok um Fenrisúlf.* \\- [Eysteinn Björnsson's edition](http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426052537/http://www3\\.hi.is/\\~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51\\.html \\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-26 }} | \"After that Baldr shall come thither, and Hödr, from Hel; then all shall sit down together and hold speech with one another, and call to mind their secret wisdom, and speak of those happenings which have been before: of the [Midgard Serpent](/wiki/Midgard_Serpent \"Midgard Serpent\") and of [Fenris\\-Wolf](/wiki/Fenrir \"Fenrir\").\" \\- [Brodeur's translation](http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/081085.php) | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"### *Gesta Danorum*",
"Book I of *[Gesta Danorum](/wiki/Gesta_Danorum \"Gesta Danorum\")* contains an account of what has often been interpreted as a trip to Hel. While having dinner, King [Hadingus](/wiki/Hadingus \"Hadingus\") is visited by a woman bearing stalks of [hemlock](/wiki/Conium \"Conium\") who asks him if he knows where such fresh herbs grow in winter. Hadingus wants to know; so the woman muffles him with her cloak, pulls him into the ground, and they vanish. [Saxo](/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus \"Saxo Grammaticus\") reasons that the gods wished for Hadingus to visit in the flesh where he will go when he dies.Davidson (1998:30\\-31\\).",
"The two penetrate a dark and misty cloud, and then continue along a path worn from heavy use over the ages. The two see men wearing rich\\-looking robes, and nobles wearing purple. Passing them, they finally reach sunny regions where the herbs the woman presented Hadingus grow.",
"Hadingus and the woman continue until they arrived at a river of blue\\-black water that is fast\\-moving, full of rapids, and filled with various weapons. They cross the bridge, and see two \"strongly\\-matched\" armies meeting. Hadingus asks the woman about their identity, and she responds that they are men that have met their death by sword, and that they present an everlasting display of their destruction while attempting to equal the activity of their past lives.",
"Moving forward, the two encounter a wall that they cannot find a way over. The woman attempts to leap over it, but despite her slender and wrinkled body, cannot. The woman removes the head of a cock that she was carrying and throws it over the wall. The bird crows immediately; it has returned to life. Hadingus returns to his wife, and foils a threat by pirates.",
""
] |
### *Poetic Edda*
In reference to Hel, in the poem *[Völuspá](/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 "Völuspá")*, a [völva](/wiki/V%C3%B6lva "Völva") states that Hel will play an important role in [Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k "Ragnarök"). The völva states that a crowing "sooty\-red cock from the halls of Hel" is one of three cocks that will signal one of the beginning events of Ragnarök. The other two are Fjalar in [Jotunheim](/wiki/Jotunheim "Jotunheim") and Gullinkambi in [Valhalla](/wiki/Valhalla "Valhalla").The name of this rooster is nowhere stated. In *[Völuspá](/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 "Völuspá")*, it is only referred to as a "sooty\-red cock in the halls of Hel" that "crows down below the earth" (Larrington translation).
In *[Grímnismál](/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l "Grímnismál")* stanza 31, Hel is listed as existing beneath one of the three roots of the world tree [Yggdrasil](/wiki/Yggdrasil "Yggdrasil"). One of the other two leads to the [frost jötnar](/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn "Jötunn") and the third to Mankind. In *[Guðrúnarkviða I](/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_I "Guðrúnarkviða I")*, as Herborg tells of her grief in having prepared funeral arrangements for various members of her family, her children and her husbands, described it as "arranging their journey to Hel".Larrington (1996\).
In the short poem *[Helreið Brynhildar](/wiki/Helrei%C3%B0_Brynhildar "Helreið Brynhildar")*, Hel is directly referenced as a location in the title, translating to "Brynhild's Hel\-Ride". While riding along a road on the border of Hel in a lavish cart (the cart her corpse was burnt within), [Brynhildr](/wiki/Brynhildr "Brynhildr") encounters a dead [gýgr](/wiki/G%C3%BDgr "Gýgr") at a [burial mound](/wiki/Burial_mound "Burial mound") belonging to her. This results in a heated exchange, during which Brynhildr tells of her life.
In *[Baldrs draumar](/wiki/Baldrs_draumar "Baldrs draumar")*, [Odin](/wiki/Odin "Odin") rides to the edge of Hel to investigate nightmares that [Baldr](/wiki/Baldr "Baldr") has had. He uses a spell to bring to life the corpse of a völva. Odin introduces himself under a false name and pretense and asks for information from the völva relating to Baldr's dreams. The völva reluctantly proceeds to produce prophecies regarding the events of [Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k "Ragnarök").
The poem gives some information regarding the geographic location of Hel in parallel to the description in the Prose Edda, which may be related to the fact that it was not included in the Codex Regius but is instead a later addition. [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel "Niflhel") is mentioned as being just outside Hel. The bloody [Garmr](/wiki/Garmr "Garmr") makes an appearance, encountering Odin on Odin's ride to Hel. Odin continues down the road and approaches Hel, which is described as the "high hall of Hel." There he proceeds to the grave of the völva near the eastern doors where the descriptions of Hel end.
|
[
"### *Poetic Edda*",
"In reference to Hel, in the poem *[Völuspá](/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 \"Völuspá\")*, a [völva](/wiki/V%C3%B6lva \"Völva\") states that Hel will play an important role in [Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k \"Ragnarök\"). The völva states that a crowing \"sooty\\-red cock from the halls of Hel\" is one of three cocks that will signal one of the beginning events of Ragnarök. The other two are Fjalar in [Jotunheim](/wiki/Jotunheim \"Jotunheim\") and Gullinkambi in [Valhalla](/wiki/Valhalla \"Valhalla\").The name of this rooster is nowhere stated. In *[Völuspá](/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 \"Völuspá\")*, it is only referred to as a \"sooty\\-red cock in the halls of Hel\" that \"crows down below the earth\" (Larrington translation).",
"In *[Grímnismál](/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l \"Grímnismál\")* stanza 31, Hel is listed as existing beneath one of the three roots of the world tree [Yggdrasil](/wiki/Yggdrasil \"Yggdrasil\"). One of the other two leads to the [frost jötnar](/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn \"Jötunn\") and the third to Mankind. In *[Guðrúnarkviða I](/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a_I \"Guðrúnarkviða I\")*, as Herborg tells of her grief in having prepared funeral arrangements for various members of her family, her children and her husbands, described it as \"arranging their journey to Hel\".Larrington (1996\\).",
"In the short poem *[Helreið Brynhildar](/wiki/Helrei%C3%B0_Brynhildar \"Helreið Brynhildar\")*, Hel is directly referenced as a location in the title, translating to \"Brynhild's Hel\\-Ride\". While riding along a road on the border of Hel in a lavish cart (the cart her corpse was burnt within), [Brynhildr](/wiki/Brynhildr \"Brynhildr\") encounters a dead [gýgr](/wiki/G%C3%BDgr \"Gýgr\") at a [burial mound](/wiki/Burial_mound \"Burial mound\") belonging to her. This results in a heated exchange, during which Brynhildr tells of her life.",
"In *[Baldrs draumar](/wiki/Baldrs_draumar \"Baldrs draumar\")*, [Odin](/wiki/Odin \"Odin\") rides to the edge of Hel to investigate nightmares that [Baldr](/wiki/Baldr \"Baldr\") has had. He uses a spell to bring to life the corpse of a völva. Odin introduces himself under a false name and pretense and asks for information from the völva relating to Baldr's dreams. The völva reluctantly proceeds to produce prophecies regarding the events of [Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k \"Ragnarök\").",
"The poem gives some information regarding the geographic location of Hel in parallel to the description in the Prose Edda, which may be related to the fact that it was not included in the Codex Regius but is instead a later addition. [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel \"Niflhel\") is mentioned as being just outside Hel. The bloody [Garmr](/wiki/Garmr \"Garmr\") makes an appearance, encountering Odin on Odin's ride to Hel. Odin continues down the road and approaches Hel, which is described as the \"high hall of Hel.\" There he proceeds to the grave of the völva near the eastern doors where the descriptions of Hel end.",
""
] |
### *Prose Edda*
In the *[Prose Edda](/wiki/Prose_Edda "Prose Edda")*, more detailed information is given about the location, including a detailed account of a venture to the region after the death of the god [Baldr](/wiki/Baldr "Baldr"). [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson "Snorri Sturluson")'s descriptions of Hel in the *Prose Edda* are not corroborated outside *[Baldrs draumar](/wiki/Baldrs_draumar "Baldrs draumar")*, which does not appear in the original [Codex Regius](/wiki/Codex_Regius "Codex Regius") but is a later addition often included with modern editions of the *Poetic Edda*.
#### *Gylfaginning*
In the book *[Gylfaginning](/wiki/Gylfaginning "Gylfaginning")*, Hel is introduced in chapter 3 as a location where "evil men" go upon death, and into [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel "Niflhel"). The chapter further details that Hel is in the ninth of the [Nine Worlds](/wiki/Norse_cosmology "Norse cosmology").Byock (2006:12\).
In chapter 34, [Hel, the being](/wiki/Hel_%28being%29 "Hel (being)") is introduced. [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson "Snorri Sturluson") writes that Hel was cast down into Hel by Odin who "made her ruler over Nine Worlds". Snorri further writes that there Hel is located in [Niflheim](/wiki/Niflheim "Niflheim"). Here it is related that she could give out lodging and items to those sent to her that have died of disease or old age. A very large dwelling is described as existing in Niflheim owned by Hel with huge walls and gates. The within of this place is called [Éljúðnir](/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir "Éljúðnir"), where Hel is described as having a servant, a slave and various possessions.Byock (2006:39\).
At the end of chapter 49, the death of Baldr and [Nanna](/wiki/Nanna_%28Norse_deity%29 "Nanna (Norse deity)") is described. [Hermóðr](/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r "Hermóðr"), described as Baldr's brother in this source, sets out for Hel on horseback to retrieve the deceased Baldr. To enter Hel, Hermóðr rides for [nine nights](/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology "Numbers in Norse mythology") through "valleys so deep and dark that he saw nothing" until he arrives at the river [Gjöll](/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll "Gjöll") ("Noisy") and the [Gjöll bridge](/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA "Gjallarbrú"). The bridge is described as having a roof made of shining gold. Hermóðr then proceeds to cross it. Hermóðr encounters [Móðguð](/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0 "Móðguð"), who is the guard of the bridge ("Furious Battler").Byock (2006:67\-69\).
Móðguð speaks to Hermóðr and comments that the bridge echoes beneath him more than the entire party of five people who had just passed. This is a reference to Baldr, Nanna and those that were burnt in their funeral pyre passing over the bridge on death. Móðguð also says that the dead in Hel appear as a different color than the living and tells him that to get to Hel he must go "down and to the North" where he would find the Road to Hel.
Continuing along the Road to Hel, Hermóðr encounters the Gates of Hel. Hermóðr remounts and spurs Sleipnir, and the two bound far over it. Hermóðr proceeds further beyond the gates for some distance before arriving at the hall, dismounting and entering. There Hermóðr sees Baldr sitting in a "seat of honor" and Hermóðr spends a night in Hel. The following day, Hermóðr presses Hel, the being, to allow Baldr to leave. Hel gives him an offer and then Baldr leads him out of the hall. Baldr then gives Hermóðr various gifts from Nanna and himself to bring from Hel to the living Æsir. Hermóðr then retraces his path back to the land of the living. Hel's offer fails and in chapter 50, [Loki](/wiki/Loki "Loki") is blamed for Baldr remaining in Hel.
In chapter 53, Hel is mentioned a final time in the *Prose Edda*.Byock (2006:77\). Here, [Höðr](/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r "Höðr") and Baldr are mentioned as returning from Hel in a post\-[Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k "Ragnarök") world:
| *Því næst koma þar Baldr ok Höðr frá Heljar, setjask þá allir samt ok talask við ok minnask á rúnar sínar ok rœða of tíðindi þau er fyrrum höfðu verit, of Miðgarðsorm ok um Fenrisúlf.* \- [Eysteinn Björnsson's edition](http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426052537/http://www3\.hi.is/\~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51\.html \|date\=2009\-04\-26 }} | "After that Baldr shall come thither, and Hödr, from Hel; then all shall sit down together and hold speech with one another, and call to mind their secret wisdom, and speak of those happenings which have been before: of the [Midgard Serpent](/wiki/Midgard_Serpent "Midgard Serpent") and of [Fenris\-Wolf](/wiki/Fenrir "Fenrir")." \- [Brodeur's translation](http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/081085.php) | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
[
"### *Prose Edda*",
"In the *[Prose Edda](/wiki/Prose_Edda \"Prose Edda\")*, more detailed information is given about the location, including a detailed account of a venture to the region after the death of the god [Baldr](/wiki/Baldr \"Baldr\"). [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson \"Snorri Sturluson\")'s descriptions of Hel in the *Prose Edda* are not corroborated outside *[Baldrs draumar](/wiki/Baldrs_draumar \"Baldrs draumar\")*, which does not appear in the original [Codex Regius](/wiki/Codex_Regius \"Codex Regius\") but is a later addition often included with modern editions of the *Poetic Edda*.",
"#### *Gylfaginning*",
"In the book *[Gylfaginning](/wiki/Gylfaginning \"Gylfaginning\")*, Hel is introduced in chapter 3 as a location where \"evil men\" go upon death, and into [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel \"Niflhel\"). The chapter further details that Hel is in the ninth of the [Nine Worlds](/wiki/Norse_cosmology \"Norse cosmology\").Byock (2006:12\\).",
"In chapter 34, [Hel, the being](/wiki/Hel_%28being%29 \"Hel (being)\") is introduced. [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson \"Snorri Sturluson\") writes that Hel was cast down into Hel by Odin who \"made her ruler over Nine Worlds\". Snorri further writes that there Hel is located in [Niflheim](/wiki/Niflheim \"Niflheim\"). Here it is related that she could give out lodging and items to those sent to her that have died of disease or old age. A very large dwelling is described as existing in Niflheim owned by Hel with huge walls and gates. The within of this place is called [Éljúðnir](/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir \"Éljúðnir\"), where Hel is described as having a servant, a slave and various possessions.Byock (2006:39\\).",
"At the end of chapter 49, the death of Baldr and [Nanna](/wiki/Nanna_%28Norse_deity%29 \"Nanna (Norse deity)\") is described. [Hermóðr](/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r \"Hermóðr\"), described as Baldr's brother in this source, sets out for Hel on horseback to retrieve the deceased Baldr. To enter Hel, Hermóðr rides for [nine nights](/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology \"Numbers in Norse mythology\") through \"valleys so deep and dark that he saw nothing\" until he arrives at the river [Gjöll](/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll \"Gjöll\") (\"Noisy\") and the [Gjöll bridge](/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA \"Gjallarbrú\"). The bridge is described as having a roof made of shining gold. Hermóðr then proceeds to cross it. Hermóðr encounters [Móðguð](/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0 \"Móðguð\"), who is the guard of the bridge (\"Furious Battler\").Byock (2006:67\\-69\\).",
"Móðguð speaks to Hermóðr and comments that the bridge echoes beneath him more than the entire party of five people who had just passed. This is a reference to Baldr, Nanna and those that were burnt in their funeral pyre passing over the bridge on death. Móðguð also says that the dead in Hel appear as a different color than the living and tells him that to get to Hel he must go \"down and to the North\" where he would find the Road to Hel.",
"Continuing along the Road to Hel, Hermóðr encounters the Gates of Hel. Hermóðr remounts and spurs Sleipnir, and the two bound far over it. Hermóðr proceeds further beyond the gates for some distance before arriving at the hall, dismounting and entering. There Hermóðr sees Baldr sitting in a \"seat of honor\" and Hermóðr spends a night in Hel. The following day, Hermóðr presses Hel, the being, to allow Baldr to leave. Hel gives him an offer and then Baldr leads him out of the hall. Baldr then gives Hermóðr various gifts from Nanna and himself to bring from Hel to the living Æsir. Hermóðr then retraces his path back to the land of the living. Hel's offer fails and in chapter 50, [Loki](/wiki/Loki \"Loki\") is blamed for Baldr remaining in Hel.",
"In chapter 53, Hel is mentioned a final time in the *Prose Edda*.Byock (2006:77\\). Here, [Höðr](/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r \"Höðr\") and Baldr are mentioned as returning from Hel in a post\\-[Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k \"Ragnarök\") world:",
"",
"| *Því næst koma þar Baldr ok Höðr frá Heljar, setjask þá allir samt ok talask við ok minnask á rúnar sínar ok rœða of tíðindi þau er fyrrum höfðu verit, of Miðgarðsorm ok um Fenrisúlf.* \\- [Eysteinn Björnsson's edition](http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426052537/http://www3\\.hi.is/\\~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51\\.html \\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-26 }} | \"After that Baldr shall come thither, and Hödr, from Hel; then all shall sit down together and hold speech with one another, and call to mind their secret wisdom, and speak of those happenings which have been before: of the [Midgard Serpent](/wiki/Midgard_Serpent \"Midgard Serpent\") and of [Fenris\\-Wolf](/wiki/Fenrir \"Fenrir\").\" \\- [Brodeur's translation](http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/081085.php) | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
""
] |
#### *Gylfaginning*
In the book *[Gylfaginning](/wiki/Gylfaginning "Gylfaginning")*, Hel is introduced in chapter 3 as a location where "evil men" go upon death, and into [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel "Niflhel"). The chapter further details that Hel is in the ninth of the [Nine Worlds](/wiki/Norse_cosmology "Norse cosmology").Byock (2006:12\).
In chapter 34, [Hel, the being](/wiki/Hel_%28being%29 "Hel (being)") is introduced. [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson "Snorri Sturluson") writes that Hel was cast down into Hel by Odin who "made her ruler over Nine Worlds". Snorri further writes that there Hel is located in [Niflheim](/wiki/Niflheim "Niflheim"). Here it is related that she could give out lodging and items to those sent to her that have died of disease or old age. A very large dwelling is described as existing in Niflheim owned by Hel with huge walls and gates. The within of this place is called [Éljúðnir](/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir "Éljúðnir"), where Hel is described as having a servant, a slave and various possessions.Byock (2006:39\).
At the end of chapter 49, the death of Baldr and [Nanna](/wiki/Nanna_%28Norse_deity%29 "Nanna (Norse deity)") is described. [Hermóðr](/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r "Hermóðr"), described as Baldr's brother in this source, sets out for Hel on horseback to retrieve the deceased Baldr. To enter Hel, Hermóðr rides for [nine nights](/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology "Numbers in Norse mythology") through "valleys so deep and dark that he saw nothing" until he arrives at the river [Gjöll](/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll "Gjöll") ("Noisy") and the [Gjöll bridge](/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA "Gjallarbrú"). The bridge is described as having a roof made of shining gold. Hermóðr then proceeds to cross it. Hermóðr encounters [Móðguð](/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0 "Móðguð"), who is the guard of the bridge ("Furious Battler").Byock (2006:67\-69\).
Móðguð speaks to Hermóðr and comments that the bridge echoes beneath him more than the entire party of five people who had just passed. This is a reference to Baldr, Nanna and those that were burnt in their funeral pyre passing over the bridge on death. Móðguð also says that the dead in Hel appear as a different color than the living and tells him that to get to Hel he must go "down and to the North" where he would find the Road to Hel.
Continuing along the Road to Hel, Hermóðr encounters the Gates of Hel. Hermóðr remounts and spurs Sleipnir, and the two bound far over it. Hermóðr proceeds further beyond the gates for some distance before arriving at the hall, dismounting and entering. There Hermóðr sees Baldr sitting in a "seat of honor" and Hermóðr spends a night in Hel. The following day, Hermóðr presses Hel, the being, to allow Baldr to leave. Hel gives him an offer and then Baldr leads him out of the hall. Baldr then gives Hermóðr various gifts from Nanna and himself to bring from Hel to the living Æsir. Hermóðr then retraces his path back to the land of the living. Hel's offer fails and in chapter 50, [Loki](/wiki/Loki "Loki") is blamed for Baldr remaining in Hel.
In chapter 53, Hel is mentioned a final time in the *Prose Edda*.Byock (2006:77\). Here, [Höðr](/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r "Höðr") and Baldr are mentioned as returning from Hel in a post\-[Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k "Ragnarök") world:
| *Því næst koma þar Baldr ok Höðr frá Heljar, setjask þá allir samt ok talask við ok minnask á rúnar sínar ok rœða of tíðindi þau er fyrrum höfðu verit, of Miðgarðsorm ok um Fenrisúlf.* \- [Eysteinn Björnsson's edition](http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426052537/http://www3\.hi.is/\~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51\.html \|date\=2009\-04\-26 }} | "After that Baldr shall come thither, and Hödr, from Hel; then all shall sit down together and hold speech with one another, and call to mind their secret wisdom, and speak of those happenings which have been before: of the [Midgard Serpent](/wiki/Midgard_Serpent "Midgard Serpent") and of [Fenris\-Wolf](/wiki/Fenrir "Fenrir")." \- [Brodeur's translation](http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/081085.php) | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
[
"#### *Gylfaginning*",
"In the book *[Gylfaginning](/wiki/Gylfaginning \"Gylfaginning\")*, Hel is introduced in chapter 3 as a location where \"evil men\" go upon death, and into [Niflhel](/wiki/Niflhel \"Niflhel\"). The chapter further details that Hel is in the ninth of the [Nine Worlds](/wiki/Norse_cosmology \"Norse cosmology\").Byock (2006:12\\).",
"In chapter 34, [Hel, the being](/wiki/Hel_%28being%29 \"Hel (being)\") is introduced. [Snorri](/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson \"Snorri Sturluson\") writes that Hel was cast down into Hel by Odin who \"made her ruler over Nine Worlds\". Snorri further writes that there Hel is located in [Niflheim](/wiki/Niflheim \"Niflheim\"). Here it is related that she could give out lodging and items to those sent to her that have died of disease or old age. A very large dwelling is described as existing in Niflheim owned by Hel with huge walls and gates. The within of this place is called [Éljúðnir](/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir \"Éljúðnir\"), where Hel is described as having a servant, a slave and various possessions.Byock (2006:39\\).",
"At the end of chapter 49, the death of Baldr and [Nanna](/wiki/Nanna_%28Norse_deity%29 \"Nanna (Norse deity)\") is described. [Hermóðr](/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r \"Hermóðr\"), described as Baldr's brother in this source, sets out for Hel on horseback to retrieve the deceased Baldr. To enter Hel, Hermóðr rides for [nine nights](/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology \"Numbers in Norse mythology\") through \"valleys so deep and dark that he saw nothing\" until he arrives at the river [Gjöll](/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll \"Gjöll\") (\"Noisy\") and the [Gjöll bridge](/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA \"Gjallarbrú\"). The bridge is described as having a roof made of shining gold. Hermóðr then proceeds to cross it. Hermóðr encounters [Móðguð](/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0 \"Móðguð\"), who is the guard of the bridge (\"Furious Battler\").Byock (2006:67\\-69\\).",
"Móðguð speaks to Hermóðr and comments that the bridge echoes beneath him more than the entire party of five people who had just passed. This is a reference to Baldr, Nanna and those that were burnt in their funeral pyre passing over the bridge on death. Móðguð also says that the dead in Hel appear as a different color than the living and tells him that to get to Hel he must go \"down and to the North\" where he would find the Road to Hel.",
"Continuing along the Road to Hel, Hermóðr encounters the Gates of Hel. Hermóðr remounts and spurs Sleipnir, and the two bound far over it. Hermóðr proceeds further beyond the gates for some distance before arriving at the hall, dismounting and entering. There Hermóðr sees Baldr sitting in a \"seat of honor\" and Hermóðr spends a night in Hel. The following day, Hermóðr presses Hel, the being, to allow Baldr to leave. Hel gives him an offer and then Baldr leads him out of the hall. Baldr then gives Hermóðr various gifts from Nanna and himself to bring from Hel to the living Æsir. Hermóðr then retraces his path back to the land of the living. Hel's offer fails and in chapter 50, [Loki](/wiki/Loki \"Loki\") is blamed for Baldr remaining in Hel.",
"In chapter 53, Hel is mentioned a final time in the *Prose Edda*.Byock (2006:77\\). Here, [Höðr](/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r \"Höðr\") and Baldr are mentioned as returning from Hel in a post\\-[Ragnarök](/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k \"Ragnarök\") world:",
"",
"| *Því næst koma þar Baldr ok Höðr frá Heljar, setjask þá allir samt ok talask við ok minnask á rúnar sínar ok rœða of tíðindi þau er fyrrum höfðu verit, of Miðgarðsorm ok um Fenrisúlf.* \\- [Eysteinn Björnsson's edition](http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426052537/http://www3\\.hi.is/\\~eybjorn/gg/ggrpar51\\.html \\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-26 }} | \"After that Baldr shall come thither, and Hödr, from Hel; then all shall sit down together and hold speech with one another, and call to mind their secret wisdom, and speak of those happenings which have been before: of the [Midgard Serpent](/wiki/Midgard_Serpent \"Midgard Serpent\") and of [Fenris\\-Wolf](/wiki/Fenrir \"Fenrir\").\" \\- [Brodeur's translation](http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/081085.php) | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
""
] |
Career
------
### The Flat Duo Jets
{{Main\|Flat Duo Jets}}
Dexter began playing with Chris "Crow" Smith, with material culled mainly from his family's record collection. They called themselves The Flat Duo Jets, after hearing [Gene Vincent](/wiki/Gene_Vincent "Gene Vincent") refer to his [Gretsch](/wiki/Gretsch "Gretsch") Duo Jet guitar.
The Flat Duo Jets' first release, *In Stereo*, was recorded live in the studio in 1985 and originally released on cassette by Dolphin Records. The band was also featured around this time on MTV's *The Cutting Edge*, in a segment directed by [Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris](/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris "Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris") (who later went on to direct *[Little Miss Sunshine](/wiki/Little_Miss_Sunshine "Little Miss Sunshine")*). Relocating shortly to [Athens, Georgia](/wiki/Athens%2C_Georgia "Athens, Georgia"), the band made an appearance in the film *[Athens, GA: Inside Out](/wiki/Athens%2C_GA:Inside_Out "Inside Out")*, alongside other well\-known Athens bands such as [R.E.M.](/wiki/R.E.M. "R.E.M.") and [The B\-52's](/wiki/The_B-52%27s "The B-52's"). Though recorded live to two tracks in a garage in the late 80s, the band's full\-length debut LP, the self\-titled *Flat Duo Jets*, was not released until 1990\. In support of the album, the Flat Duo Jets went on a national tour opening for [The Cramps](/wiki/The_Cramps "The Cramps"), whom Dexter has cited as an early influence. 1990 also saw the band make an appearance on *[Late Night with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Night_with_David_Letterman "Late Night with David Letterman")*, where they performed a high\-energy cover of [Benny Joy](/wiki/Benny_Joy "Benny Joy")'s "Wild Wild Lover". Their second LP, *Go Go Harlem Baby*, was produced by [Jim Dickinson](/wiki/Jim_Dickinson "Jim Dickinson") in 1992, and has been acknowledged as a huge influence on [Jack White](/wiki/Jack_White_%28musician%29 "Jack White (musician)") of [The White Stripes](/wiki/The_White_Stripes "The White Stripes"), not least in the documentary *[It Might Get Loud](/wiki/It_Might_Get_Loud "It Might Get Loud")*. In the film, Jack White plays the record for [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin")'s [Jimmy Page](/wiki/Jimmy_Page "Jimmy Page") and [U2](/wiki/U2 "U2")'s [The Edge](/wiki/The_Edge "The Edge"), playing the Flat Duo Jets' version of the traditional "[Froggie Went A\-Courtin'](/wiki/Frog_Went_A-Courting "Frog Went A-Courting")" and discussing the impact that the band had on him. The film also features footage from their appearance in *Athens, GA: Inside/Out*.{{cite news\|last1\=Arndt\|first1\=Jeff\|title\=Dexter Romweber: Beyond the Flat Duo Jets\|url\=http://www.furious.com/perfect/flatduojets.html\|work\=Perfect Sound Forever\|date\=September 2001}}
In the late 1990s, The Flat Duo Jets signed a major label contract with Outpost Records, a now defunct imprint of Geffen Records. The result was 1998's *Lucky Eye*, produced by [Scott Litt](/wiki/Scott_Litt "Scott Litt") and [Chris Stamey](/wiki/Chris_Stamey "Chris Stamey"), which demonstrated a markedly different approach from their previous [lo\-fi](/wiki/Lo-fi_music "Lo-fi music") efforts. The album featured a more polished sound for the band, accompanied by horn and string arrangements. Poor album sales were met with disappointment by the band, and it was shortly after the release that, after nearly 15 years as a band, Dexter and Crow went separate ways. Dexter maintained that the primary reason for the split was embezzlement of the band's proceeds on the part of Crow, though Crow disputes this.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2023}}
### Solo projects
In 2001, Dexter finally resurfaced with a new solo album, *Chased By Martians*, followed by *Blues That Defy My Soul* in 2004\. Around this time, Dexter's influence was beginning to surface in interviews with artists like [Neko Case](/wiki/Neko_Case "Neko Case"), [Cat Power](/wiki/Cat_Power "Cat Power") and [Jack White](/wiki/Jack_White_%28musician%29 "Jack White (musician)"). Dexter has described his reaction to this influence as like being "locked away in a Gothic castle for many years" and "living in such isolation that I haven't even noticed." In 2006, Dexter released the album *Piano*, which consisted of 13 original classical piano compositions in the style of Chopin.
Also in 2006, a documentary about Dex and The Flat Duo Jets began playing at film festivals. Upon completion of *[Athens, GA: Inside/Out](/wiki/Athens%2C_GA:Inside/Out "Inside/Out")* in 1987, director Tony Gayton began filming an untitled documentary of the Flat Duo Jets' national tour. After funding for the film fell through, production ceased and the film was forgotten. Funding the rest of the film himself, Gayton met up with Dexter in Los Angeles sixteen years later, and filmed new interviews with the intention of completing the film. The film, entitled *Two Headed Cow*, was eventually completed using a recovered VHS version of the original 16mm black\-and\-white footage, edited together with new interviews with Dexter, detailing his life and career, as well as performances in and around Los Angeles and interviews with Jack White, [Exene Cervenka](/wiki/Exene_Cervenka "Exene Cervenka") of [X](/wiki/X_%28American_band%29 "X (American band)"), Cat Power and Neko Case.{{cite news\|last1\=Sullivan\|first1\=James\|title\=Rockabilly Hero Dexter Romweber Honored by Jack White, Exene Cervenka in New Doc\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rockabilly\-hero\-dexter\-romweber\-honored\-by\-jack\-white\-exene\-cervenka\-in\-new\-doc\-20111122\|work\=\[\[Rolling Stone (magazine)\|Rolling Stone]]\|date\=November 22, 2011}} As of 2009, the film has yet to be picked up for distribution, though it had a brief run on [DOC: The Documentary Channel](/wiki/DOC:The_Documentary_Channel "The Documentary Channel").
Dexter's band, The Dex Romweber Duo, began as Dexter and drummer Crash LaResh, who performed with Dexter from 1995 to 2007\. The original Duo toured extensively and recorded several 7 inch releases and recorded two full\-length albums (*Chased By Martians* and *Blues That Defy My Soul*), but these were credited as solo Dex Romweber releases. Crash LaResh left the band in 2007 and was replaced by Dexter's sister, Sara Romweber. In 2009, the pair released their debut album, *Ruins of Berlin*, on Bloodshot Records.{{cite news\|last1\=Reed\|first1\=Bryan C.\|title\=Dex Romweber and Cool John Ferguson, experts in fresh takes on old sounds\|url\=https://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/dex\-romweber\-and\-cool\-john\-ferguson\-experts\-in\-fresh\-takes\-on\-old\-sounds/Content?oid\=4967755\|work\=\[\[Indy Week]]\|date\=December 30, 2015\|language\=en}} The album featured guest appearances from Exene Cervenka, Cat Power, Neko Case, and longtime friend Rick Miller of [Southern Culture on the Skids](/wiki/Southern_Culture_on_the_Skids "Southern Culture on the Skids"). The band toured the U.S. twice in support of the record, playing support for [The Detroit Cobras](/wiki/The_Detroit_Cobras "The Detroit Cobras") on the second tour.
On the April 29 and 30, 2009, Dex and Sara were invited to record at Jack White's [Third Man Records](/wiki/Third_Man_Records "Third Man Records") in Nashville, Tennessee, and they put out a 7\-inch vinyl as part of Third Man Records' new "Blue Series". The sessions resulted in the Romweber original "The Wind Did Move", featuring Jack White on bass, background vocals and the saw, while the record's b\-side was a cover of 1930s blues woman Geeshie Wiley's "[Last Kind Words Blues](/wiki/Last_Kind_Words_Blues "Last Kind Words Blues")", on which Dex and Jack share guitar and vocal duties. It was released on vinyl on June 9, 2009, and on iTunes shortly after. Dexter and Sara also returned to Nashville in 2010 to play a show at Jack White's live venue. The show was recorded onto 8\-track reel\-to\-reel analog tape and is available on vinyl from Third Man Records.
In 2011, the Dex Romweber Duo released their second album on Bloodshot Records, titled *Is That You in the Blue?*.{{cite news\|last1\=Menconi\|first1\=David\|title\=Dex Romweber Duo, 'Is That You in the Blue?' (Bloodshot)\|url\=https://www.spin.com/2011/07/dex\-romweber\-duo\-you\-blue\-bloodshot/\|work\=\[\[Spin (magazine)\|Spin]]\|date\=July 26, 2011}}
Romweber also fronted Dexter Romweber and The New Romans, an ensemble of 7 musicians and 3 female backing vocalists that began in 2006\. They have released one limited CD called "Night Tide" and mainly play shows in their home state of North Carolina, more specifically in [The Research Triangle](/wiki/The_Research_Triangle "The Research Triangle") area of Chapel Hill, Raleigh, and Durham. The music is diverse, drawing influences from jazz, surf, early instrumentals, [Bill Haley](/wiki/Bill_Haley_%28musician%29 "Bill Haley (musician)"), [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald "Ella Fitzgerald"), and even [Chopin](/wiki/Chopin "Chopin"). The band continued to rehearse and experiment every Thursday night in Romweber's garage.
In 2016, Romweber released the record *Carrboro* on [Bloodshot Records](/wiki/Bloodshot_Records "Bloodshot Records").{{cite news\|last1\=Danton\|first1\=Eric R.\|title\=Dex Romweber: Carrboro Review\|url\=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/09/dex\-romweber\-carrboro\-review.html\|work\=\[\[Paste (magazine)\|Paste]]\|date\=September 9, 2016\|language\=en}}{{cite news\|last1\=Zimmerman\|first1\=Lee\|title\=The Wild, Wacky Stylings of Dex Romweber\|url\=http://nodepression.com/album\-review/wild\-wacky\-stylings\-dex\-romweber\|work\=\[\[No Depression (magazine)\|No Depression]]\|date\=September 13, 2016}}{{cite news\|last1\=Tunis\|first1\=Walter\|title\=Flat Duo Jets vet Dex Romweber lands in Lexington with solo show\|url\=http://www.kentucky.com/entertainment/music\-news\-reviews/article103381947\.html\|work\=\[\[Lexington Herald\-Leader]]\|date\=September 22, 2016\|language\=en}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### The Flat Duo Jets",
"{{Main\\|Flat Duo Jets}}\nDexter began playing with Chris \"Crow\" Smith, with material culled mainly from his family's record collection. They called themselves The Flat Duo Jets, after hearing [Gene Vincent](/wiki/Gene_Vincent \"Gene Vincent\") refer to his [Gretsch](/wiki/Gretsch \"Gretsch\") Duo Jet guitar.",
"The Flat Duo Jets' first release, *In Stereo*, was recorded live in the studio in 1985 and originally released on cassette by Dolphin Records. The band was also featured around this time on MTV's *The Cutting Edge*, in a segment directed by [Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris](/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris \"Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris\") (who later went on to direct *[Little Miss Sunshine](/wiki/Little_Miss_Sunshine \"Little Miss Sunshine\")*). Relocating shortly to [Athens, Georgia](/wiki/Athens%2C_Georgia \"Athens, Georgia\"), the band made an appearance in the film *[Athens, GA: Inside Out](/wiki/Athens%2C_GA:Inside_Out \"Inside Out\")*, alongside other well\\-known Athens bands such as [R.E.M.](/wiki/R.E.M. \"R.E.M.\") and [The B\\-52's](/wiki/The_B-52%27s \"The B-52's\"). Though recorded live to two tracks in a garage in the late 80s, the band's full\\-length debut LP, the self\\-titled *Flat Duo Jets*, was not released until 1990\\. In support of the album, the Flat Duo Jets went on a national tour opening for [The Cramps](/wiki/The_Cramps \"The Cramps\"), whom Dexter has cited as an early influence. 1990 also saw the band make an appearance on *[Late Night with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Night_with_David_Letterman \"Late Night with David Letterman\")*, where they performed a high\\-energy cover of [Benny Joy](/wiki/Benny_Joy \"Benny Joy\")'s \"Wild Wild Lover\". Their second LP, *Go Go Harlem Baby*, was produced by [Jim Dickinson](/wiki/Jim_Dickinson \"Jim Dickinson\") in 1992, and has been acknowledged as a huge influence on [Jack White](/wiki/Jack_White_%28musician%29 \"Jack White (musician)\") of [The White Stripes](/wiki/The_White_Stripes \"The White Stripes\"), not least in the documentary *[It Might Get Loud](/wiki/It_Might_Get_Loud \"It Might Get Loud\")*. In the film, Jack White plays the record for [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\")'s [Jimmy Page](/wiki/Jimmy_Page \"Jimmy Page\") and [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\")'s [The Edge](/wiki/The_Edge \"The Edge\"), playing the Flat Duo Jets' version of the traditional \"[Froggie Went A\\-Courtin'](/wiki/Frog_Went_A-Courting \"Frog Went A-Courting\")\" and discussing the impact that the band had on him. The film also features footage from their appearance in *Athens, GA: Inside/Out*.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Arndt\\|first1\\=Jeff\\|title\\=Dexter Romweber: Beyond the Flat Duo Jets\\|url\\=http://www.furious.com/perfect/flatduojets.html\\|work\\=Perfect Sound Forever\\|date\\=September 2001}}",
"In the late 1990s, The Flat Duo Jets signed a major label contract with Outpost Records, a now defunct imprint of Geffen Records. The result was 1998's *Lucky Eye*, produced by [Scott Litt](/wiki/Scott_Litt \"Scott Litt\") and [Chris Stamey](/wiki/Chris_Stamey \"Chris Stamey\"), which demonstrated a markedly different approach from their previous [lo\\-fi](/wiki/Lo-fi_music \"Lo-fi music\") efforts. The album featured a more polished sound for the band, accompanied by horn and string arrangements. Poor album sales were met with disappointment by the band, and it was shortly after the release that, after nearly 15 years as a band, Dexter and Crow went separate ways. Dexter maintained that the primary reason for the split was embezzlement of the band's proceeds on the part of Crow, though Crow disputes this.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"### Solo projects",
"In 2001, Dexter finally resurfaced with a new solo album, *Chased By Martians*, followed by *Blues That Defy My Soul* in 2004\\. Around this time, Dexter's influence was beginning to surface in interviews with artists like [Neko Case](/wiki/Neko_Case \"Neko Case\"), [Cat Power](/wiki/Cat_Power \"Cat Power\") and [Jack White](/wiki/Jack_White_%28musician%29 \"Jack White (musician)\"). Dexter has described his reaction to this influence as like being \"locked away in a Gothic castle for many years\" and \"living in such isolation that I haven't even noticed.\" In 2006, Dexter released the album *Piano*, which consisted of 13 original classical piano compositions in the style of Chopin.",
"Also in 2006, a documentary about Dex and The Flat Duo Jets began playing at film festivals. Upon completion of *[Athens, GA: Inside/Out](/wiki/Athens%2C_GA:Inside/Out \"Inside/Out\")* in 1987, director Tony Gayton began filming an untitled documentary of the Flat Duo Jets' national tour. After funding for the film fell through, production ceased and the film was forgotten. Funding the rest of the film himself, Gayton met up with Dexter in Los Angeles sixteen years later, and filmed new interviews with the intention of completing the film. The film, entitled *Two Headed Cow*, was eventually completed using a recovered VHS version of the original 16mm black\\-and\\-white footage, edited together with new interviews with Dexter, detailing his life and career, as well as performances in and around Los Angeles and interviews with Jack White, [Exene Cervenka](/wiki/Exene_Cervenka \"Exene Cervenka\") of [X](/wiki/X_%28American_band%29 \"X (American band)\"), Cat Power and Neko Case.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Sullivan\\|first1\\=James\\|title\\=Rockabilly Hero Dexter Romweber Honored by Jack White, Exene Cervenka in New Doc\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rockabilly\\-hero\\-dexter\\-romweber\\-honored\\-by\\-jack\\-white\\-exene\\-cervenka\\-in\\-new\\-doc\\-20111122\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone (magazine)\\|Rolling Stone]]\\|date\\=November 22, 2011}} As of 2009, the film has yet to be picked up for distribution, though it had a brief run on [DOC: The Documentary Channel](/wiki/DOC:The_Documentary_Channel \"The Documentary Channel\").",
"Dexter's band, The Dex Romweber Duo, began as Dexter and drummer Crash LaResh, who performed with Dexter from 1995 to 2007\\. The original Duo toured extensively and recorded several 7 inch releases and recorded two full\\-length albums (*Chased By Martians* and *Blues That Defy My Soul*), but these were credited as solo Dex Romweber releases. Crash LaResh left the band in 2007 and was replaced by Dexter's sister, Sara Romweber. In 2009, the pair released their debut album, *Ruins of Berlin*, on Bloodshot Records.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Reed\\|first1\\=Bryan C.\\|title\\=Dex Romweber and Cool John Ferguson, experts in fresh takes on old sounds\\|url\\=https://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/dex\\-romweber\\-and\\-cool\\-john\\-ferguson\\-experts\\-in\\-fresh\\-takes\\-on\\-old\\-sounds/Content?oid\\=4967755\\|work\\=\\[\\[Indy Week]]\\|date\\=December 30, 2015\\|language\\=en}} The album featured guest appearances from Exene Cervenka, Cat Power, Neko Case, and longtime friend Rick Miller of [Southern Culture on the Skids](/wiki/Southern_Culture_on_the_Skids \"Southern Culture on the Skids\"). The band toured the U.S. twice in support of the record, playing support for [The Detroit Cobras](/wiki/The_Detroit_Cobras \"The Detroit Cobras\") on the second tour.",
"On the April 29 and 30, 2009, Dex and Sara were invited to record at Jack White's [Third Man Records](/wiki/Third_Man_Records \"Third Man Records\") in Nashville, Tennessee, and they put out a 7\\-inch vinyl as part of Third Man Records' new \"Blue Series\". The sessions resulted in the Romweber original \"The Wind Did Move\", featuring Jack White on bass, background vocals and the saw, while the record's b\\-side was a cover of 1930s blues woman Geeshie Wiley's \"[Last Kind Words Blues](/wiki/Last_Kind_Words_Blues \"Last Kind Words Blues\")\", on which Dex and Jack share guitar and vocal duties. It was released on vinyl on June 9, 2009, and on iTunes shortly after. Dexter and Sara also returned to Nashville in 2010 to play a show at Jack White's live venue. The show was recorded onto 8\\-track reel\\-to\\-reel analog tape and is available on vinyl from Third Man Records.",
"In 2011, the Dex Romweber Duo released their second album on Bloodshot Records, titled *Is That You in the Blue?*.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Menconi\\|first1\\=David\\|title\\=Dex Romweber Duo, 'Is That You in the Blue?' (Bloodshot)\\|url\\=https://www.spin.com/2011/07/dex\\-romweber\\-duo\\-you\\-blue\\-bloodshot/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Spin (magazine)\\|Spin]]\\|date\\=July 26, 2011}}",
"Romweber also fronted Dexter Romweber and The New Romans, an ensemble of 7 musicians and 3 female backing vocalists that began in 2006\\. They have released one limited CD called \"Night Tide\" and mainly play shows in their home state of North Carolina, more specifically in [The Research Triangle](/wiki/The_Research_Triangle \"The Research Triangle\") area of Chapel Hill, Raleigh, and Durham. The music is diverse, drawing influences from jazz, surf, early instrumentals, [Bill Haley](/wiki/Bill_Haley_%28musician%29 \"Bill Haley (musician)\"), [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald \"Ella Fitzgerald\"), and even [Chopin](/wiki/Chopin \"Chopin\"). The band continued to rehearse and experiment every Thursday night in Romweber's garage.",
"In 2016, Romweber released the record *Carrboro* on [Bloodshot Records](/wiki/Bloodshot_Records \"Bloodshot Records\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Danton\\|first1\\=Eric R.\\|title\\=Dex Romweber: Carrboro Review\\|url\\=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/09/dex\\-romweber\\-carrboro\\-review.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Paste (magazine)\\|Paste]]\\|date\\=September 9, 2016\\|language\\=en}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Zimmerman\\|first1\\=Lee\\|title\\=The Wild, Wacky Stylings of Dex Romweber\\|url\\=http://nodepression.com/album\\-review/wild\\-wacky\\-stylings\\-dex\\-romweber\\|work\\=\\[\\[No Depression (magazine)\\|No Depression]]\\|date\\=September 13, 2016}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Tunis\\|first1\\=Walter\\|title\\=Flat Duo Jets vet Dex Romweber lands in Lexington with solo show\\|url\\=http://www.kentucky.com/entertainment/music\\-news\\-reviews/article103381947\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Lexington Herald\\-Leader]]\\|date\\=September 22, 2016\\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### Solo projects
In 2001, Dexter finally resurfaced with a new solo album, *Chased By Martians*, followed by *Blues That Defy My Soul* in 2004\. Around this time, Dexter's influence was beginning to surface in interviews with artists like [Neko Case](/wiki/Neko_Case "Neko Case"), [Cat Power](/wiki/Cat_Power "Cat Power") and [Jack White](/wiki/Jack_White_%28musician%29 "Jack White (musician)"). Dexter has described his reaction to this influence as like being "locked away in a Gothic castle for many years" and "living in such isolation that I haven't even noticed." In 2006, Dexter released the album *Piano*, which consisted of 13 original classical piano compositions in the style of Chopin.
Also in 2006, a documentary about Dex and The Flat Duo Jets began playing at film festivals. Upon completion of *[Athens, GA: Inside/Out](/wiki/Athens%2C_GA:Inside/Out "Inside/Out")* in 1987, director Tony Gayton began filming an untitled documentary of the Flat Duo Jets' national tour. After funding for the film fell through, production ceased and the film was forgotten. Funding the rest of the film himself, Gayton met up with Dexter in Los Angeles sixteen years later, and filmed new interviews with the intention of completing the film. The film, entitled *Two Headed Cow*, was eventually completed using a recovered VHS version of the original 16mm black\-and\-white footage, edited together with new interviews with Dexter, detailing his life and career, as well as performances in and around Los Angeles and interviews with Jack White, [Exene Cervenka](/wiki/Exene_Cervenka "Exene Cervenka") of [X](/wiki/X_%28American_band%29 "X (American band)"), Cat Power and Neko Case.{{cite news\|last1\=Sullivan\|first1\=James\|title\=Rockabilly Hero Dexter Romweber Honored by Jack White, Exene Cervenka in New Doc\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rockabilly\-hero\-dexter\-romweber\-honored\-by\-jack\-white\-exene\-cervenka\-in\-new\-doc\-20111122\|work\=\[\[Rolling Stone (magazine)\|Rolling Stone]]\|date\=November 22, 2011}} As of 2009, the film has yet to be picked up for distribution, though it had a brief run on [DOC: The Documentary Channel](/wiki/DOC:The_Documentary_Channel "The Documentary Channel").
Dexter's band, The Dex Romweber Duo, began as Dexter and drummer Crash LaResh, who performed with Dexter from 1995 to 2007\. The original Duo toured extensively and recorded several 7 inch releases and recorded two full\-length albums (*Chased By Martians* and *Blues That Defy My Soul*), but these were credited as solo Dex Romweber releases. Crash LaResh left the band in 2007 and was replaced by Dexter's sister, Sara Romweber. In 2009, the pair released their debut album, *Ruins of Berlin*, on Bloodshot Records.{{cite news\|last1\=Reed\|first1\=Bryan C.\|title\=Dex Romweber and Cool John Ferguson, experts in fresh takes on old sounds\|url\=https://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/dex\-romweber\-and\-cool\-john\-ferguson\-experts\-in\-fresh\-takes\-on\-old\-sounds/Content?oid\=4967755\|work\=\[\[Indy Week]]\|date\=December 30, 2015\|language\=en}} The album featured guest appearances from Exene Cervenka, Cat Power, Neko Case, and longtime friend Rick Miller of [Southern Culture on the Skids](/wiki/Southern_Culture_on_the_Skids "Southern Culture on the Skids"). The band toured the U.S. twice in support of the record, playing support for [The Detroit Cobras](/wiki/The_Detroit_Cobras "The Detroit Cobras") on the second tour.
On the April 29 and 30, 2009, Dex and Sara were invited to record at Jack White's [Third Man Records](/wiki/Third_Man_Records "Third Man Records") in Nashville, Tennessee, and they put out a 7\-inch vinyl as part of Third Man Records' new "Blue Series". The sessions resulted in the Romweber original "The Wind Did Move", featuring Jack White on bass, background vocals and the saw, while the record's b\-side was a cover of 1930s blues woman Geeshie Wiley's "[Last Kind Words Blues](/wiki/Last_Kind_Words_Blues "Last Kind Words Blues")", on which Dex and Jack share guitar and vocal duties. It was released on vinyl on June 9, 2009, and on iTunes shortly after. Dexter and Sara also returned to Nashville in 2010 to play a show at Jack White's live venue. The show was recorded onto 8\-track reel\-to\-reel analog tape and is available on vinyl from Third Man Records.
In 2011, the Dex Romweber Duo released their second album on Bloodshot Records, titled *Is That You in the Blue?*.{{cite news\|last1\=Menconi\|first1\=David\|title\=Dex Romweber Duo, 'Is That You in the Blue?' (Bloodshot)\|url\=https://www.spin.com/2011/07/dex\-romweber\-duo\-you\-blue\-bloodshot/\|work\=\[\[Spin (magazine)\|Spin]]\|date\=July 26, 2011}}
Romweber also fronted Dexter Romweber and The New Romans, an ensemble of 7 musicians and 3 female backing vocalists that began in 2006\. They have released one limited CD called "Night Tide" and mainly play shows in their home state of North Carolina, more specifically in [The Research Triangle](/wiki/The_Research_Triangle "The Research Triangle") area of Chapel Hill, Raleigh, and Durham. The music is diverse, drawing influences from jazz, surf, early instrumentals, [Bill Haley](/wiki/Bill_Haley_%28musician%29 "Bill Haley (musician)"), [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald "Ella Fitzgerald"), and even [Chopin](/wiki/Chopin "Chopin"). The band continued to rehearse and experiment every Thursday night in Romweber's garage.
In 2016, Romweber released the record *Carrboro* on [Bloodshot Records](/wiki/Bloodshot_Records "Bloodshot Records").{{cite news\|last1\=Danton\|first1\=Eric R.\|title\=Dex Romweber: Carrboro Review\|url\=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/09/dex\-romweber\-carrboro\-review.html\|work\=\[\[Paste (magazine)\|Paste]]\|date\=September 9, 2016\|language\=en}}{{cite news\|last1\=Zimmerman\|first1\=Lee\|title\=The Wild, Wacky Stylings of Dex Romweber\|url\=http://nodepression.com/album\-review/wild\-wacky\-stylings\-dex\-romweber\|work\=\[\[No Depression (magazine)\|No Depression]]\|date\=September 13, 2016}}{{cite news\|last1\=Tunis\|first1\=Walter\|title\=Flat Duo Jets vet Dex Romweber lands in Lexington with solo show\|url\=http://www.kentucky.com/entertainment/music\-news\-reviews/article103381947\.html\|work\=\[\[Lexington Herald\-Leader]]\|date\=September 22, 2016\|language\=en}}
|
[
"### Solo projects",
"In 2001, Dexter finally resurfaced with a new solo album, *Chased By Martians*, followed by *Blues That Defy My Soul* in 2004\\. Around this time, Dexter's influence was beginning to surface in interviews with artists like [Neko Case](/wiki/Neko_Case \"Neko Case\"), [Cat Power](/wiki/Cat_Power \"Cat Power\") and [Jack White](/wiki/Jack_White_%28musician%29 \"Jack White (musician)\"). Dexter has described his reaction to this influence as like being \"locked away in a Gothic castle for many years\" and \"living in such isolation that I haven't even noticed.\" In 2006, Dexter released the album *Piano*, which consisted of 13 original classical piano compositions in the style of Chopin.",
"Also in 2006, a documentary about Dex and The Flat Duo Jets began playing at film festivals. Upon completion of *[Athens, GA: Inside/Out](/wiki/Athens%2C_GA:Inside/Out \"Inside/Out\")* in 1987, director Tony Gayton began filming an untitled documentary of the Flat Duo Jets' national tour. After funding for the film fell through, production ceased and the film was forgotten. Funding the rest of the film himself, Gayton met up with Dexter in Los Angeles sixteen years later, and filmed new interviews with the intention of completing the film. The film, entitled *Two Headed Cow*, was eventually completed using a recovered VHS version of the original 16mm black\\-and\\-white footage, edited together with new interviews with Dexter, detailing his life and career, as well as performances in and around Los Angeles and interviews with Jack White, [Exene Cervenka](/wiki/Exene_Cervenka \"Exene Cervenka\") of [X](/wiki/X_%28American_band%29 \"X (American band)\"), Cat Power and Neko Case.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Sullivan\\|first1\\=James\\|title\\=Rockabilly Hero Dexter Romweber Honored by Jack White, Exene Cervenka in New Doc\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rockabilly\\-hero\\-dexter\\-romweber\\-honored\\-by\\-jack\\-white\\-exene\\-cervenka\\-in\\-new\\-doc\\-20111122\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone (magazine)\\|Rolling Stone]]\\|date\\=November 22, 2011}} As of 2009, the film has yet to be picked up for distribution, though it had a brief run on [DOC: The Documentary Channel](/wiki/DOC:The_Documentary_Channel \"The Documentary Channel\").",
"Dexter's band, The Dex Romweber Duo, began as Dexter and drummer Crash LaResh, who performed with Dexter from 1995 to 2007\\. The original Duo toured extensively and recorded several 7 inch releases and recorded two full\\-length albums (*Chased By Martians* and *Blues That Defy My Soul*), but these were credited as solo Dex Romweber releases. Crash LaResh left the band in 2007 and was replaced by Dexter's sister, Sara Romweber. In 2009, the pair released their debut album, *Ruins of Berlin*, on Bloodshot Records.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Reed\\|first1\\=Bryan C.\\|title\\=Dex Romweber and Cool John Ferguson, experts in fresh takes on old sounds\\|url\\=https://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/dex\\-romweber\\-and\\-cool\\-john\\-ferguson\\-experts\\-in\\-fresh\\-takes\\-on\\-old\\-sounds/Content?oid\\=4967755\\|work\\=\\[\\[Indy Week]]\\|date\\=December 30, 2015\\|language\\=en}} The album featured guest appearances from Exene Cervenka, Cat Power, Neko Case, and longtime friend Rick Miller of [Southern Culture on the Skids](/wiki/Southern_Culture_on_the_Skids \"Southern Culture on the Skids\"). The band toured the U.S. twice in support of the record, playing support for [The Detroit Cobras](/wiki/The_Detroit_Cobras \"The Detroit Cobras\") on the second tour.",
"On the April 29 and 30, 2009, Dex and Sara were invited to record at Jack White's [Third Man Records](/wiki/Third_Man_Records \"Third Man Records\") in Nashville, Tennessee, and they put out a 7\\-inch vinyl as part of Third Man Records' new \"Blue Series\". The sessions resulted in the Romweber original \"The Wind Did Move\", featuring Jack White on bass, background vocals and the saw, while the record's b\\-side was a cover of 1930s blues woman Geeshie Wiley's \"[Last Kind Words Blues](/wiki/Last_Kind_Words_Blues \"Last Kind Words Blues\")\", on which Dex and Jack share guitar and vocal duties. It was released on vinyl on June 9, 2009, and on iTunes shortly after. Dexter and Sara also returned to Nashville in 2010 to play a show at Jack White's live venue. The show was recorded onto 8\\-track reel\\-to\\-reel analog tape and is available on vinyl from Third Man Records.",
"In 2011, the Dex Romweber Duo released their second album on Bloodshot Records, titled *Is That You in the Blue?*.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Menconi\\|first1\\=David\\|title\\=Dex Romweber Duo, 'Is That You in the Blue?' (Bloodshot)\\|url\\=https://www.spin.com/2011/07/dex\\-romweber\\-duo\\-you\\-blue\\-bloodshot/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Spin (magazine)\\|Spin]]\\|date\\=July 26, 2011}}",
"Romweber also fronted Dexter Romweber and The New Romans, an ensemble of 7 musicians and 3 female backing vocalists that began in 2006\\. They have released one limited CD called \"Night Tide\" and mainly play shows in their home state of North Carolina, more specifically in [The Research Triangle](/wiki/The_Research_Triangle \"The Research Triangle\") area of Chapel Hill, Raleigh, and Durham. The music is diverse, drawing influences from jazz, surf, early instrumentals, [Bill Haley](/wiki/Bill_Haley_%28musician%29 \"Bill Haley (musician)\"), [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald \"Ella Fitzgerald\"), and even [Chopin](/wiki/Chopin \"Chopin\"). The band continued to rehearse and experiment every Thursday night in Romweber's garage.",
"In 2016, Romweber released the record *Carrboro* on [Bloodshot Records](/wiki/Bloodshot_Records \"Bloodshot Records\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Danton\\|first1\\=Eric R.\\|title\\=Dex Romweber: Carrboro Review\\|url\\=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/09/dex\\-romweber\\-carrboro\\-review.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Paste (magazine)\\|Paste]]\\|date\\=September 9, 2016\\|language\\=en}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Zimmerman\\|first1\\=Lee\\|title\\=The Wild, Wacky Stylings of Dex Romweber\\|url\\=http://nodepression.com/album\\-review/wild\\-wacky\\-stylings\\-dex\\-romweber\\|work\\=\\[\\[No Depression (magazine)\\|No Depression]]\\|date\\=September 13, 2016}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Tunis\\|first1\\=Walter\\|title\\=Flat Duo Jets vet Dex Romweber lands in Lexington with solo show\\|url\\=http://www.kentucky.com/entertainment/music\\-news\\-reviews/article103381947\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Lexington Herald\\-Leader]]\\|date\\=September 22, 2016\\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Dana House
----------
Dana's search for an architect to match her aspirations ended when she was introduced in 1902 to [Frank Lloyd Wright](/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright "Frank Lloyd Wright"), the rising leader of the new [Prairie School](/wiki/Prairie_School "Prairie School") movement of "organic architecture" which stressed congruence between the interior of a building and its surroundings.
The Dana [commission](/wiki/Commission_%28art%29 "Commission (art)") to plan the remodeling of the Lawrences' Italianate mansion was the largest Wright had received. Recognizing a kindred spirit in Mrs. Dana, he expanded the boundaries of his contract to design and build what was, in effect, an entirely new house showcasing his approach to the Prairie Style aesthetic.
The new home reflected the flamboyant personalities of the patron and the architect, particularly their love of Japanese prints and drawings. The structure was designed for both display and entertainment. An arched doorway admitted guests into a series of expanding spaces, transitioning from vestibule to the reception hall.
[thumb\|170px\|left\|Window detail](/wiki/File:Dana_Thomas_Windows.jpg "Dana Thomas Windows.jpg")
The concept of "expanding space" was repeated throughout the house, with windows placed to continually draw the attention of someone within toward an awareness of the outside. Wright designed approximately 450 [art glass](/wiki/Art_glass "Art glass") windows, skylights, door panels, [sconces](/wiki/Sconce_%28light_fixture%29 "Sconce (light fixture)"), and light fixtures for the house, most of which survive. Much of the art glass, and the mural by [George Mann Niedecken](/wiki/George_Mann_Niedecken "George Mann Niedecken") surmounting the dining room interior, centered on a [sumac](/wiki/Sumac "Sumac") motif.
A substantial west wing leads visitors through an interior [Torii](/wiki/Torii "Torii") gate into two of the largest rooms in the house. The upper\-level gallery was used for musical entertaining, and the ground\-level library contains special easels, part of more than 100 pieces of free\-standing Wright\-designed [white oak](/wiki/White_oak "White oak") furniture in the house, created for Dana to display selections from her collection of Japanese prints,.
Dana lived in the home from 1904 until about 1928\. Once a successful hostess and leader of Springfield's social scene, she became increasingly reclusive over time and turned her attention to [spiritualism](/wiki/Spiritualism_%28movement%29 "Spiritualism (movement)") and the [occult](/wiki/Occult "Occult"). Suffering from increasing financial constraints in her later years, she closed the main house around 1928 and moved to a small cottage on the grounds. As Dana struggled with age\-related [dementia](/wiki/Dementia "Dementia") in the 1940s, her home and its contents were sold.
|
[
"Dana House\n----------",
"Dana's search for an architect to match her aspirations ended when she was introduced in 1902 to [Frank Lloyd Wright](/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright \"Frank Lloyd Wright\"), the rising leader of the new [Prairie School](/wiki/Prairie_School \"Prairie School\") movement of \"organic architecture\" which stressed congruence between the interior of a building and its surroundings.",
"The Dana [commission](/wiki/Commission_%28art%29 \"Commission (art)\") to plan the remodeling of the Lawrences' Italianate mansion was the largest Wright had received. Recognizing a kindred spirit in Mrs. Dana, he expanded the boundaries of his contract to design and build what was, in effect, an entirely new house showcasing his approach to the Prairie Style aesthetic.",
"The new home reflected the flamboyant personalities of the patron and the architect, particularly their love of Japanese prints and drawings. The structure was designed for both display and entertainment. An arched doorway admitted guests into a series of expanding spaces, transitioning from vestibule to the reception hall.",
"[thumb\\|170px\\|left\\|Window detail](/wiki/File:Dana_Thomas_Windows.jpg \"Dana Thomas Windows.jpg\")",
"The concept of \"expanding space\" was repeated throughout the house, with windows placed to continually draw the attention of someone within toward an awareness of the outside. Wright designed approximately 450 [art glass](/wiki/Art_glass \"Art glass\") windows, skylights, door panels, [sconces](/wiki/Sconce_%28light_fixture%29 \"Sconce (light fixture)\"), and light fixtures for the house, most of which survive. Much of the art glass, and the mural by [George Mann Niedecken](/wiki/George_Mann_Niedecken \"George Mann Niedecken\") surmounting the dining room interior, centered on a [sumac](/wiki/Sumac \"Sumac\") motif.",
"A substantial west wing leads visitors through an interior [Torii](/wiki/Torii \"Torii\") gate into two of the largest rooms in the house. The upper\\-level gallery was used for musical entertaining, and the ground\\-level library contains special easels, part of more than 100 pieces of free\\-standing Wright\\-designed [white oak](/wiki/White_oak \"White oak\") furniture in the house, created for Dana to display selections from her collection of Japanese prints,.",
"Dana lived in the home from 1904 until about 1928\\. Once a successful hostess and leader of Springfield's social scene, she became increasingly reclusive over time and turned her attention to [spiritualism](/wiki/Spiritualism_%28movement%29 \"Spiritualism (movement)\") and the [occult](/wiki/Occult \"Occult\"). Suffering from increasing financial constraints in her later years, she closed the main house around 1928 and moved to a small cottage on the grounds. As Dana struggled with age\\-related [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\") in the 1940s, her home and its contents were sold.",
""
] |
Career
------
For several years Tobey commuted during the summers to Boston, where he worked as a clerk for various insurance and banking firms. In 1911, however, he decided to move to Temple and become a full\-time farmer. He was a good poultryman and considered himself a farmer for the remainder of his life, although in 1916 he moved to [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire "Manchester, New Hampshire"), to resume a career as a bond salesman. His four children were born in Temple, which Tobey always maintained as his legal residence.
Tobey served on the Temple school board and the board of selectmen. In 1914 he was elected to the [state legislature](/wiki/New_Hampshire_General_Court "New Hampshire General Court") as a candidate of the [Progressive Party](/wiki/Progressive_Party_%28United_States%2C_1912%29 "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)"). He was a friend and disciple of the progressive Republican [Robert P. Bass](/wiki/Robert_P._Bass "Robert P. Bass"), a former governor. New Hampshire progressivism was characterized by an effort to democratize the processes and make equitable the administration of government and to challenge powerful economic interests such as the [Boston and Maine Railroad](/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad "Boston and Maine Railroad"). Tobey's hard\-working manner, wit, and commonsense intelligence led to his political success. He served three non\-consecutive terms in the [New Hampshire House of Representatives](/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives "New Hampshire House of Representatives") and was speaker in 1919–1920, winning an important victory over the old\-guard candidate. Tobey had returned to the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") after the 1914 election.
Tobey's experience in the bonding business as well as his general reputation and political contacts led to his selection as New Hampshire [Liberty Loan](/wiki/Liberty_bond "Liberty bond") chairman during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). Later, as a member of the New Hampshire Food Administration, he came to know [Herbert Hoover](/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover"), who, together with Bass and [Charles Evans Hughes](/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes "Charles Evans Hughes"), greatly influenced Tobey's political beliefs.
In 1924 Tobey was elected to the [New Hampshire Senate](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate "New Hampshire Senate"), and he served as president of that body during the administration of progressive governor [John Gilbert Winant](/wiki/John_Gilbert_Winant "John Gilbert Winant"). In 1928, despite opposition in the primary from the old guard, led by George Moses, Tobey won the governorship. During the first two years of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States "Great Depression in the United States"), he retained a progressive approach to government operation and continued the state road\-building program. But Tobey resembled President Hoover in his budget\-tightening approach to economic disaster.
Tobey did not run for re\-election in 1930, in part because of personal financial problems. In 1932, however, he won a seat in the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") and was re\-elected in 1934 and 1936\. Tobey supported early [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal") relief measures, but became an increasingly outspoken foe of [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"). He opposed efforts to restructure the economy, and he expressed great concern over the growth of executive power. In 1938 he joined [Styles Bridges](/wiki/Styles_Bridges "Styles Bridges"), another Bass protégé and the manager of Tobey's 1928 gubernatorial victory, in the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate").
Tobey joined with the [isolationist](/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism "United States non-interventionism") bloc in the Senate in opposition to the Roosevelt administration's policies on neutrality and preparedness. He blamed producers of war materials for [American entry into World War I](/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I "American entry into World War I"). He allied himself with [Gerald Nye](/wiki/Gerald_Nye "Gerald Nye"), [Charles Lindbergh](/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh "Charles Lindbergh"), and the [America First Committee](/wiki/America_First_Committee "America First Committee"), and his statements occasionally contained elements of [anti\-Semitism](/wiki/Anti-Semitism "Anti-Semitism"). Bass and other internationalists among his old allies broke with Tobey on this issue, and the junior senator was further isolated when Styles Bridges became the champion of preparedness.
After the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor"), Tobey supported the war, but his enthusiasm was limited. However, political as well as philosophical considerations led him to a more internationalist position by 1944\. Facing an election challenge from the Bass wing of the party as well as from the followers of Bridges and [Frank Knox](/wiki/Frank_Knox "Frank Knox"), Tobey sought and received an appointment as delegate to the [United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference](/wiki/United_Nations_Monetary_and_Financial_Conference "United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference") at [Bretton Woods, New Hampshire](/wiki/Bretton_Woods%2C_New_Hampshire "Bretton Woods, New Hampshire"); he also defended the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund"), but he still rejected the "one\-worlders," as he described the [Wendell Willkie](/wiki/Wendell_Willkie "Wendell Willkie") wing of his party. In the days immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Tobey was criticized by other senators for revealing classified details of the extent of the damage done to the Navy; Tobey argued that the people had the right to know the truth.
Tobey joined with [Wayne Morse](/wiki/Wayne_Morse "Wayne Morse") and [George Aiken](/wiki/George_Aiken "George Aiken") in opposing [Robert A. Taft](/wiki/Robert_A._Taft "Robert A. Taft")'s leadership of the Senate Republicans and supporting President [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") on several important votes during the [80th Congress](/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress "80th United States Congress"). The illness and death of his wife in 1947 restricted his role in the [Marshall Plan](/wiki/Marshall_Plan "Marshall Plan") debate, but by then he had clearly become an advocate of interdependence. On May 26, 1948, Tobey married Loretta Capell Rabenhorst. After his second wife's death, he married Lillian Crompton in 1952\.
The same year Tobey supported the presidential election of [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"). An early opponent of Senator [Joseph McCarthy](/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy "Joseph McCarthy"), Tobey was re\-elected despite a Bridges\-led challenge that accused him of being soft on [Communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism"). Further national recognition came to him through his role in the nationally televised hearings on organized crime, the [Kefauver hearings](/wiki/Kefauver_hearings "Kefauver hearings"). Tobey was at the peak of his career when he died suddenly in [Bethesda, Maryland](/wiki/Bethesda%2C_Maryland "Bethesda, Maryland") from a coronary [thrombosis](/wiki/Thrombosis "Thrombosis") at the [Bethesda Naval Hospital](/wiki/National_Naval_Medical_Center "National Naval Medical Center"). He is buried at the Miller Cemetery in Temple, New Hampshire.
Tobey's politics were variously described as liberal, conservative, and progressive. None of these terms is quite adequate. A quiet, non\-aggressive nationalism and an unwavering belief in the dignity of the individual capped his values. But his views altered with changing contexts, new definitions of governmental responsibility, and new understanding of the international role of the United States. He was not always on the side of the majority. A *[New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* obituary noted that his "independence and sharp tongue made him one of the more colorful figures in American public life."
|
[
"Career\n------",
"For several years Tobey commuted during the summers to Boston, where he worked as a clerk for various insurance and banking firms. In 1911, however, he decided to move to Temple and become a full\\-time farmer. He was a good poultryman and considered himself a farmer for the remainder of his life, although in 1916 he moved to [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire \"Manchester, New Hampshire\"), to resume a career as a bond salesman. His four children were born in Temple, which Tobey always maintained as his legal residence.",
"Tobey served on the Temple school board and the board of selectmen. In 1914 he was elected to the [state legislature](/wiki/New_Hampshire_General_Court \"New Hampshire General Court\") as a candidate of the [Progressive Party](/wiki/Progressive_Party_%28United_States%2C_1912%29 \"Progressive Party (United States, 1912)\"). He was a friend and disciple of the progressive Republican [Robert P. Bass](/wiki/Robert_P._Bass \"Robert P. Bass\"), a former governor. New Hampshire progressivism was characterized by an effort to democratize the processes and make equitable the administration of government and to challenge powerful economic interests such as the [Boston and Maine Railroad](/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad \"Boston and Maine Railroad\"). Tobey's hard\\-working manner, wit, and commonsense intelligence led to his political success. He served three non\\-consecutive terms in the [New Hampshire House of Representatives](/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives \"New Hampshire House of Representatives\") and was speaker in 1919–1920, winning an important victory over the old\\-guard candidate. Tobey had returned to the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") after the 1914 election.",
"Tobey's experience in the bonding business as well as his general reputation and political contacts led to his selection as New Hampshire [Liberty Loan](/wiki/Liberty_bond \"Liberty bond\") chairman during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). Later, as a member of the New Hampshire Food Administration, he came to know [Herbert Hoover](/wiki/Herbert_Hoover \"Herbert Hoover\"), who, together with Bass and [Charles Evans Hughes](/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes \"Charles Evans Hughes\"), greatly influenced Tobey's political beliefs.",
"In 1924 Tobey was elected to the [New Hampshire Senate](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate \"New Hampshire Senate\"), and he served as president of that body during the administration of progressive governor [John Gilbert Winant](/wiki/John_Gilbert_Winant \"John Gilbert Winant\"). In 1928, despite opposition in the primary from the old guard, led by George Moses, Tobey won the governorship. During the first two years of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States \"Great Depression in the United States\"), he retained a progressive approach to government operation and continued the state road\\-building program. But Tobey resembled President Hoover in his budget\\-tightening approach to economic disaster.",
"Tobey did not run for re\\-election in 1930, in part because of personal financial problems. In 1932, however, he won a seat in the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") and was re\\-elected in 1934 and 1936\\. Tobey supported early [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\") relief measures, but became an increasingly outspoken foe of [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\"). He opposed efforts to restructure the economy, and he expressed great concern over the growth of executive power. In 1938 he joined [Styles Bridges](/wiki/Styles_Bridges \"Styles Bridges\"), another Bass protégé and the manager of Tobey's 1928 gubernatorial victory, in the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\").",
"Tobey joined with the [isolationist](/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism \"United States non-interventionism\") bloc in the Senate in opposition to the Roosevelt administration's policies on neutrality and preparedness. He blamed producers of war materials for [American entry into World War I](/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I \"American entry into World War I\"). He allied himself with [Gerald Nye](/wiki/Gerald_Nye \"Gerald Nye\"), [Charles Lindbergh](/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh \"Charles Lindbergh\"), and the [America First Committee](/wiki/America_First_Committee \"America First Committee\"), and his statements occasionally contained elements of [anti\\-Semitism](/wiki/Anti-Semitism \"Anti-Semitism\"). Bass and other internationalists among his old allies broke with Tobey on this issue, and the junior senator was further isolated when Styles Bridges became the champion of preparedness.",
"After the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"), Tobey supported the war, but his enthusiasm was limited. However, political as well as philosophical considerations led him to a more internationalist position by 1944\\. Facing an election challenge from the Bass wing of the party as well as from the followers of Bridges and [Frank Knox](/wiki/Frank_Knox \"Frank Knox\"), Tobey sought and received an appointment as delegate to the [United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference](/wiki/United_Nations_Monetary_and_Financial_Conference \"United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference\") at [Bretton Woods, New Hampshire](/wiki/Bretton_Woods%2C_New_Hampshire \"Bretton Woods, New Hampshire\"); he also defended the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\"), but he still rejected the \"one\\-worlders,\" as he described the [Wendell Willkie](/wiki/Wendell_Willkie \"Wendell Willkie\") wing of his party. In the days immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Tobey was criticized by other senators for revealing classified details of the extent of the damage done to the Navy; Tobey argued that the people had the right to know the truth.",
"Tobey joined with [Wayne Morse](/wiki/Wayne_Morse \"Wayne Morse\") and [George Aiken](/wiki/George_Aiken \"George Aiken\") in opposing [Robert A. Taft](/wiki/Robert_A._Taft \"Robert A. Taft\")'s leadership of the Senate Republicans and supporting President [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\") on several important votes during the [80th Congress](/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress \"80th United States Congress\"). The illness and death of his wife in 1947 restricted his role in the [Marshall Plan](/wiki/Marshall_Plan \"Marshall Plan\") debate, but by then he had clearly become an advocate of interdependence. On May 26, 1948, Tobey married Loretta Capell Rabenhorst. After his second wife's death, he married Lillian Crompton in 1952\\.",
"The same year Tobey supported the presidential election of [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\"). An early opponent of Senator [Joseph McCarthy](/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy \"Joseph McCarthy\"), Tobey was re\\-elected despite a Bridges\\-led challenge that accused him of being soft on [Communism](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\"). Further national recognition came to him through his role in the nationally televised hearings on organized crime, the [Kefauver hearings](/wiki/Kefauver_hearings \"Kefauver hearings\"). Tobey was at the peak of his career when he died suddenly in [Bethesda, Maryland](/wiki/Bethesda%2C_Maryland \"Bethesda, Maryland\") from a coronary [thrombosis](/wiki/Thrombosis \"Thrombosis\") at the [Bethesda Naval Hospital](/wiki/National_Naval_Medical_Center \"National Naval Medical Center\"). He is buried at the Miller Cemetery in Temple, New Hampshire.",
"Tobey's politics were variously described as liberal, conservative, and progressive. None of these terms is quite adequate. A quiet, non\\-aggressive nationalism and an unwavering belief in the dignity of the individual capped his values. But his views altered with changing contexts, new definitions of governmental responsibility, and new understanding of the international role of the United States. He was not always on the side of the majority. A *[New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* obituary noted that his \"independence and sharp tongue made him one of the more colorful figures in American public life.\"",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1660, by order of [Jan van Riebeeck](/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck "Jan van Riebeeck"), a hedge of [wild almond](/wiki/Brabejum "Brabejum") and brambles were planted to afford some protection to the perimeter of the Dutch colony.{{sfn\|Green\|1949\|pp\=247\-248}} Sections of this hedge, named [Van Riebeeck's Hedge](/wiki/Van_Riebeeck%27s_Hedge "Van Riebeeck's Hedge"), still exist in Kirstenbosch. The hedge is a [Provincial Heritage Site](/wiki/Provincial_heritage_site_%28South_Africa%29 "Provincial heritage site (South Africa)"). The area of the botanical garden was used for the harvesting of timber during this period.
The *Kirsten* part of the name is believed to be the surname of the manager of the land, J.F. Kirsten, in the 18th century. The *bosch* part of the name is a [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language") word for forest or [bush](/wiki/Shrub "Shrub").
The handover of ownership of the colony to Britain in 1811 brought changes in the use of the Kirstenbosch area. Two large land grants were made, with a Colonel Bird building a house, planting chestnut trees, and establishing a bath (still extant) fed by a natural spring. The Ecksteen family acquired the land in 1823, and it later came into the possession of the Cloete family (a well\-known Cape lineage). Under their stewardship, the area was farmed more formally, being planted with oaks, fruit trees, and vineyards.
The land was thereafter purchased by [Cecil Rhodes](/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes "Cecil Rhodes") in 1895\. After this point, the area became run\-down, with large groups of pigs feeding on the acorns and wallowing in the pools. The famous Camphor Avenue was planted in 1898\. The land now occupied by the Kirstenbosch Gardens was bequeathed to the nation by Rhodes, who died in 1902\.
The history of the area as a botanical garden has its origin in [Henry Harold Pearson](/wiki/Henry_Harold_Pearson "Henry Harold Pearson"), a botanist from [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University "Cambridge University") who came to the Cape Colony in 1903 to take up a position as professor in the newly created chair of botany at the South African College (the predecessor of today's [University of Cape Town](/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town "University of Cape Town").) In February 1911, Pearson visited the area of Kirstenbosch by cart with [Neville Stuart Pillans](/wiki/Neville_Stuart_Pillans "Neville Stuart Pillans") to assess its suitability as a site for a botanical garden.{{Cite web \|title\=Neville Stuart Pillans \- S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science \|url\=https://www.s2a3\.org.za/bio/Biograph\_final.php?serial\=2209 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-04 \|website\=www.s2a3\.org.za}} On 1 July 1913, the area was set aside for this purpose by the government of the colony, with an annual budget of £1,000\. No money was set aside for a salaried director's position, but Pearson accepted the position without pay. He lived in the gardens in difficult and reduced circumstances.
The task confronting Pearson was formidable. The area was overgrown, populated by wild pigs, overrun with weeds, and planted with orchards. Money was tight, and the budget was supplemented by the sale of firewood and acorns. Pearson commenced work in the area of Kirstenbosch known as "The Dell", planting [cycads](/wiki/Cycad "Cycad") which are still visible there today.
Pearson died in 1916 from [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia"). He was buried in his beloved garden, and his epitaph is still there today: "If ye seek his monument, look around". Since 1913, the garden has been successively administered by the Botanical Society of South Africa, the National Botanic Gardens of South Africa, the National Botanical Institute, and the South African Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) from 2004\. The garden celebrated its centenary in 2013, issuing the commemorative book *Kirstenbosch: The Most Beautiful Garden in Africa*.{{sfn\|Hartigh\|2013}}{{sfn\|Huntley\|2012}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1660, by order of [Jan van Riebeeck](/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck \"Jan van Riebeeck\"), a hedge of [wild almond](/wiki/Brabejum \"Brabejum\") and brambles were planted to afford some protection to the perimeter of the Dutch colony.{{sfn\\|Green\\|1949\\|pp\\=247\\-248}} Sections of this hedge, named [Van Riebeeck's Hedge](/wiki/Van_Riebeeck%27s_Hedge \"Van Riebeeck's Hedge\"), still exist in Kirstenbosch. The hedge is a [Provincial Heritage Site](/wiki/Provincial_heritage_site_%28South_Africa%29 \"Provincial heritage site (South Africa)\"). The area of the botanical garden was used for the harvesting of timber during this period.",
"The *Kirsten* part of the name is believed to be the surname of the manager of the land, J.F. Kirsten, in the 18th century. The *bosch* part of the name is a [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\") word for forest or [bush](/wiki/Shrub \"Shrub\").",
"The handover of ownership of the colony to Britain in 1811 brought changes in the use of the Kirstenbosch area. Two large land grants were made, with a Colonel Bird building a house, planting chestnut trees, and establishing a bath (still extant) fed by a natural spring. The Ecksteen family acquired the land in 1823, and it later came into the possession of the Cloete family (a well\\-known Cape lineage). Under their stewardship, the area was farmed more formally, being planted with oaks, fruit trees, and vineyards.",
"The land was thereafter purchased by [Cecil Rhodes](/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes \"Cecil Rhodes\") in 1895\\. After this point, the area became run\\-down, with large groups of pigs feeding on the acorns and wallowing in the pools. The famous Camphor Avenue was planted in 1898\\. The land now occupied by the Kirstenbosch Gardens was bequeathed to the nation by Rhodes, who died in 1902\\.",
"The history of the area as a botanical garden has its origin in [Henry Harold Pearson](/wiki/Henry_Harold_Pearson \"Henry Harold Pearson\"), a botanist from [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\") who came to the Cape Colony in 1903 to take up a position as professor in the newly created chair of botany at the South African College (the predecessor of today's [University of Cape Town](/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town \"University of Cape Town\").) In February 1911, Pearson visited the area of Kirstenbosch by cart with [Neville Stuart Pillans](/wiki/Neville_Stuart_Pillans \"Neville Stuart Pillans\") to assess its suitability as a site for a botanical garden.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Neville Stuart Pillans \\- S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science \\|url\\=https://www.s2a3\\.org.za/bio/Biograph\\_final.php?serial\\=2209 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-04 \\|website\\=www.s2a3\\.org.za}} On 1 July 1913, the area was set aside for this purpose by the government of the colony, with an annual budget of £1,000\\. No money was set aside for a salaried director's position, but Pearson accepted the position without pay. He lived in the gardens in difficult and reduced circumstances.",
"The task confronting Pearson was formidable. The area was overgrown, populated by wild pigs, overrun with weeds, and planted with orchards. Money was tight, and the budget was supplemented by the sale of firewood and acorns. Pearson commenced work in the area of Kirstenbosch known as \"The Dell\", planting [cycads](/wiki/Cycad \"Cycad\") which are still visible there today.",
"Pearson died in 1916 from [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\"). He was buried in his beloved garden, and his epitaph is still there today: \"If ye seek his monument, look around\". Since 1913, the garden has been successively administered by the Botanical Society of South Africa, the National Botanic Gardens of South Africa, the National Botanical Institute, and the South African Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) from 2004\\. The garden celebrated its centenary in 2013, issuing the commemorative book *Kirstenbosch: The Most Beautiful Garden in Africa*.{{sfn\\|Hartigh\\|2013}}{{sfn\\|Huntley\\|2012}}",
""
] |
History
-------
After the release of the final The God Machine album, in 1995, Proper\-Sheppard set up the Flower Shop label, putting out records from the likes of Elevate, Ligament, and Swervedriver. He also began recording a year later as Sophia. Sophia sounded nothing like The God Machine. Instead of ear\-busting and grating, they were low\-key and introspective. With the help from other Flower Shop artists—Graham Miles (Elevate), Dan Mulligan (Oil Seed Rape) and James Elkington (Elevate)—he recorded 1996's *Fixed Water* featuring the single "Are You Happy Now".
Two years later, *The Infinite Circle* followed. In 2005, this album was performed live in its entirety as part of the [All Tomorrow's Parties](/wiki/All_Tomorrow%27s_Parties_%28festival%29 "All Tomorrow's Parties (festival)")\-curated *[Don't Look Back](/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Back_%28concert_series%29 "Don't Look Back (concert series)")* series.
In 2001, Sophia released a live album *De Nachten*. The album was recorded during two festival appearances in Belgium and the Netherlands and had four new songs and a cover of the [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon "John Lennon") song "[Jealous Guy](/wiki/Jealous_Guy "Jealous Guy")".
In January 2004, Sophia released their third studio album *People Are Like Seasons*. The album was released by [City Slang](/wiki/City_Slang "City Slang")/[EMI](/wiki/EMI "EMI") and was the first Sophia release for a major label. The album had chart success in several European countries (highest entry was number 8 in Belgium). The band — of which the main members are now Robin Proper\-Sheppard (vocals, guitar), Jeff Townsin (drums), [Will Foster](/wiki/Will_Foster "Will Foster") (keyboards) and ex\-Swervedriver mainman Adam Franklin (guitar) — toured Europe in 2004\.
In 2004, a rarities CD was released called *Collections:One*.
The fourth studio album *Technology Won't Save Us* was released in October 2006\.
In 2009, the album *There Are No Goodbyes* was released.
During 2010, Proper\-Sheppard did a solo acoustic tour called 'At Home with Sophia...'. The idea was to create an atmosphere that was as intimate as a living room, for people to come and hear the songs of Sophia much as they were originally written.
In 2016, the album *As We Make Our Way (Unknown Harbours)* was released.
In 2017, the album *As We Make Our Way – The Live Recordings* was released. It was recorded during the tour that supported the *As We Make Our Way (Unknown Harbours)* album.
In September 2020, Sophia released the album *Holding On / Letting Go*, following the release of three singles from the album earlier in the year.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"After the release of the final The God Machine album, in 1995, Proper\\-Sheppard set up the Flower Shop label, putting out records from the likes of Elevate, Ligament, and Swervedriver. He also began recording a year later as Sophia. Sophia sounded nothing like The God Machine. Instead of ear\\-busting and grating, they were low\\-key and introspective. With the help from other Flower Shop artists—Graham Miles (Elevate), Dan Mulligan (Oil Seed Rape) and James Elkington (Elevate)—he recorded 1996's *Fixed Water* featuring the single \"Are You Happy Now\".",
"Two years later, *The Infinite Circle* followed. In 2005, this album was performed live in its entirety as part of the [All Tomorrow's Parties](/wiki/All_Tomorrow%27s_Parties_%28festival%29 \"All Tomorrow's Parties (festival)\")\\-curated *[Don't Look Back](/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Back_%28concert_series%29 \"Don't Look Back (concert series)\")* series.",
"In 2001, Sophia released a live album *De Nachten*. The album was recorded during two festival appearances in Belgium and the Netherlands and had four new songs and a cover of the [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\") song \"[Jealous Guy](/wiki/Jealous_Guy \"Jealous Guy\")\".",
"In January 2004, Sophia released their third studio album *People Are Like Seasons*. The album was released by [City Slang](/wiki/City_Slang \"City Slang\")/[EMI](/wiki/EMI \"EMI\") and was the first Sophia release for a major label. The album had chart success in several European countries (highest entry was number 8 in Belgium). The band — of which the main members are now Robin Proper\\-Sheppard (vocals, guitar), Jeff Townsin (drums), [Will Foster](/wiki/Will_Foster \"Will Foster\") (keyboards) and ex\\-Swervedriver mainman Adam Franklin (guitar) — toured Europe in 2004\\.",
"In 2004, a rarities CD was released called *Collections:One*.",
"The fourth studio album *Technology Won't Save Us* was released in October 2006\\.",
"In 2009, the album *There Are No Goodbyes* was released.",
"During 2010, Proper\\-Sheppard did a solo acoustic tour called 'At Home with Sophia...'. The idea was to create an atmosphere that was as intimate as a living room, for people to come and hear the songs of Sophia much as they were originally written.",
"In 2016, the album *As We Make Our Way (Unknown Harbours)* was released.",
"In 2017, the album *As We Make Our Way – The Live Recordings* was released. It was recorded during the tour that supported the *As We Make Our Way (Unknown Harbours)* album.",
"In September 2020, Sophia released the album *Holding On / Letting Go*, following the release of three singles from the album earlier in the year.",
""
] |
China
-----
The **Double Third Festival** ({{CJKV\|c\=三月三\|p\=sānyuèsān}}) or **Shangsi Festival** ({{CJKV\|s\=上巳节\|t\=上巳節}}), sometimes translated as the **Washing Festival**, is a Chinese holiday celebrated on the third day of the third month of the [Chinese calendar](/wiki/Chinese_calendar "Chinese calendar").
It is said that the origin of this festival comes from the Dinner Party at the Qushui River during the Zhou Dynasty (about 1100–221 BC). Others say its origins come from the ceremonial custom of getting rid of evils by bathing in the river. On this day, people would hold a sacrificing ceremony on a riverside to honor their ancestors, and then take a bath in the river with herbs to cleanse their bodies of filth. Following that, young men and women would then go for a spring outing in which many of these scenes were described in Shi Jing ([The Book of Songs](/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry "Classic of Poetry")).
The Shangsi Festival activities have changed over the course of subsequent dynasties. The entertainment feast and praying for descendants along the riverside were added in the Han Dynasty (206 BC\-220 AD). It was after the Wei and Jin dynasties (220–420 AD) that the festival developed into the Double\-Third (Shangsi) Festival that is fixed on the third day of the third lunar month.
In modern times, to observe this festival, people would go for an outing by the water, have picnics, and pluck [orchids](/wiki/Orchid "Orchid"). It is also a day for invoking cleansing rituals to prevent disease and get rid of bad luck. The day is also traditionally considered to be a possible birthday of the [Yellow Emperor](/wiki/Yellow_Emperor "Yellow Emperor").Nedostup, R. Superstitious Regimes: Religion and Politics of Chinese Modernity Harvard University Press: Cambridge 2009
The ancient traditions of Shangsi are mostly celebrated by several communities spread out among the provinces today, such as the ancient village of [Xinye](/wiki/Xinye_Village "Xinye Village") which holds elaborate ancestor worship ceremonies on this day.{{cite journal \|url\=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article\_en/CJFDTOTAL\-AFJY200602012\.htm \|title\=Cultural Investigation of March 3rd Festival in Xinye Village \|author\=Wang, Zhi\-han \|journal\=Journal of Anhui Institute of Education \|date\=12 February 2006 \|access\-date\=10 February 2012 \|archive\-date\=14 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135403/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article\_en/CJFDTOTAL\-AFJY200602012\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://travel.sohu.com/20100906/n274689886\.shtml \|script\-title\=zh:新叶村祭祖盛典 一个宗族790多年的坚守 \|publisher\=Sohu \|language\=Chinese \|date\=6 September 2010}}
The great calligrapher [Wang Xizhi](/wiki/Wang_Xizhi "Wang Xizhi") mentions this festival in his famous work *[Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Poems](/wiki/Lanting_Xu "Lanting Xu")*, written in regard to the [Orchid Pavilion Gathering](/wiki/Orchid_Pavilion_Gathering "Orchid Pavilion Gathering") during the [Six Dynasties](/wiki/Six_Dynasties "Six Dynasties") era.
In [Zhuang Culture](/wiki/Zhuang_customs_and_culture "Zhuang customs and culture"), the festival has higher prominence and is celebrated with songs and dance performances as well as a variety of games and foods.
|
[
"China\n-----",
"The **Double Third Festival** ({{CJKV\\|c\\=三月三\\|p\\=sānyuèsān}}) or **Shangsi Festival** ({{CJKV\\|s\\=上巳节\\|t\\=上巳節}}), sometimes translated as the **Washing Festival**, is a Chinese holiday celebrated on the third day of the third month of the [Chinese calendar](/wiki/Chinese_calendar \"Chinese calendar\").",
"It is said that the origin of this festival comes from the Dinner Party at the Qushui River during the Zhou Dynasty (about 1100–221 BC). Others say its origins come from the ceremonial custom of getting rid of evils by bathing in the river. On this day, people would hold a sacrificing ceremony on a riverside to honor their ancestors, and then take a bath in the river with herbs to cleanse their bodies of filth. Following that, young men and women would then go for a spring outing in which many of these scenes were described in Shi Jing ([The Book of Songs](/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry \"Classic of Poetry\")).",
"The Shangsi Festival activities have changed over the course of subsequent dynasties. The entertainment feast and praying for descendants along the riverside were added in the Han Dynasty (206 BC\\-220 AD). It was after the Wei and Jin dynasties (220–420 AD) that the festival developed into the Double\\-Third (Shangsi) Festival that is fixed on the third day of the third lunar month.",
"In modern times, to observe this festival, people would go for an outing by the water, have picnics, and pluck [orchids](/wiki/Orchid \"Orchid\"). It is also a day for invoking cleansing rituals to prevent disease and get rid of bad luck. The day is also traditionally considered to be a possible birthday of the [Yellow Emperor](/wiki/Yellow_Emperor \"Yellow Emperor\").Nedostup, R. Superstitious Regimes: Religion and Politics of Chinese Modernity Harvard University Press: Cambridge 2009",
"The ancient traditions of Shangsi are mostly celebrated by several communities spread out among the provinces today, such as the ancient village of [Xinye](/wiki/Xinye_Village \"Xinye Village\") which holds elaborate ancestor worship ceremonies on this day.{{cite journal \\|url\\=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article\\_en/CJFDTOTAL\\-AFJY200602012\\.htm \\|title\\=Cultural Investigation of March 3rd Festival in Xinye Village \\|author\\=Wang, Zhi\\-han \\|journal\\=Journal of Anhui Institute of Education \\|date\\=12 February 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135403/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article\\_en/CJFDTOTAL\\-AFJY200602012\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://travel.sohu.com/20100906/n274689886\\.shtml \\|script\\-title\\=zh:新叶村祭祖盛典 一个宗族790多年的坚守 \\|publisher\\=Sohu \\|language\\=Chinese \\|date\\=6 September 2010}}",
"The great calligrapher [Wang Xizhi](/wiki/Wang_Xizhi \"Wang Xizhi\") mentions this festival in his famous work *[Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Poems](/wiki/Lanting_Xu \"Lanting Xu\")*, written in regard to the [Orchid Pavilion Gathering](/wiki/Orchid_Pavilion_Gathering \"Orchid Pavilion Gathering\") during the [Six Dynasties](/wiki/Six_Dynasties \"Six Dynasties\") era.",
"In [Zhuang Culture](/wiki/Zhuang_customs_and_culture \"Zhuang customs and culture\"), the festival has higher prominence and is celebrated with songs and dance performances as well as a variety of games and foods.",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1978, Ivashkin became co\-principal cellist of the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and founded the Bolshoi Soloists, a new chamber orchestra.{{cite news \| author\=Gavin Dixon \| title\=Alexander Ivashkin obituary \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/13/alexander\-ivashkin \| work\=The Guardian \| date\=2014\-02\-13 \| accessdate\=2014\-10\-04}} In the 1980s, he taught at the [Gnessen Institute](/wiki/Gnessin_State_Musical_College "Gnessin State Musical College") and then left the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") in 1990 for a teaching position at the [University of Canterbury](/wiki/University_of_Canterbury "University of Canterbury") in New Zealand. He began his writing career as a music critic, and his first musicology book was about [Charles Ives](/wiki/Charles_Ives "Charles Ives").
In 1995, Ivashkin and his wife, the cellist Natalia Pavlutskaya, founded the [Adam International Cello Festival and Competition](/wiki/Adam_International_Cello_Festival_and_Competition "Adam International Cello Festival and Competition").{{cite journal \|last1\=Haylock \|first1\=Julian \|title\=Has cello, will travel. \|journal\=\[\[The Strad]] \|date\=December 2004 \|volume\=115 \|issue\=1376 \|pages\=1282–1286\|via\=MasterFILE Complete}} In 1996, he published the first English\-language biography of [Alfred Schnittke](/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke "Alfred Schnittke").
In 1999, he became a professor of music at [Goldsmiths, University of London](/wiki/Goldsmiths%2C_University_of_London "Goldsmiths, University of London"). He was the director of the [Centre for Russian Music](/wiki/Centre_for_Russian_Music "Centre for Russian Music") at Goldsmiths, and he continued his career as a cellist.{{cite news \|last1\=Lambton \|first1\=Christopher \|title\=Music on the edge \|work\=\[\[The Scotsman]] \|date\=6 October 2000}} {{ProQuest\|326857019}} He became the curator of Alfred Schnittke Archive at Goldsmiths,{{cite news \|last1\=Church \|first1\=Michael \|title\=Classical: The last great Romantic? East and West take different views of Schnittke. Will a new archive reconcile them? \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\=21 January 2000}} {{ProQuest\|311632143}} which began when he arrived, and he was the editor\-in\-chief of the Schnittke Collected Works Critical Edition.
In 1999 he founded a series of research and performance seminars/symposia and international concert series at the [Centre for Russian Music](/wiki/Centre_for_Russian_Music "Centre for Russian Music"). He was also artistic director of annual festivals in London, including The VTB Capital Prize for Young Cellists.
As an author and editor, Ivashkin published more than twenty books, and more than 200 articles in Russia, Germany, Italy, the US, the UK and Japan.
Ivashkin collaborated with composers such as [Krzysztof Penderecki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki "Krzysztof Penderecki"), [Edison Denisov](/wiki/Edison_Denisov "Edison Denisov"), [Sofia Gubaidulina](/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina "Sofia Gubaidulina"), [Giya Kancheli](/wiki/Giya_Kancheli "Giya Kancheli"), [Rodion Shchedrin](/wiki/Rodion_Shchedrin "Rodion Shchedrin"), [Nikolai Korndorf](/wiki/Nikolai_Korndorf "Nikolai Korndorf"), [Dmitri Smirnov](/wiki/Dmitri_Nikolaevich_Smirnov_%28composer%29 "Dmitri Nikolaevich Smirnov (composer)"), [Elena Firsova](/wiki/Elena_Firsova "Elena Firsova"), [Alexander Raskatov](/wiki/Alexander_Raskatov "Alexander Raskatov"), and Alfred Schnittke, as well as [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage "John Cage"), [George Crumb](/wiki/George_Crumb "George Crumb"), [Mauricio Kagel](/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel "Mauricio Kagel"), [Peter Sculthorpe](/wiki/Peter_Sculthorpe "Peter Sculthorpe"), [Brett Dean](/wiki/Brett_Dean "Brett Dean"), [Arvo Pärt](/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt "Arvo Pärt"), [Vladimir Tarnopolsky](/wiki/Vladimir_Tarnopolsky "Vladimir Tarnopolsky"), [Augusta Read Thomas](/wiki/Augusta_Read_Thomas "Augusta Read Thomas"), [James MacMillan](/wiki/James_MacMillan "James MacMillan"), [Lyell Cresswell](/wiki/Lyell_Cresswell "Lyell Cresswell"), [Roger Redgate](/wiki/Roger_Redgate "Roger Redgate"), [Gabriel Prokofiev](/wiki/Gabriel_Prokofiev "Gabriel Prokofiev") and [Gillian Whitehead](/wiki/Gillian_Whitehead "Gillian Whitehead").
Ivashkin made commercial recordings with a variety of labels, including [Chandos](/wiki/Chandos_Records "Chandos Records"),{{cite news \| author\=Tim Ashley \| title\=Prokofiev, Symphony No 2 / Sinfonia Concertante, Ivashkin/Russian State Symphony/Polyansky (Chandos) plus Myaskovsky: Symphony No 6 (\*\*\*\*) Gothenburg Symphony/ Jarvi (DG) \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/jul/19/classicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures6 \| work\=The Guardian \| date\=2002\-07\-19 \| accessdate\=2014\-10\-04}}{{cite news \| author\=Tim Ashley \| title\=Miaskovsky: Symphony no 27; Cello Concerto: Ivashkin/ Russian State SO/ Polyansky (Chandos) \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/11/classicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures4 \| work\=The Guardian \| date\=2002\-07\-19 \| accessdate\=2002\-10\-11}} [Naxos](/wiki/Naxos_%28company%29 "Naxos (company)"), [Melodiya](/wiki/Melodiya "Melodiya"), [RCA](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records"), [Brilliant Classics](/wiki/Brilliant_Classics "Brilliant Classics"), and [Toccata Classics](/wiki/Toccata_Classics "Toccata Classics"). His recorded work includes complete cello music composed by [Sergei Rakhmaninov](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff "Sergei Rachmaninoff"), [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev"), [Dmitri Shostakovich](/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich "Dmitri Shostakovich"), [Nikolai Roslavets](/wiki/Nikolai_Roslavets "Nikolai Roslavets"), [Alexander Tcherepnin](/wiki/Alexander_Tcherepnin "Alexander Tcherepnin"), Sofia Gubaidulina, Giya Kancheli, and Alfred Schnittke.
The instruments played by Ivashkin included a 1710 [Giuseppe Guarneri 'filius Andrea'](/wiki/Giuseppe_Giovanni_Battista_Guarneri "Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri") cello that was purchased by Chris Marshall from [J \& A Beare](/wiki/J_%26_A_Beare "J & A Beare") in London in 2000 and provided to Ivashkin as a permanent loan.{{cite news \|title\=1710 ‘Ivashkin' Guarneri cello loaned to Canadian Korean artist Soo Bae \|url\=https://www.thestrad.com/1710\-ivashkin\-guarneri\-cello\-loaned\-to\-canadian\-korean\-artist\-soo\-bae/63\.article \|access\-date\=10 October 2023 \|work\=\[\[The Strad]] \|date\=7 July 2014 \|language\=en}} After Ivashkin's death, the cello was named the 'Ivashkin Joseph Guarneri filius andreae of 1710' cello in honor of Ivashkin and provided to cellist [Soo Bae](/wiki/Soo_Bae "Soo Bae") as a five\-year loan.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1978, Ivashkin became co\\-principal cellist of the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and founded the Bolshoi Soloists, a new chamber orchestra.{{cite news \\| author\\=Gavin Dixon \\| title\\=Alexander Ivashkin obituary \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/13/alexander\\-ivashkin \\| work\\=The Guardian \\| date\\=2014\\-02\\-13 \\| accessdate\\=2014\\-10\\-04}} In the 1980s, he taught at the [Gnessen Institute](/wiki/Gnessin_State_Musical_College \"Gnessin State Musical College\") and then left the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") in 1990 for a teaching position at the [University of Canterbury](/wiki/University_of_Canterbury \"University of Canterbury\") in New Zealand. He began his writing career as a music critic, and his first musicology book was about [Charles Ives](/wiki/Charles_Ives \"Charles Ives\").",
"In 1995, Ivashkin and his wife, the cellist Natalia Pavlutskaya, founded the [Adam International Cello Festival and Competition](/wiki/Adam_International_Cello_Festival_and_Competition \"Adam International Cello Festival and Competition\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Haylock \\|first1\\=Julian \\|title\\=Has cello, will travel. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Strad]] \\|date\\=December 2004 \\|volume\\=115 \\|issue\\=1376 \\|pages\\=1282–1286\\|via\\=MasterFILE Complete}} In 1996, he published the first English\\-language biography of [Alfred Schnittke](/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke \"Alfred Schnittke\").",
"In 1999, he became a professor of music at [Goldsmiths, University of London](/wiki/Goldsmiths%2C_University_of_London \"Goldsmiths, University of London\"). He was the director of the [Centre for Russian Music](/wiki/Centre_for_Russian_Music \"Centre for Russian Music\") at Goldsmiths, and he continued his career as a cellist.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Lambton \\|first1\\=Christopher \\|title\\=Music on the edge \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Scotsman]] \\|date\\=6 October 2000}} {{ProQuest\\|326857019}} He became the curator of Alfred Schnittke Archive at Goldsmiths,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Church \\|first1\\=Michael \\|title\\=Classical: The last great Romantic? East and West take different views of Schnittke. Will a new archive reconcile them? \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\=21 January 2000}} {{ProQuest\\|311632143}} which began when he arrived, and he was the editor\\-in\\-chief of the Schnittke Collected Works Critical Edition.",
"In 1999 he founded a series of research and performance seminars/symposia and international concert series at the [Centre for Russian Music](/wiki/Centre_for_Russian_Music \"Centre for Russian Music\"). He was also artistic director of annual festivals in London, including The VTB Capital Prize for Young Cellists.",
"As an author and editor, Ivashkin published more than twenty books, and more than 200 articles in Russia, Germany, Italy, the US, the UK and Japan.",
"Ivashkin collaborated with composers such as [Krzysztof Penderecki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki \"Krzysztof Penderecki\"), [Edison Denisov](/wiki/Edison_Denisov \"Edison Denisov\"), [Sofia Gubaidulina](/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina \"Sofia Gubaidulina\"), [Giya Kancheli](/wiki/Giya_Kancheli \"Giya Kancheli\"), [Rodion Shchedrin](/wiki/Rodion_Shchedrin \"Rodion Shchedrin\"), [Nikolai Korndorf](/wiki/Nikolai_Korndorf \"Nikolai Korndorf\"), [Dmitri Smirnov](/wiki/Dmitri_Nikolaevich_Smirnov_%28composer%29 \"Dmitri Nikolaevich Smirnov (composer)\"), [Elena Firsova](/wiki/Elena_Firsova \"Elena Firsova\"), [Alexander Raskatov](/wiki/Alexander_Raskatov \"Alexander Raskatov\"), and Alfred Schnittke, as well as [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage \"John Cage\"), [George Crumb](/wiki/George_Crumb \"George Crumb\"), [Mauricio Kagel](/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel \"Mauricio Kagel\"), [Peter Sculthorpe](/wiki/Peter_Sculthorpe \"Peter Sculthorpe\"), [Brett Dean](/wiki/Brett_Dean \"Brett Dean\"), [Arvo Pärt](/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt \"Arvo Pärt\"), [Vladimir Tarnopolsky](/wiki/Vladimir_Tarnopolsky \"Vladimir Tarnopolsky\"), [Augusta Read Thomas](/wiki/Augusta_Read_Thomas \"Augusta Read Thomas\"), [James MacMillan](/wiki/James_MacMillan \"James MacMillan\"), [Lyell Cresswell](/wiki/Lyell_Cresswell \"Lyell Cresswell\"), [Roger Redgate](/wiki/Roger_Redgate \"Roger Redgate\"), [Gabriel Prokofiev](/wiki/Gabriel_Prokofiev \"Gabriel Prokofiev\") and [Gillian Whitehead](/wiki/Gillian_Whitehead \"Gillian Whitehead\").",
"Ivashkin made commercial recordings with a variety of labels, including [Chandos](/wiki/Chandos_Records \"Chandos Records\"),{{cite news \\| author\\=Tim Ashley \\| title\\=Prokofiev, Symphony No 2 / Sinfonia Concertante, Ivashkin/Russian State Symphony/Polyansky (Chandos) plus Myaskovsky: Symphony No 6 (\\*\\*\\*\\*) Gothenburg Symphony/ Jarvi (DG) \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/jul/19/classicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures6 \\| work\\=The Guardian \\| date\\=2002\\-07\\-19 \\| accessdate\\=2014\\-10\\-04}}{{cite news \\| author\\=Tim Ashley \\| title\\=Miaskovsky: Symphony no 27; Cello Concerto: Ivashkin/ Russian State SO/ Polyansky (Chandos) \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/11/classicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures4 \\| work\\=The Guardian \\| date\\=2002\\-07\\-19 \\| accessdate\\=2002\\-10\\-11}} [Naxos](/wiki/Naxos_%28company%29 \"Naxos (company)\"), [Melodiya](/wiki/Melodiya \"Melodiya\"), [RCA](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\"), [Brilliant Classics](/wiki/Brilliant_Classics \"Brilliant Classics\"), and [Toccata Classics](/wiki/Toccata_Classics \"Toccata Classics\"). His recorded work includes complete cello music composed by [Sergei Rakhmaninov](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff \"Sergei Rachmaninoff\"), [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\"), [Dmitri Shostakovich](/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich \"Dmitri Shostakovich\"), [Nikolai Roslavets](/wiki/Nikolai_Roslavets \"Nikolai Roslavets\"), [Alexander Tcherepnin](/wiki/Alexander_Tcherepnin \"Alexander Tcherepnin\"), Sofia Gubaidulina, Giya Kancheli, and Alfred Schnittke.",
"The instruments played by Ivashkin included a 1710 [Giuseppe Guarneri 'filius Andrea'](/wiki/Giuseppe_Giovanni_Battista_Guarneri \"Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri\") cello that was purchased by Chris Marshall from [J \\& A Beare](/wiki/J_%26_A_Beare \"J & A Beare\") in London in 2000 and provided to Ivashkin as a permanent loan.{{cite news \\|title\\=1710 ‘Ivashkin' Guarneri cello loaned to Canadian Korean artist Soo Bae \\|url\\=https://www.thestrad.com/1710\\-ivashkin\\-guarneri\\-cello\\-loaned\\-to\\-canadian\\-korean\\-artist\\-soo\\-bae/63\\.article \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Strad]] \\|date\\=7 July 2014 \\|language\\=en}} After Ivashkin's death, the cello was named the 'Ivashkin Joseph Guarneri filius andreae of 1710' cello in honor of Ivashkin and provided to cellist [Soo Bae](/wiki/Soo_Bae \"Soo Bae\") as a five\\-year loan.",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
Fjørtoft started his senior career at Hødd (2\. league Norway) as a 17\-year\-old, scoring 9 league goals in 17 matches in the 1984 season. In the 1985 season, he scored 25 league goals in 22 games.
After starting in Norway with Hødd, HamKam and [Lillestrøm](/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_S.K. "Lillestrøm S.K.") and spending four seasons in the [Austrian Bundesliga](/wiki/Austrian_Bundesliga "Austrian Bundesliga") with [Rapid Wien](/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien "SK Rapid Wien") – where he became only the second foreigner to be Player of the Year in 1989 – Fjørtoft spent several seasons in England during the 1990s. He joined [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. "Swindon Town F.C.") in the summer of 1993 following their promotion to the [Premiership](/wiki/FA_Premier_League "FA Premier League"), costing the [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire "Wiltshire") club a record £500,000\. He had a slow start to his career at Swindon and endured a poor start to their first\-ever top\-division campaign, failing to win any of their first 16 games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/05/jan\-age\-fjrtoft\-i\-almost\-get\-tears\-when\-i\-talk\-about\-my\-first\-swindon\-goal\|title\= Jan Åge Fjørtoft: 'I almost get tears when I talk about my first Swindon goal'\|date\=5 January 2022\|work\=Guardian\|accessdate\=8 January 2022}}
Fjørtoft failed to find the net until after Christmas but scored 13 goals from his final 17 games, including a [hat\-trick](/wiki/List_of_Premier_League_hat-tricks "List of Premier League hat-tricks") in a 3–1 win against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.") on 5 February 1994\.{{cite news \|last\=Slot \|first\=Owen \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/football\-the\-age\-of\-fjortoft\-1392428\.html \|title\=The age of Fjortoft \|date\=6 February 1994 \|access\-date\=13 July 2009 \|work\=The Independent\|location\=London \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103155406/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/football\-the\-age\-of\-fjortoft\-1392428\.html \|archive\-date\=3 November 2012 \|url\-status\=live}} However, it was not enough to prevent Swindon from going down in bottom place with a mere five league wins having conceded 100 league goals.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/page/History/0,,10341\~2066558,00\.html \|title\=World Cup Connections: Jan Åage Fjørtoft \|publisher\=Swindon Town F.C \|date\=15 June 2010 \|access\-date\=26 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005211927/http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/page/History/0%2C%2C10341\~2066558%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\= 5 October 2011 }}
Fjørtoft continued to score frequently during the 1994–95 season and helped Swindon reach the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup "Football League Cup") semi\-finals, but their league form was disastrous once more and he [transferred](/wiki/Transfer_%28football%29 "Transfer (football)") to [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") on 23 March 1995 for £1\.3 million.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.swindon\-town\-fc.co.uk/Person.asp?PersonID\=FJORTOFJ \|title\=Fjørtoft's Swindon Profile \|publisher\=Swindon Town \|access\-date\=8 April 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919003648/http://www.swindon\-town\-fc.co.uk/Person.asp?PersonID\=FJORTOFJ \|archive\-date\=19 September 2012 \|url\-status\=live}} By this stage, he had scored 25 goals in all competitions for the Robins and was one of the highest scorers in the English league that season.
Meanwhile, Fjørtoft was a regular player for Middlesbrough as soon as he joined the club, and helped them finish the season as [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division "Football League First Division") champions. Due to a restructuring of the league, they were the only team to gain automatic promotion to the Premiership in 1995\. He was a regular player throughout the 1995–96 campaign and, as the Norwegian partnered [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") [playmaker](/wiki/Playmaker "Playmaker") [Juninho](/wiki/Juninho_Paulista "Juninho Paulista"), *Boro* finished in a respectable 12th place; although they had occupied fourth place in late autumn, a disastrous run of form coinciding with an injury crisis during mid\-season sabotaged their hopes of European qualification or a title challenge. Fjørtoft had scored six goals from 26 Premier League games.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.sporting\-heroes.net/football\-heroes/displayhero\_club.asp?HeroID\=39931 \| title \= Jan\-Aage Fjortoft \| publisher \= sporting\-heroes.net \| access\-date \= 26 May 2011 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20101220105325/http://sporting\-heroes.net/football\-heroes/displayhero\_club.asp?HeroID\=39931 \| archive\-date \= 20 December 2010 \| url\-status \= live}}
However, the arrival of Italian [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 "Forward (association football)") [Fabrizio Ravanelli](/wiki/Fabrizio_Ravanelli "Fabrizio Ravanelli") pushed him down the pecking order for the 1996–97 season, and he was sold to First Division promotion chasers [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. "Sheffield United F.C.") for £700,000 on 31 January 1997\. In his final game for Middlesbrough Fjørtoft scored a crucial goal against [Hednesford Town](/wiki/Hednesford_Town_F.C. "Hednesford Town F.C.") in the fourth round of the FA Cup.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\-hednesford\-held\-at\-bay\-1285369\.html \| title\=Hednesford held at bay \| work\=\[\[The Independent]]\| date\=27 January 1997 \| access\-date\=23 March 2010 \| location\=London \| first\=Simon \| last\=Turnbull \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107020758/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\-hednesford\-held\-at\-bay\-1285369\.html \| archive\-date\=7 November 2012 \| url\-status\=live}} Boro would go on to reach the [final](/wiki/1997_FA_Cup_Final "1997 FA Cup Final") after his departure.
After the Blades lost to [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.") in the [playoff](/wiki/Football_League_play-offs "Football League play-offs") final, he played at United until 15 January 1998, when he joined newly promoted [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. "Barnsley F.C.") to have another crack at the Premiership. He was unable though, to prevent Barnsley's only season at Premier League level ending in relegation, although scoring a respectable six goals in 15 Premiership games. He left Barnsley in November 1998 to join [Eintracht Frankfurt](/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt "Eintracht Frankfurt"), calling time on his five\-year spell in England.
Fjørtoft's next stop came in Germany with Eintracht Frankfurt, where he spent three years (25 November 1998 – 31 May 2001\). He became a cult hero for the club, scoring a decisive 89th\-minute goal in the final game of the 1998–99 season, saying to himself melancholically: "probably the best goal this season", keeping Eintracht up.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eintracht.de/eintracht/rueckblick/saisonrueckblicke/1999\-2000/ \|title\=1999\-2000 \|publisher\=Eintracht Frankfurt \|language\=de \|access\-date\=26 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314041831/http://www.eintracht.de/eintracht/rueckblick/saisonrueckblicke/1999\-2000/ \|archive\-date\=14 March 2012 }} He returned home to Norway with [Stabæk](/wiki/Stab%C3%A6k_Fotball "Stabæk Fotball"), and finished his career with Lillestrøm in 2002, retiring at the age of 35\.
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"Fjørtoft started his senior career at Hødd (2\\. league Norway) as a 17\\-year\\-old, scoring 9 league goals in 17 matches in the 1984 season. In the 1985 season, he scored 25 league goals in 22 games.",
"After starting in Norway with Hødd, HamKam and [Lillestrøm](/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_S.K. \"Lillestrøm S.K.\") and spending four seasons in the [Austrian Bundesliga](/wiki/Austrian_Bundesliga \"Austrian Bundesliga\") with [Rapid Wien](/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien \"SK Rapid Wien\") – where he became only the second foreigner to be Player of the Year in 1989 – Fjørtoft spent several seasons in England during the 1990s. He joined [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. \"Swindon Town F.C.\") in the summer of 1993 following their promotion to the [Premiership](/wiki/FA_Premier_League \"FA Premier League\"), costing the [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\") club a record £500,000\\. He had a slow start to his career at Swindon and endured a poor start to their first\\-ever top\\-division campaign, failing to win any of their first 16 games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/05/jan\\-age\\-fjrtoft\\-i\\-almost\\-get\\-tears\\-when\\-i\\-talk\\-about\\-my\\-first\\-swindon\\-goal\\|title\\= Jan Åge Fjørtoft: 'I almost get tears when I talk about my first Swindon goal'\\|date\\=5 January 2022\\|work\\=Guardian\\|accessdate\\=8 January 2022}}\nFjørtoft failed to find the net until after Christmas but scored 13 goals from his final 17 games, including a [hat\\-trick](/wiki/List_of_Premier_League_hat-tricks \"List of Premier League hat-tricks\") in a 3–1 win against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\") on 5 February 1994\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Slot \\|first\\=Owen \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/football\\-the\\-age\\-of\\-fjortoft\\-1392428\\.html \\|title\\=The age of Fjortoft \\|date\\=6 February 1994 \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2009 \\|work\\=The Independent\\|location\\=London \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103155406/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/football\\-the\\-age\\-of\\-fjortoft\\-1392428\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, it was not enough to prevent Swindon from going down in bottom place with a mere five league wins having conceded 100 league goals.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/page/History/0,,10341\\~2066558,00\\.html \\|title\\=World Cup Connections: Jan Åage Fjørtoft \\|publisher\\=Swindon Town F.C \\|date\\=15 June 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005211927/http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/page/History/0%2C%2C10341\\~2066558%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= 5 October 2011 }}",
"Fjørtoft continued to score frequently during the 1994–95 season and helped Swindon reach the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup \"Football League Cup\") semi\\-finals, but their league form was disastrous once more and he [transferred](/wiki/Transfer_%28football%29 \"Transfer (football)\") to [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") on 23 March 1995 for £1\\.3 million.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.swindon\\-town\\-fc.co.uk/Person.asp?PersonID\\=FJORTOFJ \\|title\\=Fjørtoft's Swindon Profile \\|publisher\\=Swindon Town \\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919003648/http://www.swindon\\-town\\-fc.co.uk/Person.asp?PersonID\\=FJORTOFJ \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} By this stage, he had scored 25 goals in all competitions for the Robins and was one of the highest scorers in the English league that season.",
"Meanwhile, Fjørtoft was a regular player for Middlesbrough as soon as he joined the club, and helped them finish the season as [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\") champions. Due to a restructuring of the league, they were the only team to gain automatic promotion to the Premiership in 1995\\. He was a regular player throughout the 1995–96 campaign and, as the Norwegian partnered [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") [playmaker](/wiki/Playmaker \"Playmaker\") [Juninho](/wiki/Juninho_Paulista \"Juninho Paulista\"), *Boro* finished in a respectable 12th place; although they had occupied fourth place in late autumn, a disastrous run of form coinciding with an injury crisis during mid\\-season sabotaged their hopes of European qualification or a title challenge. Fjørtoft had scored six goals from 26 Premier League games.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.sporting\\-heroes.net/football\\-heroes/displayhero\\_club.asp?HeroID\\=39931 \\| title \\= Jan\\-Aage Fjortoft \\| publisher \\= sporting\\-heroes.net \\| access\\-date \\= 26 May 2011 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101220105325/http://sporting\\-heroes.net/football\\-heroes/displayhero\\_club.asp?HeroID\\=39931 \\| archive\\-date \\= 20 December 2010 \\| url\\-status \\= live}}",
"However, the arrival of Italian [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 \"Forward (association football)\") [Fabrizio Ravanelli](/wiki/Fabrizio_Ravanelli \"Fabrizio Ravanelli\") pushed him down the pecking order for the 1996–97 season, and he was sold to First Division promotion chasers [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. \"Sheffield United F.C.\") for £700,000 on 31 January 1997\\. In his final game for Middlesbrough Fjørtoft scored a crucial goal against [Hednesford Town](/wiki/Hednesford_Town_F.C. \"Hednesford Town F.C.\") in the fourth round of the FA Cup.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\\-hednesford\\-held\\-at\\-bay\\-1285369\\.html \\| title\\=Hednesford held at bay \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\| date\\=27 January 1997 \\| access\\-date\\=23 March 2010 \\| location\\=London \\| first\\=Simon \\| last\\=Turnbull \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107020758/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\\-hednesford\\-held\\-at\\-bay\\-1285369\\.html \\| archive\\-date\\=7 November 2012 \\| url\\-status\\=live}} Boro would go on to reach the [final](/wiki/1997_FA_Cup_Final \"1997 FA Cup Final\") after his departure.",
"After the Blades lost to [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\") in the [playoff](/wiki/Football_League_play-offs \"Football League play-offs\") final, he played at United until 15 January 1998, when he joined newly promoted [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. \"Barnsley F.C.\") to have another crack at the Premiership. He was unable though, to prevent Barnsley's only season at Premier League level ending in relegation, although scoring a respectable six goals in 15 Premiership games. He left Barnsley in November 1998 to join [Eintracht Frankfurt](/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt \"Eintracht Frankfurt\"), calling time on his five\\-year spell in England.",
"Fjørtoft's next stop came in Germany with Eintracht Frankfurt, where he spent three years (25 November 1998 – 31 May 2001\\). He became a cult hero for the club, scoring a decisive 89th\\-minute goal in the final game of the 1998–99 season, saying to himself melancholically: \"probably the best goal this season\", keeping Eintracht up.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eintracht.de/eintracht/rueckblick/saisonrueckblicke/1999\\-2000/ \\|title\\=1999\\-2000 \\|publisher\\=Eintracht Frankfurt \\|language\\=de \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314041831/http://www.eintracht.de/eintracht/rueckblick/saisonrueckblicke/1999\\-2000/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 March 2012 }} He returned home to Norway with [Stabæk](/wiki/Stab%C3%A6k_Fotball \"Stabæk Fotball\"), and finished his career with Lillestrøm in 2002, retiring at the age of 35\\.",
""
] |
Post\-playing career
--------------------
After retiring from professional football, Jan Åge Fjørtoft transitioned into various roles within the football industry and beyond, including broadcasting, front office, strategic consultancy, government advisory, ambassador roles, philanthropy and educational initiatives, and podcasting. In 2004, he assumed the Director of Football position at [Lillestrøm](/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK "Lillestrøm SK") (LSK), where he served for four and a half years until the end of the 2008 season. This included two [cup final](/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Cup "Norwegian Football Cup") appearances (lost in 2005, won in 2007\), three consecutive top\-four [league](/wiki/Eliteserien "Eliteserien") finishes, and a [Royal League](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Royal_League "2005–06 Royal League") final appearance.
### Media career
While playing in England, Jan Åge Fjørtoft was a guest and worked regularly for [Sky](/wiki/Sky_Sports "Sky Sports") as they were developing a new way of presenting football on TV. Both at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2002, Jan Åge worked as a pundit for [NRK](/wiki/NRK "NRK") in Norway. After he retired in 2002, he signed with NRK, becoming the first full\-time pundit on Norwegian TV. During this period, he also pursued his coaching badges, stating, "Not because I want to be a coach, but because I want to systematize what I have learned and experienced throughout my career. Whatever path I choose, this sort of education will help me." While undertaking the position of Director of Football at [Lillestrøm Sportsklubb](/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK "Lillestrøm SK"), he concurrently joined [Viaplay](/wiki/Viaplay_Group "Viaplay Group") in 2004\. Serving as both host and pundit, he contributed to their [Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League"), [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup"), [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup"), and World Cup broadcasts. Presently, he maintains an active role at Viaplay, as a senior pitch\-side reporter for their Premier League broadcasts.
During the 2021/2022 season, he produced a documentary titled "Haaland – The Big Decision," providing an intimate portrayal of [Erling Haaland](/wiki/Erling_Haaland "Erling Haaland")'s journey, particularly during his transition from [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund"). The documentary, which followed Erling in his private moments, was released after Erling signed with [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C.").
Fjørtoft has been a constant presence in the media landscape since 2002, contributing to various TV channels such as Viaplay, [Sky Germany](/wiki/Sky_Deutschland "Sky Deutschland"), ESPN, and [ServusTV](/wiki/ServusTV "ServusTV") in various punditry roles. In 2011–14, he worked as a football pundit on Sky Germany. He later became a pundit on [ESPN FC](/wiki/ESPN_FC "ESPN FC"){{cite web\|date\=13 August 2018\|title\=Real Madrid must give Martin Odegaard time to develop \- Jan Aage Fjortoft\|url\=https://www.espn.com/soccer/club/real\-madrid/86/blog/post/3595869/real\-madrid\-must\-give\-martin\-odegaard\-time\-to\-develop\-jan\-aage\-fjortoft\|website\=ESPN}} and according to a January 2022 segment he did, he believes his goal scoring statistics on Wikipedia are incorrect and wishes them to be corrected.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=A4rnrMHKGko \| title\=Will Mikel Arteta's treatment of Aubameyang \& Ozil haunt him? \| ESPN FC Extra Time \- YouTube \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] }} He also shares his insights through columns, notably for Bild Zeitung in Germany. In collaboration with his son, Markus Fjørtoft, he runs "The German Fussball Podcast."
### Strategic Consultant and Advisor
Jan Åge Fjørtoft runs his own Strategic Communication Company, offering consultation to companies and CEOs in Norway and internationally. His strategic insights were sought after by the [Norwegian Olympic](/wiki/Norwegian_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Committee_and_Confederation_of_Sports "Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports"), the Confederation of Sport, and [WADA](/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency "World Anti-Doping Agency"), where he served as a Strategic Advisor from 2016 to 2019\.
His advisory roles extended to The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, where he notably served as a close advisor to Secretary General [Inge Andersen](/wiki/Inge_Andersen "Inge Andersen") during the preparation and execution of the Youth Olympic Games in Norway.
From 2016 to 2019, he served as a Strategic Advisor alongside Rune Andersen for the vice president of the World Anti\-Doping Agency (WADA), [Linda Hofstad Helleland](/wiki/Linda_Cathrine_Hofstad_Helleland "Linda Cathrine Hofstad Helleland"). In this capacity, he collaborated closely with the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe"), [IOC](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee"), [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA "FIFA"), and various governments worldwide.
A noteworthy achievement during this period was a collaborative effort with Helleland, conceptualizing and executing an Anti\-Doping Conference at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") in Washington D.C. This event witnessed the participation of nine governments and athletes from around the world.
Since 2008, Fjørtoft has served as an advisor to the [Norwegian Football Association](/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Federation "Norwegian Football Federation"), actively participating in the "Handshake for Peace" initiative from its inception when the founder, Kjetil Siem, conceived the idea. In April 2014 Fjørtoft was named Team manager of the National Team, working close with the national coach, [Per\-Mathias Høgmo](/wiki/Per-Mathias_H%C3%B8gmo "Per-Mathias Høgmo").
### Government Advisor and Ambassador
In 2015, Fjørtoft was appointed by the Minister for Sport of Norway to lead a Strategic Group advising the government on optimal sport utilization for society. He delivered the group's findings in 2017\. Serving as [Eintracht Frankfurt](/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt "Eintracht Frankfurt")'s Ambassador in Germany, Fjørtoft, in collaboration with the club, founded the Norway\-Forum in 2021, fostering stronger ties between the Frankfurt region and Norway.
### Philanthropy and Educational Initiatives
Beyond professional engagements, Jan Åge Fjørtoft is dedicated to promoting sports accessibility. Since 1990, he has run sports schools, ensuring the last five years have been free for pupils. His commitment extends globally, with schools organized not only in Norway but also in England and Scotland. He chaired MTG's foundation "MTG United for Peace" and later held a similar role at [Millicom](/wiki/Millicom "Millicom"). Additionally, from 2008 onwards, he advised the Norwegian Football Association, playing a vital role in the "Handshake for Peace" initiative.
|
[
"Post\\-playing career\n--------------------",
"After retiring from professional football, Jan Åge Fjørtoft transitioned into various roles within the football industry and beyond, including broadcasting, front office, strategic consultancy, government advisory, ambassador roles, philanthropy and educational initiatives, and podcasting. In 2004, he assumed the Director of Football position at [Lillestrøm](/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK \"Lillestrøm SK\") (LSK), where he served for four and a half years until the end of the 2008 season. This included two [cup final](/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Cup \"Norwegian Football Cup\") appearances (lost in 2005, won in 2007\\), three consecutive top\\-four [league](/wiki/Eliteserien \"Eliteserien\") finishes, and a [Royal League](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Royal_League \"2005–06 Royal League\") final appearance.",
"### Media career",
"While playing in England, Jan Åge Fjørtoft was a guest and worked regularly for [Sky](/wiki/Sky_Sports \"Sky Sports\") as they were developing a new way of presenting football on TV. Both at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2002, Jan Åge worked as a pundit for [NRK](/wiki/NRK \"NRK\") in Norway. After he retired in 2002, he signed with NRK, becoming the first full\\-time pundit on Norwegian TV. During this period, he also pursued his coaching badges, stating, \"Not because I want to be a coach, but because I want to systematize what I have learned and experienced throughout my career. Whatever path I choose, this sort of education will help me.\" While undertaking the position of Director of Football at [Lillestrøm Sportsklubb](/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK \"Lillestrøm SK\"), he concurrently joined [Viaplay](/wiki/Viaplay_Group \"Viaplay Group\") in 2004\\. Serving as both host and pundit, he contributed to their [Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\"), [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\"), [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\"), and World Cup broadcasts. Presently, he maintains an active role at Viaplay, as a senior pitch\\-side reporter for their Premier League broadcasts.",
"During the 2021/2022 season, he produced a documentary titled \"Haaland – The Big Decision,\" providing an intimate portrayal of [Erling Haaland](/wiki/Erling_Haaland \"Erling Haaland\")'s journey, particularly during his transition from [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\"). The documentary, which followed Erling in his private moments, was released after Erling signed with [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\").",
"Fjørtoft has been a constant presence in the media landscape since 2002, contributing to various TV channels such as Viaplay, [Sky Germany](/wiki/Sky_Deutschland \"Sky Deutschland\"), ESPN, and [ServusTV](/wiki/ServusTV \"ServusTV\") in various punditry roles. In 2011–14, he worked as a football pundit on Sky Germany. He later became a pundit on [ESPN FC](/wiki/ESPN_FC \"ESPN FC\"){{cite web\\|date\\=13 August 2018\\|title\\=Real Madrid must give Martin Odegaard time to develop \\- Jan Aage Fjortoft\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/soccer/club/real\\-madrid/86/blog/post/3595869/real\\-madrid\\-must\\-give\\-martin\\-odegaard\\-time\\-to\\-develop\\-jan\\-aage\\-fjortoft\\|website\\=ESPN}} and according to a January 2022 segment he did, he believes his goal scoring statistics on Wikipedia are incorrect and wishes them to be corrected.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=A4rnrMHKGko \\| title\\=Will Mikel Arteta's treatment of Aubameyang \\& Ozil haunt him? \\| ESPN FC Extra Time \\- YouTube \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] }} He also shares his insights through columns, notably for Bild Zeitung in Germany. In collaboration with his son, Markus Fjørtoft, he runs \"The German Fussball Podcast.\"",
"### Strategic Consultant and Advisor",
"Jan Åge Fjørtoft runs his own Strategic Communication Company, offering consultation to companies and CEOs in Norway and internationally. His strategic insights were sought after by the [Norwegian Olympic](/wiki/Norwegian_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Committee_and_Confederation_of_Sports \"Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports\"), the Confederation of Sport, and [WADA](/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency \"World Anti-Doping Agency\"), where he served as a Strategic Advisor from 2016 to 2019\\.",
"His advisory roles extended to The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, where he notably served as a close advisor to Secretary General [Inge Andersen](/wiki/Inge_Andersen \"Inge Andersen\") during the preparation and execution of the Youth Olympic Games in Norway.",
"From 2016 to 2019, he served as a Strategic Advisor alongside Rune Andersen for the vice president of the World Anti\\-Doping Agency (WADA), [Linda Hofstad Helleland](/wiki/Linda_Cathrine_Hofstad_Helleland \"Linda Cathrine Hofstad Helleland\"). In this capacity, he collaborated closely with the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\"), [IOC](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee \"International Olympic Committee\"), [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA \"FIFA\"), and various governments worldwide.",
"A noteworthy achievement during this period was a collaborative effort with Helleland, conceptualizing and executing an Anti\\-Doping Conference at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") in Washington D.C. This event witnessed the participation of nine governments and athletes from around the world.",
"Since 2008, Fjørtoft has served as an advisor to the [Norwegian Football Association](/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Federation \"Norwegian Football Federation\"), actively participating in the \"Handshake for Peace\" initiative from its inception when the founder, Kjetil Siem, conceived the idea. In April 2014 Fjørtoft was named Team manager of the National Team, working close with the national coach, [Per\\-Mathias Høgmo](/wiki/Per-Mathias_H%C3%B8gmo \"Per-Mathias Høgmo\").",
"### Government Advisor and Ambassador",
"In 2015, Fjørtoft was appointed by the Minister for Sport of Norway to lead a Strategic Group advising the government on optimal sport utilization for society. He delivered the group's findings in 2017\\. Serving as [Eintracht Frankfurt](/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt \"Eintracht Frankfurt\")'s Ambassador in Germany, Fjørtoft, in collaboration with the club, founded the Norway\\-Forum in 2021, fostering stronger ties between the Frankfurt region and Norway.",
"### Philanthropy and Educational Initiatives",
"Beyond professional engagements, Jan Åge Fjørtoft is dedicated to promoting sports accessibility. Since 1990, he has run sports schools, ensuring the last five years have been free for pupils. His commitment extends globally, with schools organized not only in Norway but also in England and Scotland. He chaired MTG's foundation \"MTG United for Peace\" and later held a similar role at [Millicom](/wiki/Millicom \"Millicom\"). Additionally, from 2008 onwards, he advised the Norwegian Football Association, playing a vital role in the \"Handshake for Peace\" initiative.",
""
] |
### Strategic Consultant and Advisor
Jan Åge Fjørtoft runs his own Strategic Communication Company, offering consultation to companies and CEOs in Norway and internationally. His strategic insights were sought after by the [Norwegian Olympic](/wiki/Norwegian_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Committee_and_Confederation_of_Sports "Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports"), the Confederation of Sport, and [WADA](/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency "World Anti-Doping Agency"), where he served as a Strategic Advisor from 2016 to 2019\.
His advisory roles extended to The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, where he notably served as a close advisor to Secretary General [Inge Andersen](/wiki/Inge_Andersen "Inge Andersen") during the preparation and execution of the Youth Olympic Games in Norway.
From 2016 to 2019, he served as a Strategic Advisor alongside Rune Andersen for the vice president of the World Anti\-Doping Agency (WADA), [Linda Hofstad Helleland](/wiki/Linda_Cathrine_Hofstad_Helleland "Linda Cathrine Hofstad Helleland"). In this capacity, he collaborated closely with the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe"), [IOC](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee"), [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA "FIFA"), and various governments worldwide.
A noteworthy achievement during this period was a collaborative effort with Helleland, conceptualizing and executing an Anti\-Doping Conference at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") in Washington D.C. This event witnessed the participation of nine governments and athletes from around the world.
Since 2008, Fjørtoft has served as an advisor to the [Norwegian Football Association](/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Federation "Norwegian Football Federation"), actively participating in the "Handshake for Peace" initiative from its inception when the founder, Kjetil Siem, conceived the idea. In April 2014 Fjørtoft was named Team manager of the National Team, working close with the national coach, [Per\-Mathias Høgmo](/wiki/Per-Mathias_H%C3%B8gmo "Per-Mathias Høgmo").
|
[
"### Strategic Consultant and Advisor",
"Jan Åge Fjørtoft runs his own Strategic Communication Company, offering consultation to companies and CEOs in Norway and internationally. His strategic insights were sought after by the [Norwegian Olympic](/wiki/Norwegian_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Committee_and_Confederation_of_Sports \"Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports\"), the Confederation of Sport, and [WADA](/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency \"World Anti-Doping Agency\"), where he served as a Strategic Advisor from 2016 to 2019\\.",
"His advisory roles extended to The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, where he notably served as a close advisor to Secretary General [Inge Andersen](/wiki/Inge_Andersen \"Inge Andersen\") during the preparation and execution of the Youth Olympic Games in Norway.",
"From 2016 to 2019, he served as a Strategic Advisor alongside Rune Andersen for the vice president of the World Anti\\-Doping Agency (WADA), [Linda Hofstad Helleland](/wiki/Linda_Cathrine_Hofstad_Helleland \"Linda Cathrine Hofstad Helleland\"). In this capacity, he collaborated closely with the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\"), [IOC](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee \"International Olympic Committee\"), [FIFA](/wiki/FIFA \"FIFA\"), and various governments worldwide.",
"A noteworthy achievement during this period was a collaborative effort with Helleland, conceptualizing and executing an Anti\\-Doping Conference at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") in Washington D.C. This event witnessed the participation of nine governments and athletes from around the world.",
"Since 2008, Fjørtoft has served as an advisor to the [Norwegian Football Association](/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Federation \"Norwegian Football Federation\"), actively participating in the \"Handshake for Peace\" initiative from its inception when the founder, Kjetil Siem, conceived the idea. In April 2014 Fjørtoft was named Team manager of the National Team, working close with the national coach, [Per\\-Mathias Høgmo](/wiki/Per-Mathias_H%C3%B8gmo \"Per-Mathias Høgmo\").",
""
] |
Statistics
----------
### Australia
In [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia")'s most populated [state](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia "States and territories of Australia"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales"), in the year 2009, *Brandon* did not crack the top 100 male, or top 100 female, names of babies registered in [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales").{{citation \|url\=http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/births/popularBabyNames.htm \|title\=Popular Baby Names \|publisher\=bdm.nsw.gov.au \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174303/http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/births/popularBabyNames.htm \|archivedate\=1 May 2010 }}
### Canada
In the [Canadian](/wiki/Canada "Canada") [province](/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada "Provinces and territories of Canada") of [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia"), the name ranked as the 66th most popular male name for the year 2007; it did not rank as a female name (to rank the name had to have been used by 5 or more occurrences).{{citation \|url\=http://www.vs.gov.bc.ca/babynames/baby2007\.html \|title\=Baby's Most Chosen Names in British Columbia, 2007 \|publisher\=vs.gov.bc.ca \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525221045/http://www.vs.gov.bc.ca/babynames/baby2007\.html \|archive\-date\=25 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Chile
In [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"), the name has not cracked the top 50 male names in the years spanning 1999 to 2006; from 2003 to 2006 it was amongst the top 100 male names.
Rank and percent of the male name
| Year | 1999{{citation \|url\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/1999\.html \|title\=Nombres más Comunes 1999 \|language\=Spanish \|publisher\=registrocivil.cl \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} | 2000{{citation \|url\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2000\.html \|title\=Nombres más Comunes 2000 \|language\=Spanish \|publisher\=registrocivil.cl \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} | 2001{{citation \|url\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2001\.html \|title\=Nombres más Comunes 2001 \|language\=Spanish \|publisher\=registrocivil.cl \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} | 2002{{citation \|url\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2002\.html \|title\=Nombres más Comunes 2002 \|language\=Spanish \|publisher\=registrocivil.cl \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} | 2003{{citation \|url\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2003\.html \|title\=Nombres más Comunes 2003 \|language\=Spanish \|publisher\=registrocivil.cl \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} | 2004{{citation \|url\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2004\.html \|title\=Nombres más Comunes 2004 \|language\=Spanish \|publisher\=registrocivil.cl \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} | 2005{{citation \|url\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2005\.html \|title\=Nombres más Comunes 2005 \|language\=Spanish \|publisher\=registrocivil.cl \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} | 2006{{citation \|url\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2006\.html \|title\=Nombres más Comunes 2005 \|language\=Spanish \|publisher\=registrocivil.cl \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank | \>50 | \>50 | \>50 | \>50 | 62 | 63 | 67 | 70 |
| Percent | | | | | 0\.18 | 0\.17 | 0\.16 | 0\.14 |
### The Netherlands
In the year 2009, *Brandon* was the 160th most common male name, recorded in births, in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"); there were 67 occurrences of the name recorded that year.{{citation \|url\=http://svb.nl/int/nl/kinderbijslag/actueel/kindernamen/kindernamen\_alle\_namen\_2009\.jsp \|title\=Kinderbijslag \|publisher\={{Ill\|Sociale Verzekeringsbank\|nl}} \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220125242/http://www.svb.nl/int/nl/kinderbijslag/actueel/kindernamen/kindernamen\_alle\_namen\_2009\.jsp \|archive\-date\=20 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} See also: {{citation \|url\=http://svb.nl/Images/jongensnamen\_2009\.pdf \|title\=alle jongensnamen uit 2009 \|publisher\={{Ill\|Sociale Verzekeringsbank\|nl}} \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331194554/http://www.svb.nl/Images/jongensnamen\_2009\.pdf \|archive\-date\=31 March 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} The previous year the name ranked 159th, with 73 recorded occurrences.{{citation \|url\=http://svb.nl/int/nl/kinderbijslag/actueel/kindernamen/kindernamen\_alle\_namen\_2008\.jsp \|title\=Kinderbijslag \|publisher\={{Ill\|Sociale Verzekeringsbank\|nl}}\|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224061319/http://www.svb.nl/int/nl/kinderbijslag/actueel/kindernamen/kindernamen\_alle\_namen\_2008\.jsp \|archive\-date\=24 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} See also: {{citation \|url\=http://svb.nl/Images/kindernamen\_jongens\_2008\_compleet.pdf \|title\=Alle jongensnamen uit 2008 \|publisher\={{Ill\|Sociale Verzekeringsbank\|nl}} \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229050520/http://www.svb.nl/Images/kindernamen\_jongens\_2008\_compleet.pdf \|archive\-date\=29 December 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Republic of Ireland
Rank of male Irish baby births, and rank of male Irish names{{citation \|url\=http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/database/eirestat/Irish%20Babies%20Names/Irish%20Babies%20Names.asp \|title\=Statistical Product \- Irish Babies Names \|publisher\=\[\[Central Statistics Office Ireland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128045950/http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/database/eirestat/Irish%20Babies%20Names/Irish%20Babies%20Names.asp \|archive\-date\=28 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}
| Year | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank (births) | 67 | 89 | 88 | 67 | 92 | 80 | 85 | 63 | 84 | 74 | 75 |
| Rank (total) | 74 | 67 | 67 | 83 | 70 | 76 | 78 | 98 | 79 | 97 | 101 |
### Sweden
In [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), there were 230 males registered in 2009 who had the first name *Brandon*; of these men, 170 recorded the name as a [nickname](/wiki/Nickname "Nickname").{{citation \|url\=http://www.scb.se/Pages/NameSearch\_\_\_\_259432\.aspx \|title\=Namnsökning. Hur många heter ...? \|language\=Swedish \|publisher\=\[\[Statistics Sweden]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}} In the years spanning 2002 to 2009, the name was not amongst the top 100 male, or female, baby names.{{citation \|url\=http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product\_\_\_\_30909\.aspx \|title\=Name statistics \|language\=Swedish \|publisher\=\[\[Statistics Sweden]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}}. See also for individual tables: {{citation \|url\=http://www.scb.se/Pages/ProductTables\_\_\_\_30919\.aspx \|title\=Name statistics \|language\=Swedish \|publisher\=\[\[Statistics Sweden]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010}}
### United Kingdom
In the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), the name has risen in popularity since the mid\-1990s.{{citation \|url\=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41\-Brandon.html \|title\=Brandon \|publisher\=\[\[Encyclopedia.com]] \|accessdate\=10 May 2010}}. The webpage cited the following book for the given name "Brandon": {{cite book \|title\=A Dictionary of First Names \|author1\=Hanks, Patrick \|author2\=Hardcastle, Kate \|author3\=Hodges, Flavia \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] }}
#### England and Wales
In [England](/wiki/England "England") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"), in the year 2008, *Brandon* was the 70th most common male baby name, along with Breasen being a form of Brandon or meaning son of Brandon, with 1,011 occurrences recorded.{{citation \|url\=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\_population/2008\_Boys%27\_Ranking\_All.xls \|format\=\[\[Microsoft Excel file format\#File formats\|xls]] \|title\=2008 Boys' Baby Names List \|publisher\=\[\[National Statistics Online]] \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215214119/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\_population/2008\_Boys'\_Ranking\_All.xls \|archive\-date\=15 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} It had fallen in rank, slightly from the previous year when it was ranked 66th most common, with 1161 occurrences.{{citation \|url\=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\_population/2007\-Boys\-Ranking.xls \|format\=\[\[Microsoft Excel file format\#File formats\|xls]] \|title\=2007 Boys' Baby Names \|publisher\=\[\[National Statistics Online]] \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216132543/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\_population/2007\-Boys\-Ranking.xls \|archive\-date\=16 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} The name has dramatically fallen in popularity since 1998, when it was ranked 36th, with 2142 occurrences recorded.{{citation \|url\=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\_population/1998\-Boys\-Ranking.xls \|format\=\[\[Microsoft Excel file format\#File formats\|xls]] \|title\=1998 Boys' Baby Names \|publisher\=\[\[National Statistics Online]] \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215214243/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\_population/1998\-Boys\-Ranking.xls \|archive\-date\=15 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Rank and numbers of English and Welsh baby births
| Year | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank | 36 | 35 | 35 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 44 | 47 | 54 | 66 | 70 |
| Count | | | | | | | | | | 1,161 | 1,011 |
#### Northern Ireland
In [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"), *Brandon* was not amongst the top 20 names of male, or female, babies born in the year 2009\.{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/first\_names\_2009\.pdf \|title\=popular first names in 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office (Northern Ireland)]]\|accessdate\=11 May 2010}} It did not crack the top 100 male, or the top 100 female, names registered in the two previous years either. In 2002 the name was ranked 84 most common male baby name, falling drastically from 30th ranked name the year before.
Rank and numbers of male Northern Irish baby births
The name did not rank amongst the top 100 male baby names in 2007 and 2008\.
| Year | 1999 | 2000{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/First%20Names%20Bulletin%202000\.doc \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2000 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]] \|format\=\[\[DOC (computing)\|doc]] \|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} | 2001{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/FirstNamesBulletin2001\.pdf \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2001 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} | 2002{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/FirstNamesBulletin2002\.doc \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2002 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]] \|format\=\[\[DOC (computing)\|doc]] \|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} | 2003{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/FirstNamesBulletin2003\.doc \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2003 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]] \|format\=\[\[DOC (computing)\|doc]] \|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} | 2004{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/first\_names\_bulletin\_2004\.pdf \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2004 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} | 2005{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/firstnamesbulletin(2005\).pdf \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2005 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} | 2006{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/firstnamesbulletin\_2006\.pdf \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2006 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} | 2007{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/firstnamesbulletin\_2007\.pdf \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} | 2008{{citation \|url\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/firstnamesbulletin\_2008\.pdf \|title\=First Names Bulletin 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\|accessdate\=22 May 2010 }} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank | 70 | 59 | 56 | 84 | 88 | 74 | 89 | 97 | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} |
| Count | 42 | 51 | 54 | 30 | 31 | 40 | 33 | 33 | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} |
#### Scotland
In [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), in the year 2009, the name was ranked as the 90th most common names for male babies, with 67 occurrences recorded. The name had dramatically fallen in popularity from the previous year. In the years 1998 and 1999, the name was the 46th most common name for male births, although the name has fallen in rank in almost every year since then.
Rank and percent of male Scottish baby births
| Year | 1900{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name6\.pdf \|title\=The top 100 names: 1900 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101161329/http://gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name6\.pdf \|archivedate\=1 January 2011 }} | 1950{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name2\.pdf \|title\=The top 100 names: 1950 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612055942/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name2\.pdf \|archivedate\=12 June 2009 }} | 1975{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name3\.pdf \|title\=The top 100 names: 1975 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101161347/http://gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name3\.pdf \|archive\-date\=1 January 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 1997{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/name.html \|title\=The most popular names in Scotland, 1998 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205224123/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/name.html \|archive\-date\=5 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 1998{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/name99\.html \|title\=The most popular names in Scotland, 1999 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081717/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/name99\.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 1999{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name4\.pdf \|title\=Top 100 Boys' names, Scotland, 2000 (provisional), \- together with changes since 1999 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101161653/http://gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name4\.pdf \|archive\-date\=1 January 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 2000{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files/bname01\.pdf \|title\=Top 100 boys' names, Scotland, 2001, together with changes since 2000\|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123202/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files/bname01\.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 2001{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files/02name.pdf \|title\=The most popular names in Scotland, 2002 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123208/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files/02name.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 2002{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files/birth\-names\-2003\.pdf \|title\=The most popular names in Scotland, 2003 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102061911/http://gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files/birth\-names\-2003\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2 January 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 2003{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/04names.html \|title\=The most popular names in Scotland, 2004 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429165221/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/04names.html \|archive\-date\=29 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 2004 | 2005{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|title\=Popular Names \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/index.html \|archive\-date\=28 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files/pop\-nam\-05\-top\-100\.pdf \|title\=Table 1\-Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2005, showing changes since 2004 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102063519/http://gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files/pop\-nam\-05\-top\-100\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2 January 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 2006{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/the\-most\-popular\-names\-in\-scotland\-2006/top\-20\-boys\-and\-girls\-names\-2006\-and\-detailed\-tables.html \|title\=The Most Popular Names in Scotland, 2006; Top 20 Boys' and Girls' Names 2006 and Detailed Tables \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326132553/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/the\-most\-popular\-names\-in\-scotland\-2006/top\-20\-boys\-and\-girls\-names\-2006\-and\-detailed\-tables.html \|archive\-date\=26 March 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See also: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/pop\-names\-06\-t1\.pdf \|title\=Table 2 \- Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2006, showing changes since 2005 (Alphabetical) \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123355/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/pop\-names\-06\-t1\.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 2007{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/the\-most\-popular\-names\-in\-scotland\-2007/popular\-names\-2007\-detailed\-tables.html \|title\=The Most Popular Names in Scotland, 2007 Detailed Tables \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218143041/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/the\-most\-popular\-names\-in\-scotland\-2007/popular\-names\-2007\-detailed\-tables.html \|archive\-date\=18 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See also: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/pop\-names\-07\-t1\.pdf \|title\=Table 1 \- Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2007, showing changes since 2006 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101132326/http://gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/pop\-names\-07\-t1\.pdf \|archive\-date\=1 January 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} | 2008{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/popular\-forenames\-babies\-first\-names\-2008/list\-of\-detailed\-tables.html \|title\=Popular Forenames – Babies' First Names 2008: List of Detailed Tables \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420064613/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/popular\-forenames\-babies\-first\-names\-2008/list\-of\-detailed\-tables.html \|archivedate\=20 April 2010 }}. See also: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/popular\-forenames/pop\-names\-2008\-table1\.pdf \|title\=Table 1 \- Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2008, showing changes since 2007 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614122735/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/popular\-forenames/pop\-names\-2008\-table1\.pdf \|archivedate\=14 June 2011 }} | 2009{{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/babies\-first\-names\-09/detailed\-tables.html \|title\=Babies' First Names 2009: List of Detailed Tables \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218142952/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\-and\-data/popular\-names/babies\-first\-names\-09/detailed\-tables.html \|archive\-date\=18 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}. See also: {{citation \|url\=http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/popular\-forenames/babiesnames09\-table1\.pdf \|title\=Table 1 \- Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2009, showing changes since 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\|date\=22 December 2009 \|accessdate\=23 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821030144/http://www.gro\-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/popular\-forenames/babiesnames09\-table1\.pdf \|archive\-date\=21 August 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank | \>100 | \>100 | \>100 | 53 | 52 | 46 | 46 | 49 | 53 | 61 | 53 | 61 | 65 | 75 | 71 | 90 |
| Count | \>100 | \>100 | \>100 | 149 | 142 | 173 | 161 | 153 | 138 | 138 | 108 | 110 | 105 | 88 | 98 | 67 |
### United States
The name is, for the most part, found in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"). In 1982, the name was the 7th most common given name amongst [African American](/wiki/African_American "African American") males, and the 23rd most common name amongst [White American](/wiki/White_American "White American") males. The name was ranked in the [1990 United States Census](/wiki/1990_United_States_Census "1990 United States Census") as being the 68th most common name amongst males.{{citation \|url\=https://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/data/1990surnames/names\_files.html \|title\=Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 1990 – Names Files \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate\=10 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231131629/http://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/data/1990surnames/names\_files.html \|archive\-date\=31 December 2009 \|url\-status\=dead }} See also: {{citation \|url\=https://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/data/1990surnames/dist.male.first \|format\=\[\[Text file\|txt]] \|title\=dist.male.first \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate\=10 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121020935/http://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/data/1990surnames/dist.male.first \|archivedate\=21 January 2010 }} Usage of the name in the United States has declined in recent years due to associations with [Let's Go Brandon](/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Brandon "Let's Go Brandon"), a veiled slur against President [Joseph Biden](/wiki/Joseph_Biden "Joseph Biden").{{cite web \| url\=https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiU2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lmh1ZmZwb3N0LmNvbS9lbnRyeS9iYWJ5LW5hbWUtYnJhbmRvbi1kZWNsaW5lX2xfNjU0NDNhNGVlNGIwY2RlODBiOGM1NmM10gFXaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaHVmZnBvc3QuY29tL2VudHJ5L2JhYnktbmFtZS1icmFuZG9uLWRlY2xpbmVfbF82NTQ0M2E0ZWU0YjBjZGU4MGI4YzU2YzUvYW1w?hl\=en\-US≷\=US\&ceid\=US%3Aen \| title\=Google News }}
The [Social Security Administration](/wiki/Social_Security_Administration "Social Security Administration") website lists the top 1,000 American baby names for every year since 1879\. In the year 1950, *Brandon* first reached the top 1,000 male names for babies who were registered for [Social Security numbers](/wiki/Social_Security_number "Social Security number") for births. That year it was the 936th most common masculine name. From that year until the beginning of the 1990s, the name has, for the most part, risen in popularity with every successive year. It reached its peak in the years 1992, 1993, and 1994, when it was the 6th most popular name amongst male babies. The name has fallen in popularity in almost every year since then; in 2009, it was ranked the 38th most common name registered that year.{{citation \|url\=http://www.ssa.gov/cgi\-bin/babyname.cgi \|title\=Popularity of a Name \|publisher\=\[\[Social Security Online]] \|accessdate\=11 May 2010 \|archive\-date\=2 February 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070118/https://www.ssa.gov/cgi\-bin/babyname.cgi \|url\-status\=dead }}
Brandon is considered to be a very masculine name; however, in the United States it has also been used as a feminine name. In 1981, it reached the top 1,000 female names for babies who were registered for [Social Security numbers](/wiki/Social_Security_number "Social Security number") for births; that year it was the 748th most common female name registered for births. The name stayed within the top 1,000 female names from 1981 to 1988, fluctuating in rank; it reached its peak in 1985, when it ranked 661st; in 1988, it ranked 990th.
In 2009, the names *Brandon* and *[Bryan](/wiki/Bryan_%28given_name%29 "Bryan (given name)")* were ranked as the 15th most common names for male [twins](/wiki/Twins "Twins"), according to Social Security number applications for births.{{citation \|url\=http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/babynames/twins.html \|title\=Popular names for twins born in 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Social Security Online]] \|accessdate\=10 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329191104/http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/babynames/twins.html \|archivedate\=29 March 2010 }}
Years when the name ranked amongst the top 1,000 American baby names
The following table lists the year and rank when *Brandon* ranked amongst the top 1,000 male, or the top 1,000 female, baby names in the United States. If no rank is given in the table, then the name was not amongst the top 1,000\. The highest rank for males, and for females, is labelled in [boldface](/wiki/Boldface "Boldface").
| Year | 1950 | 1951 | 1952 | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank (male) | 936 | 985 | 812 | 662 | 583 | 723 | 585 | 666 | 661 | 567 | 577 | 565 | 566 | 498 | 455 | 393 | 379 | 341 | 263 | 217 |
| Year | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank (male) | 131 | 95 | 63 | 58 | 51 | 44 | 40 | 41 | 40 | 35 | 30 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 18 |
| Rank (female) | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | {{center\|\-}} | 748 | 804 | 683 | 706 | **661** | 683 | 806 | 990 | {{center\|\-}} |
| Year | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank (male) | 19 | 15 | **6** | 7 | **6** | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 27 | 27 | 31 | 33 | 38 |
| Year | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| Rank (male) | 44 | 47 | 56 | 70 | 71 | 83 | 99 | 114 | 124 | 141 | 167 | 181 | 211 | | |
|
[
"Statistics\n----------",
"### Australia",
"In [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")'s most populated [state](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia \"States and territories of Australia\"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), in the year 2009, *Brandon* did not crack the top 100 male, or top 100 female, names of babies registered in [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\").{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/births/popularBabyNames.htm \\|title\\=Popular Baby Names \\|publisher\\=bdm.nsw.gov.au \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174303/http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/births/popularBabyNames.htm \\|archivedate\\=1 May 2010 }}",
"### Canada",
"In the [Canadian](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") [province](/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada \"Provinces and territories of Canada\") of [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\"), the name ranked as the 66th most popular male name for the year 2007; it did not rank as a female name (to rank the name had to have been used by 5 or more occurrences).{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.vs.gov.bc.ca/babynames/baby2007\\.html \\|title\\=Baby's Most Chosen Names in British Columbia, 2007 \\|publisher\\=vs.gov.bc.ca \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525221045/http://www.vs.gov.bc.ca/babynames/baby2007\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Chile",
"In [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), the name has not cracked the top 50 male names in the years spanning 1999 to 2006; from 2003 to 2006 it was amongst the top 100 male names.",
"Rank and percent of the male name",
"| Year | 1999{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/1999\\.html \\|title\\=Nombres más Comunes 1999 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|publisher\\=registrocivil.cl \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} | 2000{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2000\\.html \\|title\\=Nombres más Comunes 2000 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|publisher\\=registrocivil.cl \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} | 2001{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2001\\.html \\|title\\=Nombres más Comunes 2001 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|publisher\\=registrocivil.cl \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} | 2002{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2002\\.html \\|title\\=Nombres más Comunes 2002 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|publisher\\=registrocivil.cl \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} | 2003{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2003\\.html \\|title\\=Nombres más Comunes 2003 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|publisher\\=registrocivil.cl \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} | 2004{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2004\\.html \\|title\\=Nombres más Comunes 2004 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|publisher\\=registrocivil.cl \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} | 2005{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2005\\.html \\|title\\=Nombres más Comunes 2005 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|publisher\\=registrocivil.cl \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} | 2006{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.registrocivil.cl/Servicios/Estadisticas/Archivos/NombresComunes/2006\\.html \\|title\\=Nombres más Comunes 2005 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|publisher\\=registrocivil.cl \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rank | \\>50 | \\>50 | \\>50 | \\>50 | 62 | 63 | 67 | 70 |\n| Percent | | | | | 0\\.18 | 0\\.17 | 0\\.16 | 0\\.14 |",
"### The Netherlands",
"In the year 2009, *Brandon* was the 160th most common male name, recorded in births, in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"); there were 67 occurrences of the name recorded that year.{{citation \\|url\\=http://svb.nl/int/nl/kinderbijslag/actueel/kindernamen/kindernamen\\_alle\\_namen\\_2009\\.jsp \\|title\\=Kinderbijslag \\|publisher\\={{Ill\\|Sociale Verzekeringsbank\\|nl}} \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220125242/http://www.svb.nl/int/nl/kinderbijslag/actueel/kindernamen/kindernamen\\_alle\\_namen\\_2009\\.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=20 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} See also: {{citation \\|url\\=http://svb.nl/Images/jongensnamen\\_2009\\.pdf \\|title\\=alle jongensnamen uit 2009 \\|publisher\\={{Ill\\|Sociale Verzekeringsbank\\|nl}} \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331194554/http://www.svb.nl/Images/jongensnamen\\_2009\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The previous year the name ranked 159th, with 73 recorded occurrences.{{citation \\|url\\=http://svb.nl/int/nl/kinderbijslag/actueel/kindernamen/kindernamen\\_alle\\_namen\\_2008\\.jsp \\|title\\=Kinderbijslag \\|publisher\\={{Ill\\|Sociale Verzekeringsbank\\|nl}}\\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224061319/http://www.svb.nl/int/nl/kinderbijslag/actueel/kindernamen/kindernamen\\_alle\\_namen\\_2008\\.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} See also: {{citation \\|url\\=http://svb.nl/Images/kindernamen\\_jongens\\_2008\\_compleet.pdf \\|title\\=Alle jongensnamen uit 2008 \\|publisher\\={{Ill\\|Sociale Verzekeringsbank\\|nl}} \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229050520/http://www.svb.nl/Images/kindernamen\\_jongens\\_2008\\_compleet.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=29 December 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Republic of Ireland",
"Rank of male Irish baby births, and rank of male Irish names{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/database/eirestat/Irish%20Babies%20Names/Irish%20Babies%20Names.asp \\|title\\=Statistical Product \\- Irish Babies Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Central Statistics Office Ireland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128045950/http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/database/eirestat/Irish%20Babies%20Names/Irish%20Babies%20Names.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=28 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"| Year | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rank (births) | 67 | 89 | 88 | 67 | 92 | 80 | 85 | 63 | 84 | 74 | 75 |\n| Rank (total) | 74 | 67 | 67 | 83 | 70 | 76 | 78 | 98 | 79 | 97 | 101 |",
"### Sweden",
"In [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), there were 230 males registered in 2009 who had the first name *Brandon*; of these men, 170 recorded the name as a [nickname](/wiki/Nickname \"Nickname\").{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.scb.se/Pages/NameSearch\\_\\_\\_\\_259432\\.aspx \\|title\\=Namnsökning. Hur många heter ...? \\|language\\=Swedish \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Statistics Sweden]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}} In the years spanning 2002 to 2009, the name was not amongst the top 100 male, or female, baby names.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product\\_\\_\\_\\_30909\\.aspx \\|title\\=Name statistics \\|language\\=Swedish \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Statistics Sweden]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}}. See also for individual tables: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.scb.se/Pages/ProductTables\\_\\_\\_\\_30919\\.aspx \\|title\\=Name statistics \\|language\\=Swedish \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Statistics Sweden]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010}}",
"### United Kingdom",
"In the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), the name has risen in popularity since the mid\\-1990s.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41\\-Brandon.html \\|title\\=Brandon \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia.com]] \\|accessdate\\=10 May 2010}}. The webpage cited the following book for the given name \"Brandon\": {{cite book \\|title\\=A Dictionary of First Names \\|author1\\=Hanks, Patrick \\|author2\\=Hardcastle, Kate \\|author3\\=Hodges, Flavia \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] }}",
"#### England and Wales",
"In [England](/wiki/England \"England\") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"), in the year 2008, *Brandon* was the 70th most common male baby name, along with Breasen being a form of Brandon or meaning son of Brandon, with 1,011 occurrences recorded.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\\_population/2008\\_Boys%27\\_Ranking\\_All.xls \\|format\\=\\[\\[Microsoft Excel file format\\#File formats\\|xls]] \\|title\\=2008 Boys' Baby Names List \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Statistics Online]] \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215214119/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\\_population/2008\\_Boys'\\_Ranking\\_All.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} It had fallen in rank, slightly from the previous year when it was ranked 66th most common, with 1161 occurrences.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\\_population/2007\\-Boys\\-Ranking.xls \\|format\\=\\[\\[Microsoft Excel file format\\#File formats\\|xls]] \\|title\\=2007 Boys' Baby Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Statistics Online]] \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216132543/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\\_population/2007\\-Boys\\-Ranking.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=16 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The name has dramatically fallen in popularity since 1998, when it was ranked 36th, with 2142 occurrences recorded.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\\_population/1998\\-Boys\\-Ranking.xls \\|format\\=\\[\\[Microsoft Excel file format\\#File formats\\|xls]] \\|title\\=1998 Boys' Baby Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Statistics Online]] \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215214243/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme\\_population/1998\\-Boys\\-Ranking.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Rank and numbers of English and Welsh baby births",
"| Year | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rank | 36 | 35 | 35 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 44 | 47 | 54 | 66 | 70 |\n| Count | | | | | | | | | | 1,161 | 1,011 |",
"#### Northern Ireland",
"In [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\"), *Brandon* was not amongst the top 20 names of male, or female, babies born in the year 2009\\.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/first\\_names\\_2009\\.pdf \\|title\\=popular first names in 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office (Northern Ireland)]]\\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010}} It did not crack the top 100 male, or the top 100 female, names registered in the two previous years either. In 2002 the name was ranked 84 most common male baby name, falling drastically from 30th ranked name the year before.",
"Rank and numbers of male Northern Irish baby births\nThe name did not rank amongst the top 100 male baby names in 2007 and 2008\\.",
"",
"| Year | 1999 | 2000{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/First%20Names%20Bulletin%202000\\.doc \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2000 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]] \\|format\\=\\[\\[DOC (computing)\\|doc]] \\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} | 2001{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/FirstNamesBulletin2001\\.pdf \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2001 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} | 2002{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/FirstNamesBulletin2002\\.doc \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2002 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]] \\|format\\=\\[\\[DOC (computing)\\|doc]] \\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} | 2003{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/FirstNamesBulletin2003\\.doc \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2003 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]] \\|format\\=\\[\\[DOC (computing)\\|doc]] \\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} | 2004{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/first\\_names\\_bulletin\\_2004\\.pdf \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2004 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} | 2005{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/firstnamesbulletin(2005\\).pdf \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2005 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} | 2006{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/firstnamesbulletin\\_2006\\.pdf \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} | 2007{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/firstnamesbulletin\\_2007\\.pdf \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} | 2008{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/babynames/firstnamesbulletin\\_2008\\.pdf \\|title\\=First Names Bulletin 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]\\|accessdate\\=22 May 2010 }} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rank | 70 | 59 | 56 | 84 | 88 | 74 | 89 | 97 | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} |\n| Count | 42 | 51 | 54 | 30 | 31 | 40 | 33 | 33 | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} |",
"#### Scotland",
"In [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), in the year 2009, the name was ranked as the 90th most common names for male babies, with 67 occurrences recorded. The name had dramatically fallen in popularity from the previous year. In the years 1998 and 1999, the name was the 46th most common name for male births, although the name has fallen in rank in almost every year since then.",
"Rank and percent of male Scottish baby births",
"| Year | 1900{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name6\\.pdf \\|title\\=The top 100 names: 1900 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101161329/http://gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name6\\.pdf \\|archivedate\\=1 January 2011 }} | 1950{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name2\\.pdf \\|title\\=The top 100 names: 1950 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612055942/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name2\\.pdf \\|archivedate\\=12 June 2009 }} | 1975{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name3\\.pdf \\|title\\=The top 100 names: 1975 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101161347/http://gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name3\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=1 January 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 1997{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/name.html \\|title\\=The most popular names in Scotland, 1998 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205224123/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/name.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 1998{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/name99\\.html \\|title\\=The most popular names in Scotland, 1999 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081717/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/name99\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 1999{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name4\\.pdf \\|title\\=Top 100 Boys' names, Scotland, 2000 (provisional), \\- together with changes since 1999 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101161653/http://gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/name4\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=1 January 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 2000{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files/bname01\\.pdf \\|title\\=Top 100 boys' names, Scotland, 2001, together with changes since 2000\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123202/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files/bname01\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 2001{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files/02name.pdf \\|title\\=The most popular names in Scotland, 2002 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123208/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files/02name.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 2002{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files/birth\\-names\\-2003\\.pdf \\|title\\=The most popular names in Scotland, 2003 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102061911/http://gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files/birth\\-names\\-2003\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 2003{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/04names.html \\|title\\=The most popular names in Scotland, 2004 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429165221/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/04names.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 2004 | 2005{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|title\\=Popular Names \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081644/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See specifically: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files/pop\\-nam\\-05\\-top\\-100\\.pdf \\|title\\=Table 1\\-Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2005, showing changes since 2004 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102063519/http://gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files/pop\\-nam\\-05\\-top\\-100\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 2006{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/the\\-most\\-popular\\-names\\-in\\-scotland\\-2006/top\\-20\\-boys\\-and\\-girls\\-names\\-2006\\-and\\-detailed\\-tables.html \\|title\\=The Most Popular Names in Scotland, 2006; Top 20 Boys' and Girls' Names 2006 and Detailed Tables \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326132553/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/the\\-most\\-popular\\-names\\-in\\-scotland\\-2006/top\\-20\\-boys\\-and\\-girls\\-names\\-2006\\-and\\-detailed\\-tables.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 March 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See also: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/pop\\-names\\-06\\-t1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Table 2 \\- Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2006, showing changes since 2005 (Alphabetical) \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123355/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/pop\\-names\\-06\\-t1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 2007{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/the\\-most\\-popular\\-names\\-in\\-scotland\\-2007/popular\\-names\\-2007\\-detailed\\-tables.html \\|title\\=The Most Popular Names in Scotland, 2007 Detailed Tables \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218143041/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/the\\-most\\-popular\\-names\\-in\\-scotland\\-2007/popular\\-names\\-2007\\-detailed\\-tables.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See also: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/pop\\-names\\-07\\-t1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Table 1 \\- Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2007, showing changes since 2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101132326/http://gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/pop\\-names\\-07\\-t1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=1 January 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} | 2008{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/popular\\-forenames\\-babies\\-first\\-names\\-2008/list\\-of\\-detailed\\-tables.html \\|title\\=Popular Forenames – Babies' First Names 2008: List of Detailed Tables \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420064613/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/popular\\-forenames\\-babies\\-first\\-names\\-2008/list\\-of\\-detailed\\-tables.html \\|archivedate\\=20 April 2010 }}. See also: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/popular\\-forenames/pop\\-names\\-2008\\-table1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Table 1 \\- Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2008, showing changes since 2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614122735/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/popular\\-forenames/pop\\-names\\-2008\\-table1\\.pdf \\|archivedate\\=14 June 2011 }} | 2009{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/babies\\-first\\-names\\-09/detailed\\-tables.html \\|title\\=Babies' First Names 2009: List of Detailed Tables \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]] \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218142952/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications\\-and\\-data/popular\\-names/babies\\-first\\-names\\-09/detailed\\-tables.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}. See also: {{citation \\|url\\=http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/popular\\-forenames/babiesnames09\\-table1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Table 1 \\- Top 100 boys' and girls' names, Scotland, 2009, showing changes since 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Register Office for Scotland]]\\|date\\=22 December 2009 \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821030144/http://www.gro\\-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/popular\\-forenames/babiesnames09\\-table1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=21 August 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rank | \\>100 | \\>100 | \\>100 | 53 | 52 | 46 | 46 | 49 | 53 | 61 | 53 | 61 | 65 | 75 | 71 | 90 |\n| Count | \\>100 | \\>100 | \\>100 | 149 | 142 | 173 | 161 | 153 | 138 | 138 | 108 | 110 | 105 | 88 | 98 | 67 |",
"### United States",
"The name is, for the most part, found in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\"). In 1982, the name was the 7th most common given name amongst [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\") males, and the 23rd most common name amongst [White American](/wiki/White_American \"White American\") males. The name was ranked in the [1990 United States Census](/wiki/1990_United_States_Census \"1990 United States Census\") as being the 68th most common name amongst males.{{citation \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/data/1990surnames/names\\_files.html \\|title\\=Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 1990 – Names Files \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|accessdate\\=10 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231131629/http://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/data/1990surnames/names\\_files.html \\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} See also: {{citation \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/data/1990surnames/dist.male.first \\|format\\=\\[\\[Text file\\|txt]] \\|title\\=dist.male.first \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|accessdate\\=10 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121020935/http://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/data/1990surnames/dist.male.first \\|archivedate\\=21 January 2010 }} Usage of the name in the United States has declined in recent years due to associations with [Let's Go Brandon](/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Brandon \"Let's Go Brandon\"), a veiled slur against President [Joseph Biden](/wiki/Joseph_Biden \"Joseph Biden\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiU2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lmh1ZmZwb3N0LmNvbS9lbnRyeS9iYWJ5LW5hbWUtYnJhbmRvbi1kZWNsaW5lX2xfNjU0NDNhNGVlNGIwY2RlODBiOGM1NmM10gFXaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaHVmZnBvc3QuY29tL2VudHJ5L2JhYnktbmFtZS1icmFuZG9uLWRlY2xpbmVfbF82NTQ0M2E0ZWU0YjBjZGU4MGI4YzU2YzUvYW1w?hl\\=en\\-US≷\\=US\\&ceid\\=US%3Aen \\| title\\=Google News }}",
"The [Social Security Administration](/wiki/Social_Security_Administration \"Social Security Administration\") website lists the top 1,000 American baby names for every year since 1879\\. In the year 1950, *Brandon* first reached the top 1,000 male names for babies who were registered for [Social Security numbers](/wiki/Social_Security_number \"Social Security number\") for births. That year it was the 936th most common masculine name. From that year until the beginning of the 1990s, the name has, for the most part, risen in popularity with every successive year. It reached its peak in the years 1992, 1993, and 1994, when it was the 6th most popular name amongst male babies. The name has fallen in popularity in almost every year since then; in 2009, it was ranked the 38th most common name registered that year.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.ssa.gov/cgi\\-bin/babyname.cgi \\|title\\=Popularity of a Name \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Social Security Online]] \\|accessdate\\=11 May 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202070118/https://www.ssa.gov/cgi\\-bin/babyname.cgi \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Brandon is considered to be a very masculine name; however, in the United States it has also been used as a feminine name. In 1981, it reached the top 1,000 female names for babies who were registered for [Social Security numbers](/wiki/Social_Security_number \"Social Security number\") for births; that year it was the 748th most common female name registered for births. The name stayed within the top 1,000 female names from 1981 to 1988, fluctuating in rank; it reached its peak in 1985, when it ranked 661st; in 1988, it ranked 990th.",
"In 2009, the names *Brandon* and *[Bryan](/wiki/Bryan_%28given_name%29 \"Bryan (given name)\")* were ranked as the 15th most common names for male [twins](/wiki/Twins \"Twins\"), according to Social Security number applications for births.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/babynames/twins.html \\|title\\=Popular names for twins born in 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Social Security Online]] \\|accessdate\\=10 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329191104/http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/babynames/twins.html \\|archivedate\\=29 March 2010 }}",
"Years when the name ranked amongst the top 1,000 American baby names\nThe following table lists the year and rank when *Brandon* ranked amongst the top 1,000 male, or the top 1,000 female, baby names in the United States. If no rank is given in the table, then the name was not amongst the top 1,000\\. The highest rank for males, and for females, is labelled in [boldface](/wiki/Boldface \"Boldface\").",
"",
"| Year | 1950 | 1951 | 1952 | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rank (male) | 936 | 985 | 812 | 662 | 583 | 723 | 585 | 666 | 661 | 567 | 577 | 565 | 566 | 498 | 455 | 393 | 379 | 341 | 263 | 217 |",
"",
"| Year | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rank (male) | 131 | 95 | 63 | 58 | 51 | 44 | 40 | 41 | 40 | 35 | 30 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 18 |\n| Rank (female) | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | {{center\\|\\-}} | 748 | 804 | 683 | 706 | **661** | 683 | 806 | 990 | {{center\\|\\-}} |",
"",
"| Year | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rank (male) | 19 | 15 | **6** | 7 | **6** | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 27 | 27 | 31 | 33 | 38 |\n| Year | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |\n| Rank (male) | 44 | 47 | 56 | 70 | 71 | 83 | 99 | 114 | 124 | 141 | 167 | 181 | 211 | | |",
""
] |
History
-------
{{more citations needed\|section\|date\=May 2019}}
### Foundation
{{See also\|European Space Research Organisation\|European Launcher Development Organisation}}
[thumb\|right\|[ESTEC](/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre "European Space Research and Technology Centre") buildings in [Noordwijk](/wiki/Noordwijk "Noordwijk"), Netherlands. ESTEC was the main technical centre of ESRO and remains so for the successor organisation (ESA).](/wiki/File:ESA-ESTEC5.jpg "ESA-ESTEC5.jpg")
After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), many European scientists left [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe") in order to work with the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space\-related activities, Western European scientists realised solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the [Sputnik shock](/wiki/Sputnik_crisis "Sputnik crisis"), [Edoardo Amaldi](/wiki/Edoardo_Amaldi "Edoardo Amaldi") (Italy) and [Pierre Auger](/wiki/Pierre_Victor_Auger "Pierre Victor Auger") (France), two prominent members of the Western European scientific community, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The meeting was attended by scientific representatives from eight countries.
The Western European nations decided to have two agencies: one concerned with developing a launch system, [ELDO](/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation "European Launcher Development Organisation") (European Launcher Development Organisation), and the other the precursor of the European Space Agency, [ESRO](/wiki/ESRO "ESRO") (European Space Research Organisation). The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962\. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites, but ELDO was not able to deliver a launch vehicle. Both agencies struggled with the underfunding and diverging interests of their participants.
The ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO. The ESA had ten founding member states: [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), [France](/wiki/France "France"), [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), [the Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), and the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.esa.int/For\_Media/Press\_Releases/ESA\_turns\_30!\_A\_successful\_track\_record\_for\_Europe\_in\_space \|title\=ESA turns 30! A successful track record for Europe in space \|publisher\=European Space Agency \|date\=31 May 2005 \|access\-date\=6 September 2014 \|archive\-date\=20 September 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920085556/http://www.esa.int/For\_Media/Press\_Releases/ESA\_turns\_30!\_A\_successful\_track\_record\_for\_Europe\_in\_space \|url\-status\=live }} These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, when the convention came into force. During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion. The ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, [Cos\-B](/wiki/Cos-B "Cos-B"), a space probe monitoring [gamma\-ray emissions](/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy "Gamma-ray astronomy") in the universe, which was first worked on by ESRO.
### Later activities
[thumb\|upright\|Mock\-up of the {{Nowrap \|\[\[Ariane 1]]}}](/wiki/File:Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg "Ariane 1 Le Bourget FRA 001.jpg")
The ESA collaborated with [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") on the [International Ultraviolet Explorer](/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer "International Ultraviolet Explorer") (IUE), the world's first high\-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated successfully for 18 years. A number of successful Earth\-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 the ESA began [Giotto](/wiki/Giotto_mission "Giotto mission"), its first deep\-space mission, to study the comets [Halley](/wiki/Comet_Halley "Comet Halley") and [Grigg–Skjellerup](/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup "26P/Grigg–Skjellerup"). [Hipparcos](/wiki/Hipparcos "Hipparcos"), a star\-mapping mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s [SOHO](/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory"), *[Ulysses](/wiki/Ulysses_probe "Ulysses probe")* and the [Hubble Space Telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope "Hubble Space Telescope") were all jointly carried out with NASA. Later scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the *[Cassini–Huygens](/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens "Cassini–Huygens")* space probe, to which the ESA contributed by building the [Titan](/wiki/Titan_%28moon%29 "Titan (moon)") landing module *[Huygens](/wiki/Huygens_%28spacecraft%29 "Huygens (spacecraft)")*.
As the successor of [ELDO](/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation "European Launcher Development Organisation"), the ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. [Ariane 1](/wiki/Ariane_1 "Ariane 1"), launched in 1979, carried mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two versions of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the [Ariane 4](/wiki/Ariane_4 "Ariane 4"), which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established the ESA as the world leader{{cite web \|url\=http://www.esa.int/Our\_Activities/Launchers/Ariane\_42 \|title\=Ariane 4 / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA \|publisher\=European Space Agency \|date\=14 May 2004 \|access\-date\=13 June 2015 \|archive\-date\=25 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225130619/http://www.esa.int/Our\_Activities/Launchers/Ariane\_42 \|url\-status\=live }} in commercial space launches in the 1990s. Although the succeeding [Ariane 5](/wiki/Ariane_5 "Ariane 5") experienced a failure on its first flight, it has since firmly established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 112 successful launches until 2021\. The successor launch vehicle, the [Ariane 6](/wiki/Ariane_6 "Ariane 6"), is under development and had a successful long\-firing engine test in November 2023\. The ESA plans for the Ariane 6 to launch in June or July 2024\.{{Cite web \|last\=Foust \|first\=Jeff \|date\=2023\-11\-30 \|title\=ESA sets mid\-2024 date for first Ariane 6 launch \|url\=https://spacenews.com/esa\-sets\-mid\-2024\-date\-for\-first\-ariane\-6\-launch/ \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-29 \|website\=SpaceNews \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|date\=30 November 2023 \|title\=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket to launch June 15\-July 31, 2024 \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/europes\-new\-ariane\-6\-rocket\-launch\-between\-june\-15\-july\-31\-2024\-2023\-11\-30/ \|access\-date\=29 January 2024 \|website\=Reuters}}
The beginning of the new millennium saw the ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, [JAXA](/wiki/JAXA "JAXA"), [ISRO](/wiki/ISRO "ISRO"), the [CSA](/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency "Canadian Space Agency") and [Roscosmos](/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos"), one of the major participants in scientific [space research](/wiki/Space_science "Space science"). Although the ESA had relied on co\-operation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions on information sharing by the [United States military](/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States "Military of the United States")) led to decisions to rely more on itself and on co\-operation with Russia. A 2011 press issue thus stated:{{cite web \|title\=Launchers Home: International cooperation \|url\=http://www.esa.int/Our\_Activities/Launchers/International\_cooperation \|publisher\=ESA \|access\-date\=6 September 2014 \|archive\-date\=25 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225125227/http://www.esa.int/Our\_Activities/Launchers/International\_cooperation \|url\-status\=live }}
{{blockquote\|Russia is ESA's first partner in its efforts to ensure long\-term access to space. There is a framework agreement between ESA and the government of the Russian Federation on cooperation and partnership in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and cooperation is already underway in two different areas of launcher activity that will bring benefits to both partners.}}
Notable ESA programmes include [SMART\-1](/wiki/SMART-1 "SMART-1"),{{Cite web \|date\=2017\-09\-28 \|title\=Here is the final resting place of SMART\-1 on the Moon \|url\=https://www.syfy.com/syfy\-wire/here\-is\-the\-final\-resting\-place\-of\-smart\-1\-on\-the\-moon \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-29 \|website\=SYFY Official Site \|language\=en\-US}} a probe testing cutting\-edge space propulsion technology, the *[Mars Express](/wiki/Mars_Express "Mars Express")* and *[Venus Express](/wiki/Venus_Express "Venus Express")* missions,{{Cite web \|last\=updated \|first\=Elizabeth Howell last \|date\=2015\-01\-16 \|title\=Venus Express: ESA's 1st Mission to Venus \|url\=https://www.space.com/18363\-venus\-express.html \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-29 \|website\=Space.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=mars.nasa.gov \|title\=Mars Express (ESA) {{!}} Missions \|url\=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars\-exploration/missions/express \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-29 \|website\=NASA Mars Exploration \|language\=en}} as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the [ISS](/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") partnership. The ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy\-space missions such as [Corot](/wiki/Corot_%28space_mission%29 "Corot (space mission)"), launched on 27 December 2006,{{Cite journal \|last\=Sanderson \|first\=Katharine \|date\=2006\-12\-22 \|title\=Planet hunt ready for lift\-off \|url\=https://www.nature.com/articles/news061218\-16 \|journal\=Nature \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1038/news061218\-16 \|issn\=1476\-4687}} a milestone in the search for [exoplanets](/wiki/Exoplanet "Exoplanet").
On 21 January 2019, [ArianeGroup](/wiki/ArianeGroup "ArianeGroup") and [Arianespace](/wiki/Arianespace "Arianespace") announced a one\-year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to mine the Moon for lunar [regolith](/wiki/Regolith "Regolith").{{Cite web \|url\=https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining\-on\-the\-moon\-could\-be\-a\-reality\-as\-early\-as\-2025/ \|title\=Mining on the moon could be a reality as early as 2025 \|last\=Wehner \|first\=Mike \|date\=23 January 2019 \|website\=\[\[New York Post]] \|access\-date\=23 January 2019 \|archive\-date\=23 January 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123180716/https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining\-on\-the\-moon\-could\-be\-a\-reality\-as\-early\-as\-2025/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2021 the ESA ministerial council agreed to the "[Matosinhos](/wiki/Matosinhos "Matosinhos") manifesto" which set three priority areas (referred to as *accelerators*) "space for a green future, a rapid and resilient crisis response, and the protection of space assets", and two further high visibility projects (referred to as *inspirators*) an icy moon sample return mission; and human space exploration.{{Cite web \|date\=26 November 2021 \|title\=Space can help solve Earth's most pressing challenges \|url\=https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/11/26/space\-can\-help\-to\-solve\-the\-biggest\-challenges\-facing\-our\-planet\-here\-s\-how \|access\-date\=15 June 2022 \|website\=euronews \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=15 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615091745/https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/11/26/space\-can\-help\-to\-solve\-the\-biggest\-challenges\-facing\-our\-planet\-here\-s\-how \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|date\=19 November 2021 \|title\=Council Resolution on "Accelerating the Use of Space in Europe" \|url\=https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA\_C\_2021\_176\_EN.pdf \|website\=ESA \|access\-date\=15 June 2022 \|archive\-date\=9 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409155833/https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA\_C\_2021\_176\_EN.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} In the same year the recruitment process began for the [2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group](/wiki/2022_European_Space_Agency_Astronaut_Group "2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group").{{Cite web \|title\=Astronaut selection 2021–22 FAQs \|url\=https://www.esa.int/About\_Us/Careers\_at\_ESA/ESA\_Astronaut\_Selection/Astronaut\_selection\_2021\-22\_FAQs \|access\-date\=15 June 2022 \|website\=www.esa.int \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=3 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603140705/https://www.esa.int/About\_Us/Careers\_at\_ESA/ESA\_Astronaut\_Selection/Astronaut\_selection\_2021\-22\_FAQs \|url\-status\=live }}
1 July 2023 saw the launch of the [Euclid spacecraft](/wiki/Euclid_%28spacecraft%29 "Euclid (spacecraft)"), developed jointly with the Euclid Consortium, after 10 years of planning and building it is designed to better understand [dark energy](/wiki/Dark_energy "Dark energy") and [dark matter](/wiki/Dark_matter "Dark matter") by accurately measuring the [accelerating expansion of the universe](/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe "Accelerating expansion of the universe").{{cite news \|last\=Miller \|first\=Katrina \|title\=The Dark Universe Is Waiting. What Will the Euclid Telescope Reveal? – The European Space Agency mission, which launched on Saturday, will capture billions of galaxies to create a cosmic map spanning space and time. \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/01/science/spacex\-euclid\-launch.html \|date\=1 July 2023 \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20230701145541/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/01/science/spacex\-euclid\-launch.html \|archivedate\=1 July 2023 \|accessdate\=2 July 2023 }}
### Facilities
The agency's facilities date back to ESRO and are deliberately distributed among various countries and areas. The most important are the following centres:
* ESA headquarters in Paris, France;
* ESA science missions are based at [ESTEC](/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre "European Space Research and Technology Centre") in [Noordwijk](/wiki/Noordwijk "Noordwijk"), Netherlands;
* Earth Observation missions at the [ESA Centre for Earth Observation](/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation "ESA Centre for Earth Observation") in [Frascati](/wiki/Frascati "Frascati"), Italy;
* ESA Mission Control ([ESOC](/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre "European Space Operations Centre")) is in [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"), Germany;
* The [European Astronaut Centre](/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre "European Astronaut Centre") (EAC) that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"), Germany;
* The [European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications](/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications "European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications") (ECSAT), a research institute created in 2009, is located in [Harwell](/wiki/Harwell_Science_and_Innovation_Campus "Harwell Science and Innovation Campus"), England, United Kingdom;
* The [European Space Astronomy Centre](/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre "European Space Astronomy Centre") (ESAC) is located in [Villanueva de la Cañada](/wiki/Villanueva_de_la_Ca%C3%B1ada "Villanueva de la Cañada"), [Madrid](/wiki/Comunidad_de_Madrid "Comunidad de Madrid"), Spain.
* The [European Space Security and Education Centre](/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre "European Space Security and Education Centre") (ESEC), located in Redu, Belgium;
* The [ESTRACK](/wiki/ESTRACK "ESTRACK") tracking and deep space communication network.
* Many other facilities are operated by national space agencies in close collaboration with ESA.
+ [Esrange](/wiki/Esrange "Esrange") near [Kiruna](/wiki/Kiruna "Kiruna") in Sweden;
+ [Guiana Space Centre](/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre "Guiana Space Centre") in Kourou, France;
+ [Toulouse Space Centre](/wiki/Toulouse_Space_Centre "Toulouse Space Centre"), France;
+ [Institute of Space Propulsion](/wiki/Institute_of_Space_Propulsion "Institute of Space Propulsion") in [Lampoldshausen](/wiki/Lampoldshausen "Lampoldshausen"), Germany;
+ [Columbus Control Centre](/wiki/Columbus_Control_Centre "Columbus Control Centre") in [Oberpfaffenhofen](/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen "Oberpfaffenhofen"), Germany.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{more citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2019}}",
"### Foundation",
"{{See also\\|European Space Research Organisation\\|European Launcher Development Organisation}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|[ESTEC](/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre \"European Space Research and Technology Centre\") buildings in [Noordwijk](/wiki/Noordwijk \"Noordwijk\"), Netherlands. ESTEC was the main technical centre of ESRO and remains so for the successor organisation (ESA).](/wiki/File:ESA-ESTEC5.jpg \"ESA-ESTEC5.jpg\")",
"After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), many European scientists left [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\") in order to work with the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space\\-related activities, Western European scientists realised solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the [Sputnik shock](/wiki/Sputnik_crisis \"Sputnik crisis\"), [Edoardo Amaldi](/wiki/Edoardo_Amaldi \"Edoardo Amaldi\") (Italy) and [Pierre Auger](/wiki/Pierre_Victor_Auger \"Pierre Victor Auger\") (France), two prominent members of the Western European scientific community, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The meeting was attended by scientific representatives from eight countries.",
"The Western European nations decided to have two agencies: one concerned with developing a launch system, [ELDO](/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation \"European Launcher Development Organisation\") (European Launcher Development Organisation), and the other the precursor of the European Space Agency, [ESRO](/wiki/ESRO \"ESRO\") (European Space Research Organisation). The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962\\. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites, but ELDO was not able to deliver a launch vehicle. Both agencies struggled with the underfunding and diverging interests of their participants.",
"The ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO. The ESA had ten founding member states: [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), [the Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), and the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\").{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.esa.int/For\\_Media/Press\\_Releases/ESA\\_turns\\_30!\\_A\\_successful\\_track\\_record\\_for\\_Europe\\_in\\_space \\|title\\=ESA turns 30! A successful track record for Europe in space \\|publisher\\=European Space Agency \\|date\\=31 May 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920085556/http://www.esa.int/For\\_Media/Press\\_Releases/ESA\\_turns\\_30!\\_A\\_successful\\_track\\_record\\_for\\_Europe\\_in\\_space \\|url\\-status\\=live }} These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, when the convention came into force. During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion. The ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, [Cos\\-B](/wiki/Cos-B \"Cos-B\"), a space probe monitoring [gamma\\-ray emissions](/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy \"Gamma-ray astronomy\") in the universe, which was first worked on by ESRO.",
"### Later activities",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Mock\\-up of the {{Nowrap \\|\\[\\[Ariane 1]]}}](/wiki/File:Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg \"Ariane 1 Le Bourget FRA 001.jpg\")",
"The ESA collaborated with [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") on the [International Ultraviolet Explorer](/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer \"International Ultraviolet Explorer\") (IUE), the world's first high\\-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated successfully for 18 years. A number of successful Earth\\-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 the ESA began [Giotto](/wiki/Giotto_mission \"Giotto mission\"), its first deep\\-space mission, to study the comets [Halley](/wiki/Comet_Halley \"Comet Halley\") and [Grigg–Skjellerup](/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup \"26P/Grigg–Skjellerup\"). [Hipparcos](/wiki/Hipparcos \"Hipparcos\"), a star\\-mapping mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s [SOHO](/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory \"Solar and Heliospheric Observatory\"), *[Ulysses](/wiki/Ulysses_probe \"Ulysses probe\")* and the [Hubble Space Telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope \"Hubble Space Telescope\") were all jointly carried out with NASA. Later scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the *[Cassini–Huygens](/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens \"Cassini–Huygens\")* space probe, to which the ESA contributed by building the [Titan](/wiki/Titan_%28moon%29 \"Titan (moon)\") landing module *[Huygens](/wiki/Huygens_%28spacecraft%29 \"Huygens (spacecraft)\")*.",
"As the successor of [ELDO](/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation \"European Launcher Development Organisation\"), the ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. [Ariane 1](/wiki/Ariane_1 \"Ariane 1\"), launched in 1979, carried mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two versions of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the [Ariane 4](/wiki/Ariane_4 \"Ariane 4\"), which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established the ESA as the world leader{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.esa.int/Our\\_Activities/Launchers/Ariane\\_42 \\|title\\=Ariane 4 / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA \\|publisher\\=European Space Agency \\|date\\=14 May 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225130619/http://www.esa.int/Our\\_Activities/Launchers/Ariane\\_42 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} in commercial space launches in the 1990s. Although the succeeding [Ariane 5](/wiki/Ariane_5 \"Ariane 5\") experienced a failure on its first flight, it has since firmly established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 112 successful launches until 2021\\. The successor launch vehicle, the [Ariane 6](/wiki/Ariane_6 \"Ariane 6\"), is under development and had a successful long\\-firing engine test in November 2023\\. The ESA plans for the Ariane 6 to launch in June or July 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Foust \\|first\\=Jeff \\|date\\=2023\\-11\\-30 \\|title\\=ESA sets mid\\-2024 date for first Ariane 6 launch \\|url\\=https://spacenews.com/esa\\-sets\\-mid\\-2024\\-date\\-for\\-first\\-ariane\\-6\\-launch/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-29 \\|website\\=SpaceNews \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=30 November 2023 \\|title\\=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket to launch June 15\\-July 31, 2024 \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/europes\\-new\\-ariane\\-6\\-rocket\\-launch\\-between\\-june\\-15\\-july\\-31\\-2024\\-2023\\-11\\-30/ \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2024 \\|website\\=Reuters}}",
"The beginning of the new millennium saw the ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, [JAXA](/wiki/JAXA \"JAXA\"), [ISRO](/wiki/ISRO \"ISRO\"), the [CSA](/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency \"Canadian Space Agency\") and [Roscosmos](/wiki/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\"), one of the major participants in scientific [space research](/wiki/Space_science \"Space science\"). Although the ESA had relied on co\\-operation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions on information sharing by the [United States military](/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States \"Military of the United States\")) led to decisions to rely more on itself and on co\\-operation with Russia. A 2011 press issue thus stated:{{cite web \\|title\\=Launchers Home: International cooperation \\|url\\=http://www.esa.int/Our\\_Activities/Launchers/International\\_cooperation \\|publisher\\=ESA \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225125227/http://www.esa.int/Our\\_Activities/Launchers/International\\_cooperation \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"{{blockquote\\|Russia is ESA's first partner in its efforts to ensure long\\-term access to space. There is a framework agreement between ESA and the government of the Russian Federation on cooperation and partnership in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and cooperation is already underway in two different areas of launcher activity that will bring benefits to both partners.}}",
"Notable ESA programmes include [SMART\\-1](/wiki/SMART-1 \"SMART-1\"),{{Cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-28 \\|title\\=Here is the final resting place of SMART\\-1 on the Moon \\|url\\=https://www.syfy.com/syfy\\-wire/here\\-is\\-the\\-final\\-resting\\-place\\-of\\-smart\\-1\\-on\\-the\\-moon \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-29 \\|website\\=SYFY Official Site \\|language\\=en\\-US}} a probe testing cutting\\-edge space propulsion technology, the *[Mars Express](/wiki/Mars_Express \"Mars Express\")* and *[Venus Express](/wiki/Venus_Express \"Venus Express\")* missions,{{Cite web \\|last\\=updated \\|first\\=Elizabeth Howell last \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-16 \\|title\\=Venus Express: ESA's 1st Mission to Venus \\|url\\=https://www.space.com/18363\\-venus\\-express.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-29 \\|website\\=Space.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=mars.nasa.gov \\|title\\=Mars Express (ESA) {{!}} Missions \\|url\\=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars\\-exploration/missions/express \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-29 \\|website\\=NASA Mars Exploration \\|language\\=en}} as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the [ISS](/wiki/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") partnership. The ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy\\-space missions such as [Corot](/wiki/Corot_%28space_mission%29 \"Corot (space mission)\"), launched on 27 December 2006,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Sanderson \\|first\\=Katharine \\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-22 \\|title\\=Planet hunt ready for lift\\-off \\|url\\=https://www.nature.com/articles/news061218\\-16 \\|journal\\=Nature \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/news061218\\-16 \\|issn\\=1476\\-4687}} a milestone in the search for [exoplanets](/wiki/Exoplanet \"Exoplanet\").",
"On 21 January 2019, [ArianeGroup](/wiki/ArianeGroup \"ArianeGroup\") and [Arianespace](/wiki/Arianespace \"Arianespace\") announced a one\\-year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to mine the Moon for lunar [regolith](/wiki/Regolith \"Regolith\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining\\-on\\-the\\-moon\\-could\\-be\\-a\\-reality\\-as\\-early\\-as\\-2025/ \\|title\\=Mining on the moon could be a reality as early as 2025 \\|last\\=Wehner \\|first\\=Mike \\|date\\=23 January 2019 \\|website\\=\\[\\[New York Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123180716/https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining\\-on\\-the\\-moon\\-could\\-be\\-a\\-reality\\-as\\-early\\-as\\-2025/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2021 the ESA ministerial council agreed to the \"[Matosinhos](/wiki/Matosinhos \"Matosinhos\") manifesto\" which set three priority areas (referred to as *accelerators*) \"space for a green future, a rapid and resilient crisis response, and the protection of space assets\", and two further high visibility projects (referred to as *inspirators*) an icy moon sample return mission; and human space exploration.{{Cite web \\|date\\=26 November 2021 \\|title\\=Space can help solve Earth's most pressing challenges \\|url\\=https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/11/26/space\\-can\\-help\\-to\\-solve\\-the\\-biggest\\-challenges\\-facing\\-our\\-planet\\-here\\-s\\-how \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2022 \\|website\\=euronews \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615091745/https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/11/26/space\\-can\\-help\\-to\\-solve\\-the\\-biggest\\-challenges\\-facing\\-our\\-planet\\-here\\-s\\-how \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=19 November 2021 \\|title\\=Council Resolution on \"Accelerating the Use of Space in Europe\" \\|url\\=https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA\\_C\\_2021\\_176\\_EN.pdf \\|website\\=ESA \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409155833/https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA\\_C\\_2021\\_176\\_EN.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In the same year the recruitment process began for the [2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group](/wiki/2022_European_Space_Agency_Astronaut_Group \"2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Astronaut selection 2021–22 FAQs \\|url\\=https://www.esa.int/About\\_Us/Careers\\_at\\_ESA/ESA\\_Astronaut\\_Selection/Astronaut\\_selection\\_2021\\-22\\_FAQs \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2022 \\|website\\=www.esa.int \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603140705/https://www.esa.int/About\\_Us/Careers\\_at\\_ESA/ESA\\_Astronaut\\_Selection/Astronaut\\_selection\\_2021\\-22\\_FAQs \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"1 July 2023 saw the launch of the [Euclid spacecraft](/wiki/Euclid_%28spacecraft%29 \"Euclid (spacecraft)\"), developed jointly with the Euclid Consortium, after 10 years of planning and building it is designed to better understand [dark energy](/wiki/Dark_energy \"Dark energy\") and [dark matter](/wiki/Dark_matter \"Dark matter\") by accurately measuring the [accelerating expansion of the universe](/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe \"Accelerating expansion of the universe\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Miller \\|first\\=Katrina \\|title\\=The Dark Universe Is Waiting. What Will the Euclid Telescope Reveal? – The European Space Agency mission, which launched on Saturday, will capture billions of galaxies to create a cosmic map spanning space and time. \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/01/science/spacex\\-euclid\\-launch.html \\|date\\=1 July 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20230701145541/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/01/science/spacex\\-euclid\\-launch.html \\|archivedate\\=1 July 2023 \\|accessdate\\=2 July 2023 }}",
"### Facilities",
"The agency's facilities date back to ESRO and are deliberately distributed among various countries and areas. The most important are the following centres:",
"* ESA headquarters in Paris, France;\n* ESA science missions are based at [ESTEC](/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre \"European Space Research and Technology Centre\") in [Noordwijk](/wiki/Noordwijk \"Noordwijk\"), Netherlands;\n* Earth Observation missions at the [ESA Centre for Earth Observation](/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation \"ESA Centre for Earth Observation\") in [Frascati](/wiki/Frascati \"Frascati\"), Italy;\n* ESA Mission Control ([ESOC](/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre \"European Space Operations Centre\")) is in [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\"), Germany;\n* The [European Astronaut Centre](/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre \"European Astronaut Centre\") (EAC) that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\"), Germany;\n* The [European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications](/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications \"European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications\") (ECSAT), a research institute created in 2009, is located in [Harwell](/wiki/Harwell_Science_and_Innovation_Campus \"Harwell Science and Innovation Campus\"), England, United Kingdom;\n* The [European Space Astronomy Centre](/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre \"European Space Astronomy Centre\") (ESAC) is located in [Villanueva de la Cañada](/wiki/Villanueva_de_la_Ca%C3%B1ada \"Villanueva de la Cañada\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Comunidad_de_Madrid \"Comunidad de Madrid\"), Spain.\n* The [European Space Security and Education Centre](/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre \"European Space Security and Education Centre\") (ESEC), located in Redu, Belgium;\n* The [ESTRACK](/wiki/ESTRACK \"ESTRACK\") tracking and deep space communication network.\n* Many other facilities are operated by national space agencies in close collaboration with ESA.\n\t+ [Esrange](/wiki/Esrange \"Esrange\") near [Kiruna](/wiki/Kiruna \"Kiruna\") in Sweden;\n\t+ [Guiana Space Centre](/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre \"Guiana Space Centre\") in Kourou, France;\n\t+ [Toulouse Space Centre](/wiki/Toulouse_Space_Centre \"Toulouse Space Centre\"), France;\n\t+ [Institute of Space Propulsion](/wiki/Institute_of_Space_Propulsion \"Institute of Space Propulsion\") in [Lampoldshausen](/wiki/Lampoldshausen \"Lampoldshausen\"), Germany;\n\t+ [Columbus Control Centre](/wiki/Columbus_Control_Centre \"Columbus Control Centre\") in [Oberpfaffenhofen](/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen \"Oberpfaffenhofen\"), Germany."
] |
Career
------
Milo was an ally of [Pompey](/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus "Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus") and of the [Optimates](/wiki/Optimates "Optimates"). He organized bands of armed slaves, hired thugs and gladiators in opposition to Clodius, who supported Pompey's rival, [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar "Julius Caesar"), and the [Populares](/wiki/Populares "Populares"). The two opposing factions clashed in the streets of Rome between 57 BC and 52 BC.
### Cursus honorum
Milo was [tribune of the plebs](/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs "Tribune of the plebs") in 57 BC. He took a prominent role in recalling Cicero from exile after Clodius had arranged for his exile the previous year.
In 56 BC, Milo was charged with illegal violence by Clodius. He was defended by Cicero and Pompey (among others). The trial led to riots between Milo's and Clodius's supporters in the [Forum](/wiki/Forum_Romanum "Forum Romanum"). Pompey's opponents supported Clodius; they wanted to weaken Pompey. Eventually, Milo was acquitted.John Leach, *Pompey the Great*, pp. 138–141; Cic.Q. F. [II. 3\. 2 ff](https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Letters_to_his_brother_Quintus/2.3).
On 23 January 57 BC, Clodius tried to use a force of gladiators to block a move to recall Cicero from exile, but Milo arrested Clodius' gladiators. Milo was subsequently attacked by Clodius' gangs. Milo attempted to prosecute Clodius for carrying out this violence but was unsuccessful. Later that year he tried to prosecute Clodius again, but Clodius escaped by being elected aedile in 56 BC and so was immune from prosecution.
Milo became [praetor](/wiki/Praetor "Praetor") in 54 BC, and in that year, he married [Fausta Cornelia](/wiki/Fausta_Cornelia "Fausta Cornelia"), daughter of the [dictator](/wiki/Roman_dictator "Roman dictator") [Lucius Cornelius Sulla](/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla "Lucius Cornelius Sulla"), and the ex\-wife of [Gaius Memmius](/wiki/Gaius_Memmius_%28poet%29 "Gaius Memmius (poet)").
In 53 BC, Milo made a bid for one of the [consulships](/wiki/Consulship "Consulship") of the following year (he ran against [Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio](/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio_Nasica "Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica") and [Publius Plautius Hypsaeus](/wiki/Publius_Plautius_Hypsaeus "Publius Plautius Hypsaeus"), nominees of [Pompey](/wiki/Pompey "Pompey"), who were running together) while Clodius was standing for the praetorship. Milo was a strong candidate for he had won popular support through largesse and the promotion of extravagant games, and he enjoyed the support of the Optimates. Pompey, however, gave his support to Milo's opponents. Plautius was an old [quaestor](/wiki/Quaestor "Quaestor") of his and Scipio was his father\-in\-law. Meanwhile, Clodius feared he would achieve little as praetor if Milo were to become consul. Milo's and Clodius's supporters clashed in the streets of Rome leading to a breakdown of order. The elections were declared void because of the excessive use of the tribunes' vetoes which meant that 52 BC began with an interregnum.Cicero, *Atticus*, II 21\. 3 ff.
### Death of Clodius
On 18 January 52 BC, Milo and Clodius, each with an armed retinue, met on the [Appian Way](/wiki/Appian_Way "Appian Way") near [Bovillae](/wiki/Bovillae "Bovillae"). Milo was on his way to [Lanuvium](/wiki/Lanuvium "Lanuvium") to appoint a priest. Conflicting stories claim that Clodius was either peacefully heading to Rome after receiving news a friend had died or lying in wait for Milo. Whatever the reason, a scuffle led to a fight between the two parties, with Clodius being wounded by one of Milo's men (an ex\-gladiator called Birria). Clodius fled to an inn, from which he was extracted on Milo's orders and murdered.John Leach, *Pompey the Great*, p. 155\.
### Trial
The followers of Clodius carried his body to the Senate House, the [Curia Hostilia](/wiki/Curia_Hostilia "Curia Hostilia"), and set fire to it. Milo returned to Rome and, with the aid of the tribune [Marcus Caelius Rufus](/wiki/Marcus_Caelius_Rufus "Marcus Caelius Rufus"), he tried to swing popular opinion round to his side again. On 22 January Milo tried to obtain an interview with Pompey at his house on the Pincian, apparently with a positive suggestion to improve the situation by withdrawing his candidature. Pompey refused to even see him. The Senate took action and passed the *consultum ultimum* (the ultimate decree), urging the [interrex](/wiki/Interrex "Interrex"), the tribunes and Pompey to take steps to protect the Republic. In the ensuing unrest, the Senate called on Pompey to become sole consul. He levied troops and set about restoring order, partly by force but also by the legal means now at his disposal. He passed a law regarding both electoral bribery and violence and charged Milo under the new law. Pompey's actions may have been designed to placate Clodius's supporters, who would not be soothed even after they had set fire to the Curia. Pompey hand\-picked Milo's jury, and the presiding magistrate, [Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus](/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_%28consul_54_BC%29 "Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)"), was Pompey's client.
Milo was defended by [Marcus Tullius Cicero](/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero "Marcus Tullius Cicero"), [Marcus Caelius Rufus](/wiki/Marcus_Caelius_Rufus "Marcus Caelius Rufus") and Marcus Marcellus. Under Pompey's new procedural rules, the trial should have lasted five days, with the summing up for the defence and the verdict on the fifth day. However, on the first day, Gaius Causinius Schola appeared as a witness against Milo and described the deed in such a way as to portray Milo as a cold\-blooded murderer. That worked up the Clodian crowd, who, in turn, terrified the advocate on Milo's side, Marcus Marcellus. As he began his questioning of the witnesses, the Clodian crowd drowned out his voice and surrounded him. On subsequent days, Pompey brought in armed men to keep order.
On the final day of the trial, Cicero was to give a closing speech to try to prevent Milo from being condemned. Instead, he broke down after he was intimidated by the Clodian mob and either did not finish or did not present the speech well and in the style for which he was renowned. Milo was convicted by 38 votes to 13\.[Asconius](/wiki/Asconius_Pedianus "Asconius Pedianus"), *Pro Milone*, [53C](http://attalus.org/cicero/milo2.html#a53)
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Milo was an ally of [Pompey](/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus \"Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus\") and of the [Optimates](/wiki/Optimates \"Optimates\"). He organized bands of armed slaves, hired thugs and gladiators in opposition to Clodius, who supported Pompey's rival, [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar \"Julius Caesar\"), and the [Populares](/wiki/Populares \"Populares\"). The two opposing factions clashed in the streets of Rome between 57 BC and 52 BC.",
"### Cursus honorum",
"Milo was [tribune of the plebs](/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs \"Tribune of the plebs\") in 57 BC. He took a prominent role in recalling Cicero from exile after Clodius had arranged for his exile the previous year.",
"In 56 BC, Milo was charged with illegal violence by Clodius. He was defended by Cicero and Pompey (among others). The trial led to riots between Milo's and Clodius's supporters in the [Forum](/wiki/Forum_Romanum \"Forum Romanum\"). Pompey's opponents supported Clodius; they wanted to weaken Pompey. Eventually, Milo was acquitted.John Leach, *Pompey the Great*, pp. 138–141; Cic.Q. F. [II. 3\\. 2 ff](https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Letters_to_his_brother_Quintus/2.3).",
"On 23 January 57 BC, Clodius tried to use a force of gladiators to block a move to recall Cicero from exile, but Milo arrested Clodius' gladiators. Milo was subsequently attacked by Clodius' gangs. Milo attempted to prosecute Clodius for carrying out this violence but was unsuccessful. Later that year he tried to prosecute Clodius again, but Clodius escaped by being elected aedile in 56 BC and so was immune from prosecution.",
"Milo became [praetor](/wiki/Praetor \"Praetor\") in 54 BC, and in that year, he married [Fausta Cornelia](/wiki/Fausta_Cornelia \"Fausta Cornelia\"), daughter of the [dictator](/wiki/Roman_dictator \"Roman dictator\") [Lucius Cornelius Sulla](/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla \"Lucius Cornelius Sulla\"), and the ex\\-wife of [Gaius Memmius](/wiki/Gaius_Memmius_%28poet%29 \"Gaius Memmius (poet)\").",
"In 53 BC, Milo made a bid for one of the [consulships](/wiki/Consulship \"Consulship\") of the following year (he ran against [Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio](/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio_Nasica \"Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica\") and [Publius Plautius Hypsaeus](/wiki/Publius_Plautius_Hypsaeus \"Publius Plautius Hypsaeus\"), nominees of [Pompey](/wiki/Pompey \"Pompey\"), who were running together) while Clodius was standing for the praetorship. Milo was a strong candidate for he had won popular support through largesse and the promotion of extravagant games, and he enjoyed the support of the Optimates. Pompey, however, gave his support to Milo's opponents. Plautius was an old [quaestor](/wiki/Quaestor \"Quaestor\") of his and Scipio was his father\\-in\\-law. Meanwhile, Clodius feared he would achieve little as praetor if Milo were to become consul. Milo's and Clodius's supporters clashed in the streets of Rome leading to a breakdown of order. The elections were declared void because of the excessive use of the tribunes' vetoes which meant that 52 BC began with an interregnum.Cicero, *Atticus*, II 21\\. 3 ff.",
"### Death of Clodius",
"On 18 January 52 BC, Milo and Clodius, each with an armed retinue, met on the [Appian Way](/wiki/Appian_Way \"Appian Way\") near [Bovillae](/wiki/Bovillae \"Bovillae\"). Milo was on his way to [Lanuvium](/wiki/Lanuvium \"Lanuvium\") to appoint a priest. Conflicting stories claim that Clodius was either peacefully heading to Rome after receiving news a friend had died or lying in wait for Milo. Whatever the reason, a scuffle led to a fight between the two parties, with Clodius being wounded by one of Milo's men (an ex\\-gladiator called Birria). Clodius fled to an inn, from which he was extracted on Milo's orders and murdered.John Leach, *Pompey the Great*, p. 155\\.",
"### Trial",
"The followers of Clodius carried his body to the Senate House, the [Curia Hostilia](/wiki/Curia_Hostilia \"Curia Hostilia\"), and set fire to it. Milo returned to Rome and, with the aid of the tribune [Marcus Caelius Rufus](/wiki/Marcus_Caelius_Rufus \"Marcus Caelius Rufus\"), he tried to swing popular opinion round to his side again. On 22 January Milo tried to obtain an interview with Pompey at his house on the Pincian, apparently with a positive suggestion to improve the situation by withdrawing his candidature. Pompey refused to even see him. The Senate took action and passed the *consultum ultimum* (the ultimate decree), urging the [interrex](/wiki/Interrex \"Interrex\"), the tribunes and Pompey to take steps to protect the Republic. In the ensuing unrest, the Senate called on Pompey to become sole consul. He levied troops and set about restoring order, partly by force but also by the legal means now at his disposal. He passed a law regarding both electoral bribery and violence and charged Milo under the new law. Pompey's actions may have been designed to placate Clodius's supporters, who would not be soothed even after they had set fire to the Curia. Pompey hand\\-picked Milo's jury, and the presiding magistrate, [Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus](/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_%28consul_54_BC%29 \"Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)\"), was Pompey's client.",
"Milo was defended by [Marcus Tullius Cicero](/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero \"Marcus Tullius Cicero\"), [Marcus Caelius Rufus](/wiki/Marcus_Caelius_Rufus \"Marcus Caelius Rufus\") and Marcus Marcellus. Under Pompey's new procedural rules, the trial should have lasted five days, with the summing up for the defence and the verdict on the fifth day. However, on the first day, Gaius Causinius Schola appeared as a witness against Milo and described the deed in such a way as to portray Milo as a cold\\-blooded murderer. That worked up the Clodian crowd, who, in turn, terrified the advocate on Milo's side, Marcus Marcellus. As he began his questioning of the witnesses, the Clodian crowd drowned out his voice and surrounded him. On subsequent days, Pompey brought in armed men to keep order.",
"On the final day of the trial, Cicero was to give a closing speech to try to prevent Milo from being condemned. Instead, he broke down after he was intimidated by the Clodian mob and either did not finish or did not present the speech well and in the style for which he was renowned. Milo was convicted by 38 votes to 13\\.[Asconius](/wiki/Asconius_Pedianus \"Asconius Pedianus\"), *Pro Milone*, [53C](http://attalus.org/cicero/milo2.html#a53)",
""
] |
### Cursus honorum
Milo was [tribune of the plebs](/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs "Tribune of the plebs") in 57 BC. He took a prominent role in recalling Cicero from exile after Clodius had arranged for his exile the previous year.
In 56 BC, Milo was charged with illegal violence by Clodius. He was defended by Cicero and Pompey (among others). The trial led to riots between Milo's and Clodius's supporters in the [Forum](/wiki/Forum_Romanum "Forum Romanum"). Pompey's opponents supported Clodius; they wanted to weaken Pompey. Eventually, Milo was acquitted.John Leach, *Pompey the Great*, pp. 138–141; Cic.Q. F. [II. 3\. 2 ff](https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Letters_to_his_brother_Quintus/2.3).
On 23 January 57 BC, Clodius tried to use a force of gladiators to block a move to recall Cicero from exile, but Milo arrested Clodius' gladiators. Milo was subsequently attacked by Clodius' gangs. Milo attempted to prosecute Clodius for carrying out this violence but was unsuccessful. Later that year he tried to prosecute Clodius again, but Clodius escaped by being elected aedile in 56 BC and so was immune from prosecution.
Milo became [praetor](/wiki/Praetor "Praetor") in 54 BC, and in that year, he married [Fausta Cornelia](/wiki/Fausta_Cornelia "Fausta Cornelia"), daughter of the [dictator](/wiki/Roman_dictator "Roman dictator") [Lucius Cornelius Sulla](/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla "Lucius Cornelius Sulla"), and the ex\-wife of [Gaius Memmius](/wiki/Gaius_Memmius_%28poet%29 "Gaius Memmius (poet)").
In 53 BC, Milo made a bid for one of the [consulships](/wiki/Consulship "Consulship") of the following year (he ran against [Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio](/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio_Nasica "Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica") and [Publius Plautius Hypsaeus](/wiki/Publius_Plautius_Hypsaeus "Publius Plautius Hypsaeus"), nominees of [Pompey](/wiki/Pompey "Pompey"), who were running together) while Clodius was standing for the praetorship. Milo was a strong candidate for he had won popular support through largesse and the promotion of extravagant games, and he enjoyed the support of the Optimates. Pompey, however, gave his support to Milo's opponents. Plautius was an old [quaestor](/wiki/Quaestor "Quaestor") of his and Scipio was his father\-in\-law. Meanwhile, Clodius feared he would achieve little as praetor if Milo were to become consul. Milo's and Clodius's supporters clashed in the streets of Rome leading to a breakdown of order. The elections were declared void because of the excessive use of the tribunes' vetoes which meant that 52 BC began with an interregnum.Cicero, *Atticus*, II 21\. 3 ff.
|
[
"### Cursus honorum",
"Milo was [tribune of the plebs](/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs \"Tribune of the plebs\") in 57 BC. He took a prominent role in recalling Cicero from exile after Clodius had arranged for his exile the previous year.",
"In 56 BC, Milo was charged with illegal violence by Clodius. He was defended by Cicero and Pompey (among others). The trial led to riots between Milo's and Clodius's supporters in the [Forum](/wiki/Forum_Romanum \"Forum Romanum\"). Pompey's opponents supported Clodius; they wanted to weaken Pompey. Eventually, Milo was acquitted.John Leach, *Pompey the Great*, pp. 138–141; Cic.Q. F. [II. 3\\. 2 ff](https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Letters_to_his_brother_Quintus/2.3).",
"On 23 January 57 BC, Clodius tried to use a force of gladiators to block a move to recall Cicero from exile, but Milo arrested Clodius' gladiators. Milo was subsequently attacked by Clodius' gangs. Milo attempted to prosecute Clodius for carrying out this violence but was unsuccessful. Later that year he tried to prosecute Clodius again, but Clodius escaped by being elected aedile in 56 BC and so was immune from prosecution.",
"Milo became [praetor](/wiki/Praetor \"Praetor\") in 54 BC, and in that year, he married [Fausta Cornelia](/wiki/Fausta_Cornelia \"Fausta Cornelia\"), daughter of the [dictator](/wiki/Roman_dictator \"Roman dictator\") [Lucius Cornelius Sulla](/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla \"Lucius Cornelius Sulla\"), and the ex\\-wife of [Gaius Memmius](/wiki/Gaius_Memmius_%28poet%29 \"Gaius Memmius (poet)\").",
"In 53 BC, Milo made a bid for one of the [consulships](/wiki/Consulship \"Consulship\") of the following year (he ran against [Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio](/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio_Nasica \"Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica\") and [Publius Plautius Hypsaeus](/wiki/Publius_Plautius_Hypsaeus \"Publius Plautius Hypsaeus\"), nominees of [Pompey](/wiki/Pompey \"Pompey\"), who were running together) while Clodius was standing for the praetorship. Milo was a strong candidate for he had won popular support through largesse and the promotion of extravagant games, and he enjoyed the support of the Optimates. Pompey, however, gave his support to Milo's opponents. Plautius was an old [quaestor](/wiki/Quaestor \"Quaestor\") of his and Scipio was his father\\-in\\-law. Meanwhile, Clodius feared he would achieve little as praetor if Milo were to become consul. Milo's and Clodius's supporters clashed in the streets of Rome leading to a breakdown of order. The elections were declared void because of the excessive use of the tribunes' vetoes which meant that 52 BC began with an interregnum.Cicero, *Atticus*, II 21\\. 3 ff.",
""
] |
In popular culture
------------------
Titus Annius Milo appears as a recurring character in [John Maddox Roberts](/wiki/John_Maddox_Roberts "John Maddox Roberts")' *[SPQR series](/wiki/SPQR_series "SPQR series")* of novels. These historical mysteries are presented as memoirs of the fictional Decius Caecilius Metellus the Younger; Milo is a trusted friend of Metellus.
Milo also appears as a character in *[A Murder on the Appian Way](/wiki/A_Murder_on_the_Appian_Way "A Murder on the Appian Way")*, *[Last Seen in Massilia](/wiki/Last_Seen_in_Massilia "Last Seen in Massilia")* and *[A Mist of Prophecies](/wiki/A_Mist_of_Prophecies "A Mist of Prophecies")*, in the *[Roma Sub Rosa](/wiki/Roma_Sub_Rosa "Roma Sub Rosa")* series of historical mystery novels by [Steven Saylor](/wiki/Steven_Saylor "Steven Saylor"). Saylor’s fictional hero dislikes Milo.
Milo appears in [Conn Iggulden](/wiki/Conn_Iggulden "Conn Iggulden")'s book *[The Field of Swords](/wiki/The_Field_of_Swords "The Field of Swords")*, the third in the series *Emperor*, as a street gangster who wages a private war with Publius Clodius.
Milo is a character in [Colleen McCollough](/wiki/Colleen_McCollough "Colleen McCollough")'s novel *[Caesar](/wiki/Caesar_%28McCullough_novel%29 "Caesar (McCullough novel)").*
He also appears in the book *Street Fighter: Son of Spartacus* in a plot to assassinate Julius Caesar.
Milo features prominently in the 2015 novel *[Dictator](/wiki/Dictator_%28Harris_novel%29 "Dictator (Harris novel)")* by British novelist [Robert Harris](/wiki/Robert_Harris_%28novelist%29 "Robert Harris (novelist)").
|
[
"In popular culture\n------------------",
"Titus Annius Milo appears as a recurring character in [John Maddox Roberts](/wiki/John_Maddox_Roberts \"John Maddox Roberts\")' *[SPQR series](/wiki/SPQR_series \"SPQR series\")* of novels. These historical mysteries are presented as memoirs of the fictional Decius Caecilius Metellus the Younger; Milo is a trusted friend of Metellus.",
"Milo also appears as a character in *[A Murder on the Appian Way](/wiki/A_Murder_on_the_Appian_Way \"A Murder on the Appian Way\")*, *[Last Seen in Massilia](/wiki/Last_Seen_in_Massilia \"Last Seen in Massilia\")* and *[A Mist of Prophecies](/wiki/A_Mist_of_Prophecies \"A Mist of Prophecies\")*, in the *[Roma Sub Rosa](/wiki/Roma_Sub_Rosa \"Roma Sub Rosa\")* series of historical mystery novels by [Steven Saylor](/wiki/Steven_Saylor \"Steven Saylor\"). Saylor’s fictional hero dislikes Milo.",
"Milo appears in [Conn Iggulden](/wiki/Conn_Iggulden \"Conn Iggulden\")'s book *[The Field of Swords](/wiki/The_Field_of_Swords \"The Field of Swords\")*, the third in the series *Emperor*, as a street gangster who wages a private war with Publius Clodius.",
"Milo is a character in [Colleen McCollough](/wiki/Colleen_McCollough \"Colleen McCollough\")'s novel *[Caesar](/wiki/Caesar_%28McCullough_novel%29 \"Caesar (McCullough novel)\").*",
"He also appears in the book *Street Fighter: Son of Spartacus* in a plot to assassinate Julius Caesar.",
"Milo features prominently in the 2015 novel *[Dictator](/wiki/Dictator_%28Harris_novel%29 \"Dictator (Harris novel)\")* by British novelist [Robert Harris](/wiki/Robert_Harris_%28novelist%29 \"Robert Harris (novelist)\").",
""
] |
History
-------
### Establishment \& early years
[thumb\|An AirTran [Boeing 737\-200](/wiki/Boeing_737 "Boeing 737") in the original livery at [Orlando International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport "Orlando International Airport")](/wiki/File:Boeing_737-222%2C_AirTran_AN0370413.jpg "Boeing 737-222, AirTran AN0370413.jpg")
AirTran Airways was founded in 1993 as **Conquest Sun Airlines**{{cite web \|url\=http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/NameHistory?aggregateId\=forp\-f93000005854\-71077dbb\-755e\-43e6\-8bfc\-e1c87297461c\&entityId\=F93000005854\&CurrentPage\=0\&SearchTerm\=airtran\&InquiryType\=EntityName\&inquiryDirectionType\=CurrentList\&SearchNameOrder\=AIRTRANAIRWAYS%20F930000058541\&ListNameOrder\=AIRTRANAIRLINES%20F930000043331 \|title\=NAME CHANGE AMENDMENT}} AIRTRAN AIRWAYS, INC. Name History, Florida Corporations Database and began operations as a start up [Boeing 737\-200](/wiki/Boeing_737-200 "Boeing 737-200") operator with service to and from [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida").
AirTran Airways was established by both the management of Destination Sun Airways and the management of [regional airline](/wiki/Regional_airline "Regional airline") [Conquest Airlines](/wiki/Conquest_Airlines "Conquest Airlines"). The establishment of Destination Sun Airways is unclear. It is claimed {{By whom\|date\=September 2020}} that Destination Sun was established in 1991 by former [Northeastern International Airways](/wiki/Northeastern_International_Airways "Northeastern International Airways") CEO Guy Lindley and that the airline was formerly known as SunExpress and based in [Fort Lauderdale, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%2C_Florida "Fort Lauderdale, Florida"). Another source claimed that Destination Sun was established in 1990 by a bunch of pilots that are presumably ex\-[Eastern Air Lines](/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines "Eastern Air Lines") pilots since it was claimed later on by the AirTran management that the establishment of AirTran involved former Eastern Air Lines employees. Meanwhile, Conquest Airlines was founded by Rafael Rivas and Victor Rivas in April 1988 in [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"). Victor Rivas, co\-founder of Conquest Airlines, was also heavily involved in the establishment of Conquest Sun Airlines.{{Cite web \|title\=Historical question about AirTran \|url\=https://www.flyertalk.com/forum/airtran\-airways\-rewards/1240838\-historical\-question\-about\-airtran.html \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-18 \|website\=FlyerTalk Forums \|language\=en}}{{Cite court\|litigants\=Steward v. Mann (2003\)\|reporter\=U.S.\|opinion\=02\-15185\|court\=United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.\|date\=December 04, 2003\|url\=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us\-11th\-circuit/1061853\.html}}
In 1994, the airline was purchased by the AirTran Corporation, which was the holding company of the [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis")\-based [Mesaba Airlines](/wiki/Mesaba_Airlines "Mesaba Airlines"), an operating carrier for [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines "Northwest Airlines")'s [Northwest Airlink](/wiki/Northwest_Airlink "Northwest Airlink") that had hubs in Minneapolis and [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit"). After the purchase, the airline was renamed from Conquest Sun Airlines to **AirTran Airways** to reflect the name of the holding company. The airline moved its headquarters to [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida") and grew to 11 Boeing 737 aircraft, serving 24 cities in the Eastern and Midwestern United States, providing low\-fare leisure travel to Orlando.
In 1995, AirTran Corporation created a new subsidiary called Airways Corporation and placed AirTran Airways under the new subsidiary; AirTran Corporation then spun off the new Airways Corporation as an independent holding company which includes AirTran Airways. After the spun off, AirTran Corporation was renamed to Mesaba Holdings after its subsidiary Mesaba Airlines to distance itself from AirTran Airways. AirTran Corporation/Mesaba Holdings was finally renamed to [MAIR Holdings](/wiki/MAIR_Holdings "MAIR Holdings"), which was finally dissolved in July 2012\.{{Cite news \|date\=2007\-01\-22 \|title\=UPDATE 1\-Mesaba Air to exit bankruptcy as Northwest unit \|language\=en \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/mair\-northwest\-bankruptcy\-idUKN2217740020070122 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-28}}
### Merger with ValuJet
{{see also\|ValuJet Airlines}}
#### The process
On July 10, 1997, ValuJet, Inc., the parent company of the struggling [ValuJet Airlines](/wiki/ValuJet_Airlines "ValuJet Airlines"), entered into an agreement to acquire AirTran Airways and its parent Airways Corporation. After the crashes of [ValuJet Flight 597](/wiki/ValuJet_Flight_597 "ValuJet Flight 597") and [ValuJet Flight 592](/wiki/ValuJet_Flight_592 "ValuJet Flight 592"), ValuJet suffered due to the perception of a lax safety culture, putting its business in jeopardy.[ValuJet Airlines\#Fallout from the crash of Flight 592](/wiki/ValuJet_Airlines%23Fallout_from_the_crash_of_Flight_592 "ValuJet Airlines#Fallout from the crash of Flight 592")
ValuJet purchased Airways Corporation on November 17, 1997\. On that date, AirTran Airways and its parent Airways Corporation became subsidiaries of ValuJet. The ValuJet holding company changed its name to [AirTran Holdings, Inc.](/wiki/AirTran_Holdings%2C_Inc. "AirTran Holdings, Inc.") and renamed ValuJet Airlines to AirTran Airlines. AirTran Holdings then operated two airlines with the AirTran name: AirTran Airways and AirTran Airlines (formerly ValuJet Airlines).{{Cite web \|title\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS INC 10\-K 19971205 \|url\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/914277/0000931763\-97\-002099\.txt \|website\=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}{{Cite web \|title\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS INC 10\-K 19980102 \|url\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/914277/0000931763\-98\-000002\.txt \|website\=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}{{Cite web \|title\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS INC 10\-K 19980327 \|url\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/948846/0000931763\-98\-000779\.txt \|website\=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}} AirTran Holdings retained ValuJet's stock price history. The AirTran name was chosen by the merged airline's management in hopes of distancing itself from the troubled ValuJet past. AirTran Holdings moved its headquarters to the AirTran Airways headquarters in Orlando on January 28, 1998, while ValuJet's [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") hub remained the hub for the combined AirTran Airways/Airlines operation.
In April 1998, AirTran Holdings transferred all of AirTran Airlines' fleet and operations to AirTran Airways and canceled AirTran Airlines' FAA certificate. AirTran Airways now became the only airline operator for AirTran Holdings and AirTran Airlines became an inactive subsidiary of AirTran Holdings. In August 1999, AirTran Airlines was merged into AirTran Airways, legally ending the ValuJet legacy.{{Cite web \|title\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS INC 20000330 \|url\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/948846/000093176300000724/0000931763\-00\-000724\.txt \|website\=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}{{Cite web \|title\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS, INC. 2001 FORM 10\-K \|url\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/948846/000094884602000006/f10k\_2001\.htm \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-09 \|website\=www.sec.gov}}
#### Criticism
Even though AirTran Airways was the surviving airline with its absorption of the former ValuJet Airlines which ended its operations as AirTran Airlines, ValuJet Airlines was the nominal corporate survivor of the merger. ValuJet's management team ran the merged airline, and all SEC filings prior to 1997 were under ValuJet, not AirTran. Adding to the confusion, AirTran management did not put an effort into explaining the correct history of AirTran thoroughly.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/history.aspx \|title\=AirTran Airways History \|year\=2011 \|work\=airtranairways.com \|publisher\=AirTran Airways \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-10 \|quote\=In 1992, the predecessor airline, ValuJet Airlines was founded by airline industry veterans...\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101201144350/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/history.aspx\| archive\-date\= 1 December 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}
The AirTran airline operation received criticism for the name change with *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* magazine writing, "In a corporate disappearing act, the troubled airline bought a smaller rival and adopted its name, becoming AirTran Airways."{{Cite news \|date\=2010\-02\-08 \|title\=Top 10 Worst Corporate Name Changes \|url\=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1914815\_1914808\_1914788,00\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-09 \|work\=Time \|issn\=0040\-781X}} The *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")* wrote in the Summer of 1997, "After more than a year of reminding too many people of a disaster rather than low fares, ValuJet on Thursday said it would take a new name. ValuJet is buying a much smaller airline, AirTran Airways, from Airways Corp. for $66\.3 million worth of stock and taking its name."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1997\-jul\-11\-fi\-11690\-story.html\|title\=ValuJet Buys Airline \-\-and a New Name\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=July 11, 1997\|quote\=ValuJet will be named AirTran Airlines and operate as a sister carrier to AirTran Airways. That way, the two keep their separate federal operating certificates, keeping the FAA out of the deal.\|url\-access\=subscription}}
In an article in *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")* entitled "The Lessons of ValuJet 592," William Langewiesche presents a case in which the May 11, 1996 crash in the Florida Everglades as an example of a [system accident](/wiki/System_accident "System accident"), in which the complexity of the overall operation was the major contributing factor.Langewiesche, William (March 1998\). [The Lessons of Valujet 592](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/03/the-lessons-of-valujet-592/6534/4/), *The Atlantic*. Langewiesche writes, 'Conventional accidents — those I call procedural or engineered — will submit to our solutions, but as air travel continues to expand, we can expect capricious system accidents to blossom. Understanding why might keep us from making the system even more complex, and therefore perhaps more dangerous, too.' Taking a contrary position, Brian Stimpson argues in the *Manitoba Professional Engineer* that there are other examples of studied complex operations which have been routinely performed safely for many years, with such examples including large aircraft carriers and the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Station in California.Stimpson, Brian (Oct. 1998\). [Operating Highly Complex and Hazardous Technological Systems Without Mistakes: The Wrong Lessons from ValuJet 592](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004115/http://www.cns-snc.ca/branches/manitoba/valujet.html), *Manitoba Professional Engineer*. Stimpson argues that complex systems can be operated safely. Regarding Nimitz\-class aircraft carriers, he writes, ' . . However, when the aircraft carrier \[Nimitz\-class] goes into "active" mode and planes are landing and being launched, there is a vital change. Co\-operation and communication largely override hierarchical position. There is no time for instructions to move up and down a chain of command. Team play, constant communication (telephone, radio, hand signals, writing), watching colleagues' actions, and the oversight of more experienced personnel who monitor activities, mean that mistakes are rare and can often be corrected before harm is done. . '
AirTran made almost no mention of its ValuJet past. However, on the tenth anniversary of the Flight 592 crash, AirTran made no major corporate announcements out of respect for the victims' families.Huettel, Steve. [10 years after tragedy, AirTran flies on](http://www.tampabay.com/2006/05/11/Business/10_years_after_traged.shtml) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012092333/http://www.tampabay.com/2006/05/11/Business/10\_years\_after\_traged.shtml \|date\=2012\-10\-12 }}. [St. Petersburg Times](/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times "St. Petersburg Times"), 2006\-05\-11\.
### Turnaround
In January 1999, a new management team led by Joe Leonard, a veteran of [Eastern Air Lines](/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines "Eastern Air Lines"), and [Robert L. Fornaro](/wiki/Robert_L._Fornaro "Robert L. Fornaro"), of [US Airways](/wiki/US_Airways "US Airways"), took the reins at the airline. The two recruited a new senior management team, including Stephen J. Kolski, Operations, Kevin P. Healy,{{cite web\|title\=Healy to Head AirTran Planing\|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/1999/04/26/daily17\.html\|publisher\=Orlando Business Journal}} Planning, and Loral Blinde, Human Resources. The immediate goals were to stabilize the balance sheet and prepare to refinance debt due in early 2000, fix the operations, increase and establish revenue streams and prepare for delivery and operation of the [Boeing 717](/wiki/Boeing_717 "Boeing 717"). AirTran was the launch customer and ultimately the largest operator of this brand new aircraft. At the same time, Leonard was determined to not only lead the turn around of the carrier, but establish a culture of trust and entrepreneurship at AirTran.
### 2000s
[thumb\|AirTran received the last Boeing 717 built in 2006](/wiki/File:SAVairtran.JPG "SAVairtran.JPG")
In 1999, AirTran reported a $30 million operating profit.
On August 15, 2001, the company's stock began trading under the ticker symbol AAI on the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange").
In 2002, AirTran created a regional brand, [AirTran JetConnect](/wiki/AirTran_JetConnect "AirTran JetConnect"), operated by [Air Wisconsin](/wiki/Air_Wisconsin "Air Wisconsin").
In 2003, following an order for 100 [Boeing 737\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737-700 "Boeing 737-700") aircraft, AirTran began service to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")'s [Reagan National Airport](/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport "Reagan National Airport") and to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport "San Francisco International Airport").
On January 5, 2004, AirTran's last [McDonnell Douglas DC\-9\-30](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-30 "McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30") was retired, leaving it with a fleet of more than 70 [Boeing 717\-200s](/wiki/Boeing_717-200 "Boeing 717-200"). Shortly after, the first Boeing 737\-700 entered AirTran's fleet in June 2004\.
In August 2004, AirTran JetConnect (operated by Air Wisconsin) ceased all operations.
On May 23, 2006, AirTran accepted one of the last two Boeing 717s delivered in a ceremony with [Midwest Airlines](/wiki/Midwest_Airlines "Midwest Airlines"), who accepted the other 717\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airtran.com/aircraft/new\_717\_jets.aspx \|title\=New 717 Jets – AirTran Airways \|publisher\=Airtran.com \|date\=2006\-05\-23 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920055048/http://www.airtran.com/aircraft/new\_717\_jets.aspx\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2012}} Boeing closed the 717 line due to poor sales.
In November 2007, [Robert L. Fornaro](/wiki/Robert_L._Fornaro "Robert L. Fornaro") took over as CEO, as well as president.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/transition.aspx \|title\=Robert L. Fornaro, CEO \|publisher\=AirTran Airways \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307233406/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/transition.aspx\|archive\-date\=March 7, 2012}} Joe Leonard remained chairman of the Board of Directors until June 2008\. Upon his retirement, Fornaro then became chairman making him chairman, president and CEO.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/history.aspx \|title\=History \|publisher\=AirTran Airways \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925061409/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/history.aspx\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2012}}
In 2009, AirTran was the first major airline to have 100% of its fleet outfitted with [Gogo Inflight Internet](/wiki/Gogo_Inflight_Internet "Gogo Inflight Internet"), although other airlines had begun adding Internet before AirTran.
By 2009, AirTran underwent major expansion in smaller cities such as [Yeager Airport](/wiki/Yeager_Airport "Yeager Airport") (Charleston, W.V.); [Asheville Regional Airport](/wiki/Asheville_Regional_Airport "Asheville Regional Airport"), N.C.; and [Harrisburg International Airport](/wiki/Harrisburg_International_Airport "Harrisburg International Airport"), Pa.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airtran.com/route\-map/new\_routes.aspx \|title\=Route Map – AirTran Airways \|publisher\=Airtran.com \|date\=2004\-05\-01 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004103/http://www.airtran.com/route\-map/new\_routes.aspx\|archive\-date\=September 27, 2011}}
#### Failed acquisitions
{{see also\|AirTran Holdings\#Proposed AirTran Holding acquisition of Midwest Airlines Group}}
In 2004, AirTran sought a major expansion at Chicago\-Midway Airport by buying the leases of [ATA Airlines](/wiki/ATA_Airlines "ATA Airlines")' 14 gates. [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines "Southwest Airlines") made a higher bid for the gates, and AirTran lost the deal.
In December 2006, Air Tran Holdings announced that it had been trying to acquire [Midwest Air Group](/wiki/Midwest_Air_Group "Midwest Air Group"). On August 12, 2007, AirTran announced its attempt to purchase [Midwest Airlines](/wiki/Midwest_Airlines "Midwest Airlines") had expired, while [TPG Capital](/wiki/TPG_Capital "TPG Capital"), in partnership with [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines "Northwest Airlines"), had entered into an agreement to purchase Midwest Airlines for an amount larger than the AirTran Airways' proposal. However, on August 14, 2007, AirTran increased its offer to the equivalent of $16\.25 a share, slightly more than the $16 a share from TPG Capital investors group.{{cite web \|last\=Daykin \|first\=Tom \|url\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=646916 \|title\=AirTran circles back \|publisher\=Jsonline.com \|date\=2007\-08\-15 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411092309/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=646916 \|archive\-date\=2008\-04\-11 }} However, Midwest announced TPG would increase its offer to $17 per share and a definitive agreement had been reached late on August 16, 2007\.{{cite web\|last\=Daykin \|first\=Tom \|url\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=648565 \|title\=TPG to acquire Midwest \|publisher\=Jsonline.com \|date\=2007\-08\-17 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125010/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=648565 \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-29 }}
On September 21, 2007, AirTran pilots, represented by the National Pilots Association, rejected the carrier's contract proposal. Two weeks earlier, the pilots voted to dump the union president and vice president. On April 10, 2009, 87% of the pilots at AirTran voted to merge the National Pilots Association with the world's largest pilot union, [Air Line Pilots Association](/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association%2C_International "Air Line Pilots Association, International") (ALPA).{{citation needed\|date\=March 2022}}
### 2010s
[thumb\|left\|An AirTran 737\-700 which the airline continued to receive until the acquisition by Southwest](/wiki/File:N272AT_%286951238597%29.jpg "N272AT (6951238597).jpg")
On April 6, 2010, AirTran Airways opened their second crew base, at [General Mitchell International Airport](/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport "Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport") in Milwaukee, the same day they officially announced Milwaukee as their second hub.
On July 27, 2010, AirTran Airways hosted the grand opening of their new System Operations Control (SOC) Center at Orlando International Airport. This {{convert\|16000\|sqft\|m2\|adj\=on}}, $6\.9 million, state\-of\-the\-art command center served as the 24\-hour nerve center for the entire airline with over 700 flights per day. The company employed more than 1,000 crew members in central Florida at several facilities, including their corporate headquarters, the SOC, and a maintenance facility in addition to passengers operations at the airport. After considering putting the SOC Center in Atlanta, where AirTran has their largest hub, the decision was made to expand the facility in Orlando adjacent to AirTran's headquarters.
In October 2010, a new crew base opened at [Orlando International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport "Orlando International Airport") in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida").{{cite press release\|url\=http://pressroom.airtran.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\=201565\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=1452447\&highlight\= \|title\=Hometown Airline Announces New Pilot Base at Unveiling of State\-of\-the\-Art Operations Center \- State and Local Officials Join Airline in Celebrating Milestones\|publisher\=Pressroom.airtran.com \|date\=2010\-07\-27 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825161706/http://pressroom.airtran.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\=201565\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=1452447\&highlight\=\|archive\-date\=August 25, 2013}} The base initially employed 100 pilots, including a chief pilot.
In April 2011, AirTran had the best safety record among U.S. carriers as measured by the number of incidents such as bird strikes. AirTran was first with only 0\.0000196 incidents per flight, Southwest second with 0\.0000203, and US Airways third with 0\.0000203 incidents per flight. Bill Voss, who was then head of the Flight Safety Foundation, said "the safety record in the U.S. is so good that it's very difficult to find enough accidents or incidents to draw much of a conclusion about who's safest."[7 Safest U.S. Airlines, But Who's Counting?](https://abcnews.go.com/Business/safest-us-airlines-airtran-airways-safest-fewest-incidents/story?id=13347280), ABC News, Alan Farnham, April 11, 2011\.
Prior to the winding down of the airline, AirTran grew to serve more than 70 cities coast\-to\-coast as well as in the Caribbean and Mexico. It has over 700 daily flights and 8,500 crew members, serving nearly 25 million passengers per year.
#### Buyout and wind\-down
On September 27, 2010, [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines "Southwest Airlines") announced they would acquire AirTran Airways and parent [AirTran Holdings](/wiki/AirTran_Holdings "AirTran Holdings") for a total cost of $1\.4 billion. The acquisition gave Southwest a significant presence at many of AirTran's hubs, such as [Atlanta](/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport "Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport") (then the largest U.S. city without Southwest service) and [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport "Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport") as well as expanded service in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport "Baltimore/Washington International Airport") and [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport "Orlando International Airport"). With the acquisition, Southwest added international service to several leisure destinations such as [Cancún](/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn%2C_Mexico "Cancún, Mexico"), [Montego Bay](/wiki/Montego_Bay "Montego Bay"), and [Aruba](/wiki/Aruba "Aruba"). Southwest integrated AirTran's fleet of [Boeing 737\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation%23737-700 "Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-700") series aircraft into Southwest Airlines brand and livery, and the [Boeing 717\-200](/wiki/Boeing_717 "Boeing 717") fleet was then leased out to [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") starting in mid\-2013\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southwest\-airlines\-delta\-air\-lines\-and\-boeing\-capital\-reach\-a\-tentative\-agreement\-to\-sublease\-airtran\-boeing\-717\-fleet\-2012\-05\-22\|work\=MarketWatch\|title\=Southwest Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Boeing Capital reach a tentative Agreement to Sublease AirTran Boeing 717 Fleet\|date\=May 22, 2012\|access\-date\=June 12, 2012\|archive\-date\=May 26, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235140/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southwest\-airlines\-delta\-air\-lines\-and\-boeing\-capital\-reach\-a\-tentative\-agreement\-to\-sublease\-airtran\-boeing\-717\-fleet\-2012\-05\-22\|url\-status\=dead}} The airlines planned to have the acquisition completed and finalized within two years, with the two carriers operating as separate airlines in the interim.{{Cite news\| url\=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010\-09\-27/southwest\-agrees\-to\-buy\-airtran\-for\-1\-4\-billion.html \| work\=Bloomberg BusinessWeek \| title\=Southwest Agrees to Buy AirTran for $1\.4 Billion \| date\=September 27, 2010 \| access\-date\=September 27, 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100930190128/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010\-09\-27/southwest\-agrees\-to\-buy\-airtran\-for\-1\-4\-billion.html\| archive\-date\= 30 September 2010 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite news\| url\=https://money.cnn.com/2010/09/27/news/companies/southwest\_airtran/index.htm?cnn\=yes \| work\=CNN \| first\=Aaron \| last\=Smith \| title\=Southwest to acquire AirTran \| date\=September 27, 2010}}[http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news\-and\-updates/](http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news-and-updates/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930201817/http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news\-and\-updates/\|date\=September 30, 2010}} The deal closed on May 2, 2011, and a single operating certificate for the combined carrier was achieved on March 1, 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/os\-southwest\-airtran\-deal\-20110421,0,6990592\.story?track\=rss \|title\=Topic Galleries \|publisher\=OrlandoSentinel.com \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07 }}{{Dead link\|date\=October 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Total integration of all employee groups between the two carriers was completed in 2015\.
On February 14, 2013, [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines "Southwest Airlines") announced that they had begun [codesharing](/wiki/Codeshare_agreement "Codeshare agreement") with AirTran. They took the first step on January 25, 2013 by launching shared itineraries in five markets. Southwest continued launching shared itineraries with 39 more markets beginning February 25, 2013\. By April 2013, shared itineraries were scheduled to be available in all Southwest and AirTran cities (both domestic and international).{{cite press release\|url\=http://swamedia.com/releases/southwest\-airlines\-and\-airtran\-airways\-begin\-connecting\-networks \|title\=Southwest Airlines And AirTran Airways Begin Connecting Networks\|publisher\=Southwest Airlines\|date\=2013\-02\-14 \|access\-date\=2013\-04\-07}}
Southwest announced that the integration would be completed on December 28, 2014, with AirTran Airways Flight 1 as the final scheduled departure for the airline, flying with a Boeing 717\-200 (N717JL) from Atlanta's Hartsfield\-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) to Tampa International Airport (TPA). The flight used the callsign "Critter" as a nod to ValuJet. This route and flight number had been ValuJet's first flight.{{cite web\|url\=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/southwest\-airlines\-announces\-flights\-dallas\-151000270\.html \|title\=Southwest Airlines Announces New Flights For Dallas And D.C. Travelers; New Service To Mexico City And Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, Now On Sale \|date\=May 19, 2014 \|publisher\=PRNewswire \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520074407/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/southwest\-airlines\-announces\-flights\-dallas\-151000270\.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-05\-20 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Establishment \\& early years",
"[thumb\\|An AirTran [Boeing 737\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_737 \"Boeing 737\") in the original livery at [Orlando International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport \"Orlando International Airport\")](/wiki/File:Boeing_737-222%2C_AirTran_AN0370413.jpg \"Boeing 737-222, AirTran AN0370413.jpg\")\nAirTran Airways was founded in 1993 as **Conquest Sun Airlines**{{cite web \\|url\\=http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/NameHistory?aggregateId\\=forp\\-f93000005854\\-71077dbb\\-755e\\-43e6\\-8bfc\\-e1c87297461c\\&entityId\\=F93000005854\\&CurrentPage\\=0\\&SearchTerm\\=airtran\\&InquiryType\\=EntityName\\&inquiryDirectionType\\=CurrentList\\&SearchNameOrder\\=AIRTRANAIRWAYS%20F930000058541\\&ListNameOrder\\=AIRTRANAIRLINES%20F930000043331 \\|title\\=NAME CHANGE AMENDMENT}} AIRTRAN AIRWAYS, INC. Name History, Florida Corporations Database and began operations as a start up [Boeing 737\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_737-200 \"Boeing 737-200\") operator with service to and from [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\").",
"AirTran Airways was established by both the management of Destination Sun Airways and the management of [regional airline](/wiki/Regional_airline \"Regional airline\") [Conquest Airlines](/wiki/Conquest_Airlines \"Conquest Airlines\"). The establishment of Destination Sun Airways is unclear. It is claimed {{By whom\\|date\\=September 2020}} that Destination Sun was established in 1991 by former [Northeastern International Airways](/wiki/Northeastern_International_Airways \"Northeastern International Airways\") CEO Guy Lindley and that the airline was formerly known as SunExpress and based in [Fort Lauderdale, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%2C_Florida \"Fort Lauderdale, Florida\"). Another source claimed that Destination Sun was established in 1990 by a bunch of pilots that are presumably ex\\-[Eastern Air Lines](/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines \"Eastern Air Lines\") pilots since it was claimed later on by the AirTran management that the establishment of AirTran involved former Eastern Air Lines employees. Meanwhile, Conquest Airlines was founded by Rafael Rivas and Victor Rivas in April 1988 in [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"). Victor Rivas, co\\-founder of Conquest Airlines, was also heavily involved in the establishment of Conquest Sun Airlines.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Historical question about AirTran \\|url\\=https://www.flyertalk.com/forum/airtran\\-airways\\-rewards/1240838\\-historical\\-question\\-about\\-airtran.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-18 \\|website\\=FlyerTalk Forums \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite court\\|litigants\\=Steward v. Mann (2003\\)\\|reporter\\=U.S.\\|opinion\\=02\\-15185\\|court\\=United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.\\|date\\=December 04, 2003\\|url\\=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us\\-11th\\-circuit/1061853\\.html}}",
"In 1994, the airline was purchased by the AirTran Corporation, which was the holding company of the [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\")\\-based [Mesaba Airlines](/wiki/Mesaba_Airlines \"Mesaba Airlines\"), an operating carrier for [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines \"Northwest Airlines\")'s [Northwest Airlink](/wiki/Northwest_Airlink \"Northwest Airlink\") that had hubs in Minneapolis and [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"). After the purchase, the airline was renamed from Conquest Sun Airlines to **AirTran Airways** to reflect the name of the holding company. The airline moved its headquarters to [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\") and grew to 11 Boeing 737 aircraft, serving 24 cities in the Eastern and Midwestern United States, providing low\\-fare leisure travel to Orlando.",
"In 1995, AirTran Corporation created a new subsidiary called Airways Corporation and placed AirTran Airways under the new subsidiary; AirTran Corporation then spun off the new Airways Corporation as an independent holding company which includes AirTran Airways. After the spun off, AirTran Corporation was renamed to Mesaba Holdings after its subsidiary Mesaba Airlines to distance itself from AirTran Airways. AirTran Corporation/Mesaba Holdings was finally renamed to [MAIR Holdings](/wiki/MAIR_Holdings \"MAIR Holdings\"), which was finally dissolved in July 2012\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-22 \\|title\\=UPDATE 1\\-Mesaba Air to exit bankruptcy as Northwest unit \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/mair\\-northwest\\-bankruptcy\\-idUKN2217740020070122 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-28}}",
"### Merger with ValuJet",
"{{see also\\|ValuJet Airlines}}",
"#### The process",
"On July 10, 1997, ValuJet, Inc., the parent company of the struggling [ValuJet Airlines](/wiki/ValuJet_Airlines \"ValuJet Airlines\"), entered into an agreement to acquire AirTran Airways and its parent Airways Corporation. After the crashes of [ValuJet Flight 597](/wiki/ValuJet_Flight_597 \"ValuJet Flight 597\") and [ValuJet Flight 592](/wiki/ValuJet_Flight_592 \"ValuJet Flight 592\"), ValuJet suffered due to the perception of a lax safety culture, putting its business in jeopardy.[ValuJet Airlines\\#Fallout from the crash of Flight 592](/wiki/ValuJet_Airlines%23Fallout_from_the_crash_of_Flight_592 \"ValuJet Airlines#Fallout from the crash of Flight 592\")",
"ValuJet purchased Airways Corporation on November 17, 1997\\. On that date, AirTran Airways and its parent Airways Corporation became subsidiaries of ValuJet. The ValuJet holding company changed its name to [AirTran Holdings, Inc.](/wiki/AirTran_Holdings%2C_Inc. \"AirTran Holdings, Inc.\") and renamed ValuJet Airlines to AirTran Airlines. AirTran Holdings then operated two airlines with the AirTran name: AirTran Airways and AirTran Airlines (formerly ValuJet Airlines).{{Cite web \\|title\\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS INC 10\\-K 19971205 \\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/914277/0000931763\\-97\\-002099\\.txt \\|website\\=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS INC 10\\-K 19980102 \\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/914277/0000931763\\-98\\-000002\\.txt \\|website\\=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS INC 10\\-K 19980327 \\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/948846/0000931763\\-98\\-000779\\.txt \\|website\\=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}} AirTran Holdings retained ValuJet's stock price history. The AirTran name was chosen by the merged airline's management in hopes of distancing itself from the troubled ValuJet past. AirTran Holdings moved its headquarters to the AirTran Airways headquarters in Orlando on January 28, 1998, while ValuJet's [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\") hub remained the hub for the combined AirTran Airways/Airlines operation.",
"In April 1998, AirTran Holdings transferred all of AirTran Airlines' fleet and operations to AirTran Airways and canceled AirTran Airlines' FAA certificate. AirTran Airways now became the only airline operator for AirTran Holdings and AirTran Airlines became an inactive subsidiary of AirTran Holdings. In August 1999, AirTran Airlines was merged into AirTran Airways, legally ending the ValuJet legacy.{{Cite web \\|title\\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS INC 20000330 \\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/948846/000093176300000724/0000931763\\-00\\-000724\\.txt \\|website\\=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=AIRTRAN HOLDINGS, INC. 2001 FORM 10\\-K \\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/948846/000094884602000006/f10k\\_2001\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-09 \\|website\\=www.sec.gov}}",
"#### Criticism",
"Even though AirTran Airways was the surviving airline with its absorption of the former ValuJet Airlines which ended its operations as AirTran Airlines, ValuJet Airlines was the nominal corporate survivor of the merger. ValuJet's management team ran the merged airline, and all SEC filings prior to 1997 were under ValuJet, not AirTran. Adding to the confusion, AirTran management did not put an effort into explaining the correct history of AirTran thoroughly.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/history.aspx \\|title\\=AirTran Airways History \\|year\\=2011 \\|work\\=airtranairways.com \\|publisher\\=AirTran Airways \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-10 \\|quote\\=In 1992, the predecessor airline, ValuJet Airlines was founded by airline industry veterans...\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101201144350/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/history.aspx\\| archive\\-date\\= 1 December 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"The AirTran airline operation received criticism for the name change with *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* magazine writing, \"In a corporate disappearing act, the troubled airline bought a smaller rival and adopted its name, becoming AirTran Airways.\"{{Cite news \\|date\\=2010\\-02\\-08 \\|title\\=Top 10 Worst Corporate Name Changes \\|url\\=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1914815\\_1914808\\_1914788,00\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-09 \\|work\\=Time \\|issn\\=0040\\-781X}} The *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* wrote in the Summer of 1997, \"After more than a year of reminding too many people of a disaster rather than low fares, ValuJet on Thursday said it would take a new name. ValuJet is buying a much smaller airline, AirTran Airways, from Airways Corp. for $66\\.3 million worth of stock and taking its name.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1997\\-jul\\-11\\-fi\\-11690\\-story.html\\|title\\=ValuJet Buys Airline \\-\\-and a New Name\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=July 11, 1997\\|quote\\=ValuJet will be named AirTran Airlines and operate as a sister carrier to AirTran Airways. That way, the two keep their separate federal operating certificates, keeping the FAA out of the deal.\\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}",
"In an article in *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")* entitled \"The Lessons of ValuJet 592,\" William Langewiesche presents a case in which the May 11, 1996 crash in the Florida Everglades as an example of a [system accident](/wiki/System_accident \"System accident\"), in which the complexity of the overall operation was the major contributing factor.Langewiesche, William (March 1998\\). [The Lessons of Valujet 592](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/03/the-lessons-of-valujet-592/6534/4/), *The Atlantic*. Langewiesche writes, 'Conventional accidents — those I call procedural or engineered — will submit to our solutions, but as air travel continues to expand, we can expect capricious system accidents to blossom. Understanding why might keep us from making the system even more complex, and therefore perhaps more dangerous, too.' Taking a contrary position, Brian Stimpson argues in the *Manitoba Professional Engineer* that there are other examples of studied complex operations which have been routinely performed safely for many years, with such examples including large aircraft carriers and the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Station in California.Stimpson, Brian (Oct. 1998\\). [Operating Highly Complex and Hazardous Technological Systems Without Mistakes: The Wrong Lessons from ValuJet 592](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004115/http://www.cns-snc.ca/branches/manitoba/valujet.html), *Manitoba Professional Engineer*. Stimpson argues that complex systems can be operated safely. Regarding Nimitz\\-class aircraft carriers, he writes, ' . . However, when the aircraft carrier \\[Nimitz\\-class] goes into \"active\" mode and planes are landing and being launched, there is a vital change. Co\\-operation and communication largely override hierarchical position. There is no time for instructions to move up and down a chain of command. Team play, constant communication (telephone, radio, hand signals, writing), watching colleagues' actions, and the oversight of more experienced personnel who monitor activities, mean that mistakes are rare and can often be corrected before harm is done. . '",
"AirTran made almost no mention of its ValuJet past. However, on the tenth anniversary of the Flight 592 crash, AirTran made no major corporate announcements out of respect for the victims' families.Huettel, Steve. [10 years after tragedy, AirTran flies on](http://www.tampabay.com/2006/05/11/Business/10_years_after_traged.shtml) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012092333/http://www.tampabay.com/2006/05/11/Business/10\\_years\\_after\\_traged.shtml \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-12 }}. [St. Petersburg Times](/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times \"St. Petersburg Times\"), 2006\\-05\\-11\\.",
"### Turnaround",
"In January 1999, a new management team led by Joe Leonard, a veteran of [Eastern Air Lines](/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines \"Eastern Air Lines\"), and [Robert L. Fornaro](/wiki/Robert_L._Fornaro \"Robert L. Fornaro\"), of [US Airways](/wiki/US_Airways \"US Airways\"), took the reins at the airline. The two recruited a new senior management team, including Stephen J. Kolski, Operations, Kevin P. Healy,{{cite web\\|title\\=Healy to Head AirTran Planing\\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/1999/04/26/daily17\\.html\\|publisher\\=Orlando Business Journal}} Planning, and Loral Blinde, Human Resources. The immediate goals were to stabilize the balance sheet and prepare to refinance debt due in early 2000, fix the operations, increase and establish revenue streams and prepare for delivery and operation of the [Boeing 717](/wiki/Boeing_717 \"Boeing 717\"). AirTran was the launch customer and ultimately the largest operator of this brand new aircraft. At the same time, Leonard was determined to not only lead the turn around of the carrier, but establish a culture of trust and entrepreneurship at AirTran.",
"### 2000s",
"[thumb\\|AirTran received the last Boeing 717 built in 2006](/wiki/File:SAVairtran.JPG \"SAVairtran.JPG\")",
"In 1999, AirTran reported a $30 million operating profit.",
"On August 15, 2001, the company's stock began trading under the ticker symbol AAI on the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange \"New York Stock Exchange\").",
"In 2002, AirTran created a regional brand, [AirTran JetConnect](/wiki/AirTran_JetConnect \"AirTran JetConnect\"), operated by [Air Wisconsin](/wiki/Air_Wisconsin \"Air Wisconsin\").",
"In 2003, following an order for 100 [Boeing 737\\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737-700 \"Boeing 737-700\") aircraft, AirTran began service to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")'s [Reagan National Airport](/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport \"Reagan National Airport\") and to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport \"San Francisco International Airport\").",
"On January 5, 2004, AirTran's last [McDonnell Douglas DC\\-9\\-30](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-30 \"McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30\") was retired, leaving it with a fleet of more than 70 [Boeing 717\\-200s](/wiki/Boeing_717-200 \"Boeing 717-200\"). Shortly after, the first Boeing 737\\-700 entered AirTran's fleet in June 2004\\.",
"In August 2004, AirTran JetConnect (operated by Air Wisconsin) ceased all operations.",
"On May 23, 2006, AirTran accepted one of the last two Boeing 717s delivered in a ceremony with [Midwest Airlines](/wiki/Midwest_Airlines \"Midwest Airlines\"), who accepted the other 717\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airtran.com/aircraft/new\\_717\\_jets.aspx \\|title\\=New 717 Jets – AirTran Airways \\|publisher\\=Airtran.com \\|date\\=2006\\-05\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920055048/http://www.airtran.com/aircraft/new\\_717\\_jets.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2012}} Boeing closed the 717 line due to poor sales.",
"In November 2007, [Robert L. Fornaro](/wiki/Robert_L._Fornaro \"Robert L. Fornaro\") took over as CEO, as well as president.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/transition.aspx \\|title\\=Robert L. Fornaro, CEO \\|publisher\\=AirTran Airways \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307233406/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/transition.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=March 7, 2012}} Joe Leonard remained chairman of the Board of Directors until June 2008\\. Upon his retirement, Fornaro then became chairman making him chairman, president and CEO.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/history.aspx \\|title\\=History \\|publisher\\=AirTran Airways \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925061409/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/history.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2012}}",
"In 2009, AirTran was the first major airline to have 100% of its fleet outfitted with [Gogo Inflight Internet](/wiki/Gogo_Inflight_Internet \"Gogo Inflight Internet\"), although other airlines had begun adding Internet before AirTran.",
"By 2009, AirTran underwent major expansion in smaller cities such as [Yeager Airport](/wiki/Yeager_Airport \"Yeager Airport\") (Charleston, W.V.); [Asheville Regional Airport](/wiki/Asheville_Regional_Airport \"Asheville Regional Airport\"), N.C.; and [Harrisburg International Airport](/wiki/Harrisburg_International_Airport \"Harrisburg International Airport\"), Pa.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airtran.com/route\\-map/new\\_routes.aspx \\|title\\=Route Map – AirTran Airways \\|publisher\\=Airtran.com \\|date\\=2004\\-05\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004103/http://www.airtran.com/route\\-map/new\\_routes.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2011}}",
"#### Failed acquisitions",
"{{see also\\|AirTran Holdings\\#Proposed AirTran Holding acquisition of Midwest Airlines Group}}\nIn 2004, AirTran sought a major expansion at Chicago\\-Midway Airport by buying the leases of [ATA Airlines](/wiki/ATA_Airlines \"ATA Airlines\")' 14 gates. [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines \"Southwest Airlines\") made a higher bid for the gates, and AirTran lost the deal.",
"In December 2006, Air Tran Holdings announced that it had been trying to acquire [Midwest Air Group](/wiki/Midwest_Air_Group \"Midwest Air Group\"). On August 12, 2007, AirTran announced its attempt to purchase [Midwest Airlines](/wiki/Midwest_Airlines \"Midwest Airlines\") had expired, while [TPG Capital](/wiki/TPG_Capital \"TPG Capital\"), in partnership with [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines \"Northwest Airlines\"), had entered into an agreement to purchase Midwest Airlines for an amount larger than the AirTran Airways' proposal. However, on August 14, 2007, AirTran increased its offer to the equivalent of $16\\.25 a share, slightly more than the $16 a share from TPG Capital investors group.{{cite web \\|last\\=Daykin \\|first\\=Tom \\|url\\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=646916 \\|title\\=AirTran circles back \\|publisher\\=Jsonline.com \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411092309/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=646916 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-11 }} However, Midwest announced TPG would increase its offer to $17 per share and a definitive agreement had been reached late on August 16, 2007\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Daykin \\|first\\=Tom \\|url\\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=648565 \\|title\\=TPG to acquire Midwest \\|publisher\\=Jsonline.com \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125010/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=648565 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-29 }}",
"On September 21, 2007, AirTran pilots, represented by the National Pilots Association, rejected the carrier's contract proposal. Two weeks earlier, the pilots voted to dump the union president and vice president. On April 10, 2009, 87% of the pilots at AirTran voted to merge the National Pilots Association with the world's largest pilot union, [Air Line Pilots Association](/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association%2C_International \"Air Line Pilots Association, International\") (ALPA).{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
"### 2010s",
"[thumb\\|left\\|An AirTran 737\\-700 which the airline continued to receive until the acquisition by Southwest](/wiki/File:N272AT_%286951238597%29.jpg \"N272AT (6951238597).jpg\")\nOn April 6, 2010, AirTran Airways opened their second crew base, at [General Mitchell International Airport](/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport \"Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport\") in Milwaukee, the same day they officially announced Milwaukee as their second hub.",
"On July 27, 2010, AirTran Airways hosted the grand opening of their new System Operations Control (SOC) Center at Orlando International Airport. This {{convert\\|16000\\|sqft\\|m2\\|adj\\=on}}, $6\\.9 million, state\\-of\\-the\\-art command center served as the 24\\-hour nerve center for the entire airline with over 700 flights per day. The company employed more than 1,000 crew members in central Florida at several facilities, including their corporate headquarters, the SOC, and a maintenance facility in addition to passengers operations at the airport. After considering putting the SOC Center in Atlanta, where AirTran has their largest hub, the decision was made to expand the facility in Orlando adjacent to AirTran's headquarters.",
"In October 2010, a new crew base opened at [Orlando International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport \"Orlando International Airport\") in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\").{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://pressroom.airtran.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=201565\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=1452447\\&highlight\\= \\|title\\=Hometown Airline Announces New Pilot Base at Unveiling of State\\-of\\-the\\-Art Operations Center \\- State and Local Officials Join Airline in Celebrating Milestones\\|publisher\\=Pressroom.airtran.com \\|date\\=2010\\-07\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825161706/http://pressroom.airtran.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=201565\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=1452447\\&highlight\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2013}} The base initially employed 100 pilots, including a chief pilot.",
"In April 2011, AirTran had the best safety record among U.S. carriers as measured by the number of incidents such as bird strikes. AirTran was first with only 0\\.0000196 incidents per flight, Southwest second with 0\\.0000203, and US Airways third with 0\\.0000203 incidents per flight. Bill Voss, who was then head of the Flight Safety Foundation, said \"the safety record in the U.S. is so good that it's very difficult to find enough accidents or incidents to draw much of a conclusion about who's safest.\"[7 Safest U.S. Airlines, But Who's Counting?](https://abcnews.go.com/Business/safest-us-airlines-airtran-airways-safest-fewest-incidents/story?id=13347280), ABC News, Alan Farnham, April 11, 2011\\.",
"Prior to the winding down of the airline, AirTran grew to serve more than 70 cities coast\\-to\\-coast as well as in the Caribbean and Mexico. It has over 700 daily flights and 8,500 crew members, serving nearly 25 million passengers per year.",
"#### Buyout and wind\\-down",
"On September 27, 2010, [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines \"Southwest Airlines\") announced they would acquire AirTran Airways and parent [AirTran Holdings](/wiki/AirTran_Holdings \"AirTran Holdings\") for a total cost of $1\\.4 billion. The acquisition gave Southwest a significant presence at many of AirTran's hubs, such as [Atlanta](/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport \"Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport\") (then the largest U.S. city without Southwest service) and [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport \"Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport\") as well as expanded service in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport \"Baltimore/Washington International Airport\") and [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport \"Orlando International Airport\"). With the acquisition, Southwest added international service to several leisure destinations such as [Cancún](/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn%2C_Mexico \"Cancún, Mexico\"), [Montego Bay](/wiki/Montego_Bay \"Montego Bay\"), and [Aruba](/wiki/Aruba \"Aruba\"). Southwest integrated AirTran's fleet of [Boeing 737\\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation%23737-700 \"Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-700\") series aircraft into Southwest Airlines brand and livery, and the [Boeing 717\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_717 \"Boeing 717\") fleet was then leased out to [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") starting in mid\\-2013\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southwest\\-airlines\\-delta\\-air\\-lines\\-and\\-boeing\\-capital\\-reach\\-a\\-tentative\\-agreement\\-to\\-sublease\\-airtran\\-boeing\\-717\\-fleet\\-2012\\-05\\-22\\|work\\=MarketWatch\\|title\\=Southwest Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Boeing Capital reach a tentative Agreement to Sublease AirTran Boeing 717 Fleet\\|date\\=May 22, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235140/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southwest\\-airlines\\-delta\\-air\\-lines\\-and\\-boeing\\-capital\\-reach\\-a\\-tentative\\-agreement\\-to\\-sublease\\-airtran\\-boeing\\-717\\-fleet\\-2012\\-05\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The airlines planned to have the acquisition completed and finalized within two years, with the two carriers operating as separate airlines in the interim.{{Cite news\\| url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010\\-09\\-27/southwest\\-agrees\\-to\\-buy\\-airtran\\-for\\-1\\-4\\-billion.html \\| work\\=Bloomberg BusinessWeek \\| title\\=Southwest Agrees to Buy AirTran for $1\\.4 Billion \\| date\\=September 27, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=September 27, 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100930190128/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010\\-09\\-27/southwest\\-agrees\\-to\\-buy\\-airtran\\-for\\-1\\-4\\-billion.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 30 September 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite news\\| url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2010/09/27/news/companies/southwest\\_airtran/index.htm?cnn\\=yes \\| work\\=CNN \\| first\\=Aaron \\| last\\=Smith \\| title\\=Southwest to acquire AirTran \\| date\\=September 27, 2010}}[http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news\\-and\\-updates/](http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news-and-updates/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930201817/http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news\\-and\\-updates/\\|date\\=September 30, 2010}} The deal closed on May 2, 2011, and a single operating certificate for the combined carrier was achieved on March 1, 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/os\\-southwest\\-airtran\\-deal\\-20110421,0,6990592\\.story?track\\=rss \\|title\\=Topic Galleries \\|publisher\\=OrlandoSentinel.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Total integration of all employee groups between the two carriers was completed in 2015\\.",
"On February 14, 2013, [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines \"Southwest Airlines\") announced that they had begun [codesharing](/wiki/Codeshare_agreement \"Codeshare agreement\") with AirTran. They took the first step on January 25, 2013 by launching shared itineraries in five markets. Southwest continued launching shared itineraries with 39 more markets beginning February 25, 2013\\. By April 2013, shared itineraries were scheduled to be available in all Southwest and AirTran cities (both domestic and international).{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://swamedia.com/releases/southwest\\-airlines\\-and\\-airtran\\-airways\\-begin\\-connecting\\-networks \\|title\\=Southwest Airlines And AirTran Airways Begin Connecting Networks\\|publisher\\=Southwest Airlines\\|date\\=2013\\-02\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-07}}",
"Southwest announced that the integration would be completed on December 28, 2014, with AirTran Airways Flight 1 as the final scheduled departure for the airline, flying with a Boeing 717\\-200 (N717JL) from Atlanta's Hartsfield\\-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) to Tampa International Airport (TPA). The flight used the callsign \"Critter\" as a nod to ValuJet. This route and flight number had been ValuJet's first flight.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/southwest\\-airlines\\-announces\\-flights\\-dallas\\-151000270\\.html \\|title\\=Southwest Airlines Announces New Flights For Dallas And D.C. Travelers; New Service To Mexico City And Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, Now On Sale \\|date\\=May 19, 2014 \\|publisher\\=PRNewswire \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520074407/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/southwest\\-airlines\\-announces\\-flights\\-dallas\\-151000270\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-05\\-20 }}",
""
] |
### 2000s
[thumb\|AirTran received the last Boeing 717 built in 2006](/wiki/File:SAVairtran.JPG "SAVairtran.JPG")
In 1999, AirTran reported a $30 million operating profit.
On August 15, 2001, the company's stock began trading under the ticker symbol AAI on the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange").
In 2002, AirTran created a regional brand, [AirTran JetConnect](/wiki/AirTran_JetConnect "AirTran JetConnect"), operated by [Air Wisconsin](/wiki/Air_Wisconsin "Air Wisconsin").
In 2003, following an order for 100 [Boeing 737\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737-700 "Boeing 737-700") aircraft, AirTran began service to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")'s [Reagan National Airport](/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport "Reagan National Airport") and to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport "San Francisco International Airport").
On January 5, 2004, AirTran's last [McDonnell Douglas DC\-9\-30](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-30 "McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30") was retired, leaving it with a fleet of more than 70 [Boeing 717\-200s](/wiki/Boeing_717-200 "Boeing 717-200"). Shortly after, the first Boeing 737\-700 entered AirTran's fleet in June 2004\.
In August 2004, AirTran JetConnect (operated by Air Wisconsin) ceased all operations.
On May 23, 2006, AirTran accepted one of the last two Boeing 717s delivered in a ceremony with [Midwest Airlines](/wiki/Midwest_Airlines "Midwest Airlines"), who accepted the other 717\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airtran.com/aircraft/new\_717\_jets.aspx \|title\=New 717 Jets – AirTran Airways \|publisher\=Airtran.com \|date\=2006\-05\-23 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920055048/http://www.airtran.com/aircraft/new\_717\_jets.aspx\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2012}} Boeing closed the 717 line due to poor sales.
In November 2007, [Robert L. Fornaro](/wiki/Robert_L._Fornaro "Robert L. Fornaro") took over as CEO, as well as president.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/transition.aspx \|title\=Robert L. Fornaro, CEO \|publisher\=AirTran Airways \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307233406/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/transition.aspx\|archive\-date\=March 7, 2012}} Joe Leonard remained chairman of the Board of Directors until June 2008\. Upon his retirement, Fornaro then became chairman making him chairman, president and CEO.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/history.aspx \|title\=History \|publisher\=AirTran Airways \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925061409/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\-us/history.aspx\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2012}}
In 2009, AirTran was the first major airline to have 100% of its fleet outfitted with [Gogo Inflight Internet](/wiki/Gogo_Inflight_Internet "Gogo Inflight Internet"), although other airlines had begun adding Internet before AirTran.
By 2009, AirTran underwent major expansion in smaller cities such as [Yeager Airport](/wiki/Yeager_Airport "Yeager Airport") (Charleston, W.V.); [Asheville Regional Airport](/wiki/Asheville_Regional_Airport "Asheville Regional Airport"), N.C.; and [Harrisburg International Airport](/wiki/Harrisburg_International_Airport "Harrisburg International Airport"), Pa.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.airtran.com/route\-map/new\_routes.aspx \|title\=Route Map – AirTran Airways \|publisher\=Airtran.com \|date\=2004\-05\-01 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004103/http://www.airtran.com/route\-map/new\_routes.aspx\|archive\-date\=September 27, 2011}}
#### Failed acquisitions
{{see also\|AirTran Holdings\#Proposed AirTran Holding acquisition of Midwest Airlines Group}}
In 2004, AirTran sought a major expansion at Chicago\-Midway Airport by buying the leases of [ATA Airlines](/wiki/ATA_Airlines "ATA Airlines")' 14 gates. [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines "Southwest Airlines") made a higher bid for the gates, and AirTran lost the deal.
In December 2006, Air Tran Holdings announced that it had been trying to acquire [Midwest Air Group](/wiki/Midwest_Air_Group "Midwest Air Group"). On August 12, 2007, AirTran announced its attempt to purchase [Midwest Airlines](/wiki/Midwest_Airlines "Midwest Airlines") had expired, while [TPG Capital](/wiki/TPG_Capital "TPG Capital"), in partnership with [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines "Northwest Airlines"), had entered into an agreement to purchase Midwest Airlines for an amount larger than the AirTran Airways' proposal. However, on August 14, 2007, AirTran increased its offer to the equivalent of $16\.25 a share, slightly more than the $16 a share from TPG Capital investors group.{{cite web \|last\=Daykin \|first\=Tom \|url\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=646916 \|title\=AirTran circles back \|publisher\=Jsonline.com \|date\=2007\-08\-15 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411092309/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=646916 \|archive\-date\=2008\-04\-11 }} However, Midwest announced TPG would increase its offer to $17 per share and a definitive agreement had been reached late on August 16, 2007\.{{cite web\|last\=Daykin \|first\=Tom \|url\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=648565 \|title\=TPG to acquire Midwest \|publisher\=Jsonline.com \|date\=2007\-08\-17 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125010/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=648565 \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-29 }}
On September 21, 2007, AirTran pilots, represented by the National Pilots Association, rejected the carrier's contract proposal. Two weeks earlier, the pilots voted to dump the union president and vice president. On April 10, 2009, 87% of the pilots at AirTran voted to merge the National Pilots Association with the world's largest pilot union, [Air Line Pilots Association](/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association%2C_International "Air Line Pilots Association, International") (ALPA).{{citation needed\|date\=March 2022}}
|
[
"### 2000s",
"[thumb\\|AirTran received the last Boeing 717 built in 2006](/wiki/File:SAVairtran.JPG \"SAVairtran.JPG\")",
"In 1999, AirTran reported a $30 million operating profit.",
"On August 15, 2001, the company's stock began trading under the ticker symbol AAI on the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange \"New York Stock Exchange\").",
"In 2002, AirTran created a regional brand, [AirTran JetConnect](/wiki/AirTran_JetConnect \"AirTran JetConnect\"), operated by [Air Wisconsin](/wiki/Air_Wisconsin \"Air Wisconsin\").",
"In 2003, following an order for 100 [Boeing 737\\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737-700 \"Boeing 737-700\") aircraft, AirTran began service to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")'s [Reagan National Airport](/wiki/Reagan_National_Airport \"Reagan National Airport\") and to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport \"San Francisco International Airport\").",
"On January 5, 2004, AirTran's last [McDonnell Douglas DC\\-9\\-30](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-30 \"McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30\") was retired, leaving it with a fleet of more than 70 [Boeing 717\\-200s](/wiki/Boeing_717-200 \"Boeing 717-200\"). Shortly after, the first Boeing 737\\-700 entered AirTran's fleet in June 2004\\.",
"In August 2004, AirTran JetConnect (operated by Air Wisconsin) ceased all operations.",
"On May 23, 2006, AirTran accepted one of the last two Boeing 717s delivered in a ceremony with [Midwest Airlines](/wiki/Midwest_Airlines \"Midwest Airlines\"), who accepted the other 717\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airtran.com/aircraft/new\\_717\\_jets.aspx \\|title\\=New 717 Jets – AirTran Airways \\|publisher\\=Airtran.com \\|date\\=2006\\-05\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920055048/http://www.airtran.com/aircraft/new\\_717\\_jets.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2012}} Boeing closed the 717 line due to poor sales.",
"In November 2007, [Robert L. Fornaro](/wiki/Robert_L._Fornaro \"Robert L. Fornaro\") took over as CEO, as well as president.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/transition.aspx \\|title\\=Robert L. Fornaro, CEO \\|publisher\\=AirTran Airways \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307233406/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/transition.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=March 7, 2012}} Joe Leonard remained chairman of the Board of Directors until June 2008\\. Upon his retirement, Fornaro then became chairman making him chairman, president and CEO.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/history.aspx \\|title\\=History \\|publisher\\=AirTran Airways \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925061409/http://www.airtranairways.com/about\\-us/history.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2012}}",
"In 2009, AirTran was the first major airline to have 100% of its fleet outfitted with [Gogo Inflight Internet](/wiki/Gogo_Inflight_Internet \"Gogo Inflight Internet\"), although other airlines had begun adding Internet before AirTran.",
"By 2009, AirTran underwent major expansion in smaller cities such as [Yeager Airport](/wiki/Yeager_Airport \"Yeager Airport\") (Charleston, W.V.); [Asheville Regional Airport](/wiki/Asheville_Regional_Airport \"Asheville Regional Airport\"), N.C.; and [Harrisburg International Airport](/wiki/Harrisburg_International_Airport \"Harrisburg International Airport\"), Pa.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.airtran.com/route\\-map/new\\_routes.aspx \\|title\\=Route Map – AirTran Airways \\|publisher\\=Airtran.com \\|date\\=2004\\-05\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004103/http://www.airtran.com/route\\-map/new\\_routes.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2011}}",
"#### Failed acquisitions",
"{{see also\\|AirTran Holdings\\#Proposed AirTran Holding acquisition of Midwest Airlines Group}}\nIn 2004, AirTran sought a major expansion at Chicago\\-Midway Airport by buying the leases of [ATA Airlines](/wiki/ATA_Airlines \"ATA Airlines\")' 14 gates. [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines \"Southwest Airlines\") made a higher bid for the gates, and AirTran lost the deal.",
"In December 2006, Air Tran Holdings announced that it had been trying to acquire [Midwest Air Group](/wiki/Midwest_Air_Group \"Midwest Air Group\"). On August 12, 2007, AirTran announced its attempt to purchase [Midwest Airlines](/wiki/Midwest_Airlines \"Midwest Airlines\") had expired, while [TPG Capital](/wiki/TPG_Capital \"TPG Capital\"), in partnership with [Northwest Airlines](/wiki/Northwest_Airlines \"Northwest Airlines\"), had entered into an agreement to purchase Midwest Airlines for an amount larger than the AirTran Airways' proposal. However, on August 14, 2007, AirTran increased its offer to the equivalent of $16\\.25 a share, slightly more than the $16 a share from TPG Capital investors group.{{cite web \\|last\\=Daykin \\|first\\=Tom \\|url\\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=646916 \\|title\\=AirTran circles back \\|publisher\\=Jsonline.com \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411092309/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=646916 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-11 }} However, Midwest announced TPG would increase its offer to $17 per share and a definitive agreement had been reached late on August 16, 2007\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Daykin \\|first\\=Tom \\|url\\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=648565 \\|title\\=TPG to acquire Midwest \\|publisher\\=Jsonline.com \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125010/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=648565 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-29 }}",
"On September 21, 2007, AirTran pilots, represented by the National Pilots Association, rejected the carrier's contract proposal. Two weeks earlier, the pilots voted to dump the union president and vice president. On April 10, 2009, 87% of the pilots at AirTran voted to merge the National Pilots Association with the world's largest pilot union, [Air Line Pilots Association](/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association%2C_International \"Air Line Pilots Association, International\") (ALPA).{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
""
] |
### 2010s
[thumb\|left\|An AirTran 737\-700 which the airline continued to receive until the acquisition by Southwest](/wiki/File:N272AT_%286951238597%29.jpg "N272AT (6951238597).jpg")
On April 6, 2010, AirTran Airways opened their second crew base, at [General Mitchell International Airport](/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport "Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport") in Milwaukee, the same day they officially announced Milwaukee as their second hub.
On July 27, 2010, AirTran Airways hosted the grand opening of their new System Operations Control (SOC) Center at Orlando International Airport. This {{convert\|16000\|sqft\|m2\|adj\=on}}, $6\.9 million, state\-of\-the\-art command center served as the 24\-hour nerve center for the entire airline with over 700 flights per day. The company employed more than 1,000 crew members in central Florida at several facilities, including their corporate headquarters, the SOC, and a maintenance facility in addition to passengers operations at the airport. After considering putting the SOC Center in Atlanta, where AirTran has their largest hub, the decision was made to expand the facility in Orlando adjacent to AirTran's headquarters.
In October 2010, a new crew base opened at [Orlando International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport "Orlando International Airport") in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida").{{cite press release\|url\=http://pressroom.airtran.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\=201565\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=1452447\&highlight\= \|title\=Hometown Airline Announces New Pilot Base at Unveiling of State\-of\-the\-Art Operations Center \- State and Local Officials Join Airline in Celebrating Milestones\|publisher\=Pressroom.airtran.com \|date\=2010\-07\-27 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825161706/http://pressroom.airtran.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\=201565\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=1452447\&highlight\=\|archive\-date\=August 25, 2013}} The base initially employed 100 pilots, including a chief pilot.
In April 2011, AirTran had the best safety record among U.S. carriers as measured by the number of incidents such as bird strikes. AirTran was first with only 0\.0000196 incidents per flight, Southwest second with 0\.0000203, and US Airways third with 0\.0000203 incidents per flight. Bill Voss, who was then head of the Flight Safety Foundation, said "the safety record in the U.S. is so good that it's very difficult to find enough accidents or incidents to draw much of a conclusion about who's safest."[7 Safest U.S. Airlines, But Who's Counting?](https://abcnews.go.com/Business/safest-us-airlines-airtran-airways-safest-fewest-incidents/story?id=13347280), ABC News, Alan Farnham, April 11, 2011\.
Prior to the winding down of the airline, AirTran grew to serve more than 70 cities coast\-to\-coast as well as in the Caribbean and Mexico. It has over 700 daily flights and 8,500 crew members, serving nearly 25 million passengers per year.
#### Buyout and wind\-down
On September 27, 2010, [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines "Southwest Airlines") announced they would acquire AirTran Airways and parent [AirTran Holdings](/wiki/AirTran_Holdings "AirTran Holdings") for a total cost of $1\.4 billion. The acquisition gave Southwest a significant presence at many of AirTran's hubs, such as [Atlanta](/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport "Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport") (then the largest U.S. city without Southwest service) and [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport "Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport") as well as expanded service in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport "Baltimore/Washington International Airport") and [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport "Orlando International Airport"). With the acquisition, Southwest added international service to several leisure destinations such as [Cancún](/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn%2C_Mexico "Cancún, Mexico"), [Montego Bay](/wiki/Montego_Bay "Montego Bay"), and [Aruba](/wiki/Aruba "Aruba"). Southwest integrated AirTran's fleet of [Boeing 737\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation%23737-700 "Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-700") series aircraft into Southwest Airlines brand and livery, and the [Boeing 717\-200](/wiki/Boeing_717 "Boeing 717") fleet was then leased out to [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") starting in mid\-2013\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southwest\-airlines\-delta\-air\-lines\-and\-boeing\-capital\-reach\-a\-tentative\-agreement\-to\-sublease\-airtran\-boeing\-717\-fleet\-2012\-05\-22\|work\=MarketWatch\|title\=Southwest Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Boeing Capital reach a tentative Agreement to Sublease AirTran Boeing 717 Fleet\|date\=May 22, 2012\|access\-date\=June 12, 2012\|archive\-date\=May 26, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235140/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southwest\-airlines\-delta\-air\-lines\-and\-boeing\-capital\-reach\-a\-tentative\-agreement\-to\-sublease\-airtran\-boeing\-717\-fleet\-2012\-05\-22\|url\-status\=dead}} The airlines planned to have the acquisition completed and finalized within two years, with the two carriers operating as separate airlines in the interim.{{Cite news\| url\=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010\-09\-27/southwest\-agrees\-to\-buy\-airtran\-for\-1\-4\-billion.html \| work\=Bloomberg BusinessWeek \| title\=Southwest Agrees to Buy AirTran for $1\.4 Billion \| date\=September 27, 2010 \| access\-date\=September 27, 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100930190128/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010\-09\-27/southwest\-agrees\-to\-buy\-airtran\-for\-1\-4\-billion.html\| archive\-date\= 30 September 2010 \| url\-status\= dead}}{{cite news\| url\=https://money.cnn.com/2010/09/27/news/companies/southwest\_airtran/index.htm?cnn\=yes \| work\=CNN \| first\=Aaron \| last\=Smith \| title\=Southwest to acquire AirTran \| date\=September 27, 2010}}[http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news\-and\-updates/](http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news-and-updates/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930201817/http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news\-and\-updates/\|date\=September 30, 2010}} The deal closed on May 2, 2011, and a single operating certificate for the combined carrier was achieved on March 1, 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/os\-southwest\-airtran\-deal\-20110421,0,6990592\.story?track\=rss \|title\=Topic Galleries \|publisher\=OrlandoSentinel.com \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-07 }}{{Dead link\|date\=October 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Total integration of all employee groups between the two carriers was completed in 2015\.
On February 14, 2013, [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines "Southwest Airlines") announced that they had begun [codesharing](/wiki/Codeshare_agreement "Codeshare agreement") with AirTran. They took the first step on January 25, 2013 by launching shared itineraries in five markets. Southwest continued launching shared itineraries with 39 more markets beginning February 25, 2013\. By April 2013, shared itineraries were scheduled to be available in all Southwest and AirTran cities (both domestic and international).{{cite press release\|url\=http://swamedia.com/releases/southwest\-airlines\-and\-airtran\-airways\-begin\-connecting\-networks \|title\=Southwest Airlines And AirTran Airways Begin Connecting Networks\|publisher\=Southwest Airlines\|date\=2013\-02\-14 \|access\-date\=2013\-04\-07}}
Southwest announced that the integration would be completed on December 28, 2014, with AirTran Airways Flight 1 as the final scheduled departure for the airline, flying with a Boeing 717\-200 (N717JL) from Atlanta's Hartsfield\-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) to Tampa International Airport (TPA). The flight used the callsign "Critter" as a nod to ValuJet. This route and flight number had been ValuJet's first flight.{{cite web\|url\=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/southwest\-airlines\-announces\-flights\-dallas\-151000270\.html \|title\=Southwest Airlines Announces New Flights For Dallas And D.C. Travelers; New Service To Mexico City And Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, Now On Sale \|date\=May 19, 2014 \|publisher\=PRNewswire \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520074407/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/southwest\-airlines\-announces\-flights\-dallas\-151000270\.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-05\-20 }}
|
[
"### 2010s",
"[thumb\\|left\\|An AirTran 737\\-700 which the airline continued to receive until the acquisition by Southwest](/wiki/File:N272AT_%286951238597%29.jpg \"N272AT (6951238597).jpg\")\nOn April 6, 2010, AirTran Airways opened their second crew base, at [General Mitchell International Airport](/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport \"Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport\") in Milwaukee, the same day they officially announced Milwaukee as their second hub.",
"On July 27, 2010, AirTran Airways hosted the grand opening of their new System Operations Control (SOC) Center at Orlando International Airport. This {{convert\\|16000\\|sqft\\|m2\\|adj\\=on}}, $6\\.9 million, state\\-of\\-the\\-art command center served as the 24\\-hour nerve center for the entire airline with over 700 flights per day. The company employed more than 1,000 crew members in central Florida at several facilities, including their corporate headquarters, the SOC, and a maintenance facility in addition to passengers operations at the airport. After considering putting the SOC Center in Atlanta, where AirTran has their largest hub, the decision was made to expand the facility in Orlando adjacent to AirTran's headquarters.",
"In October 2010, a new crew base opened at [Orlando International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport \"Orlando International Airport\") in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\").{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://pressroom.airtran.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=201565\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=1452447\\&highlight\\= \\|title\\=Hometown Airline Announces New Pilot Base at Unveiling of State\\-of\\-the\\-Art Operations Center \\- State and Local Officials Join Airline in Celebrating Milestones\\|publisher\\=Pressroom.airtran.com \\|date\\=2010\\-07\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825161706/http://pressroom.airtran.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=201565\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=1452447\\&highlight\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2013}} The base initially employed 100 pilots, including a chief pilot.",
"In April 2011, AirTran had the best safety record among U.S. carriers as measured by the number of incidents such as bird strikes. AirTran was first with only 0\\.0000196 incidents per flight, Southwest second with 0\\.0000203, and US Airways third with 0\\.0000203 incidents per flight. Bill Voss, who was then head of the Flight Safety Foundation, said \"the safety record in the U.S. is so good that it's very difficult to find enough accidents or incidents to draw much of a conclusion about who's safest.\"[7 Safest U.S. Airlines, But Who's Counting?](https://abcnews.go.com/Business/safest-us-airlines-airtran-airways-safest-fewest-incidents/story?id=13347280), ABC News, Alan Farnham, April 11, 2011\\.",
"Prior to the winding down of the airline, AirTran grew to serve more than 70 cities coast\\-to\\-coast as well as in the Caribbean and Mexico. It has over 700 daily flights and 8,500 crew members, serving nearly 25 million passengers per year.",
"#### Buyout and wind\\-down",
"On September 27, 2010, [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines \"Southwest Airlines\") announced they would acquire AirTran Airways and parent [AirTran Holdings](/wiki/AirTran_Holdings \"AirTran Holdings\") for a total cost of $1\\.4 billion. The acquisition gave Southwest a significant presence at many of AirTran's hubs, such as [Atlanta](/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport \"Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport\") (then the largest U.S. city without Southwest service) and [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport \"Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport\") as well as expanded service in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport \"Baltimore/Washington International Airport\") and [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport \"Orlando International Airport\"). With the acquisition, Southwest added international service to several leisure destinations such as [Cancún](/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn%2C_Mexico \"Cancún, Mexico\"), [Montego Bay](/wiki/Montego_Bay \"Montego Bay\"), and [Aruba](/wiki/Aruba \"Aruba\"). Southwest integrated AirTran's fleet of [Boeing 737\\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation%23737-700 \"Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-700\") series aircraft into Southwest Airlines brand and livery, and the [Boeing 717\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_717 \"Boeing 717\") fleet was then leased out to [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") starting in mid\\-2013\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southwest\\-airlines\\-delta\\-air\\-lines\\-and\\-boeing\\-capital\\-reach\\-a\\-tentative\\-agreement\\-to\\-sublease\\-airtran\\-boeing\\-717\\-fleet\\-2012\\-05\\-22\\|work\\=MarketWatch\\|title\\=Southwest Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Boeing Capital reach a tentative Agreement to Sublease AirTran Boeing 717 Fleet\\|date\\=May 22, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235140/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southwest\\-airlines\\-delta\\-air\\-lines\\-and\\-boeing\\-capital\\-reach\\-a\\-tentative\\-agreement\\-to\\-sublease\\-airtran\\-boeing\\-717\\-fleet\\-2012\\-05\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The airlines planned to have the acquisition completed and finalized within two years, with the two carriers operating as separate airlines in the interim.{{Cite news\\| url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010\\-09\\-27/southwest\\-agrees\\-to\\-buy\\-airtran\\-for\\-1\\-4\\-billion.html \\| work\\=Bloomberg BusinessWeek \\| title\\=Southwest Agrees to Buy AirTran for $1\\.4 Billion \\| date\\=September 27, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=September 27, 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100930190128/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010\\-09\\-27/southwest\\-agrees\\-to\\-buy\\-airtran\\-for\\-1\\-4\\-billion.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 30 September 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite news\\| url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2010/09/27/news/companies/southwest\\_airtran/index.htm?cnn\\=yes \\| work\\=CNN \\| first\\=Aaron \\| last\\=Smith \\| title\\=Southwest to acquire AirTran \\| date\\=September 27, 2010}}[http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news\\-and\\-updates/](http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news-and-updates/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930201817/http://www.lowfaresfarther.com/news\\-and\\-updates/\\|date\\=September 30, 2010}} The deal closed on May 2, 2011, and a single operating certificate for the combined carrier was achieved on March 1, 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/os\\-southwest\\-airtran\\-deal\\-20110421,0,6990592\\.story?track\\=rss \\|title\\=Topic Galleries \\|publisher\\=OrlandoSentinel.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-07 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Total integration of all employee groups between the two carriers was completed in 2015\\.",
"On February 14, 2013, [Southwest Airlines](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines \"Southwest Airlines\") announced that they had begun [codesharing](/wiki/Codeshare_agreement \"Codeshare agreement\") with AirTran. They took the first step on January 25, 2013 by launching shared itineraries in five markets. Southwest continued launching shared itineraries with 39 more markets beginning February 25, 2013\\. By April 2013, shared itineraries were scheduled to be available in all Southwest and AirTran cities (both domestic and international).{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://swamedia.com/releases/southwest\\-airlines\\-and\\-airtran\\-airways\\-begin\\-connecting\\-networks \\|title\\=Southwest Airlines And AirTran Airways Begin Connecting Networks\\|publisher\\=Southwest Airlines\\|date\\=2013\\-02\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-07}}",
"Southwest announced that the integration would be completed on December 28, 2014, with AirTran Airways Flight 1 as the final scheduled departure for the airline, flying with a Boeing 717\\-200 (N717JL) from Atlanta's Hartsfield\\-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) to Tampa International Airport (TPA). The flight used the callsign \"Critter\" as a nod to ValuJet. This route and flight number had been ValuJet's first flight.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/southwest\\-airlines\\-announces\\-flights\\-dallas\\-151000270\\.html \\|title\\=Southwest Airlines Announces New Flights For Dallas And D.C. Travelers; New Service To Mexico City And Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, Now On Sale \\|date\\=May 19, 2014 \\|publisher\\=PRNewswire \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520074407/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/southwest\\-airlines\\-announces\\-flights\\-dallas\\-151000270\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-05\\-20 }}",
""
] |
Transmission
------------
Analog broadcasting systems—[PAL](/wiki/PAL "PAL")/[SECAM](/wiki/SECAM "SECAM") and [NTSC](/wiki/NTSC "NTSC")—were historically limited in the set of moving image formats they could transmit and present. PAL/SECAM can transmit 25 Hz and 50 Hz material, and NTSC can only transmit 30 Hz and 60 Hz material (later replaced by 30/1\.001 and 60/1\.001 Hz). Both systems were also limited to an aspect ratio of 4:3 and fixed resolution (limited by the available bandwidth). While the wider aspect ratios were relatively straightforward to adapt to 4:3 frame (for instance by letterboxing), the frame rate conversion is not straightforward, and in many cases degrades the "fluidity" of motion, or quality of individual frames (especially when either the source or the target of the frame rate conversion is interlaced or inter\-frame mixing is involved in the rate conversion).
### 50 Hz television systems
Material for local TV markets is usually captured at 25 Hz or 50 Hz. Many broadcasters have film archives of 24 frame/s (film speed) content related to news gathering or television production.
Live broadcasts (news, sports, important events) are usually captured at 50 Hz. Using 25 Hz (de\-interlacing essentially) for live broadcasts makes them look like they are taken from an archive, so the practice is usually avoided unless there is a motion processor in the transmission chain.
Usually 24 Hz material from [film](/wiki/Film "Film") is usually sped up by 4%, when it is of feature film origin. The sound is also raised in pitch slightly as a result of the 4% speedup but pitch correction circuits are typically used.
* Older technology allows an alternative option where every 12th film frame is held for three video fields instead of two mostly fixing the problem.
* More modern film playback technology allows for every 25th frame to be interpolated, with less objectionable results and no need for pitch modification.
* Each of these film oriented content transmission techniques has its own drawbacks. However modern [motion compensation](/wiki/Motion_compensation "Motion compensation") processors are considered to produce the least objectionable output.
With roughly 30 or 60 Hz material, imported from 60 Hz systems, is usually adapted for presentation at 50 Hz by adding duplicate frames or dropping excessive frames, sometimes also involving intermixing consecutive frames. Nowadays, digital motion analysis, although complex and expensive, can produce a superior\-looking conversion (though not absolutely perfect).
### 60 Hz television systems
Because of higher television production budgets in the US, and a preference for the look of film, many prerecorded TV shows were, in fact, captured onto film at 24 Hz.
Source material filmed at 24 Hz is converted to roughly 60 Hz using the technique called [3:2 pulldown](/wiki/3:2_pulldown "2 pulldown"), which includes inserting variable number of duplicate frames, with additional slowdown by the factor of 1\.001, if needed. Occasionally, inter\-frame mixing is used to smooth the judder.
Live programs are captured at roughly 60 Hz. In the last 15 years, 30 Hz has also become a feasible capture rate when a more "film like" look is desired, but ordinary video cameras are used. Capture on video at the film rate of 24 Hz is an even more recent development, and mostly accompanies HDTV production. Unlike 30 Hz capture, 24 Hz cannot be simulated in post production. The camera must be natively capable of capturing at 24 Hz during recording. Because the \~30 Hz material is more "fluid" than 24 Hz material, the choice between \~30 and \~60 rate is not as obvious as that between 25 Hz and 50 Hz. When printing 60 Hz video to film, it has always been necessary to convert it to 24 Hz using the reverse 3:2 pulldown. The look of the finished product can resemble that of film, however it is not as smooth, (particularly if the result is returned to video) and a badly done deinterlacing causes image to noticeably shake in vertical direction and lose detail.
References to "60 Hz" and "30 Hz" in this context are shorthand, and always refer to the 59\.94 Hz or 60 x 1000/1001 rate. Only black and white video and certain HDTV prototypes ever ran at true 60\.000 Hz. The US HDTV standard supports both true 60 Hz and 59\.94 Hz; the latter is almost always used for better compatibility with NTSC.
25 or 50 Hz material, imported from 50 Hz systems, can be adapted to 60 Hz similarly, by dropping or adding frames and intermixing consecutive frames. The best quality for 50 Hz material is provided by digital motion analysis.
### Modern digital systems
[Digital video](/wiki/Digital_video "Digital video") is free of many of the limitations of analog transmission formats and presentation mechanisms (e.g. [CRT](/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube "Cathode ray tube") display) because it decouples the behavior of the capture process from the presentation process. As a result, digital video provides the means to capture, convey and present moving images in their original format, as intended by directors (see article about purists), regardless of variations in video standards.
[Frame grabbers](/wiki/Frame_grabber "Frame grabber") that employ [MPEG](/wiki/MPEG "MPEG") or other compression formats are able to encode moving image sequences in their original [aspect ratios](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28image%29 "Aspect ratio (image)"), resolution and frame capture rates (24/1\.001, 24, 25, 30/1\.001, 30, 50, 60/1\.001, 60 Hz). MPEG—and other compressed video formats that employ [motion analysis](/wiki/Motion_analysis "Motion analysis")—help to mitigate the incompatibilities among the various video formats used around the world.
At the receiving end, a digital display is free to independently present the image sequence at a multiple of its capture rate, thus reducing visible flicker. Most modern displays are "multisync," meaning that they can refresh the image display at a rate most suitable for the image sequence being presented. For example, a multisync display may support a range of vertical refresh rates from 50 to 72 Hz, or from 96 to 120 Hz, so that it can display all standard capture rates by means of an integer rate conversion.
|
[
"Transmission\n------------",
"Analog broadcasting systems—[PAL](/wiki/PAL \"PAL\")/[SECAM](/wiki/SECAM \"SECAM\") and [NTSC](/wiki/NTSC \"NTSC\")—were historically limited in the set of moving image formats they could transmit and present. PAL/SECAM can transmit 25 Hz and 50 Hz material, and NTSC can only transmit 30 Hz and 60 Hz material (later replaced by 30/1\\.001 and 60/1\\.001 Hz). Both systems were also limited to an aspect ratio of 4:3 and fixed resolution (limited by the available bandwidth). While the wider aspect ratios were relatively straightforward to adapt to 4:3 frame (for instance by letterboxing), the frame rate conversion is not straightforward, and in many cases degrades the \"fluidity\" of motion, or quality of individual frames (especially when either the source or the target of the frame rate conversion is interlaced or inter\\-frame mixing is involved in the rate conversion).",
"### 50 Hz television systems",
"Material for local TV markets is usually captured at 25 Hz or 50 Hz. Many broadcasters have film archives of 24 frame/s (film speed) content related to news gathering or television production.",
"Live broadcasts (news, sports, important events) are usually captured at 50 Hz. Using 25 Hz (de\\-interlacing essentially) for live broadcasts makes them look like they are taken from an archive, so the practice is usually avoided unless there is a motion processor in the transmission chain.",
"Usually 24 Hz material from [film](/wiki/Film \"Film\") is usually sped up by 4%, when it is of feature film origin. The sound is also raised in pitch slightly as a result of the 4% speedup but pitch correction circuits are typically used.\n* Older technology allows an alternative option where every 12th film frame is held for three video fields instead of two mostly fixing the problem.\n* More modern film playback technology allows for every 25th frame to be interpolated, with less objectionable results and no need for pitch modification.\n* Each of these film oriented content transmission techniques has its own drawbacks. However modern [motion compensation](/wiki/Motion_compensation \"Motion compensation\") processors are considered to produce the least objectionable output.",
"With roughly 30 or 60 Hz material, imported from 60 Hz systems, is usually adapted for presentation at 50 Hz by adding duplicate frames or dropping excessive frames, sometimes also involving intermixing consecutive frames. Nowadays, digital motion analysis, although complex and expensive, can produce a superior\\-looking conversion (though not absolutely perfect).",
"### 60 Hz television systems",
"Because of higher television production budgets in the US, and a preference for the look of film, many prerecorded TV shows were, in fact, captured onto film at 24 Hz.",
"Source material filmed at 24 Hz is converted to roughly 60 Hz using the technique called [3:2 pulldown](/wiki/3:2_pulldown \"2 pulldown\"), which includes inserting variable number of duplicate frames, with additional slowdown by the factor of 1\\.001, if needed. Occasionally, inter\\-frame mixing is used to smooth the judder.",
"Live programs are captured at roughly 60 Hz. In the last 15 years, 30 Hz has also become a feasible capture rate when a more \"film like\" look is desired, but ordinary video cameras are used. Capture on video at the film rate of 24 Hz is an even more recent development, and mostly accompanies HDTV production. Unlike 30 Hz capture, 24 Hz cannot be simulated in post production. The camera must be natively capable of capturing at 24 Hz during recording. Because the \\~30 Hz material is more \"fluid\" than 24 Hz material, the choice between \\~30 and \\~60 rate is not as obvious as that between 25 Hz and 50 Hz. When printing 60 Hz video to film, it has always been necessary to convert it to 24 Hz using the reverse 3:2 pulldown. The look of the finished product can resemble that of film, however it is not as smooth, (particularly if the result is returned to video) and a badly done deinterlacing causes image to noticeably shake in vertical direction and lose detail.",
"References to \"60 Hz\" and \"30 Hz\" in this context are shorthand, and always refer to the 59\\.94 Hz or 60 x 1000/1001 rate. Only black and white video and certain HDTV prototypes ever ran at true 60\\.000 Hz. The US HDTV standard supports both true 60 Hz and 59\\.94 Hz; the latter is almost always used for better compatibility with NTSC.",
"25 or 50 Hz material, imported from 50 Hz systems, can be adapted to 60 Hz similarly, by dropping or adding frames and intermixing consecutive frames. The best quality for 50 Hz material is provided by digital motion analysis.",
"### Modern digital systems",
"[Digital video](/wiki/Digital_video \"Digital video\") is free of many of the limitations of analog transmission formats and presentation mechanisms (e.g. [CRT](/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube \"Cathode ray tube\") display) because it decouples the behavior of the capture process from the presentation process. As a result, digital video provides the means to capture, convey and present moving images in their original format, as intended by directors (see article about purists), regardless of variations in video standards.",
"[Frame grabbers](/wiki/Frame_grabber \"Frame grabber\") that employ [MPEG](/wiki/MPEG \"MPEG\") or other compression formats are able to encode moving image sequences in their original [aspect ratios](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28image%29 \"Aspect ratio (image)\"), resolution and frame capture rates (24/1\\.001, 24, 25, 30/1\\.001, 30, 50, 60/1\\.001, 60 Hz). MPEG—and other compressed video formats that employ [motion analysis](/wiki/Motion_analysis \"Motion analysis\")—help to mitigate the incompatibilities among the various video formats used around the world.",
"At the receiving end, a digital display is free to independently present the image sequence at a multiple of its capture rate, thus reducing visible flicker. Most modern displays are \"multisync,\" meaning that they can refresh the image display at a rate most suitable for the image sequence being presented. For example, a multisync display may support a range of vertical refresh rates from 50 to 72 Hz, or from 96 to 120 Hz, so that it can display all standard capture rates by means of an integer rate conversion.",
""
] |
Presentation
------------
There are two kinds of displays on the market today: those which "flash" a picture for a short part of the refresh period (CRT, cinema projector), and those which display an essentially static image between the moments of refreshing it (LCD, DLP).
The "flashing" displays must be driven at least 48 Hz, although today, a rate significantly below 85 Hz is not considered ergonomic.
For these displays, the 24–30 Hz material is usually displayed at 2x, 3x, or 4x the capture rate. 50 and \~60 Hz material is usually displayed at its native rate, where it delivers a very accurate motion without any smearing. It can also be displayed at twice the capture rate, although moving objects will look smeared or trailed, unless intermediate frames are calculated using the motion analysis and are not just simply duplicated.
The "continuous" display can be driven at any integer multiple of the capture rate \- it won't matter for the viewer, nor can it be visually discriminated. However, in general, "continuous" displays show noticeable smear over quickly\-moving objects in 50 and \~60 Hz video material (even if their response time is instant). However, there are two emerging techniques to combat smearing of the video\-based material in LCD display: it can be effectively converted into the "flashing" display by appropriately modulating its backlight; and/or it can be driven at double the capture rate while calculating intermediate frames using the motion analysis (see [LCD television](/wiki/LCD_television "LCD television")).
Obviously, when presentation rate is not an integer multiple of the capture rate, the "fluidity" of the motion on the screen will suffer to a varying degree (terribly for video\-, unpleasantly for film\-based material). This is usually the case with computer\-based DVD players and PAL PC TVs, where the user does not switch the refresh rate either out of ignorance, or due to technical constraints; which sometimes are, in fact, artificial, made by manufacturers counting on that user's ignorance. For instance some laptop LCD panels cannot be (easily) switched to anything but a 60 Hz refresh rate, and some LCD displays with DVI input refuse to accept digital input signal if its vertical refresh rate does not fit between 58 and 62 Hz.
Most software DVD players do not assist with switching display modes, and even if it is switched manually, they hardly synchronize frame updating with the display's vertical retrace periods. (There is only soft synchronization using hardware double buffering, which is not enough to match hardware players in the stability of playback.)
|
[
"Presentation\n------------",
"There are two kinds of displays on the market today: those which \"flash\" a picture for a short part of the refresh period (CRT, cinema projector), and those which display an essentially static image between the moments of refreshing it (LCD, DLP).",
"The \"flashing\" displays must be driven at least 48 Hz, although today, a rate significantly below 85 Hz is not considered ergonomic.",
"For these displays, the 24–30 Hz material is usually displayed at 2x, 3x, or 4x the capture rate. 50 and \\~60 Hz material is usually displayed at its native rate, where it delivers a very accurate motion without any smearing. It can also be displayed at twice the capture rate, although moving objects will look smeared or trailed, unless intermediate frames are calculated using the motion analysis and are not just simply duplicated.",
"The \"continuous\" display can be driven at any integer multiple of the capture rate \\- it won't matter for the viewer, nor can it be visually discriminated. However, in general, \"continuous\" displays show noticeable smear over quickly\\-moving objects in 50 and \\~60 Hz video material (even if their response time is instant). However, there are two emerging techniques to combat smearing of the video\\-based material in LCD display: it can be effectively converted into the \"flashing\" display by appropriately modulating its backlight; and/or it can be driven at double the capture rate while calculating intermediate frames using the motion analysis (see [LCD television](/wiki/LCD_television \"LCD television\")).",
"Obviously, when presentation rate is not an integer multiple of the capture rate, the \"fluidity\" of the motion on the screen will suffer to a varying degree (terribly for video\\-, unpleasantly for film\\-based material). This is usually the case with computer\\-based DVD players and PAL PC TVs, where the user does not switch the refresh rate either out of ignorance, or due to technical constraints; which sometimes are, in fact, artificial, made by manufacturers counting on that user's ignorance. For instance some laptop LCD panels cannot be (easily) switched to anything but a 60 Hz refresh rate, and some LCD displays with DVI input refuse to accept digital input signal if its vertical refresh rate does not fit between 58 and 62 Hz.",
"Most software DVD players do not assist with switching display modes, and even if it is switched manually, they hardly synchronize frame updating with the display's vertical retrace periods. (There is only soft synchronization using hardware double buffering, which is not enough to match hardware players in the stability of playback.)",
""
] |
Plot
----
The film opens on Judge Brand and his secretary, Tom Reeves, lounging in their office as the Judge reminisces about his life in the [Old West](/wiki/Old_West "Old West"). Brand tells Tom about how he and his partner, Adams, participated in the [Gold Rush](/wiki/Gold_rush "Gold rush"). Brand and Adams had both fallen in love with a woman, though Adams had eventually won her affection and the two were married and had a child. This state of affairs did not last long however, as Adams' wife eventually left him for another man, taking the child with her. Not long after, Brand and Adams struck it rich, however Adams' wife never came back. Brand concludes the story by asking Tom to go out west to repopulate and rebuild the town Brand and Adams had lived in, Nugget Notch. Both so that Brand can relive some of his earlier days, and to potentially find Adams' child, and the heir to his fortune.
Tom does not initially find success in his search for potential occupants of Nugget Notch, but eventually hears about a struggling exposition troupe themed around the Old West, run by a man named J. Gordon Castle. Among this troupe is an innocent woman called Peggy Babbot, along with her parents Pa and Ma Babbot. However, Peggy is constantly watched by a mysterious Mr. Jim Rayner. Tom proposes Judge Brand's idea to Mr. Castle, who agrees. On the way to Nugget Notch, Rayner threatens Pa Bobbet not to let Tom near Peggy, Pa begrudgingly obliges. Tom also writes to Judge Brand that he has assembled a population to live in Nugget Notch, but tells Brand that Rayner seems untrustworthy.
Upon arrival at Nugget Notch, the troupe begins renovating the town and preparing for Judge Brand's arrival. When the Judge finally arrives, he remarks that the townsfolk are not quite as rough and hardy as the authentic 49ers used to be, but he seems to settle in well. It is then that Raynor learns that the Judge came west partially to find the heir to Adams' fortune, which Rayner takes an interest in. That night, at a banquet held to celebrate Judge Brand's arrival, Brand recognizes a necklace Peggy is wearing and it is revealed that Peggy is in fact Adams' daughter and heiress, with her real name being Lorena Adams. After the banquet, Peggy/Lorena informs Tom and the Judge that Raynor is threatening to have Pa Bobbet killed unless he can give Raynor $1,000 by the next day. Tom decides to confront Raynor and tells him not to harm Peggy.
Late in the night, Tom is kidnapped and blindfolded by Raynor, who lowers him via rope into a rock formation outside of town. The Judge notices that Tom is gone, and along with a man from the village go to find Tom. However, this was unnecessary as Tom was led out of the rocks by a friendly wolf. They then realize that there is, in fact, still gold in the rock formation. So the men set up a claim. The next day, as Tom and the Judge are talking, some of the townsfolk inform the two that Rayner has stolen all of the money, guns, and horses from the town during the night. It is then that Raynor himself appears and demands that the men hand over their pocket money at gunpoint. Raynor then kidnaps Peggy and makes a run for it. However, Judge Brand remembers a shortcut which allows him and Tom to ambush and capture Raynor using a rope.
The town decides to put Rayner on trial. During the proceedings it is revealed that Raynor was the man Adams' wife left Adams for, that Raynor had once been Pa Bobbet's partner and had used the death of a man Raynor had tried to steal from as blackmail against Bobbet for many years, and that Peggy was Pa Bobbet's real daughter all along. However, while all this is going on Rayner manages to undo his bindings, shoot Tom in the arm, and escape once again. But, at the last second, he falls off of his horse and is recaptured. The film ends with Judge Brand, Tom, and Peggy sitting together happily.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The film opens on Judge Brand and his secretary, Tom Reeves, lounging in their office as the Judge reminisces about his life in the [Old West](/wiki/Old_West \"Old West\"). Brand tells Tom about how he and his partner, Adams, participated in the [Gold Rush](/wiki/Gold_rush \"Gold rush\"). Brand and Adams had both fallen in love with a woman, though Adams had eventually won her affection and the two were married and had a child. This state of affairs did not last long however, as Adams' wife eventually left him for another man, taking the child with her. Not long after, Brand and Adams struck it rich, however Adams' wife never came back. Brand concludes the story by asking Tom to go out west to repopulate and rebuild the town Brand and Adams had lived in, Nugget Notch. Both so that Brand can relive some of his earlier days, and to potentially find Adams' child, and the heir to his fortune.",
"Tom does not initially find success in his search for potential occupants of Nugget Notch, but eventually hears about a struggling exposition troupe themed around the Old West, run by a man named J. Gordon Castle. Among this troupe is an innocent woman called Peggy Babbot, along with her parents Pa and Ma Babbot. However, Peggy is constantly watched by a mysterious Mr. Jim Rayner. Tom proposes Judge Brand's idea to Mr. Castle, who agrees. On the way to Nugget Notch, Rayner threatens Pa Bobbet not to let Tom near Peggy, Pa begrudgingly obliges. Tom also writes to Judge Brand that he has assembled a population to live in Nugget Notch, but tells Brand that Rayner seems untrustworthy.",
"Upon arrival at Nugget Notch, the troupe begins renovating the town and preparing for Judge Brand's arrival. When the Judge finally arrives, he remarks that the townsfolk are not quite as rough and hardy as the authentic 49ers used to be, but he seems to settle in well. It is then that Raynor learns that the Judge came west partially to find the heir to Adams' fortune, which Rayner takes an interest in. That night, at a banquet held to celebrate Judge Brand's arrival, Brand recognizes a necklace Peggy is wearing and it is revealed that Peggy is in fact Adams' daughter and heiress, with her real name being Lorena Adams. After the banquet, Peggy/Lorena informs Tom and the Judge that Raynor is threatening to have Pa Bobbet killed unless he can give Raynor $1,000 by the next day. Tom decides to confront Raynor and tells him not to harm Peggy.",
"Late in the night, Tom is kidnapped and blindfolded by Raynor, who lowers him via rope into a rock formation outside of town. The Judge notices that Tom is gone, and along with a man from the village go to find Tom. However, this was unnecessary as Tom was led out of the rocks by a friendly wolf. They then realize that there is, in fact, still gold in the rock formation. So the men set up a claim. The next day, as Tom and the Judge are talking, some of the townsfolk inform the two that Rayner has stolen all of the money, guns, and horses from the town during the night. It is then that Raynor himself appears and demands that the men hand over their pocket money at gunpoint. Raynor then kidnaps Peggy and makes a run for it. However, Judge Brand remembers a shortcut which allows him and Tom to ambush and capture Raynor using a rope.",
"The town decides to put Rayner on trial. During the proceedings it is revealed that Raynor was the man Adams' wife left Adams for, that Raynor had once been Pa Bobbet's partner and had used the death of a man Raynor had tried to steal from as blackmail against Bobbet for many years, and that Peggy was Pa Bobbet's real daughter all along. However, while all this is going on Rayner manages to undo his bindings, shoot Tom in the arm, and escape once again. But, at the last second, he falls off of his horse and is recaptured. The film ends with Judge Brand, Tom, and Peggy sitting together happily.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The title refers to a pub [landlord](/wiki/Landlord "Landlord")'s [last call](/wiki/Last_call_%28bar_term%29 "Last call (bar term)") and the final wishes of a dying man, in this instance Jack Dodds (Michael Caine), a south London butcher who greatly influenced four men over the course of his flawed but decent life. The quartet gathers to scatter Jack's ashes in [Margate](/wiki/Margate "Margate"), where he had hoped to retire to a small seaside cottage with his wife Amy (Helen Mirren), a dream that was never fulfilled.
The four are: professional [horse race](/wiki/Horse_racing "Horse racing") [gambler](/wiki/Gambling "Gambling") Ray Johnson (Bob Hoskins), aka Lucky, who fought beside Jack during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and has been his best friend since; former [boxer](/wiki/Boxing "Boxing") Lenny (David Hemmings), who is always ready to settle an argument with his fists; [undertaker](/wiki/Funeral_director "Funeral director") Vic (Tom Courtenay) who acts as a [buffer](/wiki/Buffer_zone "Buffer zone") of sorts; and Jack's son Vince (Ray Winstone), a dealer of used [luxury cars](/wiki/Luxury_vehicle "Luxury vehicle"), whose relationship with his father never quite recovered when, as a young boy, he learned his real family perished in a wartime bombing and Jack and Amy took in the [orphaned](/wiki/Orphan "Orphan") infant and raised him as their own.
As the quartet journeys from [London](/wiki/London "London") by car to honour Jack's request, with stops at [Canterbury Cathedral](/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral "Canterbury Cathedral"), the [Chatham Naval Memorial](/wiki/Chatham_Naval_Memorial "Chatham Naval Memorial"), the [hop](/wiki/Hops "Hops") farm where Jack and Amy met and a couple of [pubs](/wiki/Public_house "Public house"), they reminisce about their friend.
Amy is on a journey of her own to visit their daughter, June (Laura Morelli), who has [learning difficulties](/wiki/Mental_retardation "Mental retardation") and was [institutionalized](/wiki/Institutionalisation "Institutionalisation") shortly after her birth fifty years earlier. Over the years Jack barely acknowledged her existence but Amy faithfully visited her weekly, even though June had no idea who she was or why she visited.
Through frequent [flashbacks](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 "Flashback (narrative)") that stretch across six decades, the stories of the events that brought these people to this point in their lives slowly unfold, ultimately revealing the importance of friendship and love.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The title refers to a pub [landlord](/wiki/Landlord \"Landlord\")'s [last call](/wiki/Last_call_%28bar_term%29 \"Last call (bar term)\") and the final wishes of a dying man, in this instance Jack Dodds (Michael Caine), a south London butcher who greatly influenced four men over the course of his flawed but decent life. The quartet gathers to scatter Jack's ashes in [Margate](/wiki/Margate \"Margate\"), where he had hoped to retire to a small seaside cottage with his wife Amy (Helen Mirren), a dream that was never fulfilled.",
"The four are: professional [horse race](/wiki/Horse_racing \"Horse racing\") [gambler](/wiki/Gambling \"Gambling\") Ray Johnson (Bob Hoskins), aka Lucky, who fought beside Jack during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and has been his best friend since; former [boxer](/wiki/Boxing \"Boxing\") Lenny (David Hemmings), who is always ready to settle an argument with his fists; [undertaker](/wiki/Funeral_director \"Funeral director\") Vic (Tom Courtenay) who acts as a [buffer](/wiki/Buffer_zone \"Buffer zone\") of sorts; and Jack's son Vince (Ray Winstone), a dealer of used [luxury cars](/wiki/Luxury_vehicle \"Luxury vehicle\"), whose relationship with his father never quite recovered when, as a young boy, he learned his real family perished in a wartime bombing and Jack and Amy took in the [orphaned](/wiki/Orphan \"Orphan\") infant and raised him as their own.",
"As the quartet journeys from [London](/wiki/London \"London\") by car to honour Jack's request, with stops at [Canterbury Cathedral](/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral \"Canterbury Cathedral\"), the [Chatham Naval Memorial](/wiki/Chatham_Naval_Memorial \"Chatham Naval Memorial\"), the [hop](/wiki/Hops \"Hops\") farm where Jack and Amy met and a couple of [pubs](/wiki/Public_house \"Public house\"), they reminisce about their friend.",
"Amy is on a journey of her own to visit their daughter, June (Laura Morelli), who has [learning difficulties](/wiki/Mental_retardation \"Mental retardation\") and was [institutionalized](/wiki/Institutionalisation \"Institutionalisation\") shortly after her birth fifty years earlier. Over the years Jack barely acknowledged her existence but Amy faithfully visited her weekly, even though June had no idea who she was or why she visited.",
"Through frequent [flashbacks](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 \"Flashback (narrative)\") that stretch across six decades, the stories of the events that brought these people to this point in their lives slowly unfold, ultimately revealing the importance of friendship and love.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Anatol von Lieven was born on November 16, 1872, in [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg"), the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire").
He graduated from the {{Ill\|3rd St. Petersburg Gymnasium\|ru\|Третья Санкт\-Петербургская гимназия}} in 1891 and from the Faculty of Law of [Saint Petersburg Imperial University](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Imperial_University "Saint Petersburg Imperial University") in 1895\. After graduating from the university, on September 4, 1895, he entered the [Chevalier Guard Regiment](/wiki/Chevalier_Guard_Regiment "Chevalier Guard Regiment") as a [cadet](/wiki/Cadet "Cadet"). Having passed the officer's exam at the {{ill\|Nicholas Cavalry College\|ru\|Николаевское кавалерийское училище}}, on September 7, 1896 he was promoted to [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28rank%29 "Cornet (rank)").
In 1898, he joined the guards cavalry reserve and settled on his [Mežotne Palace](/wiki/Me%C5%BEotne_Palace "Mežotne Palace") near [Bauska](/wiki/Bauska "Bauska"). In 1900–1901 he was an indispensable member of the [Courland Governorate's](/wiki/Courland_Governorate "Courland Governorate") Peasant Affairs Council. In 1901, he was promoted to *[Kamer\-junker](/wiki/Kamer-Junker "Kamer-Junker")*.
In 1909, he was elected chairman of the Committee of the Council of the {{Ill\|Russian Evangelical Union\|ru\|Русский евангельский союз}}. In 1912–1914, he was the leader of the nobility of the [Bauskas apriņķis](/wiki/Bauskas_apri%C5%86%C4%B7is "Bauskas apriņķis").
### World War I
With the outbreak of World War I, he returned to the Chevalier Guard Regiment. He was awarded the [Order of St. George](/wiki/Order_of_St._George "Order of St. George"), 4th class. He was promoted to [poruchik](/wiki/Poruchik "Poruchik") ([lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant")) on September 19, 1915, and to [staff captain](/wiki/Stabskapit%C3%A4n "Stabskapitän") on September 19, 1916, and finally reached the rank of [rotmistr](/wiki/Rittmaster "Rittmaster") (cavalry [captain](/wiki/Captain "Captain")) by 1917\.
### Russian Revolution
On February 18, 1918, he was arrested along with his family. Lieven wrote in his memoirs:
> "... a day before the start of the [German offensive](/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag "Operation Faustschlag") on [Pskov](/wiki/Pskov "Pskov") and [Narva](/wiki/Narva "Narva") ... the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolsheviks "Bolsheviks") arrested me with my wife and minor daughter."
Among 161 hostages, he was sent to [Yekaterinburg](/wiki/Yekaterinburg "Yekaterinburg") and imprisoned. In March 1918, according to the [Treaty of Brest\-Litovsk](/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk"), hostages from the [Baltic states](/wiki/Baltic_states "Baltic states") were transferred to the Germans in [Orsha](/wiki/Orsha "Orsha"). After being released from captivity, he returned to his home in Latvia and took part in the [Latvian War of Independence](/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence "Latvian War of Independence") as part of the *[Baltische Landeswehr](/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr "Baltische Landeswehr")*.
### Latvian War of Independence
After the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution"), he returned to Latvia and in December 1918, arrived in [Liepāja](/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja "Liepāja"). In January 1919, he formed and led the [Liepāja Volunteer Rifle Detachment](/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_Volunteer_Rifle_Detachment "Liepāja Volunteer Rifle Detachment") ({{Lang\-ru\|Либавский добровольческий стрелковый отряд\|translit\=Libavskiy dobrovol'cheskiy strelkovyy otryad}}). The core of the newly\-established unit were 60 former Russian Imperial army officers. Soon, this unit was complemented with one *Baltische Landeswehr* company and one company under the command of captain Dydorov. The unit became known as *Līvenieši* and it participated in the Latvian War of Independence fighting against the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolsheviks "Bolsheviks").
During the pro\-German coup in April 1919, Lieven refused to collaborate with the pro\-German government. Later, his unit was incorporated into the *Baltische Landeswehr* and participated in battles around [Ventspils](/wiki/Ventspils "Ventspils"), [Jelgava](/wiki/Jelgava "Jelgava") and also the liberation of Riga. Together with parts of [Rüdiger von der Goltz](/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_der_Goltz "Rüdiger von der Goltz")'s *Baltische Landeswehr* at the end of May 1919, they forced the Bolsheviks out of Riga, which they had previously occupied. After Riga was taken, Colonel Lieven's detachment that pursued the retreating Bolsheviks was ambushed near [Ropaži](/wiki/Ropa%C5%BEi "Ropaži") on May 24, 1919 and Lieven was seriously wounded in the thigh and stomach. The injury left him slightly lame for the rest of his life.
Although most of the Landeswehr, after the Latvians refused to recognize the pro\-German regime of [Andrievs Niedra](/wiki/Andrievs_Niedra "Andrievs Niedra"), fought against independent Latvia, in May 1919, parts of the Landeswehr subordinate to Lieven recognized Latvia's independence and went over to the side of the [Latvian armed forces](/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces "Latvian National Armed Forces"). Lieven considered it fundamental, for the sake of the common anti\-Bolshevik struggle, to support the independence of the [Baltic states](/wiki/Baltic_states "Baltic states") and abandon the idea of "one indivisible Russia". The same position was supported by Captain Dydorov, who replaced Lieven while his injury was treated. Thus, Lieven's supporters were respected in interwar Latvia and Estonia, where their association existed.
On June 6, 1919, Lieven's unit was transformed to the *Russian volunteer corps* with around 4,000 men. Lieven forbade his men to fight the [Estonian Army](/wiki/Estonian_Army "Estonian Army") and Northern Latvia brigade in [Vidzeme](/wiki/Vidzeme "Vidzeme"), unlike the rest of the *Baltische Landeswehr*. His detachment only performed rear security duties for the Landeswehr during [the campaign](/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_%281919%29 "Battle of Cēsis (1919)").{{cite book\|title\=Lemsalu — Roopa — Võnnu — Ronneburgi lahing 19\. — 23\. VI. 1919\. a. (Lemsalu — Roopa — Võnnu — Ronneburg battle 19\. — 23\. VI. 1919\) \|author\=Nikolai Reek \|author\-link\=Nikolai Reek \|url\=http://www.ksk.edu.ee/file.php?ID\=1243 \|publisher\=\[\[Estonian National Defence College]] museum \|language\=Estonian \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822142922/http://www.ksk.edu.ee/file.php?ID\=1243 \|archivedate\=2010\-08\-22 }}
When the *Strazdumuiža ceasefire* was signed between the Baltische Landeswehr and Estonian army, Lieven transformed his corps into the [West Russian Volunteer Army](/wiki/West_Russian_Volunteer_Army "West Russian Volunteer Army"). Another two Russian units joined his army. Those were the partisan unit *Cavalry General count Keller* under command of [Pavel Bermondt Avalov](/wiki/Pavel_Bermondt-Avalov "Pavel Bermondt-Avalov") and infantry brigade under command of colonel Virgolitz. On 9 July, his army received an order from [Nikolai Yudenich](/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich "Nikolai Yudenich") to move to [Narva](/wiki/Narva "Narva") and join his [Northwestern Army](/wiki/Northwestern_Army_%28Russia%29 "Northwestern Army (Russia)")'s offensive on [Petrograd](/wiki/Petrograd "Petrograd"). Pavel Bermondt Avalov and colonel Virgolitz refused to leave Latvia and stayed in Jelgava. Bermondt took over command of the army and during October–November 1919, and were defeated by the Latvian army.
Lieven went to [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia "Estonia") and until December 1919, fought with Yudenich's army around Petrograd. Lieven led the army's 5th Infantry Division, into which his detachment was reorganized. He also traveled to [London](/wiki/London "London") and [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") and tried to negotiate further military support to Yudenich, however unsuccessfully.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio\_l/liven\_ap.html\|title\=Ливен Анатолий Павлович\|website\=www.hrono.ru\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-02}}
### Interwar
After the civil war, Lieven became a Latvian citizen and a manufacturer of bricks. Early in 1920, he returned to his Mežotne palace but soon traveled to France. He returned to Latvia in 1924; but meanwhile, Latvian agrarian reforms were launched and his Mežotne palace was seized by the government and his lands divided. However, he was granted a small manor nearby [Mazmežotne manor](/wiki/Mazme%C5%BEotne_manor "Mazmežotne manor"), and he lived there and also in Riga for the rest of his life. Later, he established the Mazmežotne brick factory. He was also active in the anticommunist movement and led a local detachment of the [Brotherhood of Russian Truth](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Russian_Truth "Brotherhood of Russian Truth").
Anatoly von Lieven died on April 3, 1937, in [Ķemeri](/wiki/%C4%B6emeri "Ķemeri"), Latvia. He was buried in the yard of the Mežotne Lutheran church.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Anatol von Lieven was born on November 16, 1872, in [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\"), the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\").",
"He graduated from the {{Ill\\|3rd St. Petersburg Gymnasium\\|ru\\|Третья Санкт\\-Петербургская гимназия}} in 1891 and from the Faculty of Law of [Saint Petersburg Imperial University](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Imperial_University \"Saint Petersburg Imperial University\") in 1895\\. After graduating from the university, on September 4, 1895, he entered the [Chevalier Guard Regiment](/wiki/Chevalier_Guard_Regiment \"Chevalier Guard Regiment\") as a [cadet](/wiki/Cadet \"Cadet\"). Having passed the officer's exam at the {{ill\\|Nicholas Cavalry College\\|ru\\|Николаевское кавалерийское училище}}, on September 7, 1896 he was promoted to [cornet](/wiki/Cornet_%28rank%29 \"Cornet (rank)\").",
"In 1898, he joined the guards cavalry reserve and settled on his [Mežotne Palace](/wiki/Me%C5%BEotne_Palace \"Mežotne Palace\") near [Bauska](/wiki/Bauska \"Bauska\"). In 1900–1901 he was an indispensable member of the [Courland Governorate's](/wiki/Courland_Governorate \"Courland Governorate\") Peasant Affairs Council. In 1901, he was promoted to *[Kamer\\-junker](/wiki/Kamer-Junker \"Kamer-Junker\")*.",
"In 1909, he was elected chairman of the Committee of the Council of the {{Ill\\|Russian Evangelical Union\\|ru\\|Русский евангельский союз}}. In 1912–1914, he was the leader of the nobility of the [Bauskas apriņķis](/wiki/Bauskas_apri%C5%86%C4%B7is \"Bauskas apriņķis\").",
"### World War I",
"With the outbreak of World War I, he returned to the Chevalier Guard Regiment. He was awarded the [Order of St. George](/wiki/Order_of_St._George \"Order of St. George\"), 4th class. He was promoted to [poruchik](/wiki/Poruchik \"Poruchik\") ([lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\")) on September 19, 1915, and to [staff captain](/wiki/Stabskapit%C3%A4n \"Stabskapitän\") on September 19, 1916, and finally reached the rank of [rotmistr](/wiki/Rittmaster \"Rittmaster\") (cavalry [captain](/wiki/Captain \"Captain\")) by 1917\\.",
"### Russian Revolution",
"On February 18, 1918, he was arrested along with his family. Lieven wrote in his memoirs: \n> \"... a day before the start of the [German offensive](/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag \"Operation Faustschlag\") on [Pskov](/wiki/Pskov \"Pskov\") and [Narva](/wiki/Narva \"Narva\") ... the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolsheviks \"Bolsheviks\") arrested me with my wife and minor daughter.\"",
"Among 161 hostages, he was sent to [Yekaterinburg](/wiki/Yekaterinburg \"Yekaterinburg\") and imprisoned. In March 1918, according to the [Treaty of Brest\\-Litovsk](/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk \"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk\"), hostages from the [Baltic states](/wiki/Baltic_states \"Baltic states\") were transferred to the Germans in [Orsha](/wiki/Orsha \"Orsha\"). After being released from captivity, he returned to his home in Latvia and took part in the [Latvian War of Independence](/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence \"Latvian War of Independence\") as part of the *[Baltische Landeswehr](/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr \"Baltische Landeswehr\")*.",
"### Latvian War of Independence",
"After the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\"), he returned to Latvia and in December 1918, arrived in [Liepāja](/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja \"Liepāja\"). In January 1919, he formed and led the [Liepāja Volunteer Rifle Detachment](/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_Volunteer_Rifle_Detachment \"Liepāja Volunteer Rifle Detachment\") ({{Lang\\-ru\\|Либавский добровольческий стрелковый отряд\\|translit\\=Libavskiy dobrovol'cheskiy strelkovyy otryad}}). The core of the newly\\-established unit were 60 former Russian Imperial army officers. Soon, this unit was complemented with one *Baltische Landeswehr* company and one company under the command of captain Dydorov. The unit became known as *Līvenieši* and it participated in the Latvian War of Independence fighting against the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolsheviks \"Bolsheviks\").",
"During the pro\\-German coup in April 1919, Lieven refused to collaborate with the pro\\-German government. Later, his unit was incorporated into the *Baltische Landeswehr* and participated in battles around [Ventspils](/wiki/Ventspils \"Ventspils\"), [Jelgava](/wiki/Jelgava \"Jelgava\") and also the liberation of Riga. Together with parts of [Rüdiger von der Goltz](/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_der_Goltz \"Rüdiger von der Goltz\")'s *Baltische Landeswehr* at the end of May 1919, they forced the Bolsheviks out of Riga, which they had previously occupied. After Riga was taken, Colonel Lieven's detachment that pursued the retreating Bolsheviks was ambushed near [Ropaži](/wiki/Ropa%C5%BEi \"Ropaži\") on May 24, 1919 and Lieven was seriously wounded in the thigh and stomach. The injury left him slightly lame for the rest of his life.",
"Although most of the Landeswehr, after the Latvians refused to recognize the pro\\-German regime of [Andrievs Niedra](/wiki/Andrievs_Niedra \"Andrievs Niedra\"), fought against independent Latvia, in May 1919, parts of the Landeswehr subordinate to Lieven recognized Latvia's independence and went over to the side of the [Latvian armed forces](/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces \"Latvian National Armed Forces\"). Lieven considered it fundamental, for the sake of the common anti\\-Bolshevik struggle, to support the independence of the [Baltic states](/wiki/Baltic_states \"Baltic states\") and abandon the idea of \"one indivisible Russia\". The same position was supported by Captain Dydorov, who replaced Lieven while his injury was treated. Thus, Lieven's supporters were respected in interwar Latvia and Estonia, where their association existed.",
"On June 6, 1919, Lieven's unit was transformed to the *Russian volunteer corps* with around 4,000 men. Lieven forbade his men to fight the [Estonian Army](/wiki/Estonian_Army \"Estonian Army\") and Northern Latvia brigade in [Vidzeme](/wiki/Vidzeme \"Vidzeme\"), unlike the rest of the *Baltische Landeswehr*. His detachment only performed rear security duties for the Landeswehr during [the campaign](/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_%281919%29 \"Battle of Cēsis (1919)\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Lemsalu — Roopa — Võnnu — Ronneburgi lahing 19\\. — 23\\. VI. 1919\\. a. (Lemsalu — Roopa — Võnnu — Ronneburg battle 19\\. — 23\\. VI. 1919\\) \\|author\\=Nikolai Reek \\|author\\-link\\=Nikolai Reek \\|url\\=http://www.ksk.edu.ee/file.php?ID\\=1243 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Estonian National Defence College]] museum \\|language\\=Estonian \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822142922/http://www.ksk.edu.ee/file.php?ID\\=1243 \\|archivedate\\=2010\\-08\\-22 }}",
"When the *Strazdumuiža ceasefire* was signed between the Baltische Landeswehr and Estonian army, Lieven transformed his corps into the [West Russian Volunteer Army](/wiki/West_Russian_Volunteer_Army \"West Russian Volunteer Army\"). Another two Russian units joined his army. Those were the partisan unit *Cavalry General count Keller* under command of [Pavel Bermondt Avalov](/wiki/Pavel_Bermondt-Avalov \"Pavel Bermondt-Avalov\") and infantry brigade under command of colonel Virgolitz. On 9 July, his army received an order from [Nikolai Yudenich](/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich \"Nikolai Yudenich\") to move to [Narva](/wiki/Narva \"Narva\") and join his [Northwestern Army](/wiki/Northwestern_Army_%28Russia%29 \"Northwestern Army (Russia)\")'s offensive on [Petrograd](/wiki/Petrograd \"Petrograd\"). Pavel Bermondt Avalov and colonel Virgolitz refused to leave Latvia and stayed in Jelgava. Bermondt took over command of the army and during October–November 1919, and were defeated by the Latvian army.",
"Lieven went to [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia \"Estonia\") and until December 1919, fought with Yudenich's army around Petrograd. Lieven led the army's 5th Infantry Division, into which his detachment was reorganized. He also traveled to [London](/wiki/London \"London\") and [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") and tried to negotiate further military support to Yudenich, however unsuccessfully.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio\\_l/liven\\_ap.html\\|title\\=Ливен Анатолий Павлович\\|website\\=www.hrono.ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-02}}",
"### Interwar",
"After the civil war, Lieven became a Latvian citizen and a manufacturer of bricks. Early in 1920, he returned to his Mežotne palace but soon traveled to France. He returned to Latvia in 1924; but meanwhile, Latvian agrarian reforms were launched and his Mežotne palace was seized by the government and his lands divided. However, he was granted a small manor nearby [Mazmežotne manor](/wiki/Mazme%C5%BEotne_manor \"Mazmežotne manor\"), and he lived there and also in Riga for the rest of his life. Later, he established the Mazmežotne brick factory. He was also active in the anticommunist movement and led a local detachment of the [Brotherhood of Russian Truth](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Russian_Truth \"Brotherhood of Russian Truth\").",
"Anatoly von Lieven died on April 3, 1937, in [Ķemeri](/wiki/%C4%B6emeri \"Ķemeri\"), Latvia. He was buried in the yard of the Mežotne Lutheran church.",
""
] |
First World War
---------------
### In Belgium
Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914\. Stobart travelled to [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") on 18 August 1914, arriving on the evening of the 19th, and sent a cable instructing the unit to come out immediately. They immediately started converting university buildings that had been allocated for use as a hospital by her unit on the 20th. At 2pm, she followed a crowd to the Boulevard des Jardins Botaniquese, and witnessed the German Army making a triumphant entry to and taking possession of the capital of Belgium, foolishly taking photos. Realising the situation, Stobart tried to find means to communicate with her unit. After persistent effort, Stobart was able to gain a passport from the German General, to [Venlo](/wiki/Venlo "Venlo") in Holland, leaving at 6 p.m. on 24 August, reading [Louvain](/wiki/Leuven "Leuven") (Leuven) at 8pm, and travelling on the next morning at 5 a.m. (Louvain was destroyed the following day) to Hasselt at 8 a.m.
After taking breakfast the motorcade would not restart, and upon repeated inspection of their passports, they were arrested as spies, surrounded by soldiers who were ordered to cock rifles, fix bayonets, and shoot if they moved or talked to each other. After an hour they were marched to a hotel, their luggage was searched and they themselves were strip searched, before being marched to the railway station at 5 p.m. along with eighteen members of the [Garde Civique](/wiki/Garde_Civique "Garde Civique") and six criminals, and loaded onto a dirty coal truck, which traveled until around 7 p.m., arriving in [Tongres](/wiki/Tongres "Tongres").
There, an anti\-English commanding officer whom Stobart labelled the 'devil\-major' stated that a map and camera were enough for them to be condemned as spies, for whom the fate was to be shot within twenty\-four hours. While trying to explain their case, Stobart was shocked by the comment, "You are English, and whether you are right or wrong, this is a war of annihilation." They spent the night, after arguing to not be separated as women were not allowed to sleep with men (the party consisting of her husband, the chaplain and a poor Belgian chauffeur who had been caught up in the affair).
A sympathetic officer, who was married to an English woman, entered the room, and promised to do everything in his power to help, in return for conveying to his wife that all was well for him. He was interrupted and sternly removed by the 'devil major'. The following morning, the devil major, frustrated by intervention in his planned dawn entertainment of an execution, irately made arrangements to transfer the four prisoners to [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne") to be tried for high treason.
During the journey, the news of their transfer proceeded them, and at [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge "Liège") they were removed from the train, and the officers who did so had in mind to try the English 'spies' themselves. As the train was to leave, Stobart was able to compel one of their guards to show the officer the orders for them to be transferred to Cologne. On production of the papers, the officer resisted, and allowed them to re\-board the train, but crucially, without their papers which were the proof of their story. Their journey ended in [Aachen](/wiki/Aachen "Aachen") (Aix\-la\-Chappelle) at 8 p.m., and they were marched to a barracks prison and presented to a judge separately.
The only evidence that remained was a cutting from the *Morning Post* which stated "Mrs St. Clair Stobart had that day left for Brussels at the invitation of the Belgian Red Cross, to establish a hospital for French and Belgian soldiers."
Before being once again removed to the prison for the night. The following evening, she was brought before the judge in the prison, who offered her to board in a hotel, if she gave her word not to attempt to escape, while he investigated her statements. Stobart answered that she would, only if her companions were extended the same courtesy, to which she was told that they already had done so, and was courteously taken to the hotel, and allocated an officer to supervise their parole. After some confusing telegrams, their innocence was decided, and upon asking of their desired destination, the judge allowed them to return to London, via [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Netherlands "Flushing, Netherlands").{{Cite book\|title\=Miracles and Adventures\|last\=Stobart\|first\=Mabel\|publisher\=Rider\|year\=1935\|location\=London\|pages\=148–165}}
On return to London, Stobart then took her unit to the [siege of Antwerp](/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_%281914%29 "Siege of Antwerp (1914)"), in response to a request received via [Lord and Lady Esher](/wiki/Reginald_Brett%2C_2nd_Viscount_Esher "Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher").{{Cite book\|title\=Miracles and Adventures\|last\=Stobart\|first\=Mabel\|publisher\=Rider \& co\|year\=1935\|location\=London\|pages\=166}}
Following the exploits in Antwerp, Stobart established a hospital at the Château Tourlaville near [Cherbourg](/wiki/Cherbourg "Cherbourg"), which operated during 1914–1915,{{Cite book\|title\=Miracles and Adventures\|last\=Stobart\|first\=Mabel\|publisher\=Rider\|year\=1935\|location\=London\|page\=178}} but, bored of the tedious work away from the front, left the hospital she had established and sought a new challenge.
### In Serbia
As a result of the war and its effects, [epidemic typhus](/wiki/Epidemic_typhus "Epidemic typhus") broke out in Serbia, causing the death of around 150,000 people including about half of the doctors in the country.{{RP\|7}} Stobart, along with several other medical units from the Red Cross, went to the affected area.
[thumb\|With the exception of a few men, all of the Serbian Relief Fund unit No. 3 were women](/wiki/File:STOBART_HOSPITAL_SERBIAN_RELIEF_FUND_UNIT_No._3..jpg "STOBART HOSPITAL SERBIAN RELIEF FUND UNIT No. 3..jpg")
Stobart's actions caught the attention of the [Royal Serbian Army](/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army "Royal Serbian Army"). The medical division, in late September 1915, asked Stobart to command a frontline field hospital. Along with some doctors and nurses, sixty soldiers would be under her command. To suit this position, she was given the rank of [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 "Major (rank)"), which made her the first known woman with the rank of major in the world.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8hvGDQAAQBAJ\&q\=St%2520Clair%2520Stobart\&pg\=PA154 \|title\=British Women of the Eastern Front: War, Writing and Experience in Serbia and Russia, 1914\-20 \|last\=Smith \|first\=Angela K. \|date\=2016\-07\-01 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=9781526100023 \|language\=en}}{{rp\|138}}{{Cite news \|url\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99021999/1918\-03\-14/ed\-1/seq\-1/ \|title\=First Woman Major Raps "Silly Knitting Needles": Mrs. St. Clair Stobart Says that Fair Sex Should Train to Take Places of Men at War \|date\=1918\-03\-14 \|work\=Omaha Daily Bee \|access\-date\=2018\-04\-07 \|issn\=2169\-7264}} The unit was to be called the First Serbian\-English Field Hospital (front).{{rp\|138}}
The war was not going too well for Serbia in the autumn of 1915\. Bulgaria had joined the war against Serbia. After fierce fighting, the army along with civilians made the [retreat through neutral Albania](/wiki/Serbian_army%27s_retreat_through_Albania "Serbian army's retreat through Albania"). The retreat was a complete shambles with terrible cold weather, mud\-bound roads, constant enemy attacks, and lack of food and other supplies. Estimates put the costs at well\-over 250,000 soldiers dying or missing. There is no estimate on the number of civilians that died.{{rp\|137–138}}
Stobart arrived at the front with her unit right before the start of the retreat. Her unit was one of the last units to start the dangerous crossing of the mountains but was able to stick together with little loss.{{rp\|138–139}}
In 1916, Stobart wrote *The Flaming Sword in Serbia and Elsewhere*, an account of her ordeal in Serbia illustrated with her own photographs and undertook British lecture tours, donating the proceeds to the [Serbian Red Cross](/wiki/Serbian_Red_Cross "Serbian Red Cross").{{cite ODNB \|last1\=Blodgett \|first1\=Harriet \|title\=Stobart, Mabel Annie St Clair \[née Mabel Annie Boulton; other married name Mabel Annie Stobart Greenhalgh] (1862–1954\), medical relief worker and writer \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1093/ref:odnb/56253 \|year\=2004 \|access\-date\=22 February 2021 \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/56253}}
### Later travels
After America entered the war in April 1917, Stobart travelled to North America \- the United States and Canada \- for a lecture tour arranged through the British [Ministry of Information](/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)"), followed by a lecture tour in Ireland in late 1918\.
|
[
"First World War\n---------------",
"### In Belgium",
"Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914\\. Stobart travelled to [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") on 18 August 1914, arriving on the evening of the 19th, and sent a cable instructing the unit to come out immediately. They immediately started converting university buildings that had been allocated for use as a hospital by her unit on the 20th. At 2pm, she followed a crowd to the Boulevard des Jardins Botaniquese, and witnessed the German Army making a triumphant entry to and taking possession of the capital of Belgium, foolishly taking photos. Realising the situation, Stobart tried to find means to communicate with her unit. After persistent effort, Stobart was able to gain a passport from the German General, to [Venlo](/wiki/Venlo \"Venlo\") in Holland, leaving at 6 p.m. on 24 August, reading [Louvain](/wiki/Leuven \"Leuven\") (Leuven) at 8pm, and travelling on the next morning at 5 a.m. (Louvain was destroyed the following day) to Hasselt at 8 a.m.",
"After taking breakfast the motorcade would not restart, and upon repeated inspection of their passports, they were arrested as spies, surrounded by soldiers who were ordered to cock rifles, fix bayonets, and shoot if they moved or talked to each other. After an hour they were marched to a hotel, their luggage was searched and they themselves were strip searched, before being marched to the railway station at 5 p.m. along with eighteen members of the [Garde Civique](/wiki/Garde_Civique \"Garde Civique\") and six criminals, and loaded onto a dirty coal truck, which traveled until around 7 p.m., arriving in [Tongres](/wiki/Tongres \"Tongres\").",
"There, an anti\\-English commanding officer whom Stobart labelled the 'devil\\-major' stated that a map and camera were enough for them to be condemned as spies, for whom the fate was to be shot within twenty\\-four hours. While trying to explain their case, Stobart was shocked by the comment, \"You are English, and whether you are right or wrong, this is a war of annihilation.\" They spent the night, after arguing to not be separated as women were not allowed to sleep with men (the party consisting of her husband, the chaplain and a poor Belgian chauffeur who had been caught up in the affair).",
"A sympathetic officer, who was married to an English woman, entered the room, and promised to do everything in his power to help, in return for conveying to his wife that all was well for him. He was interrupted and sternly removed by the 'devil major'. The following morning, the devil major, frustrated by intervention in his planned dawn entertainment of an execution, irately made arrangements to transfer the four prisoners to [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") to be tried for high treason.",
"During the journey, the news of their transfer proceeded them, and at [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge \"Liège\") they were removed from the train, and the officers who did so had in mind to try the English 'spies' themselves. As the train was to leave, Stobart was able to compel one of their guards to show the officer the orders for them to be transferred to Cologne. On production of the papers, the officer resisted, and allowed them to re\\-board the train, but crucially, without their papers which were the proof of their story. Their journey ended in [Aachen](/wiki/Aachen \"Aachen\") (Aix\\-la\\-Chappelle) at 8 p.m., and they were marched to a barracks prison and presented to a judge separately.",
"The only evidence that remained was a cutting from the *Morning Post* which stated \"Mrs St. Clair Stobart had that day left for Brussels at the invitation of the Belgian Red Cross, to establish a hospital for French and Belgian soldiers.\"",
"Before being once again removed to the prison for the night. The following evening, she was brought before the judge in the prison, who offered her to board in a hotel, if she gave her word not to attempt to escape, while he investigated her statements. Stobart answered that she would, only if her companions were extended the same courtesy, to which she was told that they already had done so, and was courteously taken to the hotel, and allocated an officer to supervise their parole. After some confusing telegrams, their innocence was decided, and upon asking of their desired destination, the judge allowed them to return to London, via [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Netherlands \"Flushing, Netherlands\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Miracles and Adventures\\|last\\=Stobart\\|first\\=Mabel\\|publisher\\=Rider\\|year\\=1935\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=148–165}}",
"On return to London, Stobart then took her unit to the [siege of Antwerp](/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_%281914%29 \"Siege of Antwerp (1914)\"), in response to a request received via [Lord and Lady Esher](/wiki/Reginald_Brett%2C_2nd_Viscount_Esher \"Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Miracles and Adventures\\|last\\=Stobart\\|first\\=Mabel\\|publisher\\=Rider \\& co\\|year\\=1935\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=166}}",
"Following the exploits in Antwerp, Stobart established a hospital at the Château Tourlaville near [Cherbourg](/wiki/Cherbourg \"Cherbourg\"), which operated during 1914–1915,{{Cite book\\|title\\=Miracles and Adventures\\|last\\=Stobart\\|first\\=Mabel\\|publisher\\=Rider\\|year\\=1935\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=178}} but, bored of the tedious work away from the front, left the hospital she had established and sought a new challenge.",
"### In Serbia",
"As a result of the war and its effects, [epidemic typhus](/wiki/Epidemic_typhus \"Epidemic typhus\") broke out in Serbia, causing the death of around 150,000 people including about half of the doctors in the country.{{RP\\|7}} Stobart, along with several other medical units from the Red Cross, went to the affected area.",
"[thumb\\|With the exception of a few men, all of the Serbian Relief Fund unit No. 3 were women](/wiki/File:STOBART_HOSPITAL_SERBIAN_RELIEF_FUND_UNIT_No._3..jpg \"STOBART HOSPITAL SERBIAN RELIEF FUND UNIT No. 3..jpg\")",
"Stobart's actions caught the attention of the [Royal Serbian Army](/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army \"Royal Serbian Army\"). The medical division, in late September 1915, asked Stobart to command a frontline field hospital. Along with some doctors and nurses, sixty soldiers would be under her command. To suit this position, she was given the rank of [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 \"Major (rank)\"), which made her the first known woman with the rank of major in the world.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8hvGDQAAQBAJ\\&q\\=St%2520Clair%2520Stobart\\&pg\\=PA154 \\|title\\=British Women of the Eastern Front: War, Writing and Experience in Serbia and Russia, 1914\\-20 \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Angela K. \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-01 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\\=9781526100023 \\|language\\=en}}{{rp\\|138}}{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99021999/1918\\-03\\-14/ed\\-1/seq\\-1/ \\|title\\=First Woman Major Raps \"Silly Knitting Needles\": Mrs. St. Clair Stobart Says that Fair Sex Should Train to Take Places of Men at War \\|date\\=1918\\-03\\-14 \\|work\\=Omaha Daily Bee \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-07 \\|issn\\=2169\\-7264}} The unit was to be called the First Serbian\\-English Field Hospital (front).{{rp\\|138}}",
"The war was not going too well for Serbia in the autumn of 1915\\. Bulgaria had joined the war against Serbia. After fierce fighting, the army along with civilians made the [retreat through neutral Albania](/wiki/Serbian_army%27s_retreat_through_Albania \"Serbian army's retreat through Albania\"). The retreat was a complete shambles with terrible cold weather, mud\\-bound roads, constant enemy attacks, and lack of food and other supplies. Estimates put the costs at well\\-over 250,000 soldiers dying or missing. There is no estimate on the number of civilians that died.{{rp\\|137–138}}",
"Stobart arrived at the front with her unit right before the start of the retreat. Her unit was one of the last units to start the dangerous crossing of the mountains but was able to stick together with little loss.{{rp\\|138–139}}",
"In 1916, Stobart wrote *The Flaming Sword in Serbia and Elsewhere*, an account of her ordeal in Serbia illustrated with her own photographs and undertook British lecture tours, donating the proceeds to the [Serbian Red Cross](/wiki/Serbian_Red_Cross \"Serbian Red Cross\").{{cite ODNB \\|last1\\=Blodgett \\|first1\\=Harriet \\|title\\=Stobart, Mabel Annie St Clair \\[née Mabel Annie Boulton; other married name Mabel Annie Stobart Greenhalgh] (1862–1954\\), medical relief worker and writer \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1093/ref:odnb/56253 \\|year\\=2004 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2021 \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/56253}}",
"### Later travels",
"After America entered the war in April 1917, Stobart travelled to North America \\- the United States and Canada \\- for a lecture tour arranged through the British [Ministry of Information](/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)\"), followed by a lecture tour in Ireland in late 1918\\.",
""
] |
### In Belgium
Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914\. Stobart travelled to [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") on 18 August 1914, arriving on the evening of the 19th, and sent a cable instructing the unit to come out immediately. They immediately started converting university buildings that had been allocated for use as a hospital by her unit on the 20th. At 2pm, she followed a crowd to the Boulevard des Jardins Botaniquese, and witnessed the German Army making a triumphant entry to and taking possession of the capital of Belgium, foolishly taking photos. Realising the situation, Stobart tried to find means to communicate with her unit. After persistent effort, Stobart was able to gain a passport from the German General, to [Venlo](/wiki/Venlo "Venlo") in Holland, leaving at 6 p.m. on 24 August, reading [Louvain](/wiki/Leuven "Leuven") (Leuven) at 8pm, and travelling on the next morning at 5 a.m. (Louvain was destroyed the following day) to Hasselt at 8 a.m.
After taking breakfast the motorcade would not restart, and upon repeated inspection of their passports, they were arrested as spies, surrounded by soldiers who were ordered to cock rifles, fix bayonets, and shoot if they moved or talked to each other. After an hour they were marched to a hotel, their luggage was searched and they themselves were strip searched, before being marched to the railway station at 5 p.m. along with eighteen members of the [Garde Civique](/wiki/Garde_Civique "Garde Civique") and six criminals, and loaded onto a dirty coal truck, which traveled until around 7 p.m., arriving in [Tongres](/wiki/Tongres "Tongres").
There, an anti\-English commanding officer whom Stobart labelled the 'devil\-major' stated that a map and camera were enough for them to be condemned as spies, for whom the fate was to be shot within twenty\-four hours. While trying to explain their case, Stobart was shocked by the comment, "You are English, and whether you are right or wrong, this is a war of annihilation." They spent the night, after arguing to not be separated as women were not allowed to sleep with men (the party consisting of her husband, the chaplain and a poor Belgian chauffeur who had been caught up in the affair).
A sympathetic officer, who was married to an English woman, entered the room, and promised to do everything in his power to help, in return for conveying to his wife that all was well for him. He was interrupted and sternly removed by the 'devil major'. The following morning, the devil major, frustrated by intervention in his planned dawn entertainment of an execution, irately made arrangements to transfer the four prisoners to [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne") to be tried for high treason.
During the journey, the news of their transfer proceeded them, and at [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge "Liège") they were removed from the train, and the officers who did so had in mind to try the English 'spies' themselves. As the train was to leave, Stobart was able to compel one of their guards to show the officer the orders for them to be transferred to Cologne. On production of the papers, the officer resisted, and allowed them to re\-board the train, but crucially, without their papers which were the proof of their story. Their journey ended in [Aachen](/wiki/Aachen "Aachen") (Aix\-la\-Chappelle) at 8 p.m., and they were marched to a barracks prison and presented to a judge separately.
The only evidence that remained was a cutting from the *Morning Post* which stated "Mrs St. Clair Stobart had that day left for Brussels at the invitation of the Belgian Red Cross, to establish a hospital for French and Belgian soldiers."
Before being once again removed to the prison for the night. The following evening, she was brought before the judge in the prison, who offered her to board in a hotel, if she gave her word not to attempt to escape, while he investigated her statements. Stobart answered that she would, only if her companions were extended the same courtesy, to which she was told that they already had done so, and was courteously taken to the hotel, and allocated an officer to supervise their parole. After some confusing telegrams, their innocence was decided, and upon asking of their desired destination, the judge allowed them to return to London, via [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Netherlands "Flushing, Netherlands").{{Cite book\|title\=Miracles and Adventures\|last\=Stobart\|first\=Mabel\|publisher\=Rider\|year\=1935\|location\=London\|pages\=148–165}}
On return to London, Stobart then took her unit to the [siege of Antwerp](/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_%281914%29 "Siege of Antwerp (1914)"), in response to a request received via [Lord and Lady Esher](/wiki/Reginald_Brett%2C_2nd_Viscount_Esher "Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher").{{Cite book\|title\=Miracles and Adventures\|last\=Stobart\|first\=Mabel\|publisher\=Rider \& co\|year\=1935\|location\=London\|pages\=166}}
Following the exploits in Antwerp, Stobart established a hospital at the Château Tourlaville near [Cherbourg](/wiki/Cherbourg "Cherbourg"), which operated during 1914–1915,{{Cite book\|title\=Miracles and Adventures\|last\=Stobart\|first\=Mabel\|publisher\=Rider\|year\=1935\|location\=London\|page\=178}} but, bored of the tedious work away from the front, left the hospital she had established and sought a new challenge.
|
[
"### In Belgium",
"Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914\\. Stobart travelled to [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") on 18 August 1914, arriving on the evening of the 19th, and sent a cable instructing the unit to come out immediately. They immediately started converting university buildings that had been allocated for use as a hospital by her unit on the 20th. At 2pm, she followed a crowd to the Boulevard des Jardins Botaniquese, and witnessed the German Army making a triumphant entry to and taking possession of the capital of Belgium, foolishly taking photos. Realising the situation, Stobart tried to find means to communicate with her unit. After persistent effort, Stobart was able to gain a passport from the German General, to [Venlo](/wiki/Venlo \"Venlo\") in Holland, leaving at 6 p.m. on 24 August, reading [Louvain](/wiki/Leuven \"Leuven\") (Leuven) at 8pm, and travelling on the next morning at 5 a.m. (Louvain was destroyed the following day) to Hasselt at 8 a.m.",
"After taking breakfast the motorcade would not restart, and upon repeated inspection of their passports, they were arrested as spies, surrounded by soldiers who were ordered to cock rifles, fix bayonets, and shoot if they moved or talked to each other. After an hour they were marched to a hotel, their luggage was searched and they themselves were strip searched, before being marched to the railway station at 5 p.m. along with eighteen members of the [Garde Civique](/wiki/Garde_Civique \"Garde Civique\") and six criminals, and loaded onto a dirty coal truck, which traveled until around 7 p.m., arriving in [Tongres](/wiki/Tongres \"Tongres\").",
"There, an anti\\-English commanding officer whom Stobart labelled the 'devil\\-major' stated that a map and camera were enough for them to be condemned as spies, for whom the fate was to be shot within twenty\\-four hours. While trying to explain their case, Stobart was shocked by the comment, \"You are English, and whether you are right or wrong, this is a war of annihilation.\" They spent the night, after arguing to not be separated as women were not allowed to sleep with men (the party consisting of her husband, the chaplain and a poor Belgian chauffeur who had been caught up in the affair).",
"A sympathetic officer, who was married to an English woman, entered the room, and promised to do everything in his power to help, in return for conveying to his wife that all was well for him. He was interrupted and sternly removed by the 'devil major'. The following morning, the devil major, frustrated by intervention in his planned dawn entertainment of an execution, irately made arrangements to transfer the four prisoners to [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") to be tried for high treason.",
"During the journey, the news of their transfer proceeded them, and at [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge \"Liège\") they were removed from the train, and the officers who did so had in mind to try the English 'spies' themselves. As the train was to leave, Stobart was able to compel one of their guards to show the officer the orders for them to be transferred to Cologne. On production of the papers, the officer resisted, and allowed them to re\\-board the train, but crucially, without their papers which were the proof of their story. Their journey ended in [Aachen](/wiki/Aachen \"Aachen\") (Aix\\-la\\-Chappelle) at 8 p.m., and they were marched to a barracks prison and presented to a judge separately.",
"The only evidence that remained was a cutting from the *Morning Post* which stated \"Mrs St. Clair Stobart had that day left for Brussels at the invitation of the Belgian Red Cross, to establish a hospital for French and Belgian soldiers.\"",
"Before being once again removed to the prison for the night. The following evening, she was brought before the judge in the prison, who offered her to board in a hotel, if she gave her word not to attempt to escape, while he investigated her statements. Stobart answered that she would, only if her companions were extended the same courtesy, to which she was told that they already had done so, and was courteously taken to the hotel, and allocated an officer to supervise their parole. After some confusing telegrams, their innocence was decided, and upon asking of their desired destination, the judge allowed them to return to London, via [Flushing](/wiki/Flushing%2C_Netherlands \"Flushing, Netherlands\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Miracles and Adventures\\|last\\=Stobart\\|first\\=Mabel\\|publisher\\=Rider\\|year\\=1935\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=148–165}}",
"On return to London, Stobart then took her unit to the [siege of Antwerp](/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_%281914%29 \"Siege of Antwerp (1914)\"), in response to a request received via [Lord and Lady Esher](/wiki/Reginald_Brett%2C_2nd_Viscount_Esher \"Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Miracles and Adventures\\|last\\=Stobart\\|first\\=Mabel\\|publisher\\=Rider \\& co\\|year\\=1935\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=166}}",
"Following the exploits in Antwerp, Stobart established a hospital at the Château Tourlaville near [Cherbourg](/wiki/Cherbourg \"Cherbourg\"), which operated during 1914–1915,{{Cite book\\|title\\=Miracles and Adventures\\|last\\=Stobart\\|first\\=Mabel\\|publisher\\=Rider\\|year\\=1935\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=178}} but, bored of the tedious work away from the front, left the hospital she had established and sought a new challenge.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1993–1999: Formation and *Burial*
Extol was formed in [Bekkestua](/wiki/Bekkestua "Bekkestua"), Norway by cousins drummer [David Husvik](/wiki/David_Husvik "David Husvik") and guitarist [Christer Espevoll](/wiki/Christer_Espevoll "Christer Espevoll"), who were both 16 at the time.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.metal\-rules.com/interviews/Extol\-Dec2003\.htm\|title\=Metal\-Rules.com: Interview with Christer Espevoll of Extol\|website\=www.metal\-rules.com\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Extol\_Norwegian\_hard\_music\_band\_present\_the\_church\_of\_noise/8488/p1/\|title\=Extol: Norwegian hard music band present the church of noise \- Extol\|website\=www.crossrhythms.co.uk\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}} The two had jammed together since fall 1993 and wanted to start a band. Christer's brother [Peter](/wiki/Peter_Espevoll "Peter Espevoll"), 14 was recruited for vocal duties. Bassist Eystein Holm joined on 17 May 1994 as the band was rehearsing for a show that day. In an interview, Peter explained the band's name: "Extol means to exalt, to lift up what you give glory to, and that's what's we're all about. We want to give God all the glory with our lives and with our music."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.tollbooth.org/features/extol99\.html\|title\=A Feature Article by The Phantom Tollbooth\|website\=www.tollbooth.org\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}} Extol wanted to expand their musical style beyond regular [heavy metal music](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music")—according to [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic "AllMusic") writer Mike DaRonco, the band intended to show "more of a [progressive side](/wiki/Progressive_metal "Progressive metal"); rather than a typical run of the mill group of burnouts who focused more on their image."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/extol\-mn0000152515/biography\|title\=Extol {{!}} Biography \& History {{!}} AllMusic\|website\=AllMusic\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}} The style change necessitated another guitarist, a position [Emil Nikolaisen](/wiki/Emil_Nikolaisen "Emil Nikolaisen") of the band Royal filled in 1995\.
The group soon garnered a reputation in the local scene. In January 1996, Extol made their first record appearance on a Norwegian metal compilation called *Northern Lights*. The album featured other local Christian artists [Antestor](/wiki/Antestor "Antestor"), [Schaliach](/wiki/Schaliach "Schaliach"), and Groms. [Steve Rowe](/wiki/Steve_Rowe "Steve Rowe") of Australian Christian metal band [Mortification](/wiki/Mortification_%28band%29 "Mortification (band)") released the compilation on his record label, [Rowe Productions](/wiki/Rowe_Productions "Rowe Productions"). The band ventured to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Sweden two months later for their first show outside their homeland. At the end of 1996, Nikolaisen departed so he could devote more time to Royal, and was replaced by [Ole Børud](/wiki/Ole_B%C3%B8rud "Ole Børud") of Schaliach and Arnold B Family.
In 1997, Extol released an independent three\-song demo: *Embraced*. A studio album was recorded at the end of the year even though a record label had not signed them. Almost a year passed before Endtime Productions picked up the band. Their debut album, *[Burial](/wiki/Burial_%28Extol_album%29 "Burial (Extol album)")*, was released in December 1998\. The album was licensed in the United States on [Solid State Records](/wiki/Solid_State_Records "Solid State Records"), and in Japan on [Avalon Records](/wiki/Avalon_Records "Avalon Records"). Critical reception was very positive from Christian and secular publications. DaRonco commented that it was "a breath of fresh air among a genre that relies on satanic gimmicks."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/burial\-mw0000046278\|title\=Burial \- Extol {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic\|website\=AllMusic\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}}
Shortly after, the band played their first shows in the US at [Cornerstone Festival](/wiki/Cornerstone_Festival "Cornerstone Festival") and Texas Rockfest. Extol conducted a four\-week tour with Swedish rock band [Blindside](/wiki/Blindside_%28band%29 "Blindside (band)") in summer 1999\. An EP, *[Mesmerized](/wiki/Mesmerized_%28Extol_album%29 "Mesmerized (Extol album)")*, was released in November. It featured three remixed tracks from *Burial*, which were reworked by Swedish [industrial](/wiki/Industrial_music "Industrial music") groups [Raison d'être](/wiki/Raison_d%27%C3%AAtre_%28band%29 "Raison d'être (band)") and [Sanctum](/wiki/Sanctum_%28band%29 "Sanctum (band)"), and three other songs; a recently recorded one, an outtake, and a track from the Japanese release. The reception from fans was generally negative. Holm soon left the band and was replaced by [Tor Magne Glidje](/wiki/Tor_Magne_Glidje "Tor Magne Glidje"), who played guitar in the Norwegian metal band [Lengsel](/wiki/Lengsel "Lengsel").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.centurymedia.com/artist.aspx?IdArtist\=17\|title\=Century Media Records \- Extol\|website\=www.centurymedia.com\|access\-date\=18 April 2016\|archive\-date\=26 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426153532/http://www.centurymedia.com/artist.aspx?IdArtist\=17\|url\-status\=dead}}
### 2000–2003: *Undeceived* and *Synergy*
Extol returned to the studio in December 1999 to record a follow\-up album. In June 2000, their second studio album, *[Undeceived](/wiki/Undeceived "Undeceived")*, was released. The release saw their music become "harder and darker" than their previous work, opting to move towards a [death metal](/wiki/Death_metal "Death metal") sound. The song "Ember" proved to be a popular song among their fans. Børud then left the band,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/guitarist\-ole\-borud\-explains\-decision\-to\-leave\-extol/\|title\=Guitarist Ole Borud Explains Decision To Leave Extol\|date\=24 May 2004\|website\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|publisher\=\[\[Roadrunner Records]]\|access\-date\=29 November 2014}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.insidemusicast.com/musicasts/2011/4/18/ole\-borud.html\|title\=Inside Musicast \- Interviewing the True Musicians \- musicasts \- Ole Borud\|date\=18 April 2011\|website\=Inside Musicast\|access\-date\=24 October 2015}} so Glidje switched over to guitar, and John Robert Mjåland joined as bassist.
In 2001, another EP, *Paralysis*, was recorded; it was only released in Sweden. This EP featured a cover of "Shadow of Death" by the American thrash metal group [Believer](/wiki/Believer_%28band%29 "Believer (band)"), whom the band considers to be a great influence. After *Paralysis*, Glidje left the band to focus on his other project, Ganglion, and Børud returned to the line\-up. After *Undeceived* was released, Extol was no longer obligated to Endtime Productions, and they signed with [Century Media](/wiki/Century_Media_Records "Century Media Records") in 2002\. Their album, *[Synergy](/wiki/Synergy_%28Extol_album%29 "Synergy (Extol album)")*, released in 2003, showed an even greater appreciation of the band Believer and their style of thrash metal. Following the release, Extol toured Europe and US with the Swedish progressive death metal group [Opeth](/wiki/Opeth "Opeth").{{Cite web\|title\=Century Media Records \- Extol: : On tour with Opeth!\|url\=https://www.centurymedia.com/newsdetailed.aspx?IdNews\=3450\&IdCompany\=3\|access\-date\=20 April 2021\|website\=www.centurymedia.com}}
### 2004–2008: *The Blueprint Dives* and hiatus
In June 2004, Børud and Christer Espevoll left Extol to "invest their time and energy elsewhere".Spitzer, Bradley (2005\). {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/\*/http://www.hmmagazine.com/issue/issue\_112/extol.php \|date\=\* \|title\=HM \- Extol }}. *[HM Magazine](/wiki/HM_Magazine "HM Magazine")*. Retrieved on 28 October 2016\. Taking their place as permanent members in the band were Tor Magne Glidje and Ole Halvard Sveen, both from Ganglion, which merged with Extol when four out of five band members ended up playing in both bands.
In 2005, the band released what could be considered their most diverse album, *The Blueprint Dives*. A music video was shot for the song "Pearl". The album was nominated for the Norwegian Grammy, [Spellemannprisen](/wiki/Spellemannprisen "Spellemannprisen"), for best Norwegian metal album in 2005\. The album was voted among the top five metal albums of the year by readers of Norway's largest newspaper, *[Dagbladet](/wiki/Dagbladet "Dagbladet")*. Afterwards, Extol toured Europe with [Mastodon](/wiki/Mastodon_%28band%29 "Mastodon (band)"), [God Forbid](/wiki/God_Forbid "God Forbid"), and Opeth, and the US with Winter Solstice, [Becoming the Archetype](/wiki/Becoming_the_Archetype "Becoming the Archetype"), and [The Showdown](/wiki/The_Showdown_%28band%29 "The Showdown (band)"). The album received rave reviews: Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic gave the album 4\.5/5 and writes that "to Extol's greatest credit, offhand comparisons to other bands are almost impossible!" According to Glidje, a majority of the songs on *The Blueprint Dives* had previously been written as Ganglion songs.{{cite web\|url\=https://labeledpodcast.com/blog/scan\|title\=Cross Pollination With The Scandinavian Metal Scene\|website\=Labeled Podcast\|first\=Tor Magne\|last\=Glidje\|date\=13 July 2020\|access\-date\=22 December 2020}}
On 9 August 2007 the band announced through their MySpace page that they were taking a hiatus.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2020}} Glidje, Mjåland and Sveen went on to form [Mantric](/wiki/Mantric "Mantric"), signed to [Prosthetic Records](/wiki/Prosthetic_Records "Prosthetic Records"). Husvik joined [Dr. Midnight and the Mercy Cult](/wiki/Doctor_Midnight_%26_The_Mercy_Cult "Doctor Midnight & The Mercy Cult"), which includes members from [Turbonegro](/wiki/Turbonegro "Turbonegro"), [Apoptygma Berzerk](/wiki/Apoptygma_Berzerk "Apoptygma Berzerk") and [Satyricon](/wiki/Satyricon_%28band%29 "Satyricon (band)").
### 2012–present: Documentary, *Extol*, hiatus and reunion
In 2012, Extol reformed as a trio consisting of Peter Espevoll, Husvik, and Børud, and announced that a documentary about the band, titled *Extol: of Light and Shade*, was being produced.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=180178 \|title\=Extol Documentary in the Works \|date\=October 2012 \|publisher\=Blabbermouth.Net \|access\-date\=14 April 2013}} On 23 April 2013, Extol announced that their fifth album, *[Extol](/wiki/Extol_%28album%29 "Extol (album)")*, was to be released in June. Upon this announcement, the single "Open the Gates" was released for streaming on YouTube.{{cite web\|title\=Reactivated Extol To Release New Album in June\|url\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=189084\|work\=\[\[Blabbermouth.net]]\|publisher\=\[\[Roadrunner Records]]\|access\-date\=23 April 2013\|date\=23 April 2013}} [Indie Recordings](/wiki/Indie_Recordings "Indie Recordings") released the album on 21 June in Norway, Germany, and Austria, and on 24 June worldwide. [Facedown Records](/wiki/Facedown_Records "Facedown Records") released the album on 25 June for North America. The album debuted at No. 23 on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* [Top Christian Albums](/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums "Top Christian Albums") chart. In July 2014, the band performed their first live concert since 2006\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.metalinjection.net/latest\-news/extol\-teases\-upcoming\-live\-performances\|title\=EXTOL Teases Upcoming Live Performances\|website\=Metal Injection\|first\=Greg\|last\=Kennelty\|date\=5 February 2014\|access\-date\=25 September 2017}} On 17 July, they introduced the names of the additional two touring members: Marcus Bertilsson ([Inevitable End](/wiki/Inevitable_End "Inevitable End"), [Miseration](/wiki/Miseration "Miseration")) on guitar and Ole Vistnes ([Shining](/wiki/Shining_%28Norwegian_band%29 "Shining (Norwegian band)"), [Tristania](/wiki/Tristania_%28band%29 "Tristania (band)"), [Fleshkiller](/wiki/Fleshkiller "Fleshkiller")) on bass.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/ExtolOfficial/posts/563519610425572 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/237631086347761/563519610425572 \|archive\-date\=26 February 2022 \|url\-access\=limited\|title\=Extol \- I guess it's time to introduce our two new live...\|publisher\=\[\[Facebook]]\|date\=7 July 2014\|access\-date\=25 September 2017}}{{cbignore}} The documentary was later released.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.metalinjection.net/reviews/film\-review\-extols\-of\-light\-and\-shade\-sheds\-light\-on\-the\-christian\-extreme\-metal\-band\|title\=Film Review: Extol's Of Light and Shade Sheds Light on the Christian Extreme Metal Band\|work\=Metal Injection\|first\=Aaron\|last\=Lambert\|date\=22 June 2015\|access\-date\=6 October 2016}} The band made it onto a list of the top 20 best Norwegian progressive metal bands in 2017\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.prog\-sphere.com/specials/20\-best\-norwegian\-prog\-bands/\|title\=20 Best Norwegian Prog Bands\|publisher\=Prog\-Sphere\|author\=Prog Sphere\|date\=17 April 2017\|access\-date\=18 May 2017}} The band went on hiatus until 2023\. During the hiatus, Espevoll quit the band due to other commitments, leaving Husvik and Børud as sole members.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.metalinjection.net/interviews/qa\-ole\-borud\-extol\-on\-the\-awakening\-of\-fleshkiller\|title\=Q\&A: Ole Børud (EXTOL) On The Awakening Of FLESHKILLER \- Metal Injection\|date\=31 August 2017\|access\-date\=31 August 2017}} Husvik went on to play in a project called [Azusa](/wiki/Azusa_%28band%29 "Azusa (band)") with Christer Espevoll, one of the original members, while Børud went on to perform in Fleshkiller.
On January 18, 2023, Extol announced a reunion for [Furnace Fest](/wiki/Furnace_Fest "Furnace Fest") of 2023, hosted in Alabama, alongside additional reunited acts [A Plea for Purging](/wiki/A_Plea_for_Purging "A Plea for Purging"), [Training for Utopia](/wiki/Training_for_Utopia "Training for Utopia"), [Haste the Day](/wiki/Haste_the_Day "Haste the Day") and [Becoming the Archetype](/wiki/Becoming_the_Archetype "Becoming the Archetype"). Later it was announced Extol would also do a European reunion show for Brainstorm Festival on November 4, 2023, in Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, alongside acts like Xandria, Serenity, Temperance and In Vain. With the announcements, they released the band's lineup consisting of Husvik, Børud, Christer Espevoll, Tor Magne Glidje, and vocalist [Elisha Mullins](/wiki/Elisha_Mullins "Elisha Mullins") ([A Hill to Die Upon](/wiki/A_Hill_to_Die_Upon "A Hill to Die Upon"), [War of Ages](/wiki/War_of_Ages "War of Ages"), Fleshkiller). The band expressed their want for Peter to return but that he had other commitments. They also teased new music with Peter on August 10\.{{cite web \| url\=https://metalinjection.net/news/extol\-is\-teasing\-reunion\-with\-original\-members\-and\-new\-music \| title\=EXTOL is Teasing Reunion with Original Members and New Music \| date\=10 August 2018 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1993–1999: Formation and *Burial*",
"Extol was formed in [Bekkestua](/wiki/Bekkestua \"Bekkestua\"), Norway by cousins drummer [David Husvik](/wiki/David_Husvik \"David Husvik\") and guitarist [Christer Espevoll](/wiki/Christer_Espevoll \"Christer Espevoll\"), who were both 16 at the time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metal\\-rules.com/interviews/Extol\\-Dec2003\\.htm\\|title\\=Metal\\-Rules.com: Interview with Christer Espevoll of Extol\\|website\\=www.metal\\-rules.com\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Extol\\_Norwegian\\_hard\\_music\\_band\\_present\\_the\\_church\\_of\\_noise/8488/p1/\\|title\\=Extol: Norwegian hard music band present the church of noise \\- Extol\\|website\\=www.crossrhythms.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}} The two had jammed together since fall 1993 and wanted to start a band. Christer's brother [Peter](/wiki/Peter_Espevoll \"Peter Espevoll\"), 14 was recruited for vocal duties. Bassist Eystein Holm joined on 17 May 1994 as the band was rehearsing for a show that day. In an interview, Peter explained the band's name: \"Extol means to exalt, to lift up what you give glory to, and that's what's we're all about. We want to give God all the glory with our lives and with our music.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tollbooth.org/features/extol99\\.html\\|title\\=A Feature Article by The Phantom Tollbooth\\|website\\=www.tollbooth.org\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}} Extol wanted to expand their musical style beyond regular [heavy metal music](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\")—according to [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\") writer Mike DaRonco, the band intended to show \"more of a [progressive side](/wiki/Progressive_metal \"Progressive metal\"); rather than a typical run of the mill group of burnouts who focused more on their image.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/extol\\-mn0000152515/biography\\|title\\=Extol {{!}} Biography \\& History {{!}} AllMusic\\|website\\=AllMusic\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}} The style change necessitated another guitarist, a position [Emil Nikolaisen](/wiki/Emil_Nikolaisen \"Emil Nikolaisen\") of the band Royal filled in 1995\\.",
"The group soon garnered a reputation in the local scene. In January 1996, Extol made their first record appearance on a Norwegian metal compilation called *Northern Lights*. The album featured other local Christian artists [Antestor](/wiki/Antestor \"Antestor\"), [Schaliach](/wiki/Schaliach \"Schaliach\"), and Groms. [Steve Rowe](/wiki/Steve_Rowe \"Steve Rowe\") of Australian Christian metal band [Mortification](/wiki/Mortification_%28band%29 \"Mortification (band)\") released the compilation on his record label, [Rowe Productions](/wiki/Rowe_Productions \"Rowe Productions\"). The band ventured to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), Sweden two months later for their first show outside their homeland. At the end of 1996, Nikolaisen departed so he could devote more time to Royal, and was replaced by [Ole Børud](/wiki/Ole_B%C3%B8rud \"Ole Børud\") of Schaliach and Arnold B Family.",
"In 1997, Extol released an independent three\\-song demo: *Embraced*. A studio album was recorded at the end of the year even though a record label had not signed them. Almost a year passed before Endtime Productions picked up the band. Their debut album, *[Burial](/wiki/Burial_%28Extol_album%29 \"Burial (Extol album)\")*, was released in December 1998\\. The album was licensed in the United States on [Solid State Records](/wiki/Solid_State_Records \"Solid State Records\"), and in Japan on [Avalon Records](/wiki/Avalon_Records \"Avalon Records\"). Critical reception was very positive from Christian and secular publications. DaRonco commented that it was \"a breath of fresh air among a genre that relies on satanic gimmicks.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/burial\\-mw0000046278\\|title\\=Burial \\- Extol {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic\\|website\\=AllMusic\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}}",
"Shortly after, the band played their first shows in the US at [Cornerstone Festival](/wiki/Cornerstone_Festival \"Cornerstone Festival\") and Texas Rockfest. Extol conducted a four\\-week tour with Swedish rock band [Blindside](/wiki/Blindside_%28band%29 \"Blindside (band)\") in summer 1999\\. An EP, *[Mesmerized](/wiki/Mesmerized_%28Extol_album%29 \"Mesmerized (Extol album)\")*, was released in November. It featured three remixed tracks from *Burial*, which were reworked by Swedish [industrial](/wiki/Industrial_music \"Industrial music\") groups [Raison d'être](/wiki/Raison_d%27%C3%AAtre_%28band%29 \"Raison d'être (band)\") and [Sanctum](/wiki/Sanctum_%28band%29 \"Sanctum (band)\"), and three other songs; a recently recorded one, an outtake, and a track from the Japanese release. The reception from fans was generally negative. Holm soon left the band and was replaced by [Tor Magne Glidje](/wiki/Tor_Magne_Glidje \"Tor Magne Glidje\"), who played guitar in the Norwegian metal band [Lengsel](/wiki/Lengsel \"Lengsel\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.centurymedia.com/artist.aspx?IdArtist\\=17\\|title\\=Century Media Records \\- Extol\\|website\\=www.centurymedia.com\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426153532/http://www.centurymedia.com/artist.aspx?IdArtist\\=17\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### 2000–2003: *Undeceived* and *Synergy*",
"Extol returned to the studio in December 1999 to record a follow\\-up album. In June 2000, their second studio album, *[Undeceived](/wiki/Undeceived \"Undeceived\")*, was released. The release saw their music become \"harder and darker\" than their previous work, opting to move towards a [death metal](/wiki/Death_metal \"Death metal\") sound. The song \"Ember\" proved to be a popular song among their fans. Børud then left the band,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/guitarist\\-ole\\-borud\\-explains\\-decision\\-to\\-leave\\-extol/\\|title\\=Guitarist Ole Borud Explains Decision To Leave Extol\\|date\\=24 May 2004\\|website\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Roadrunner Records]]\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2014}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.insidemusicast.com/musicasts/2011/4/18/ole\\-borud.html\\|title\\=Inside Musicast \\- Interviewing the True Musicians \\- musicasts \\- Ole Borud\\|date\\=18 April 2011\\|website\\=Inside Musicast\\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2015}} so Glidje switched over to guitar, and John Robert Mjåland joined as bassist.",
"In 2001, another EP, *Paralysis*, was recorded; it was only released in Sweden. This EP featured a cover of \"Shadow of Death\" by the American thrash metal group [Believer](/wiki/Believer_%28band%29 \"Believer (band)\"), whom the band considers to be a great influence. After *Paralysis*, Glidje left the band to focus on his other project, Ganglion, and Børud returned to the line\\-up. After *Undeceived* was released, Extol was no longer obligated to Endtime Productions, and they signed with [Century Media](/wiki/Century_Media_Records \"Century Media Records\") in 2002\\. Their album, *[Synergy](/wiki/Synergy_%28Extol_album%29 \"Synergy (Extol album)\")*, released in 2003, showed an even greater appreciation of the band Believer and their style of thrash metal. Following the release, Extol toured Europe and US with the Swedish progressive death metal group [Opeth](/wiki/Opeth \"Opeth\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Century Media Records \\- Extol: : On tour with Opeth!\\|url\\=https://www.centurymedia.com/newsdetailed.aspx?IdNews\\=3450\\&IdCompany\\=3\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2021\\|website\\=www.centurymedia.com}}",
"### 2004–2008: *The Blueprint Dives* and hiatus",
"In June 2004, Børud and Christer Espevoll left Extol to \"invest their time and energy elsewhere\".Spitzer, Bradley (2005\\). {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/\\*/http://www.hmmagazine.com/issue/issue\\_112/extol.php \\|date\\=\\* \\|title\\=HM \\- Extol }}. *[HM Magazine](/wiki/HM_Magazine \"HM Magazine\")*. Retrieved on 28 October 2016\\. Taking their place as permanent members in the band were Tor Magne Glidje and Ole Halvard Sveen, both from Ganglion, which merged with Extol when four out of five band members ended up playing in both bands.",
"In 2005, the band released what could be considered their most diverse album, *The Blueprint Dives*. A music video was shot for the song \"Pearl\". The album was nominated for the Norwegian Grammy, [Spellemannprisen](/wiki/Spellemannprisen \"Spellemannprisen\"), for best Norwegian metal album in 2005\\. The album was voted among the top five metal albums of the year by readers of Norway's largest newspaper, *[Dagbladet](/wiki/Dagbladet \"Dagbladet\")*. Afterwards, Extol toured Europe with [Mastodon](/wiki/Mastodon_%28band%29 \"Mastodon (band)\"), [God Forbid](/wiki/God_Forbid \"God Forbid\"), and Opeth, and the US with Winter Solstice, [Becoming the Archetype](/wiki/Becoming_the_Archetype \"Becoming the Archetype\"), and [The Showdown](/wiki/The_Showdown_%28band%29 \"The Showdown (band)\"). The album received rave reviews: Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic gave the album 4\\.5/5 and writes that \"to Extol's greatest credit, offhand comparisons to other bands are almost impossible!\" According to Glidje, a majority of the songs on *The Blueprint Dives* had previously been written as Ganglion songs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://labeledpodcast.com/blog/scan\\|title\\=Cross Pollination With The Scandinavian Metal Scene\\|website\\=Labeled Podcast\\|first\\=Tor Magne\\|last\\=Glidje\\|date\\=13 July 2020\\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2020}}",
"On 9 August 2007 the band announced through their MySpace page that they were taking a hiatus.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2020}} Glidje, Mjåland and Sveen went on to form [Mantric](/wiki/Mantric \"Mantric\"), signed to [Prosthetic Records](/wiki/Prosthetic_Records \"Prosthetic Records\"). Husvik joined [Dr. Midnight and the Mercy Cult](/wiki/Doctor_Midnight_%26_The_Mercy_Cult \"Doctor Midnight & The Mercy Cult\"), which includes members from [Turbonegro](/wiki/Turbonegro \"Turbonegro\"), [Apoptygma Berzerk](/wiki/Apoptygma_Berzerk \"Apoptygma Berzerk\") and [Satyricon](/wiki/Satyricon_%28band%29 \"Satyricon (band)\").",
"### 2012–present: Documentary, *Extol*, hiatus and reunion",
"In 2012, Extol reformed as a trio consisting of Peter Espevoll, Husvik, and Børud, and announced that a documentary about the band, titled *Extol: of Light and Shade*, was being produced.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=180178 \\|title\\=Extol Documentary in the Works \\|date\\=October 2012 \\|publisher\\=Blabbermouth.Net \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2013}} On 23 April 2013, Extol announced that their fifth album, *[Extol](/wiki/Extol_%28album%29 \"Extol (album)\")*, was to be released in June. Upon this announcement, the single \"Open the Gates\" was released for streaming on YouTube.{{cite web\\|title\\=Reactivated Extol To Release New Album in June\\|url\\=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=189084\\|work\\=\\[\\[Blabbermouth.net]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Roadrunner Records]]\\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2013\\|date\\=23 April 2013}} [Indie Recordings](/wiki/Indie_Recordings \"Indie Recordings\") released the album on 21 June in Norway, Germany, and Austria, and on 24 June worldwide. [Facedown Records](/wiki/Facedown_Records \"Facedown Records\") released the album on 25 June for North America. The album debuted at No. 23 on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* [Top Christian Albums](/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums \"Top Christian Albums\") chart. In July 2014, the band performed their first live concert since 2006\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metalinjection.net/latest\\-news/extol\\-teases\\-upcoming\\-live\\-performances\\|title\\=EXTOL Teases Upcoming Live Performances\\|website\\=Metal Injection\\|first\\=Greg\\|last\\=Kennelty\\|date\\=5 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2017}} On 17 July, they introduced the names of the additional two touring members: Marcus Bertilsson ([Inevitable End](/wiki/Inevitable_End \"Inevitable End\"), [Miseration](/wiki/Miseration \"Miseration\")) on guitar and Ole Vistnes ([Shining](/wiki/Shining_%28Norwegian_band%29 \"Shining (Norwegian band)\"), [Tristania](/wiki/Tristania_%28band%29 \"Tristania (band)\"), [Fleshkiller](/wiki/Fleshkiller \"Fleshkiller\")) on bass.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/ExtolOfficial/posts/563519610425572 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/237631086347761/563519610425572 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|title\\=Extol \\- I guess it's time to introduce our two new live...\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Facebook]]\\|date\\=7 July 2014\\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2017}}{{cbignore}} The documentary was later released.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.metalinjection.net/reviews/film\\-review\\-extols\\-of\\-light\\-and\\-shade\\-sheds\\-light\\-on\\-the\\-christian\\-extreme\\-metal\\-band\\|title\\=Film Review: Extol's Of Light and Shade Sheds Light on the Christian Extreme Metal Band\\|work\\=Metal Injection\\|first\\=Aaron\\|last\\=Lambert\\|date\\=22 June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2016}} The band made it onto a list of the top 20 best Norwegian progressive metal bands in 2017\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.prog\\-sphere.com/specials/20\\-best\\-norwegian\\-prog\\-bands/\\|title\\=20 Best Norwegian Prog Bands\\|publisher\\=Prog\\-Sphere\\|author\\=Prog Sphere\\|date\\=17 April 2017\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2017}} The band went on hiatus until 2023\\. During the hiatus, Espevoll quit the band due to other commitments, leaving Husvik and Børud as sole members.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metalinjection.net/interviews/qa\\-ole\\-borud\\-extol\\-on\\-the\\-awakening\\-of\\-fleshkiller\\|title\\=Q\\&A: Ole Børud (EXTOL) On The Awakening Of FLESHKILLER \\- Metal Injection\\|date\\=31 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2017}} Husvik went on to play in a project called [Azusa](/wiki/Azusa_%28band%29 \"Azusa (band)\") with Christer Espevoll, one of the original members, while Børud went on to perform in Fleshkiller.",
"On January 18, 2023, Extol announced a reunion for [Furnace Fest](/wiki/Furnace_Fest \"Furnace Fest\") of 2023, hosted in Alabama, alongside additional reunited acts [A Plea for Purging](/wiki/A_Plea_for_Purging \"A Plea for Purging\"), [Training for Utopia](/wiki/Training_for_Utopia \"Training for Utopia\"), [Haste the Day](/wiki/Haste_the_Day \"Haste the Day\") and [Becoming the Archetype](/wiki/Becoming_the_Archetype \"Becoming the Archetype\"). Later it was announced Extol would also do a European reunion show for Brainstorm Festival on November 4, 2023, in Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, alongside acts like Xandria, Serenity, Temperance and In Vain. With the announcements, they released the band's lineup consisting of Husvik, Børud, Christer Espevoll, Tor Magne Glidje, and vocalist [Elisha Mullins](/wiki/Elisha_Mullins \"Elisha Mullins\") ([A Hill to Die Upon](/wiki/A_Hill_to_Die_Upon \"A Hill to Die Upon\"), [War of Ages](/wiki/War_of_Ages \"War of Ages\"), Fleshkiller). The band expressed their want for Peter to return but that he had other commitments. They also teased new music with Peter on August 10\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://metalinjection.net/news/extol\\-is\\-teasing\\-reunion\\-with\\-original\\-members\\-and\\-new\\-music \\| title\\=EXTOL is Teasing Reunion with Original Members and New Music \\| date\\=10 August 2018 }}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Treasure Lee (Yolonda Ross) learns that her biological mother Brownie (Davenia McFadden) is incarcerated in an adult prison, so she purposely gets into trouble in order to be transferred from a juvenile facility to an adult women's facility in order to meet her. In the new prison, she reunites with an old friend Shadow (LaTanya Hagans). She meets new inmates, such as Leisha (Medusa), an aspiring [rapper](/wiki/Rapper "Rapper"), and Doodle ([Ella Joyce](/wiki/Ella_Joyce "Ella Joyce")), a religious, [homophobic](/wiki/Homophobia "Homophobia") woman who is involved with a male [correctional officer](/wiki/Correctional_officer "Correctional officer").
When Treasure asks about Brownie, Leisha responds, "I'm about getting up out of here. I ain't about no Brownie." Later, Shadow points Brownie out to her on the basketball court. Brownie knocks a player down, injuring her, and demands that another person take her place. Treasure volunteers for the position. Back in the cells, Treasure approaches Brownie around her "prison family." She pulls out a photo of a woman and says to Brownie that she is her mother and her reason for being in prison. Brownie's "daughters" protest that the photograph is not of Brownie. Brownie asks the daughters to leave and yells at Treasure, stating it is her own fault she is in jail.
Treasure is playing cards with Leisha and Shadow when she begins flirting with an inmate named Sugar (Patrice Fisher). Kit ([Rain Phoenix](/wiki/Rain_Phoenix "Rain Phoenix")), Brownie's main daughter, chides the woman for not meeting her in the chapel for their usual sexual relations. A fight breaks out between Treasure and Kit that results in both being placed in [solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement "Solitary confinement"). While confined, Brownie speaks through a wall telling Treasure that they should meet once she is released. Once back in the general population, Brownie meets with Treasure alone and states that she did not know about her because she was taken away at birth. She admits, "I failed you." Treasure cries on her shoulder.
As Treasure becomes a part of Brownie's prison family, Kit informs her that Brownie taught her how to survive in prison and demands that she sells drugs. Later, Brownie shoves a fork into Kit's thigh when Kit fails to bring in a certain amount of money from selling drugs. Meanwhile, Leisha is released from prison and Shadow admits that she wished she had never told Treasure about Brownie. Brownie tattoos the same [ankh](/wiki/Ankh "Ankh") she has on Treasure's arm. Treasure suggested that she should be reassigned cells to be closer to the family and Brownie does nothing to make that happen. However, when Brownie eats food made by Treasure's new [Asian](/wiki/Asian_people "Asian people") cellmate (Emily Kuroda), she proposes that the new inmate should live near her.
Brownie mocks Kit when she sees Kit reading [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") literature. Kit responds, "I am not jealous of you and Treasure because I know Brownie just cares about Brownie." Brownie then kicks her out of the prison family. In a later scene, a ranting Brownie grabs Treasure and comes close to maiming her with broken glass. Brownie approaches Treasure in the kitchen area where Treasure shows her obvious irritation with Brownie. Brownie tries to persuade Treasure that she needs to kill Kit, who now associates with a female [neo\-Nazi](/wiki/Neo-Nazi "Neo-Nazi") gang.
On the basketball court, Brownie slides a shank to Treasure. Treasure demands to play one\-on\-one basketball with Kit. Instead of playing, they immediately begin fighting. Treasure beats Kit badly but does not use the shank on her. Brownie pulls her to the side and demands that she kill Kit. As the two women leave their huddle, Kit approaches Brownie and puts a shank deep in her neck. All the inmates fall to the ground as correctional officers run out onto the court.
In a medical waiting area, Treasure sees Leisha, who is now in a wheelchair. Leisha, in a drowsy voice, states that the police caught her with [drug paraphernalia](/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia "Drug paraphernalia") again. When a medical worker calls Treasure's name, she dismisses her for not having matching blood. Treasure grabs the woman by the arm and demands to donate blood. A female correctional officer approaches the two and demands to read the file. The file reveals that Brownie is not Treasure's mother, but instead the woman who killed Treasure's mother.
The [warden](/wiki/wiktionary:Warden "Warden") ([Lee Garlington](/wiki/Lee_Garlington "Lee Garlington")) has a meeting with Treasure in her office and says that she sympathizes with her. She offers to transfer Treasure if she will admit that Brownie and a male correctional officer have been working together to bring drugs to inmates.
At her new prison, a crew of inmates approach Treasure out of respect while she is outside smoking a cigarette. They ask her for her name and Treasure replies that her name is Brownie.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Treasure Lee (Yolonda Ross) learns that her biological mother Brownie (Davenia McFadden) is incarcerated in an adult prison, so she purposely gets into trouble in order to be transferred from a juvenile facility to an adult women's facility in order to meet her. In the new prison, she reunites with an old friend Shadow (LaTanya Hagans). She meets new inmates, such as Leisha (Medusa), an aspiring [rapper](/wiki/Rapper \"Rapper\"), and Doodle ([Ella Joyce](/wiki/Ella_Joyce \"Ella Joyce\")), a religious, [homophobic](/wiki/Homophobia \"Homophobia\") woman who is involved with a male [correctional officer](/wiki/Correctional_officer \"Correctional officer\").",
"When Treasure asks about Brownie, Leisha responds, \"I'm about getting up out of here. I ain't about no Brownie.\" Later, Shadow points Brownie out to her on the basketball court. Brownie knocks a player down, injuring her, and demands that another person take her place. Treasure volunteers for the position. Back in the cells, Treasure approaches Brownie around her \"prison family.\" She pulls out a photo of a woman and says to Brownie that she is her mother and her reason for being in prison. Brownie's \"daughters\" protest that the photograph is not of Brownie. Brownie asks the daughters to leave and yells at Treasure, stating it is her own fault she is in jail.",
"Treasure is playing cards with Leisha and Shadow when she begins flirting with an inmate named Sugar (Patrice Fisher). Kit ([Rain Phoenix](/wiki/Rain_Phoenix \"Rain Phoenix\")), Brownie's main daughter, chides the woman for not meeting her in the chapel for their usual sexual relations. A fight breaks out between Treasure and Kit that results in both being placed in [solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement \"Solitary confinement\"). While confined, Brownie speaks through a wall telling Treasure that they should meet once she is released. Once back in the general population, Brownie meets with Treasure alone and states that she did not know about her because she was taken away at birth. She admits, \"I failed you.\" Treasure cries on her shoulder.",
"As Treasure becomes a part of Brownie's prison family, Kit informs her that Brownie taught her how to survive in prison and demands that she sells drugs. Later, Brownie shoves a fork into Kit's thigh when Kit fails to bring in a certain amount of money from selling drugs. Meanwhile, Leisha is released from prison and Shadow admits that she wished she had never told Treasure about Brownie. Brownie tattoos the same [ankh](/wiki/Ankh \"Ankh\") she has on Treasure's arm. Treasure suggested that she should be reassigned cells to be closer to the family and Brownie does nothing to make that happen. However, when Brownie eats food made by Treasure's new [Asian](/wiki/Asian_people \"Asian people\") cellmate (Emily Kuroda), she proposes that the new inmate should live near her.",
"Brownie mocks Kit when she sees Kit reading [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") literature. Kit responds, \"I am not jealous of you and Treasure because I know Brownie just cares about Brownie.\" Brownie then kicks her out of the prison family. In a later scene, a ranting Brownie grabs Treasure and comes close to maiming her with broken glass. Brownie approaches Treasure in the kitchen area where Treasure shows her obvious irritation with Brownie. Brownie tries to persuade Treasure that she needs to kill Kit, who now associates with a female [neo\\-Nazi](/wiki/Neo-Nazi \"Neo-Nazi\") gang.",
"On the basketball court, Brownie slides a shank to Treasure. Treasure demands to play one\\-on\\-one basketball with Kit. Instead of playing, they immediately begin fighting. Treasure beats Kit badly but does not use the shank on her. Brownie pulls her to the side and demands that she kill Kit. As the two women leave their huddle, Kit approaches Brownie and puts a shank deep in her neck. All the inmates fall to the ground as correctional officers run out onto the court.",
"In a medical waiting area, Treasure sees Leisha, who is now in a wheelchair. Leisha, in a drowsy voice, states that the police caught her with [drug paraphernalia](/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia \"Drug paraphernalia\") again. When a medical worker calls Treasure's name, she dismisses her for not having matching blood. Treasure grabs the woman by the arm and demands to donate blood. A female correctional officer approaches the two and demands to read the file. The file reveals that Brownie is not Treasure's mother, but instead the woman who killed Treasure's mother.",
"The [warden](/wiki/wiktionary:Warden \"Warden\") ([Lee Garlington](/wiki/Lee_Garlington \"Lee Garlington\")) has a meeting with Treasure in her office and says that she sympathizes with her. She offers to transfer Treasure if she will admit that Brownie and a male correctional officer have been working together to bring drugs to inmates.",
"At her new prison, a crew of inmates approach Treasure out of respect while she is outside smoking a cigarette. They ask her for her name and Treasure replies that her name is Brownie.",
""
] |
Life
----
seeNational Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Reginald Fairlie
Born at Kincaple, [Fife](/wiki/Fife "Fife"), he was the son of J. Ogilvy Fairlie of [Myres](/wiki/Myres_Castle "Myres Castle") (1848–1916\) and Jane Mary Fairlie. He was educated at the Oratory School in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham").{{cite book\|title\=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002\|date\=July 2006\|publisher\=The Royal Society of Edinburgh\|isbn\=0 902 198 84 X\|url\=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical\_index/fells\_indexp1\.pdf}}
\>
He was apprenticed to [Robert Lorimer](/wiki/Robert_Lorimer "Robert Lorimer") in 1901, and much of his style echoes that of Lorimer. [Ian Gordon Lindsay](/wiki/Ian_Gordon_Lindsay "Ian Gordon Lindsay") trained under him (1927–30\).
A faithful Roman Catholic, Fairlie designed many war memorials, churches and restorations of castles. From a long list of commissions, only a handful fall outside the borders of Scotland.
He set up office at 14 Randolph Place in 1908\.
He served in [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers "Royal Engineers") in World War I. His older brother John Ogilvy Fairlie was killed in action on 25 September 1915\. With the death of his father on 28 September 1916, Reginald fell heir to the family estate of Myres. In the early 1920s he designed a series of war memorials, largely working with the sculptor [Alexander Carrick](/wiki/Alexander_Carrick "Alexander Carrick").
After the war (around 1920\) he joined forces briefly with the architects [Reid and Forbes](/wiki/Reid_and_Forbes "Reid and Forbes") and worked on some award winning housing schemes including [Northfield](/wiki/Northfield%2C_Edinburgh "Northfield, Edinburgh") in Edinburgh. He set up his own office at 7 Ainslie Place (which was also his home) in 1925 but remained linked with [Reid and Forbes](/wiki/Reid_and_Forbes "Reid and Forbes") until 1926\.
Curiously, James Smith Forbes of [Reid and Forbes](/wiki/Reid_and_Forbes "Reid and Forbes") lodged with Fairlie even after the end of their business partnership. His neighbour at 7 Ainslie Place was [Francis Cadell the artist](/wiki/Francis_Cadell_%28artist%29 "Francis Cadell (artist)"), and they became friends and remained so even after Cadell moved house.
He was also close friends with the sculptor [Hew Lorimer](/wiki/Hew_Lorimer "Hew Lorimer"), whom he met during his connection with [Robert Lorimer](/wiki/Robert_Lorimer "Robert Lorimer") as Hew was his second son.{{Cite book\|last\=Nuttgens\|first\=Patrick\|title\=Reginald Fairlie, 1883–1952: A Scottish Architect\|publisher\=Oliver and Boyd\|year\=1959\|location\=Edinburgh\|pages\=vii}} He pulled Hew into some of his projects, including the prestigious National Library project, where Hew provided the figurative sculpture on the frontage. From 1930 to 1935 [Schomberg Scott](/wiki/Schomberg_Scott "Schomberg Scott") worked in his office as a junior.Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Schomberg Scott
He generously passed the commission for the restoration of [Iona Abbey](/wiki/Iona_Abbey "Iona Abbey") to his friend and employee [Ian Gordon Lindsay](/wiki/Ian_Gordon_Lindsay "Ian Gordon Lindsay") in 1938\.
Fairlie lived the life of a bachelor, with a personal servant, Robertson, serving him faithfully until death in 1938\. He leased Inchrye Abbey from 1931 to 1939 for shooting parties and falconry.
Work ceased on most projects during World War II, including his major commission for the National Library. The work on the library did not resume until 1950\.
In 1946 Fairlie was elected a fellow of the [Royal Society of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh "Royal Society of Edinburgh"). His proposers were Sir David Russell, [Sir James C Irvine](/wiki/James_Irvine_%28chemist%29 "James Irvine (chemist)"), Sir [Ernest Wedderburn](/wiki/Ernest_Wedderburn "Ernest Wedderburn"), and [Robert James Douglas Graham](/wiki/Robert_James_Douglas_Graham "Robert James Douglas Graham").
Fairlie died in St. Raphael’s Nursing Home in the [Grange, Edinburgh](/wiki/Grange%2C_Edinburgh "Grange, Edinburgh"), but was buried with his parents in the Eastern Cemetery in [St Andrews](/wiki/St_Andrews "St Andrews"). His grave stone was carved by his friend [Hew Lorimer](/wiki/Hew_Lorimer "Hew Lorimer"). It lies on the eastern wall, towards the south\-east corner.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"seeNational Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Reginald Fairlie\nBorn at Kincaple, [Fife](/wiki/Fife \"Fife\"), he was the son of J. Ogilvy Fairlie of [Myres](/wiki/Myres_Castle \"Myres Castle\") (1848–1916\\) and Jane Mary Fairlie. He was educated at the Oratory School in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002\\|date\\=July 2006\\|publisher\\=The Royal Society of Edinburgh\\|isbn\\=0 902 198 84 X\\|url\\=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical\\_index/fells\\_indexp1\\.pdf}}\n\\>\nHe was apprenticed to [Robert Lorimer](/wiki/Robert_Lorimer \"Robert Lorimer\") in 1901, and much of his style echoes that of Lorimer. [Ian Gordon Lindsay](/wiki/Ian_Gordon_Lindsay \"Ian Gordon Lindsay\") trained under him (1927–30\\).",
"A faithful Roman Catholic, Fairlie designed many war memorials, churches and restorations of castles. From a long list of commissions, only a handful fall outside the borders of Scotland.",
"He set up office at 14 Randolph Place in 1908\\.",
"He served in [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers \"Royal Engineers\") in World War I. His older brother John Ogilvy Fairlie was killed in action on 25 September 1915\\. With the death of his father on 28 September 1916, Reginald fell heir to the family estate of Myres. In the early 1920s he designed a series of war memorials, largely working with the sculptor [Alexander Carrick](/wiki/Alexander_Carrick \"Alexander Carrick\").",
"After the war (around 1920\\) he joined forces briefly with the architects [Reid and Forbes](/wiki/Reid_and_Forbes \"Reid and Forbes\") and worked on some award winning housing schemes including [Northfield](/wiki/Northfield%2C_Edinburgh \"Northfield, Edinburgh\") in Edinburgh. He set up his own office at 7 Ainslie Place (which was also his home) in 1925 but remained linked with [Reid and Forbes](/wiki/Reid_and_Forbes \"Reid and Forbes\") until 1926\\.",
"Curiously, James Smith Forbes of [Reid and Forbes](/wiki/Reid_and_Forbes \"Reid and Forbes\") lodged with Fairlie even after the end of their business partnership. His neighbour at 7 Ainslie Place was [Francis Cadell the artist](/wiki/Francis_Cadell_%28artist%29 \"Francis Cadell (artist)\"), and they became friends and remained so even after Cadell moved house.\nHe was also close friends with the sculptor [Hew Lorimer](/wiki/Hew_Lorimer \"Hew Lorimer\"), whom he met during his connection with [Robert Lorimer](/wiki/Robert_Lorimer \"Robert Lorimer\") as Hew was his second son.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Nuttgens\\|first\\=Patrick\\|title\\=Reginald Fairlie, 1883–1952: A Scottish Architect\\|publisher\\=Oliver and Boyd\\|year\\=1959\\|location\\=Edinburgh\\|pages\\=vii}} He pulled Hew into some of his projects, including the prestigious National Library project, where Hew provided the figurative sculpture on the frontage. From 1930 to 1935 [Schomberg Scott](/wiki/Schomberg_Scott \"Schomberg Scott\") worked in his office as a junior.Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Schomberg Scott",
"He generously passed the commission for the restoration of [Iona Abbey](/wiki/Iona_Abbey \"Iona Abbey\") to his friend and employee [Ian Gordon Lindsay](/wiki/Ian_Gordon_Lindsay \"Ian Gordon Lindsay\") in 1938\\.",
"Fairlie lived the life of a bachelor, with a personal servant, Robertson, serving him faithfully until death in 1938\\. He leased Inchrye Abbey from 1931 to 1939 for shooting parties and falconry.\nWork ceased on most projects during World War II, including his major commission for the National Library. The work on the library did not resume until 1950\\.",
"In 1946 Fairlie was elected a fellow of the [Royal Society of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh \"Royal Society of Edinburgh\"). His proposers were Sir David Russell, [Sir James C Irvine](/wiki/James_Irvine_%28chemist%29 \"James Irvine (chemist)\"), Sir [Ernest Wedderburn](/wiki/Ernest_Wedderburn \"Ernest Wedderburn\"), and [Robert James Douglas Graham](/wiki/Robert_James_Douglas_Graham \"Robert James Douglas Graham\").",
"Fairlie died in St. Raphael’s Nursing Home in the [Grange, Edinburgh](/wiki/Grange%2C_Edinburgh \"Grange, Edinburgh\"), but was buried with his parents in the Eastern Cemetery in [St Andrews](/wiki/St_Andrews \"St Andrews\"). His grave stone was carved by his friend [Hew Lorimer](/wiki/Hew_Lorimer \"Hew Lorimer\"). It lies on the eastern wall, towards the south\\-east corner.",
""
] |
Response
--------
The report has been widely circulated on the social networking service [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") using the [hashtag](/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag") \#spartacusreport. On the date of publication it became a [trending topic](/wiki/Trending_topic%23Trends "Trending topic#Trends") and has received backing from thousands of users including [Stephen Fry](/wiki/Stephen_Fry "Stephen Fry"), [John Prescott](/wiki/John_Prescott "John Prescott"), [Alastair Campbell](/wiki/Alastair_Campbell "Alastair Campbell"), [Billy Bragg](/wiki/Billy_Bragg "Billy Bragg"), [Val McDermid](/wiki/Val_McDermid "Val McDermid"), [Kate Long](/wiki/Kate_Long "Kate Long"), [Julie Hesmondhalgh](/wiki/Julie_Hesmondhalgh "Julie Hesmondhalgh"), [Sue Perkins](/wiki/Sue_Perkins "Sue Perkins") and [Tim Minchin](/wiki/Tim_Minchin "Tim Minchin"), as well as various groups including [Disability Rights UK](/wiki/Disability_Rights_UK "Disability Rights UK"), which represents over 350 groups, and [Scope](/wiki/Scope_%28charity%29 "Scope (charity)"), [Mind](/wiki/Mind_%28charity%29 "Mind (charity)"), [RNIB](/wiki/RNIB "RNIB"), [Sense](/wiki/Sense%2C_The_National_Deafblind_and_Rubella_Association "Sense, The National Deafblind and Rubella Association"), [National Autistic Society](/wiki/National_Autistic_Society "National Autistic Society"), [Action for ME](/wiki/Action_for_ME "Action for ME") and the [Papworth Trust](/wiki/Papworth_Trust "Papworth Trust").
On Monday 9 January, the [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions") press office also responded to the issue on Twitter.
On Wednesday 11 January, the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") voted against three clauses in the bill relating to disabled children, cancer patients, and the time limiting of employment support allowance.
On Thursday 12 January, disability rights blogger and architect of the report, Sue Marsh, was interviewed on the BBC's current affairs programme [Newsnight](/wiki/Newsnight "Newsnight") alongside employment minister [Chris Grayling](/wiki/Chris_Grayling "Chris Grayling").
On Tuesday 17 January, an amendment to hold an independent review of the Welfare Reform Bill was defeated in the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") by 229 votes to 213\.
|
[
"Response\n--------",
"The report has been widely circulated on the social networking service [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") using the [hashtag](/wiki/Hashtag \"Hashtag\") \\#spartacusreport. On the date of publication it became a [trending topic](/wiki/Trending_topic%23Trends \"Trending topic#Trends\") and has received backing from thousands of users including [Stephen Fry](/wiki/Stephen_Fry \"Stephen Fry\"), [John Prescott](/wiki/John_Prescott \"John Prescott\"), [Alastair Campbell](/wiki/Alastair_Campbell \"Alastair Campbell\"), [Billy Bragg](/wiki/Billy_Bragg \"Billy Bragg\"), [Val McDermid](/wiki/Val_McDermid \"Val McDermid\"), [Kate Long](/wiki/Kate_Long \"Kate Long\"), [Julie Hesmondhalgh](/wiki/Julie_Hesmondhalgh \"Julie Hesmondhalgh\"), [Sue Perkins](/wiki/Sue_Perkins \"Sue Perkins\") and [Tim Minchin](/wiki/Tim_Minchin \"Tim Minchin\"), as well as various groups including [Disability Rights UK](/wiki/Disability_Rights_UK \"Disability Rights UK\"), which represents over 350 groups, and [Scope](/wiki/Scope_%28charity%29 \"Scope (charity)\"), [Mind](/wiki/Mind_%28charity%29 \"Mind (charity)\"), [RNIB](/wiki/RNIB \"RNIB\"), [Sense](/wiki/Sense%2C_The_National_Deafblind_and_Rubella_Association \"Sense, The National Deafblind and Rubella Association\"), [National Autistic Society](/wiki/National_Autistic_Society \"National Autistic Society\"), [Action for ME](/wiki/Action_for_ME \"Action for ME\") and the [Papworth Trust](/wiki/Papworth_Trust \"Papworth Trust\").",
"On Monday 9 January, the [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\") press office also responded to the issue on Twitter.",
"On Wednesday 11 January, the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") voted against three clauses in the bill relating to disabled children, cancer patients, and the time limiting of employment support allowance.",
"On Thursday 12 January, disability rights blogger and architect of the report, Sue Marsh, was interviewed on the BBC's current affairs programme [Newsnight](/wiki/Newsnight \"Newsnight\") alongside employment minister [Chris Grayling](/wiki/Chris_Grayling \"Chris Grayling\").",
"On Tuesday 17 January, an amendment to hold an independent review of the Welfare Reform Bill was defeated in the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") by 229 votes to 213\\.",
""
] |
Legal career
------------
During his last semester in law school, Stratton worked for the Oklahoma City Municipal Counselor's Office where he prosecuted DUI cases on behalf of the city and tried two jury trials. After graduating from law school, Stratton moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1977 and joined the law firm, Coors, Singer and Broullire as an associate. In 1984, Stratton and former state senator, Mickey Barnett, formed the law firm of Stratton \& Barnett, which existed until 1987 when Stratton assumed the position of New Mexico Attorney General. After leaving the New Mexico Attorney General's office in 1991, Stratton formed a law firm of Stratton \& Cavin with partner Sealy Cavin, which existed until 2002 prior to Stratton's departure to become chairman of the CPSC.
After leaving the CPSC in 2006, Stratton joined the Washington, D.C., office of the law firm, [Dykema Gossett](/wiki/Dykema_Gossett "Dykema Gossett"), where he practiced until April 2008\. He then returned to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to join the Albuquerque office of Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, where he now practices.
Stratton is a member of the New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas and District of Columbia bars. He is also admitted before the U.S. Supreme Court as well as a number of federal appellate and district courts.
Stratton also served as an adjunct professor of law at the [George Mason University School of Law](/wiki/George_Mason_University_School_of_Law "George Mason University School of Law"), where he taught a law course he created, *State Attorneys General: History, Powers and Responsibilities*.
Hal now works as a sole practitioner and consultant at his own firm of Hal Stratton Law and Consulting, LLC located in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
|
[
"Legal career\n------------",
"During his last semester in law school, Stratton worked for the Oklahoma City Municipal Counselor's Office where he prosecuted DUI cases on behalf of the city and tried two jury trials. After graduating from law school, Stratton moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1977 and joined the law firm, Coors, Singer and Broullire as an associate. In 1984, Stratton and former state senator, Mickey Barnett, formed the law firm of Stratton \\& Barnett, which existed until 1987 when Stratton assumed the position of New Mexico Attorney General. After leaving the New Mexico Attorney General's office in 1991, Stratton formed a law firm of Stratton \\& Cavin with partner Sealy Cavin, which existed until 2002 prior to Stratton's departure to become chairman of the CPSC.",
"After leaving the CPSC in 2006, Stratton joined the Washington, D.C., office of the law firm, [Dykema Gossett](/wiki/Dykema_Gossett \"Dykema Gossett\"), where he practiced until April 2008\\. He then returned to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to join the Albuquerque office of Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, where he now practices.",
"Stratton is a member of the New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas and District of Columbia bars. He is also admitted before the U.S. Supreme Court as well as a number of federal appellate and district courts.",
"Stratton also served as an adjunct professor of law at the [George Mason University School of Law](/wiki/George_Mason_University_School_of_Law \"George Mason University School of Law\"), where he taught a law course he created, *State Attorneys General: History, Powers and Responsibilities*.",
"Hal now works as a sole practitioner and consultant at his own firm of Hal Stratton Law and Consulting, LLC located in Albuquerque, New Mexico.",
""
] |
Restoration
-----------
### Repair work
[thumb\|The bamboo organ, circa 1890](/wiki/File:Bamboo_organ_in_church%2C_Las_Pi%C3%B1as%2C_Luzon_Island%2C_Philippines_LCCN00652440.jpg "Bamboo organ in church, Las Piñas, Luzon Island, Philippines LCCN00652440.jpg")
#### 1800s
During Fr. Cera's lifetime, disasters such as [earthquakes](/wiki/Earthquake "Earthquake") and [typhoons](/wiki/Typhoon "Typhoon") damaged both the church and the organ. Fr. Cera himself was the organ's first "restorer." Down through the years, [natural disasters](/wiki/Natural_disaster "Natural disaster") continued to take their toll; the organ was unplayable for years.
In February 1883, repairs on the organ were carried out through the combined contributions of the government, town residents, and the Archbishop. A total of two hundred seventy pesos was the cost of the repair. In 1888, Fr. Saturio Albeniz headed the project of improving the organ. The project was not fully completed, further degrading the condition of the organ. In 1891, the organ was repaired once again.
#### 1900s
In 1909, an attempt was made to sell the organ and replace it with a harmonium. However, "Capitan Pedro" opposed this, and paid for the repair work. Unfortunately, only two stops were rehabilitated. Although highly deteriorated it continued to attract tourists.
The administration of Las Piñas Church shifted to the C.I.C.M. (Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary) or Belgian Fathers. Fr. Victor Faniel showed deep appreciation of the organ's historical value. During his term (1915–1920\), he authored "Historical Facts", a pamphlet featuring substantial historical data about the bamboo organ. This was published in order to solicit voluntary contributions for the repair of the organ. In 1917, the organ was reassembled by the Las Piñeros. However, the repair works were not conducted in an expert manner.
In April 1932, Fr. Paul Hubaux, C.I.C.M. saw the difficulty of pumping air and physically manipulating the bellows. He had installed a one\-horse power Wagner electric motor in order for the bamboo organ "to be heard again in full and sufficient volume."
### Implementation of total restoration
#### 1960s
In 1960, H.E. Friedrich von Fürstenberg, the German Ambassador to the Philippines, offered a donation worth 150,000 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark "Deutsche Mark"). However, the restoration work needed be done in Germany. The risks of transporting the organ from Manila to Germany and back temporarily shelved the restoration project.
In 1962, the Historical Conservation Society offered its services to restore the organ, in anticipation of the second centennial anniversary of Las Piñas. A total of Php 4,975\.00 was donated for the instrument alone. However, insufficient funds only allowed partial repair works by Mr. Jose Loinaz. An organ builder, Fr. Hermann Schablitzki, S.V.D., also attempted to conduct repair works to the bamboo organ. The condition of the bamboo organ reached its "terminal stage" – disconnected horizontal trumpets and bass pipes, three functional stops out of twenty\-three, leakage of air from the chest, and piling of disconnected pipes inside the bamboo organ.
#### 1970s
In 1970, Rev. Fr. Mark Lesage, C.I.C.M., and his assistant, Fr. [Leo Renier](/wiki/Leo_Renier "Leo Renier") set out consulting with several authorities on the bamboo organ. Mr. Jose Loinaz and Fr. Schablitzki strongly suggested a total repair. On the other hand, Fr. John van der Steen, C.I.C.M. echoed the need for total restoration. In the end, the crucial and sensitive work was shifted to Johannes [Klais Orgelbau](/wiki/Klais_Orgelbau "Klais Orgelbau") (firm) and Mr. Hans Gerd Klais, one of the best organ builders with extensive experiences in restoring Spanish organs. The implementation of the restoration work was firmed up.{{cite book\|last\=Crisanto\|first\=Joyce \|last2\=De la Torre \|first2\=Visitacion\|title\=Las Piñas: A City with Heritage\|date\=2006\|publisher\=Villar Foundation\|edition\=1st}}
Only 1/3 of the Bamboo Organ was functioning during that time. During the inauguration of the Las Piñas Church in 1972, Mr. Klais visited and assessed the bamboo organ. He remarked that the organ could still be repaired, but only in the Klais factory. An estimated cost of 200,000 DM (Php 460,000 at that time) was needed, excluding transportation tickets for the technician, and other expenses.
In March 1973, two technicians of the Klais firm, Joseph Tramnitz and Joseph Pick, arrived at Las Piñas and dismantled the bamboo organ. The repair of the bamboo pipes was done in Japan under Mr. Tsuda, also trained by Mr. Klais himself. The other parts of the organ were shipped to Germany. A special room, called [Klimakammer](/wiki/Environmental_chamber "Environmental chamber"), was built in his factory – having the same temperature and humidity as the Philippines to prevent shrinking of the bamboo.
In February 1974, the restoration job was carried out. He enlarged the original plan of Fr. Cera. The old bellows of the organ were replaced. At present, the new bellows were located at one side of the choir loft and beside the belfry.
#### 1990s
Minor repairs and improvements were performed on the instrument under the general restoration conducted by Klais Orgelbau. It held very well for around thirty years.
In 1990, Helmut Allgaeuer replaced the bone plates of the keyboard. In 1993\-1994, a new company founded by former choirboys of the St. Joseph's Parish took over the maintenance of the instrument, the Diego Cera Organbuilders, Inc. They had to do minor jobs on broken trackers, hairline cracks, and keyboard adjustments.
### General rehabilitation, 2003–2004
More thorough rehabilitation of the organ became necessary. Problems arose such as unstable [intonation](/wiki/Intonation_%28music%29 "Intonation (music)"). The worn\-out leather parts (carefully and leak proof knitting as of the modern age) of the instrument needed replacement since they caused air leakage. Many of these leather parts were located in the wind chest – replacing them would resort to disassembling the instrument. From September 2003 to November 2004, the Diego Cera Organbuilders, Incorporated carried out the general overhaul of the instrument under the sponsorship of the National Commission for the Culture and the Arts. Some leather parts were replaced and improvements in the wind system were made, particularly the re\-installation of a multi\-fold parallel bellows which was patterned after the bellows of the Baclayon (Bohol) pipe organ, which is believed to be constructed by Fr. Diego Cera.
They utilized local pig skin for the necessary parts. Tagle expects that it could last longer compared to sheepskin, which is not ideal for humid Philippine climate and carries a shelf life of only fifteen to twenty years. The Bamboo Organ received new and more modern bellows. The wedge\-shaped bellows supplied during 1973–1975 restoration were well and still functioning in 2003 despite defective leather parts. However, the Diego Cera Organbuilders decided to install up\-to\-date parallel\-moving bellows, which provides even steadier wind supply.
|
[
"Restoration\n-----------",
"### Repair work",
"[thumb\\|The bamboo organ, circa 1890](/wiki/File:Bamboo_organ_in_church%2C_Las_Pi%C3%B1as%2C_Luzon_Island%2C_Philippines_LCCN00652440.jpg \"Bamboo organ in church, Las Piñas, Luzon Island, Philippines LCCN00652440.jpg\")",
"#### 1800s",
"During Fr. Cera's lifetime, disasters such as [earthquakes](/wiki/Earthquake \"Earthquake\") and [typhoons](/wiki/Typhoon \"Typhoon\") damaged both the church and the organ. Fr. Cera himself was the organ's first \"restorer.\" Down through the years, [natural disasters](/wiki/Natural_disaster \"Natural disaster\") continued to take their toll; the organ was unplayable for years.",
"In February 1883, repairs on the organ were carried out through the combined contributions of the government, town residents, and the Archbishop. A total of two hundred seventy pesos was the cost of the repair. In 1888, Fr. Saturio Albeniz headed the project of improving the organ. The project was not fully completed, further degrading the condition of the organ. In 1891, the organ was repaired once again.",
"#### 1900s",
"In 1909, an attempt was made to sell the organ and replace it with a harmonium. However, \"Capitan Pedro\" opposed this, and paid for the repair work. Unfortunately, only two stops were rehabilitated. Although highly deteriorated it continued to attract tourists.",
"The administration of Las Piñas Church shifted to the C.I.C.M. (Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary) or Belgian Fathers. Fr. Victor Faniel showed deep appreciation of the organ's historical value. During his term (1915–1920\\), he authored \"Historical Facts\", a pamphlet featuring substantial historical data about the bamboo organ. This was published in order to solicit voluntary contributions for the repair of the organ. In 1917, the organ was reassembled by the Las Piñeros. However, the repair works were not conducted in an expert manner.",
"In April 1932, Fr. Paul Hubaux, C.I.C.M. saw the difficulty of pumping air and physically manipulating the bellows. He had installed a one\\-horse power Wagner electric motor in order for the bamboo organ \"to be heard again in full and sufficient volume.\"",
"### Implementation of total restoration",
"#### 1960s",
"In 1960, H.E. Friedrich von Fürstenberg, the German Ambassador to the Philippines, offered a donation worth 150,000 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\"). However, the restoration work needed be done in Germany. The risks of transporting the organ from Manila to Germany and back temporarily shelved the restoration project.",
"In 1962, the Historical Conservation Society offered its services to restore the organ, in anticipation of the second centennial anniversary of Las Piñas. A total of Php 4,975\\.00 was donated for the instrument alone. However, insufficient funds only allowed partial repair works by Mr. Jose Loinaz. An organ builder, Fr. Hermann Schablitzki, S.V.D., also attempted to conduct repair works to the bamboo organ. The condition of the bamboo organ reached its \"terminal stage\" – disconnected horizontal trumpets and bass pipes, three functional stops out of twenty\\-three, leakage of air from the chest, and piling of disconnected pipes inside the bamboo organ.",
"#### 1970s",
"In 1970, Rev. Fr. Mark Lesage, C.I.C.M., and his assistant, Fr. [Leo Renier](/wiki/Leo_Renier \"Leo Renier\") set out consulting with several authorities on the bamboo organ. Mr. Jose Loinaz and Fr. Schablitzki strongly suggested a total repair. On the other hand, Fr. John van der Steen, C.I.C.M. echoed the need for total restoration. In the end, the crucial and sensitive work was shifted to Johannes [Klais Orgelbau](/wiki/Klais_Orgelbau \"Klais Orgelbau\") (firm) and Mr. Hans Gerd Klais, one of the best organ builders with extensive experiences in restoring Spanish organs. The implementation of the restoration work was firmed up.{{cite book\\|last\\=Crisanto\\|first\\=Joyce \\|last2\\=De la Torre \\|first2\\=Visitacion\\|title\\=Las Piñas: A City with Heritage\\|date\\=2006\\|publisher\\=Villar Foundation\\|edition\\=1st}}",
"Only 1/3 of the Bamboo Organ was functioning during that time. During the inauguration of the Las Piñas Church in 1972, Mr. Klais visited and assessed the bamboo organ. He remarked that the organ could still be repaired, but only in the Klais factory. An estimated cost of 200,000 DM (Php 460,000 at that time) was needed, excluding transportation tickets for the technician, and other expenses.",
"In March 1973, two technicians of the Klais firm, Joseph Tramnitz and Joseph Pick, arrived at Las Piñas and dismantled the bamboo organ. The repair of the bamboo pipes was done in Japan under Mr. Tsuda, also trained by Mr. Klais himself. The other parts of the organ were shipped to Germany. A special room, called [Klimakammer](/wiki/Environmental_chamber \"Environmental chamber\"), was built in his factory – having the same temperature and humidity as the Philippines to prevent shrinking of the bamboo.",
"In February 1974, the restoration job was carried out. He enlarged the original plan of Fr. Cera. The old bellows of the organ were replaced. At present, the new bellows were located at one side of the choir loft and beside the belfry.",
"#### 1990s",
"Minor repairs and improvements were performed on the instrument under the general restoration conducted by Klais Orgelbau. It held very well for around thirty years.",
"In 1990, Helmut Allgaeuer replaced the bone plates of the keyboard. In 1993\\-1994, a new company founded by former choirboys of the St. Joseph's Parish took over the maintenance of the instrument, the Diego Cera Organbuilders, Inc. They had to do minor jobs on broken trackers, hairline cracks, and keyboard adjustments.",
"### General rehabilitation, 2003–2004",
"More thorough rehabilitation of the organ became necessary. Problems arose such as unstable [intonation](/wiki/Intonation_%28music%29 \"Intonation (music)\"). The worn\\-out leather parts (carefully and leak proof knitting as of the modern age) of the instrument needed replacement since they caused air leakage. Many of these leather parts were located in the wind chest – replacing them would resort to disassembling the instrument. From September 2003 to November 2004, the Diego Cera Organbuilders, Incorporated carried out the general overhaul of the instrument under the sponsorship of the National Commission for the Culture and the Arts. Some leather parts were replaced and improvements in the wind system were made, particularly the re\\-installation of a multi\\-fold parallel bellows which was patterned after the bellows of the Baclayon (Bohol) pipe organ, which is believed to be constructed by Fr. Diego Cera.",
"They utilized local pig skin for the necessary parts. Tagle expects that it could last longer compared to sheepskin, which is not ideal for humid Philippine climate and carries a shelf life of only fifteen to twenty years. The Bamboo Organ received new and more modern bellows. The wedge\\-shaped bellows supplied during 1973–1975 restoration were well and still functioning in 2003 despite defective leather parts. However, the Diego Cera Organbuilders decided to install up\\-to\\-date parallel\\-moving bellows, which provides even steadier wind supply.",
""
] |
### Implementation of total restoration
#### 1960s
In 1960, H.E. Friedrich von Fürstenberg, the German Ambassador to the Philippines, offered a donation worth 150,000 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark "Deutsche Mark"). However, the restoration work needed be done in Germany. The risks of transporting the organ from Manila to Germany and back temporarily shelved the restoration project.
In 1962, the Historical Conservation Society offered its services to restore the organ, in anticipation of the second centennial anniversary of Las Piñas. A total of Php 4,975\.00 was donated for the instrument alone. However, insufficient funds only allowed partial repair works by Mr. Jose Loinaz. An organ builder, Fr. Hermann Schablitzki, S.V.D., also attempted to conduct repair works to the bamboo organ. The condition of the bamboo organ reached its "terminal stage" – disconnected horizontal trumpets and bass pipes, three functional stops out of twenty\-three, leakage of air from the chest, and piling of disconnected pipes inside the bamboo organ.
#### 1970s
In 1970, Rev. Fr. Mark Lesage, C.I.C.M., and his assistant, Fr. [Leo Renier](/wiki/Leo_Renier "Leo Renier") set out consulting with several authorities on the bamboo organ. Mr. Jose Loinaz and Fr. Schablitzki strongly suggested a total repair. On the other hand, Fr. John van der Steen, C.I.C.M. echoed the need for total restoration. In the end, the crucial and sensitive work was shifted to Johannes [Klais Orgelbau](/wiki/Klais_Orgelbau "Klais Orgelbau") (firm) and Mr. Hans Gerd Klais, one of the best organ builders with extensive experiences in restoring Spanish organs. The implementation of the restoration work was firmed up.{{cite book\|last\=Crisanto\|first\=Joyce \|last2\=De la Torre \|first2\=Visitacion\|title\=Las Piñas: A City with Heritage\|date\=2006\|publisher\=Villar Foundation\|edition\=1st}}
Only 1/3 of the Bamboo Organ was functioning during that time. During the inauguration of the Las Piñas Church in 1972, Mr. Klais visited and assessed the bamboo organ. He remarked that the organ could still be repaired, but only in the Klais factory. An estimated cost of 200,000 DM (Php 460,000 at that time) was needed, excluding transportation tickets for the technician, and other expenses.
In March 1973, two technicians of the Klais firm, Joseph Tramnitz and Joseph Pick, arrived at Las Piñas and dismantled the bamboo organ. The repair of the bamboo pipes was done in Japan under Mr. Tsuda, also trained by Mr. Klais himself. The other parts of the organ were shipped to Germany. A special room, called [Klimakammer](/wiki/Environmental_chamber "Environmental chamber"), was built in his factory – having the same temperature and humidity as the Philippines to prevent shrinking of the bamboo.
In February 1974, the restoration job was carried out. He enlarged the original plan of Fr. Cera. The old bellows of the organ were replaced. At present, the new bellows were located at one side of the choir loft and beside the belfry.
#### 1990s
Minor repairs and improvements were performed on the instrument under the general restoration conducted by Klais Orgelbau. It held very well for around thirty years.
In 1990, Helmut Allgaeuer replaced the bone plates of the keyboard. In 1993\-1994, a new company founded by former choirboys of the St. Joseph's Parish took over the maintenance of the instrument, the Diego Cera Organbuilders, Inc. They had to do minor jobs on broken trackers, hairline cracks, and keyboard adjustments.
|
[
"### Implementation of total restoration",
"#### 1960s",
"In 1960, H.E. Friedrich von Fürstenberg, the German Ambassador to the Philippines, offered a donation worth 150,000 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\"). However, the restoration work needed be done in Germany. The risks of transporting the organ from Manila to Germany and back temporarily shelved the restoration project.",
"In 1962, the Historical Conservation Society offered its services to restore the organ, in anticipation of the second centennial anniversary of Las Piñas. A total of Php 4,975\\.00 was donated for the instrument alone. However, insufficient funds only allowed partial repair works by Mr. Jose Loinaz. An organ builder, Fr. Hermann Schablitzki, S.V.D., also attempted to conduct repair works to the bamboo organ. The condition of the bamboo organ reached its \"terminal stage\" – disconnected horizontal trumpets and bass pipes, three functional stops out of twenty\\-three, leakage of air from the chest, and piling of disconnected pipes inside the bamboo organ.",
"#### 1970s",
"In 1970, Rev. Fr. Mark Lesage, C.I.C.M., and his assistant, Fr. [Leo Renier](/wiki/Leo_Renier \"Leo Renier\") set out consulting with several authorities on the bamboo organ. Mr. Jose Loinaz and Fr. Schablitzki strongly suggested a total repair. On the other hand, Fr. John van der Steen, C.I.C.M. echoed the need for total restoration. In the end, the crucial and sensitive work was shifted to Johannes [Klais Orgelbau](/wiki/Klais_Orgelbau \"Klais Orgelbau\") (firm) and Mr. Hans Gerd Klais, one of the best organ builders with extensive experiences in restoring Spanish organs. The implementation of the restoration work was firmed up.{{cite book\\|last\\=Crisanto\\|first\\=Joyce \\|last2\\=De la Torre \\|first2\\=Visitacion\\|title\\=Las Piñas: A City with Heritage\\|date\\=2006\\|publisher\\=Villar Foundation\\|edition\\=1st}}",
"Only 1/3 of the Bamboo Organ was functioning during that time. During the inauguration of the Las Piñas Church in 1972, Mr. Klais visited and assessed the bamboo organ. He remarked that the organ could still be repaired, but only in the Klais factory. An estimated cost of 200,000 DM (Php 460,000 at that time) was needed, excluding transportation tickets for the technician, and other expenses.",
"In March 1973, two technicians of the Klais firm, Joseph Tramnitz and Joseph Pick, arrived at Las Piñas and dismantled the bamboo organ. The repair of the bamboo pipes was done in Japan under Mr. Tsuda, also trained by Mr. Klais himself. The other parts of the organ were shipped to Germany. A special room, called [Klimakammer](/wiki/Environmental_chamber \"Environmental chamber\"), was built in his factory – having the same temperature and humidity as the Philippines to prevent shrinking of the bamboo.",
"In February 1974, the restoration job was carried out. He enlarged the original plan of Fr. Cera. The old bellows of the organ were replaced. At present, the new bellows were located at one side of the choir loft and beside the belfry.",
"#### 1990s",
"Minor repairs and improvements were performed on the instrument under the general restoration conducted by Klais Orgelbau. It held very well for around thirty years.",
"In 1990, Helmut Allgaeuer replaced the bone plates of the keyboard. In 1993\\-1994, a new company founded by former choirboys of the St. Joseph's Parish took over the maintenance of the instrument, the Diego Cera Organbuilders, Inc. They had to do minor jobs on broken trackers, hairline cracks, and keyboard adjustments.",
""
] |
From Germany to the Philippines
-------------------------------
### Concert at Bonn, Germany
On February 18, 1975, the bamboo organ was showcased to the world. It had 89 completely new pipes – 35 were trumpet pipes and 53 were bamboo pipes. At a one\-hour concert at the Philippine Embassy at Bonn, Germany, world\-renowned organist Wolfgang Oehms played the bamboo organ. After that historic event, the launching of the first long\-playing album of the bamboo organ was released.
The restored bamboo organ returned home on March 13, 1975\. Through the courtesy of [Sabena Airlines](/wiki/Sabena_Airlines "Sabena Airlines"), the instrument's restored parts were ferried from Europe to Manila. The team on the plane were Marciano Jacela (responsible for reassembling the bamboo organ), Ulrich Busacker (German technician), and Robert Coyuito (then President of the Pioneer Insurance Companies, who donated the insurance premium for the bamboo organ).
### The Return of the Bamboo Organ in the Philippines
On March 16, 1975, the bamboo organ was received by a joyous welcome by the people of the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"). The joint restoration of the church and organ was a triumph of local and international cooperation. An official restoration committee was formed. It was chaired by the wife of the Governor of Rizal, Isidro Rodriquez, Mrs. Adelina Rodriguez – with the support of Department of Tourism, local government of Las Piñas, and the townspeople.
A Bamboo Organ Inaugural Concert was held to mark its return to the Philippines. Wolfgang Oehms was the featured performer, complemented by the Las Piñas Boys' Choir and the Cultural Center of the Philippines Orchestra, under the baton of Maestro Luis C. Valencia, and the Maharlika Rondalla. He played standard European compositions and two Filipino works; excerpts from Misang Pilipino by former dean of Philippine Women's University College of Music, Lucrecia R. Kasilag (later became a National Artist) and commissioned Parangal by organ, rondalla, brass, woodwind, and percussion by Prof. Alfredo S. Buenaventura, the composer himself conducting.
Since then, the church have been the scene of many concerts and festivals. The Bamboo Organ is described by many international organ masters as one of the finest old organs in the world.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2007}} Its construction of bamboo is noted as being one of the major factors that gives it a truly unique and lively sound.
|
[
"From Germany to the Philippines\n-------------------------------",
"### Concert at Bonn, Germany",
"On February 18, 1975, the bamboo organ was showcased to the world. It had 89 completely new pipes – 35 were trumpet pipes and 53 were bamboo pipes. At a one\\-hour concert at the Philippine Embassy at Bonn, Germany, world\\-renowned organist Wolfgang Oehms played the bamboo organ. After that historic event, the launching of the first long\\-playing album of the bamboo organ was released.",
"The restored bamboo organ returned home on March 13, 1975\\. Through the courtesy of [Sabena Airlines](/wiki/Sabena_Airlines \"Sabena Airlines\"), the instrument's restored parts were ferried from Europe to Manila. The team on the plane were Marciano Jacela (responsible for reassembling the bamboo organ), Ulrich Busacker (German technician), and Robert Coyuito (then President of the Pioneer Insurance Companies, who donated the insurance premium for the bamboo organ).",
"### The Return of the Bamboo Organ in the Philippines",
"On March 16, 1975, the bamboo organ was received by a joyous welcome by the people of the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"). The joint restoration of the church and organ was a triumph of local and international cooperation. An official restoration committee was formed. It was chaired by the wife of the Governor of Rizal, Isidro Rodriquez, Mrs. Adelina Rodriguez – with the support of Department of Tourism, local government of Las Piñas, and the townspeople.",
"A Bamboo Organ Inaugural Concert was held to mark its return to the Philippines. Wolfgang Oehms was the featured performer, complemented by the Las Piñas Boys' Choir and the Cultural Center of the Philippines Orchestra, under the baton of Maestro Luis C. Valencia, and the Maharlika Rondalla. He played standard European compositions and two Filipino works; excerpts from Misang Pilipino by former dean of Philippine Women's University College of Music, Lucrecia R. Kasilag (later became a National Artist) and commissioned Parangal by organ, rondalla, brass, woodwind, and percussion by Prof. Alfredo S. Buenaventura, the composer himself conducting.",
"Since then, the church have been the scene of many concerts and festivals. The Bamboo Organ is described by many international organ masters as one of the finest old organs in the world.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2007}} Its construction of bamboo is noted as being one of the major factors that gives it a truly unique and lively sound.",
""
] |
Establishment of Diego Cera Organbuilders, Incorporated
-------------------------------------------------------
### History
The responsibility of maintaining the Bamboo Organ fell next to two young alumni of St. Joseph's Academy, Cealwyn Tagle and the late Edgar Montiano. Being member of Las Piñas Boys Choir, their interest in the technical side of the instrument grew and noticed by Leo Renier, former director of St. Joseph Academy and founder of Las Piñas Boys Choir. He encouraged them both to go into organ building.
Their training at Grunbach, Austria to become apprentices at Helmut Allgaeuer Orgelbau was made possible by the Bamboo Organ Foundation Incorporated. The Bamboo Organ Foundation, Inc., is a non\-stock, non\-profit organization founded to preserve and maintain the historic Bamboo Organ. It also engages in the spiritual, educational and social enrichment of the people of Las Piñas. The foundation also organizes the International Bamboo Organ Festival.
Tagle went in 1988, followed by Montiano two years later. In 1990, they traveled to Johannes Klais Orgelbau in Bonn, Germany. one of the commissioned projects was construction of an organ for the EDSA Shrine in Manila. They took part in the construction and its assembly in Manila in January 1992\. Soon, they have returned to Austria to crown their whole organ building education upon the construction of a 22\-stop pipe organ for the auditorium of their alma mater, St. Joseph Academy in Las Piñas. Under the guidance of Helmut Allgaeuer, the project was completed a year later. It was inaugurated during the Bamboo Organ Festival of 1994\.
In March 1994, Tagle and Montiano founded Diego Cera Organbuilders, Incorporated. It was considered as the first Filipino pipe organ building company. Since then, they have restored four historic pipe organs and built ten new tracker organs which were exported to Lithuania and Austria.
### Clienteles and other works
At present, they have been involved in the overhauling of the Manila Cathedral\-Basilica Organ, supposedly the biggest organ in Southeast Asia.
They have been involved in other church organ restorations, such as that of the pipe organs of [Santo Domingo Church](/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Church "Santo Domingo Church") in Quezon City, and Espiritu Santo Church in Tayuman, Manila.
In addition, they performed restorative works on bellows in other churches such as San Agustin Church in Intramuros, and other historic organs found in Baclayon, Loboc, and Loay, Bohol.
|
[
"Establishment of Diego Cera Organbuilders, Incorporated\n-------------------------------------------------------",
"### History",
"The responsibility of maintaining the Bamboo Organ fell next to two young alumni of St. Joseph's Academy, Cealwyn Tagle and the late Edgar Montiano. Being member of Las Piñas Boys Choir, their interest in the technical side of the instrument grew and noticed by Leo Renier, former director of St. Joseph Academy and founder of Las Piñas Boys Choir. He encouraged them both to go into organ building.",
"Their training at Grunbach, Austria to become apprentices at Helmut Allgaeuer Orgelbau was made possible by the Bamboo Organ Foundation Incorporated. The Bamboo Organ Foundation, Inc., is a non\\-stock, non\\-profit organization founded to preserve and maintain the historic Bamboo Organ. It also engages in the spiritual, educational and social enrichment of the people of Las Piñas. The foundation also organizes the International Bamboo Organ Festival.",
"Tagle went in 1988, followed by Montiano two years later. In 1990, they traveled to Johannes Klais Orgelbau in Bonn, Germany. one of the commissioned projects was construction of an organ for the EDSA Shrine in Manila. They took part in the construction and its assembly in Manila in January 1992\\. Soon, they have returned to Austria to crown their whole organ building education upon the construction of a 22\\-stop pipe organ for the auditorium of their alma mater, St. Joseph Academy in Las Piñas. Under the guidance of Helmut Allgaeuer, the project was completed a year later. It was inaugurated during the Bamboo Organ Festival of 1994\\.",
"In March 1994, Tagle and Montiano founded Diego Cera Organbuilders, Incorporated. It was considered as the first Filipino pipe organ building company. Since then, they have restored four historic pipe organs and built ten new tracker organs which were exported to Lithuania and Austria.",
"### Clienteles and other works",
"At present, they have been involved in the overhauling of the Manila Cathedral\\-Basilica Organ, supposedly the biggest organ in Southeast Asia.",
"They have been involved in other church organ restorations, such as that of the pipe organs of [Santo Domingo Church](/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Church \"Santo Domingo Church\") in Quezon City, and Espiritu Santo Church in Tayuman, Manila.",
"In addition, they performed restorative works on bellows in other churches such as San Agustin Church in Intramuros, and other historic organs found in Baclayon, Loboc, and Loay, Bohol.",
""
] |
Alleged incidents
-----------------
{{Dynamic list}}
### Baltimore
[thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|A [Baltimore Police Department](/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department "Baltimore Police Department") van, similar to the one which carried [Freddie Gray](/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray"), burnt during the subsequent [2015 Baltimore protests](/wiki/2015_Baltimore_protests "2015 Baltimore protests")](/wiki/File:Carbecue_Baltimore.jpg "Carbecue Baltimore.jpg")
In 1980, 58\-year\-old John Wheatfall broke his neck and became [paralyzed](/wiki/Paralysis "Paralysis") during a ride to [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore")'s [Southwestern District](/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department "Baltimore Police Department"). Wheatfall was seated on a bench with his hands cuffed behind his back, when he was thrown to the floor and hit his head against the wall. Baltimore police vans did not have seatbelts at the time. The officer driving stated he had swerved to avoid an oncoming car, and an investigation did not find evidence of negligence. Wheatfall sued for $3 million, and was awarded $20,000 for his injury.
In 2004, Jeffrey Alston was awarded $39 million after becoming paralyzed from the neck down as a result of a ride in a Baltimore police van.
In 2005, Dondi Johnson Sr., a plumber, was arrested in Baltimore for public urination. Apparently uninjured at the time of his arrest, Johnson emerged from the police van paralyzed with a broken neck, and died two weeks later from pneumonia resulting from his injuries. Johnson stated he had been thrown face\-first into the interior of the van during a sharp turn. His family sued the Baltimore police and were awarded $7\.4 million, which was reduced to $219,000 under a cap imposed by Maryland state law.
In 2012, Christine Abbott, a 27\-year\-old assistant librarian at [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University"), was arrested at a party she was hosting at her home in Baltimore's [Hampden](/wiki/Hampden%2C_Baltimore "Hampden, Baltimore") neighborhood. She was handcuffed and put into a police van. Abbott later sued the officers in federal court, describing her ride as "like a roller coaster", and accusing the officers of braking short and taking "wide, fast turns" which slammed her into the walls. Police acknowledged that Abbott was not buckled in during her ride.
Some media commentators have suggested that the "rough ride" practice was a factor in the 2015 [death of Freddie Gray](/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray"), although state prosecutors have not alleged that Gray was subjected to a rough ride. Gray was arrested on April 12, and was conscious and able to speak before being placed into a police van. Following a thirty\-minute ride, Gray was [comatose](/wiki/Coma "Coma") and not breathing. He was treated at the [R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center](/wiki/R_Adams_Cowley_Shock_Trauma_Center "R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center") of the [University of Maryland Hospital](/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Hospital "University of Maryland Hospital"), where his [spinal cord](/wiki/Spinal_cord "Spinal cord") was found to be 80% severed, an injury consistent with a serious car accident. Gray died a week after his arrest. Medical experts say Gray may have sustained a neck injury during his arrest which could have been exacerbated during his transport. Police acknowledged that Gray was not buckled in, contrary to departmental policy. On September 9, 2015, the City of Baltimore approved a $6\.4 million civil settlement with Gray's family.{{cite news\|last1\=Bacon\|first1\=John\|title\=Freddie Gray settlement 'obscene,' police union chief says\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/09/09/baltimore\-panel\-approves\-freddie\-gray\-settlement/71928226/\|access\-date\=11 September 2015\|work\=USA Today\|date\=September 9, 2015}} The first criminal case to be tried of the police officers involved with Gray's arrest resulted in a [mistrial](/wiki/Mistrial "Mistrial").
### Los Angeles
On April 15, 1990, Fernando Martinez was arrested by the [Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff%27s_Department "Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department"). In a 1991 class\-action lawsuit filed by the [NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund](/wiki/NAACP_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund "NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund"), it was alleged that a deputy drove recklessly while Martinez, a minor, was handcuffed in the back seat of a patrol car, causing his head to strike the partition separating the front and back seats, and that Martinez was further beaten, choked, and kicked on arriving at the police station. The case proceeded to trial, resulting in a $6 million award to the 54 plaintiffs, and a $1\.5 million allocation for [use of force](/wiki/Use_of_force "Use of force") training of the Sheriff's Department.
Following a traffic stop on October 19, 1997, a [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department "Los Angeles Police Department") disciplinary panel concluded that officer Ray Logan had carried out a "screen test", among other abuses. Logan was subsequently fired.
### Philadelphia
A 2001 investigation by *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer "The Philadelphia Inquirer")* documented twenty people injured in rough rides in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"). Three suffered spinal injuries, and two were paralyzed. As of 2001, courts had awarded $2\.3 million in [legal settlements](/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29 "Settlement (litigation)") resulting from these cases, but no officer had ever been disciplined for the practice. The [Philadelphia Police Department](/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department "Philadelphia Police Department") began to introduce vans with padding and safety restraints in December 2000\.
On April 10, 1994, Gino Thompson was thrown from his seat when the police van carrying him stopped suddenly. Thompson sustained a spinal cord injury which paralyzed him from the waist down. Thompson was awarded $600,000\.
On March 31, 1995, John DeVivo was arrested, handcuffed, and placed in a police van. DeVivo reported that the driver slammed on the brakes, throwing him to the floor and fracturing his tailbone. The police claimed that a dog had run into the road, and denied wrongdoing. DeVivo sued and was awarded $11,000\.
On September 29, 1996, Bernadette Moore, age 34, sustained injuries to her shoulder and back after a police ride in which she reported that the driver was "swerving and slamming on the brakes". She was later awarded $15,000\.
In 1997, Calvin Saunders was thrown from his seat and slammed his head against the wall of a police van. He became paralyzed from the neck down, and was awarded $1\.2 million.
On April 15, 1998, Robert Schwartz Sr., age 44, broke a vertebra in his neck during what he described as a wild police wagon ride. He was awarded $110,000\.
On February 21, 1999, Carlice Harris, age 44, sustained injuries to her face, knees, and wrists during police transport. She was awarded $22,500\.
In 2011, James McKenna was arrested outside a Philadelphia bar. McKenna alleged that he heard an officer tell the driver of the van to "fuck him up." During a 20\-minute ride including quick stops and sharp turns, he repeatedly slammed his head into the walls, ultimately breaking three vertebrae in his neck. McKenna was awarded $490,000\.
### Other incidents
In 1980, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") plumber Freddie Franklin alleged in a federal lawsuit that he was wrongfully arrested by six members of the [Chicago Police Department](/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department "Chicago Police Department") and forced into the back of a police van in handcuffs. The van was allegedly driven recklessly, throwing Franklin around the van and causing him to bite off his lower lip. Franklin received $135,000 from the city in a settlement of the lawsuit.{{cite news\|last1\=Fernandez\|first1\=Manny\|title\=Freddie Gray's Injury and the Police 'Rough Ride'\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/01/us/freddie\-grays\-injury\-and\-the\-police\-rough\-ride.html\|access\-date\=1 May 2015\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=April 30, 2015}}
In 1999, a former police chaplain in [Aurora, Illinois](/wiki/Aurora%2C_Illinois "Aurora, Illinois"), sued that city's police department, alleging that it was a common practice for police in Aurora to drive recklessly so as to attempt to injure handcuffed suspects. The department denied the allegations and the lawsuit was eventually settled.
In November 2017, Andreu Van den Eynde, a lawyer for several ministers of the [Republican Left of Catalonia](/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia "Republican Left of Catalonia") sentenced to prison in Spain, questioned how his clients "were contained mechanically" during transport from the [Audiencia Nacional](/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional_%28Spain%29 "Audiencia Nacional (Spain)") to a prison in [Estremera](/wiki/Estremera "Estremera"), {{convert\|100\|km\|mi}} away. Spain's [Ministry of the Interior](/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_%28Spain%29 "Ministry of the Interior (Spain)") did not confirm whether the prisoners were cuffed in the vans or not. Van den Eynde did not immediately file a complaint of mistreatment, pending medical reports.
In November 2022, five members of the [New Haven Police Department](/wiki/New_Haven_Police_Department "New Haven Police Department") were charged with second\-degree reckless endangerment and cruelty, after neglecting the injuries of a black suspect injured in their custody. In the June 2022 incident, the driver of a police van braked hard, allegedly to avoid a collision, causing Randy Cox, 36, to hit the metal partition headfirst, resulting in his paralysis. After being placed in a detention center, Cox's pleas for help were met with mockery, captured on surveillance and body\-worn cameras. The five officers charged are next due in court on December 8\.{{cite news \|title\=5 officers charged after Black man paralyzed in police van \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/5\-officers\-charged\-after\-black\-man\-paralyzed\-police\-94102776 \|access\-date\=1 December 2022 \|publisher\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|date\=November 28, 2022}}{{Update after\|2022\|12\|8}} The city agreed with him on a payment of $45 million.{{Cite web \|first\=Yash \|last\=Wadwekar \|date\=2023\-09\-01 \|title\=Randy Cox case settles for historic $45 million, four New Haven officers fired \|url\=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/09/01/randy\-cox\-case\-settles\-for\-historic\-45\-million\-four\-new\-haven\-officers\-fired/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-03 \|website\=Yale Daily News \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Alleged incidents\n-----------------",
"{{Dynamic list}}",
"### Baltimore",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|A [Baltimore Police Department](/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department \"Baltimore Police Department\") van, similar to the one which carried [Freddie Gray](/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray \"Death of Freddie Gray\"), burnt during the subsequent [2015 Baltimore protests](/wiki/2015_Baltimore_protests \"2015 Baltimore protests\")](/wiki/File:Carbecue_Baltimore.jpg \"Carbecue Baltimore.jpg\")\nIn 1980, 58\\-year\\-old John Wheatfall broke his neck and became [paralyzed](/wiki/Paralysis \"Paralysis\") during a ride to [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\")'s [Southwestern District](/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department \"Baltimore Police Department\"). Wheatfall was seated on a bench with his hands cuffed behind his back, when he was thrown to the floor and hit his head against the wall. Baltimore police vans did not have seatbelts at the time. The officer driving stated he had swerved to avoid an oncoming car, and an investigation did not find evidence of negligence. Wheatfall sued for $3 million, and was awarded $20,000 for his injury.",
"In 2004, Jeffrey Alston was awarded $39 million after becoming paralyzed from the neck down as a result of a ride in a Baltimore police van.",
"In 2005, Dondi Johnson Sr., a plumber, was arrested in Baltimore for public urination. Apparently uninjured at the time of his arrest, Johnson emerged from the police van paralyzed with a broken neck, and died two weeks later from pneumonia resulting from his injuries. Johnson stated he had been thrown face\\-first into the interior of the van during a sharp turn. His family sued the Baltimore police and were awarded $7\\.4 million, which was reduced to $219,000 under a cap imposed by Maryland state law.",
"In 2012, Christine Abbott, a 27\\-year\\-old assistant librarian at [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University \"Johns Hopkins University\"), was arrested at a party she was hosting at her home in Baltimore's [Hampden](/wiki/Hampden%2C_Baltimore \"Hampden, Baltimore\") neighborhood. She was handcuffed and put into a police van. Abbott later sued the officers in federal court, describing her ride as \"like a roller coaster\", and accusing the officers of braking short and taking \"wide, fast turns\" which slammed her into the walls. Police acknowledged that Abbott was not buckled in during her ride.",
"Some media commentators have suggested that the \"rough ride\" practice was a factor in the 2015 [death of Freddie Gray](/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray \"Death of Freddie Gray\"), although state prosecutors have not alleged that Gray was subjected to a rough ride. Gray was arrested on April 12, and was conscious and able to speak before being placed into a police van. Following a thirty\\-minute ride, Gray was [comatose](/wiki/Coma \"Coma\") and not breathing. He was treated at the [R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center](/wiki/R_Adams_Cowley_Shock_Trauma_Center \"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center\") of the [University of Maryland Hospital](/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Hospital \"University of Maryland Hospital\"), where his [spinal cord](/wiki/Spinal_cord \"Spinal cord\") was found to be 80% severed, an injury consistent with a serious car accident. Gray died a week after his arrest. Medical experts say Gray may have sustained a neck injury during his arrest which could have been exacerbated during his transport. Police acknowledged that Gray was not buckled in, contrary to departmental policy. On September 9, 2015, the City of Baltimore approved a $6\\.4 million civil settlement with Gray's family.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bacon\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=Freddie Gray settlement 'obscene,' police union chief says\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/09/09/baltimore\\-panel\\-approves\\-freddie\\-gray\\-settlement/71928226/\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2015\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=September 9, 2015}} The first criminal case to be tried of the police officers involved with Gray's arrest resulted in a [mistrial](/wiki/Mistrial \"Mistrial\").",
"### Los Angeles",
"On April 15, 1990, Fernando Martinez was arrested by the [Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff%27s_Department \"Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department\"). In a 1991 class\\-action lawsuit filed by the [NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund](/wiki/NAACP_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund \"NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund\"), it was alleged that a deputy drove recklessly while Martinez, a minor, was handcuffed in the back seat of a patrol car, causing his head to strike the partition separating the front and back seats, and that Martinez was further beaten, choked, and kicked on arriving at the police station. The case proceeded to trial, resulting in a $6 million award to the 54 plaintiffs, and a $1\\.5 million allocation for [use of force](/wiki/Use_of_force \"Use of force\") training of the Sheriff's Department.",
"Following a traffic stop on October 19, 1997, a [Los Angeles Police Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department \"Los Angeles Police Department\") disciplinary panel concluded that officer Ray Logan had carried out a \"screen test\", among other abuses. Logan was subsequently fired.",
"### Philadelphia",
"A 2001 investigation by *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\")* documented twenty people injured in rough rides in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"). Three suffered spinal injuries, and two were paralyzed. As of 2001, courts had awarded $2\\.3 million in [legal settlements](/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29 \"Settlement (litigation)\") resulting from these cases, but no officer had ever been disciplined for the practice. The [Philadelphia Police Department](/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department \"Philadelphia Police Department\") began to introduce vans with padding and safety restraints in December 2000\\.",
"On April 10, 1994, Gino Thompson was thrown from his seat when the police van carrying him stopped suddenly. Thompson sustained a spinal cord injury which paralyzed him from the waist down. Thompson was awarded $600,000\\.",
"On March 31, 1995, John DeVivo was arrested, handcuffed, and placed in a police van. DeVivo reported that the driver slammed on the brakes, throwing him to the floor and fracturing his tailbone. The police claimed that a dog had run into the road, and denied wrongdoing. DeVivo sued and was awarded $11,000\\.",
"On September 29, 1996, Bernadette Moore, age 34, sustained injuries to her shoulder and back after a police ride in which she reported that the driver was \"swerving and slamming on the brakes\". She was later awarded $15,000\\.",
"In 1997, Calvin Saunders was thrown from his seat and slammed his head against the wall of a police van. He became paralyzed from the neck down, and was awarded $1\\.2 million.",
"On April 15, 1998, Robert Schwartz Sr., age 44, broke a vertebra in his neck during what he described as a wild police wagon ride. He was awarded $110,000\\.",
"On February 21, 1999, Carlice Harris, age 44, sustained injuries to her face, knees, and wrists during police transport. She was awarded $22,500\\.",
"In 2011, James McKenna was arrested outside a Philadelphia bar. McKenna alleged that he heard an officer tell the driver of the van to \"fuck him up.\" During a 20\\-minute ride including quick stops and sharp turns, he repeatedly slammed his head into the walls, ultimately breaking three vertebrae in his neck. McKenna was awarded $490,000\\.",
"### Other incidents",
"In 1980, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") plumber Freddie Franklin alleged in a federal lawsuit that he was wrongfully arrested by six members of the [Chicago Police Department](/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department \"Chicago Police Department\") and forced into the back of a police van in handcuffs. The van was allegedly driven recklessly, throwing Franklin around the van and causing him to bite off his lower lip. Franklin received $135,000 from the city in a settlement of the lawsuit.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Fernandez\\|first1\\=Manny\\|title\\=Freddie Gray's Injury and the Police 'Rough Ride'\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/01/us/freddie\\-grays\\-injury\\-and\\-the\\-police\\-rough\\-ride.html\\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=April 30, 2015}}",
"In 1999, a former police chaplain in [Aurora, Illinois](/wiki/Aurora%2C_Illinois \"Aurora, Illinois\"), sued that city's police department, alleging that it was a common practice for police in Aurora to drive recklessly so as to attempt to injure handcuffed suspects. The department denied the allegations and the lawsuit was eventually settled.",
"In November 2017, Andreu Van den Eynde, a lawyer for several ministers of the [Republican Left of Catalonia](/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia \"Republican Left of Catalonia\") sentenced to prison in Spain, questioned how his clients \"were contained mechanically\" during transport from the [Audiencia Nacional](/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional_%28Spain%29 \"Audiencia Nacional (Spain)\") to a prison in [Estremera](/wiki/Estremera \"Estremera\"), {{convert\\|100\\|km\\|mi}} away. Spain's [Ministry of the Interior](/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_%28Spain%29 \"Ministry of the Interior (Spain)\") did not confirm whether the prisoners were cuffed in the vans or not. Van den Eynde did not immediately file a complaint of mistreatment, pending medical reports.",
"In November 2022, five members of the [New Haven Police Department](/wiki/New_Haven_Police_Department \"New Haven Police Department\") were charged with second\\-degree reckless endangerment and cruelty, after neglecting the injuries of a black suspect injured in their custody. In the June 2022 incident, the driver of a police van braked hard, allegedly to avoid a collision, causing Randy Cox, 36, to hit the metal partition headfirst, resulting in his paralysis. After being placed in a detention center, Cox's pleas for help were met with mockery, captured on surveillance and body\\-worn cameras. The five officers charged are next due in court on December 8\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=5 officers charged after Black man paralyzed in police van \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/5\\-officers\\-charged\\-after\\-black\\-man\\-paralyzed\\-police\\-94102776 \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|date\\=November 28, 2022}}{{Update after\\|2022\\|12\\|8}} The city agreed with him on a payment of $45 million.{{Cite web \\|first\\=Yash \\|last\\=Wadwekar \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=Randy Cox case settles for historic $45 million, four New Haven officers fired \\|url\\=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/09/01/randy\\-cox\\-case\\-settles\\-for\\-historic\\-45\\-million\\-four\\-new\\-haven\\-officers\\-fired/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-03 \\|website\\=Yale Daily News \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### Philadelphia
A 2001 investigation by *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer "The Philadelphia Inquirer")* documented twenty people injured in rough rides in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"). Three suffered spinal injuries, and two were paralyzed. As of 2001, courts had awarded $2\.3 million in [legal settlements](/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29 "Settlement (litigation)") resulting from these cases, but no officer had ever been disciplined for the practice. The [Philadelphia Police Department](/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department "Philadelphia Police Department") began to introduce vans with padding and safety restraints in December 2000\.
On April 10, 1994, Gino Thompson was thrown from his seat when the police van carrying him stopped suddenly. Thompson sustained a spinal cord injury which paralyzed him from the waist down. Thompson was awarded $600,000\.
On March 31, 1995, John DeVivo was arrested, handcuffed, and placed in a police van. DeVivo reported that the driver slammed on the brakes, throwing him to the floor and fracturing his tailbone. The police claimed that a dog had run into the road, and denied wrongdoing. DeVivo sued and was awarded $11,000\.
On September 29, 1996, Bernadette Moore, age 34, sustained injuries to her shoulder and back after a police ride in which she reported that the driver was "swerving and slamming on the brakes". She was later awarded $15,000\.
In 1997, Calvin Saunders was thrown from his seat and slammed his head against the wall of a police van. He became paralyzed from the neck down, and was awarded $1\.2 million.
On April 15, 1998, Robert Schwartz Sr., age 44, broke a vertebra in his neck during what he described as a wild police wagon ride. He was awarded $110,000\.
On February 21, 1999, Carlice Harris, age 44, sustained injuries to her face, knees, and wrists during police transport. She was awarded $22,500\.
In 2011, James McKenna was arrested outside a Philadelphia bar. McKenna alleged that he heard an officer tell the driver of the van to "fuck him up." During a 20\-minute ride including quick stops and sharp turns, he repeatedly slammed his head into the walls, ultimately breaking three vertebrae in his neck. McKenna was awarded $490,000\.
|
[
"### Philadelphia",
"A 2001 investigation by *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\")* documented twenty people injured in rough rides in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"). Three suffered spinal injuries, and two were paralyzed. As of 2001, courts had awarded $2\\.3 million in [legal settlements](/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29 \"Settlement (litigation)\") resulting from these cases, but no officer had ever been disciplined for the practice. The [Philadelphia Police Department](/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department \"Philadelphia Police Department\") began to introduce vans with padding and safety restraints in December 2000\\.",
"On April 10, 1994, Gino Thompson was thrown from his seat when the police van carrying him stopped suddenly. Thompson sustained a spinal cord injury which paralyzed him from the waist down. Thompson was awarded $600,000\\.",
"On March 31, 1995, John DeVivo was arrested, handcuffed, and placed in a police van. DeVivo reported that the driver slammed on the brakes, throwing him to the floor and fracturing his tailbone. The police claimed that a dog had run into the road, and denied wrongdoing. DeVivo sued and was awarded $11,000\\.",
"On September 29, 1996, Bernadette Moore, age 34, sustained injuries to her shoulder and back after a police ride in which she reported that the driver was \"swerving and slamming on the brakes\". She was later awarded $15,000\\.",
"In 1997, Calvin Saunders was thrown from his seat and slammed his head against the wall of a police van. He became paralyzed from the neck down, and was awarded $1\\.2 million.",
"On April 15, 1998, Robert Schwartz Sr., age 44, broke a vertebra in his neck during what he described as a wild police wagon ride. He was awarded $110,000\\.",
"On February 21, 1999, Carlice Harris, age 44, sustained injuries to her face, knees, and wrists during police transport. She was awarded $22,500\\.",
"In 2011, James McKenna was arrested outside a Philadelphia bar. McKenna alleged that he heard an officer tell the driver of the van to \"fuck him up.\" During a 20\\-minute ride including quick stops and sharp turns, he repeatedly slammed his head into the walls, ultimately breaking three vertebrae in his neck. McKenna was awarded $490,000\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
The film begins with the murder of 52\-year\-old [ASI](/wiki/Assistant_sub-inspector_of_police "Assistant sub-inspector of police") Vinod Kumar, the twin brother of [DYSP](/wiki/Deputy_Superintendent_of_Police "Deputy Superintendent of Police") Pramod. There are three suspects in the murder: ASI John, [CPO](/wiki/Civil_Police_Officer_%28Kerala%29 "Civil Police Officer (Kerala)") Bineesh, and SCPO Sandeep. All three police officers worked with Vinod in the [Vagamon](/wiki/Vagamon "Vagamon") police station and have animosity towards Vinod, due to different incidents. It is revealed through the incidents, narrated by the trio individually, that Vinod was a drunkard and womaniser. Bineesh narrates his incident where he caught Vinod coming out of a lodge room after raping a 17\-year\-old girl in an inebriated state.
Pramod is a recovered alcoholic, who is now sober but is separated from his wife, Sreeja, and daughter. Unable to withstand his drunkard behaviour, Sreeja moved away from him to [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai") with their newborn daughter. Pramod recalls his and Vinod's childhood. The two brothers grew up in the same household with an abusive and absent father, who also was incidentally a police [constable](/wiki/Constable "Constable"). One day, their parents have a violent fight, owing to their father's [infidelity](/wiki/Infidelity "Infidelity"). This causes their parents' separation. Pramod stays with their mother, while Vinod is forcibly taken away by their father. This fuels Vinod's resentment towards Pramod and their mother, as he feels betrayed and left alone to face their father's abuse. One day, few people hack their father to death, after he tried to sleep with an underaged girl and molest her. Years later, both the twins become policemen, but take different paths. Pramod starts as a [sub\-Inspector](/wiki/Sub-Inspector "Sub-Inspector") and eventually becomes a respected and honest Deputy Superintendent of Police (DYSP), while Vinod started as a [constable](/wiki/Constable "Constable") and becomes a violent and street\-smart Assistant Sub\-Inspector (ASI).
At present, [DYSP](/wiki/Deputy_superintendent_of_police "Deputy superintendent of police") Satheesh, who has close ties with Vinod, leads the investigation. He also doubts Pramod, as he is aware of the duo's past and hatred towards each other. This is further fueled by the statement of Vinod's lover, Malini, who recently came into his life and changed him for the better. Hence, Pramod is kept away from the investigation initially, but he requests to take over the case. He quickly proceeds with the investigation, and it turns out that all the three suspects have legitimate alibis. He then finds camera footage from a media personnel recording, in which he sees two children playing [cricket](/wiki/Cricket "Cricket") with their dog in the nearby field. Upon contacting them, it is revealed that Vinod actually committed suicide by [shooting 3 times](/wiki/Multiple_gunshot_suicide "Multiple gunshot suicide") on his chest and one of them witnessed it while picking up their cricket ball.
Puzzled and shocked by the new discovery, Pramod starts to look into the motive for Vinod's suicide, especially since it seemed as though he was very happy after Malini had come into his life. At this point, a few constables receive the footage of the music reality show that Vinod was watching just before he committed suicide. Pramod sees Sreeja in the audience and realises that his grown\-up daughter Swetha is one of the participants. Pramod suspects the worst and confirms the identity of the minor girl raped by Vinod in the lodge with the reality show and realises that the girl was Swetha. Pramod infers that Vinod realised that he raped his own niece and unable to bear the guilt, he committed suicide.
The film ends with Sreeja trying to reconnect with Pramod, after hearing of Vinod's death. However, he strictly instructs her not to tell Swetha about him or ever show her his face, as she has unknowingly "seen" her father's face on that unfortunate night at the lodge. Pramod, unknowingly, has to now atone for the sins of both Vinod, their father and also his mistakes done to Sreeja.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The film begins with the murder of 52\\-year\\-old [ASI](/wiki/Assistant_sub-inspector_of_police \"Assistant sub-inspector of police\") Vinod Kumar, the twin brother of [DYSP](/wiki/Deputy_Superintendent_of_Police \"Deputy Superintendent of Police\") Pramod. There are three suspects in the murder: ASI John, [CPO](/wiki/Civil_Police_Officer_%28Kerala%29 \"Civil Police Officer (Kerala)\") Bineesh, and SCPO Sandeep. All three police officers worked with Vinod in the [Vagamon](/wiki/Vagamon \"Vagamon\") police station and have animosity towards Vinod, due to different incidents. It is revealed through the incidents, narrated by the trio individually, that Vinod was a drunkard and womaniser. Bineesh narrates his incident where he caught Vinod coming out of a lodge room after raping a 17\\-year\\-old girl in an inebriated state.",
"Pramod is a recovered alcoholic, who is now sober but is separated from his wife, Sreeja, and daughter. Unable to withstand his drunkard behaviour, Sreeja moved away from him to [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\") with their newborn daughter. Pramod recalls his and Vinod's childhood. The two brothers grew up in the same household with an abusive and absent father, who also was incidentally a police [constable](/wiki/Constable \"Constable\"). One day, their parents have a violent fight, owing to their father's [infidelity](/wiki/Infidelity \"Infidelity\"). This causes their parents' separation. Pramod stays with their mother, while Vinod is forcibly taken away by their father. This fuels Vinod's resentment towards Pramod and their mother, as he feels betrayed and left alone to face their father's abuse. One day, few people hack their father to death, after he tried to sleep with an underaged girl and molest her. Years later, both the twins become policemen, but take different paths. Pramod starts as a [sub\\-Inspector](/wiki/Sub-Inspector \"Sub-Inspector\") and eventually becomes a respected and honest Deputy Superintendent of Police (DYSP), while Vinod started as a [constable](/wiki/Constable \"Constable\") and becomes a violent and street\\-smart Assistant Sub\\-Inspector (ASI).",
"At present, [DYSP](/wiki/Deputy_superintendent_of_police \"Deputy superintendent of police\") Satheesh, who has close ties with Vinod, leads the investigation. He also doubts Pramod, as he is aware of the duo's past and hatred towards each other. This is further fueled by the statement of Vinod's lover, Malini, who recently came into his life and changed him for the better. Hence, Pramod is kept away from the investigation initially, but he requests to take over the case. He quickly proceeds with the investigation, and it turns out that all the three suspects have legitimate alibis. He then finds camera footage from a media personnel recording, in which he sees two children playing [cricket](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\") with their dog in the nearby field. Upon contacting them, it is revealed that Vinod actually committed suicide by [shooting 3 times](/wiki/Multiple_gunshot_suicide \"Multiple gunshot suicide\") on his chest and one of them witnessed it while picking up their cricket ball.",
"Puzzled and shocked by the new discovery, Pramod starts to look into the motive for Vinod's suicide, especially since it seemed as though he was very happy after Malini had come into his life. At this point, a few constables receive the footage of the music reality show that Vinod was watching just before he committed suicide. Pramod sees Sreeja in the audience and realises that his grown\\-up daughter Swetha is one of the participants. Pramod suspects the worst and confirms the identity of the minor girl raped by Vinod in the lodge with the reality show and realises that the girl was Swetha. Pramod infers that Vinod realised that he raped his own niece and unable to bear the guilt, he committed suicide.",
"The film ends with Sreeja trying to reconnect with Pramod, after hearing of Vinod's death. However, he strictly instructs her not to tell Swetha about him or ever show her his face, as she has unknowingly \"seen\" her father's face on that unfortunate night at the lodge. Pramod, unknowingly, has to now atone for the sins of both Vinod, their father and also his mistakes done to Sreeja.",
""
] |
Content
-------
### Channels
* *[List of Sirius XM Radio channels](/wiki/List_of_Sirius_XM_Radio_channels "List of Sirius XM Radio channels")*
According to a Spring 2007 Arbitron report, the five channels most listened to on Sirius based on their [average quarterly hour (AQH) share](/wiki/AQH_share "AQH share") were Howard 100, Howard 101, The Highway (56\), Sirius Hits 1, and Octane (37\).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.allaccess.com/assets/editorial/raw/SP07\_National\_Satellite\_P12\.pdf \|title\=National Satellite Report, Spring 2007 \|author\=Arbitron \|website\=AllAccess.com \| date\=September 2007 \|access\-date\=2007\-10\-24\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071030191216/http://www.allaccess.com/assets/editorial/raw/SP07\_National\_Satellite\_P12\.pdf \|archive\-date \= October 30, 2007}}
### Howard Stern
[thumb\|Subscriber growth for [XM Satellite Radio](/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio "XM Satellite Radio") and Sirius Satellite Radio](/wiki/File:XM_and_Sirius_subscribers.svg "XM and Sirius subscribers.svg")
On October 6, 2004, Sirius announced that it had signed a five\-year, US$100 million per year agreement with Howard Stern to move his radio show, The Howard Stern Show, to Sirius starting on January 9, 2006\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/06/business/media/howard\-stern\-to\-shift\-show\-to\-satellite\-radio\-in\-2006\.html\|title\=Howard Stern to Shift Show to Satellite Radio in 2006\|last1\=Br\|first1\=Bill Carter\|date\=2004\-10\-06\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-20\|last2\=Hauser\|first2\=Christine\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/howard\-stern\-begins\-with\-a\-bang/\|title\=Howard Stern Begins With A Bang\|website\=www.cbsnews.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-20}} Stern said his move was forced by the stringent regulations of the FCC whose enforcement was intensified following the [Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy "Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy"). In the wake of the announcement of his pending departure, Stern complained that Infinity Broadcasting was making his departure more acrimonious than was necessary. The deal, which gave Sirius exclusive rights to Stern's radio show, also gave Stern the right to build three full\-time programming channels. His audience had grown almost tenfold by the end of his second year on Sirius, from fewer than 700,000 subscribers to 6 million (see graph on the right). Stern now has two channels operating on Sirius, but still retains the right to a third.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2024}}
### Programming content
Sirius/XM's channels carried an array of programming that covered Music, News/Talk, Sports, and Entertainment. Sirius had deals with entertainers and personalities for broadcast streams. Besides Stern, Sirius had deals with [Martha Stewart](/wiki/Martha_Stewart "Martha Stewart"),{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/18/business/media/martha\-stewart\-to\-get\-sirius\-radio\-channel.html\|title\=Martha Stewart to Get Sirius Radio Channel\|date\=2005\-04\-18\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-10\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}} [E Street Band](/wiki/E_Street_Band "E Street Band") member [Steven Van Zandt](/wiki/Steven_Van_Zandt "Steven Van Zandt"),{{Cite news\|last1\=Dougherty\|first1\=Steve\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how\-siriusxm\-is\-battling\-for\-the\-car\-radio\-1481927170\|title\=How SiriusXM is Battling for the Car Radio\|date\=2016\-12\-16\|work\=Wall Street Journal\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-10\|last2\=Turner\|first2\=Richard\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0099\-9660}} [Jimmy Buffett](/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett "Jimmy Buffett"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2005/05/10/news/newsmakers/sirius\_buffett/\|title\=Jimmy Buffett moves to Sirius \- May. 10, 2005\|website\=money.cnn.com\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-10}} and [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem "Eminem"){{Cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/eminem\-hits\-the\-airwaves\-249438/\|title\=Eminem Hits the Airwaves\|last\=Libaw\|first\=Oliver\|date\=2004\-07\-30\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-10}} to executive\-produce streams or channels on Sirius. Van Zandt created two stations for Sirius: the *[Underground Garage](/wiki/Underground_Garage "Underground Garage")*, dedicated to [garage rock](/wiki/Garage_rock "Garage rock"), and *Outlaw Country* with its focus on [alternative country music](/wiki/Outlaw_country "Outlaw country").
The majority of the company's programming was self\-produced exclusively for Sirius. However, there were some shows—especially in the Talk genre—that were originally created for terrestrial radio, but then aired on conventional radio and on Sirius/XM simultaneously; one example was the *[Eternal Word Television Network](/wiki/Eternal_Word_Television_Network "Eternal Word Television Network")*.
Among the hosts with Sirius/XM shows were:
* Sports figures such as [Lance Armstrong](/wiki/Lance_Armstrong "Lance Armstrong"), [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") Hall of Famer [Bill Walton](/wiki/Bill_Walton "Bill Walton"), sports show host [Scott Ferrall](/wiki/Scott_Ferrall "Scott Ferrall"), fantasy football experts John Hansen and Adam Caplan from [FantasyGuru.com](/wiki/FantasyGuru.com "FantasyGuru.com"), skateboarder [Tony Hawk](/wiki/Tony_Hawk "Tony Hawk"), skateboarder/MTV personality [Bam Margera](/wiki/Bam_Margera "Bam Margera"), and skateboarder [Jason Ellis](/wiki/Jason_Ellis_%28radio_host%29 "Jason Ellis (radio host)").
* Musicians such as [Joan Jett](/wiki/Joan_Jett "Joan Jett"), [Keith Morris](/wiki/Keith_Morris "Keith Morris") of [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 "Black Flag (band)"), [the B\-52's](/wiki/The_B-52%27s "The B-52's") lead singer [Fred Schneider](/wiki/Fred_Schneider "Fred Schneider"), [Marky Ramone](/wiki/Marky_Ramone "Marky Ramone") of [The Ramones](/wiki/The_Ramones "The Ramones"), and [New York Dolls](/wiki/New_York_Dolls "New York Dolls") singer [David Johansen](/wiki/David_Johansen "David Johansen").
* Veteran DJs including New York City DJ [Bruce Morrow](/wiki/Bruce_Morrow "Bruce Morrow"), freeform radio pioneer [Vin Scelsa](/wiki/Vin_Scelsa "Vin Scelsa"), [Richard Blade](/wiki/Richard_Blade "Richard Blade"), [Joe Causi](/wiki/Joe_Causi "Joe Causi") and [Kid Leo](/wiki/Kid_Leo "Kid Leo").
* Original MTV veejays [Mark Goodman](/wiki/Mark_Goodman "Mark Goodman"), [Nina Blackwood](/wiki/Nina_Blackwood "Nina Blackwood"), [Alan Hunter](/wiki/Alan_Hunter_%28VJ%29 "Alan Hunter (VJ)") and [Martha Quinn](/wiki/Martha_Quinn "Martha Quinn").
* Hip Hop superstars [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem "Eminem") and [50 Cent](/wiki/50_Cent "50 Cent"), along with veterans such as [Grandmaster Flash](/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash "Grandmaster Flash"), [Kool DJ Red Alert](/wiki/Kool_DJ_Red_Alert "Kool DJ Red Alert"), [Kurtis Blow](/wiki/Kurtis_Blow "Kurtis Blow"), and [DJ Premier](/wiki/DJ_Premier "DJ Premier").
* Such popular dance music artists and DJs as [Paul Oakenfold](/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold "Paul Oakenfold"), [Paul Van Dyk](/wiki/Paul_Van_Dyk "Paul Van Dyk"), [Liquid Todd](/wiki/Liquid_Todd "Liquid Todd"), [Pete Tong](/wiki/Pete_Tong "Pete Tong"), [The Riddler](/wiki/The_Riddler "The Riddler") and [DJ Icey](/wiki/DJ_Icey "DJ Icey").
* Political commentators including [Bill Press](/wiki/Bill_Press "Bill Press"), [Andrew Wilkow](/wiki/Andrew_Wilkow "Andrew Wilkow"), [Mike Church](/wiki/Mike_Church "Mike Church"), [Rusty Humphries](/wiki/Rusty_Humphries "Rusty Humphries"), [Mike Malloy](/wiki/Mike_Malloy "Mike Malloy"), [Lynn Samuels](/wiki/Lynn_Samuels "Lynn Samuels"), [Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck "Glenn Beck"), [Michael Smerconish](/wiki/Michael_Smerconish "Michael Smerconish"), and [Sean Hannity](/wiki/Sean_Hannity "Sean Hannity").
* Comedians and satirists including [Harry Shearer](/wiki/Harry_Shearer "Harry Shearer"), [Duane Cahill](/wiki/Duane_Cahill "Duane Cahill"), [Mojo Nixon](/wiki/Mojo_Nixon "Mojo Nixon"), and [Jim Breuer](/wiki/Jim_Breuer "Jim Breuer").
* Entertainment such as Cosmo and Maxim Radio featuring Covino and Rich.
### Sports
Sirius also broadcast sports content. It had exclusive satellite radio broadcasting rights to all [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League"), [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League "Canadian Football League") and [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") games. In December 2005, Sirius announced a multi\-year deal with the NBA.{{Cite web\|title\=Stern Squared: Sirius' New NBA Deal Includes Sponsor Right\|url\=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com:443/en/Daily/Issues/2005/12/14/Sports%20Media/Stern%20Squared%20Sirius%20New%20NBA%20Deal%20Includes%20Sponsor%20Right.aspx\|date\=14 December 2005\|website\=Sports Business Daily\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-18}} The agreement also created a 24\-hour NBA Radio Channel. Sirius aired Full Court Press, an all\-NBA show. On November 12, 2008, NBA games switched to XM and were replaced by [Sporting News Radio](/wiki/Sporting_News_Radio "Sporting News Radio"). [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League") games were shared with XM for the 2005–2006 season, and in 2007 Sirius/XM gained exclusive rights to NHL games. Sirius also had full [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") coverage, including a weekly show hosted by now\-retired driver [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart "Tony Stewart"). In 2009, Sirius/XM was the first to carry live coverage of the 24\-hour road race from [Le Mans](/wiki/Le_Mans "Le Mans").
Sirius/XM also had the rights to a number of major college sports teams, including teams in the [Big East](/wiki/Big_East_Conference_%281979%E2%80%932013%29 "Big East Conference (1979–2013)"), [Big Ten](/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference "Big Ten Conference") and [Southeastern Conferences](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference"), as well as [The University of Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish "Notre Dame Fighting Irish"). Beginning in 2005, Sirius also had exclusive radio rights to cover the [NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament"). In August 2004, Sirius launched *[Sirius NFL Radio](/wiki/Sirius_NFL_Radio "Sirius NFL Radio")*, a 24\-hour radio stream for covering the NFL.
Sirius also had the only national [Horse racing](/wiki/Horse_racing "Horse racing") talk show, *At the Races*, hosted by noted racing handicapper, Steve Byk.
*The Hardcore Poker Show*, hosted by Rob Pizzo and Chris Tessaro, was the only syndicated poker talk show in North America.
Sirius also broadcast select [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") matches. On September 27, 2006, Sirius announced a deal to add [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") soccer to their lineup. Sirius had exclusive radio rights to broadcast the ESPN television feed of the Euro 2008 championships. Sirius also aired a soccer talk show called "The Football Show" with former Metrostars GM [Charlie Stillitano](/wiki/Charlie_Stillitano "Charlie Stillitano") and former International Italian star [Giorgio Chinaglia](/wiki/Giorgio_Chinaglia "Giorgio Chinaglia"). On Saturdays and Sundays during premier league season, Sirius aired Radio *[606](/wiki/606_%28radio_show%29 "606 (radio show)")*, a classic radio call\-in show from the UK discussing all of the days top matches.
On September 15, 2008, [Chris Russo](/wiki/Chris_Russo "Chris Russo") launched his own show called *[Mad Dog Unleashed](/wiki/Mad_Dog_Unleashed "Mad Dog Unleashed")*.
After the merger between Sirius and XM was completed, [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") games remained exclusive to XM Radio as a result of an arrangement dispute between MLB and Sirius XM, which prevented Sirius subscribers from listening to games. However, on August 19, 2013, Sirius XM reached an agreement with MLB allowing all customers with both Sirius and XM receivers to hear the games with a premium subscription.{{cite press release\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainment\-us\-siriusxm\-baseball\-idUSBRE97I0QT20130819\|title\=Sirius XM gets MLB baseball on all radio models\|publisher\=Reuters News Service\|date\=Aug 19, 2013}}
### SiriusXM for Business
In August 2003, Sirius partnered with [Clearwater, Florida](/wiki/Clearwater%2C_Florida "Clearwater, Florida")\-based [Applied Media Technologies Corporation](/wiki/Applied_Media_Technologies_Corporation "Applied Media Technologies Corporation"), a provider of telephone "on hold" messaging.{{cite press release \|url\=http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=152755 \|title\=Sirius And Applied Media Technologies Corporation Launch Commercial\-Free Business Music Service Over Satellite Radio \|publisher\=Sirius Satellite Radio \|date\=August 6, 2003 \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-21 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218050422/http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=152755 \|archive\-date\=February 18, 2012 }} AMTC provides Sirius service in a package branded as *Sirius Music for Business*. For US$29\.95 per month, AMTC provides all of Sirius' streams of commercial\-free music, and pays all performance royalties to [ASCAP](/wiki/ASCAP "ASCAP"), [Broadcast Music Incorporated](/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated "Broadcast Music Incorporated"), and [SESAC](/wiki/SESAC "SESAC"), so that business owners may legally play Sirius' music in their establishments.
Unlike the music services [Muzak](/wiki/Muzak_Holdings "Muzak Holdings") / [DMX Music](/wiki/DMX_%28music_service%29 "DMX (music service)") or [Music Choice](/wiki/Music_Choice "Music Choice"), the SiriusXM for Business service uses the same channels and [SDARS](/wiki/SDARS "SDARS") delivery platform as the consumer Sirius service. The SDARS delivery platform, on the other hand, is more reliable than any of the other services in that it is not subject to satellite dish [rain fade](/wiki/Rain_fade "Rain fade"). The [highly elliptical orbit](/wiki/Highly_elliptical_orbit "Highly elliptical orbit") of the Sirius satellite constellation can pose difficulties for the reliable delivery of the signal to stationary antennas in certain parts of the country. To eliminate this potential problem, Sirius launched a new [geostationary satellite](/wiki/Geostationary_satellite "Geostationary satellite"), FM\-5, to improve service to non\-mobile customers such as those of SiriusXM for Business.{{cite press release\|url\=http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=407919\|title\=SIRIUS XM Announces SIRIUS FM\-5 Satellite has Been Placed Into Service\|publisher\=PR Newswire via Sirius Satellite Radio\|date\=September 9, 2009\|access\-date\=September 30, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129043004/http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid\=407919\|archive\-date\=November 29, 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} The service can also be accessed online using Sirius' online streaming technology, allowing any business with a broadband Internet connection to overcome any potential reception issues. Additionally, Sirius applied for repeaters in Hawaii and Alaska and has already been granted authority for 20 repeaters covering the island of [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") by the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") (FCC).
### Sirius Backseat TV
In March 2007, Sirius announced the availability of its first video service called "Backseat TV". In August 2007, the company revealed details of the first receiver, the SCV1, was originally offered exclusively through Chrysler OEM factory units. The service includes streaming video from three "family" television channels: [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon "Nickelodeon"), [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel") and [Cartoon Network](/wiki/Cartoon_Network "Cartoon Network") Mobile. There is a single screen (or a dual screen option in the [Chrysler Town and Country](/wiki/Chrysler_Town_and_Country "Chrysler Town and Country") and [Dodge Grand Caravan](/wiki/Dodge_Grand_Caravan "Dodge Grand Caravan")) for back seat passengers to watch while front seat passengers have the option of simultaneously listening to any normal Sirius radio channel. The service is reported to cost an additional US$6\.99 per month on top of the standard Sirius subscription price.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename\=Sirius/Page\&c\=FlexContent\&cid\=1175095050573 \|title\=SIRIUS Satellite Radio's Backseat TV Launches Only on Chrysler Group Vehicles \|publisher\=Sirius.com \|access\-date\=2007\-08\-19}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.engadget.com/2007/08/15/sirius\-delights\-the\-kiddies\-with\-scv1\-backseat\-tv\-tuner/ \|title\=Sirius delights the kiddies with SCV1 backseat TV tuner \|work\=Engadget.com \|first\=Joshua \|last\=Topolsky \|date\=August 15, 2007 \|access\-date\=2007\-08\-19}} The MSRP of the factory installed units is US$470 and the aftermarket unit has an MSRP of US$299\.99\. Both were made available in the fourth quarter of 2007\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sirius.com/backseattv/faq\#buyone \|title\=SIRIUS Backseat TV FAQs \|work\=Sirius.com \|access\-date\=2007\-11\-26}} As of 1 January 2016 the service has been discontinued.
### Other content
In June 2005, Sirius signed an agreement with [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1") in the UK to rebroadcast the station to an American audience.{{Cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2005/music/markets\-festivals/sirius\-cues\-up\-bbc\-s\-radio\-1\-1117924843/\|title\=Sirius cues up BBC's Radio 1\|last\=Whiteman\|first\=Bobbie\|date\=2005\-06\-22\|website\=Variety\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-21}} In August 2011, Sirius dropped [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2011/08/usa\-bbc\-radio\-1\-removed\-from\-sirius\-xm/\|title\=BBC Radio 1 removed from SiriusXM\|date\=2011\-08\-10\|website\=RadioToday\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-21}} but a week later they announced that the channel would return online.{{Cite web\|url\=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/bbc\-radio\-1\-returns\-sort\-of\-to\-satellite\-radio/\|title\=BBC Radio 1 Returns (Sort of) to Satellite Radio\|last\=Ryzik\|first\=Melena\|date\=2011\-08\-16\|website\=ArtsBeat\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-21}}
Sirius also had exclusive satellite radio rights to [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio "National Public Radio"), carrying two separate streams. The Sirius NPR NOW programming did not include the popular programs [All Things Considered](/wiki/All_Things_Considered "All Things Considered") and [Morning Edition](/wiki/Morning_Edition "Morning Edition").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename\=Sirius/Page\&c\=Channel\&cid\=1102975192867\&s\=sched \|title\=Sirius NPR NOW Schedule\|access\-date\=2007\-10\-29}}
With the launch of Sirius Canada in December 2005, American listeners gained five Canadian\-produced stations including [CBC Radio One](/wiki/CBC_Radio_One "CBC Radio One"), [CBC Radio Three](/wiki/CBC_Radio_Three "CBC Radio Three") and [Iceberg Radio](/wiki/Iceberg_Radio "Iceberg Radio"), and *[Première Plus](/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Premi%C3%A8re "Ici Radio-Canada Première")*, [Énergie2](/wiki/%C3%89nergie "Énergie"), and *[Bande à part](/wiki/Bande_%C3%A0_part_%28radio_station%29 "Bande à part (radio station)")* for French listeners. Iceberg Radio is programmed by [Standard Broadcasting](/wiki/Standard_Broadcasting "Standard Broadcasting"), which also provides a number of additional channels exclusive to Canada; the other four come from the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"). After a delay and outcry from Canadian subscribers, Sirius Canada added Howard Stern's Channel 100 to their lineup in early 2006\. [Channel 101](/wiki/Howard_100_and_Howard_101 "Howard 100 and Howard 101"), Stern's other channel (featuring [Bubba the Love Sponge](/wiki/Bubba_the_Love_Sponge "Bubba the Love Sponge"), [Scott Ferrall](/wiki/Scott_Ferrall "Scott Ferrall"), and other personalities), were made available in late June 2006\.
Talk radio content recently added onto Sirius Satellite Radio include the ABC News and Talk channel 143 (since having ceased operations), including live feeds of Sean Hannity and Larry Elder's syndicated radio shows, Patriot Talk channel 125 (which includes Michael Reagan's syndicated radio show) and Fox News Talk channel 145 (which includes syndicated radio hosts such as Alan Colmes and John Gibson).
On March 14, 2006, Sirius added [Cosmo Radio](/wiki/Cosmo_Radio "Cosmo Radio"), [Playboy Radio](/wiki/Playboy_Radio "Playboy Radio"), and returned the audio simulcast of the Fox News Channel TV feed, which was previously removed during a contract dispute. The service also added Fox's satellite talk radio channel, [Fox News Talk](/wiki/Fox_News_Talk "Fox News Talk").
In April 2003, Sirius launched [Sirius OutQ](/wiki/Sirius_OutQ "Sirius OutQ"), the first\-ever 24/7 talk channel designed for the [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT "LGBT") audience.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-apr\-18\-et\-carney18\-story.html\|title\=OutQ devotes itself to gay issues, 24\-7\|date\=2003\-04\-18\|website\=Los Angeles Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-20}} Personalities associated with the channel include [Frank DeCaro](/wiki/Frank_DeCaro "Frank DeCaro"), [Michelangelo Signorile](/wiki/Michelangelo_Signorile "Michelangelo Signorile"), [Derek Hartley](/wiki/Derek_Hartley "Derek Hartley"), and [Romaine Patterson](/wiki/Romaine_Patterson "Romaine Patterson").
In addition to the audio programming, the Sirius broadcast stream also carries a *Data Services* channel that is utilized by capable receivers and graphical display hardware. Some of the data services offered are traffic speed and flow, marine weather, and fuel prices to name just a few. Examples of capable hardware are the [Raymarine](/wiki/Raymarine "Raymarine") SR100 Satellite Weather receiver and the Alpine NVE\-N872A Satellite Traffic Ready navigation system.
### Exclusive channels
* *[The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show "The Howard Stern Show")* aka Howard 100 and Howard 101
* [Elvis Radio](/wiki/Elvis_Radio "Elvis Radio")
* [Iceberg Radio](/wiki/Iceberg_Radio "Iceberg Radio")
* [CBC Radio 3](/wiki/CBC_Radio_3 "CBC Radio 3")
* [Rock Velours](/wiki/Rock_Velours "Rock Velours")
* [Énergie2](/wiki/%C3%89nergie "Énergie")
* Sports extra
* [Hardcore Sports Radio](/wiki/Hardcore_Sports_Radio "Hardcore Sports Radio")
* Sports express
* ESPN All Access
* Radio Korea
* NPR Talk
* [RCI \+](/wiki/Radio_Canada_International "Radio Canada International")
* [CBC Radio One](/wiki/CBC_Radio_One "CBC Radio One")
* [The Weather Network](/wiki/The_Weather_Network "The Weather Network") Satellite Radio Service
* [Sporting News Radio](/wiki/Sporting_News_Radio "Sporting News Radio")
|
[
"Content\n-------",
"### Channels",
"* *[List of Sirius XM Radio channels](/wiki/List_of_Sirius_XM_Radio_channels \"List of Sirius XM Radio channels\")*\nAccording to a Spring 2007 Arbitron report, the five channels most listened to on Sirius based on their [average quarterly hour (AQH) share](/wiki/AQH_share \"AQH share\") were Howard 100, Howard 101, The Highway (56\\), Sirius Hits 1, and Octane (37\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.allaccess.com/assets/editorial/raw/SP07\\_National\\_Satellite\\_P12\\.pdf \\|title\\=National Satellite Report, Spring 2007 \\|author\\=Arbitron \\|website\\=AllAccess.com \\| date\\=September 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-24\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071030191216/http://www.allaccess.com/assets/editorial/raw/SP07\\_National\\_Satellite\\_P12\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date \\= October 30, 2007}}",
"### Howard Stern",
"[thumb\\|Subscriber growth for [XM Satellite Radio](/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio \"XM Satellite Radio\") and Sirius Satellite Radio](/wiki/File:XM_and_Sirius_subscribers.svg \"XM and Sirius subscribers.svg\")",
"On October 6, 2004, Sirius announced that it had signed a five\\-year, US$100 million per year agreement with Howard Stern to move his radio show, The Howard Stern Show, to Sirius starting on January 9, 2006\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/06/business/media/howard\\-stern\\-to\\-shift\\-show\\-to\\-satellite\\-radio\\-in\\-2006\\.html\\|title\\=Howard Stern to Shift Show to Satellite Radio in 2006\\|last1\\=Br\\|first1\\=Bill Carter\\|date\\=2004\\-10\\-06\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-20\\|last2\\=Hauser\\|first2\\=Christine\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/howard\\-stern\\-begins\\-with\\-a\\-bang/\\|title\\=Howard Stern Begins With A Bang\\|website\\=www.cbsnews.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-20}} Stern said his move was forced by the stringent regulations of the FCC whose enforcement was intensified following the [Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy \"Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy\"). In the wake of the announcement of his pending departure, Stern complained that Infinity Broadcasting was making his departure more acrimonious than was necessary. The deal, which gave Sirius exclusive rights to Stern's radio show, also gave Stern the right to build three full\\-time programming channels. His audience had grown almost tenfold by the end of his second year on Sirius, from fewer than 700,000 subscribers to 6 million (see graph on the right). Stern now has two channels operating on Sirius, but still retains the right to a third.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2024}}",
"### Programming content",
"Sirius/XM's channels carried an array of programming that covered Music, News/Talk, Sports, and Entertainment. Sirius had deals with entertainers and personalities for broadcast streams. Besides Stern, Sirius had deals with [Martha Stewart](/wiki/Martha_Stewart \"Martha Stewart\"),{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/18/business/media/martha\\-stewart\\-to\\-get\\-sirius\\-radio\\-channel.html\\|title\\=Martha Stewart to Get Sirius Radio Channel\\|date\\=2005\\-04\\-18\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-10\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} [E Street Band](/wiki/E_Street_Band \"E Street Band\") member [Steven Van Zandt](/wiki/Steven_Van_Zandt \"Steven Van Zandt\"),{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Dougherty\\|first1\\=Steve\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how\\-siriusxm\\-is\\-battling\\-for\\-the\\-car\\-radio\\-1481927170\\|title\\=How SiriusXM is Battling for the Car Radio\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-16\\|work\\=Wall Street Journal\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-10\\|last2\\=Turner\\|first2\\=Richard\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0099\\-9660}} [Jimmy Buffett](/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett \"Jimmy Buffett\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2005/05/10/news/newsmakers/sirius\\_buffett/\\|title\\=Jimmy Buffett moves to Sirius \\- May. 10, 2005\\|website\\=money.cnn.com\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-10}} and [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem \"Eminem\"){{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/eminem\\-hits\\-the\\-airwaves\\-249438/\\|title\\=Eminem Hits the Airwaves\\|last\\=Libaw\\|first\\=Oliver\\|date\\=2004\\-07\\-30\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-10}} to executive\\-produce streams or channels on Sirius. Van Zandt created two stations for Sirius: the *[Underground Garage](/wiki/Underground_Garage \"Underground Garage\")*, dedicated to [garage rock](/wiki/Garage_rock \"Garage rock\"), and *Outlaw Country* with its focus on [alternative country music](/wiki/Outlaw_country \"Outlaw country\").",
"The majority of the company's programming was self\\-produced exclusively for Sirius. However, there were some shows—especially in the Talk genre—that were originally created for terrestrial radio, but then aired on conventional radio and on Sirius/XM simultaneously; one example was the *[Eternal Word Television Network](/wiki/Eternal_Word_Television_Network \"Eternal Word Television Network\")*.",
"Among the hosts with Sirius/XM shows were:",
"* Sports figures such as [Lance Armstrong](/wiki/Lance_Armstrong \"Lance Armstrong\"), [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") Hall of Famer [Bill Walton](/wiki/Bill_Walton \"Bill Walton\"), sports show host [Scott Ferrall](/wiki/Scott_Ferrall \"Scott Ferrall\"), fantasy football experts John Hansen and Adam Caplan from [FantasyGuru.com](/wiki/FantasyGuru.com \"FantasyGuru.com\"), skateboarder [Tony Hawk](/wiki/Tony_Hawk \"Tony Hawk\"), skateboarder/MTV personality [Bam Margera](/wiki/Bam_Margera \"Bam Margera\"), and skateboarder [Jason Ellis](/wiki/Jason_Ellis_%28radio_host%29 \"Jason Ellis (radio host)\").\n* Musicians such as [Joan Jett](/wiki/Joan_Jett \"Joan Jett\"), [Keith Morris](/wiki/Keith_Morris \"Keith Morris\") of [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 \"Black Flag (band)\"), [the B\\-52's](/wiki/The_B-52%27s \"The B-52's\") lead singer [Fred Schneider](/wiki/Fred_Schneider \"Fred Schneider\"), [Marky Ramone](/wiki/Marky_Ramone \"Marky Ramone\") of [The Ramones](/wiki/The_Ramones \"The Ramones\"), and [New York Dolls](/wiki/New_York_Dolls \"New York Dolls\") singer [David Johansen](/wiki/David_Johansen \"David Johansen\").\n* Veteran DJs including New York City DJ [Bruce Morrow](/wiki/Bruce_Morrow \"Bruce Morrow\"), freeform radio pioneer [Vin Scelsa](/wiki/Vin_Scelsa \"Vin Scelsa\"), [Richard Blade](/wiki/Richard_Blade \"Richard Blade\"), [Joe Causi](/wiki/Joe_Causi \"Joe Causi\") and [Kid Leo](/wiki/Kid_Leo \"Kid Leo\").\n* Original MTV veejays [Mark Goodman](/wiki/Mark_Goodman \"Mark Goodman\"), [Nina Blackwood](/wiki/Nina_Blackwood \"Nina Blackwood\"), [Alan Hunter](/wiki/Alan_Hunter_%28VJ%29 \"Alan Hunter (VJ)\") and [Martha Quinn](/wiki/Martha_Quinn \"Martha Quinn\").\n* Hip Hop superstars [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem \"Eminem\") and [50 Cent](/wiki/50_Cent \"50 Cent\"), along with veterans such as [Grandmaster Flash](/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash \"Grandmaster Flash\"), [Kool DJ Red Alert](/wiki/Kool_DJ_Red_Alert \"Kool DJ Red Alert\"), [Kurtis Blow](/wiki/Kurtis_Blow \"Kurtis Blow\"), and [DJ Premier](/wiki/DJ_Premier \"DJ Premier\").\n* Such popular dance music artists and DJs as [Paul Oakenfold](/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold \"Paul Oakenfold\"), [Paul Van Dyk](/wiki/Paul_Van_Dyk \"Paul Van Dyk\"), [Liquid Todd](/wiki/Liquid_Todd \"Liquid Todd\"), [Pete Tong](/wiki/Pete_Tong \"Pete Tong\"), [The Riddler](/wiki/The_Riddler \"The Riddler\") and [DJ Icey](/wiki/DJ_Icey \"DJ Icey\").\n* Political commentators including [Bill Press](/wiki/Bill_Press \"Bill Press\"), [Andrew Wilkow](/wiki/Andrew_Wilkow \"Andrew Wilkow\"), [Mike Church](/wiki/Mike_Church \"Mike Church\"), [Rusty Humphries](/wiki/Rusty_Humphries \"Rusty Humphries\"), [Mike Malloy](/wiki/Mike_Malloy \"Mike Malloy\"), [Lynn Samuels](/wiki/Lynn_Samuels \"Lynn Samuels\"), [Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck \"Glenn Beck\"), [Michael Smerconish](/wiki/Michael_Smerconish \"Michael Smerconish\"), and [Sean Hannity](/wiki/Sean_Hannity \"Sean Hannity\").\n* Comedians and satirists including [Harry Shearer](/wiki/Harry_Shearer \"Harry Shearer\"), [Duane Cahill](/wiki/Duane_Cahill \"Duane Cahill\"), [Mojo Nixon](/wiki/Mojo_Nixon \"Mojo Nixon\"), and [Jim Breuer](/wiki/Jim_Breuer \"Jim Breuer\").\n* Entertainment such as Cosmo and Maxim Radio featuring Covino and Rich.",
"### Sports",
"Sirius also broadcast sports content. It had exclusive satellite radio broadcasting rights to all [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\"), [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") and [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") games. In December 2005, Sirius announced a multi\\-year deal with the NBA.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Stern Squared: Sirius' New NBA Deal Includes Sponsor Right\\|url\\=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com:443/en/Daily/Issues/2005/12/14/Sports%20Media/Stern%20Squared%20Sirius%20New%20NBA%20Deal%20Includes%20Sponsor%20Right.aspx\\|date\\=14 December 2005\\|website\\=Sports Business Daily\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-18}} The agreement also created a 24\\-hour NBA Radio Channel. Sirius aired Full Court Press, an all\\-NBA show. On November 12, 2008, NBA games switched to XM and were replaced by [Sporting News Radio](/wiki/Sporting_News_Radio \"Sporting News Radio\"). [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") games were shared with XM for the 2005–2006 season, and in 2007 Sirius/XM gained exclusive rights to NHL games. Sirius also had full [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") coverage, including a weekly show hosted by now\\-retired driver [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart \"Tony Stewart\"). In 2009, Sirius/XM was the first to carry live coverage of the 24\\-hour road race from [Le Mans](/wiki/Le_Mans \"Le Mans\").",
"Sirius/XM also had the rights to a number of major college sports teams, including teams in the [Big East](/wiki/Big_East_Conference_%281979%E2%80%932013%29 \"Big East Conference (1979–2013)\"), [Big Ten](/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference \"Big Ten Conference\") and [Southeastern Conferences](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference \"Southeastern Conference\"), as well as [The University of Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish\"). Beginning in 2005, Sirius also had exclusive radio rights to cover the [NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"). In August 2004, Sirius launched *[Sirius NFL Radio](/wiki/Sirius_NFL_Radio \"Sirius NFL Radio\")*, a 24\\-hour radio stream for covering the NFL.",
"Sirius also had the only national [Horse racing](/wiki/Horse_racing \"Horse racing\") talk show, *At the Races*, hosted by noted racing handicapper, Steve Byk.",
"*The Hardcore Poker Show*, hosted by Rob Pizzo and Chris Tessaro, was the only syndicated poker talk show in North America.",
"Sirius also broadcast select [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") matches. On September 27, 2006, Sirius announced a deal to add [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") soccer to their lineup. Sirius had exclusive radio rights to broadcast the ESPN television feed of the Euro 2008 championships. Sirius also aired a soccer talk show called \"The Football Show\" with former Metrostars GM [Charlie Stillitano](/wiki/Charlie_Stillitano \"Charlie Stillitano\") and former International Italian star [Giorgio Chinaglia](/wiki/Giorgio_Chinaglia \"Giorgio Chinaglia\"). On Saturdays and Sundays during premier league season, Sirius aired Radio *[606](/wiki/606_%28radio_show%29 \"606 (radio show)\")*, a classic radio call\\-in show from the UK discussing all of the days top matches.",
"On September 15, 2008, [Chris Russo](/wiki/Chris_Russo \"Chris Russo\") launched his own show called *[Mad Dog Unleashed](/wiki/Mad_Dog_Unleashed \"Mad Dog Unleashed\")*.",
"After the merger between Sirius and XM was completed, [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") games remained exclusive to XM Radio as a result of an arrangement dispute between MLB and Sirius XM, which prevented Sirius subscribers from listening to games. However, on August 19, 2013, Sirius XM reached an agreement with MLB allowing all customers with both Sirius and XM receivers to hear the games with a premium subscription.{{cite press release\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainment\\-us\\-siriusxm\\-baseball\\-idUSBRE97I0QT20130819\\|title\\=Sirius XM gets MLB baseball on all radio models\\|publisher\\=Reuters News Service\\|date\\=Aug 19, 2013}}",
"### SiriusXM for Business",
"In August 2003, Sirius partnered with [Clearwater, Florida](/wiki/Clearwater%2C_Florida \"Clearwater, Florida\")\\-based [Applied Media Technologies Corporation](/wiki/Applied_Media_Technologies_Corporation \"Applied Media Technologies Corporation\"), a provider of telephone \"on hold\" messaging.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=152755 \\|title\\=Sirius And Applied Media Technologies Corporation Launch Commercial\\-Free Business Music Service Over Satellite Radio \\|publisher\\=Sirius Satellite Radio \\|date\\=August 6, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218050422/http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=152755 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2012 }} AMTC provides Sirius service in a package branded as *Sirius Music for Business*. For US$29\\.95 per month, AMTC provides all of Sirius' streams of commercial\\-free music, and pays all performance royalties to [ASCAP](/wiki/ASCAP \"ASCAP\"), [Broadcast Music Incorporated](/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated \"Broadcast Music Incorporated\"), and [SESAC](/wiki/SESAC \"SESAC\"), so that business owners may legally play Sirius' music in their establishments.",
"Unlike the music services [Muzak](/wiki/Muzak_Holdings \"Muzak Holdings\") / [DMX Music](/wiki/DMX_%28music_service%29 \"DMX (music service)\") or [Music Choice](/wiki/Music_Choice \"Music Choice\"), the SiriusXM for Business service uses the same channels and [SDARS](/wiki/SDARS \"SDARS\") delivery platform as the consumer Sirius service. The SDARS delivery platform, on the other hand, is more reliable than any of the other services in that it is not subject to satellite dish [rain fade](/wiki/Rain_fade \"Rain fade\"). The [highly elliptical orbit](/wiki/Highly_elliptical_orbit \"Highly elliptical orbit\") of the Sirius satellite constellation can pose difficulties for the reliable delivery of the signal to stationary antennas in certain parts of the country. To eliminate this potential problem, Sirius launched a new [geostationary satellite](/wiki/Geostationary_satellite \"Geostationary satellite\"), FM\\-5, to improve service to non\\-mobile customers such as those of SiriusXM for Business.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=407919\\|title\\=SIRIUS XM Announces SIRIUS FM\\-5 Satellite has Been Placed Into Service\\|publisher\\=PR Newswire via Sirius Satellite Radio\\|date\\=September 9, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129043004/http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid\\=407919\\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The service can also be accessed online using Sirius' online streaming technology, allowing any business with a broadband Internet connection to overcome any potential reception issues. Additionally, Sirius applied for repeaters in Hawaii and Alaska and has already been granted authority for 20 repeaters covering the island of [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") by the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") (FCC).",
"### Sirius Backseat TV",
"In March 2007, Sirius announced the availability of its first video service called \"Backseat TV\". In August 2007, the company revealed details of the first receiver, the SCV1, was originally offered exclusively through Chrysler OEM factory units. The service includes streaming video from three \"family\" television channels: [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon \"Nickelodeon\"), [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\") and [Cartoon Network](/wiki/Cartoon_Network \"Cartoon Network\") Mobile. There is a single screen (or a dual screen option in the [Chrysler Town and Country](/wiki/Chrysler_Town_and_Country \"Chrysler Town and Country\") and [Dodge Grand Caravan](/wiki/Dodge_Grand_Caravan \"Dodge Grand Caravan\")) for back seat passengers to watch while front seat passengers have the option of simultaneously listening to any normal Sirius radio channel. The service is reported to cost an additional US$6\\.99 per month on top of the standard Sirius subscription price.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename\\=Sirius/Page\\&c\\=FlexContent\\&cid\\=1175095050573 \\|title\\=SIRIUS Satellite Radio's Backseat TV Launches Only on Chrysler Group Vehicles \\|publisher\\=Sirius.com \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-19}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.engadget.com/2007/08/15/sirius\\-delights\\-the\\-kiddies\\-with\\-scv1\\-backseat\\-tv\\-tuner/ \\|title\\=Sirius delights the kiddies with SCV1 backseat TV tuner \\|work\\=Engadget.com \\|first\\=Joshua \\|last\\=Topolsky \\|date\\=August 15, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-19}} The MSRP of the factory installed units is US$470 and the aftermarket unit has an MSRP of US$299\\.99\\. Both were made available in the fourth quarter of 2007\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sirius.com/backseattv/faq\\#buyone \\|title\\=SIRIUS Backseat TV FAQs \\|work\\=Sirius.com \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-26}} As of 1 January 2016 the service has been discontinued.",
"### Other content",
"In June 2005, Sirius signed an agreement with [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\") in the UK to rebroadcast the station to an American audience.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2005/music/markets\\-festivals/sirius\\-cues\\-up\\-bbc\\-s\\-radio\\-1\\-1117924843/\\|title\\=Sirius cues up BBC's Radio 1\\|last\\=Whiteman\\|first\\=Bobbie\\|date\\=2005\\-06\\-22\\|website\\=Variety\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-21}} In August 2011, Sirius dropped [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2011/08/usa\\-bbc\\-radio\\-1\\-removed\\-from\\-sirius\\-xm/\\|title\\=BBC Radio 1 removed from SiriusXM\\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-10\\|website\\=RadioToday\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-21}} but a week later they announced that the channel would return online.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/bbc\\-radio\\-1\\-returns\\-sort\\-of\\-to\\-satellite\\-radio/\\|title\\=BBC Radio 1 Returns (Sort of) to Satellite Radio\\|last\\=Ryzik\\|first\\=Melena\\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-16\\|website\\=ArtsBeat\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-21}}",
"Sirius also had exclusive satellite radio rights to [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\"), carrying two separate streams. The Sirius NPR NOW programming did not include the popular programs [All Things Considered](/wiki/All_Things_Considered \"All Things Considered\") and [Morning Edition](/wiki/Morning_Edition \"Morning Edition\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename\\=Sirius/Page\\&c\\=Channel\\&cid\\=1102975192867\\&s\\=sched \\|title\\=Sirius NPR NOW Schedule\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-29}}",
"With the launch of Sirius Canada in December 2005, American listeners gained five Canadian\\-produced stations including [CBC Radio One](/wiki/CBC_Radio_One \"CBC Radio One\"), [CBC Radio Three](/wiki/CBC_Radio_Three \"CBC Radio Three\") and [Iceberg Radio](/wiki/Iceberg_Radio \"Iceberg Radio\"), and *[Première Plus](/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Premi%C3%A8re \"Ici Radio-Canada Première\")*, [Énergie2](/wiki/%C3%89nergie \"Énergie\"), and *[Bande à part](/wiki/Bande_%C3%A0_part_%28radio_station%29 \"Bande à part (radio station)\")* for French listeners. Iceberg Radio is programmed by [Standard Broadcasting](/wiki/Standard_Broadcasting \"Standard Broadcasting\"), which also provides a number of additional channels exclusive to Canada; the other four come from the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\"). After a delay and outcry from Canadian subscribers, Sirius Canada added Howard Stern's Channel 100 to their lineup in early 2006\\. [Channel 101](/wiki/Howard_100_and_Howard_101 \"Howard 100 and Howard 101\"), Stern's other channel (featuring [Bubba the Love Sponge](/wiki/Bubba_the_Love_Sponge \"Bubba the Love Sponge\"), [Scott Ferrall](/wiki/Scott_Ferrall \"Scott Ferrall\"), and other personalities), were made available in late June 2006\\.",
"Talk radio content recently added onto Sirius Satellite Radio include the ABC News and Talk channel 143 (since having ceased operations), including live feeds of Sean Hannity and Larry Elder's syndicated radio shows, Patriot Talk channel 125 (which includes Michael Reagan's syndicated radio show) and Fox News Talk channel 145 (which includes syndicated radio hosts such as Alan Colmes and John Gibson).",
"On March 14, 2006, Sirius added [Cosmo Radio](/wiki/Cosmo_Radio \"Cosmo Radio\"), [Playboy Radio](/wiki/Playboy_Radio \"Playboy Radio\"), and returned the audio simulcast of the Fox News Channel TV feed, which was previously removed during a contract dispute. The service also added Fox's satellite talk radio channel, [Fox News Talk](/wiki/Fox_News_Talk \"Fox News Talk\").",
"In April 2003, Sirius launched [Sirius OutQ](/wiki/Sirius_OutQ \"Sirius OutQ\"), the first\\-ever 24/7 talk channel designed for the [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT \"LGBT\") audience.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-apr\\-18\\-et\\-carney18\\-story.html\\|title\\=OutQ devotes itself to gay issues, 24\\-7\\|date\\=2003\\-04\\-18\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-20}} Personalities associated with the channel include [Frank DeCaro](/wiki/Frank_DeCaro \"Frank DeCaro\"), [Michelangelo Signorile](/wiki/Michelangelo_Signorile \"Michelangelo Signorile\"), [Derek Hartley](/wiki/Derek_Hartley \"Derek Hartley\"), and [Romaine Patterson](/wiki/Romaine_Patterson \"Romaine Patterson\").",
"In addition to the audio programming, the Sirius broadcast stream also carries a *Data Services* channel that is utilized by capable receivers and graphical display hardware. Some of the data services offered are traffic speed and flow, marine weather, and fuel prices to name just a few. Examples of capable hardware are the [Raymarine](/wiki/Raymarine \"Raymarine\") SR100 Satellite Weather receiver and the Alpine NVE\\-N872A Satellite Traffic Ready navigation system.",
"### Exclusive channels",
"* *[The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show \"The Howard Stern Show\")* aka Howard 100 and Howard 101\n* [Elvis Radio](/wiki/Elvis_Radio \"Elvis Radio\")\n* [Iceberg Radio](/wiki/Iceberg_Radio \"Iceberg Radio\")\n* [CBC Radio 3](/wiki/CBC_Radio_3 \"CBC Radio 3\")\n* [Rock Velours](/wiki/Rock_Velours \"Rock Velours\")\n* [Énergie2](/wiki/%C3%89nergie \"Énergie\")\n* Sports extra\n* [Hardcore Sports Radio](/wiki/Hardcore_Sports_Radio \"Hardcore Sports Radio\")\n* Sports express\n* ESPN All Access\n* Radio Korea\n* NPR Talk\n* [RCI \\+](/wiki/Radio_Canada_International \"Radio Canada International\")\n* [CBC Radio One](/wiki/CBC_Radio_One \"CBC Radio One\")\n* [The Weather Network](/wiki/The_Weather_Network \"The Weather Network\") Satellite Radio Service\n* [Sporting News Radio](/wiki/Sporting_News_Radio \"Sporting News Radio\")"
] |
### Sports
Sirius also broadcast sports content. It had exclusive satellite radio broadcasting rights to all [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League"), [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League "Canadian Football League") and [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") games. In December 2005, Sirius announced a multi\-year deal with the NBA.{{Cite web\|title\=Stern Squared: Sirius' New NBA Deal Includes Sponsor Right\|url\=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com:443/en/Daily/Issues/2005/12/14/Sports%20Media/Stern%20Squared%20Sirius%20New%20NBA%20Deal%20Includes%20Sponsor%20Right.aspx\|date\=14 December 2005\|website\=Sports Business Daily\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-18}} The agreement also created a 24\-hour NBA Radio Channel. Sirius aired Full Court Press, an all\-NBA show. On November 12, 2008, NBA games switched to XM and were replaced by [Sporting News Radio](/wiki/Sporting_News_Radio "Sporting News Radio"). [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League") games were shared with XM for the 2005–2006 season, and in 2007 Sirius/XM gained exclusive rights to NHL games. Sirius also had full [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") coverage, including a weekly show hosted by now\-retired driver [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart "Tony Stewart"). In 2009, Sirius/XM was the first to carry live coverage of the 24\-hour road race from [Le Mans](/wiki/Le_Mans "Le Mans").
Sirius/XM also had the rights to a number of major college sports teams, including teams in the [Big East](/wiki/Big_East_Conference_%281979%E2%80%932013%29 "Big East Conference (1979–2013)"), [Big Ten](/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference "Big Ten Conference") and [Southeastern Conferences](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference"), as well as [The University of Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish "Notre Dame Fighting Irish"). Beginning in 2005, Sirius also had exclusive radio rights to cover the [NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament"). In August 2004, Sirius launched *[Sirius NFL Radio](/wiki/Sirius_NFL_Radio "Sirius NFL Radio")*, a 24\-hour radio stream for covering the NFL.
Sirius also had the only national [Horse racing](/wiki/Horse_racing "Horse racing") talk show, *At the Races*, hosted by noted racing handicapper, Steve Byk.
*The Hardcore Poker Show*, hosted by Rob Pizzo and Chris Tessaro, was the only syndicated poker talk show in North America.
Sirius also broadcast select [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") matches. On September 27, 2006, Sirius announced a deal to add [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") soccer to their lineup. Sirius had exclusive radio rights to broadcast the ESPN television feed of the Euro 2008 championships. Sirius also aired a soccer talk show called "The Football Show" with former Metrostars GM [Charlie Stillitano](/wiki/Charlie_Stillitano "Charlie Stillitano") and former International Italian star [Giorgio Chinaglia](/wiki/Giorgio_Chinaglia "Giorgio Chinaglia"). On Saturdays and Sundays during premier league season, Sirius aired Radio *[606](/wiki/606_%28radio_show%29 "606 (radio show)")*, a classic radio call\-in show from the UK discussing all of the days top matches.
On September 15, 2008, [Chris Russo](/wiki/Chris_Russo "Chris Russo") launched his own show called *[Mad Dog Unleashed](/wiki/Mad_Dog_Unleashed "Mad Dog Unleashed")*.
After the merger between Sirius and XM was completed, [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") games remained exclusive to XM Radio as a result of an arrangement dispute between MLB and Sirius XM, which prevented Sirius subscribers from listening to games. However, on August 19, 2013, Sirius XM reached an agreement with MLB allowing all customers with both Sirius and XM receivers to hear the games with a premium subscription.{{cite press release\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainment\-us\-siriusxm\-baseball\-idUSBRE97I0QT20130819\|title\=Sirius XM gets MLB baseball on all radio models\|publisher\=Reuters News Service\|date\=Aug 19, 2013}}
|
[
"### Sports",
"Sirius also broadcast sports content. It had exclusive satellite radio broadcasting rights to all [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\"), [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") and [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") games. In December 2005, Sirius announced a multi\\-year deal with the NBA.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Stern Squared: Sirius' New NBA Deal Includes Sponsor Right\\|url\\=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com:443/en/Daily/Issues/2005/12/14/Sports%20Media/Stern%20Squared%20Sirius%20New%20NBA%20Deal%20Includes%20Sponsor%20Right.aspx\\|date\\=14 December 2005\\|website\\=Sports Business Daily\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-18}} The agreement also created a 24\\-hour NBA Radio Channel. Sirius aired Full Court Press, an all\\-NBA show. On November 12, 2008, NBA games switched to XM and were replaced by [Sporting News Radio](/wiki/Sporting_News_Radio \"Sporting News Radio\"). [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") games were shared with XM for the 2005–2006 season, and in 2007 Sirius/XM gained exclusive rights to NHL games. Sirius also had full [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") coverage, including a weekly show hosted by now\\-retired driver [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart \"Tony Stewart\"). In 2009, Sirius/XM was the first to carry live coverage of the 24\\-hour road race from [Le Mans](/wiki/Le_Mans \"Le Mans\").",
"Sirius/XM also had the rights to a number of major college sports teams, including teams in the [Big East](/wiki/Big_East_Conference_%281979%E2%80%932013%29 \"Big East Conference (1979–2013)\"), [Big Ten](/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference \"Big Ten Conference\") and [Southeastern Conferences](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference \"Southeastern Conference\"), as well as [The University of Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish\"). Beginning in 2005, Sirius also had exclusive radio rights to cover the [NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"). In August 2004, Sirius launched *[Sirius NFL Radio](/wiki/Sirius_NFL_Radio \"Sirius NFL Radio\")*, a 24\\-hour radio stream for covering the NFL.",
"Sirius also had the only national [Horse racing](/wiki/Horse_racing \"Horse racing\") talk show, *At the Races*, hosted by noted racing handicapper, Steve Byk.",
"*The Hardcore Poker Show*, hosted by Rob Pizzo and Chris Tessaro, was the only syndicated poker talk show in North America.",
"Sirius also broadcast select [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") matches. On September 27, 2006, Sirius announced a deal to add [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") soccer to their lineup. Sirius had exclusive radio rights to broadcast the ESPN television feed of the Euro 2008 championships. Sirius also aired a soccer talk show called \"The Football Show\" with former Metrostars GM [Charlie Stillitano](/wiki/Charlie_Stillitano \"Charlie Stillitano\") and former International Italian star [Giorgio Chinaglia](/wiki/Giorgio_Chinaglia \"Giorgio Chinaglia\"). On Saturdays and Sundays during premier league season, Sirius aired Radio *[606](/wiki/606_%28radio_show%29 \"606 (radio show)\")*, a classic radio call\\-in show from the UK discussing all of the days top matches.",
"On September 15, 2008, [Chris Russo](/wiki/Chris_Russo \"Chris Russo\") launched his own show called *[Mad Dog Unleashed](/wiki/Mad_Dog_Unleashed \"Mad Dog Unleashed\")*.",
"After the merger between Sirius and XM was completed, [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") games remained exclusive to XM Radio as a result of an arrangement dispute between MLB and Sirius XM, which prevented Sirius subscribers from listening to games. However, on August 19, 2013, Sirius XM reached an agreement with MLB allowing all customers with both Sirius and XM receivers to hear the games with a premium subscription.{{cite press release\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainment\\-us\\-siriusxm\\-baseball\\-idUSBRE97I0QT20130819\\|title\\=Sirius XM gets MLB baseball on all radio models\\|publisher\\=Reuters News Service\\|date\\=Aug 19, 2013}}",
""
] |
### Other content
In June 2005, Sirius signed an agreement with [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1") in the UK to rebroadcast the station to an American audience.{{Cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2005/music/markets\-festivals/sirius\-cues\-up\-bbc\-s\-radio\-1\-1117924843/\|title\=Sirius cues up BBC's Radio 1\|last\=Whiteman\|first\=Bobbie\|date\=2005\-06\-22\|website\=Variety\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-21}} In August 2011, Sirius dropped [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2011/08/usa\-bbc\-radio\-1\-removed\-from\-sirius\-xm/\|title\=BBC Radio 1 removed from SiriusXM\|date\=2011\-08\-10\|website\=RadioToday\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-21}} but a week later they announced that the channel would return online.{{Cite web\|url\=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/bbc\-radio\-1\-returns\-sort\-of\-to\-satellite\-radio/\|title\=BBC Radio 1 Returns (Sort of) to Satellite Radio\|last\=Ryzik\|first\=Melena\|date\=2011\-08\-16\|website\=ArtsBeat\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-21}}
Sirius also had exclusive satellite radio rights to [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio "National Public Radio"), carrying two separate streams. The Sirius NPR NOW programming did not include the popular programs [All Things Considered](/wiki/All_Things_Considered "All Things Considered") and [Morning Edition](/wiki/Morning_Edition "Morning Edition").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename\=Sirius/Page\&c\=Channel\&cid\=1102975192867\&s\=sched \|title\=Sirius NPR NOW Schedule\|access\-date\=2007\-10\-29}}
With the launch of Sirius Canada in December 2005, American listeners gained five Canadian\-produced stations including [CBC Radio One](/wiki/CBC_Radio_One "CBC Radio One"), [CBC Radio Three](/wiki/CBC_Radio_Three "CBC Radio Three") and [Iceberg Radio](/wiki/Iceberg_Radio "Iceberg Radio"), and *[Première Plus](/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Premi%C3%A8re "Ici Radio-Canada Première")*, [Énergie2](/wiki/%C3%89nergie "Énergie"), and *[Bande à part](/wiki/Bande_%C3%A0_part_%28radio_station%29 "Bande à part (radio station)")* for French listeners. Iceberg Radio is programmed by [Standard Broadcasting](/wiki/Standard_Broadcasting "Standard Broadcasting"), which also provides a number of additional channels exclusive to Canada; the other four come from the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"). After a delay and outcry from Canadian subscribers, Sirius Canada added Howard Stern's Channel 100 to their lineup in early 2006\. [Channel 101](/wiki/Howard_100_and_Howard_101 "Howard 100 and Howard 101"), Stern's other channel (featuring [Bubba the Love Sponge](/wiki/Bubba_the_Love_Sponge "Bubba the Love Sponge"), [Scott Ferrall](/wiki/Scott_Ferrall "Scott Ferrall"), and other personalities), were made available in late June 2006\.
Talk radio content recently added onto Sirius Satellite Radio include the ABC News and Talk channel 143 (since having ceased operations), including live feeds of Sean Hannity and Larry Elder's syndicated radio shows, Patriot Talk channel 125 (which includes Michael Reagan's syndicated radio show) and Fox News Talk channel 145 (which includes syndicated radio hosts such as Alan Colmes and John Gibson).
On March 14, 2006, Sirius added [Cosmo Radio](/wiki/Cosmo_Radio "Cosmo Radio"), [Playboy Radio](/wiki/Playboy_Radio "Playboy Radio"), and returned the audio simulcast of the Fox News Channel TV feed, which was previously removed during a contract dispute. The service also added Fox's satellite talk radio channel, [Fox News Talk](/wiki/Fox_News_Talk "Fox News Talk").
In April 2003, Sirius launched [Sirius OutQ](/wiki/Sirius_OutQ "Sirius OutQ"), the first\-ever 24/7 talk channel designed for the [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT "LGBT") audience.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-apr\-18\-et\-carney18\-story.html\|title\=OutQ devotes itself to gay issues, 24\-7\|date\=2003\-04\-18\|website\=Los Angeles Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-20}} Personalities associated with the channel include [Frank DeCaro](/wiki/Frank_DeCaro "Frank DeCaro"), [Michelangelo Signorile](/wiki/Michelangelo_Signorile "Michelangelo Signorile"), [Derek Hartley](/wiki/Derek_Hartley "Derek Hartley"), and [Romaine Patterson](/wiki/Romaine_Patterson "Romaine Patterson").
In addition to the audio programming, the Sirius broadcast stream also carries a *Data Services* channel that is utilized by capable receivers and graphical display hardware. Some of the data services offered are traffic speed and flow, marine weather, and fuel prices to name just a few. Examples of capable hardware are the [Raymarine](/wiki/Raymarine "Raymarine") SR100 Satellite Weather receiver and the Alpine NVE\-N872A Satellite Traffic Ready navigation system.
|
[
"### Other content",
"In June 2005, Sirius signed an agreement with [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\") in the UK to rebroadcast the station to an American audience.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2005/music/markets\\-festivals/sirius\\-cues\\-up\\-bbc\\-s\\-radio\\-1\\-1117924843/\\|title\\=Sirius cues up BBC's Radio 1\\|last\\=Whiteman\\|first\\=Bobbie\\|date\\=2005\\-06\\-22\\|website\\=Variety\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-21}} In August 2011, Sirius dropped [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2011/08/usa\\-bbc\\-radio\\-1\\-removed\\-from\\-sirius\\-xm/\\|title\\=BBC Radio 1 removed from SiriusXM\\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-10\\|website\\=RadioToday\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-21}} but a week later they announced that the channel would return online.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/bbc\\-radio\\-1\\-returns\\-sort\\-of\\-to\\-satellite\\-radio/\\|title\\=BBC Radio 1 Returns (Sort of) to Satellite Radio\\|last\\=Ryzik\\|first\\=Melena\\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-16\\|website\\=ArtsBeat\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-21}}",
"Sirius also had exclusive satellite radio rights to [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\"), carrying two separate streams. The Sirius NPR NOW programming did not include the popular programs [All Things Considered](/wiki/All_Things_Considered \"All Things Considered\") and [Morning Edition](/wiki/Morning_Edition \"Morning Edition\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename\\=Sirius/Page\\&c\\=Channel\\&cid\\=1102975192867\\&s\\=sched \\|title\\=Sirius NPR NOW Schedule\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-10\\-29}}",
"With the launch of Sirius Canada in December 2005, American listeners gained five Canadian\\-produced stations including [CBC Radio One](/wiki/CBC_Radio_One \"CBC Radio One\"), [CBC Radio Three](/wiki/CBC_Radio_Three \"CBC Radio Three\") and [Iceberg Radio](/wiki/Iceberg_Radio \"Iceberg Radio\"), and *[Première Plus](/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Premi%C3%A8re \"Ici Radio-Canada Première\")*, [Énergie2](/wiki/%C3%89nergie \"Énergie\"), and *[Bande à part](/wiki/Bande_%C3%A0_part_%28radio_station%29 \"Bande à part (radio station)\")* for French listeners. Iceberg Radio is programmed by [Standard Broadcasting](/wiki/Standard_Broadcasting \"Standard Broadcasting\"), which also provides a number of additional channels exclusive to Canada; the other four come from the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\"). After a delay and outcry from Canadian subscribers, Sirius Canada added Howard Stern's Channel 100 to their lineup in early 2006\\. [Channel 101](/wiki/Howard_100_and_Howard_101 \"Howard 100 and Howard 101\"), Stern's other channel (featuring [Bubba the Love Sponge](/wiki/Bubba_the_Love_Sponge \"Bubba the Love Sponge\"), [Scott Ferrall](/wiki/Scott_Ferrall \"Scott Ferrall\"), and other personalities), were made available in late June 2006\\.",
"Talk radio content recently added onto Sirius Satellite Radio include the ABC News and Talk channel 143 (since having ceased operations), including live feeds of Sean Hannity and Larry Elder's syndicated radio shows, Patriot Talk channel 125 (which includes Michael Reagan's syndicated radio show) and Fox News Talk channel 145 (which includes syndicated radio hosts such as Alan Colmes and John Gibson).",
"On March 14, 2006, Sirius added [Cosmo Radio](/wiki/Cosmo_Radio \"Cosmo Radio\"), [Playboy Radio](/wiki/Playboy_Radio \"Playboy Radio\"), and returned the audio simulcast of the Fox News Channel TV feed, which was previously removed during a contract dispute. The service also added Fox's satellite talk radio channel, [Fox News Talk](/wiki/Fox_News_Talk \"Fox News Talk\").",
"In April 2003, Sirius launched [Sirius OutQ](/wiki/Sirius_OutQ \"Sirius OutQ\"), the first\\-ever 24/7 talk channel designed for the [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT \"LGBT\") audience.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-apr\\-18\\-et\\-carney18\\-story.html\\|title\\=OutQ devotes itself to gay issues, 24\\-7\\|date\\=2003\\-04\\-18\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-20}} Personalities associated with the channel include [Frank DeCaro](/wiki/Frank_DeCaro \"Frank DeCaro\"), [Michelangelo Signorile](/wiki/Michelangelo_Signorile \"Michelangelo Signorile\"), [Derek Hartley](/wiki/Derek_Hartley \"Derek Hartley\"), and [Romaine Patterson](/wiki/Romaine_Patterson \"Romaine Patterson\").",
"In addition to the audio programming, the Sirius broadcast stream also carries a *Data Services* channel that is utilized by capable receivers and graphical display hardware. Some of the data services offered are traffic speed and flow, marine weather, and fuel prices to name just a few. Examples of capable hardware are the [Raymarine](/wiki/Raymarine \"Raymarine\") SR100 Satellite Weather receiver and the Alpine NVE\\-N872A Satellite Traffic Ready navigation system.",
""
] |
Technology
----------
The Sirius signal is separated into three carriers, one each for the two satellites, and the third for the terrestrial repeater network where available. Sirius receivers decode all three 4 MHz carrier signals at once to achieve [signal diversity](/wiki/Diversity_combining "Diversity combining"). This is in contrast to XM which uses six carriers and decodes three 2 MHz carriers to economize on receiver power consumption and complexity at the cost of channel\-changing speed. There is an intentional four\-second delay between the two satellite carrier signals. This enables the receiver to maintain a large buffer of the audio stream, which, along with [forward error correction](/wiki/Forward_error_correction "Forward error correction"), helps keep the audio playing in the event that the signal is temporarily lost, such as when driving under an overpass or otherwise losing [line\-of\-sight](/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation "Line-of-sight propagation") of any of the satellites or ground repeater stations.
A third, separate signal is uplinked to the AMC\-6 [Ku\-band](/wiki/Ku-band "Ku-band") satellite and received by {{convert\|36\|in\|mm\|adj\=on}} [satellite dishes](/wiki/Satellite_dish "Satellite dish") for the ground repeater network. This third signal is broadcast on a third segment of the signal.
### Signal architecture and early prototypes
The technology for Sirius Satellite Radio receivers as well as some of the uplink equipment, and the studio encoder, originated at Bell Labs in the late 1990s and subsequent years. The studio encoder was a result of Bell Labs' efforts in statistical multiplexing of perceptual audio coded signals, a cousin of the MP3 standards. The waveform design for the terrestrial and satellite signals, as well as the early prototype receivers, were implemented in an [FPGA](/wiki/FPGA "FPGA") logic and tested in the field to verify the performance of the receivers. This work was contracted by Sirius to [Lucent Technologies](/wiki/Lucent_Technologies "Lucent Technologies"), at the time a spinoff of AT\&T. Early prototypes were followed by a number of generations of [ASIC](/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit "Application-specific integrated circuit") custom designed chipsets, supplied at first by Agere Systems and later supplied by Agere Systems and their competitor STMicroelectronics.
Three signals from three different sources (satellite, satellite, and terrestrial) are therefore combined in the receiver as radio signals, (not as audio signals). The three signals need to be combined constructively (avoiding situations where bad signals pollute good signals) in the receiver before being decoded. Heavy error correction is applied to the signals. All three signals contain the same audio content on all the channels that the receiver can receive, with the exception of one audio program waveform being transmitted ahead of the other two by approximately four seconds. With this time skew, the signals, once realigned, need to see an 8\-second obstruction of overpass fade in order to lose audio content. This increases the robustness of the signal delivery in most driving conditions.
In order to recover meaningful signal and error\-free audio from a signal impaired by interference and fading, the receiver uses concatenated Reed\-Solomon block coding and Forward Error Correction encoding and decoding (codec). This technique was proven in the early days of satellite modems in the late 1970s. Linkabit, then run by Irwin Jacobs prior to his involvement with Qualcomm, offered such a codec for rack mounting in satellite earth stations. The Sirius signal uses more robust error correction on control channels than on the audio content, trading off error correction and bandwidth differently for separate categories of bits in the signal waveform.
The terrestrial carrier is an OFDM QPSK signal, and cousin to WiMax and LTE, with the particular feature that more than one transmitter operates on the same frequency, forming a single frequency network. A number of transmitters can be placed around a city to create coverage that is less subject to fading than if a single transmitter were used. The satellite signal is QPSK. Both satellite and terrestrial signals have hierarchical modulation superposed on the original signal, a measure created to add bandwidth at a small expense in the satellite link budget for decoding the core audio content.
This architecture has worked remarkably well in avoiding drop out of audio signal when driving under highway overpasses, and when scintillating (very deep and frequent losses in signal strength caused by radio fading from trees) conditions exist. Since Sirius and XM separately entered the market with incompatible waveforms on the satellite, one would logically conclude that the merged company will eventually evolve the signal format again to take advantage of their size, but this is a speculative statement. The use of a satellite and terrestrial combined service has been adopted by the [DVB\-SH](/wiki/DVB-SH "DVB-SH") standard, and companies such as ICO communications who cooperated with Alcatel\-Lucent on system design and field trials. ONDAS, a Madrid\-based company, also adopted this pioneering system architecture.
### Receiver technology
The receiver is designed to mitigate and retain signal quality in hostile signal conditions and the relatively weak signal levels from distant satellites. Because the satellites are not all geostationary they appear and disappear over the horizon. Terrestrial signals are present only in major cities to augment the satellite signals.
Approximately five chipset versions were built by Agere and approximately 4 versions were built by [STMicroelectronics](/wiki/STMicroelectronics "STMicroelectronics") after the initial prototypes, although all of the early receivers included an Agere chipset known as Northstar. This platform enjoyed the highest volume of chipsets to date, representing the bulk of total production from 2002 to 2010\. As of 2010, most of the chipsets are produced by STMicroelectronics.
At the heart of a Sirius receiver is a custom application\-specific integrated circuit ([ASIC](/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit "Application-specific integrated circuit")) chip called the *Baseband Integrated Circuit* currently the STA240, which is produced by STMicroelectronics. The chip contains embedded [ARM7TDMI](/wiki/ARM7TDMI "ARM7TDMI") and ARM946E\-S microprocessors synthesized from [IP cores](/wiki/IP_core "IP core"). Every baseband has a unique Electronic Serial Number (or Sirius ID). Another major section of a Sirius receiver is the tuner. The tuner is also a custom [ASIC](/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit "Application-specific integrated circuit"), the STA210\. The tuner connects to the antenna, and receives the incoming satellite and terrestrial signals at 2\.315 GHz and downconverts them to [intermediate frequency](/wiki/Intermediate_frequency "Intermediate frequency") signals at around 75 MHz. The strength of the signals is approximately −50dBm in clear\-sky conditions. The IF signals are fed to the STA240, which are digitized, demodulated, error\-corrected, de\-interleaved, and decrypted using specialized circuits on the chip. The baseband processor utilizes a 16MB [SDRAM](/wiki/SDRAM "SDRAM") memory to buffer four seconds of one of the satellite signals in order to bring it into time coincidence with the other for [Maximal\-ratio combining](/wiki/Maximal-ratio_combining "Maximal-ratio combining"). On newer receivers with a "pause" feature, a dual\-port PSRAM is employed to store up to 60 minutes of the selected channel. The baseband processor outputs digital audio over a Serial Peripheral Interface, which is fed to a D/A converter to produce the analog audio signal. The front\-end of a Sirius receiver is called the *head unit*, required to display descriptive text (such as the category, channel, artist, and song name) and provide controls to the user. This is implemented by the third\-party designers of Sirius\-ready receivers, using a microprocessor of their choice.
Sirius offers car radios and home entertainment systems, as well as car and home kits for portable use. The Sirius receiver includes the antenna module and the receiver module. The antenna module picks up signals from the ground repeaters or the satellite, amplifies the signal and filters out any interference. The signal is then passed on to the receiver module. Inside the receiver module is a chipset consisting of eight chips. The chipset converts the signals from 2\.3 gigahertz (GHz) to a lower intermediate frequency. Sirius also offers an adapter that allows conventional car radios to receive satellite signals.
Sirius broadcasts using 12\.5 MHz of the [S band](/wiki/S_band "S band") between 2320 and 2332\.5 MHz. Audio channels are digitally compressed using a proprietary variant of [Lucent](/wiki/Lucent "Lucent")'s [Perceptual Audio Coder](/wiki/Perceptual_Audio_Coder "Perceptual Audio Coder") compression algorithm and encrypted with a proprietary [conditional access](/wiki/Conditional_access "Conditional access") system. Sirius has announced that they intend to implement [hierarchical modulation](/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation "Hierarchical modulation") technology to economize on bandwidth up to 25%.{{cite press release \|url\=http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=165885 \|title\=SIRIUS to Increase Programming Capacity Over Its Existing Satellite Radio System \|publisher\=PR Newswire via Sirius Satellite Radio \|date\=June 13, 2005 \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014041550/http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=165885 \|archive\-date\=October 14, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Each receiver must be connected to an external antenna, which is included with the receiver. Antenna placement is crucial to receiving a clear signal. In some locations users have experienced difficulty receiving the Sirius programming because the signal is not consistently strong. For the best reception, antennas should be placed such that they have an unobstructed view of the sky (preferably on rooftops without overhanging [eaves](/wiki/Eaves "Eaves") or trees). If this is not an option, the antenna should be placed on an exterior wall. When placing on an exterior wall, the antenna should be mounted to a wall which faces the southern continental United States in order to minimize the likelihood of the building itself blocking the signal.{{cite web \|url\=https://science.nasa.gov/programs/pagebuilding/trackmusicsats.asp \|title\=Science@NASA J\-Track Digital Music Satellites \|publisher\=NASA \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-21 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070213081402/https://science.nasa.gov/programs/pagebuilding/trackmusicsats.asp \|archive\-date \= February 13, 2007}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename\=Sirius/Page\&c\=Page\&cid\=1071870446092 \|title\=Home Antenna Placement Tips \|work\=Sirius Satellite Radio \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-21}}
[thumb\|Volkswagen's RNS\-510 radio offers SiriusXM Radio with station logos as well as TravelLink.](/wiki/File:SiriusXM_Display_on_Volkswagen%27s_RNS-510_Receiver.png "SiriusXM Display on Volkswagen's RNS-510 Receiver.png")
### Satellite technology
Sirius' satellites are named Radiosat because there is already a fleet of satellites named [Sirius](/wiki/Sirius_%28satellite%29 "Sirius (satellite)"), launched by Sweden's NSAB (Nordiska Satellitaktiebolaget, or Nordic Satellite AB, and known today as [SES Sirius](/wiki/SES_Sirius "SES Sirius")) and used for general telecommunications and [satellite television](/wiki/Satellite_television "Satellite television") throughout [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") and the rest of [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia "Scandinavia").
The current primary uplink facility for Sirius, which was formerly used as the uplink site for [Western Union](/wiki/Western_Union "Western Union")'s [Westar](/wiki/Westar "Westar") fleet of communication satellites from the early 1970s to the late 1980s, is located in [Glenwood, New Jersey](/wiki/Glenwood%2C_New_Jersey "Glenwood, New Jersey"). The original facility was located on the roof of the building housing the Sirius studios in [Rockefeller Center](/wiki/Rockefeller_Center "Rockefeller Center") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") but has since been decommissioned.
Sirius' spacecraft Radiosat 1 through Radiosat 4 were manufactured by [Space Systems/Loral](/wiki/Space_Systems/Loral "Space Systems/Loral"). The first three of the series were orbited in 2000 by [Proton K](/wiki/Proton_%28rocket_family%29 "Proton (rocket family)") Block\-DM3 launch vehicles, with the final three\-satellite constellation completed on November 30, 2000\. Radiosat 4, built as a ground spare for the now\-decommissioned elliptical mission, was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution's [National Air and Space Museum](/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") in October 2012\.{{cite press release\|url\=http://airandspace.si.edu/events/pressroom/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseID\=302\|title\=Press Release: Sirius FM\-4 Broadcasting Satellite Donated to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum\|publisher\=National Air and Space Museum\|date\=October 18, 2012\|access\-date\=2012\-10\-19\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211081303/http://airandspace.si.edu/events/pressroom/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseID\=302\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2013}} It is on display at the [Steven F. Udvar\-Hazy Center](/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center "Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center"). The satellites are based on the Space Systems/Loral 1300 platform. Before the elliptical satellites were decommissioned, all three satellites broadcast directly to the consumer's receiver, but due to the highly elliptical orbit only two of them broadcast at any given time. Today the satellites are located in the southern sky in the United States.
Satellites Radiosat 1 through Radiosat 3, now decommissioned, fly in [geosynchronous](/wiki/Geosynchronous "Geosynchronous") (not [geostationary](/wiki/Geostationary "Geostationary")) [Tundra orbits](/wiki/Tundra_orbit "Tundra orbit"). Like the geostationary orbit, the tundra orbit has a period of 23 hours, 56 minutes (one [sidereal](/wiki/Sidereal_time "Sidereal time") day). Unlike the geostationary orbit, the tundra orbit is elliptical, not circular, and is inclined with respect to the [equator](/wiki/Equator "Equator") rather than orbiting directly over it. The eccentric orbit ensures that each satellite spends about 16 hours of each day high over the [continental United States](/wiki/Contiguous_United_States "Contiguous United States"). At least one satellite is always visible, with another often visible as well. The orbit's high inclination places [apogee](/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") just west of [Hudson Bay](/wiki/Hudson_Bay "Hudson Bay") in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), providing a much higher elevation angle for most of the country than is possible from a geostationary orbit. This was intended to reduce blockage from tall buildings in urban areas, allowing a much smaller terrestrial repeater network than does sister network XM, which uses geostationary orbits. This system has since been decommissioned in favor of newer geostationary satellites located at 96\.0° and 116\.15° that support both the Sirius and XM platforms.
On June 8, 2006, Space Systems/Loral announced that it was awarded a contract for the fifth Sirius spacecraft.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.ssloral.com/html/pressreleases/pr20060608\.html\|title\=Space Systems/Loral to Build New, High\-Power Satellite for Sirius Satellite Radio\|publisher\=Space Systems/Loral\|date\=June 8, 2006\|access\-date\=2007\-02\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225072822/http://www.ssloral.com/html/pressreleases/pr20060608\.html\|archive\-date\=February 25, 2007\|url\-status\=dead}} The new spacecraft features a nine\-meter unfurlable reflector. The first four Sirius spacecraft used more traditional parabolic reflectors. The new satellite has been designed for geostationary orbit, unlike the other satellites in the constellation; the different orbit has the stated purpose of allowing for more consistent reception for fixed location users (many subscribers have reported having to regularly reposition their antennas for optimal reception). Radiosat 5 (FM\-5\) is in a [geostationary](/wiki/Geostationary "Geostationary") orbit at 96\.0° West. It was launched June 30, 2009, and announced to be in service as of September 9, 2009\.{{cite press release \|url\=http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=407919\|title\=SIRIUS XM Announces SIRIUS FM\-5 Satellite has Been Placed Into Service\|publisher\=SIRIUS XM Radio\|date\=September 9, 2009\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531021500/http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid\=407919\|archive\-date\=May 31, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}
On October 14, 2010, the XM\-5 satellite was launched aboard an [International Launch Services](/wiki/International_Launch_Services "International Launch Services") (ILS) [Proton](/wiki/Proton_%28rocket_family%29 "Proton (rocket family)") vehicle. It was placed into a geostationary orbit at 85\.2° West to serve the eastern half of the United States. It is named XM\-5 because it serves as an in\-orbit spare that can replace both the Sirius Radiosat satellites and the XM satellites. The satellite was manufactured by Space Systems/Loral and was fully operational on December 3, 2010\.{{cite press release\|url\=http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=534820\|title\=Sirius XM Radio Announces XM\-5 Satellite has Been Successfully Placed in Orbit and Declared Ready for Service\|publisher\=SIRIUS XM Radio\|date\=December 3, 2010\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529151119/http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=534820\|archive\-date\=May 29, 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
On February 29, 2008, the launch service provider International Launch Services (ILS) announced a contract which includes a launch of the SIRIUS FM\-6 satellite on a Proton [Briz M](/wiki/Briz_%28rocket_stage%29 "Briz (rocket stage)") launch vehicle.{{cite press release\|url\=http://www.ilslaunch.com/news\-022908\|title\=ILS Announces Contract to Launch Two SIRIUS Satellite Radio Spacecraft on Proton Breeze M\|website\=ilslaunch.com \|first\=Fran\|last\=Slimmer\|date\=February 29, 2008\|access\-date\=2008\-03\-13}} The launch planned for March 6, 2012, was canceled due to concerns with a design defect in the solar panel deployment.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.spacenews.com/satellite\_telecom/120301\-launch\-siriusxm\-sat\-delayed.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130104173313/http://www.spacenews.com/satellite\_telecom/120301\-launch\-siriusxm\-sat\-delayed.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 4, 2013\|title\=Launch of SiriusXM Satellite Delayed by Solar Array Concerns\|date\=March 1, 2012\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-04}} The Radiosat 6 (FM\-6\) satellite was launched on October 25, 2013, and was put in a geostationary orbit at 116\.15° West which services the western half of the United States.{{cite web \|url\=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20131025/184357105/Russian\-Proton\-M\-Lifts\-Off\-With\-US\-Telecoms\-Satellite.html\|title\=Russian Proton\-M Lifts Off With US Telecoms Satellite\|date\=25 October 2013 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-25}}
### Satellites
* [Sirius FM\-1](/wiki/Sirius_FM-1 "Sirius FM-1") (Radiosat 1\). Launch occurred on 30 June 2000\.
* [Sirius FM\-2](/wiki/Sirius_FM-2 "Sirius FM-2") (Radiosat 2\). Launch occurred on 5 September 2000\.
* [Sirius FM\-3](/wiki/Sirius_FM-3 "Sirius FM-3") (Radiosat 3\). Launch occurred on 30 November 2000\.
* [Sirius FM\-4](/wiki/Sirius_FM-4 "Sirius FM-4") (Radiosat 4\). Ground spare, was not launched into orbit. Donated to Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in October 2012\.
* [Sirius FM\-5](/wiki/Sirius_FM-5 "Sirius FM-5") (Radiosat 5\). Launch occurred 30 June 2009\.
* [Sirius FM\-6](/wiki/Sirius_FM-6 "Sirius FM-6") (Radiosat 6\). Launch occurred October 25, 2013\.
|
[
"Technology\n----------",
"The Sirius signal is separated into three carriers, one each for the two satellites, and the third for the terrestrial repeater network where available. Sirius receivers decode all three 4 MHz carrier signals at once to achieve [signal diversity](/wiki/Diversity_combining \"Diversity combining\"). This is in contrast to XM which uses six carriers and decodes three 2 MHz carriers to economize on receiver power consumption and complexity at the cost of channel\\-changing speed. There is an intentional four\\-second delay between the two satellite carrier signals. This enables the receiver to maintain a large buffer of the audio stream, which, along with [forward error correction](/wiki/Forward_error_correction \"Forward error correction\"), helps keep the audio playing in the event that the signal is temporarily lost, such as when driving under an overpass or otherwise losing [line\\-of\\-sight](/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation \"Line-of-sight propagation\") of any of the satellites or ground repeater stations.",
"A third, separate signal is uplinked to the AMC\\-6 [Ku\\-band](/wiki/Ku-band \"Ku-band\") satellite and received by {{convert\\|36\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} [satellite dishes](/wiki/Satellite_dish \"Satellite dish\") for the ground repeater network. This third signal is broadcast on a third segment of the signal.",
"### Signal architecture and early prototypes",
"The technology for Sirius Satellite Radio receivers as well as some of the uplink equipment, and the studio encoder, originated at Bell Labs in the late 1990s and subsequent years. The studio encoder was a result of Bell Labs' efforts in statistical multiplexing of perceptual audio coded signals, a cousin of the MP3 standards. The waveform design for the terrestrial and satellite signals, as well as the early prototype receivers, were implemented in an [FPGA](/wiki/FPGA \"FPGA\") logic and tested in the field to verify the performance of the receivers. This work was contracted by Sirius to [Lucent Technologies](/wiki/Lucent_Technologies \"Lucent Technologies\"), at the time a spinoff of AT\\&T. Early prototypes were followed by a number of generations of [ASIC](/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit \"Application-specific integrated circuit\") custom designed chipsets, supplied at first by Agere Systems and later supplied by Agere Systems and their competitor STMicroelectronics.",
"Three signals from three different sources (satellite, satellite, and terrestrial) are therefore combined in the receiver as radio signals, (not as audio signals). The three signals need to be combined constructively (avoiding situations where bad signals pollute good signals) in the receiver before being decoded. Heavy error correction is applied to the signals. All three signals contain the same audio content on all the channels that the receiver can receive, with the exception of one audio program waveform being transmitted ahead of the other two by approximately four seconds. With this time skew, the signals, once realigned, need to see an 8\\-second obstruction of overpass fade in order to lose audio content. This increases the robustness of the signal delivery in most driving conditions.",
"In order to recover meaningful signal and error\\-free audio from a signal impaired by interference and fading, the receiver uses concatenated Reed\\-Solomon block coding and Forward Error Correction encoding and decoding (codec). This technique was proven in the early days of satellite modems in the late 1970s. Linkabit, then run by Irwin Jacobs prior to his involvement with Qualcomm, offered such a codec for rack mounting in satellite earth stations. The Sirius signal uses more robust error correction on control channels than on the audio content, trading off error correction and bandwidth differently for separate categories of bits in the signal waveform.",
"The terrestrial carrier is an OFDM QPSK signal, and cousin to WiMax and LTE, with the particular feature that more than one transmitter operates on the same frequency, forming a single frequency network. A number of transmitters can be placed around a city to create coverage that is less subject to fading than if a single transmitter were used. The satellite signal is QPSK. Both satellite and terrestrial signals have hierarchical modulation superposed on the original signal, a measure created to add bandwidth at a small expense in the satellite link budget for decoding the core audio content.",
"This architecture has worked remarkably well in avoiding drop out of audio signal when driving under highway overpasses, and when scintillating (very deep and frequent losses in signal strength caused by radio fading from trees) conditions exist. Since Sirius and XM separately entered the market with incompatible waveforms on the satellite, one would logically conclude that the merged company will eventually evolve the signal format again to take advantage of their size, but this is a speculative statement. The use of a satellite and terrestrial combined service has been adopted by the [DVB\\-SH](/wiki/DVB-SH \"DVB-SH\") standard, and companies such as ICO communications who cooperated with Alcatel\\-Lucent on system design and field trials. ONDAS, a Madrid\\-based company, also adopted this pioneering system architecture.",
"### Receiver technology",
"The receiver is designed to mitigate and retain signal quality in hostile signal conditions and the relatively weak signal levels from distant satellites. Because the satellites are not all geostationary they appear and disappear over the horizon. Terrestrial signals are present only in major cities to augment the satellite signals.",
"Approximately five chipset versions were built by Agere and approximately 4 versions were built by [STMicroelectronics](/wiki/STMicroelectronics \"STMicroelectronics\") after the initial prototypes, although all of the early receivers included an Agere chipset known as Northstar. This platform enjoyed the highest volume of chipsets to date, representing the bulk of total production from 2002 to 2010\\. As of 2010, most of the chipsets are produced by STMicroelectronics.",
"At the heart of a Sirius receiver is a custom application\\-specific integrated circuit ([ASIC](/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit \"Application-specific integrated circuit\")) chip called the *Baseband Integrated Circuit* currently the STA240, which is produced by STMicroelectronics. The chip contains embedded [ARM7TDMI](/wiki/ARM7TDMI \"ARM7TDMI\") and ARM946E\\-S microprocessors synthesized from [IP cores](/wiki/IP_core \"IP core\"). Every baseband has a unique Electronic Serial Number (or Sirius ID). Another major section of a Sirius receiver is the tuner. The tuner is also a custom [ASIC](/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit \"Application-specific integrated circuit\"), the STA210\\. The tuner connects to the antenna, and receives the incoming satellite and terrestrial signals at 2\\.315 GHz and downconverts them to [intermediate frequency](/wiki/Intermediate_frequency \"Intermediate frequency\") signals at around 75 MHz. The strength of the signals is approximately −50dBm in clear\\-sky conditions. The IF signals are fed to the STA240, which are digitized, demodulated, error\\-corrected, de\\-interleaved, and decrypted using specialized circuits on the chip. The baseband processor utilizes a 16MB [SDRAM](/wiki/SDRAM \"SDRAM\") memory to buffer four seconds of one of the satellite signals in order to bring it into time coincidence with the other for [Maximal\\-ratio combining](/wiki/Maximal-ratio_combining \"Maximal-ratio combining\"). On newer receivers with a \"pause\" feature, a dual\\-port PSRAM is employed to store up to 60 minutes of the selected channel. The baseband processor outputs digital audio over a Serial Peripheral Interface, which is fed to a D/A converter to produce the analog audio signal. The front\\-end of a Sirius receiver is called the *head unit*, required to display descriptive text (such as the category, channel, artist, and song name) and provide controls to the user. This is implemented by the third\\-party designers of Sirius\\-ready receivers, using a microprocessor of their choice.",
"Sirius offers car radios and home entertainment systems, as well as car and home kits for portable use. The Sirius receiver includes the antenna module and the receiver module. The antenna module picks up signals from the ground repeaters or the satellite, amplifies the signal and filters out any interference. The signal is then passed on to the receiver module. Inside the receiver module is a chipset consisting of eight chips. The chipset converts the signals from 2\\.3 gigahertz (GHz) to a lower intermediate frequency. Sirius also offers an adapter that allows conventional car radios to receive satellite signals.",
"Sirius broadcasts using 12\\.5 MHz of the [S band](/wiki/S_band \"S band\") between 2320 and 2332\\.5 MHz. Audio channels are digitally compressed using a proprietary variant of [Lucent](/wiki/Lucent \"Lucent\")'s [Perceptual Audio Coder](/wiki/Perceptual_Audio_Coder \"Perceptual Audio Coder\") compression algorithm and encrypted with a proprietary [conditional access](/wiki/Conditional_access \"Conditional access\") system. Sirius has announced that they intend to implement [hierarchical modulation](/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation \"Hierarchical modulation\") technology to economize on bandwidth up to 25%.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=165885 \\|title\\=SIRIUS to Increase Programming Capacity Over Its Existing Satellite Radio System \\|publisher\\=PR Newswire via Sirius Satellite Radio \\|date\\=June 13, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014041550/http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=165885 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 14, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Each receiver must be connected to an external antenna, which is included with the receiver. Antenna placement is crucial to receiving a clear signal. In some locations users have experienced difficulty receiving the Sirius programming because the signal is not consistently strong. For the best reception, antennas should be placed such that they have an unobstructed view of the sky (preferably on rooftops without overhanging [eaves](/wiki/Eaves \"Eaves\") or trees). If this is not an option, the antenna should be placed on an exterior wall. When placing on an exterior wall, the antenna should be mounted to a wall which faces the southern continental United States in order to minimize the likelihood of the building itself blocking the signal.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://science.nasa.gov/programs/pagebuilding/trackmusicsats.asp \\|title\\=Science@NASA J\\-Track Digital Music Satellites \\|publisher\\=NASA \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070213081402/https://science.nasa.gov/programs/pagebuilding/trackmusicsats.asp \\|archive\\-date \\= February 13, 2007}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename\\=Sirius/Page\\&c\\=Page\\&cid\\=1071870446092 \\|title\\=Home Antenna Placement Tips \\|work\\=Sirius Satellite Radio \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-21}}",
"[thumb\\|Volkswagen's RNS\\-510 radio offers SiriusXM Radio with station logos as well as TravelLink.](/wiki/File:SiriusXM_Display_on_Volkswagen%27s_RNS-510_Receiver.png \"SiriusXM Display on Volkswagen's RNS-510 Receiver.png\")",
"### Satellite technology",
"Sirius' satellites are named Radiosat because there is already a fleet of satellites named [Sirius](/wiki/Sirius_%28satellite%29 \"Sirius (satellite)\"), launched by Sweden's NSAB (Nordiska Satellitaktiebolaget, or Nordic Satellite AB, and known today as [SES Sirius](/wiki/SES_Sirius \"SES Sirius\")) and used for general telecommunications and [satellite television](/wiki/Satellite_television \"Satellite television\") throughout [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") and the rest of [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia \"Scandinavia\").",
"The current primary uplink facility for Sirius, which was formerly used as the uplink site for [Western Union](/wiki/Western_Union \"Western Union\")'s [Westar](/wiki/Westar \"Westar\") fleet of communication satellites from the early 1970s to the late 1980s, is located in [Glenwood, New Jersey](/wiki/Glenwood%2C_New_Jersey \"Glenwood, New Jersey\"). The original facility was located on the roof of the building housing the Sirius studios in [Rockefeller Center](/wiki/Rockefeller_Center \"Rockefeller Center\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") but has since been decommissioned.",
"Sirius' spacecraft Radiosat 1 through Radiosat 4 were manufactured by [Space Systems/Loral](/wiki/Space_Systems/Loral \"Space Systems/Loral\"). The first three of the series were orbited in 2000 by [Proton K](/wiki/Proton_%28rocket_family%29 \"Proton (rocket family)\") Block\\-DM3 launch vehicles, with the final three\\-satellite constellation completed on November 30, 2000\\. Radiosat 4, built as a ground spare for the now\\-decommissioned elliptical mission, was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution's [National Air and Space Museum](/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum \"National Air and Space Museum\") in October 2012\\.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://airandspace.si.edu/events/pressroom/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseID\\=302\\|title\\=Press Release: Sirius FM\\-4 Broadcasting Satellite Donated to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum\\|publisher\\=National Air and Space Museum\\|date\\=October 18, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-19\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211081303/http://airandspace.si.edu/events/pressroom/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseID\\=302\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2013}} It is on display at the [Steven F. Udvar\\-Hazy Center](/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center \"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center\"). The satellites are based on the Space Systems/Loral 1300 platform. Before the elliptical satellites were decommissioned, all three satellites broadcast directly to the consumer's receiver, but due to the highly elliptical orbit only two of them broadcast at any given time. Today the satellites are located in the southern sky in the United States.",
"Satellites Radiosat 1 through Radiosat 3, now decommissioned, fly in [geosynchronous](/wiki/Geosynchronous \"Geosynchronous\") (not [geostationary](/wiki/Geostationary \"Geostationary\")) [Tundra orbits](/wiki/Tundra_orbit \"Tundra orbit\"). Like the geostationary orbit, the tundra orbit has a period of 23 hours, 56 minutes (one [sidereal](/wiki/Sidereal_time \"Sidereal time\") day). Unlike the geostationary orbit, the tundra orbit is elliptical, not circular, and is inclined with respect to the [equator](/wiki/Equator \"Equator\") rather than orbiting directly over it. The eccentric orbit ensures that each satellite spends about 16 hours of each day high over the [continental United States](/wiki/Contiguous_United_States \"Contiguous United States\"). At least one satellite is always visible, with another often visible as well. The orbit's high inclination places [apogee](/wiki/Apsis \"Apsis\") just west of [Hudson Bay](/wiki/Hudson_Bay \"Hudson Bay\") in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), providing a much higher elevation angle for most of the country than is possible from a geostationary orbit. This was intended to reduce blockage from tall buildings in urban areas, allowing a much smaller terrestrial repeater network than does sister network XM, which uses geostationary orbits. This system has since been decommissioned in favor of newer geostationary satellites located at 96\\.0° and 116\\.15° that support both the Sirius and XM platforms.",
"On June 8, 2006, Space Systems/Loral announced that it was awarded a contract for the fifth Sirius spacecraft.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.ssloral.com/html/pressreleases/pr20060608\\.html\\|title\\=Space Systems/Loral to Build New, High\\-Power Satellite for Sirius Satellite Radio\\|publisher\\=Space Systems/Loral\\|date\\=June 8, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225072822/http://www.ssloral.com/html/pressreleases/pr20060608\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 25, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The new spacecraft features a nine\\-meter unfurlable reflector. The first four Sirius spacecraft used more traditional parabolic reflectors. The new satellite has been designed for geostationary orbit, unlike the other satellites in the constellation; the different orbit has the stated purpose of allowing for more consistent reception for fixed location users (many subscribers have reported having to regularly reposition their antennas for optimal reception). Radiosat 5 (FM\\-5\\) is in a [geostationary](/wiki/Geostationary \"Geostationary\") orbit at 96\\.0° West. It was launched June 30, 2009, and announced to be in service as of September 9, 2009\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=407919\\|title\\=SIRIUS XM Announces SIRIUS FM\\-5 Satellite has Been Placed Into Service\\|publisher\\=SIRIUS XM Radio\\|date\\=September 9, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531021500/http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid\\=407919\\|archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On October 14, 2010, the XM\\-5 satellite was launched aboard an [International Launch Services](/wiki/International_Launch_Services \"International Launch Services\") (ILS) [Proton](/wiki/Proton_%28rocket_family%29 \"Proton (rocket family)\") vehicle. It was placed into a geostationary orbit at 85\\.2° West to serve the eastern half of the United States. It is named XM\\-5 because it serves as an in\\-orbit spare that can replace both the Sirius Radiosat satellites and the XM satellites. The satellite was manufactured by Space Systems/Loral and was fully operational on December 3, 2010\\.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=534820\\|title\\=Sirius XM Radio Announces XM\\-5 Satellite has Been Successfully Placed in Orbit and Declared Ready for Service\\|publisher\\=SIRIUS XM Radio\\|date\\=December 3, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529151119/http://investor.sirius.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=534820\\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On February 29, 2008, the launch service provider International Launch Services (ILS) announced a contract which includes a launch of the SIRIUS FM\\-6 satellite on a Proton [Briz M](/wiki/Briz_%28rocket_stage%29 \"Briz (rocket stage)\") launch vehicle.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://www.ilslaunch.com/news\\-022908\\|title\\=ILS Announces Contract to Launch Two SIRIUS Satellite Radio Spacecraft on Proton Breeze M\\|website\\=ilslaunch.com \\|first\\=Fran\\|last\\=Slimmer\\|date\\=February 29, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-03\\-13}} The launch planned for March 6, 2012, was canceled due to concerns with a design defect in the solar panel deployment.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spacenews.com/satellite\\_telecom/120301\\-launch\\-siriusxm\\-sat\\-delayed.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130104173313/http://www.spacenews.com/satellite\\_telecom/120301\\-launch\\-siriusxm\\-sat\\-delayed.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 4, 2013\\|title\\=Launch of SiriusXM Satellite Delayed by Solar Array Concerns\\|date\\=March 1, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-04}} The Radiosat 6 (FM\\-6\\) satellite was launched on October 25, 2013, and was put in a geostationary orbit at 116\\.15° West which services the western half of the United States.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20131025/184357105/Russian\\-Proton\\-M\\-Lifts\\-Off\\-With\\-US\\-Telecoms\\-Satellite.html\\|title\\=Russian Proton\\-M Lifts Off With US Telecoms Satellite\\|date\\=25 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-25}}",
"### Satellites",
"* [Sirius FM\\-1](/wiki/Sirius_FM-1 \"Sirius FM-1\") (Radiosat 1\\). Launch occurred on 30 June 2000\\.\n* [Sirius FM\\-2](/wiki/Sirius_FM-2 \"Sirius FM-2\") (Radiosat 2\\). Launch occurred on 5 September 2000\\.\n* [Sirius FM\\-3](/wiki/Sirius_FM-3 \"Sirius FM-3\") (Radiosat 3\\). Launch occurred on 30 November 2000\\.\n* [Sirius FM\\-4](/wiki/Sirius_FM-4 \"Sirius FM-4\") (Radiosat 4\\). Ground spare, was not launched into orbit. Donated to Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in October 2012\\.\n* [Sirius FM\\-5](/wiki/Sirius_FM-5 \"Sirius FM-5\") (Radiosat 5\\). Launch occurred 30 June 2009\\.\n* [Sirius FM\\-6](/wiki/Sirius_FM-6 \"Sirius FM-6\") (Radiosat 6\\). Launch occurred October 25, 2013\\."
] |
### Signal architecture and early prototypes
The technology for Sirius Satellite Radio receivers as well as some of the uplink equipment, and the studio encoder, originated at Bell Labs in the late 1990s and subsequent years. The studio encoder was a result of Bell Labs' efforts in statistical multiplexing of perceptual audio coded signals, a cousin of the MP3 standards. The waveform design for the terrestrial and satellite signals, as well as the early prototype receivers, were implemented in an [FPGA](/wiki/FPGA "FPGA") logic and tested in the field to verify the performance of the receivers. This work was contracted by Sirius to [Lucent Technologies](/wiki/Lucent_Technologies "Lucent Technologies"), at the time a spinoff of AT\&T. Early prototypes were followed by a number of generations of [ASIC](/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit "Application-specific integrated circuit") custom designed chipsets, supplied at first by Agere Systems and later supplied by Agere Systems and their competitor STMicroelectronics.
Three signals from three different sources (satellite, satellite, and terrestrial) are therefore combined in the receiver as radio signals, (not as audio signals). The three signals need to be combined constructively (avoiding situations where bad signals pollute good signals) in the receiver before being decoded. Heavy error correction is applied to the signals. All three signals contain the same audio content on all the channels that the receiver can receive, with the exception of one audio program waveform being transmitted ahead of the other two by approximately four seconds. With this time skew, the signals, once realigned, need to see an 8\-second obstruction of overpass fade in order to lose audio content. This increases the robustness of the signal delivery in most driving conditions.
In order to recover meaningful signal and error\-free audio from a signal impaired by interference and fading, the receiver uses concatenated Reed\-Solomon block coding and Forward Error Correction encoding and decoding (codec). This technique was proven in the early days of satellite modems in the late 1970s. Linkabit, then run by Irwin Jacobs prior to his involvement with Qualcomm, offered such a codec for rack mounting in satellite earth stations. The Sirius signal uses more robust error correction on control channels than on the audio content, trading off error correction and bandwidth differently for separate categories of bits in the signal waveform.
The terrestrial carrier is an OFDM QPSK signal, and cousin to WiMax and LTE, with the particular feature that more than one transmitter operates on the same frequency, forming a single frequency network. A number of transmitters can be placed around a city to create coverage that is less subject to fading than if a single transmitter were used. The satellite signal is QPSK. Both satellite and terrestrial signals have hierarchical modulation superposed on the original signal, a measure created to add bandwidth at a small expense in the satellite link budget for decoding the core audio content.
This architecture has worked remarkably well in avoiding drop out of audio signal when driving under highway overpasses, and when scintillating (very deep and frequent losses in signal strength caused by radio fading from trees) conditions exist. Since Sirius and XM separately entered the market with incompatible waveforms on the satellite, one would logically conclude that the merged company will eventually evolve the signal format again to take advantage of their size, but this is a speculative statement. The use of a satellite and terrestrial combined service has been adopted by the [DVB\-SH](/wiki/DVB-SH "DVB-SH") standard, and companies such as ICO communications who cooperated with Alcatel\-Lucent on system design and field trials. ONDAS, a Madrid\-based company, also adopted this pioneering system architecture.
|
[
"### Signal architecture and early prototypes",
"The technology for Sirius Satellite Radio receivers as well as some of the uplink equipment, and the studio encoder, originated at Bell Labs in the late 1990s and subsequent years. The studio encoder was a result of Bell Labs' efforts in statistical multiplexing of perceptual audio coded signals, a cousin of the MP3 standards. The waveform design for the terrestrial and satellite signals, as well as the early prototype receivers, were implemented in an [FPGA](/wiki/FPGA \"FPGA\") logic and tested in the field to verify the performance of the receivers. This work was contracted by Sirius to [Lucent Technologies](/wiki/Lucent_Technologies \"Lucent Technologies\"), at the time a spinoff of AT\\&T. Early prototypes were followed by a number of generations of [ASIC](/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit \"Application-specific integrated circuit\") custom designed chipsets, supplied at first by Agere Systems and later supplied by Agere Systems and their competitor STMicroelectronics.",
"Three signals from three different sources (satellite, satellite, and terrestrial) are therefore combined in the receiver as radio signals, (not as audio signals). The three signals need to be combined constructively (avoiding situations where bad signals pollute good signals) in the receiver before being decoded. Heavy error correction is applied to the signals. All three signals contain the same audio content on all the channels that the receiver can receive, with the exception of one audio program waveform being transmitted ahead of the other two by approximately four seconds. With this time skew, the signals, once realigned, need to see an 8\\-second obstruction of overpass fade in order to lose audio content. This increases the robustness of the signal delivery in most driving conditions.",
"In order to recover meaningful signal and error\\-free audio from a signal impaired by interference and fading, the receiver uses concatenated Reed\\-Solomon block coding and Forward Error Correction encoding and decoding (codec). This technique was proven in the early days of satellite modems in the late 1970s. Linkabit, then run by Irwin Jacobs prior to his involvement with Qualcomm, offered such a codec for rack mounting in satellite earth stations. The Sirius signal uses more robust error correction on control channels than on the audio content, trading off error correction and bandwidth differently for separate categories of bits in the signal waveform.",
"The terrestrial carrier is an OFDM QPSK signal, and cousin to WiMax and LTE, with the particular feature that more than one transmitter operates on the same frequency, forming a single frequency network. A number of transmitters can be placed around a city to create coverage that is less subject to fading than if a single transmitter were used. The satellite signal is QPSK. Both satellite and terrestrial signals have hierarchical modulation superposed on the original signal, a measure created to add bandwidth at a small expense in the satellite link budget for decoding the core audio content.",
"This architecture has worked remarkably well in avoiding drop out of audio signal when driving under highway overpasses, and when scintillating (very deep and frequent losses in signal strength caused by radio fading from trees) conditions exist. Since Sirius and XM separately entered the market with incompatible waveforms on the satellite, one would logically conclude that the merged company will eventually evolve the signal format again to take advantage of their size, but this is a speculative statement. The use of a satellite and terrestrial combined service has been adopted by the [DVB\\-SH](/wiki/DVB-SH \"DVB-SH\") standard, and companies such as ICO communications who cooperated with Alcatel\\-Lucent on system design and field trials. ONDAS, a Madrid\\-based company, also adopted this pioneering system architecture.",
""
] |
Receivers
---------
{{As of\|2005}}, Sirius receivers were available for various new [Audi](/wiki/Audi "Audi"), [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW"), [Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler "Chrysler"), [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge "Dodge"), [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company"), [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars "Jaguar Cars"), [Jeep](/wiki/Jeep "Jeep"), [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover "Land Rover"), [Lexus](/wiki/Lexus "Lexus"), [Lincoln](/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company "Lincoln Motor Company"), [Mazda](/wiki/Mazda "Mazda"), [Mercedes\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz"), [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28automobile%29 "Mercury (automobile)"), [MINI](/wiki/BMW_MINI "BMW MINI"), [Mitsubishi](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors "Mitsubishi Motors"), [Scion](/wiki/Scion_%28automobile%29 "Scion (automobile)"), [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") (except [Corolla](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla "Toyota Corolla")), [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche "Porsche"), [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen"), and [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo_Cars "Volvo Cars") vehicles, and the service plans on adding availability for portable use. [Subaru](/wiki/Subaru "Subaru") offers Sirius on the Forester and Impreza. Starting in 2006, all [Rolls\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars "Rolls-Royce Motor Cars") vehicles sold in the United States came with a Sirius radio and lifetime subscription as standard equipment. Sirius had an exclusive contract for VW and Audi vehicles from 2007 through 2012, and with [Kia Motors](/wiki/Kia_Motors "Kia Motors") from 2008 through 2014, with an optional extension to 2017\. Beginning in the 2007 model year, [Bentley](/wiki/Bentley "Bentley") vehicles have had Sirius as an option, and it became standard equipment in several models beginning in 2008\.{{cite press release \|url\=http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=216449 \|title\=SIRIUS Satellite Radio Exclusive in Bentley Vehicles \|publisher\=PR Newswire via Sirius Satellite Radio \|date\=October 30, 2006 \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013165340/http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\=216449 \|archive\-date\=October 13, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche "Porsche") switched to [XM Satellite Radio](/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio "XM Satellite Radio") on their vehicles beginning with the 2007 model year. Currently, only Toyota (including its Lexus and Scion divisions) and Subaru offer both Sirius and XM contracts (however both companies usually equip vehicles with XM).
Sirius also makes several receivers for aftermarket installations such as the Sportster4, Starmate Replay, Sirius S50 with a built\-in 1GB MP3 player, and the Sirius One. Radios from Sirius include:
* **Sportster 5** – plug and play radio with a color screen and one hour of storage
* **[Sirius Stiletto 100](/wiki/Sirius_Stiletto "Sirius Stiletto")** – the first portable Sirius radio that allows subscribers to listen to live Sirius programming. The Stiletto boasts a 2 gigabyte memory, which is roughly equivalent to 100 hours of recording time. The unit's batteries give the user approximately 30 hours of life. The unit also features Wi\-Fi technology, which is used as a backup to stream music from the Internet when a clear signal strength is not readily available from the built\-in antenna. Sirius' partnerships with Napster and Yahoo Music provide additional content for Stiletto users.
* **[Sirius Stiletto 10](/wiki/Sirius_Stiletto "Sirius Stiletto")** \-The "feature"\-lite version to the Stiletto 100\. The Stiletto 10 offers all that the Stiletto 100 offers but does not offer Wi\-Fi, MP3/WMA playback and only offers 256 megabytes of storage space (about 10 hours of Sirius programming). The Stiletto 10 offers Artist and Song Seek – Not featured on the Stiletto 100 or Stiletto 2\. This seek function watches for a driver's favorite artists and songs that he or she wants to hear and will let him or her know when they are playing on any other station.
* **[Sirius Stiletto 2](/wiki/Sirius_Stiletto "Sirius Stiletto")** – the newest portable Sirius radio. A slimmer, improved version of the Stilleto 100\. Has a microSD slot behind the battery for storing MP3/WMA files and playlists (not Sirius content). Wi\-Fi support expanded to handle WPA and WPA2 (non\-Enterprise) with passcodes.
* **Sportster 3** was the first radio to use the new universal dock station.
* **Sirius S50** – the first portable Sirius radio – which is not a LIVE portable, it has to be plugged into a home or car dock where content can be downloaded for later listening. The RIAA through its efforts to amend the Audio Home Recording Act and its lawsuit against XM Radio has crippled the S50 as it tried to limit the number and quality of downloads available to consumers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.orbitcast.com/archives/sirius\-s50\-tainted\-by\-the\-riaa.html\|title\=S50 tainted by the RIAA\|website\=orbitcast.com\|access\-date\=15 April 2018\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326032103/http://www.orbitcast.com/archives/sirius\-s50\-tainted\-by\-the\-riaa.html\|archive\-date\=26 March 2009}}
* **Sirius Starmate ST1** (note: ST1C is the Canadian version)
* Sirius Starmate Replay ST2
* Sirius Sportster Exec. Docking Station Package
* Sirius Sportster Radio with Boombox Package
* Tivoli Sirius Table Radio
* Kenwood H2EV Radio with Car and Home Kits
* [Clarion](/wiki/Clarion_%28car_audio%29 "Clarion (car audio)") Calypso Sirius Radio with Car Kit
* XACT XTR1 Radio with Car Kit
* SiriusConnect for Pioneer SIR\-PNR1 which can be modified to provide a Serial or USB Serial interface to control the radio.
### On\-line media streaming options
[thumb\|Yahoo! Widget](/wiki/File:Siriustuner.jpg "Siriustuner.jpg")
For an additional fee, Sirius subscribers are also able to access all of the proprietary music channels and most of the talk stations via [streaming media](/wiki/Streaming_media "Streaming media") through Sirius.com. A standard 64 kbit/s and "Premium" 128 kbit/s feed are available.
Alternatives to the browser\-based player are available such as a [Yahoo! Widget](/wiki/Yahoo%21_Widgets "Yahoo! Widgets") (designed to look like a miniature Sportster model receiver), and SIRIUS Internet Radio Player (based on Windows Media Player and available as a plug\-in or standalone application). Both alternatives have gained popularity with streaming listeners, and offer artist and track name information updated in real time, which is an improvement from the online Sirius player.
Recently, SiriusXMStream has come available as a replacement to uSirius. It offers a server capability to stream Sirius and XM programming to game consoles and mobile phones as an alternative to the iPhone And Blackberry app.
NiceMac LLC, creator of the StarPlayr and StarLightXM product lines have created clients for Mac, PC, Windows Mobile and iPhone. The company merged with Millard Software and released a private beta of uSirius StarPlayr, a Sirius XM iPhone client, but on March 8, 2009, the beta was discontinued. Early 2019, StarPlayrX, an accessible and open source [Swift](/wiki/Swift_%28programming_language%29 "Swift (programming language)") version was released to Apple's App Store.
CatPig Studios Inc. has also released [Radium](/wiki/Radium_%28software%29 "Radium (software)") for Mac, a general\-purpose internet radio player that supports XM and Sirius. In early 2010, Rogue Amoeba software released Pulsar, a standalone Sirius\-XM player for Mac OS X.
In addition to being available through Sirius.com, Howard Stern's website offers a [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 "Java (programming language)") application that streams the two Stern\-themed channels. The site also states that Stern\-specific video and audio clips would be made available at a later date.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h\=827 \|title\=Download The Howard Stern Audio Player!!! \|work\=HowardStern.com \|access\-date\=2007\-07\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015614/http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h\=827 \|archive\-date\=2007\-07\-07 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Apple iOS app
Sirius XM has developed a software application for use on the [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), [iPad](/wiki/IPad "IPad") and [iPod Touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch") devices that allows its subscribers and users of those devices to listen to its programming. The application was released and available for download on the evening of June 17, 2009\. The Sirius XM app is available at the iTunes App Store. Also integrated into the app is a "click to buy" function where if a user clicks any song title playing on Sirius XM they are given the option to be taken to the iTunes Music Store where they can purchase the track or album. Due to the terms of a new contract, the Howard Stern channels were added on Tuesday, December 21\.
### Android app
Sirius XM has developed a streaming [app](/wiki/Application_software "Application software") for the [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 "Android (operating system)") Smartphone platform. This app is available free of charge in the market, and requires an additional US$3\.49/mo to subscribe to. The app features all of the content available on a standard Sirius receiver.
### BlackBerry app
Sirius XM has also developed an application for use on certain [3G](/wiki/3G "3G")\-enabled Rim [BlackBerry](/wiki/BlackBerry "BlackBerry") smartphones. Much like its Apple counterpart, it features a restricted 120\-channel lineup featuring most of the music channels and selected talk programming. As with the Apple app, some select programming, including MLB Play\-by\-Play, NFL Play\-by\-Play, SIRIUS NASCAR Radio are not available on the Blackberry. Shortly after signing a new contract, Howard Stern began promoting the mobile app, and his content was added to the mobile offerings.
Blackberry smartphones currently compatible with the Sirius app:
* [BlackBerry Bold](/wiki/BlackBerry_Bold "BlackBerry Bold") (excluding the 9900 and the 9930\)
* [BlackBerry Curve 8330](/wiki/BlackBerry_Curve_8330 "BlackBerry Curve 8330")1
* [BlackBerry Curve 8500](/wiki/BlackBerry_Curve_8500 "BlackBerry Curve 8500")
* [BlackBerry Curve 8900](/wiki/BlackBerry_Curve_8900 "BlackBerry Curve 8900")
* [BlackBerry Storm](/wiki/BlackBerry_Storm "BlackBerry Storm")
* [BlackBerry Storm 2](/wiki/BlackBerry_Storm_2 "BlackBerry Storm 2")
* [BlackBerry Tour](/wiki/BlackBerry_Tour "BlackBerry Tour")
1 If OS version is above 5\.0\.239
|
[
"Receivers\n---------",
"{{As of\\|2005}}, Sirius receivers were available for various new [Audi](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\"), [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\"), [Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler \"Chrysler\"), [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge \"Dodge\"), [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\"), [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars \"Jaguar Cars\"), [Jeep](/wiki/Jeep \"Jeep\"), [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover \"Land Rover\"), [Lexus](/wiki/Lexus \"Lexus\"), [Lincoln](/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company \"Lincoln Motor Company\"), [Mazda](/wiki/Mazda \"Mazda\"), [Mercedes\\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz \"Mercedes-Benz\"), [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28automobile%29 \"Mercury (automobile)\"), [MINI](/wiki/BMW_MINI \"BMW MINI\"), [Mitsubishi](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors \"Mitsubishi Motors\"), [Scion](/wiki/Scion_%28automobile%29 \"Scion (automobile)\"), [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") (except [Corolla](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla \"Toyota Corolla\")), [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche \"Porsche\"), [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\"), and [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo_Cars \"Volvo Cars\") vehicles, and the service plans on adding availability for portable use. [Subaru](/wiki/Subaru \"Subaru\") offers Sirius on the Forester and Impreza. Starting in 2006, all [Rolls\\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars \"Rolls-Royce Motor Cars\") vehicles sold in the United States came with a Sirius radio and lifetime subscription as standard equipment. Sirius had an exclusive contract for VW and Audi vehicles from 2007 through 2012, and with [Kia Motors](/wiki/Kia_Motors \"Kia Motors\") from 2008 through 2014, with an optional extension to 2017\\. Beginning in the 2007 model year, [Bentley](/wiki/Bentley \"Bentley\") vehicles have had Sirius as an option, and it became standard equipment in several models beginning in 2008\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=216449 \\|title\\=SIRIUS Satellite Radio Exclusive in Bentley Vehicles \\|publisher\\=PR Newswire via Sirius Satellite Radio \\|date\\=October 30, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013165340/http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID\\=216449 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 13, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche \"Porsche\") switched to [XM Satellite Radio](/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio \"XM Satellite Radio\") on their vehicles beginning with the 2007 model year. Currently, only Toyota (including its Lexus and Scion divisions) and Subaru offer both Sirius and XM contracts (however both companies usually equip vehicles with XM).",
"Sirius also makes several receivers for aftermarket installations such as the Sportster4, Starmate Replay, Sirius S50 with a built\\-in 1GB MP3 player, and the Sirius One. Radios from Sirius include:\n* **Sportster 5** – plug and play radio with a color screen and one hour of storage\n* **[Sirius Stiletto 100](/wiki/Sirius_Stiletto \"Sirius Stiletto\")** – the first portable Sirius radio that allows subscribers to listen to live Sirius programming. The Stiletto boasts a 2 gigabyte memory, which is roughly equivalent to 100 hours of recording time. The unit's batteries give the user approximately 30 hours of life. The unit also features Wi\\-Fi technology, which is used as a backup to stream music from the Internet when a clear signal strength is not readily available from the built\\-in antenna. Sirius' partnerships with Napster and Yahoo Music provide additional content for Stiletto users.\n* **[Sirius Stiletto 10](/wiki/Sirius_Stiletto \"Sirius Stiletto\")** \\-The \"feature\"\\-lite version to the Stiletto 100\\. The Stiletto 10 offers all that the Stiletto 100 offers but does not offer Wi\\-Fi, MP3/WMA playback and only offers 256 megabytes of storage space (about 10 hours of Sirius programming). The Stiletto 10 offers Artist and Song Seek – Not featured on the Stiletto 100 or Stiletto 2\\. This seek function watches for a driver's favorite artists and songs that he or she wants to hear and will let him or her know when they are playing on any other station.\n* **[Sirius Stiletto 2](/wiki/Sirius_Stiletto \"Sirius Stiletto\")** – the newest portable Sirius radio. A slimmer, improved version of the Stilleto 100\\. Has a microSD slot behind the battery for storing MP3/WMA files and playlists (not Sirius content). Wi\\-Fi support expanded to handle WPA and WPA2 (non\\-Enterprise) with passcodes.\n* **Sportster 3** was the first radio to use the new universal dock station.\n* **Sirius S50** – the first portable Sirius radio – which is not a LIVE portable, it has to be plugged into a home or car dock where content can be downloaded for later listening. The RIAA through its efforts to amend the Audio Home Recording Act and its lawsuit against XM Radio has crippled the S50 as it tried to limit the number and quality of downloads available to consumers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.orbitcast.com/archives/sirius\\-s50\\-tainted\\-by\\-the\\-riaa.html\\|title\\=S50 tainted by the RIAA\\|website\\=orbitcast.com\\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326032103/http://www.orbitcast.com/archives/sirius\\-s50\\-tainted\\-by\\-the\\-riaa.html\\|archive\\-date\\=26 March 2009}}\n* **Sirius Starmate ST1** (note: ST1C is the Canadian version)\n* Sirius Starmate Replay ST2\n* Sirius Sportster Exec. Docking Station Package\n* Sirius Sportster Radio with Boombox Package\n* Tivoli Sirius Table Radio\n* Kenwood H2EV Radio with Car and Home Kits\n* [Clarion](/wiki/Clarion_%28car_audio%29 \"Clarion (car audio)\") Calypso Sirius Radio with Car Kit\n* XACT XTR1 Radio with Car Kit\n* SiriusConnect for Pioneer SIR\\-PNR1 which can be modified to provide a Serial or USB Serial interface to control the radio.",
"### On\\-line media streaming options",
"[thumb\\|Yahoo! Widget](/wiki/File:Siriustuner.jpg \"Siriustuner.jpg\")",
"For an additional fee, Sirius subscribers are also able to access all of the proprietary music channels and most of the talk stations via [streaming media](/wiki/Streaming_media \"Streaming media\") through Sirius.com. A standard 64 kbit/s and \"Premium\" 128 kbit/s feed are available.",
"Alternatives to the browser\\-based player are available such as a [Yahoo! Widget](/wiki/Yahoo%21_Widgets \"Yahoo! Widgets\") (designed to look like a miniature Sportster model receiver), and SIRIUS Internet Radio Player (based on Windows Media Player and available as a plug\\-in or standalone application). Both alternatives have gained popularity with streaming listeners, and offer artist and track name information updated in real time, which is an improvement from the online Sirius player.",
"Recently, SiriusXMStream has come available as a replacement to uSirius. It offers a server capability to stream Sirius and XM programming to game consoles and mobile phones as an alternative to the iPhone And Blackberry app.",
"NiceMac LLC, creator of the StarPlayr and StarLightXM product lines have created clients for Mac, PC, Windows Mobile and iPhone. The company merged with Millard Software and released a private beta of uSirius StarPlayr, a Sirius XM iPhone client, but on March 8, 2009, the beta was discontinued. Early 2019, StarPlayrX, an accessible and open source [Swift](/wiki/Swift_%28programming_language%29 \"Swift (programming language)\") version was released to Apple's App Store.",
"CatPig Studios Inc. has also released [Radium](/wiki/Radium_%28software%29 \"Radium (software)\") for Mac, a general\\-purpose internet radio player that supports XM and Sirius. In early 2010, Rogue Amoeba software released Pulsar, a standalone Sirius\\-XM player for Mac OS X.",
"In addition to being available through Sirius.com, Howard Stern's website offers a [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 \"Java (programming language)\") application that streams the two Stern\\-themed channels. The site also states that Stern\\-specific video and audio clips would be made available at a later date.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h\\=827 \\|title\\=Download The Howard Stern Audio Player!!! \\|work\\=HowardStern.com \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-07\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015614/http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h\\=827 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-07\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Apple iOS app",
"Sirius XM has developed a software application for use on the [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone \"IPhone\"), [iPad](/wiki/IPad \"IPad\") and [iPod Touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch \"IPod Touch\") devices that allows its subscribers and users of those devices to listen to its programming. The application was released and available for download on the evening of June 17, 2009\\. The Sirius XM app is available at the iTunes App Store. Also integrated into the app is a \"click to buy\" function where if a user clicks any song title playing on Sirius XM they are given the option to be taken to the iTunes Music Store where they can purchase the track or album. Due to the terms of a new contract, the Howard Stern channels were added on Tuesday, December 21\\.",
"### Android app",
"Sirius XM has developed a streaming [app](/wiki/Application_software \"Application software\") for the [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 \"Android (operating system)\") Smartphone platform. This app is available free of charge in the market, and requires an additional US$3\\.49/mo to subscribe to. The app features all of the content available on a standard Sirius receiver.",
"### BlackBerry app",
"Sirius XM has also developed an application for use on certain [3G](/wiki/3G \"3G\")\\-enabled Rim [BlackBerry](/wiki/BlackBerry \"BlackBerry\") smartphones. Much like its Apple counterpart, it features a restricted 120\\-channel lineup featuring most of the music channels and selected talk programming. As with the Apple app, some select programming, including MLB Play\\-by\\-Play, NFL Play\\-by\\-Play, SIRIUS NASCAR Radio are not available on the Blackberry. Shortly after signing a new contract, Howard Stern began promoting the mobile app, and his content was added to the mobile offerings.",
"Blackberry smartphones currently compatible with the Sirius app:\n* [BlackBerry Bold](/wiki/BlackBerry_Bold \"BlackBerry Bold\") (excluding the 9900 and the 9930\\)\n* [BlackBerry Curve 8330](/wiki/BlackBerry_Curve_8330 \"BlackBerry Curve 8330\")1\n* [BlackBerry Curve 8500](/wiki/BlackBerry_Curve_8500 \"BlackBerry Curve 8500\")\n* [BlackBerry Curve 8900](/wiki/BlackBerry_Curve_8900 \"BlackBerry Curve 8900\")\n* [BlackBerry Storm](/wiki/BlackBerry_Storm \"BlackBerry Storm\")\n* [BlackBerry Storm 2](/wiki/BlackBerry_Storm_2 \"BlackBerry Storm 2\")\n* [BlackBerry Tour](/wiki/BlackBerry_Tour \"BlackBerry Tour\")\n1 If OS version is above 5\\.0\\.239",
""
] |
### On\-line media streaming options
[thumb\|Yahoo! Widget](/wiki/File:Siriustuner.jpg "Siriustuner.jpg")
For an additional fee, Sirius subscribers are also able to access all of the proprietary music channels and most of the talk stations via [streaming media](/wiki/Streaming_media "Streaming media") through Sirius.com. A standard 64 kbit/s and "Premium" 128 kbit/s feed are available.
Alternatives to the browser\-based player are available such as a [Yahoo! Widget](/wiki/Yahoo%21_Widgets "Yahoo! Widgets") (designed to look like a miniature Sportster model receiver), and SIRIUS Internet Radio Player (based on Windows Media Player and available as a plug\-in or standalone application). Both alternatives have gained popularity with streaming listeners, and offer artist and track name information updated in real time, which is an improvement from the online Sirius player.
Recently, SiriusXMStream has come available as a replacement to uSirius. It offers a server capability to stream Sirius and XM programming to game consoles and mobile phones as an alternative to the iPhone And Blackberry app.
NiceMac LLC, creator of the StarPlayr and StarLightXM product lines have created clients for Mac, PC, Windows Mobile and iPhone. The company merged with Millard Software and released a private beta of uSirius StarPlayr, a Sirius XM iPhone client, but on March 8, 2009, the beta was discontinued. Early 2019, StarPlayrX, an accessible and open source [Swift](/wiki/Swift_%28programming_language%29 "Swift (programming language)") version was released to Apple's App Store.
CatPig Studios Inc. has also released [Radium](/wiki/Radium_%28software%29 "Radium (software)") for Mac, a general\-purpose internet radio player that supports XM and Sirius. In early 2010, Rogue Amoeba software released Pulsar, a standalone Sirius\-XM player for Mac OS X.
In addition to being available through Sirius.com, Howard Stern's website offers a [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 "Java (programming language)") application that streams the two Stern\-themed channels. The site also states that Stern\-specific video and audio clips would be made available at a later date.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h\=827 \|title\=Download The Howard Stern Audio Player!!! \|work\=HowardStern.com \|access\-date\=2007\-07\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015614/http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h\=827 \|archive\-date\=2007\-07\-07 \|url\-status\=dead }}
|
[
"### On\\-line media streaming options",
"[thumb\\|Yahoo! Widget](/wiki/File:Siriustuner.jpg \"Siriustuner.jpg\")",
"For an additional fee, Sirius subscribers are also able to access all of the proprietary music channels and most of the talk stations via [streaming media](/wiki/Streaming_media \"Streaming media\") through Sirius.com. A standard 64 kbit/s and \"Premium\" 128 kbit/s feed are available.",
"Alternatives to the browser\\-based player are available such as a [Yahoo! Widget](/wiki/Yahoo%21_Widgets \"Yahoo! Widgets\") (designed to look like a miniature Sportster model receiver), and SIRIUS Internet Radio Player (based on Windows Media Player and available as a plug\\-in or standalone application). Both alternatives have gained popularity with streaming listeners, and offer artist and track name information updated in real time, which is an improvement from the online Sirius player.",
"Recently, SiriusXMStream has come available as a replacement to uSirius. It offers a server capability to stream Sirius and XM programming to game consoles and mobile phones as an alternative to the iPhone And Blackberry app.",
"NiceMac LLC, creator of the StarPlayr and StarLightXM product lines have created clients for Mac, PC, Windows Mobile and iPhone. The company merged with Millard Software and released a private beta of uSirius StarPlayr, a Sirius XM iPhone client, but on March 8, 2009, the beta was discontinued. Early 2019, StarPlayrX, an accessible and open source [Swift](/wiki/Swift_%28programming_language%29 \"Swift (programming language)\") version was released to Apple's App Store.",
"CatPig Studios Inc. has also released [Radium](/wiki/Radium_%28software%29 \"Radium (software)\") for Mac, a general\\-purpose internet radio player that supports XM and Sirius. In early 2010, Rogue Amoeba software released Pulsar, a standalone Sirius\\-XM player for Mac OS X.",
"In addition to being available through Sirius.com, Howard Stern's website offers a [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 \"Java (programming language)\") application that streams the two Stern\\-themed channels. The site also states that Stern\\-specific video and audio clips would be made available at a later date.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h\\=827 \\|title\\=Download The Howard Stern Audio Player!!! \\|work\\=HowardStern.com \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-07\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015614/http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h\\=827 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-07\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
""
] |
Conditions and explanations
---------------------------
### Early recognition
Hovland, Janis and Kelly{{cite book \|last1\=Hovland \|first1\=Carl Iver \|last2\=Janis \|first2\=Irving Lester \|last3\=Kelley \|first3\=Harold H. \|title\=Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change \|date\=1953 \|publisher\=Greenwood Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-313\-23348\-7 }}{{page needed\|date\=April 2023}} first recorded and named the boomerang effect in 1953, noting that it is more likely under certain conditions:
* When weak arguments are paired with a negative{{clarify\|date\=May 2020}} source.
* When weak or unclear persuasion leads the recipient to believe that the communicator is propounding a different position to that which the communicator really intends.
* When the persuasion triggers aggression or unalleviated emotional arousal.
* When the communication adds to the recipient's knowledge of the norms and increases their [conformity](/wiki/Conformity "Conformity").
* When non\-conformity to their own group results in feelings of guilt or social punishment.
* When the communicator's position is too far from the recipient's position and thus produces a "contrast" effect and thus enhances their original attitudes.
Later in 1957, Hovland, Sherif and Harvey further discussed the necessity of understanding these unintended attitude changes in persuasion communication and suggested possible approaches for analysis via underlying motivational processes, psychophysical stimuli, as well as ego\-involving verbal material. Jack Brehm and Arthur Cohen were among the first to provide theoretical explanations.
Jack Brehm first raised attention to the phenomenon *a fait accompli* that might conceivably create dissonance if an event has led to the opposite behavior predicted at a prior point. He conducted an experiment to examine the behaviors of eighth graders eating a disliked vegetable. About half of them were told that their parents would be informed on the vegetable they ate. Then liking the vegetable was measured before and after the procedure. The results show that for kids who indicated little or no discrepancy between serving and actually eating the disliked vegetable at home, they should experience little or no dissonance in liking the vegetable from the low to the high consequence condition. They thereby concluded that the greater was the individual's initial dislike, the greater was the pressure produced by the experiment to increase his liking. In Jack Brehm's experiment it shows how even at a young age we are greatly impacted by the boomerang effect and it can have positive or negative outcomes that come with it. There was also larger resistance to change the attitude when the initial attitude was more extreme. However, they argued that in this experiment, the pressure to reduce dissonance increased more rapidly with increasing discrepancy than did the resistance against change, which verified Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory.{{cite book \|last1\=Festinger \|first1\=Leon \|title\=A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance \|date\=1962 \|publisher\=Stanford University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-8047\-0911\-8 }}{{page needed\|date\=April 2023}}
In a follow\-up, Sensenig and Brehm focused on the boomerang effect in experiments and applied Brehm's psychological reactance theory{{cite book \|last1\=Brehm \|first1\=Jack Williams \|title\=A Theory of Psychological Reactance \|date\=1966 \|publisher\=Academic Press \|oclc\=1070025516 }}{{page needed\|date\=April 2023}} to explain the unintended attitudinal change.
### Psychological reactance theory analysis
Sensenig \& Brehm applied Brehm's reactance theory to explain the boomerang effect. They argued that when a person thinks that his freedom to support a position on attitude issue is eliminated, the psychological reactance will be aroused and then he consequently moves his attitudinal position in a way so as to restore the lost freedom. He told college students to write an essay supporting one side of five issues and led some of them believe that their persuasive essays might influence the decision on those issues. Therefore, the people who had the impression that their preference was taken into account in the decision regarding which side they would support on the 1st issue showed attitude change in favor of the preferred position, while others who are concerned with their freedom lost move toward the intended position held by the communicator.
This experiment resulted in various links in the chain of reasoning: (a) when a person's freedom is threatened, his motivational state will move toward restoration of the threatened freedom; (b) the greater the implied threatened freedoms, the greater the tendency to restore the threatened freedom will be; (c) the reestablishment of freedom may take the form of moving one's attitudinal position away from the position forced by others.
Jack Brehm and [Sharon Brehm](/wiki/Sharon_Brehm "Sharon Brehm") later developed psychological reactance theory and discussed its applications. They also listed a series of reactions reactance can evoke in addition to the boomerang effect, which includes but is not limited to related boomerang effect, indirect restoration or vicarious boomerang effects.
### Cognitive dissonance theory analysis
The dissonance theory by Leon Festinger has thrived the progress of social psychology research in the 1960s as it is not confined to the prediction of intended influence but can support almost all sub fields of psychology studies. Although Festinger himself was ambiguous about the role of commitment in the theory, later researchers such as Brehm{{cite book \|last1\=Brehm \|first1\=J. W. \|chapter\=A dissonance analysis of attitude\-discrepant behavior \|pages\=164–197 \|editor1\-last\=Rosenberg \|editor1\-first\=Milton J. \|editor2\-last\=Hovland \|editor2\-first\=Carl I. \|editor3\-last\=McGuire \|editor3\-first\=William J. \|editor4\-last\=Abelson \|editor4\-first\=Robert P. \|editor5\-last\=Brehm \|editor5\-first\=Jack W. \|title\=Attitudes organization and change: an analysis of consistency among attitude components \|date\=1960 \|publisher\=Yale University Press \|oclc\=442255684 }} and Cohen have emphasized its importance in providing a general conceptualization of the boomerang effect. Earlier studies by Thibaut and Strickland and Kelley and Volkhart have also provided support to this line of reasoning by Dissonance Theory despite that they were not phrased using the exact terminology.
According to Cohen, dissonance theory can provide not only an explanation, but also a prediction of both the intended and the unintended influence of persuasion communication on attitudinal change. According to Saul McLeod, Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of mental discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition), they are in a state of cognitive dissonance.{{cite web \|last1\=Mcleod \|first1\=Saul \|title\=What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples \|url\=https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive\-dissonance.html \|work\=Simply Psychology \|date\=3 November 2022 }} Showing how the dissonance theory directly correlates to the boomerang effect has made impact on our knowledge of why humans act and can be influenced the way that they are.
In his experiment, he presented factors that can lead to a boomerang effect, while suggesting a broader view of the unintended consequences than simply the case of a response to attempted attitude change. Cohen proposed the following dissonance formulation model for the unintended attitude change by persuasive communication. First, suppose that dissonance aroused in regard to some unspecified cognition. According to Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory, we know the dissonance could be reduced by a change in the cognition. Now suppose the resistance to change is great because the actual event cannot be changed and its meaning is ambiguous (for example, the person is strongly committed to the original cognition position), then the person will resort to other forms to reduce or eliminate the dissonance. In this latter form, one can solve the discrepancy problem through the addition of elements consonant either with the original cognition, in which produced the boomerang effect. Cohen formulated a situation of "mutual boomerang effect", in which the communicator is strongly committed to convince the other person of his attitudinal position by means of a persuasion communication.
Because of this strong original attitude position the communicator holds, Cohen predicts that the more distant the target person's original attitude, the more dissonance will be also experienced by the communicator. The expected "unintended influence" arises when the communicator tried to persuade the other of the worth of his own position by becoming even more extreme in that position. He asked his subjects write a strongly persuasive essay to the partners with an opposite side of attitude on an issue, who are actually confederates. The subjects here thus act as the communicator to bring their partners over to their own sides. The subjects were also asked to rate the partners' likability and friendliness before they read "their partner's essay" returned. Cohen used attitude change of the partners as the manipulation of dissonance where he randomly allocated his subjects into high\-dissonance group and low\-dissonance group. The results exposed strong boomerang effects for high\-dissonance group. He also found out that the response to the likability and friendliness of the partners are relevant. The data showed that the difference between dissonance conditions was largely confined to and exaggerated for those subjects who originally rated their partners to be relatively more likable and friendly.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2023}}
Cohen's study on boomerang effect has broadened the scope of persuasive communication from merely the recipient's reaction to the persuasive message to the communicator's attempt to influence the target. Dissonance theory suggests that the basic issue is under what conditions a person strengthens his original attitude as a way of reducing some attitudinal inconsistency. Cohen suggested that, one can reduce the dissonance via boomerang when dissonance is created (a) with a strong commitment to convincing the other person, (b) with no anticipation of a further influence attempt, and (c) with no easy chance to repudiate the other person. His results on the likability have strengthened the interpretation as the low\-dissonance group who found their partners likable and friendly move toward them in the attitudes more, while likability only increased dissonance for the highs.
In other words, the dissonance can be reduced by becoming more extreme in the original position, thereby increasing the proportion of cognition supporting the initial stand and decreasing the proportion of dissonant cognition.
### Other analysis
Boomerang effect is sometimes also referred to the attribution/attitude boomerang effect. Researchers applied Heider's attribution theory{{cite book \|doi\=10\.4324/9780203781159 \|title\=The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations \|year\=2013 \|last1\=Heider \|first1\=F. \|isbn\=978\-1\-134\-92218\-5 }}{{page needed\|date\=April 2023}} to explain why it would occur. For example, Skowronski, Carlston, Mae, and Crawford demonstrated association\-based effects in their study on spontaneous trait transference. Despite that the descriptions of other people are independent of the communicator, simple associative processes link the two together and produce boomerang phenomena.
|
[
"Conditions and explanations\n---------------------------",
"### Early recognition",
"Hovland, Janis and Kelly{{cite book \\|last1\\=Hovland \\|first1\\=Carl Iver \\|last2\\=Janis \\|first2\\=Irving Lester \\|last3\\=Kelley \\|first3\\=Harold H. \\|title\\=Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change \\|date\\=1953 \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-313\\-23348\\-7 }}{{page needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} first recorded and named the boomerang effect in 1953, noting that it is more likely under certain conditions:\n* When weak arguments are paired with a negative{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2020}} source.\n* When weak or unclear persuasion leads the recipient to believe that the communicator is propounding a different position to that which the communicator really intends.\n* When the persuasion triggers aggression or unalleviated emotional arousal.\n* When the communication adds to the recipient's knowledge of the norms and increases their [conformity](/wiki/Conformity \"Conformity\").\n* When non\\-conformity to their own group results in feelings of guilt or social punishment.\n* When the communicator's position is too far from the recipient's position and thus produces a \"contrast\" effect and thus enhances their original attitudes.",
"Later in 1957, Hovland, Sherif and Harvey further discussed the necessity of understanding these unintended attitude changes in persuasion communication and suggested possible approaches for analysis via underlying motivational processes, psychophysical stimuli, as well as ego\\-involving verbal material. Jack Brehm and Arthur Cohen were among the first to provide theoretical explanations.",
"Jack Brehm first raised attention to the phenomenon *a fait accompli* that might conceivably create dissonance if an event has led to the opposite behavior predicted at a prior point. He conducted an experiment to examine the behaviors of eighth graders eating a disliked vegetable. About half of them were told that their parents would be informed on the vegetable they ate. Then liking the vegetable was measured before and after the procedure. The results show that for kids who indicated little or no discrepancy between serving and actually eating the disliked vegetable at home, they should experience little or no dissonance in liking the vegetable from the low to the high consequence condition. They thereby concluded that the greater was the individual's initial dislike, the greater was the pressure produced by the experiment to increase his liking. In Jack Brehm's experiment it shows how even at a young age we are greatly impacted by the boomerang effect and it can have positive or negative outcomes that come with it. There was also larger resistance to change the attitude when the initial attitude was more extreme. However, they argued that in this experiment, the pressure to reduce dissonance increased more rapidly with increasing discrepancy than did the resistance against change, which verified Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Festinger \\|first1\\=Leon \\|title\\=A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance \\|date\\=1962 \\|publisher\\=Stanford University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8047\\-0911\\-8 }}{{page needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}\nIn a follow\\-up, Sensenig and Brehm focused on the boomerang effect in experiments and applied Brehm's psychological reactance theory{{cite book \\|last1\\=Brehm \\|first1\\=Jack Williams \\|title\\=A Theory of Psychological Reactance \\|date\\=1966 \\|publisher\\=Academic Press \\|oclc\\=1070025516 }}{{page needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} to explain the unintended attitudinal change.",
"### Psychological reactance theory analysis",
"Sensenig \\& Brehm applied Brehm's reactance theory to explain the boomerang effect. They argued that when a person thinks that his freedom to support a position on attitude issue is eliminated, the psychological reactance will be aroused and then he consequently moves his attitudinal position in a way so as to restore the lost freedom. He told college students to write an essay supporting one side of five issues and led some of them believe that their persuasive essays might influence the decision on those issues. Therefore, the people who had the impression that their preference was taken into account in the decision regarding which side they would support on the 1st issue showed attitude change in favor of the preferred position, while others who are concerned with their freedom lost move toward the intended position held by the communicator.",
"This experiment resulted in various links in the chain of reasoning: (a) when a person's freedom is threatened, his motivational state will move toward restoration of the threatened freedom; (b) the greater the implied threatened freedoms, the greater the tendency to restore the threatened freedom will be; (c) the reestablishment of freedom may take the form of moving one's attitudinal position away from the position forced by others.",
"Jack Brehm and [Sharon Brehm](/wiki/Sharon_Brehm \"Sharon Brehm\") later developed psychological reactance theory and discussed its applications. They also listed a series of reactions reactance can evoke in addition to the boomerang effect, which includes but is not limited to related boomerang effect, indirect restoration or vicarious boomerang effects.",
"### Cognitive dissonance theory analysis",
"The dissonance theory by Leon Festinger has thrived the progress of social psychology research in the 1960s as it is not confined to the prediction of intended influence but can support almost all sub fields of psychology studies. Although Festinger himself was ambiguous about the role of commitment in the theory, later researchers such as Brehm{{cite book \\|last1\\=Brehm \\|first1\\=J. W. \\|chapter\\=A dissonance analysis of attitude\\-discrepant behavior \\|pages\\=164–197 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Rosenberg \\|editor1\\-first\\=Milton J. \\|editor2\\-last\\=Hovland \\|editor2\\-first\\=Carl I. \\|editor3\\-last\\=McGuire \\|editor3\\-first\\=William J. \\|editor4\\-last\\=Abelson \\|editor4\\-first\\=Robert P. \\|editor5\\-last\\=Brehm \\|editor5\\-first\\=Jack W. \\|title\\=Attitudes organization and change: an analysis of consistency among attitude components \\|date\\=1960 \\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\|oclc\\=442255684 }} and Cohen have emphasized its importance in providing a general conceptualization of the boomerang effect. Earlier studies by Thibaut and Strickland and Kelley and Volkhart have also provided support to this line of reasoning by Dissonance Theory despite that they were not phrased using the exact terminology.",
"According to Cohen, dissonance theory can provide not only an explanation, but also a prediction of both the intended and the unintended influence of persuasion communication on attitudinal change. According to Saul McLeod, Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of mental discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition), they are in a state of cognitive dissonance.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mcleod \\|first1\\=Saul \\|title\\=What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples \\|url\\=https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive\\-dissonance.html \\|work\\=Simply Psychology \\|date\\=3 November 2022 }} Showing how the dissonance theory directly correlates to the boomerang effect has made impact on our knowledge of why humans act and can be influenced the way that they are.",
"In his experiment, he presented factors that can lead to a boomerang effect, while suggesting a broader view of the unintended consequences than simply the case of a response to attempted attitude change. Cohen proposed the following dissonance formulation model for the unintended attitude change by persuasive communication. First, suppose that dissonance aroused in regard to some unspecified cognition. According to Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory, we know the dissonance could be reduced by a change in the cognition. Now suppose the resistance to change is great because the actual event cannot be changed and its meaning is ambiguous (for example, the person is strongly committed to the original cognition position), then the person will resort to other forms to reduce or eliminate the dissonance. In this latter form, one can solve the discrepancy problem through the addition of elements consonant either with the original cognition, in which produced the boomerang effect. Cohen formulated a situation of \"mutual boomerang effect\", in which the communicator is strongly committed to convince the other person of his attitudinal position by means of a persuasion communication.",
"Because of this strong original attitude position the communicator holds, Cohen predicts that the more distant the target person's original attitude, the more dissonance will be also experienced by the communicator. The expected \"unintended influence\" arises when the communicator tried to persuade the other of the worth of his own position by becoming even more extreme in that position. He asked his subjects write a strongly persuasive essay to the partners with an opposite side of attitude on an issue, who are actually confederates. The subjects here thus act as the communicator to bring their partners over to their own sides. The subjects were also asked to rate the partners' likability and friendliness before they read \"their partner's essay\" returned. Cohen used attitude change of the partners as the manipulation of dissonance where he randomly allocated his subjects into high\\-dissonance group and low\\-dissonance group. The results exposed strong boomerang effects for high\\-dissonance group. He also found out that the response to the likability and friendliness of the partners are relevant. The data showed that the difference between dissonance conditions was largely confined to and exaggerated for those subjects who originally rated their partners to be relatively more likable and friendly.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"Cohen's study on boomerang effect has broadened the scope of persuasive communication from merely the recipient's reaction to the persuasive message to the communicator's attempt to influence the target. Dissonance theory suggests that the basic issue is under what conditions a person strengthens his original attitude as a way of reducing some attitudinal inconsistency. Cohen suggested that, one can reduce the dissonance via boomerang when dissonance is created (a) with a strong commitment to convincing the other person, (b) with no anticipation of a further influence attempt, and (c) with no easy chance to repudiate the other person. His results on the likability have strengthened the interpretation as the low\\-dissonance group who found their partners likable and friendly move toward them in the attitudes more, while likability only increased dissonance for the highs.",
"In other words, the dissonance can be reduced by becoming more extreme in the original position, thereby increasing the proportion of cognition supporting the initial stand and decreasing the proportion of dissonant cognition.",
"### Other analysis",
"Boomerang effect is sometimes also referred to the attribution/attitude boomerang effect. Researchers applied Heider's attribution theory{{cite book \\|doi\\=10\\.4324/9780203781159 \\|title\\=The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations \\|year\\=2013 \\|last1\\=Heider \\|first1\\=F. \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-134\\-92218\\-5 }}{{page needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} to explain why it would occur. For example, Skowronski, Carlston, Mae, and Crawford demonstrated association\\-based effects in their study on spontaneous trait transference. Despite that the descriptions of other people are independent of the communicator, simple associative processes link the two together and produce boomerang phenomena.",
""
] |
### Cognitive dissonance theory analysis
The dissonance theory by Leon Festinger has thrived the progress of social psychology research in the 1960s as it is not confined to the prediction of intended influence but can support almost all sub fields of psychology studies. Although Festinger himself was ambiguous about the role of commitment in the theory, later researchers such as Brehm{{cite book \|last1\=Brehm \|first1\=J. W. \|chapter\=A dissonance analysis of attitude\-discrepant behavior \|pages\=164–197 \|editor1\-last\=Rosenberg \|editor1\-first\=Milton J. \|editor2\-last\=Hovland \|editor2\-first\=Carl I. \|editor3\-last\=McGuire \|editor3\-first\=William J. \|editor4\-last\=Abelson \|editor4\-first\=Robert P. \|editor5\-last\=Brehm \|editor5\-first\=Jack W. \|title\=Attitudes organization and change: an analysis of consistency among attitude components \|date\=1960 \|publisher\=Yale University Press \|oclc\=442255684 }} and Cohen have emphasized its importance in providing a general conceptualization of the boomerang effect. Earlier studies by Thibaut and Strickland and Kelley and Volkhart have also provided support to this line of reasoning by Dissonance Theory despite that they were not phrased using the exact terminology.
According to Cohen, dissonance theory can provide not only an explanation, but also a prediction of both the intended and the unintended influence of persuasion communication on attitudinal change. According to Saul McLeod, Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of mental discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition), they are in a state of cognitive dissonance.{{cite web \|last1\=Mcleod \|first1\=Saul \|title\=What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples \|url\=https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive\-dissonance.html \|work\=Simply Psychology \|date\=3 November 2022 }} Showing how the dissonance theory directly correlates to the boomerang effect has made impact on our knowledge of why humans act and can be influenced the way that they are.
In his experiment, he presented factors that can lead to a boomerang effect, while suggesting a broader view of the unintended consequences than simply the case of a response to attempted attitude change. Cohen proposed the following dissonance formulation model for the unintended attitude change by persuasive communication. First, suppose that dissonance aroused in regard to some unspecified cognition. According to Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory, we know the dissonance could be reduced by a change in the cognition. Now suppose the resistance to change is great because the actual event cannot be changed and its meaning is ambiguous (for example, the person is strongly committed to the original cognition position), then the person will resort to other forms to reduce or eliminate the dissonance. In this latter form, one can solve the discrepancy problem through the addition of elements consonant either with the original cognition, in which produced the boomerang effect. Cohen formulated a situation of "mutual boomerang effect", in which the communicator is strongly committed to convince the other person of his attitudinal position by means of a persuasion communication.
Because of this strong original attitude position the communicator holds, Cohen predicts that the more distant the target person's original attitude, the more dissonance will be also experienced by the communicator. The expected "unintended influence" arises when the communicator tried to persuade the other of the worth of his own position by becoming even more extreme in that position. He asked his subjects write a strongly persuasive essay to the partners with an opposite side of attitude on an issue, who are actually confederates. The subjects here thus act as the communicator to bring their partners over to their own sides. The subjects were also asked to rate the partners' likability and friendliness before they read "their partner's essay" returned. Cohen used attitude change of the partners as the manipulation of dissonance where he randomly allocated his subjects into high\-dissonance group and low\-dissonance group. The results exposed strong boomerang effects for high\-dissonance group. He also found out that the response to the likability and friendliness of the partners are relevant. The data showed that the difference between dissonance conditions was largely confined to and exaggerated for those subjects who originally rated their partners to be relatively more likable and friendly.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2023}}
Cohen's study on boomerang effect has broadened the scope of persuasive communication from merely the recipient's reaction to the persuasive message to the communicator's attempt to influence the target. Dissonance theory suggests that the basic issue is under what conditions a person strengthens his original attitude as a way of reducing some attitudinal inconsistency. Cohen suggested that, one can reduce the dissonance via boomerang when dissonance is created (a) with a strong commitment to convincing the other person, (b) with no anticipation of a further influence attempt, and (c) with no easy chance to repudiate the other person. His results on the likability have strengthened the interpretation as the low\-dissonance group who found their partners likable and friendly move toward them in the attitudes more, while likability only increased dissonance for the highs.
In other words, the dissonance can be reduced by becoming more extreme in the original position, thereby increasing the proportion of cognition supporting the initial stand and decreasing the proportion of dissonant cognition.
|
[
"### Cognitive dissonance theory analysis",
"The dissonance theory by Leon Festinger has thrived the progress of social psychology research in the 1960s as it is not confined to the prediction of intended influence but can support almost all sub fields of psychology studies. Although Festinger himself was ambiguous about the role of commitment in the theory, later researchers such as Brehm{{cite book \\|last1\\=Brehm \\|first1\\=J. W. \\|chapter\\=A dissonance analysis of attitude\\-discrepant behavior \\|pages\\=164–197 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Rosenberg \\|editor1\\-first\\=Milton J. \\|editor2\\-last\\=Hovland \\|editor2\\-first\\=Carl I. \\|editor3\\-last\\=McGuire \\|editor3\\-first\\=William J. \\|editor4\\-last\\=Abelson \\|editor4\\-first\\=Robert P. \\|editor5\\-last\\=Brehm \\|editor5\\-first\\=Jack W. \\|title\\=Attitudes organization and change: an analysis of consistency among attitude components \\|date\\=1960 \\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\|oclc\\=442255684 }} and Cohen have emphasized its importance in providing a general conceptualization of the boomerang effect. Earlier studies by Thibaut and Strickland and Kelley and Volkhart have also provided support to this line of reasoning by Dissonance Theory despite that they were not phrased using the exact terminology.",
"According to Cohen, dissonance theory can provide not only an explanation, but also a prediction of both the intended and the unintended influence of persuasion communication on attitudinal change. According to Saul McLeod, Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of mental discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition), they are in a state of cognitive dissonance.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mcleod \\|first1\\=Saul \\|title\\=What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples \\|url\\=https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive\\-dissonance.html \\|work\\=Simply Psychology \\|date\\=3 November 2022 }} Showing how the dissonance theory directly correlates to the boomerang effect has made impact on our knowledge of why humans act and can be influenced the way that they are.",
"In his experiment, he presented factors that can lead to a boomerang effect, while suggesting a broader view of the unintended consequences than simply the case of a response to attempted attitude change. Cohen proposed the following dissonance formulation model for the unintended attitude change by persuasive communication. First, suppose that dissonance aroused in regard to some unspecified cognition. According to Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory, we know the dissonance could be reduced by a change in the cognition. Now suppose the resistance to change is great because the actual event cannot be changed and its meaning is ambiguous (for example, the person is strongly committed to the original cognition position), then the person will resort to other forms to reduce or eliminate the dissonance. In this latter form, one can solve the discrepancy problem through the addition of elements consonant either with the original cognition, in which produced the boomerang effect. Cohen formulated a situation of \"mutual boomerang effect\", in which the communicator is strongly committed to convince the other person of his attitudinal position by means of a persuasion communication.",
"Because of this strong original attitude position the communicator holds, Cohen predicts that the more distant the target person's original attitude, the more dissonance will be also experienced by the communicator. The expected \"unintended influence\" arises when the communicator tried to persuade the other of the worth of his own position by becoming even more extreme in that position. He asked his subjects write a strongly persuasive essay to the partners with an opposite side of attitude on an issue, who are actually confederates. The subjects here thus act as the communicator to bring their partners over to their own sides. The subjects were also asked to rate the partners' likability and friendliness before they read \"their partner's essay\" returned. Cohen used attitude change of the partners as the manipulation of dissonance where he randomly allocated his subjects into high\\-dissonance group and low\\-dissonance group. The results exposed strong boomerang effects for high\\-dissonance group. He also found out that the response to the likability and friendliness of the partners are relevant. The data showed that the difference between dissonance conditions was largely confined to and exaggerated for those subjects who originally rated their partners to be relatively more likable and friendly.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"Cohen's study on boomerang effect has broadened the scope of persuasive communication from merely the recipient's reaction to the persuasive message to the communicator's attempt to influence the target. Dissonance theory suggests that the basic issue is under what conditions a person strengthens his original attitude as a way of reducing some attitudinal inconsistency. Cohen suggested that, one can reduce the dissonance via boomerang when dissonance is created (a) with a strong commitment to convincing the other person, (b) with no anticipation of a further influence attempt, and (c) with no easy chance to repudiate the other person. His results on the likability have strengthened the interpretation as the low\\-dissonance group who found their partners likable and friendly move toward them in the attitudes more, while likability only increased dissonance for the highs.",
"In other words, the dissonance can be reduced by becoming more extreme in the original position, thereby increasing the proportion of cognition supporting the initial stand and decreasing the proportion of dissonant cognition.",
""
] |
Examples of applications
------------------------
### Consumer behavior
Wendlandt and Schrader studied the resistance of consumers against loyalty programs encountered in [relationship marketing](/wiki/Relationship_marketing "Relationship marketing"). They found that (a) contractual bonds provoke reactance effects, (b) social\-psychological bonds increased neither reactance nor perceived utility of the program, (c) economic bonds raised perceived utility to a certain threshold level, from which the reactance effect dominated afterwards. Their results helped managers to evaluate the effects from implementing consumer retention measures and advised a cautious and limited application of loyalty programs. In 2017, a study was done to test the significance of the boomerang effect, Based on this 2×2 matrix we designed a pilot and three experimental studies that examine the different possible combinations. In the pilot study we tested several different biases and contexts to make sure that they are indeed perceived as socially sensitive by participants. In study 1 we replicated the results of Nasie et al. (2014\), and demonstrated how teaching people about a neutral bias that might be relevant to their behavior in a neutral context changed their behavior and reduced the bias (combination \#1\). In Study 2 we taught decision\-makers about an inherently sensitive bias that may imply they were holding chauvinistic views in a sensitive social context, of female representation in politics (combination \#4\). Finally, to test if a sensitive social context is enough to evoke the boomerang effect even toward a neutral bias, in Study 3 we taught decision makers about a neutral bias in a sensitive social context of a gender in the workplace (combination \#3\). In Studies 2 \& 3, we hypothesized that the boomerang effect predicted by self\-affirmation literature (Schumann \& Dweck, 2014; Sherman \& Cohen, 2006; Steele, 1988\) would be a result of participants being motivated to justify their actions and stay set in their ways in order to avoid being labeled as chauvinistic or misogynistic. Since inherently sensitive biases are always linked to sensitive social contexts combination \#2 was covered by Study 2 as well, and did not call for another Study.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Levy\|first1\=Aharon\|last2\=Maaravi\|first2\=Yossi\|date\=2018\-01\-02\|title\=The boomerang effect of psychological interventions\|journal\=Social Influence \|volume\=13\|issue\=1\|pages\=39–51\|doi\=10\.1080/15534510\.2017\.1421571\|s2cid\=96438727 \|doi\-access\=free\|url\=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/78469493/The\_boomerang\_effect\_of\_psychological\_interventions\_1\_.pdf}} In the study they found that using the boomerang effect had a significantly positive outcome. This is an example on how some individuals were aware of the boomerang effect and some were not but both showed a positive result.
### Deliberate exploitation
The tactic of [reverse psychology](/wiki/Reverse_psychology "Reverse psychology"), which is a deliberate exploitation of an anticipated boomerang effect, involves one's attempt of feigning a desire for an outcome opposite to that of the truly desired one, such that the prospect's resistance will work in the direction that the exploiter actually desires (*e.g.,* "[Please don't fling me in that briar patch](/wiki/Brer_Rabbit_and_the_Tar_Baby%23Story "Brer Rabbit and the Tar Baby#Story")").
### Persuasive health communication
Researchers have reported that some public health interventions have produced effects opposite to those intended in health communication such as smoking and alcohol consumption behaviors, and thus have employed various methods to study them under different contexts. Ringold argued that some consumer's negative reactions on alcoholic beverage warnings and education efforts can be explained concisely by Brehm's psychological reactance theory. These results suggested that boomerang effects should be considered as potential costs of launching mass communication campaigns. Dillard and Shen also emphasized the importance of reactance theory to understand failures in persuasive health communication but argued that there be a measurement problem. They thereby developed four alternative conceptual perspectives on the nature of reactance as well as provided an empirical test of each. Hyland and Birrell{{cite journal \|last1\=Hyland \|first1\=Michael \|last2\=Birrell \|first2\=James \|title\=Government Health Warnings and the 'Boomerang' Effect \|journal\=Psychological Reports \|date\=April 1979 \|volume\=44 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=643–647 \|doi\=10\.2466/pr0\.1979\.44\.2\.643 \|pmid\=461656 \|s2cid\=38334649 }} found that a government health warning on cigarette advertisements published in 1979 led to a "boomerang effect" leading to an increase desire to smoke after viewing the campaign. The results of their study indicated that the presence of a more aggressive health warning in an advertisement increased the desire to smoke and it decreased the perceived goodness of the advertisement. This means the people viewing the sign decided it was not a helpful campaign to decrease smoking. Another negative impact of this effect happens in drug and supplement marketing. Bolton et al.{{cite journal \|last1\=Bolton \|first1\=Lisa E. \|last2\=Reed \|first2\=Americus \|last3\=Volpp \|first3\=Kevin G. \|last4\=Armstrong \|first4\=Katrina \|title\=How Does Drug and Supplement Marketing Affect a Healthy Lifestyle? \|journal\=Journal of Consumer Research \|date\=February 2008 \|volume\=34 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=713–726 \|doi\=10\.1086/521906 }} researched how the marketing of health drugs and supplements lead to less healthy life style due to the drugs' marketing reducing risk perceptions and perceived importance of, and motivation to engage in, complementary health\-protective behaviors. Consumers believe it is not important to have a healthy lifestyle if they use the drugs and supplements.
In a 2010 study, researchers explored ways to reduce and/or eliminate the boomerang effect. 289 undergraduate students from the University of Georgia participated, and each of them was assigned to a random section of laptop computers, which would play public service announcement videos on different message topics (on drunk\-driving and anti\-smoking) and with varying levels of empathy present.{{cite journal \|last1\=Shen \|first1\=Lijiang \|title\=Mitigating Psychological Reactance: The Role of Message\-Induced Empathy in Persuasion \|journal\=Human Communication Research \|date\=7 June 2010 \|volume\=36 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=397–422 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1468\-2958\.2010\.01381\.x }} After watching each of the five public service announcements they were assigned, participants recorded their immediate perceptions, and rated each clip on how much it invoked an emotional response within them. Students recorded their attitude towards the advocacy of each clip, completed a trait empathy scale and stated some demographic information. Results in this study suggested that empathy\-induced messages in storytelling seemed to reduce psychological reactance in users, therefore reducing the boomerang effect.
The Boomerang Effect has also shown up in different public health campaigns. In the 1980s, more campaigns for seatbelt laws were happening around America. In addition, more laws were also being created. However, this caused mixed reactions with some American citizens. While seatbelts were included in cars starting in 1968, there wasn’t legislation endorsing them.{{cite news \|last1\=Roos \|first1\=Dave \|title\=When Americans Resisted Seat Belt Laws \|url\=https://www.history.com/news/seat\-belt\-laws\-resistance \|work\=History.com \|date\=31 August 2020 }} Around the late 1970s and into the 1980s, only 14 percent of Americans consistently wore their seatbelts.{{cite book \|title\=How States Achieve High Seat Belt Use Rates \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration \|url\=https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/810962 }}{{page needed\|date\=April 2023}} Some citizens believed the inclusion of these seatbelt laws was resistance towards their rights in a free society. For example, when state representative [David Hollister](/wiki/David_Hollister "David Hollister") introduced that there would now be a monetary fine if a driver is found not wearing a seatbelt, he received hate mail comparing him to Hitler.
### Environmental behaviors
Mann and Hill investigated the case of litter control and showed that the combination of different positive influence strategies could actually create boomerang effect and decrease the amount of appropriate disposal of waste.
Schultz et al. (2007\) conducted a field experiment in which the normative messages were used to promote household energy conservation where they found the descriptive message of neighborhood usage created a boomerang effect depending on the high prior household consumption. They also eliminated the boomerang effect by *adding an injunctive message* about social approval. Their results offered an empirical evidence for prior research on the theoretical framework for boomerang effects. Swatuk et al.{{cite journal \|last1\=Swatuk \|first1\=Larry A. \|last2\=Thomas \|first2\=Bejoy K. \|last3\=Wirkus \|first3\=Lars \|last4\=Krampe \|first4\=Florian \|last5\=Batista da Silva \|first5\=Luis Paulo \|title\=The 'boomerang effect': insights for improved climate action \|journal\=Climate and Development \|date\=2 January 2021 \|volume\=13 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=61–67 \|doi\=10\.1080/17565529\.2020\.1723470 \|bibcode\=2021CliDe..13\...61S \|s2cid\=212895133 }} found a boomerang effect regarding a call of climate control action from locals after [The Paris Agreement](/wiki/Paris_Agreement "Paris Agreement"). The call was considered 'maladaptation' due to it calling for displacement of communities from traditional lands. They suggest careful articulation of policy and program decisions to improve policy making.
### Helping
Schwartz and Howard discussed the occurrence of boomerang effects in helping as they found out the presence of certain factors presumed to activate norms favoring helping actually result in decreasing helping.{{cite book \|last1\=Schwartz \|first1\=S.H. \|last2\=Howard \|first2\=J.A. \|chapter\=A Normative decision\-Making Model of Altruism \|pages\=189–211 \|editor1\-last\=Rushton \|editor1\-first\=J. Philippe \|editor2\-last\=Sorrentino \|editor2\-first\=Richard M. \|title\=Altruism and Helping Behavior: Social, Personality, and Developmental Perspectives \|date\=1981 \|publisher\=L. Erlbaum Associates \|isbn\=978\-0\-89859\-155\-2 }} They identified three related forms of such boomerang effect in helping behavior. First, when individuals perceived the framing of a help appeal to have excessive statements of need, they become suspicious and concern the motive and the true severity of the original request (i.e., mistrust). Reactance theory was used to provide the second explanation. They stated that individuals would respond to threatened freedoms by either acting counter to the attempted social influence, or declaring themselves helpless. The third type involves undermining internalized benefits by external sanctions.
### National and human security
Liotta attempted to understand policy decisions and future choices driven by a blurring of concerns that involve state\-centric security and human security. She suggested that a boomerang effect occurs in the area in which excessive focus on one aspect of security at the expense or detriment of the other is a poor balancing of ends and means in a changing security environment and instead we should focus on both national and human security.
### Political beliefs
Nyhan \& Reifler conducted experiments in which subjects read mock news articles including a misleading claim from a politician, or such a claim followed by a correction. They found that the corrections frequently fail to reduce misconceptions for the ideological group targeted by the misinformation. They also found cases of what they called a "[backfire effect](/wiki/Backfire_effect "Backfire effect")" (i.e. a boomerang effect) in which the corrections strengthened belief in the misinformation. They attribute this to [motivated reasoning](/wiki/Motivated_reasoning "Motivated reasoning") on the part of the affected participants. Later research did not find evidence of this effect though, suggesting it was at least not prevalent.{{cite news \|last1\=Mantzarlis \|first1\=Alexios \|title\=Fact\-checking doesn't 'backfire,' new study suggests \|url\=https://www.poynter.org/fact\-checking/2016/fact\-checking\-doesnt\-backfire\-new\-study\-suggests/ \|work\=Poynter \|date\=2 November 2016 }}
### Current Research
Alex Kresovich conducted a 2022 study that examined the influence of pop culture artists. The study{{cite thesis \|last1\=Kresovich \|first1\=Alex \|date\=2022 \|title\=The Influence of Celebrity Pop Music Artists Who Disclose Mental Health Difficulties on the Depression Support\-Seeking Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions of At\-Risk U.S. Youth \|publisher\=The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries \|id\={{ProQuest\|2714895805}} \|doi\=10\.17615/wxkg\-te05 }}{{page needed\|date\=April 2023}} conducted multiple surveys using US youth (ages 16–24\). Kresovich examined how pop music artists who discuss mental health problems affect their younger audiences. The information was retrieved from the years 2017\-2021\. Kresovich used the survey method to experiment if contemporary pop music artists would be the most efficient spokespeople about this issue. The study had two different rounds of experiments. Firstly, Kresovich tried using footage from pop artist's mental health campaigns. In this footage, Kresovich categorized two different types of language being used to address the audience (direct language versus mistargeted language). The second round of experiments focused more on if positively relaying the mental health information would be more effective in relating to the younger audience.
For the first set of experiments, Kresovich used footage of direct language versus mistargeted language (referring to the audience as "you" versus more personally as a friend). The findings suggest that using celebrities in public service messages to discuss mental health issues like depression and advocating for support would cause the boomerang effect in its reached audience. Using this strategy with celebrities as the spokesperson increased the stigmatized beliefs in the US youth.
For the second round of experiments, Kresovich showed the celebrities that used more positive associations with depression in order to view it more positively. However, this action led to increased stigma and depression romanticizing from the young audience, both of which are consequential responses to the public health campaign.
### Current Examples
The boomerang effect takes place all around us in our lives. When you tell a toddler to not touch the flowers on the table or to pet the cat nicely, they turn around and knock the flowers over and yank on the cat’s tail. A study was done by Xiomeng Fan, Fengyan Cindy Cai, and Galen V. Bodenhausen on zero pricing incentives{{cite journal \|last1\=Fan \|first1\=Xiaomeng \|last2\=Cai \|first2\=Fengyan Cindy \|last3\=Bodenhausen \|first3\=Galen V. \|title\=The boomerang effect of zero pricing: when and why a zero price is less effective than a low price for enhancing consumer demand \|journal\=Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science \|date\=May 2022 \|volume\=50 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=521–537 \|doi\=10\.1007/s11747\-022\-00842\-1 \|pmid\=35194264 \|pmc\=8852885 }} in consumer demand. In this study, the comparison of a zero price versus a low price on consumers. The hypothesis was that zero pricing effects depend on the incidental costs that are associated with it. Once the study was finished, the conclusion was that zero pricing ended up raising consumer demand, when the incidental effects were lower. The boomerang effect plays into this because zero pricing incentives can go either way; it depends on which way they are advertised. If they advertised with lower incidental costs, zero pricing is less effective because consumers are not risking anything on lower cost, more common items. When incidental costs are higher, zero pricing incentives are also higher because consumers are not risking anything on nicer, higher\-priced items.
COVID\-19 is an extremely relevant and current example of the boomerang effect. Mask wearing and social distancing were very prevalent situations that were encouraged and enforced in the height of the pandemic. However, many groups of people refused to follow the suggestions and later the mandates. There were billboard ads, commercials, signs, and many more different kinds of visual and audio messages for the public to wear a mask if they needed to go out and to maintain a distance of six feet between others at all times in order to minimize the spread of the virus. This did not work for everyone because there was always a group of people who refused to wear a mask when they went grocery shopping. It resulted in other angry customers or the refusal of service from the business. The boomerang effect was demonstrated every day during the COVID\-19 pandemic because of the opposite reaction that was given by the advertisements.{{cite journal \|last1\=Li \|first1\=Tom \|last2\=Liu \|first2\=Yan \|last3\=Li \|first3\=Man \|last4\=Qian \|first4\=Xiaoning \|last5\=Dai \|first5\=Susie Y. \|title\=Mask or no mask for COVID\-19: A public health and market study \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|date\=14 August 2020 \|volume\=15 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=e0237691 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0237691 \|pmid\=32797067 \|pmc\=7428176 \|bibcode\=2020PLoSO..1537691L \|doi\-access\=free }} The CDC would put out a video to raise awareness for raising a mask, and those who disagreed would do the opposite and refuse to put a mask on, both indoors and outdoors.
Although a bit more dated than the previous two examples, a third example of the boomerang effect is the [Murray\-Darling Basin](/wiki/Murray-Darling_Basin "Murray-Darling Basin"). This basin idea was thought of due to a long\-term drought in Australia from 1997\-2009\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Gale \|first1\=Melanie \|last2\=Edwards \|first2\=Merinda \|last3\=Wilson \|first3\=Lou \|last4\=Greig \|first4\=Alastair \|title\=The Boomerang Effect: A Case Study of the Murray\-Darling Basin Plan: The Boomerang Effect \|journal\=Australian Journal of Public Administration \|date\=June 2014 \|volume\=73 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=153–163 \|doi\=10\.1111/1467\-8500\.12051 }} There was a group created for the advocacy and creation of the basin, but it did not turn out as planned. The members of this authority group made it their mission to bring awareness to the public of all the good that the basin can help create and to help with water allocations across the country. The basin was meant to help in future drought scenarios to prevent the issues that arose during the most recent drought and water issues. However, those outside of the authority group saw other economic, social, and environmental issues that would arise with the making of the basin. The boomerang effect is demonstrated here because the authority group sent out messages advocating for all of the positives of the basin, but the opposite message was taken and the public saw more of the negative outcomes.
#### Mental Health Impact of COVID\-19
Since the onset of the global pandemic, [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), there has been a noticeable increase in awareness surrounding mental health. An article from Mike Ryan at BCC stated, "But what it does mean is that the vast majority of the world remains at risk. We know the pandemic will continue to evolve. We also know we have the tools that work to suppress transmission and save lives right now. They are at our disposal."{{Cite journal \|last\=Mahase \|first\=Elisabeth \|date\=2022\-05\-19 \|title\=Covid\-19: Second boosters may benefit at\-risk groups but have "minimal" impact for others, says WHO \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1136/bmj.o1259 \|journal\=BMJ \|volume\=377 \|pages\=o1259 \|doi\=10\.1136/bmj.o1259 \|pmid\=35589118 \|issn\=1756\-1833}} People's mental stability and strength have been something psychologists and family members have taken very seriously over the past couple of years. The pandemic has significantly affected individuals in high\-stress professions, such as nursing. A 2020 study revealed that depressed nurses exhibited lower levels of reaction compared to their calmer counterparts, emphasizing the importance of addressing the mental well\-being of healthcare professionals.{{Cite journal \|date\=2017 \|title\=APA Upgrades APA PsycNET Content Delivery Platform \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1037/e500792018\-001 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=PsycEXTRA Dataset\|doi\=10\.1037/e500792018\-001 }} Another study done in 2021 examines anxiety disorders due to the COVID\-19 pandemic. The need for up\-to\-date information on the mental health impacts of COVID\-19 is imperative. This study had important insight on mental health and COVID\-19 by stating, "In this study, we aimed to quantify the impact of the COVID\-19 pandemic on the prevalence and burden of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders globally in 2020\."{{Cite journal \|last\=Mani \|first\=Subha \|date\=2022\-05\-10 \|title\=Impact of COVID\-19 on Mental Health \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1257/rct.9419\-1\.0 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=AEA Randomized Controlled Trials\|doi\=10\.1257/rct.9419\-1\.0 }} This underscores the broader conclusion that the mental health of those in demanding occupations, like nursing and medicine, is at a higher risk due to the challenging nature of their work.
#### Sports and Mental Health
Mental health plays into the sports field more now than ever before, with more awareness around concussions and other significant injuries that have gained more attention. The National Library of Medicine researched multiple studies showing the impact of mental health within sports. There were many takeaways from this article, but the section on training was influential. "Physical training is concentrated towards increasing maximum performance and capacity. On the other hand, physical inactivity is a sedentary behavior in which body movement is absent. Physical inactivity leads to increased risk of poor health, which can affect the well\-being of an individual."{{Cite journal \|last1\=Congsheng \|first1\=Lu \|last2\=Kayani \|first2\=Sumaira \|last3\=Khalid \|first3\=Amna \|date\=2022\-09\-02 \|title\=An empirical study of physical activity and sports affecting mental health of university students \|journal\=Frontiers in Psychology \|volume\=13 \|doi\=10\.3389/fpsyg.2022\.917503 \|doi\-access\=free \|pmid\=36118484 \|issn\=1664\-1078\|pmc\=9478583 }} Sports organizations have used the new mental health issues to increase the attention on player well\-being. For example, the WWE, if there is a severe collision, WWE doctors will stop the match, something that did not happen just a few years ago. A notable contact sport athlete, Ronda Rousey, talked about the WWE and their stoppages. Rousey went on to say, "Nikki Bella gave me an open\-hand slap \[in the days leading up to the match], and I was seeing stars, and I had a headache for the rest of the day."{{Cite journal \|date\=March 2024 \|title\=Veranstaltungstipps \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1055/s\-0044\-1785578 \|journal\=Kma \- Klinik Management Aktuell \|volume\=29 \|issue\=2/03 \|pages\=25 \|doi\=10\.1055/s\-0044\-1785578 \|issn\=1439\-3514}} This led to their match being cut short because of the injury.
The most notable example is the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") implementation of an enhanced concussion protocol to address the long\-term effects of brain injuries. [Antonio Brown](/wiki/Antonio_Brown "Antonio Brown") is a prime example of how mental health and sports complement each other. Brown told ESPN in 2019, "If I had CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy), I wouldn't be able to have this beautiful gym or be as creative. I wouldn’t be able to communicate. I’m perfectly fine.” A study done by the Concussion Institution showed that Brown could be suffering from a more severe dose of CTE. "Those comments illustrate a fundamental misunderstanding of CTE. Later\- stage CTE (stages 3 and 4\) is associated with dementia. Still, early\-stage CTE (stages 1 and 2\) is more associated with what is called neurobehavioral dysregulation, which includes violent, impulsive, or explosive behavior, inappropriate behavior, aggression, rage, “short fuse,” and lack of behavioral control."{{Cite journal \|title\=11656, 1828\-03\-03, FRIES (Cte Maurice de) \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1163/2210\-7886\_asc\-11656 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=Art Sales Catalogues Online\|doi\=10\.1163/2210\-7886\_asc\-11656 }} Brown’s life\-changing experience on the field highlights the potential consequences of sustained physical impact, prompting a broader discussion about mental health within the sports community.
#### Role of Sports in Society
When overlooking the impact sports have on people's lives and emotions, we found that sports have a profound impact on society and can help with transcending mere entertainment. Major events like the Super Bowl have become significant income generators. An article published by Virginia Tech stated that "The Super Bowl may not be the most gambled\-on sporting event, but it is a significant time for sports betting. Last year, approximately 50 million gamblers collectively wagered an estimated $16 billion on the game, with roughly one in five Americans participating in some form."{{Cite journal \|date\=2018\-08\-01 \|title\=INFORMS in the News \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1287/orms.2018\.01\.09 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=Volume 45, Number 1, February 2018\|doi\=10\.1287/orms.2018\.01\.09 }} The ability of sports to provide an escape, especially during challenging times like the [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") pandemic, is evident. The concept of a sports "bubble," where rigorous protocols allow for competition in a controlled environment, played a role in positively affecting both fan's and player's mental health. The Bubble had multiple aspects that were not just basketball\-driven. The University of Michigan quoted, "The Bubble provided the NBA with a unique marketing opportunity of highlighting its tight\-knit community to the rest of the world. By allowing the players to have social justice messages written on the back of their jerseys, the Bubble became synonymous with calls for social and political reform. A fostered sense of community within the Bubble, which the NBA utilized to bolster its brand image.{{Cite journal \|date\=2015\-12\-20 \|journal\=Montenegrin Journal of Economics \|volume\=11 \|issue\=2 \|doi\=10\.14254/1800\-5845\.2015/11\-2 \|issn\=1800\-5845 \|doi\-access\=free }} This Bubble is where the athletes and coaches were tested every day and had to follow the multiple protocols involved with COVID\-19 just to be able to play. Everyone won, especially when the fans were allowed to come back and support their teams or favorite organizations.{{Cite web \|url\=https://academic.oup.com/jalm/article/8/6/1017/7288728\# \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=academic.oup.com}}
#### Sports and Social Movements
The [murder of George Floyd](/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") triggered a global movement, particularly in the [Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter") ([BLM](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter")) community, influencing the sports world significantly. Major sports organizations, including the NBA,{{Cite journal \|last1\=Schmidt \|first1\=Samuel H. \|last2\=Frederick \|first2\=Evan L. \|last3\=Kennedy \|first3\=Heather \|last4\=Pegoraro \|first4\=Ann \|date\=March 2023 \|title\=An Examination of MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, and WNBA Team Social Media Statements in Response to George Floyd's Death \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1353/jsm.2023\.a919645 \|journal\=Journal of Sports Media \|volume\=18 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=153–181 \|doi\=10\.1353/jsm.2023\.a919645 \|issn\=1940\-5073}} NHL,{{Cite journal \|last\=Symmes \|first\=Tommy \|date\=2020\-11\-16 \|title\=Sound Systems at the George Floyd Protests in Minneapolis During the Summer of 2020 \|journal\=Dancecult \|volume\=12 \|issue\=1 \|doi\=10\.12801/1947\-5403\.2020\.12\.01\.06 \|issn\=1947\-5403\|doi\-access\=free }} and NFL,{{Citation \|last\=Daly \|first\=Dan \|title\=JOHNNY BLOOD \|work\=One for the Thumb \|pages\=43–46 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.2307/j.ctt155jmwj.10 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|publisher\=University of Pittsburgh Press\|doi\=10\.2307/j.ctt155jmwj.10 }} responded by taking action supporting players and organizations advocating for racial equality. The support led to a platform for athletes, especially those of color, to voice their concerns and contribute to the broader conversation on racial injustice.{{Citation \|last\=Powers \|first\=Madison \|title\=What Structural Injustice Is \|date\=2019\-09\-19 \|work\=Structural Injustice \|pages\=85–115 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1093/oso/9780190053987\.003\.0004 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|doi\=10\.1093/oso/9780190053987\.003\.0004 \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-005398\-7 }} This brings questions to the NFL and how they are responding to the players and organizations actions and how much freedom they have to express how they feel about this topic. Knowing all of this about the NFL, the amount of attention brought to the Black Lives Matter movement was fascinating. This would include all of the slogans, quotes, symbols, and so on that the players wear on the backs of their shirts, helmets, shoes, and other items. These real\-life situations tie back to Jack Brehm and his discovery of the boomerang effect. One of Brehm's original study involved two toys. These toys were different in shape and size but similar in color. Children had the freedom to choose whatever toy they would like to have. Brehm did multiple studies to try and prove his theory of the boomerang effect.{{Cite web \|last\=Bhasin \|first\=Hitesh \|date\=2021\-12\-01 \|title\=Boomerang Effect \- Definition, Theory and Examples \|url\=https://www.marketing91\.com/boomerang\-effect/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-17 \|website\=Marketing91 \|language\=en\-US}} Any amount of freedom can create negativity and influence people to do things they would not normally do. Therefore, Brehm found the boomerang effect.
#### Boomerang Effect in Sports Organizations
The boomerang effect, as described in Jack Brehm's theory, prompted concerns about its presence in sports organizations. [Colin Kaepernick's](/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick "Colin Kaepernick") decision to kneel during the national anthem as a form of protest for the Black Lives Matter movement serves as a pivotal example.{{Cite thesis \|title\=Local vs. National: How Twitter Reflects News Coverage of Colin Kaepernick Protests \|publisher\=Louisiana State University Libraries \|first\=Jared \|last\=Joseph\|date\=2018 \|doi\=10\.31390/gradschool\_theses.4783 \|doi\-access\=free }} The boomerang effect is when someone is trying to persuade someone to do a specific action, but they decide to do the complete opposite of the action they were told to do.{{Cite journal \|last\=Hilse \|first\=Annika \|date\=2024 \|title\=Mit der App zum schadstofffreien Gebäude \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.37544/2191\-0073\-2024\-03\-04\-12 \|journal\=Technische Sicherheit \|volume\=14 \|issue\=3–04 \|pages\=12–13 \|doi\=10\.37544/2191\-0073\-2024\-03\-04\-12 \|issn\=2191\-0073}} At the time of the incident there was a lot of unlawful killing of people of color and black people were not getting the same opportunities. Kaepernick's decision changed how sports organizations and everyday people view the ongoing movement. Kaepernick's goal was to bring awareness and to show the actions that sparked a movement within sports, with more players and associations joining in support over time, and despite the initial backlash, changed the way people look at social movements. There was a lot of backlash from some NFL fans, but as time went on, more and more players started to take a knee for the anthem. Other significant organizations, such as the NBA{{Cite journal \|last1\=Sturt \|first1\=Andy \|last2\=Humayun \|first2\=Muhammad Fahad \|date\=2022\-04\-10 \|title\=Magic 10 and NBA Bubble Sports Journalists' Practices During NBA Season 2019–2020 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1080/17512786\.2022\.2054851 \|journal\=Journalism Practice \|volume\=18 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=529–547 \|doi\=10\.1080/17512786\.2022\.2054851 \|issn\=1751\-2786}} and the NHL,{{Cite journal \|last\=Suri \|first\=idhika \|date\=2024\-04\-06 \|title\=Football Player Classification \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.55041/ijsrem30220 \|journal\=International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management \|volume\=08 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1–5 \|doi\=10\.55041/ijsrem30220 \|issn\=2582\-3930}} recognized the impact Kaepernick's decision had and began to promote the Black Lives Matter movement. Kaepernick took the first step by kneeling, effectively sacrificing himself to start a movement. As stated above, initially hesitated at first to take a knee and protest because of the fear of losing their jobs or getting fined. As time went on, the entire NFL and other associations began to take a stand for their players and the unjust treatment going on in the world. All of this highlights how a seemingly controversial action can have a broader positive impact, challenging the conventional norms within sports organizations.
|
[
"Examples of applications\n------------------------",
"### Consumer behavior",
"Wendlandt and Schrader studied the resistance of consumers against loyalty programs encountered in [relationship marketing](/wiki/Relationship_marketing \"Relationship marketing\"). They found that (a) contractual bonds provoke reactance effects, (b) social\\-psychological bonds increased neither reactance nor perceived utility of the program, (c) economic bonds raised perceived utility to a certain threshold level, from which the reactance effect dominated afterwards. Their results helped managers to evaluate the effects from implementing consumer retention measures and advised a cautious and limited application of loyalty programs. In 2017, a study was done to test the significance of the boomerang effect, Based on this 2×2 matrix we designed a pilot and three experimental studies that examine the different possible combinations. In the pilot study we tested several different biases and contexts to make sure that they are indeed perceived as socially sensitive by participants. In study 1 we replicated the results of Nasie et al. (2014\\), and demonstrated how teaching people about a neutral bias that might be relevant to their behavior in a neutral context changed their behavior and reduced the bias (combination \\#1\\). In Study 2 we taught decision\\-makers about an inherently sensitive bias that may imply they were holding chauvinistic views in a sensitive social context, of female representation in politics (combination \\#4\\). Finally, to test if a sensitive social context is enough to evoke the boomerang effect even toward a neutral bias, in Study 3 we taught decision makers about a neutral bias in a sensitive social context of a gender in the workplace (combination \\#3\\). In Studies 2 \\& 3, we hypothesized that the boomerang effect predicted by self\\-affirmation literature (Schumann \\& Dweck, 2014; Sherman \\& Cohen, 2006; Steele, 1988\\) would be a result of participants being motivated to justify their actions and stay set in their ways in order to avoid being labeled as chauvinistic or misogynistic. Since inherently sensitive biases are always linked to sensitive social contexts combination \\#2 was covered by Study 2 as well, and did not call for another Study.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Levy\\|first1\\=Aharon\\|last2\\=Maaravi\\|first2\\=Yossi\\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-02\\|title\\=The boomerang effect of psychological interventions\\|journal\\=Social Influence \\|volume\\=13\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=39–51\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/15534510\\.2017\\.1421571\\|s2cid\\=96438727 \\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|url\\=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/78469493/The\\_boomerang\\_effect\\_of\\_psychological\\_interventions\\_1\\_.pdf}} In the study they found that using the boomerang effect had a significantly positive outcome. This is an example on how some individuals were aware of the boomerang effect and some were not but both showed a positive result.",
"### Deliberate exploitation",
"The tactic of [reverse psychology](/wiki/Reverse_psychology \"Reverse psychology\"), which is a deliberate exploitation of an anticipated boomerang effect, involves one's attempt of feigning a desire for an outcome opposite to that of the truly desired one, such that the prospect's resistance will work in the direction that the exploiter actually desires (*e.g.,* \"[Please don't fling me in that briar patch](/wiki/Brer_Rabbit_and_the_Tar_Baby%23Story \"Brer Rabbit and the Tar Baby#Story\")\").",
"### Persuasive health communication",
"Researchers have reported that some public health interventions have produced effects opposite to those intended in health communication such as smoking and alcohol consumption behaviors, and thus have employed various methods to study them under different contexts. Ringold argued that some consumer's negative reactions on alcoholic beverage warnings and education efforts can be explained concisely by Brehm's psychological reactance theory. These results suggested that boomerang effects should be considered as potential costs of launching mass communication campaigns. Dillard and Shen also emphasized the importance of reactance theory to understand failures in persuasive health communication but argued that there be a measurement problem. They thereby developed four alternative conceptual perspectives on the nature of reactance as well as provided an empirical test of each. Hyland and Birrell{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Hyland \\|first1\\=Michael \\|last2\\=Birrell \\|first2\\=James \\|title\\=Government Health Warnings and the 'Boomerang' Effect \\|journal\\=Psychological Reports \\|date\\=April 1979 \\|volume\\=44 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=643–647 \\|doi\\=10\\.2466/pr0\\.1979\\.44\\.2\\.643 \\|pmid\\=461656 \\|s2cid\\=38334649 }} found that a government health warning on cigarette advertisements published in 1979 led to a \"boomerang effect\" leading to an increase desire to smoke after viewing the campaign. The results of their study indicated that the presence of a more aggressive health warning in an advertisement increased the desire to smoke and it decreased the perceived goodness of the advertisement. This means the people viewing the sign decided it was not a helpful campaign to decrease smoking. Another negative impact of this effect happens in drug and supplement marketing. Bolton et al.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Bolton \\|first1\\=Lisa E. \\|last2\\=Reed \\|first2\\=Americus \\|last3\\=Volpp \\|first3\\=Kevin G. \\|last4\\=Armstrong \\|first4\\=Katrina \\|title\\=How Does Drug and Supplement Marketing Affect a Healthy Lifestyle? \\|journal\\=Journal of Consumer Research \\|date\\=February 2008 \\|volume\\=34 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=713–726 \\|doi\\=10\\.1086/521906 }} researched how the marketing of health drugs and supplements lead to less healthy life style due to the drugs' marketing reducing risk perceptions and perceived importance of, and motivation to engage in, complementary health\\-protective behaviors. Consumers believe it is not important to have a healthy lifestyle if they use the drugs and supplements.",
"In a 2010 study, researchers explored ways to reduce and/or eliminate the boomerang effect. 289 undergraduate students from the University of Georgia participated, and each of them was assigned to a random section of laptop computers, which would play public service announcement videos on different message topics (on drunk\\-driving and anti\\-smoking) and with varying levels of empathy present.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Shen \\|first1\\=Lijiang \\|title\\=Mitigating Psychological Reactance: The Role of Message\\-Induced Empathy in Persuasion \\|journal\\=Human Communication Research \\|date\\=7 June 2010 \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=397–422 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1468\\-2958\\.2010\\.01381\\.x }} After watching each of the five public service announcements they were assigned, participants recorded their immediate perceptions, and rated each clip on how much it invoked an emotional response within them. Students recorded their attitude towards the advocacy of each clip, completed a trait empathy scale and stated some demographic information. Results in this study suggested that empathy\\-induced messages in storytelling seemed to reduce psychological reactance in users, therefore reducing the boomerang effect.",
"The Boomerang Effect has also shown up in different public health campaigns. In the 1980s, more campaigns for seatbelt laws were happening around America. In addition, more laws were also being created. However, this caused mixed reactions with some American citizens. While seatbelts were included in cars starting in 1968, there wasn’t legislation endorsing them.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Roos \\|first1\\=Dave \\|title\\=When Americans Resisted Seat Belt Laws \\|url\\=https://www.history.com/news/seat\\-belt\\-laws\\-resistance \\|work\\=History.com \\|date\\=31 August 2020 }} Around the late 1970s and into the 1980s, only 14 percent of Americans consistently wore their seatbelts.{{cite book \\|title\\=How States Achieve High Seat Belt Use Rates \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration \\|url\\=https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/810962 }}{{page needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} Some citizens believed the inclusion of these seatbelt laws was resistance towards their rights in a free society. For example, when state representative [David Hollister](/wiki/David_Hollister \"David Hollister\") introduced that there would now be a monetary fine if a driver is found not wearing a seatbelt, he received hate mail comparing him to Hitler.",
"### Environmental behaviors",
"Mann and Hill investigated the case of litter control and showed that the combination of different positive influence strategies could actually create boomerang effect and decrease the amount of appropriate disposal of waste.\nSchultz et al. (2007\\) conducted a field experiment in which the normative messages were used to promote household energy conservation where they found the descriptive message of neighborhood usage created a boomerang effect depending on the high prior household consumption. They also eliminated the boomerang effect by *adding an injunctive message* about social approval. Their results offered an empirical evidence for prior research on the theoretical framework for boomerang effects. Swatuk et al.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Swatuk \\|first1\\=Larry A. \\|last2\\=Thomas \\|first2\\=Bejoy K. \\|last3\\=Wirkus \\|first3\\=Lars \\|last4\\=Krampe \\|first4\\=Florian \\|last5\\=Batista da Silva \\|first5\\=Luis Paulo \\|title\\=The 'boomerang effect': insights for improved climate action \\|journal\\=Climate and Development \\|date\\=2 January 2021 \\|volume\\=13 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=61–67 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/17565529\\.2020\\.1723470 \\|bibcode\\=2021CliDe..13\\...61S \\|s2cid\\=212895133 }} found a boomerang effect regarding a call of climate control action from locals after [The Paris Agreement](/wiki/Paris_Agreement \"Paris Agreement\"). The call was considered 'maladaptation' due to it calling for displacement of communities from traditional lands. They suggest careful articulation of policy and program decisions to improve policy making.",
"### Helping",
"Schwartz and Howard discussed the occurrence of boomerang effects in helping as they found out the presence of certain factors presumed to activate norms favoring helping actually result in decreasing helping.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Schwartz \\|first1\\=S.H. \\|last2\\=Howard \\|first2\\=J.A. \\|chapter\\=A Normative decision\\-Making Model of Altruism \\|pages\\=189–211 \\|editor1\\-last\\=Rushton \\|editor1\\-first\\=J. Philippe \\|editor2\\-last\\=Sorrentino \\|editor2\\-first\\=Richard M. \\|title\\=Altruism and Helping Behavior: Social, Personality, and Developmental Perspectives \\|date\\=1981 \\|publisher\\=L. Erlbaum Associates \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-89859\\-155\\-2 }} They identified three related forms of such boomerang effect in helping behavior. First, when individuals perceived the framing of a help appeal to have excessive statements of need, they become suspicious and concern the motive and the true severity of the original request (i.e., mistrust). Reactance theory was used to provide the second explanation. They stated that individuals would respond to threatened freedoms by either acting counter to the attempted social influence, or declaring themselves helpless. The third type involves undermining internalized benefits by external sanctions.",
"### National and human security",
"Liotta attempted to understand policy decisions and future choices driven by a blurring of concerns that involve state\\-centric security and human security. She suggested that a boomerang effect occurs in the area in which excessive focus on one aspect of security at the expense or detriment of the other is a poor balancing of ends and means in a changing security environment and instead we should focus on both national and human security.",
"### Political beliefs",
"Nyhan \\& Reifler conducted experiments in which subjects read mock news articles including a misleading claim from a politician, or such a claim followed by a correction. They found that the corrections frequently fail to reduce misconceptions for the ideological group targeted by the misinformation. They also found cases of what they called a \"[backfire effect](/wiki/Backfire_effect \"Backfire effect\")\" (i.e. a boomerang effect) in which the corrections strengthened belief in the misinformation. They attribute this to [motivated reasoning](/wiki/Motivated_reasoning \"Motivated reasoning\") on the part of the affected participants. Later research did not find evidence of this effect though, suggesting it was at least not prevalent.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Mantzarlis \\|first1\\=Alexios \\|title\\=Fact\\-checking doesn't 'backfire,' new study suggests \\|url\\=https://www.poynter.org/fact\\-checking/2016/fact\\-checking\\-doesnt\\-backfire\\-new\\-study\\-suggests/ \\|work\\=Poynter \\|date\\=2 November 2016 }}",
"### Current Research",
"Alex Kresovich conducted a 2022 study that examined the influence of pop culture artists. The study{{cite thesis \\|last1\\=Kresovich \\|first1\\=Alex \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=The Influence of Celebrity Pop Music Artists Who Disclose Mental Health Difficulties on the Depression Support\\-Seeking Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions of At\\-Risk U.S. Youth \\|publisher\\=The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|2714895805}} \\|doi\\=10\\.17615/wxkg\\-te05 }}{{page needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} conducted multiple surveys using US youth (ages 16–24\\). Kresovich examined how pop music artists who discuss mental health problems affect their younger audiences. The information was retrieved from the years 2017\\-2021\\. Kresovich used the survey method to experiment if contemporary pop music artists would be the most efficient spokespeople about this issue. The study had two different rounds of experiments. Firstly, Kresovich tried using footage from pop artist's mental health campaigns. In this footage, Kresovich categorized two different types of language being used to address the audience (direct language versus mistargeted language). The second round of experiments focused more on if positively relaying the mental health information would be more effective in relating to the younger audience.",
"For the first set of experiments, Kresovich used footage of direct language versus mistargeted language (referring to the audience as \"you\" versus more personally as a friend). The findings suggest that using celebrities in public service messages to discuss mental health issues like depression and advocating for support would cause the boomerang effect in its reached audience. Using this strategy with celebrities as the spokesperson increased the stigmatized beliefs in the US youth.",
"For the second round of experiments, Kresovich showed the celebrities that used more positive associations with depression in order to view it more positively. However, this action led to increased stigma and depression romanticizing from the young audience, both of which are consequential responses to the public health campaign.",
"### Current Examples",
"The boomerang effect takes place all around us in our lives. When you tell a toddler to not touch the flowers on the table or to pet the cat nicely, they turn around and knock the flowers over and yank on the cat’s tail. A study was done by Xiomeng Fan, Fengyan Cindy Cai, and Galen V. Bodenhausen on zero pricing incentives{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Fan \\|first1\\=Xiaomeng \\|last2\\=Cai \\|first2\\=Fengyan Cindy \\|last3\\=Bodenhausen \\|first3\\=Galen V. \\|title\\=The boomerang effect of zero pricing: when and why a zero price is less effective than a low price for enhancing consumer demand \\|journal\\=Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science \\|date\\=May 2022 \\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=521–537 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11747\\-022\\-00842\\-1 \\|pmid\\=35194264 \\|pmc\\=8852885 }} in consumer demand. In this study, the comparison of a zero price versus a low price on consumers. The hypothesis was that zero pricing effects depend on the incidental costs that are associated with it. Once the study was finished, the conclusion was that zero pricing ended up raising consumer demand, when the incidental effects were lower. The boomerang effect plays into this because zero pricing incentives can go either way; it depends on which way they are advertised. If they advertised with lower incidental costs, zero pricing is less effective because consumers are not risking anything on lower cost, more common items. When incidental costs are higher, zero pricing incentives are also higher because consumers are not risking anything on nicer, higher\\-priced items.",
"COVID\\-19 is an extremely relevant and current example of the boomerang effect. Mask wearing and social distancing were very prevalent situations that were encouraged and enforced in the height of the pandemic. However, many groups of people refused to follow the suggestions and later the mandates. There were billboard ads, commercials, signs, and many more different kinds of visual and audio messages for the public to wear a mask if they needed to go out and to maintain a distance of six feet between others at all times in order to minimize the spread of the virus. This did not work for everyone because there was always a group of people who refused to wear a mask when they went grocery shopping. It resulted in other angry customers or the refusal of service from the business. The boomerang effect was demonstrated every day during the COVID\\-19 pandemic because of the opposite reaction that was given by the advertisements.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Li \\|first1\\=Tom \\|last2\\=Liu \\|first2\\=Yan \\|last3\\=Li \\|first3\\=Man \\|last4\\=Qian \\|first4\\=Xiaoning \\|last5\\=Dai \\|first5\\=Susie Y. \\|title\\=Mask or no mask for COVID\\-19: A public health and market study \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|date\\=14 August 2020 \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=e0237691 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0237691 \\|pmid\\=32797067 \\|pmc\\=7428176 \\|bibcode\\=2020PLoSO..1537691L \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The CDC would put out a video to raise awareness for raising a mask, and those who disagreed would do the opposite and refuse to put a mask on, both indoors and outdoors.",
"Although a bit more dated than the previous two examples, a third example of the boomerang effect is the [Murray\\-Darling Basin](/wiki/Murray-Darling_Basin \"Murray-Darling Basin\"). This basin idea was thought of due to a long\\-term drought in Australia from 1997\\-2009\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Gale \\|first1\\=Melanie \\|last2\\=Edwards \\|first2\\=Merinda \\|last3\\=Wilson \\|first3\\=Lou \\|last4\\=Greig \\|first4\\=Alastair \\|title\\=The Boomerang Effect: A Case Study of the Murray\\-Darling Basin Plan: The Boomerang Effect \\|journal\\=Australian Journal of Public Administration \\|date\\=June 2014 \\|volume\\=73 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=153–163 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1467\\-8500\\.12051 }} There was a group created for the advocacy and creation of the basin, but it did not turn out as planned. The members of this authority group made it their mission to bring awareness to the public of all the good that the basin can help create and to help with water allocations across the country. The basin was meant to help in future drought scenarios to prevent the issues that arose during the most recent drought and water issues. However, those outside of the authority group saw other economic, social, and environmental issues that would arise with the making of the basin. The boomerang effect is demonstrated here because the authority group sent out messages advocating for all of the positives of the basin, but the opposite message was taken and the public saw more of the negative outcomes.",
"#### Mental Health Impact of COVID\\-19",
"Since the onset of the global pandemic, [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), there has been a noticeable increase in awareness surrounding mental health. An article from Mike Ryan at BCC stated, \"But what it does mean is that the vast majority of the world remains at risk. We know the pandemic will continue to evolve. We also know we have the tools that work to suppress transmission and save lives right now. They are at our disposal.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mahase \\|first\\=Elisabeth \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-19 \\|title\\=Covid\\-19: Second boosters may benefit at\\-risk groups but have \"minimal\" impact for others, says WHO \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1136/bmj.o1259 \\|journal\\=BMJ \\|volume\\=377 \\|pages\\=o1259 \\|doi\\=10\\.1136/bmj.o1259 \\|pmid\\=35589118 \\|issn\\=1756\\-1833}} People's mental stability and strength have been something psychologists and family members have taken very seriously over the past couple of years. The pandemic has significantly affected individuals in high\\-stress professions, such as nursing. A 2020 study revealed that depressed nurses exhibited lower levels of reaction compared to their calmer counterparts, emphasizing the importance of addressing the mental well\\-being of healthcare professionals.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2017 \\|title\\=APA Upgrades APA PsycNET Content Delivery Platform \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1037/e500792018\\-001 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=PsycEXTRA Dataset\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/e500792018\\-001 }} Another study done in 2021 examines anxiety disorders due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic. The need for up\\-to\\-date information on the mental health impacts of COVID\\-19 is imperative. This study had important insight on mental health and COVID\\-19 by stating, \"In this study, we aimed to quantify the impact of the COVID\\-19 pandemic on the prevalence and burden of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders globally in 2020\\.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mani \\|first\\=Subha \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Impact of COVID\\-19 on Mental Health \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1257/rct.9419\\-1\\.0 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=AEA Randomized Controlled Trials\\|doi\\=10\\.1257/rct.9419\\-1\\.0 }} This underscores the broader conclusion that the mental health of those in demanding occupations, like nursing and medicine, is at a higher risk due to the challenging nature of their work.",
"#### Sports and Mental Health",
"Mental health plays into the sports field more now than ever before, with more awareness around concussions and other significant injuries that have gained more attention. The National Library of Medicine researched multiple studies showing the impact of mental health within sports. There were many takeaways from this article, but the section on training was influential. \"Physical training is concentrated towards increasing maximum performance and capacity. On the other hand, physical inactivity is a sedentary behavior in which body movement is absent. Physical inactivity leads to increased risk of poor health, which can affect the well\\-being of an individual.\"{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Congsheng \\|first1\\=Lu \\|last2\\=Kayani \\|first2\\=Sumaira \\|last3\\=Khalid \\|first3\\=Amna \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-02 \\|title\\=An empirical study of physical activity and sports affecting mental health of university students \\|journal\\=Frontiers in Psychology \\|volume\\=13 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fpsyg.2022\\.917503 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|pmid\\=36118484 \\|issn\\=1664\\-1078\\|pmc\\=9478583 }} Sports organizations have used the new mental health issues to increase the attention on player well\\-being. For example, the WWE, if there is a severe collision, WWE doctors will stop the match, something that did not happen just a few years ago. A notable contact sport athlete, Ronda Rousey, talked about the WWE and their stoppages. Rousey went on to say, \"Nikki Bella gave me an open\\-hand slap \\[in the days leading up to the match], and I was seeing stars, and I had a headache for the rest of the day.\"{{Cite journal \\|date\\=March 2024 \\|title\\=Veranstaltungstipps \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1055/s\\-0044\\-1785578 \\|journal\\=Kma \\- Klinik Management Aktuell \\|volume\\=29 \\|issue\\=2/03 \\|pages\\=25 \\|doi\\=10\\.1055/s\\-0044\\-1785578 \\|issn\\=1439\\-3514}} This led to their match being cut short because of the injury.",
"The most notable example is the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") implementation of an enhanced concussion protocol to address the long\\-term effects of brain injuries. [Antonio Brown](/wiki/Antonio_Brown \"Antonio Brown\") is a prime example of how mental health and sports complement each other. Brown told ESPN in 2019, \"If I had CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy), I wouldn't be able to have this beautiful gym or be as creative. I wouldn’t be able to communicate. I’m perfectly fine.” A study done by the Concussion Institution showed that Brown could be suffering from a more severe dose of CTE. \"Those comments illustrate a fundamental misunderstanding of CTE. Later\\- stage CTE (stages 3 and 4\\) is associated with dementia. Still, early\\-stage CTE (stages 1 and 2\\) is more associated with what is called neurobehavioral dysregulation, which includes violent, impulsive, or explosive behavior, inappropriate behavior, aggression, rage, “short fuse,” and lack of behavioral control.\"{{Cite journal \\|title\\=11656, 1828\\-03\\-03, FRIES (Cte Maurice de) \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1163/2210\\-7886\\_asc\\-11656 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=Art Sales Catalogues Online\\|doi\\=10\\.1163/2210\\-7886\\_asc\\-11656 }} Brown’s life\\-changing experience on the field highlights the potential consequences of sustained physical impact, prompting a broader discussion about mental health within the sports community.",
"#### Role of Sports in Society",
"When overlooking the impact sports have on people's lives and emotions, we found that sports have a profound impact on society and can help with transcending mere entertainment. Major events like the Super Bowl have become significant income generators. An article published by Virginia Tech stated that \"The Super Bowl may not be the most gambled\\-on sporting event, but it is a significant time for sports betting. Last year, approximately 50 million gamblers collectively wagered an estimated $16 billion on the game, with roughly one in five Americans participating in some form.\"{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-01 \\|title\\=INFORMS in the News \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1287/orms.2018\\.01\\.09 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=Volume 45, Number 1, February 2018\\|doi\\=10\\.1287/orms.2018\\.01\\.09 }} The ability of sports to provide an escape, especially during challenging times like the [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") pandemic, is evident. The concept of a sports \"bubble,\" where rigorous protocols allow for competition in a controlled environment, played a role in positively affecting both fan's and player's mental health. The Bubble had multiple aspects that were not just basketball\\-driven. The University of Michigan quoted, \"The Bubble provided the NBA with a unique marketing opportunity of highlighting its tight\\-knit community to the rest of the world. By allowing the players to have social justice messages written on the back of their jerseys, the Bubble became synonymous with calls for social and political reform. A fostered sense of community within the Bubble, which the NBA utilized to bolster its brand image.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-20 \\|journal\\=Montenegrin Journal of Economics \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=2 \\|doi\\=10\\.14254/1800\\-5845\\.2015/11\\-2 \\|issn\\=1800\\-5845 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} This Bubble is where the athletes and coaches were tested every day and had to follow the multiple protocols involved with COVID\\-19 just to be able to play. Everyone won, especially when the fans were allowed to come back and support their teams or favorite organizations.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/jalm/article/8/6/1017/7288728\\# \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=academic.oup.com}}",
"#### Sports and Social Movements",
"The [murder of George Floyd](/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd \"Murder of George Floyd\") triggered a global movement, particularly in the [Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter \"Black Lives Matter\") ([BLM](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter \"Black Lives Matter\")) community, influencing the sports world significantly. Major sports organizations, including the NBA,{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Schmidt \\|first1\\=Samuel H. \\|last2\\=Frederick \\|first2\\=Evan L. \\|last3\\=Kennedy \\|first3\\=Heather \\|last4\\=Pegoraro \\|first4\\=Ann \\|date\\=March 2023 \\|title\\=An Examination of MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, and WNBA Team Social Media Statements in Response to George Floyd's Death \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1353/jsm.2023\\.a919645 \\|journal\\=Journal of Sports Media \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=153–181 \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/jsm.2023\\.a919645 \\|issn\\=1940\\-5073}} NHL,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Symmes \\|first\\=Tommy \\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-16 \\|title\\=Sound Systems at the George Floyd Protests in Minneapolis During the Summer of 2020 \\|journal\\=Dancecult \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=1 \\|doi\\=10\\.12801/1947\\-5403\\.2020\\.12\\.01\\.06 \\|issn\\=1947\\-5403\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} and NFL,{{Citation \\|last\\=Daly \\|first\\=Dan \\|title\\=JOHNNY BLOOD \\|work\\=One for the Thumb \\|pages\\=43–46 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.2307/j.ctt155jmwj.10 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|publisher\\=University of Pittsburgh Press\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/j.ctt155jmwj.10 }} responded by taking action supporting players and organizations advocating for racial equality. The support led to a platform for athletes, especially those of color, to voice their concerns and contribute to the broader conversation on racial injustice.{{Citation \\|last\\=Powers \\|first\\=Madison \\|title\\=What Structural Injustice Is \\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-19 \\|work\\=Structural Injustice \\|pages\\=85–115 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1093/oso/9780190053987\\.003\\.0004 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/oso/9780190053987\\.003\\.0004 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-005398\\-7 }} This brings questions to the NFL and how they are responding to the players and organizations actions and how much freedom they have to express how they feel about this topic. Knowing all of this about the NFL, the amount of attention brought to the Black Lives Matter movement was fascinating. This would include all of the slogans, quotes, symbols, and so on that the players wear on the backs of their shirts, helmets, shoes, and other items. These real\\-life situations tie back to Jack Brehm and his discovery of the boomerang effect. One of Brehm's original study involved two toys. These toys were different in shape and size but similar in color. Children had the freedom to choose whatever toy they would like to have. Brehm did multiple studies to try and prove his theory of the boomerang effect.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bhasin \\|first\\=Hitesh \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-01 \\|title\\=Boomerang Effect \\- Definition, Theory and Examples \\|url\\=https://www.marketing91\\.com/boomerang\\-effect/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-17 \\|website\\=Marketing91 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Any amount of freedom can create negativity and influence people to do things they would not normally do. Therefore, Brehm found the boomerang effect.",
"#### Boomerang Effect in Sports Organizations",
"The boomerang effect, as described in Jack Brehm's theory, prompted concerns about its presence in sports organizations. [Colin Kaepernick's](/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick \"Colin Kaepernick\") decision to kneel during the national anthem as a form of protest for the Black Lives Matter movement serves as a pivotal example.{{Cite thesis \\|title\\=Local vs. National: How Twitter Reflects News Coverage of Colin Kaepernick Protests \\|publisher\\=Louisiana State University Libraries \\|first\\=Jared \\|last\\=Joseph\\|date\\=2018 \\|doi\\=10\\.31390/gradschool\\_theses.4783 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The boomerang effect is when someone is trying to persuade someone to do a specific action, but they decide to do the complete opposite of the action they were told to do.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Hilse \\|first\\=Annika \\|date\\=2024 \\|title\\=Mit der App zum schadstofffreien Gebäude \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.37544/2191\\-0073\\-2024\\-03\\-04\\-12 \\|journal\\=Technische Sicherheit \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=3–04 \\|pages\\=12–13 \\|doi\\=10\\.37544/2191\\-0073\\-2024\\-03\\-04\\-12 \\|issn\\=2191\\-0073}} At the time of the incident there was a lot of unlawful killing of people of color and black people were not getting the same opportunities. Kaepernick's decision changed how sports organizations and everyday people view the ongoing movement. Kaepernick's goal was to bring awareness and to show the actions that sparked a movement within sports, with more players and associations joining in support over time, and despite the initial backlash, changed the way people look at social movements. There was a lot of backlash from some NFL fans, but as time went on, more and more players started to take a knee for the anthem. Other significant organizations, such as the NBA{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sturt \\|first1\\=Andy \\|last2\\=Humayun \\|first2\\=Muhammad Fahad \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-10 \\|title\\=Magic 10 and NBA Bubble Sports Journalists' Practices During NBA Season 2019–2020 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1080/17512786\\.2022\\.2054851 \\|journal\\=Journalism Practice \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=529–547 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/17512786\\.2022\\.2054851 \\|issn\\=1751\\-2786}} and the NHL,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Suri \\|first\\=idhika \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\|title\\=Football Player Classification \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.55041/ijsrem30220 \\|journal\\=International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management \\|volume\\=08 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1–5 \\|doi\\=10\\.55041/ijsrem30220 \\|issn\\=2582\\-3930}} recognized the impact Kaepernick's decision had and began to promote the Black Lives Matter movement. Kaepernick took the first step by kneeling, effectively sacrificing himself to start a movement. As stated above, initially hesitated at first to take a knee and protest because of the fear of losing their jobs or getting fined. As time went on, the entire NFL and other associations began to take a stand for their players and the unjust treatment going on in the world. All of this highlights how a seemingly controversial action can have a broader positive impact, challenging the conventional norms within sports organizations.",
""
] |
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