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### Current Examples The boomerang effect takes place all around us in our lives. When you tell a toddler to not touch the flowers on the table or to pet the cat nicely, they turn around and knock the flowers over and yank on the cat’s tail. A study was done by Xiomeng Fan, Fengyan Cindy Cai, and Galen V. Bodenhausen on zero pricing incentives{{cite journal \|last1\=Fan \|first1\=Xiaomeng \|last2\=Cai \|first2\=Fengyan Cindy \|last3\=Bodenhausen \|first3\=Galen V. \|title\=The boomerang effect of zero pricing: when and why a zero price is less effective than a low price for enhancing consumer demand \|journal\=Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science \|date\=May 2022 \|volume\=50 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=521–537 \|doi\=10\.1007/s11747\-022\-00842\-1 \|pmid\=35194264 \|pmc\=8852885 }} in consumer demand. In this study, the comparison of a zero price versus a low price on consumers. The hypothesis was that zero pricing effects depend on the incidental costs that are associated with it. Once the study was finished, the conclusion was that zero pricing ended up raising consumer demand, when the incidental effects were lower. The boomerang effect plays into this because zero pricing incentives can go either way; it depends on which way they are advertised. If they advertised with lower incidental costs, zero pricing is less effective because consumers are not risking anything on lower cost, more common items. When incidental costs are higher, zero pricing incentives are also higher because consumers are not risking anything on nicer, higher\-priced items. COVID\-19 is an extremely relevant and current example of the boomerang effect. Mask wearing and social distancing were very prevalent situations that were encouraged and enforced in the height of the pandemic. However, many groups of people refused to follow the suggestions and later the mandates. There were billboard ads, commercials, signs, and many more different kinds of visual and audio messages for the public to wear a mask if they needed to go out and to maintain a distance of six feet between others at all times in order to minimize the spread of the virus. This did not work for everyone because there was always a group of people who refused to wear a mask when they went grocery shopping. It resulted in other angry customers or the refusal of service from the business. The boomerang effect was demonstrated every day during the COVID\-19 pandemic because of the opposite reaction that was given by the advertisements.{{cite journal \|last1\=Li \|first1\=Tom \|last2\=Liu \|first2\=Yan \|last3\=Li \|first3\=Man \|last4\=Qian \|first4\=Xiaoning \|last5\=Dai \|first5\=Susie Y. \|title\=Mask or no mask for COVID\-19: A public health and market study \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|date\=14 August 2020 \|volume\=15 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=e0237691 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0237691 \|pmid\=32797067 \|pmc\=7428176 \|bibcode\=2020PLoSO..1537691L \|doi\-access\=free }} The CDC would put out a video to raise awareness for raising a mask, and those who disagreed would do the opposite and refuse to put a mask on, both indoors and outdoors. Although a bit more dated than the previous two examples, a third example of the boomerang effect is the [Murray\-Darling Basin](/wiki/Murray-Darling_Basin "Murray-Darling Basin"). This basin idea was thought of due to a long\-term drought in Australia from 1997\-2009\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Gale \|first1\=Melanie \|last2\=Edwards \|first2\=Merinda \|last3\=Wilson \|first3\=Lou \|last4\=Greig \|first4\=Alastair \|title\=The Boomerang Effect: A Case Study of the Murray\-Darling Basin Plan: The Boomerang Effect \|journal\=Australian Journal of Public Administration \|date\=June 2014 \|volume\=73 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=153–163 \|doi\=10\.1111/1467\-8500\.12051 }} There was a group created for the advocacy and creation of the basin, but it did not turn out as planned. The members of this authority group made it their mission to bring awareness to the public of all the good that the basin can help create and to help with water allocations across the country. The basin was meant to help in future drought scenarios to prevent the issues that arose during the most recent drought and water issues. However, those outside of the authority group saw other economic, social, and environmental issues that would arise with the making of the basin. The boomerang effect is demonstrated here because the authority group sent out messages advocating for all of the positives of the basin, but the opposite message was taken and the public saw more of the negative outcomes. #### Mental Health Impact of COVID\-19 Since the onset of the global pandemic, [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), there has been a noticeable increase in awareness surrounding mental health. An article from Mike Ryan at BCC stated, "But what it does mean is that the vast majority of the world remains at risk. We know the pandemic will continue to evolve. We also know we have the tools that work to suppress transmission and save lives right now. They are at our disposal."{{Cite journal \|last\=Mahase \|first\=Elisabeth \|date\=2022\-05\-19 \|title\=Covid\-19: Second boosters may benefit at\-risk groups but have "minimal" impact for others, says WHO \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1136/bmj.o1259 \|journal\=BMJ \|volume\=377 \|pages\=o1259 \|doi\=10\.1136/bmj.o1259 \|pmid\=35589118 \|issn\=1756\-1833}} People's mental stability and strength have been something psychologists and family members have taken very seriously over the past couple of years. The pandemic has significantly affected individuals in high\-stress professions, such as nursing. A 2020 study revealed that depressed nurses exhibited lower levels of reaction compared to their calmer counterparts, emphasizing the importance of addressing the mental well\-being of healthcare professionals.{{Cite journal \|date\=2017 \|title\=APA Upgrades APA PsycNET Content Delivery Platform \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1037/e500792018\-001 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=PsycEXTRA Dataset\|doi\=10\.1037/e500792018\-001 }} Another study done in 2021 examines anxiety disorders due to the COVID\-19 pandemic. The need for up\-to\-date information on the mental health impacts of COVID\-19 is imperative. This study had important insight on mental health and COVID\-19 by stating, "In this study, we aimed to quantify the impact of the COVID\-19 pandemic on the prevalence and burden of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders globally in 2020\."{{Cite journal \|last\=Mani \|first\=Subha \|date\=2022\-05\-10 \|title\=Impact of COVID\-19 on Mental Health \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1257/rct.9419\-1\.0 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=AEA Randomized Controlled Trials\|doi\=10\.1257/rct.9419\-1\.0 }} This underscores the broader conclusion that the mental health of those in demanding occupations, like nursing and medicine, is at a higher risk due to the challenging nature of their work. #### Sports and Mental Health Mental health plays into the sports field more now than ever before, with more awareness around concussions and other significant injuries that have gained more attention. The National Library of Medicine researched multiple studies showing the impact of mental health within sports. There were many takeaways from this article, but the section on training was influential. "Physical training is concentrated towards increasing maximum performance and capacity. On the other hand, physical inactivity is a sedentary behavior in which body movement is absent. Physical inactivity leads to increased risk of poor health, which can affect the well\-being of an individual."{{Cite journal \|last1\=Congsheng \|first1\=Lu \|last2\=Kayani \|first2\=Sumaira \|last3\=Khalid \|first3\=Amna \|date\=2022\-09\-02 \|title\=An empirical study of physical activity and sports affecting mental health of university students \|journal\=Frontiers in Psychology \|volume\=13 \|doi\=10\.3389/fpsyg.2022\.917503 \|doi\-access\=free \|pmid\=36118484 \|issn\=1664\-1078\|pmc\=9478583 }} Sports organizations have used the new mental health issues to increase the attention on player well\-being. For example, the WWE, if there is a severe collision, WWE doctors will stop the match, something that did not happen just a few years ago. A notable contact sport athlete, Ronda Rousey, talked about the WWE and their stoppages. Rousey went on to say, "Nikki Bella gave me an open\-hand slap \[in the days leading up to the match], and I was seeing stars, and I had a headache for the rest of the day."{{Cite journal \|date\=March 2024 \|title\=Veranstaltungstipps \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1055/s\-0044\-1785578 \|journal\=Kma \- Klinik Management Aktuell \|volume\=29 \|issue\=2/03 \|pages\=25 \|doi\=10\.1055/s\-0044\-1785578 \|issn\=1439\-3514}} This led to their match being cut short because of the injury. The most notable example is the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") implementation of an enhanced concussion protocol to address the long\-term effects of brain injuries. [Antonio Brown](/wiki/Antonio_Brown "Antonio Brown") is a prime example of how mental health and sports complement each other. Brown told ESPN in 2019, "If I had CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy), I wouldn't be able to have this beautiful gym or be as creative. I wouldn’t be able to communicate. I’m perfectly fine.” A study done by the Concussion Institution showed that Brown could be suffering from a more severe dose of CTE. "Those comments illustrate a fundamental misunderstanding of CTE. Later\- stage CTE (stages 3 and 4\) is associated with dementia. Still, early\-stage CTE (stages 1 and 2\) is more associated with what is called neurobehavioral dysregulation, which includes violent, impulsive, or explosive behavior, inappropriate behavior, aggression, rage, “short fuse,” and lack of behavioral control."{{Cite journal \|title\=11656, 1828\-03\-03, FRIES (Cte Maurice de) \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1163/2210\-7886\_asc\-11656 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=Art Sales Catalogues Online\|doi\=10\.1163/2210\-7886\_asc\-11656 }} Brown’s life\-changing experience on the field highlights the potential consequences of sustained physical impact, prompting a broader discussion about mental health within the sports community. #### Role of Sports in Society When overlooking the impact sports have on people's lives and emotions, we found that sports have a profound impact on society and can help with transcending mere entertainment. Major events like the Super Bowl have become significant income generators. An article published by Virginia Tech stated that "The Super Bowl may not be the most gambled\-on sporting event, but it is a significant time for sports betting. Last year, approximately 50 million gamblers collectively wagered an estimated $16 billion on the game, with roughly one in five Americans participating in some form."{{Cite journal \|date\=2018\-08\-01 \|title\=INFORMS in the News \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1287/orms.2018\.01\.09 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=Volume 45, Number 1, February 2018\|doi\=10\.1287/orms.2018\.01\.09 }} The ability of sports to provide an escape, especially during challenging times like the [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") pandemic, is evident. The concept of a sports "bubble," where rigorous protocols allow for competition in a controlled environment, played a role in positively affecting both fan's and player's mental health. The Bubble had multiple aspects that were not just basketball\-driven. The University of Michigan quoted, "The Bubble provided the NBA with a unique marketing opportunity of highlighting its tight\-knit community to the rest of the world. By allowing the players to have social justice messages written on the back of their jerseys, the Bubble became synonymous with calls for social and political reform. A fostered sense of community within the Bubble, which the NBA utilized to bolster its brand image.{{Cite journal \|date\=2015\-12\-20 \|journal\=Montenegrin Journal of Economics \|volume\=11 \|issue\=2 \|doi\=10\.14254/1800\-5845\.2015/11\-2 \|issn\=1800\-5845 \|doi\-access\=free }} This Bubble is where the athletes and coaches were tested every day and had to follow the multiple protocols involved with COVID\-19 just to be able to play. Everyone won, especially when the fans were allowed to come back and support their teams or favorite organizations.{{Cite web \|url\=https://academic.oup.com/jalm/article/8/6/1017/7288728\# \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=academic.oup.com}} #### Sports and Social Movements The [murder of George Floyd](/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") triggered a global movement, particularly in the [Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter") ([BLM](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter")) community, influencing the sports world significantly. Major sports organizations, including the NBA,{{Cite journal \|last1\=Schmidt \|first1\=Samuel H. \|last2\=Frederick \|first2\=Evan L. \|last3\=Kennedy \|first3\=Heather \|last4\=Pegoraro \|first4\=Ann \|date\=March 2023 \|title\=An Examination of MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, and WNBA Team Social Media Statements in Response to George Floyd's Death \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1353/jsm.2023\.a919645 \|journal\=Journal of Sports Media \|volume\=18 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=153–181 \|doi\=10\.1353/jsm.2023\.a919645 \|issn\=1940\-5073}} NHL,{{Cite journal \|last\=Symmes \|first\=Tommy \|date\=2020\-11\-16 \|title\=Sound Systems at the George Floyd Protests in Minneapolis During the Summer of 2020 \|journal\=Dancecult \|volume\=12 \|issue\=1 \|doi\=10\.12801/1947\-5403\.2020\.12\.01\.06 \|issn\=1947\-5403\|doi\-access\=free }} and NFL,{{Citation \|last\=Daly \|first\=Dan \|title\=JOHNNY BLOOD \|work\=One for the Thumb \|pages\=43–46 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.2307/j.ctt155jmwj.10 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|publisher\=University of Pittsburgh Press\|doi\=10\.2307/j.ctt155jmwj.10 }} responded by taking action supporting players and organizations advocating for racial equality. The support led to a platform for athletes, especially those of color, to voice their concerns and contribute to the broader conversation on racial injustice.{{Citation \|last\=Powers \|first\=Madison \|title\=What Structural Injustice Is \|date\=2019\-09\-19 \|work\=Structural Injustice \|pages\=85–115 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1093/oso/9780190053987\.003\.0004 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|doi\=10\.1093/oso/9780190053987\.003\.0004 \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-005398\-7 }} This brings questions to the NFL and how they are responding to the players and organizations actions and how much freedom they have to express how they feel about this topic. Knowing all of this about the NFL, the amount of attention brought to the Black Lives Matter movement was fascinating. This would include all of the slogans, quotes, symbols, and so on that the players wear on the backs of their shirts, helmets, shoes, and other items. These real\-life situations tie back to Jack Brehm and his discovery of the boomerang effect. One of Brehm's original study involved two toys. These toys were different in shape and size but similar in color. Children had the freedom to choose whatever toy they would like to have. Brehm did multiple studies to try and prove his theory of the boomerang effect.{{Cite web \|last\=Bhasin \|first\=Hitesh \|date\=2021\-12\-01 \|title\=Boomerang Effect \- Definition, Theory and Examples \|url\=https://www.marketing91\.com/boomerang\-effect/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-17 \|website\=Marketing91 \|language\=en\-US}} Any amount of freedom can create negativity and influence people to do things they would not normally do. Therefore, Brehm found the boomerang effect. #### Boomerang Effect in Sports Organizations The boomerang effect, as described in Jack Brehm's theory, prompted concerns about its presence in sports organizations. [Colin Kaepernick's](/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick "Colin Kaepernick") decision to kneel during the national anthem as a form of protest for the Black Lives Matter movement serves as a pivotal example.{{Cite thesis \|title\=Local vs. National: How Twitter Reflects News Coverage of Colin Kaepernick Protests \|publisher\=Louisiana State University Libraries \|first\=Jared \|last\=Joseph\|date\=2018 \|doi\=10\.31390/gradschool\_theses.4783 \|doi\-access\=free }} The boomerang effect is when someone is trying to persuade someone to do a specific action, but they decide to do the complete opposite of the action they were told to do.{{Cite journal \|last\=Hilse \|first\=Annika \|date\=2024 \|title\=Mit der App zum schadstofffreien Gebäude \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.37544/2191\-0073\-2024\-03\-04\-12 \|journal\=Technische Sicherheit \|volume\=14 \|issue\=3–04 \|pages\=12–13 \|doi\=10\.37544/2191\-0073\-2024\-03\-04\-12 \|issn\=2191\-0073}} At the time of the incident there was a lot of unlawful killing of people of color and black people were not getting the same opportunities. Kaepernick's decision changed how sports organizations and everyday people view the ongoing movement. Kaepernick's goal was to bring awareness and to show the actions that sparked a movement within sports, with more players and associations joining in support over time, and despite the initial backlash, changed the way people look at social movements. There was a lot of backlash from some NFL fans, but as time went on, more and more players started to take a knee for the anthem. Other significant organizations, such as the NBA{{Cite journal \|last1\=Sturt \|first1\=Andy \|last2\=Humayun \|first2\=Muhammad Fahad \|date\=2022\-04\-10 \|title\=Magic 10 and NBA Bubble Sports Journalists' Practices During NBA Season 2019–2020 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1080/17512786\.2022\.2054851 \|journal\=Journalism Practice \|volume\=18 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=529–547 \|doi\=10\.1080/17512786\.2022\.2054851 \|issn\=1751\-2786}} and the NHL,{{Cite journal \|last\=Suri \|first\=idhika \|date\=2024\-04\-06 \|title\=Football Player Classification \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.55041/ijsrem30220 \|journal\=International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management \|volume\=08 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1–5 \|doi\=10\.55041/ijsrem30220 \|issn\=2582\-3930}} recognized the impact Kaepernick's decision had and began to promote the Black Lives Matter movement. Kaepernick took the first step by kneeling, effectively sacrificing himself to start a movement. As stated above, initially hesitated at first to take a knee and protest because of the fear of losing their jobs or getting fined. As time went on, the entire NFL and other associations began to take a stand for their players and the unjust treatment going on in the world. All of this highlights how a seemingly controversial action can have a broader positive impact, challenging the conventional norms within sports organizations.
[ "### Current Examples", "The boomerang effect takes place all around us in our lives. When you tell a toddler to not touch the flowers on the table or to pet the cat nicely, they turn around and knock the flowers over and yank on the cat’s tail. A study was done by Xiomeng Fan, Fengyan Cindy Cai, and Galen V. Bodenhausen on zero pricing incentives{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Fan \\|first1\\=Xiaomeng \\|last2\\=Cai \\|first2\\=Fengyan Cindy \\|last3\\=Bodenhausen \\|first3\\=Galen V. \\|title\\=The boomerang effect of zero pricing: when and why a zero price is less effective than a low price for enhancing consumer demand \\|journal\\=Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science \\|date\\=May 2022 \\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=521–537 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11747\\-022\\-00842\\-1 \\|pmid\\=35194264 \\|pmc\\=8852885 }} in consumer demand. In this study, the comparison of a zero price versus a low price on consumers. The hypothesis was that zero pricing effects depend on the incidental costs that are associated with it. Once the study was finished, the conclusion was that zero pricing ended up raising consumer demand, when the incidental effects were lower. The boomerang effect plays into this because zero pricing incentives can go either way; it depends on which way they are advertised. If they advertised with lower incidental costs, zero pricing is less effective because consumers are not risking anything on lower cost, more common items. When incidental costs are higher, zero pricing incentives are also higher because consumers are not risking anything on nicer, higher\\-priced items.", "COVID\\-19 is an extremely relevant and current example of the boomerang effect. Mask wearing and social distancing were very prevalent situations that were encouraged and enforced in the height of the pandemic. However, many groups of people refused to follow the suggestions and later the mandates. There were billboard ads, commercials, signs, and many more different kinds of visual and audio messages for the public to wear a mask if they needed to go out and to maintain a distance of six feet between others at all times in order to minimize the spread of the virus. This did not work for everyone because there was always a group of people who refused to wear a mask when they went grocery shopping. It resulted in other angry customers or the refusal of service from the business. The boomerang effect was demonstrated every day during the COVID\\-19 pandemic because of the opposite reaction that was given by the advertisements.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Li \\|first1\\=Tom \\|last2\\=Liu \\|first2\\=Yan \\|last3\\=Li \\|first3\\=Man \\|last4\\=Qian \\|first4\\=Xiaoning \\|last5\\=Dai \\|first5\\=Susie Y. \\|title\\=Mask or no mask for COVID\\-19: A public health and market study \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|date\\=14 August 2020 \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=e0237691 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0237691 \\|pmid\\=32797067 \\|pmc\\=7428176 \\|bibcode\\=2020PLoSO..1537691L \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The CDC would put out a video to raise awareness for raising a mask, and those who disagreed would do the opposite and refuse to put a mask on, both indoors and outdoors.", "Although a bit more dated than the previous two examples, a third example of the boomerang effect is the [Murray\\-Darling Basin](/wiki/Murray-Darling_Basin \"Murray-Darling Basin\"). This basin idea was thought of due to a long\\-term drought in Australia from 1997\\-2009\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Gale \\|first1\\=Melanie \\|last2\\=Edwards \\|first2\\=Merinda \\|last3\\=Wilson \\|first3\\=Lou \\|last4\\=Greig \\|first4\\=Alastair \\|title\\=The Boomerang Effect: A Case Study of the Murray\\-Darling Basin Plan: The Boomerang Effect \\|journal\\=Australian Journal of Public Administration \\|date\\=June 2014 \\|volume\\=73 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=153–163 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1467\\-8500\\.12051 }} There was a group created for the advocacy and creation of the basin, but it did not turn out as planned. The members of this authority group made it their mission to bring awareness to the public of all the good that the basin can help create and to help with water allocations across the country. The basin was meant to help in future drought scenarios to prevent the issues that arose during the most recent drought and water issues. However, those outside of the authority group saw other economic, social, and environmental issues that would arise with the making of the basin. The boomerang effect is demonstrated here because the authority group sent out messages advocating for all of the positives of the basin, but the opposite message was taken and the public saw more of the negative outcomes.", "#### Mental Health Impact of COVID\\-19", "Since the onset of the global pandemic, [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), there has been a noticeable increase in awareness surrounding mental health. An article from Mike Ryan at BCC stated, \"But what it does mean is that the vast majority of the world remains at risk. We know the pandemic will continue to evolve. We also know we have the tools that work to suppress transmission and save lives right now. They are at our disposal.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mahase \\|first\\=Elisabeth \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-19 \\|title\\=Covid\\-19: Second boosters may benefit at\\-risk groups but have \"minimal\" impact for others, says WHO \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1136/bmj.o1259 \\|journal\\=BMJ \\|volume\\=377 \\|pages\\=o1259 \\|doi\\=10\\.1136/bmj.o1259 \\|pmid\\=35589118 \\|issn\\=1756\\-1833}} People's mental stability and strength have been something psychologists and family members have taken very seriously over the past couple of years. The pandemic has significantly affected individuals in high\\-stress professions, such as nursing. A 2020 study revealed that depressed nurses exhibited lower levels of reaction compared to their calmer counterparts, emphasizing the importance of addressing the mental well\\-being of healthcare professionals.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2017 \\|title\\=APA Upgrades APA PsycNET Content Delivery Platform \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1037/e500792018\\-001 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=PsycEXTRA Dataset\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/e500792018\\-001 }} Another study done in 2021 examines anxiety disorders due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic. The need for up\\-to\\-date information on the mental health impacts of COVID\\-19 is imperative. This study had important insight on mental health and COVID\\-19 by stating, \"In this study, we aimed to quantify the impact of the COVID\\-19 pandemic on the prevalence and burden of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders globally in 2020\\.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mani \\|first\\=Subha \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Impact of COVID\\-19 on Mental Health \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1257/rct.9419\\-1\\.0 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=AEA Randomized Controlled Trials\\|doi\\=10\\.1257/rct.9419\\-1\\.0 }} This underscores the broader conclusion that the mental health of those in demanding occupations, like nursing and medicine, is at a higher risk due to the challenging nature of their work.", "#### Sports and Mental Health", "Mental health plays into the sports field more now than ever before, with more awareness around concussions and other significant injuries that have gained more attention. The National Library of Medicine researched multiple studies showing the impact of mental health within sports. There were many takeaways from this article, but the section on training was influential. \"Physical training is concentrated towards increasing maximum performance and capacity. On the other hand, physical inactivity is a sedentary behavior in which body movement is absent. Physical inactivity leads to increased risk of poor health, which can affect the well\\-being of an individual.\"{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Congsheng \\|first1\\=Lu \\|last2\\=Kayani \\|first2\\=Sumaira \\|last3\\=Khalid \\|first3\\=Amna \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-02 \\|title\\=An empirical study of physical activity and sports affecting mental health of university students \\|journal\\=Frontiers in Psychology \\|volume\\=13 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fpsyg.2022\\.917503 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|pmid\\=36118484 \\|issn\\=1664\\-1078\\|pmc\\=9478583 }} Sports organizations have used the new mental health issues to increase the attention on player well\\-being. For example, the WWE, if there is a severe collision, WWE doctors will stop the match, something that did not happen just a few years ago. A notable contact sport athlete, Ronda Rousey, talked about the WWE and their stoppages. Rousey went on to say, \"Nikki Bella gave me an open\\-hand slap \\[in the days leading up to the match], and I was seeing stars, and I had a headache for the rest of the day.\"{{Cite journal \\|date\\=March 2024 \\|title\\=Veranstaltungstipps \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1055/s\\-0044\\-1785578 \\|journal\\=Kma \\- Klinik Management Aktuell \\|volume\\=29 \\|issue\\=2/03 \\|pages\\=25 \\|doi\\=10\\.1055/s\\-0044\\-1785578 \\|issn\\=1439\\-3514}} This led to their match being cut short because of the injury.", "The most notable example is the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") implementation of an enhanced concussion protocol to address the long\\-term effects of brain injuries. [Antonio Brown](/wiki/Antonio_Brown \"Antonio Brown\") is a prime example of how mental health and sports complement each other. Brown told ESPN in 2019, \"If I had CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy), I wouldn't be able to have this beautiful gym or be as creative. I wouldn’t be able to communicate. I’m perfectly fine.” A study done by the Concussion Institution showed that Brown could be suffering from a more severe dose of CTE. \"Those comments illustrate a fundamental misunderstanding of CTE. Later\\- stage CTE (stages 3 and 4\\) is associated with dementia. Still, early\\-stage CTE (stages 1 and 2\\) is more associated with what is called neurobehavioral dysregulation, which includes violent, impulsive, or explosive behavior, inappropriate behavior, aggression, rage, “short fuse,” and lack of behavioral control.\"{{Cite journal \\|title\\=11656, 1828\\-03\\-03, FRIES (Cte Maurice de) \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1163/2210\\-7886\\_asc\\-11656 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=Art Sales Catalogues Online\\|doi\\=10\\.1163/2210\\-7886\\_asc\\-11656 }} Brown’s life\\-changing experience on the field highlights the potential consequences of sustained physical impact, prompting a broader discussion about mental health within the sports community.", "#### Role of Sports in Society", "When overlooking the impact sports have on people's lives and emotions, we found that sports have a profound impact on society and can help with transcending mere entertainment. Major events like the Super Bowl have become significant income generators. An article published by Virginia Tech stated that \"The Super Bowl may not be the most gambled\\-on sporting event, but it is a significant time for sports betting. Last year, approximately 50 million gamblers collectively wagered an estimated $16 billion on the game, with roughly one in five Americans participating in some form.\"{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-01 \\|title\\=INFORMS in the News \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1287/orms.2018\\.01\\.09 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=Volume 45, Number 1, February 2018\\|doi\\=10\\.1287/orms.2018\\.01\\.09 }} The ability of sports to provide an escape, especially during challenging times like the [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") pandemic, is evident. The concept of a sports \"bubble,\" where rigorous protocols allow for competition in a controlled environment, played a role in positively affecting both fan's and player's mental health. The Bubble had multiple aspects that were not just basketball\\-driven. The University of Michigan quoted, \"The Bubble provided the NBA with a unique marketing opportunity of highlighting its tight\\-knit community to the rest of the world. By allowing the players to have social justice messages written on the back of their jerseys, the Bubble became synonymous with calls for social and political reform. A fostered sense of community within the Bubble, which the NBA utilized to bolster its brand image.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-20 \\|journal\\=Montenegrin Journal of Economics \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=2 \\|doi\\=10\\.14254/1800\\-5845\\.2015/11\\-2 \\|issn\\=1800\\-5845 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} This Bubble is where the athletes and coaches were tested every day and had to follow the multiple protocols involved with COVID\\-19 just to be able to play. Everyone won, especially when the fans were allowed to come back and support their teams or favorite organizations.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/jalm/article/8/6/1017/7288728\\# \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=academic.oup.com}}", "#### Sports and Social Movements", "The [murder of George Floyd](/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd \"Murder of George Floyd\") triggered a global movement, particularly in the [Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter \"Black Lives Matter\") ([BLM](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter \"Black Lives Matter\")) community, influencing the sports world significantly. Major sports organizations, including the NBA,{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Schmidt \\|first1\\=Samuel H. \\|last2\\=Frederick \\|first2\\=Evan L. \\|last3\\=Kennedy \\|first3\\=Heather \\|last4\\=Pegoraro \\|first4\\=Ann \\|date\\=March 2023 \\|title\\=An Examination of MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, and WNBA Team Social Media Statements in Response to George Floyd's Death \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1353/jsm.2023\\.a919645 \\|journal\\=Journal of Sports Media \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=153–181 \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/jsm.2023\\.a919645 \\|issn\\=1940\\-5073}} NHL,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Symmes \\|first\\=Tommy \\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-16 \\|title\\=Sound Systems at the George Floyd Protests in Minneapolis During the Summer of 2020 \\|journal\\=Dancecult \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=1 \\|doi\\=10\\.12801/1947\\-5403\\.2020\\.12\\.01\\.06 \\|issn\\=1947\\-5403\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} and NFL,{{Citation \\|last\\=Daly \\|first\\=Dan \\|title\\=JOHNNY BLOOD \\|work\\=One for the Thumb \\|pages\\=43–46 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.2307/j.ctt155jmwj.10 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|publisher\\=University of Pittsburgh Press\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/j.ctt155jmwj.10 }} responded by taking action supporting players and organizations advocating for racial equality. The support led to a platform for athletes, especially those of color, to voice their concerns and contribute to the broader conversation on racial injustice.{{Citation \\|last\\=Powers \\|first\\=Madison \\|title\\=What Structural Injustice Is \\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-19 \\|work\\=Structural Injustice \\|pages\\=85–115 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1093/oso/9780190053987\\.003\\.0004 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/oso/9780190053987\\.003\\.0004 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-005398\\-7 }} This brings questions to the NFL and how they are responding to the players and organizations actions and how much freedom they have to express how they feel about this topic. Knowing all of this about the NFL, the amount of attention brought to the Black Lives Matter movement was fascinating. This would include all of the slogans, quotes, symbols, and so on that the players wear on the backs of their shirts, helmets, shoes, and other items. These real\\-life situations tie back to Jack Brehm and his discovery of the boomerang effect. One of Brehm's original study involved two toys. These toys were different in shape and size but similar in color. Children had the freedom to choose whatever toy they would like to have. Brehm did multiple studies to try and prove his theory of the boomerang effect.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bhasin \\|first\\=Hitesh \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-01 \\|title\\=Boomerang Effect \\- Definition, Theory and Examples \\|url\\=https://www.marketing91\\.com/boomerang\\-effect/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-17 \\|website\\=Marketing91 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Any amount of freedom can create negativity and influence people to do things they would not normally do. Therefore, Brehm found the boomerang effect.", "#### Boomerang Effect in Sports Organizations", "The boomerang effect, as described in Jack Brehm's theory, prompted concerns about its presence in sports organizations. [Colin Kaepernick's](/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick \"Colin Kaepernick\") decision to kneel during the national anthem as a form of protest for the Black Lives Matter movement serves as a pivotal example.{{Cite thesis \\|title\\=Local vs. National: How Twitter Reflects News Coverage of Colin Kaepernick Protests \\|publisher\\=Louisiana State University Libraries \\|first\\=Jared \\|last\\=Joseph\\|date\\=2018 \\|doi\\=10\\.31390/gradschool\\_theses.4783 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The boomerang effect is when someone is trying to persuade someone to do a specific action, but they decide to do the complete opposite of the action they were told to do.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Hilse \\|first\\=Annika \\|date\\=2024 \\|title\\=Mit der App zum schadstofffreien Gebäude \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.37544/2191\\-0073\\-2024\\-03\\-04\\-12 \\|journal\\=Technische Sicherheit \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=3–04 \\|pages\\=12–13 \\|doi\\=10\\.37544/2191\\-0073\\-2024\\-03\\-04\\-12 \\|issn\\=2191\\-0073}} At the time of the incident there was a lot of unlawful killing of people of color and black people were not getting the same opportunities. Kaepernick's decision changed how sports organizations and everyday people view the ongoing movement. Kaepernick's goal was to bring awareness and to show the actions that sparked a movement within sports, with more players and associations joining in support over time, and despite the initial backlash, changed the way people look at social movements. There was a lot of backlash from some NFL fans, but as time went on, more and more players started to take a knee for the anthem. Other significant organizations, such as the NBA{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sturt \\|first1\\=Andy \\|last2\\=Humayun \\|first2\\=Muhammad Fahad \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-10 \\|title\\=Magic 10 and NBA Bubble Sports Journalists' Practices During NBA Season 2019–2020 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1080/17512786\\.2022\\.2054851 \\|journal\\=Journalism Practice \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=529–547 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/17512786\\.2022\\.2054851 \\|issn\\=1751\\-2786}} and the NHL,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Suri \\|first\\=idhika \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\|title\\=Football Player Classification \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.55041/ijsrem30220 \\|journal\\=International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management \\|volume\\=08 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1–5 \\|doi\\=10\\.55041/ijsrem30220 \\|issn\\=2582\\-3930}} recognized the impact Kaepernick's decision had and began to promote the Black Lives Matter movement. Kaepernick took the first step by kneeling, effectively sacrificing himself to start a movement. As stated above, initially hesitated at first to take a knee and protest because of the fear of losing their jobs or getting fined. As time went on, the entire NFL and other associations began to take a stand for their players and the unjust treatment going on in the world. All of this highlights how a seemingly controversial action can have a broader positive impact, challenging the conventional norms within sports organizations.", "" ]
Jockey career ------------- Shoemaker's career as a [jockey](/wiki/Jockey "Jockey") began in his teenage years, with his first professional ride on March 19, 1949\. The first of his eventual 8,833 career victories came a month later, on April 20, aboard Shafter V, at [Golden Gate Fields](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Fields "Golden Gate Fields") in [Albany, California](/wiki/Albany%2C_California "Albany, California").["About Golden Gate Fields"](http://www.goldengatefields.com/about/about-golden-gate-fields). {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101124421/http://www.goldengatefields.com/about/about\-golden\-gate\-fields \|date\=2012\-01\-01 }} *Golden Gate Fields*. Retrieved February 7, 2012 In 1951, he won the [George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award](/wiki/George_Woolf_Memorial_Jockey_Award "George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award"). At the age of 19, he was making so much money (as much as $2,500 each week) the Los Angeles Superior Court appointed attorney [Horace Hahn](/wiki/Horace_Hahn "Horace Hahn") as his guardian, with the consent of his parents.{{cite news\| newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]]\| date\=June 2, 1951\| page\=11\| url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109454667/pittsburgh\-post\-gazette/\| title\=Shoemaker Makes Too Much Money}} Thirty years later, he won the [Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Jockey "Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey") in the United States. Shoemaker won eleven [Triple Crown](/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing") races during his career, spanning four different decades, but the Crown itself eluded him. The breakdown of these wins is as follows: * [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby "Kentucky Derby"): [Swaps](/wiki/Swaps_%28horse%29 "Swaps (horse)") (1955\), [Tomy Lee](/wiki/Tomy_Lee "Tomy Lee") (1959\), [Lucky Debonair](/wiki/Lucky_Debonair "Lucky Debonair") (1965\) and [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_%28horse%29 "Ferdinand (horse)") (1986\) * [Preakness Stakes](/wiki/Preakness_Stakes "Preakness Stakes"): [Candy Spots](/wiki/Candy_Spots "Candy Spots") (1963\) and [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus_%28horse%29 "Damascus (horse)") (1967\) * [Belmont Stakes](/wiki/Belmont_Stakes "Belmont Stakes"): [Gallant Man](/wiki/Gallant_Man "Gallant Man") (1957\), [Sword Dancer](/wiki/Sword_Dancer "Sword Dancer") (1959\), [Jaipur](/wiki/Jaipur_%28horse%29 "Jaipur (horse)") (1962\), Damascus (1967\) and [Avatar](/wiki/Avatar_%28horse%29 "Avatar (horse)") (1975\) Two of Shoemaker's most noted rides were in the [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby "Kentucky Derby"). He lost the 1957 [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby "Kentucky Derby") aboard [Gallant Man](/wiki/Gallant_Man "Gallant Man"), when he stood up in the stirrups too soon, having misjudged the finish line, where Gallant Man finished second to [Iron Liege](/wiki/Iron_Liege "Iron Liege"), ridden by [Bill Hartack](/wiki/Bill_Hartack "Bill Hartack"). At the 1986 [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby "Kentucky Derby"), Shoemaker became the oldest [jockey](/wiki/Jockey "Jockey") ever to win the race (at age 54\) aboard the 18\-1 outsider Ferdinand. The following year, he rode Ferdinand to a victory over [Alysheba](/wiki/Alysheba "Alysheba") in the [Breeders' Cup](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup "Breeders' Cup") Classic; Ferdinand later captured Horse of the Year honors. Shoemaker rode the popular [California](/wiki/California "California") horse [Silky Sullivan](/wiki/Silky_Sullivan "Silky Sullivan"), about which he is quoted as saying: "You just had to let him run his race ... and if he decided to win it, you'd better hold on because you'd be moving faster than a train."{{cite web\| title\=Silky Sullivan didn't come from behind in the 1958 Kentucky Derby\| url\=https://kentuckyderbytours.com/silky\-sullivan\-didnt\-come\-from\-behind\-in\-the\-1958\-kentucky\-derby/\| date\=April 28, 2014\| website\=Kentucky Derby Tours\| agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\| access\-date\=September 12, 2022}} When Shoemaker earned his 6,033rd victory in September 1970, he broke [jockey](/wiki/Jockey "Jockey") [Johnny Longden](/wiki/Johnny_Longden "Johnny Longden")'s record.{{cite news\| title\=Shoemaker Breaks Record\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/08/archives/shoemaker\-breaks\-record\-jockey\-registers\-victory\-no\-6033\-triumph\-in.html\| date\=September 8, 1970\| newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\| access\-date\=September 12, 2022\| url\-access\=subscription}} In 1999, Shoemaker's own record of 8,833 career victories was broken by Panamanian\-born [Laffit Pincay Jr.](/wiki/Laffit_Pincay_Jr. "Laffit Pincay Jr."); in 2006 [Russell Baze](/wiki/Russell_Baze "Russell Baze") tied Pincay's record.{{cite news\| title\=Pincay Breaks Shoemaker's Record\| url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/sports/horse/daily/dec99/11/pincay11\.htm\| first\=Beth\| last\=Harris\| agency\=Associated Press\| date\=December 10, 1999\| newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\| access\-date\=September 12, 2022}}{{cite news\| title\=Russell Baze ties Pincay's record\| url\=https://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Russell\-Baze\-ties\-Pincay\-s\-record\-1221217\.php\| date\=November 30, 2006\| first\=Beth\| last\=Harris\| agency\=Associated Press\| newspaper\=\[\[Seattle Post\-Intelligencer]]\| access\-date\=September 12, 2022}} Win number 8,833, Shoemaker's last, came at [Gulfstream Park](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park "Gulfstream Park") in [Hallandale, Florida](/wiki/Hallandale%2C_Florida "Hallandale, Florida"), on January 20, 1990, aboard [Beau Genius](/wiki/Beau_Genius "Beau Genius"). Two weeks later, on February 3, Shoemaker rode his last race on Patchy Groundfog, at [Santa Anita Park](/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park "Santa Anita Park") in [Arcadia, California](/wiki/Arcadia%2C_California "Arcadia, California"). He finished fourth, in front of a record crowd, to [Eddie Delahoussaye](/wiki/Eddie_Delahoussaye "Eddie Delahoussaye"), on Exemplary Leader. All told, Bill Shoemaker rode in a record 40,350 races. In 1990, he was voted the [Mike Venezia Memorial Award](/wiki/Mike_Venezia_Memorial_Award "Mike Venezia Memorial Award") for "extraordinary sportsmanship and citizenship". The [Marlboro Cup](/wiki/Marlboro_Cup "Marlboro Cup") of 1976 at [Belmont Park](/wiki/Belmont_Park "Belmont Park") proved to be maybe his greatest racing achievement, and it was upon the mighty [Forego](/wiki/Forego "Forego"). Forego's drive started from eighth position out of eleven horses on the backstretch. It culminated with a tremendous charge through the muddy middle\-of\-the\-track stretch run, leading to a victory by a nose over the dead\-game [Honest Pleasure](/wiki/Honest_Pleasure "Honest Pleasure"). Shoemaker was quoted as saying that Forego was the best horse he had ever ridden. Shoemaker rode three\-time champion [Spectacular Bid](/wiki/Spectacular_Bid "Spectacular Bid") in the horse's final 13 races from 1979 to 1980 losing only once during that stretch. This included Spectacular Bid's perfect nine for nine 1980 season, culminating in a walkover in the [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes "Woodward Stakes"). In his autobiography *Shoemaker* (1988\) he called Spectacular Bid the greatest horse he rode in his storied career.
[ "Jockey career\n-------------", "Shoemaker's career as a [jockey](/wiki/Jockey \"Jockey\") began in his teenage years, with his first professional ride on March 19, 1949\\. The first of his eventual 8,833 career victories came a month later, on April 20, aboard Shafter V, at [Golden Gate Fields](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Fields \"Golden Gate Fields\") in [Albany, California](/wiki/Albany%2C_California \"Albany, California\").[\"About Golden Gate Fields\"](http://www.goldengatefields.com/about/about-golden-gate-fields). {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101124421/http://www.goldengatefields.com/about/about\\-golden\\-gate\\-fields \\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-01 }} *Golden Gate Fields*. Retrieved February 7, 2012 In 1951, he won the [George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award](/wiki/George_Woolf_Memorial_Jockey_Award \"George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award\").", "At the age of 19, he was making so much money (as much as $2,500 each week) the Los Angeles Superior Court appointed attorney [Horace Hahn](/wiki/Horace_Hahn \"Horace Hahn\") as his guardian, with the consent of his parents.{{cite news\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]]\\| date\\=June 2, 1951\\| page\\=11\\| url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109454667/pittsburgh\\-post\\-gazette/\\| title\\=Shoemaker Makes Too Much Money}}", "Thirty years later, he won the [Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Jockey \"Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey\") in the United States.", "Shoemaker won eleven [Triple Crown](/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing \"Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing\") races during his career, spanning four different decades, but the Crown itself eluded him. The breakdown of these wins is as follows:\n* [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby \"Kentucky Derby\"): [Swaps](/wiki/Swaps_%28horse%29 \"Swaps (horse)\") (1955\\), [Tomy Lee](/wiki/Tomy_Lee \"Tomy Lee\") (1959\\), [Lucky Debonair](/wiki/Lucky_Debonair \"Lucky Debonair\") (1965\\) and [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_%28horse%29 \"Ferdinand (horse)\") (1986\\)\n* [Preakness Stakes](/wiki/Preakness_Stakes \"Preakness Stakes\"): [Candy Spots](/wiki/Candy_Spots \"Candy Spots\") (1963\\) and [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus_%28horse%29 \"Damascus (horse)\") (1967\\)\n* [Belmont Stakes](/wiki/Belmont_Stakes \"Belmont Stakes\"): [Gallant Man](/wiki/Gallant_Man \"Gallant Man\") (1957\\), [Sword Dancer](/wiki/Sword_Dancer \"Sword Dancer\") (1959\\), [Jaipur](/wiki/Jaipur_%28horse%29 \"Jaipur (horse)\") (1962\\), Damascus (1967\\) and [Avatar](/wiki/Avatar_%28horse%29 \"Avatar (horse)\") (1975\\)", "Two of Shoemaker's most noted rides were in the [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby \"Kentucky Derby\"). He lost the 1957 [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby \"Kentucky Derby\") aboard [Gallant Man](/wiki/Gallant_Man \"Gallant Man\"), when he stood up in the stirrups too soon, having misjudged the finish line, where Gallant Man finished second to [Iron Liege](/wiki/Iron_Liege \"Iron Liege\"), ridden by [Bill Hartack](/wiki/Bill_Hartack \"Bill Hartack\"). At the 1986 [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby \"Kentucky Derby\"), Shoemaker became the oldest [jockey](/wiki/Jockey \"Jockey\") ever to win the race (at age 54\\) aboard the 18\\-1 outsider Ferdinand. The following year, he rode Ferdinand to a victory over [Alysheba](/wiki/Alysheba \"Alysheba\") in the [Breeders' Cup](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup \"Breeders' Cup\") Classic; Ferdinand later captured Horse of the Year honors.", "Shoemaker rode the popular [California](/wiki/California \"California\") horse [Silky Sullivan](/wiki/Silky_Sullivan \"Silky Sullivan\"), about which he is quoted as saying: \"You just had to let him run his race ... and if he decided to win it, you'd better hold on because you'd be moving faster than a train.\"{{cite web\\| title\\=Silky Sullivan didn't come from behind in the 1958 Kentucky Derby\\| url\\=https://kentuckyderbytours.com/silky\\-sullivan\\-didnt\\-come\\-from\\-behind\\-in\\-the\\-1958\\-kentucky\\-derby/\\| date\\=April 28, 2014\\| website\\=Kentucky Derby Tours\\| agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\| access\\-date\\=September 12, 2022}}", "When Shoemaker earned his 6,033rd victory in September 1970, he broke [jockey](/wiki/Jockey \"Jockey\") [Johnny Longden](/wiki/Johnny_Longden \"Johnny Longden\")'s record.{{cite news\\| title\\=Shoemaker Breaks Record\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/08/archives/shoemaker\\-breaks\\-record\\-jockey\\-registers\\-victory\\-no\\-6033\\-triumph\\-in.html\\| date\\=September 8, 1970\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\| access\\-date\\=September 12, 2022\\| url\\-access\\=subscription}} In 1999, Shoemaker's own record of 8,833 career victories was broken by Panamanian\\-born [Laffit Pincay Jr.](/wiki/Laffit_Pincay_Jr. \"Laffit Pincay Jr.\"); in 2006 [Russell Baze](/wiki/Russell_Baze \"Russell Baze\") tied Pincay's record.{{cite news\\| title\\=Pincay Breaks Shoemaker's Record\\| url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/sports/horse/daily/dec99/11/pincay11\\.htm\\| first\\=Beth\\| last\\=Harris\\|\nagency\\=Associated Press\\| date\\=December 10, 1999\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\| access\\-date\\=September 12, 2022}}{{cite news\\| title\\=Russell Baze ties Pincay's record\\| url\\=https://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Russell\\-Baze\\-ties\\-Pincay\\-s\\-record\\-1221217\\.php\\| date\\=November 30, 2006\\| first\\=Beth\\| last\\=Harris\\| agency\\=Associated Press\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Seattle Post\\-Intelligencer]]\\| access\\-date\\=September 12, 2022}}", "Win number 8,833, Shoemaker's last, came at [Gulfstream Park](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park \"Gulfstream Park\") in [Hallandale, Florida](/wiki/Hallandale%2C_Florida \"Hallandale, Florida\"), on January 20, 1990, aboard [Beau Genius](/wiki/Beau_Genius \"Beau Genius\"). Two weeks later, on February 3, Shoemaker rode his last race on Patchy Groundfog, at [Santa Anita Park](/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park \"Santa Anita Park\") in [Arcadia, California](/wiki/Arcadia%2C_California \"Arcadia, California\"). He finished fourth, in front of a record crowd, to [Eddie Delahoussaye](/wiki/Eddie_Delahoussaye \"Eddie Delahoussaye\"), on Exemplary Leader. All told, Bill Shoemaker rode in a record 40,350 races. In 1990, he was voted the [Mike Venezia Memorial Award](/wiki/Mike_Venezia_Memorial_Award \"Mike Venezia Memorial Award\") for \"extraordinary sportsmanship and citizenship\".", "The [Marlboro Cup](/wiki/Marlboro_Cup \"Marlboro Cup\") of 1976 at [Belmont Park](/wiki/Belmont_Park \"Belmont Park\") proved to be maybe his greatest racing achievement, and it was upon the mighty [Forego](/wiki/Forego \"Forego\"). Forego's drive started from eighth position out of eleven horses on the backstretch. It culminated with a tremendous charge through the muddy middle\\-of\\-the\\-track stretch run, leading to a victory by a nose over the dead\\-game [Honest Pleasure](/wiki/Honest_Pleasure \"Honest Pleasure\"). Shoemaker was quoted as saying that Forego was the best horse he had ever ridden.", "Shoemaker rode three\\-time champion [Spectacular Bid](/wiki/Spectacular_Bid \"Spectacular Bid\") in the horse's final 13 races from 1979 to 1980 losing only once during that stretch. This included Spectacular Bid's perfect nine for nine 1980 season, culminating in a walkover in the [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes \"Woodward Stakes\"). In his autobiography *Shoemaker* (1988\\) he called Spectacular Bid the greatest horse he rode in his storied career.", "" ]
Out buildings ------------- The {{convert\|2\.22\|acre}} farm has nine other buildings organized in a rectangular pattern, with the home in the middle, the barn to the west, and the [privy](/wiki/Outhouse "Outhouse") on the eastern boundary. The original two\-story barn is the oldest and largest of these remaining buildings, dating from the early 1880s. Built of [hand hewn timber](/wiki/Hand_hewn_timber "Hand hewn timber") posts, it measures {{convert\|35\|ft\|0}} by {{convert\|70\|ft\|0}} and has white [shiplap](/wiki/Shiplap "Shiplap") siding. The two newer barn buildings and the older portion form one interconnected building. These newer parts are one story tall, with the middle one measuring {{convert\|20\|ft\|0}} by {{convert\|30\|ft\|0}} and the northernmost {{convert\|20\|ft\|0}} by {{convert\|20\|ft\|0}}. White board and batten siding was used on the middle portion that was built around 1910 and tongue and groove siding on the end section added about 1920\. The barns were used for the seed growing operation of the farm. Attached to the residence is the woodshed, or chop house, that stands one story tall and has a [gabled](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roof. Built in the early 1900s by the Kamna family, it was remodeled in the 1970s and turned into a finished space complete with half\-bath. The chicken coop was built about 1920 with an unfinished interior, and also has a gabled roof. The {{convert\|12\.5\|ft\|mm\|adj\=on}} by {{convert\|20\|ft\|mm\|adj\=on}} structure has a dirt floor and shiplap siding. The potato shed also features the shiplap siding and gabled roof. Measuring {{convert\|16\|ft\|mm}} by {{convert\|22\|ft\|mm}}, the concrete floored structure was built circa 1910 and was used for storing crops. The smallest structure is the privy, which is {{convert\|6\|ft\|mm}} by {{convert\|8\|ft\|mm}}. It was used from about 1910 until the 1950s. Inside were three holes, while outside was shiplap siding and a cedar shake roof. The pumphouse featured a brick foundation and [brick lined well](/wiki/Brick_lined_well "Brick lined well"). Built about 1910, it is a wood\-frame structure with a [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof "Hip roof") of composition shingles. The well was used for irrigation on the farm. Also built around the same time was the smokehouse which had a dirt floor. Measuring {{convert\|8\.5\|ft\|mm}} by {{convert\|10\.5\|ft\|mm}}, it has white shiplap siding and a [cedar shake](/wiki/Roof_shingle "Roof shingle") roof on the exterior. The canning shed on the property is the only brick structure. Built in the late 19th century, it was used for canning, food storage, and summer kitchen. Measuring {{convert\|14\|ft\|m}} squared (1\.3 m2), it also has a hipped roof which features a wooden [ventilation](/wiki/Ventilation_%28architecture%29 "Ventilation (architecture)") chimney at the apex. The exterior of the brick is covered with stucco. The newest building on the farm is the garage that was built in the 1920s. It has a gabled roof, exposed [rafter](/wiki/Rafter "Rafter") tails, weatherboard siding, and composition singles. Located between the farmhouse and the barn, it measures {{convert\|24\|ft\|0}} by {{convert\|16\|ft\|0}} and has a {{convert\|10\|ft\|0\|adj\=on}} wide double\-car garage door on the south side. There is a single window on both the east and west ends of the building. A large [Pignut Hickory](/wiki/Pignut_Hickory "Pignut Hickory") and [Black Walnut](/wiki/Black_Walnut "Black Walnut") trees shade the garage.
[ "Out buildings\n-------------", "The {{convert\\|2\\.22\\|acre}} farm has nine other buildings organized in a rectangular pattern, with the home in the middle, the barn to the west, and the [privy](/wiki/Outhouse \"Outhouse\") on the eastern boundary. The original two\\-story barn is the oldest and largest of these remaining buildings, dating from the early 1880s. Built of [hand hewn timber](/wiki/Hand_hewn_timber \"Hand hewn timber\") posts, it measures {{convert\\|35\\|ft\\|0}} by {{convert\\|70\\|ft\\|0}} and has white [shiplap](/wiki/Shiplap \"Shiplap\") siding. The two newer barn buildings and the older portion form one interconnected building. These newer parts are one story tall, with the middle one measuring {{convert\\|20\\|ft\\|0}} by {{convert\\|30\\|ft\\|0}} and the northernmost {{convert\\|20\\|ft\\|0}} by {{convert\\|20\\|ft\\|0}}. White board and batten siding was used on the middle portion that was built around 1910 and tongue and groove siding on the end section added about 1920\\. The barns were used for the seed growing operation of the farm.", "Attached to the residence is the woodshed, or chop house, that stands one story tall and has a [gabled](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roof. Built in the early 1900s by the Kamna family, it was remodeled in the 1970s and turned into a finished space complete with half\\-bath. The chicken coop was built about 1920 with an unfinished interior, and also has a gabled roof. The {{convert\\|12\\.5\\|ft\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} by {{convert\\|20\\|ft\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} structure has a dirt floor and shiplap siding. The potato shed also features the shiplap siding and gabled roof. Measuring {{convert\\|16\\|ft\\|mm}} by {{convert\\|22\\|ft\\|mm}}, the concrete floored structure was built circa 1910 and was used for storing crops.", "The smallest structure is the privy, which is {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|mm}} by {{convert\\|8\\|ft\\|mm}}. It was used from about 1910 until the 1950s. Inside were three holes, while outside was shiplap siding and a cedar shake roof. The pumphouse featured a brick foundation and [brick lined well](/wiki/Brick_lined_well \"Brick lined well\"). Built about 1910, it is a wood\\-frame structure with a [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof \"Hip roof\") of composition shingles. The well was used for irrigation on the farm.", "Also built around the same time was the smokehouse which had a dirt floor. Measuring {{convert\\|8\\.5\\|ft\\|mm}} by {{convert\\|10\\.5\\|ft\\|mm}}, it has white shiplap siding and a [cedar shake](/wiki/Roof_shingle \"Roof shingle\") roof on the exterior. The canning shed on the property is the only brick structure. Built in the late 19th century, it was used for canning, food storage, and summer kitchen. Measuring {{convert\\|14\\|ft\\|m}} squared (1\\.3 m2), it also has a hipped roof which features a wooden [ventilation](/wiki/Ventilation_%28architecture%29 \"Ventilation (architecture)\") chimney at the apex. The exterior of the brick is covered with stucco.", "The newest building on the farm is the garage that was built in the 1920s. It has a gabled roof, exposed [rafter](/wiki/Rafter \"Rafter\") tails, weatherboard siding, and composition singles. Located between the farmhouse and the barn, it measures {{convert\\|24\\|ft\\|0}} by {{convert\\|16\\|ft\\|0}} and has a {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|0\\|adj\\=on}} wide double\\-car garage door on the south side. There is a single window on both the east and west ends of the building. A large [Pignut Hickory](/wiki/Pignut_Hickory \"Pignut Hickory\") and [Black Walnut](/wiki/Black_Walnut \"Black Walnut\") trees shade the garage.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Background and early career Branislav Andjelić was born in Belgrade, Serbia (then Yugoslavia). His father died when he was seven and he and his younger sister Jasmina were raised by their mother. To help out with the family finances, he started working as a photographer's assistant while still in the eighth grade. By the eleventh grade Branislav had a thriving wedding photography business with his friend Milovan Mišić. He volunteered teaching younger children photography at the local community center and received [Nikola Tesla](/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla") Award for his efforts. In 1977 he received one of the two scholarships awarded annually by the Yugoslav Government and [American Field Service](/wiki/American_Field_Service "American Field Service") to complete his senior year in the United States, where he graduated from the [University Lake School](https://web.archive.org/web/20090922230831/http://www.universitylake.org/Default.asp?bhcp=1) in 1978\. Andjelic returned to Belgrade to study journalism at the [University of Belgrade](/wiki/University_of_Belgrade "University of Belgrade"), but after completing three years with honors left for financial reasons. He worked as a procurement officer for the [World Bank/IMF in Belgrade](/wiki/Annual_Meetings_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_and_the_World_Bank_Group "Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group"), translator on the military chemical complex in Iraq, commercial manager for the construction company in Kenya, site manager for a port project in Libya and marketing manager for the electrical contractor in Belgrade. During all this time Branislav worked as a journalist in parallel. In 1986 he won an award with his senior colleague Dragan Milosavljević for a TV documentary about the atrocities committed by the [Okello](/wiki/Tito_Okello "Tito Okello") government in the Uganda's [Luwero](/wiki/Luwero_District "Luwero District") triangle. ### Moving abroad In 1987 Andjelic was posted by a Serbian magazine to Washington, D.C. He decided to go back to school in parallel and in 1991 he graduated in economics from the [University of the District of Columbia](/wiki/University_of_the_District_of_Columbia "University of the District of Columbia"). He was an early adopter of the Internet technology, having the dial\-up account since 1990 with the [Software Tool and Die Company](/wiki/The_World_%28internet_service_provider%29 "The World (internet service provider)"), the first Internet service provider in the world. In 1991 Andjelić moved to Boston to join his friend Miroslav Radić in an IT startup company. The company provided early web design, as well as satellite connectivity in the remote parts of the world. Combining his economics and IT expertise Branislav also consulted in [business process reengineering](/wiki/Business_process_reengineering "Business process reengineering") and technology introduction in medium\-sized companies in the area. ### beograd.com In 1995 Andjelić moved to Toronto where he established a startup Internet company. During that time Internet was cut off to Serbia, and Branislav and his friend from Belgrade Nenad Ćosić devised a way to allow Serbian entities to have an Internet presence by uploading content through the plain old telephone lines to the site beograd.com hosted in Canada. The first clients were [Yugoslav Drama Theatre](/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre "Yugoslav Drama Theatre"), [Megatrend School](/wiki/Megatrend_university "Megatrend university"), Belgrade Library and [Democratic Party](/wiki/Demokratska_stranka "Demokratska stranka"), but the list quickly grew. In 1996 when the access to Internet was again possible in Serbia, beograd.com hosted the first censorship\-free forum for the Serbian opposition and a mirror site for the student protest then held against [Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slobodan Milošević") government in Belgrade. During the food and essentials shortage in Serbia in 1997, as no money transfers were possible, Andjelić and Ćosić established a fully automated e\-shop on beograd.com through which Serbian expatriates could purchase goods using credit cards for delivery to their friends and relatives in Serbia. The services later added included airline ticketing, a bookshop and medical services in Serbia. When NATO attacked Serbia in 1999, Andjelić and Ćosić organized a news service on beograd.com which reported live through hundreds of stringers in the field. Spotters in NATO bases in Europe reported when planes took off, so readers of the site had extra time to prepare for the attack. Stringers in the field all over Serbia reported damage before any other news outlet, often as it happened, which were often quoted by CNN and BBC. AP and Reuters wrote features about the site and hundreds of newspapers around the world picked it up."E\-MAILS OPEN WINDOW ON AIRSTRIKES" Miami Herald \- April 25, 1999 \- 31A Front In May 1999 site reached 9 million hits per day, prompting shut\-down due to the enormous bandwidth charges. Within a week readers from all over the world sent money and offered [mirrors](/wiki/Mirror_website "Mirror website"), and the site was back up. In 2000 beograd.com became the first electronic media to be accepted in the [South East Europe Media Organisation](/wiki/South_East_Europe_Media_Organisation "South East Europe Media Organisation") in Vienna and Andjelić became a member of the [International Press Institute](/wiki/International_Press_Institute "International Press Institute"). After Andjelić returned to Serbia in 2000 beograd.com ceased active operation. ### Return to Serbia Andjelić returned to Serbia in August 2000, just before the presidential elections and upheaval that toppled [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slobodan Milošević"). A cabinet\-level post was created for him and in June 2001 Andjelić was named the first director of the Information Technology and Internet Development Agency.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.sk.co.rs/2001/07/skiv01\.html \|title\=SVET KOMPJUTERA \- INTERVJU \- Branislav Anđelić, ARII \|access\-date\=2010\-12\-02 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006145857/http://www.sk.co.rs/2001/07/skiv01\.html \|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-06 \|url\-status\=dead }} In this position Andjelić authored the National Information Society Policy, introduced intellectual property rights regulation and fought against software piracy.Tanjug News Agency, 31\. January 2002\. Quoted from the Internodium archives at [http://www.internodium.org/node/1352{{dead link\|date\=November 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.internodium.org/node/1352{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) He negotiated strategic partnership agreement with Microsoft in the summer of 2001, and with other major ICT companies later that year.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.delo.si/tiskano/html/zadnji/Delo\|title \= Delo \- Vedeti več pomeni imeti moč}} Andjelić also begun the process of liberalization in the telecommunication sector.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id\=398087\|title \= Monopol trči poslednju milju \- Srpske telekomunikacije \- Nedeljnik Vreme\|date \= 2 December 2004}} During 2002 he helped reinvigorate eSEE Initiative of the [Stability Pact](/wiki/Stability_Pact_for_South_Eastern_Europe "Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe"), which culminated in the regional conference{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.eseeuropeconference.org/index.html\# \|title\=Telecommunications for Development \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330174333/http://www.eseeuropeconference.org/index.html\# \|archive\-date\=2009\-03\-30 \|url\-status\=dead }} in Belgrade where countries of the region signed a pact to work together on the rapid fulfillment of the [eEurope](http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/2002/index_en.htm) goals. Also during 2002 Andjelić was named a temporary administrator of the mobile operator "Mobtel" (now Telenor Serbia).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nin.co.rs/2002\-03/07/22282\.html\|title\=NIN / Trka za zlatnom kokom}} In four months he restructured the company effecting savings of 1 million Euro per month and negotiating a 100 million Euro contract for new equipment with Ericsson. Following the assassination of Đinđić, Andjelić went back to private business. He established an information security company and published a magazine "Security". In the fall of 2003 Andjelić organized a major regional conference on information security{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.dataprotection2003\.info/index.html \|title\=Regional Security through Data Protection \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126102901/http://www.dataprotection2003\.info/index.html\# \|archive\-date\=2010\-01\-26 \|url\-status\=dead }} to raise awareness among the policymakers and promote data protection standards. In 2005 Andjelić and several of his friends from the Đinđić administration formed Altis Capital, a corporate finance and strategic management advisory firm based in Belgrade. In parallel Andjelić went back to school and earned a master's degree in business from [Grenoble Graduate School of Business](/wiki/Grenoble_%C3%A9cole_de_management "Grenoble école de management") in 2006\. He is currently writing his PhD thesis on valuing companies in transition economies.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Background and early career", "Branislav Andjelić was born in Belgrade, Serbia (then Yugoslavia). His father died when he was seven and he and his younger sister Jasmina were raised by their mother. To help out with the family finances, he started working as a photographer's assistant while still in the eighth grade. By the eleventh grade Branislav had a thriving wedding photography business with his friend Milovan Mišić. He volunteered teaching younger children photography at the local community center and received [Nikola Tesla](/wiki/Nikola_Tesla \"Nikola Tesla\") Award for his efforts.", "In 1977 he received one of the two scholarships awarded annually by the Yugoslav Government and [American Field Service](/wiki/American_Field_Service \"American Field Service\") to complete his senior year in the United States, where he graduated from the [University Lake School](https://web.archive.org/web/20090922230831/http://www.universitylake.org/Default.asp?bhcp=1) in 1978\\.", "Andjelic returned to Belgrade to study journalism at the [University of Belgrade](/wiki/University_of_Belgrade \"University of Belgrade\"), but after completing three years with honors left for financial reasons. He worked as a procurement officer for the [World Bank/IMF in Belgrade](/wiki/Annual_Meetings_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_and_the_World_Bank_Group \"Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group\"), translator on the military chemical complex in Iraq, commercial manager for the construction company in Kenya, site manager for a port project in Libya and marketing manager for the electrical contractor in Belgrade.", "During all this time Branislav worked as a journalist in parallel. In 1986 he won an award with his senior colleague Dragan Milosavljević for a TV documentary about the atrocities committed by the [Okello](/wiki/Tito_Okello \"Tito Okello\") government in the Uganda's [Luwero](/wiki/Luwero_District \"Luwero District\") triangle.", "### Moving abroad", "In 1987 Andjelic was posted by a Serbian magazine to Washington, D.C. He decided to go back to school in parallel and in 1991 he graduated in economics from the [University of the District of Columbia](/wiki/University_of_the_District_of_Columbia \"University of the District of Columbia\"). He was an early adopter of the Internet technology, having the dial\\-up account since 1990 with the [Software Tool and Die Company](/wiki/The_World_%28internet_service_provider%29 \"The World (internet service provider)\"), the first Internet service provider in the world.", "In 1991 Andjelić moved to Boston to join his friend Miroslav Radić in an IT startup company. The company provided early web design, as well as satellite connectivity in the remote parts of the world. Combining his economics and IT expertise Branislav also consulted in [business process reengineering](/wiki/Business_process_reengineering \"Business process reengineering\") and technology introduction in medium\\-sized companies in the area.", "### beograd.com", "In 1995 Andjelić moved to Toronto where he established a startup Internet company. During that time Internet was cut off to Serbia, and Branislav and his friend from Belgrade Nenad Ćosić devised a way to allow Serbian entities to have an Internet presence by uploading content through the plain old telephone lines to the site beograd.com hosted in Canada. The first clients were [Yugoslav Drama Theatre](/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre \"Yugoslav Drama Theatre\"), [Megatrend School](/wiki/Megatrend_university \"Megatrend university\"), Belgrade Library and [Democratic Party](/wiki/Demokratska_stranka \"Demokratska stranka\"), but the list quickly grew. In 1996 when the access to Internet was again possible in Serbia, beograd.com hosted the first censorship\\-free forum for the Serbian opposition and a mirror site for the student protest then held against [Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slobodan Milošević\") government in Belgrade.", "During the food and essentials shortage in Serbia in 1997, as no money transfers were possible, Andjelić and Ćosić established a fully automated e\\-shop on beograd.com through which Serbian expatriates could purchase goods using credit cards for delivery to their friends and relatives in Serbia. The services later added included airline ticketing, a bookshop and medical services in Serbia.", "When NATO attacked Serbia in 1999, Andjelić and Ćosić organized a news service on beograd.com which reported live through hundreds of stringers in the field. Spotters in NATO bases in Europe reported when planes took off, so readers of the site had extra time to prepare for the attack. Stringers in the field all over Serbia reported damage before any other news outlet, often as it happened, which were often quoted by CNN and BBC. AP and Reuters wrote features about the site and hundreds of newspapers around the world picked it up.\"E\\-MAILS OPEN WINDOW ON AIRSTRIKES\" Miami Herald \\- April 25, 1999 \\- 31A Front In May 1999 site reached 9 million hits per day, prompting shut\\-down due to the enormous bandwidth charges. Within a week readers from all over the world sent money and offered [mirrors](/wiki/Mirror_website \"Mirror website\"), and the site was back up. In 2000 beograd.com became the first electronic media to be accepted in the [South East Europe Media Organisation](/wiki/South_East_Europe_Media_Organisation \"South East Europe Media Organisation\") in Vienna and Andjelić became a member of the [International Press Institute](/wiki/International_Press_Institute \"International Press Institute\").", "After Andjelić returned to Serbia in 2000 beograd.com ceased active operation.", "### Return to Serbia", "Andjelić returned to Serbia in August 2000, just before the presidential elections and upheaval that toppled [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slobodan Milošević\"). A cabinet\\-level post was created for him and in June 2001 Andjelić was named the first director of the Information Technology and Internet Development Agency.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sk.co.rs/2001/07/skiv01\\.html \\|title\\=SVET KOMPJUTERA \\- INTERVJU \\- Branislav Anđelić, ARII \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-02 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006145857/http://www.sk.co.rs/2001/07/skiv01\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-06 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In this position Andjelić authored the National Information Society Policy, introduced intellectual property rights regulation and fought against software piracy.Tanjug News Agency, 31\\. January 2002\\. Quoted from the Internodium archives at [http://www.internodium.org/node/1352{{dead link\\|date\\=November 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.internodium.org/node/1352{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) He negotiated strategic partnership agreement with Microsoft in the summer of 2001, and with other major ICT companies later that year.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.delo.si/tiskano/html/zadnji/Delo\\|title \\= Delo \\- Vedeti več pomeni imeti moč}} Andjelić also begun the process of liberalization in the telecommunication sector.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id\\=398087\\|title \\= Monopol trči poslednju milju \\- Srpske telekomunikacije \\- Nedeljnik Vreme\\|date \\= 2 December 2004}}", "During 2002 he helped reinvigorate eSEE Initiative of the [Stability Pact](/wiki/Stability_Pact_for_South_Eastern_Europe \"Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe\"), which culminated in the regional conference{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eseeuropeconference.org/index.html\\# \\|title\\=Telecommunications for Development \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330174333/http://www.eseeuropeconference.org/index.html\\# \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} in Belgrade where countries of the region signed a pact to work together on the rapid fulfillment of the [eEurope](http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/2002/index_en.htm) goals.", "Also during 2002 Andjelić was named a temporary administrator of the mobile operator \"Mobtel\" (now Telenor Serbia).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nin.co.rs/2002\\-03/07/22282\\.html\\|title\\=NIN / Trka za zlatnom kokom}} In four months he restructured the company effecting savings of 1 million Euro per month and negotiating a 100 million Euro contract for new equipment with Ericsson.", "Following the assassination of Đinđić, Andjelić went back to private business. He established an information security company and published a magazine \"Security\". In the fall of 2003 Andjelić organized a major regional conference on information security{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dataprotection2003\\.info/index.html \\|title\\=Regional Security through Data Protection \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126102901/http://www.dataprotection2003\\.info/index.html\\# \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-26 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} to raise awareness among the policymakers and promote data protection standards.", "In 2005 Andjelić and several of his friends from the Đinđić administration formed Altis Capital, a corporate finance and strategic management advisory firm based in Belgrade. In parallel Andjelić went back to school and earned a master's degree in business from [Grenoble Graduate School of Business](/wiki/Grenoble_%C3%A9cole_de_management \"Grenoble école de management\") in 2006\\. He is currently writing his PhD thesis on valuing companies in transition economies.", "" ]
Career ------ {{More citations needed\|section\|date\=February 2024}} Godley began his acting career at the age of nine in a [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") radio production of Hemingway's *[My Old Man](/wiki/My_Old_Man_%28short_story%29 "My Old Man (short story)")*. His first stage role came at age 11, as Prince Giovanni in *[The White Devil](/wiki/The_White_Devil "The White Devil")* at [The Old Vic](/wiki/The_Old_Vic "The Old Vic").{{cite web\|url\=https://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/rsc\-performances/whv199604\|title\= RSC Performances\- The White Devil\|website\= Royal Shakespeare Company\|access\-date\= January 3, 2021}} His childhood career also included work at the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre"), in [Lillian Helman](/wiki/Lillian_Helman "Lillian Helman")'s *[Watch on the Rhine](/wiki/Watch_on_the_Rhine_%28play%29 "Watch on the Rhine (play)")*, and *Close of Play*, directed by [Harold Pinter](/wiki/Harold_Pinter "Harold Pinter").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/people/4751\|title\= Adam Godley \- Profiles\|website\= National Theatre\|access\-date\= January 3, 2021}} Godley achieved national prominence after playing the lead in the 1984 [BBC TV adaptation](/wiki/Moonfleet_%281984_TV_series%29 "Moonfleet (1984 TV series)") of [J. Meade Falkner](/wiki/J._Meade_Falkner "J. Meade Falkner")'s *[Moonfleet](/wiki/Moonfleet_%28novel%29 "Moonfleet (novel)")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www2\.bfi.org.uk/films\-tv\-people/4ce2b747429d5\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328194859/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\-tv\-people/4ce2b747429d5\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=28 March 2020\|title\= Moonfleet\|website\= \[\[British Film Institute\|BFI]]\|access\-date\= January 3, 2021}} In 1986, Godley joined [Alan Ayckbourn](/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn "Alan Ayckbourn")'s theatre company in [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire "Scarborough, North Yorkshire"), where he stayed for three seasons. Productions included *[June Moon](/wiki/June_Moon "June Moon")* and *[The Revengers' Comedies](/wiki/The_Revengers%27_Comedies "The Revengers' Comedies")*, both of which transferred to the [West End](/wiki/West_End_theatre "West End theatre"), and *[Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays](/wiki/Mr_A%27s_Amazing_Maze_Plays "Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays")*, which transferred to the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/theatre\-a\-choice\-evening\-paul\-taylor\-on\-mr\-a\-s\-amazing\-maze\-plays\-at\-the\-cottesloe\-1496365\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103154543/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/theatre\-a\-choice\-evening\-paul\-taylor\-on\-mr\-a\-s\-amazing\-maze\-plays\-at\-the\-cottesloe\-1496365\.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-01\-03 \|url\-access\=limited \|url\-status\=live\|title\= THEATRE / A choice evening: Paul Taylor on Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays at the Cottesloe\|website\= The Independent\|date\= 8 March 1993\|access\-date\= January 3, 2021}} He spent one season as a member of the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company"), before creating the role of Cliff in [Sam Mendes](/wiki/Sam_Mendes "Sam Mendes")'s production of *[Cabaret](/wiki/Cabaret_%28musical%29 "Cabaret (musical)")* at the [Donmar Warehouse](/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse "Donmar Warehouse") in 1993\. Several major productions followed, including *Mouth to Mouth* at the [Royal Court](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre "Royal Court Theatre"), *[The Front Page](/wiki/The_Front_Page "The Front Page")* at the Donmar, and *[The Rivals](/wiki/The_Rivals "The Rivals")* in the West End, after which Godley went on to create a series of roles at the National, including [Kenneth Williams](/wiki/Kenneth_Williams "Kenneth Williams") in *[Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick](/wiki/Cleo%2C_Camping%2C_Emmanuelle_and_Dick "Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick")*; and the title role in [Howard Davies](/wiki/Howard_Davies_%28director%29 "Howard Davies (director)")' production of *[Paul](/wiki/Paul_%28play%29 "Paul (play)")*. In 1999 he played Jack Worthing in the West End production of *[The Importance of Being Earnest](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest "The Importance of Being Earnest")*. [thumb\|right\|200px\|Godley in November 2008](/wiki/File:Adamgodley.JPG "Adamgodley.JPG") In 2002 he made his film debut in [Claude Lelouch](/wiki/Claude_Lelouch "Claude Lelouch")'s *[And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen](/wiki/And_Now..._Ladies_and_Gentlemen "And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen")* starring [Jeremy Irons](/wiki/Jeremy_Irons "Jeremy Irons") and [Patricia Kaas](/wiki/Patricia_Kaas "Patricia Kaas") which premiered at the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival "Cannes Film Festival"). He continued acting in films such as the Christmas classic *[Love Actually](/wiki/Love_Actually "Love Actually")* (2003\), *[Around the World in 80 Days](/wiki/Around_the_World_in_80_Days_%282004_film%29 "Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)")* (2004\), *[Nanny McPhee](/wiki/Nanny_McPhee "Nanny McPhee")* (2005\), and *[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory](/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_%28film%29 "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)")* (2005\). In 2002 he starred as Victor Prynne alongside [Alan Rickman](/wiki/Alan_Rickman "Alan Rickman") and [Lindsay Duncan](/wiki/Lindsay_Duncan "Lindsay Duncan") in a revival of [Noël Coward](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward "Noël Coward")'s *[Private Lives](/wiki/Private_Lives "Private Lives")* at the [Richard Rogers Theatre](/wiki/Richard_Rogers_Theatre "Richard Rogers Theatre") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), where Godley made his [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_%28theatre%29 "Broadway (theatre)") debut. For his performance he earned a [Theatre World Award](/wiki/Theatre_World_Award "Theatre World Award"). The following year Godley starred as Michal in [Martin McDonagh](/wiki/Martin_McDonagh "Martin McDonagh")'s *[The Pillowman](/wiki/The_Pillowman "The Pillowman")* opposite [Jim Broadbent](/wiki/Jim_Broadbent "Jim Broadbent") and [David Tennant](/wiki/David_Tennant "David Tennant") at the [Royal National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre"). In 2008 he played Raymond Babbitt in the West End production of *[Rain Man](/wiki/Rain_Man "Rain Man")* opposite [Josh Hartnett](/wiki/Josh_Hartnett "Josh Hartnett"). In 2010 he played [Jonathan Powell](/wiki/Jonathan_Powell_%28Labour_adviser%29 "Jonathan Powell (Labour adviser)") in the [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") television film *[The Special Relationship](/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_%28film%29 "The Special Relationship (film)")* about [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair")'s relationship with [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"). He had recurring roles as [Elliott Schwartz](/wiki/Elliott_Schwartz_%28Breaking_Bad%29 "Elliott Schwartz (Breaking Bad)") in [AMC](/wiki/AMC_%28TV_channel%29 "AMC (TV channel)")'s *[Breaking Bad](/wiki/Breaking_Bad "Breaking Bad")* and Jocelyn Pugh in *[Lodge 49](/wiki/Lodge_49 "Lodge 49").* He also appeared in [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC")'s *[A Young Doctor's Notebook](/wiki/A_Young_Doctor%27s_Notebook "A Young Doctor's Notebook")* (2011\), [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS")'s *[The Good Wife](/wiki/The_Good_Wife "The Good Wife")* (2012\), [USA Networks](/wiki/USA_Networks "USA Networks")'s *[Suits](/wiki/Suits_%28American_TV_series%29 "Suits (American TV series)")* (2012\), [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 "Showtime (TV network)")'s *[Homeland](/wiki/Homeland_%28TV_series%29 "Homeland (TV series)")* (2015\), and NBC's *[The Blacklist](/wiki/The_Blacklist_%28TV_series%29 "The Blacklist (TV series)")* (2017\). In 2011 he played Lord Evelyn Oakleigh in Roundabout Theatre's multi\-award\-winning [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") revival of *[Anything Goes](/wiki/Anything_Goes "Anything Goes")*. The production starred [Sutton Foster](/wiki/Sutton_Foster "Sutton Foster"), [John McMartin](/wiki/John_McMartin "John McMartin"), [Jessica Walter](/wiki/Jessica_Walter "Jessica Walter") and [Joel Grey](/wiki/Joel_Grey "Joel Grey"). For his performance he earned a [Tony Award](/wiki/Tony_Award "Tony Award") nomination, a [Drama Desk Award](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award "Drama Desk Award") nomination, and an [Outer Critics Circle Award](/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Award "Outer Critics Circle Award"). In 2013 he led a new adaptation by Dennis Kelly of [Georg Kaiser](/wiki/Georg_Kaiser "Georg Kaiser")'s 1912 [German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") [expressionist](/wiki/Expressionist "Expressionist") masterpiece, *[From Morning to Midnight](/wiki/From_Morning_to_Midnight "From Morning to Midnight")*, at the National Theatre. His most recent stage role was as one of the three [Lehman brothers](/wiki/Lehman_brothers "Lehman brothers") in the 2019 [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre")'s *[The Lehman Trilogy](/wiki/The_Lehman_Trilogy "The Lehman Trilogy")* for which he was nominated for the [Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Play](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Actor "Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor") alongside [Simon Russell Beale](/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale "Simon Russell Beale") and [Ben Miles](/wiki/Ben_Miles "Ben Miles").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/theater\-dance/2021/12/24/lehman\-trilogy\-broadway/\|title\= 'The Lehman Trilogy' has been a critical standout on Broadway this fall. Its superb cast sheds light on how that happened\|newspaper\= \[\[Washington Post]]\|access\-date\= January 3, 2021}} The play transferred to [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_%28theatre%29 "Broadway (theatre)") in 2021 where he received a [Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Play](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Play "Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play") along with Adrian Lester and Simon Russell Beale. In 2023, he portrayed pollster Darwin Perry in the [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") drama series *[Succession](/wiki/Succession_%28TV_series%29 "Succession (TV series)")* episode "[America Decides](/wiki/America_Decides "America Decides")".
[ "Career\n------", "{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=February 2024}}\nGodley began his acting career at the age of nine in a [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") radio production of Hemingway's *[My Old Man](/wiki/My_Old_Man_%28short_story%29 \"My Old Man (short story)\")*. His first stage role came at age 11, as Prince Giovanni in *[The White Devil](/wiki/The_White_Devil \"The White Devil\")* at [The Old Vic](/wiki/The_Old_Vic \"The Old Vic\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/rsc\\-performances/whv199604\\|title\\= RSC Performances\\- The White Devil\\|website\\= Royal Shakespeare Company\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2021}} His childhood career also included work at the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\"), in [Lillian Helman](/wiki/Lillian_Helman \"Lillian Helman\")'s *[Watch on the Rhine](/wiki/Watch_on_the_Rhine_%28play%29 \"Watch on the Rhine (play)\")*, and *Close of Play*, directed by [Harold Pinter](/wiki/Harold_Pinter \"Harold Pinter\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/people/4751\\|title\\= Adam Godley \\- Profiles\\|website\\= National Theatre\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2021}} Godley achieved national prominence after playing the lead in the 1984 [BBC TV adaptation](/wiki/Moonfleet_%281984_TV_series%29 \"Moonfleet (1984 TV series)\") of [J. Meade Falkner](/wiki/J._Meade_Falkner \"J. Meade Falkner\")'s *[Moonfleet](/wiki/Moonfleet_%28novel%29 \"Moonfleet (novel)\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www2\\.bfi.org.uk/films\\-tv\\-people/4ce2b747429d5\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328194859/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\\-tv\\-people/4ce2b747429d5\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2020\\|title\\= Moonfleet\\|website\\= \\[\\[British Film Institute\\|BFI]]\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2021}}", "In 1986, Godley joined [Alan Ayckbourn](/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn \"Alan Ayckbourn\")'s theatre company in [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire \"Scarborough, North Yorkshire\"), where he stayed for three seasons. Productions included *[June Moon](/wiki/June_Moon \"June Moon\")* and *[The Revengers' Comedies](/wiki/The_Revengers%27_Comedies \"The Revengers' Comedies\")*, both of which transferred to the [West End](/wiki/West_End_theatre \"West End theatre\"), and *[Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays](/wiki/Mr_A%27s_Amazing_Maze_Plays \"Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays\")*, which transferred to the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/theatre\\-a\\-choice\\-evening\\-paul\\-taylor\\-on\\-mr\\-a\\-s\\-amazing\\-maze\\-plays\\-at\\-the\\-cottesloe\\-1496365\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103154543/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/theatre\\-a\\-choice\\-evening\\-paul\\-taylor\\-on\\-mr\\-a\\-s\\-amazing\\-maze\\-plays\\-at\\-the\\-cottesloe\\-1496365\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-03 \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\= THEATRE / A choice evening: Paul Taylor on Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays at the Cottesloe\\|website\\= The Independent\\|date\\= 8 March 1993\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2021}}", "He spent one season as a member of the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\"), before creating the role of Cliff in [Sam Mendes](/wiki/Sam_Mendes \"Sam Mendes\")'s production of *[Cabaret](/wiki/Cabaret_%28musical%29 \"Cabaret (musical)\")* at the [Donmar Warehouse](/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse \"Donmar Warehouse\") in 1993\\. Several major productions followed, including *Mouth to Mouth* at the [Royal Court](/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre \"Royal Court Theatre\"), *[The Front Page](/wiki/The_Front_Page \"The Front Page\")* at the Donmar, and *[The Rivals](/wiki/The_Rivals \"The Rivals\")* in the West End, after which Godley went on to create a series of roles at the National, including [Kenneth Williams](/wiki/Kenneth_Williams \"Kenneth Williams\") in *[Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick](/wiki/Cleo%2C_Camping%2C_Emmanuelle_and_Dick \"Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick\")*; and the title role in [Howard Davies](/wiki/Howard_Davies_%28director%29 \"Howard Davies (director)\")' production of *[Paul](/wiki/Paul_%28play%29 \"Paul (play)\")*. In 1999 he played Jack Worthing in the West End production of *[The Importance of Being Earnest](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest \"The Importance of Being Earnest\")*.\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Godley in November 2008](/wiki/File:Adamgodley.JPG \"Adamgodley.JPG\")\nIn 2002 he made his film debut in [Claude Lelouch](/wiki/Claude_Lelouch \"Claude Lelouch\")'s *[And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen](/wiki/And_Now..._Ladies_and_Gentlemen \"And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen\")* starring [Jeremy Irons](/wiki/Jeremy_Irons \"Jeremy Irons\") and [Patricia Kaas](/wiki/Patricia_Kaas \"Patricia Kaas\") which premiered at the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\"). He continued acting in films such as the Christmas classic *[Love Actually](/wiki/Love_Actually \"Love Actually\")* (2003\\), *[Around the World in 80 Days](/wiki/Around_the_World_in_80_Days_%282004_film%29 \"Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)\")* (2004\\), *[Nanny McPhee](/wiki/Nanny_McPhee \"Nanny McPhee\")* (2005\\), and *[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory](/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_%28film%29 \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)\")* (2005\\).", "In 2002 he starred as Victor Prynne alongside [Alan Rickman](/wiki/Alan_Rickman \"Alan Rickman\") and [Lindsay Duncan](/wiki/Lindsay_Duncan \"Lindsay Duncan\") in a revival of [Noël Coward](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward \"Noël Coward\")'s *[Private Lives](/wiki/Private_Lives \"Private Lives\")* at the [Richard Rogers Theatre](/wiki/Richard_Rogers_Theatre \"Richard Rogers Theatre\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), where Godley made his [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_%28theatre%29 \"Broadway (theatre)\") debut. For his performance he earned a [Theatre World Award](/wiki/Theatre_World_Award \"Theatre World Award\"). The following year Godley starred as Michal in [Martin McDonagh](/wiki/Martin_McDonagh \"Martin McDonagh\")'s *[The Pillowman](/wiki/The_Pillowman \"The Pillowman\")* opposite [Jim Broadbent](/wiki/Jim_Broadbent \"Jim Broadbent\") and [David Tennant](/wiki/David_Tennant \"David Tennant\") at the [Royal National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\").", "In 2008 he played Raymond Babbitt in the West End production of *[Rain Man](/wiki/Rain_Man \"Rain Man\")* opposite [Josh Hartnett](/wiki/Josh_Hartnett \"Josh Hartnett\"). In 2010 he played [Jonathan Powell](/wiki/Jonathan_Powell_%28Labour_adviser%29 \"Jonathan Powell (Labour adviser)\") in the [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") television film *[The Special Relationship](/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_%28film%29 \"The Special Relationship (film)\")* about [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\")'s relationship with [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"). He had recurring roles as [Elliott Schwartz](/wiki/Elliott_Schwartz_%28Breaking_Bad%29 \"Elliott Schwartz (Breaking Bad)\") in [AMC](/wiki/AMC_%28TV_channel%29 \"AMC (TV channel)\")'s *[Breaking Bad](/wiki/Breaking_Bad \"Breaking Bad\")* and Jocelyn Pugh in *[Lodge 49](/wiki/Lodge_49 \"Lodge 49\").* He also appeared in [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")'s *[A Young Doctor's Notebook](/wiki/A_Young_Doctor%27s_Notebook \"A Young Doctor's Notebook\")* (2011\\), [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\")'s *[The Good Wife](/wiki/The_Good_Wife \"The Good Wife\")* (2012\\), [USA Networks](/wiki/USA_Networks \"USA Networks\")'s *[Suits](/wiki/Suits_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Suits (American TV series)\")* (2012\\), [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 \"Showtime (TV network)\")'s *[Homeland](/wiki/Homeland_%28TV_series%29 \"Homeland (TV series)\")* (2015\\), and NBC's *[The Blacklist](/wiki/The_Blacklist_%28TV_series%29 \"The Blacklist (TV series)\")* (2017\\). In 2011 he played Lord Evelyn Oakleigh in Roundabout Theatre's multi\\-award\\-winning [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") revival of *[Anything Goes](/wiki/Anything_Goes \"Anything Goes\")*. The production starred [Sutton Foster](/wiki/Sutton_Foster \"Sutton Foster\"), [John McMartin](/wiki/John_McMartin \"John McMartin\"), [Jessica Walter](/wiki/Jessica_Walter \"Jessica Walter\") and [Joel Grey](/wiki/Joel_Grey \"Joel Grey\"). For his performance he earned a [Tony Award](/wiki/Tony_Award \"Tony Award\") nomination, a [Drama Desk Award](/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award \"Drama Desk Award\") nomination, and an [Outer Critics Circle Award](/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Award \"Outer Critics Circle Award\"). In 2013 he led a new adaptation by Dennis Kelly of [Georg Kaiser](/wiki/Georg_Kaiser \"Georg Kaiser\")'s 1912 [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") [expressionist](/wiki/Expressionist \"Expressionist\") masterpiece, *[From Morning to Midnight](/wiki/From_Morning_to_Midnight \"From Morning to Midnight\")*, at the National Theatre.", "His most recent stage role was as one of the three [Lehman brothers](/wiki/Lehman_brothers \"Lehman brothers\") in the 2019 [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\")'s *[The Lehman Trilogy](/wiki/The_Lehman_Trilogy \"The Lehman Trilogy\")* for which he was nominated for the [Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Play](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Actor \"Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor\") alongside [Simon Russell Beale](/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale \"Simon Russell Beale\") and [Ben Miles](/wiki/Ben_Miles \"Ben Miles\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/theater\\-dance/2021/12/24/lehman\\-trilogy\\-broadway/\\|title\\= 'The Lehman Trilogy' has been a critical standout on Broadway this fall. Its superb cast sheds light on how that happened\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Washington Post]]\\|access\\-date\\= January 3, 2021}} The play transferred to [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_%28theatre%29 \"Broadway (theatre)\") in 2021 where he received a [Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Play](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Play \"Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play\") along with Adrian Lester and Simon Russell Beale.", "In 2023, he portrayed pollster Darwin Perry in the [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") drama series *[Succession](/wiki/Succession_%28TV_series%29 \"Succession (TV series)\")* episode \"[America Decides](/wiki/America_Decides \"America Decides\")\".", "" ]
Tectonic evolution ------------------ The North China Craton experienced complex tectonic events throughout the Earth's history. The most important deformation events are how the micro continental blocks collided and almagamated to form the craton, and different phases of metamorphism during [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian") time from around 3 to 1\.6 billion years ago. In Mesozoic to Cenozoic time (146\-2\.6 million years ago), the Precambrian basement rocks were extensively reworked or reactivated. ### Precambrian Tectonics (4\.6 billion years ago to 1\.6 billion years ago) [thumb\|404x404px\| A diagram of [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 "Columbia (supercontinent)"), which occurred in [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian") time. The red part is the Western Block of the North China Craton, the purple part is the Eastern Block, the green part is the Trans\-North China Orgen, and the blue part is other collision belts found in the North China Craton. Modified from Zhao et al., 2011{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhao\|first1\=Guochun\|last2\=Li\|first2\=Sanzhong\|last3\=Sun\|first3\=Min\|last4\=Wilde\|first4\=Simon A.\|date\=2011\-09\-01\|title\=Assembly, accretion, and break\-up of the Palaeo\-Mesoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent: record in the North China Craton revisited\|journal\=International Geology Review\|volume\=53\|issue\=11–12\|pages\=1331–1356\|doi\=10\.1080/00206814\.2010\.527631\|issn\=0020\-6814\|bibcode\=2011IGRv...53\.1331Z\|s2cid\=140617967}} and Santosh, 2010\.{{Cite journal\|last\=Santosh\|first\=M.\|year\=2010\|title\=Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double\-sided subduction\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=178\|issue\=1–4\|pages\=149–167\|doi\=10\.1016/j.precamres.2010\.02\.003\|bibcode\=2010PreR..178\..149S}}](/wiki/File:Columbia_supercontinent_2.png "Columbia supercontinent 2.png") [thumb\|407x407px\| Evolutionary diagram of the 2\.5 Ga{{ref\|a\|\[a]}} Craton amalgamation model (1st model) (Inner Mongolia\-Northern Hebei Orogen) 1\)\-2\) There was an ancient rift system caused by retreating subduction in the Eastern Block, which then later stopped. 3\) A subduction zone developed between the Eastern and Western blocks, with some magma plumes developed and exhumed as the plate was subducted. The North China Craton finally amalgamated. 4\) The Western Block further interacted with an arc terrane in the north with a subduction zone and formed the Inner Mongolia\-Northern Hebei Orogen.](/wiki/File:North_China_Craton_diagram%2C_Kusky%27s_model.png "North China Craton diagram, Kusky's model.png") 5\) The North China Craton collided with the [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 "Columbia (supercontinent)"), causing deformation and metamorphism in the region. Modified from Kusky, 2011 and Kusky, 2003 The Precambrian tectonics of the North China Craton is complicated. Different scholars have proposed different models to explain the tectonics of the Craton, with two dominant schools of thought coming from Kusky (2003,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Kusky\|first1\=Timothy M.\|last2\=Li\|first2\=Jianghai\|year\=2003\|title\=Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\|journal\=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences\|volume\=22\|issue\=4\|pages\=383–397\|doi\=10\.1016/s1367\-9120(03\)00071\-3\|bibcode\=2003JAESc..22\..383K}} 2007, 2010{{Cite journal\|last\=Kusky\|first\=Timothy M.\|year\=2011\|title\=Geophysical and geological tests of tectonic models of the North China Craton\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=1\|pages\=26–35\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.01\.004\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\...26K}}) and Zhao (2000,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhao\|first1\=Guochun\|last2\=Cawood\|first2\=Peter A.\|last3\=Wilde\|first3\=Simon A.\|last4\=Sun\|first4\=Min\|last5\=Lu\|first5\=Liangzhao\|year\=2000\|title\=Metamorphism of basement rocks in the Central Zone of the North China Craton: implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=103\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=55–88\|doi\=10\.1016/s0301\-9268(00\)00076\-0\|bibcode\=2000PreR..103\...55Z}} 2005, and 2012). The major difference in their models is the interpretation of the two most significant Precambrian metamorphic events, occurring 2\.5 billion years ago and 1\.8 billion years ago respectively, in the North China Craton. Kusky argued that the metamorphic event 2\.5 billion years ago corresponded to the amalgamation of the Craton from their ancient blocks, while Zhao argued that the later event was responsible for the amalgamation. #### Kusky's Model: The 2\.5 Ga Craton Amalgamation Model Kusky's model proposed a sequence of events showing the microblocks amalgamating 2\.5 billion years ago.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Kusky\|first1\=T.M.\|last2\=Polat\|first2\=A.\|last3\=Windley\|first3\=B.F.\|last4\=Burke\|first4\=K.C.\|last5\=Dewey\|first5\=J.F.\|last6\=Kidd\|first6\=W.S.F.\|last7\=Maruyama\|first7\=S.\|last8\=Wang\|first8\=J.P.\|last9\=Deng\|first9\=H.\|year\=2016\|title\=Insights into the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton through comparative tectonic analysis: A record of outward growth of Precambrian continents\|journal\=Earth\-Science Reviews\|volume\=162\|pages\=387–432\|doi\=10\.1016/j.earscirev.2016\.09\.002\|bibcode\=2016ESRv..162\..387K\|doi\-access\=free\|hdl\=2381/42108\|hdl\-access\=free}} First, in the Archean time (4\.6\-2\.5 billion years ago), the lithosphere of the craton started to develop. Some ancient micro\-blocks amalgamated to form the Eastern and Western Blocks 3\.8 to 2\.7 billion years ago. The formation time of the blocks is determined based on the age of the rocks found in the craton. Most rocks in the craton were formed at around 2\.7 billion years ago, with some small outcrops found to have formed 3\.8 billion years ago. Then, the Eastern Block underwent deformation, rifting at the Western Edge of the Block 2\.7 to 2\.5 billion years ago. Evidences for a rift system have been found in the Central Orogenic Belt and they were dated 2\.7 billion years old. These included ophiolite and remnants of a rift system. Collision and amalgamation started to occur in [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic "Paleoproterozoic") time (2\.5–1\.6 billion years ago). From 2\.5 to 2\.3 billion years ago, the Eastern and Western Blocks collided and amalgamated, forming the North China Craton with the Central Orogenic Belt in between. The boundary of the Central Orogenic Belt is defined by Archean geology which is 1600 km from west [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning "Liaoning") to west [Henan](/wiki/Henan "Henan"). Kusky proposed that the tectonic setting of the amalgamation is an [island arc](/wiki/Island_arc "Island arc"), in which a westward [dipping](/wiki/Strike_and_dip "Strike and dip") [subduction zone](/wiki/Subduction_zone "Subduction zone") was formed. The two blocks then combined through a westward subduction of the Eastern Block. The timing of the collision event is determined based on the age of crystallisation of the igneous rocks in the region and the age of metamorphism in the Central Orogenic Belt. Kusky also believed that the collision happened right after the rifting event, as seen from examples from orogens in other parts of the world, deformation events tend to happen closely with each other in terms of timing. After the amalgamation of the North China Craton, Inner Mongolia–Northern Hebei Orogen in the Western Block was formed by the collision of an arc terrane and the northern margin of the craton 2\.3 billion years ago. The arc terrane was formed in an ocean developed during post\-collisional extension in the amalgamation event 2\.5 billion years ago. Apart from the deformation event in a local scale, the craton also interacted and deformed in a regional scale. It interacted with the [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 "Columbia (supercontinent)") after its formation. The northern margin of the whole craton collided with another continent during the formation of Columbia Supercontinent from 1\.92 to 1\.85 billion years ago. Lastly, the tectonic setting of the craton became extensional, and therefore began to break out of the Columbia Supercontinent 1\.8 billion years ago. [thumb\|370x370px\|A cross\-sectional diagram of the 1\.8 Ga amalgamation model (the second model). The amalgamation of the two blocks was caused by subduction. The subducted oceanic plate caused the hydration of the lithosphere, therefore producing magma plumes (denoted in green). They later contributed to the formation of the Trans North China Orogen. The 2 blocks further collided and amalgamated, forming the Khondalite belt, the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt and the Trans North China Orogen. After the craton was formed, the Trans North China Orogen experienced exhumation, isostatic rebound, and erosion, changing the orientation of rocks in the orogen. Modified from Zhao, 2000](/wiki/File:1.85Ga_evolutionary_diagram.png "1.85Ga evolutionary diagram.png") [thumb\|393x393px\| A map view diagram showing the evolution of the North China Craton in the 1\.85 Ga amalgamation model. 1\) The craton began as 3 separate blocks, the Yinshan Block, the Ordos Block and the Eastern Block with oceans between them (2\.2 billion years ago). 2\) A rift system developed in the Eastern Block that further separated it into 2 blocks, the Longgang Nlock and the Langrim Block (2\.2–1\.95 billion years ago). 3\) The Yinshan Block and the Ordos Block amalgamated 1\.95 billion years ago, forming the Khondalite Belt in between. 4\) The rift system between the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block stopped finally, causing the blocks to amalgamate into the Eastern Block again, forming the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt 1\.9 billion years ago. 5\) the Eastern and Western Blocks finally amalgamated 1\.85 billion years ago, forming the Trans\-North China Orogen in between. Modified from Zhao, 2012\.](/wiki/File:Map_view_evolution_of_the_1.85Ga_Craton_Amalgamation_Model.png "Map view evolution of the 1.85Ga Craton Amalgamation Model.png") #### Zhao's Model: the 1\.85 Ga Craton Amalgamation Model Zhao proposed another model suggesting the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks occurred 1\.85 billion years ago instead.{{Cite book\|title\=Precambrian evolution of the North China Craton\|last\=(Geologist)\|first\=Zhao, Guochun\|date\=2013\|publisher\=Elsevier\|isbn\=9780124072275\|location\=Oxford\|oclc\=864383254}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhao\|first1\=Guochun\|last2\=Cawood\|first2\=Peter A.\|last3\=Li\|first3\=Sanzhong\|last4\=Wilde\|first4\=Simon A.\|last5\=Sun\|first5\=Min\|last6\=Zhang\|first6\=Jian\|last7\=He\|first7\=Yanhong\|last8\=Yin\|first8\=Changqing\|year\=2012\|title\=Amalgamation of the North China Craton: Key issues and discussion\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=222–223\|pages\=55–76\|doi\=10\.1016/j.precamres.2012\.09\.016\|bibcode\=2012PreR..222\...55Z\|url\=http://www.gt\-crust.ru/jour/article/view/434}} The Archean time (3\.8\-2\.7 billion years ago) was a time of major crustal growth. Continents started to grow in volume globally during this period, and so did the North China Craton. Pre\-Neoarchean (4\.6–2\.8 billion years ago) rocks are just a small portion of the basement rocks, but [zircon](/wiki/Zircon "Zircon") as old as 4\.1 billion years old was found in the craton. He suggested that the Neoarchean (2\.8–2\.5 billion years ago) crust of the North China Craton, which accounts for 85% of the Permian basement, was formed in two distinct periods. First is from 2\.8 to 2\.7 billion years ago, and later from 2\.6 to 2\.5 billion years ago, based on zircon age data. Zhao suggested a pluton model to explain the formation of metamorphic rocks 2\.5 billion years ago. Neoarchean (2\.8–2\.5 Ma) mantle upwelled and heated up the [upper mantle](/wiki/Upper_mantle_%28Earth%29 "Upper mantle (Earth)") and lower crust, resulting in metamorphism. In the [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic "Paleoproterozoic") time (2\.5–1\.6 billion years ago), the North China Craton amalgamated in three steps, with the final amalgamation took place 1\.85 billion years ago. Based on the metamorphic ages in the Trans North China Orogen, the assembly and the formation process of the North China Craton is determined. Zhao proposed that the North China Craton was formed from 4 blocks, the Yinshan Block, the [Ordos Block](/wiki/Ordos_Block "Ordos Block"), the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block. The Yinshan and Ordos Blocks collided and formed the Western Block, creating the [Khondalite Belt](/wiki/Khondalite "Khondalite") 1\.95 billion years ago. For the Eastern Block, there was a rifting event in the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt, which separated the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block with an ocean before the block was formed 2\.1 to 1\.9 billion years ago. A rifting system is proposed because of how the rocks were metamorphosed in the belt and symmetrical rocks have been found on both side of the Belt. Around 1\.9 billion years ago, the rift system at the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt switched to a subductional and collisional system. The Longgang Block and the Langrim Block then combined, forming the Eastern Block. 1\.85 billion years ago, the Trans North China Orogen was formed by the collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks in an eastward subduction system, with probably an ocean between the 2 blocks subducted. Zhao also proposed model about the interaction of the North China Craton with the Columbia Supercontinent. He suggested that the craton's formation event 1\.85 billion years ago was part of the formation process of the Columbia Supercontinent.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhao\|first1\=Guochun\|last2\=Sun\|first2\=Min\|last3\=Wilde\|first3\=Simon A.\|last4\=Li\|first4\=Sanzhong\|year\=2003\|title\=Assembly, Accretion and Breakup of the Paleo\-Mesoproterozoic Columbia Supercontinent: Records in the North China Craton\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=6\|issue\=3\|pages\=417–434\|doi\=10\.1016/s1342\-937x(05\)70996\-5\|bibcode\=2003GondR...6\..417Z}} The craton also recorded outward accretion event of the Columbia Supercontinent after it was formed. The [Xiong'er Volcanic Belt](/wiki/Xiong%27er_Volcanic_Belt "Xiong'er Volcanic Belt") located in the Southern Margin of the craton recorded the accretion event of the Supercontinent in terms of a subduction zone. The North China Craton broke away from the Supercontinent 1\.6 to 1\.2 billion years ago via a rift system called Zhaertai Bayan Obo rift zone where mafic [sills](/wiki/Sill_%28geology%29 "Sill (geology)") found is an evident of such event. | \+Table summarising the time when tectonic events occurred in both models | Time{{ref\|a\|\[a]}} | The 2\.5Ga Amalgamation Model (Kusky) | The 1\.8Ga Amalgamation Model (Zhao) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 3\.8–2\.7Ga | Ancient micro blocks amalgamated to form the Western and Eastern Block | Crust grew and formed, with plutons upwell in the region, causing extensive metamorphism | | 2\.7–2\.5Ga | Eastern Block deformation (rifting in the western edge) | | 2\.5–2\.3Ga | The Western and Eastern Block collided, and formed the N\-S trending Central Orogenic Belt between where the 2 blocks are amalgamated | | | 2\.3Ga | Arc Terrane collision to for Inner Mongolia\- Northern Hebei Orogen in the North of the Craton | | | 2\.2–1\.9Ga | | Rifting and collision of the Eastern Block along the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt | | 1\.95Ga | Northern margin collided with continents in the Columbia Supercontinent | Yinshan and Ordos Block collided and formed the Western Block and the Khondalite Belt | | 1\.85Ga | Collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks leading to their amalgamation and the formation of Trans North China Orogen | | 1\.8Ga | The tectonic setting of the craton became extensional where the craton broke out from Columbia Supercontinent | | #### Kusky and Zhao's arguments against the other models Kusky and Zhao proposed arguments against each other's model. Kusky argued that the 1\.8 billion years ago metamorphic events found by Zhao to prove the amalgamation event is just the overprint of the collision event with the Columbia Supercontinent 1\.85 billion years ago. The collision event with the Columbia Supercontinent also replaced lithosphere with new mantle, which would affect the dating. Another argument is that the metamorphic rocks found 1\.8 billion years ago is not confined to the Central Orogenic Belt (or Trans\-North China Orogenic Belt). They are also found in the Western Block, indicating that the metamorphic events was a craton\-wide event. Zhao, on the opposite, argued that based on the lithological evidences, for example, the Eastern and Western Blocks must have been formed in settings different from the central part 2\.6 to 2\.5 billion years ago. Therefore, they would have been separated at that time. The pluton upwelling may explain the metamorphic event 2\.5 billion years ago. Zhao also argued that Kusky has not provided sufficient isotopic evidence regarding the metamorphic data. In contrast with Kusky's argument that deformation events should follow tight with each other rather than staying still for 700 million years, Zhao argued that there are a lot of orogens in the world that have stayed still for a long period of time without any deformation events. #### Other Models (Zhai's 7 Blocks Model, Faure and Trap 3 Blocks Model, Santosh Double Subduction Model) [thumb\|340x340px\| This map view diagram shows how Zhao proposed the micro blocks would have been oriented and amalgamated into North China Craton. He derived the map based on the age of the greenstone belts found in the Craton. He suggested that the greenstone belt was formed by collision of some micro blocks. The green belt on the map shows a younger greenstone belt, formed 2\.5 billion years ago, while the yellow one showed the greenstone belt formed 2\.6–2\.7 billion years ago. (QH: Qianhuai Block, Jiaoliao Block:JL, Jining Block:JL, Xuchang Block: XCH, Xuhuai Block: XH, Alashan Block: ALS) Modified from Zhai, 2011](/wiki/File:Zhai_and_Santosh_model.png "Zhai and Santosh model.png") Apart from the models which Kusky and Zhao proposed, there are some other models available to explain the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton. One of the models is proposed by Zhai.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhai\|first1\=Ming\-Guo\|last2\=Santosh\|first2\=M.\|year\=2011\|title\=The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton: A synoptic overview\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=1\|pages\=6–25\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.02\.005\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\....6Z}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhai\|first1\=Ming\-Guo\|last2\=Santosh\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Zhang\|first3\=Lianchang\|year\=2011\|title\=Precambrian geology and tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=1\|pages\=1–5\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\....1Z\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.04\.004}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Zhai\|first\=M\|year\=2003\|title\=Palaeoproterozoic tectonic history of the North China craton: a review\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=122\|issue\=1–4\|pages\=183–199\|doi\=10\.1016/s0301\-9268(02\)00211\-5\|bibcode\=2003PreR..122\..183Z}} He agreed with Kusky on the time frame of deformational events occurred in the North China Craton. He also proposed that the continent grew from around 2\.9 to 2\.7 billion years ago, amalgamating 2\.5 billion years ago and deforming around 2\.0 to 1\.8 billion years ago due to its interactions with the Columbia Supercontinent. The mechanism behind these tectonic events is rift and subduction system, which is similar to the two models proposed by Kusky and Zhao. There is a major difference of Zhai's theory with the above\-mentioned models: he proposed that the North China Craton, instead of simply amalgamated and formed from the Eastern and Western Blocks, was amalgamated from a total of 7 ancient blocks. Zhai found that the high\-grade metamorphic rocks, a good indicator of amalgamation events, has been observed all over the craton, not just restricted to the Trans\-North China Orogen or the Central Orogenic Belt. He then proposed that there must have been more blocks that participated in the amalgamation process in order to explain the presence of belts of high\-grade metamorphic rocks, which must have been formed in a strong deformation event that created a high pressure and high temperature environment. [thumb\|341x341px\| This cross\-section diagram shows how the North China Craton amalgamated in the Faure and Trap Model. They proposed that the Trans\-North China Orogen that is mentioned in Zhao and Kusky's model is actually a separated block. There are 2 collision and amalgamation events as proposed by Faure and Trap. At 2\.1 billion years ago, the Taiahng Ocean closed with the Eastern Block and Fuping Block amalgamated through Taihang Suture (THS). At 1\.9–1\.8 billion years ago, the Lüliang Ocean closed and the Eastern and Western Blocks finally amalgamated forming the Trans\-North China Suture (TNCS). Modified from Trap and Faure, 2011\.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Trap\|first1\=Pierre\|last2\=Faure\|first2\=Michel\|last3\=Lin\|first3\=Wei\|last4\=Breton\|first4\=Nicole Le\|last5\=Monié\|first5\=Patrick\|year\=2011\|title\=Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Trans\-North China Orogen: Toward a comprehensive model\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=222–223\|pages\=191–211\|doi\=10\.1016/j.precamres.2011\.09\.008\|bibcode\=2012PreR..222\..191T\|s2cid\=53371487 \|url\=https://hal\-insu.archives\-ouvertes.fr/insu\-00628119/file/Trap\-PrecambrianResearch\-2011\.pdf}}](/wiki/File:Faure_model.png "Faure model.png") Faure and Trap proposed another model based on the dating and structural evidences they found.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Trap\|first1\=Pierre\|last2\=Faure\|first2\=Michel\|last3\=Lin\|first3\=Wei\|last4\=Augier\|first4\=Romain\|last5\=Fouassier\|first5\=Antoine\|year\=2011\|title\=Syn\-collisional channel flow and exhumation of Paleoproterozoic high pressure rocks in the Trans\-North China Orogen: The critical role of partial\-melting and orogenic bending\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=2–3\|pages\=498–515\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.02\.013\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\..498T\|s2cid\=102345211 \|url\=https://hal\-insu.archives\-ouvertes.fr/insu\-00576322/file/TrapP\-GR.pdf}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Trap\|first1\=P.\|last2\=Faure\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Lin\|first3\=W.\|last4\=Bruguier\|first4\=O.\|last5\=Monié\|first5\=P.\|year\=2008\|title\=Contrasted tectonic styles for the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton. Evidence for a \~2\.1Ga thermal and tectonic event in the Fuping Massif\|journal\=Journal of Structural Geology\|volume\=30\|issue\=9\|pages\=1109–1125\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jsg.2008\.05\.001\|bibcode\=2008JSG....30\.1109T\|s2cid\=129782444 \|url\=https://hal\-insu.archives\-ouvertes.fr/insu\-00309553/file/Trap\-JStructuralGeology\-2008\.pdf}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Trap\|first1\=P.\|last2\=Faure\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Lin\|first3\=W.\|last4\=Monié\|first4\=P.\|year\=2007\|title\=Late Paleoproterozoic (1900–1800Ma) nappe stacking and polyphase deformation in the Hengshan–Wutaishan area: Implications for the understanding of the Trans\-North\-China Belt, North China Craton\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=156\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=85–106\|doi\=10\.1016/j.precamres.2007\.03\.001\|bibcode\=2007PreR..156\...85T\|s2cid\=51899540 \|url\=https://hal\-insu.archives\-ouvertes.fr/insu\-00151594/file/Trap\-PrecambrainResearch\-2007\.pdf}} They used Ar\-Ar and U\-Pb dating methods and structural evidences including cleavages, lineation and dip and strike data to analyse the [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian") history of the craton The timing of final amalgamation in their model is in\-line with the timing proposed by Zhao, also around 1\.8 to 1\.9 billion years ago, but another time of significant deformation (2\.1 billion years ago) have also been suggested. The division of micro\-blocks deviated from Zhao's model. Faure and Trap identified 3 ancient continental blocks, the Eastern and Western Blocks, same as Zhao's model, as well as the Fuping Block, differing from the Trans\-North China Orogen in Zhao's model. The 3 blocks were separated by two oceans, which were the Taihang Ocean and the Lüliang Ocean. They have also proposed the sequence and timing of the events occurred. Around 2\.1 billion years ago, the Taihang Ocean closed with the Eastern Block and Fuping Block amalgamated through the Taihang Suture. From 1\.9 to 1\.8 billion years ago, the Lüliang Ocean closed, promoting the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks. Santosh proposed a model to explain the rapid pace of amalgamation of the continental blocks, thus providing a better picture of the mechanisms of cratonization of the North China Craton.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Santosh\|first1\=M.\|last2\=Zhao\|first2\=Dapeng\|last3\=Kusky\|first3\=Timothy\|year\=2010\|title\=Mantle dynamics of the Paleoproterozoic North China Craton: A perspective based on seismic tomography\|journal\=Journal of Geodynamics\|volume\=49\|issue\=1\|pages\=39–53\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jog.2009\.09\.043\|bibcode\=2010JGeo...49\...39S}} For the time frame of the deformational events, he generally agreed with Zhao's model based on metamorphic data. He provided a new insight to explain the subduction direction of the plates during amalgamation, where the 2\.5 Ga craton amalgamation model suggested westward subduction, and the 1\.85Ga craton amalgamation model suggested eastern subduction. He did an extensive seismic mapping over the craton, making use of [P\-waves](/wiki/P-wave "P-wave") and [S\-waves](/wiki/S-wave "S-wave"). He discovered traces of a subducted plate in the mantle, which indicated the possible direction of subduction of the ancient plate. He finds that the Yinshan block (part of the Western Block) and the Yanliao block (part of the Eastern Block) subducted towards the centre around the Ordos Block (part of the Western Block)., in which the Yinshan block subducted eastward towards the Yanliao block. The Yinshan block further subducted to the south to the Ordos block. The Ordos Block was therefore experiencing double subduction, facilitating the amalgamation of different blocks of the craton and its interactions with the Columbia Supercontinent. | \+Comparison of key issues of the formation of the North China Craton in different models | | Zhao's Model (1\.85Ga Amalgamation model) | Kusky's Model (2\.5Ga Amalgamation Model) | Zhai's Model (7 Blocks Model) | Faure's Model (3 Blocks Model) | Santosh's Model (Double subduction model) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Timing of amalgamation | 1\.85Ga | 2\.5–2\.3 Ga | 2\.5–2\.3 Ga | Final amalgamation at 1\.8–1\.9Ga, but **an additional amalgamation event of the Fuping Block with the Eastern Block** | 1\.85Ga | | Constituent Microblocks of the North China Craton | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Trans\-North China Orogen | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Central Orogenic Belt | **7 microblocks** (Qianhuai Block, Jiaoliao Block, Jining Block, Xuchang Block, Xuhuai Block, Alashan Block) separated by belts of metamorphic rocks | The Eastern and Western Blocks with **Fuping Block** in between | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Trans\-North China Orogen | | Direction of subduction | Eastward subduction | Westward subduction | (Not mentioned) | Westward subction | **Double subduction, both westward and eastward subduction** | ### Phanerozoic history (539 million years ago to present time) The North China Craton remained stable for a long time after the amalgamation of craton. There were thick sediments deposited from [Neoproterozoic](/wiki/Neoproterozoic "Neoproterozoic") (1000 to 539 million years ago). The flat\-lying [Palaeozoic](/wiki/Paleozoic "Paleozoic") sedimentary rocks recorded [extinction](/wiki/Extinction "Extinction") and [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chough\|first1\=Sung Kwun\|last2\=Lee\|first2\=Hyun Suk\|last3\=Woo\|first3\=Jusun\|last4\=Chen\|first4\=Jitao\|last5\=Choi\|first5\=Duck K.\|last6\=Lee\|first6\=Seung\-bae\|last7\=Kang\|first7\=Imseong\|last8\=Park\|first8\=Tae\-yoon\|last9\=Han\|first9\=Zuozhen\|date\=2010\-09\-01\|title\=Cambrian stratigraphy of the North China Platform: revisiting principal sections in Shandong Province, China\|journal\=Geosciences Journal\|volume\=14\|issue\=3\|pages\=235–268\|doi\=10\.1007/s12303\-010\-0029\-x\|issn\=1226\-4806\|bibcode\=2010GescJ..14\..235C\|s2cid\=129184351}} The center of the craton remained stable until [mid\-Ordovician](/wiki/Ordovician "Ordovician") (467\-458 million years ago), due to the discovery of [xenoliths](/wiki/Xenolith "Xenolith") in the older lithosphere in [kimberlite](/wiki/Kimberlite "Kimberlite") [dykes](/wiki/Dike_%28geology%29 "Dike (geology)"). Since then, the North China Craton entered period of craton destruction, meaning that the craton was no longer stable. Most scientists defined destruction of a craton as thinning of lithosphere, thus losing rigidity and stability.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Gao\|first1\=Shan\|last2\=Rudnick\|first2\=Roberta L.\|last3\=Xu\|first3\=Wen\-Liang\|last4\=Yuan\|first4\=Hong\-Lin\|last5\=Liu\|first5\=Yong\-Sheng\|last6\=Walker\|first6\=Richard J.\|last7\=Puchtel\|first7\=Igor S.\|last8\=Liu\|first8\=Xiaomin\|last9\=Huang\|first9\=Hua\|year\=2008\|title\=Recycling deep cratonic lithosphere and generation of intraplate magmatism in the North China Craton\|journal\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters\|volume\=270\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=41–53\|doi\=10\.1016/j.epsl.2008\.03\.008\|bibcode\=2008E\&PSL.270\...41G}} A large\-scale lithosphere thinning event took place especially in the Eastern Block of the craton, resulting in large\-scale deformations and earthquakes in the region. [Gravity](/wiki/Gravity "Gravity") gradient showed that the Eastern Block remains thin up till present day. The mechanism and timing of craton destruction is still under debate. Scientists proposed four important deformation events that could possibly lead to or contributed to craton destruction, namely subduction and closure of Paleo\-Asian Ocean in [Carboniferous](/wiki/Carboniferous "Carboniferous") to [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic "Jurassic") (324\-236 million years ago), late [Triassic](/wiki/Triassic "Triassic") collision of the Yangtze Craton and North China Craton (240\-210 million years ago),{{Cite journal\|last1\=Windley\|first1\=B. F.\|last2\=Maruyama\|first2\=S.\|last3\=Xiao\|first3\=W. J.\|date\=2010\-12\-01\|title\=Delamination/thinning of sub\-continental lithospheric mantle under Eastern China: The role of water and multiple subduction\|journal\=American Journal of Science\|volume\=310\|issue\=10\|pages\=1250–1293\|doi\=10\.2475/10\.2010\.03\|issn\=0002\-9599\|bibcode\=2010AmJS..310\.1250W\|s2cid\=130263851\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Yang\|first1\=De\-Bin\|last2\=Xu\|first2\=Wen\-Liang\|last3\=Wang\|first3\=Qing\-Hai\|last4\=Pei\|first4\=Fu\-Ping\|year\=2010\|title\=Chronology and geochemistry of Mesozoic granitoids in the Bengbu area, central China: Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the eastern North China Craton\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=114\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=200–216\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2009\.08\.009\|bibcode\=2010Litho.114\..200Y}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zheng\|first1\=J.P.\|last2\=Griffin\|first2\=W.L.\|last3\=Ma\|first3\=Q.\|last4\=O'Reilly\|first4\=S.Y.\|last5\=Xiong\|first5\=Q.\|last6\=Tang\|first6\=H.Y.\|last7\=Zhao\|first7\=J.H.\|last8\=Yu\|first8\=C.M.\|last9\=Su\|first9\=Y.P.\|year\=2011\|title\=Accretion and reworking beneath the North China Craton\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=149\|pages\=61–78\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2012\.04\.025\|bibcode\=2012Litho.149\...61Z}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Zhang\|first\=Kai\-Jun\|year\=2011\|title\=Destruction of the North China Craton: Lithosphere folding\-induced removal of lithospheric mantle?\|journal\=Journal of Geodynamics\|volume\=53\|pages\=8–17\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jog.2011\.07\.005\|bibcode\=2012JGeo...53\....8Z}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Yang\|first1\=Jin\-Hui\|last2\=O'Reilly\|first2\=Suzanne\|last3\=Walker\|first3\=Richard J.\|last4\=Griffin\|first4\=William\|last5\=Wu\|first5\=Fu\-Yuan\|last6\=Zhang\|first6\=Ming\|last7\=Pearson\|first7\=Norman\|year\=2010\|title\=Diachronous decratonization of the Sino\-Korean craton: Geochemistry of mantle xenoliths from North Korea\|journal\=Geology\|volume\=38\|issue\=9\|pages\=799–802\|doi\=10\.1130/g30944\.1\|bibcode\=2010Geo....38\..799Y\|s2cid\=56116776}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Yang\|first1\=Jin\-Hui\|last2\=Wu\|first2\=Fu\-Yuan\|last3\=Wilde\|first3\=Simon A.\|last4\=Chen\|first4\=Fukun\|last5\=Liu\|first5\=Xiao\-Ming\|last6\=Xie\|first6\=Lie\-Wen\|date\=2008\-02\-01\|title\=Petrogenesis of an Alkali Syenite–Granite–Rhyolite Suite in the Yanshan Fold and Thrust Belt, Eastern North China Craton: Geochronological, Geochemical and Nd–Sr–Hf Isotopic Evidence for Lithospheric Thinning\|journal\=Journal of Petrology\|volume\=49\|issue\=2\|pages\=315–351\|doi\=10\.1093/petrology/egm083\|issn\=0022\-3530\|bibcode\=2007JPet...49\..315Y\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Yang\|first1\=Jin\-Hui\|last2\=Wu\|first2\=Fu\-Yuan\|last3\=Wilde\|first3\=Simon A.\|last4\=Belousova\|first4\=Elena\|last5\=Griffin\|first5\=William L.\|year\=2008\|title\=Mesozoic decratonization of the North China block\|journal\=Geology\|volume\=36\|issue\=6\|pages\=467\|doi\=10\.1130/g24518a.1\|bibcode\=2008Geo....36\..467Y}} [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic "Jurassic") subduction of the Paleo\-Pacific Plate (200\-100 million years ago){{Cite journal\|last1\=Wu\|first1\=Fu\-yuan\|last2\=Walker\|first2\=Richard J.\|last3\=Ren\|first3\=Xiang\-wen\|last4\=Sun\|first4\=De\-you\|last5\=Zhou\|first5\=Xin\-hua\|year\=2005\|title\=Osmium isotopic constraints on the age of lithospheric mantle beneath northeastern China\|journal\=Chemical Geology\|volume\=196\|issue\=1–4\|pages\=107–129\|doi\=10\.1016/s0009\-2541(02\)00409\-6\|bibcode\=2003ChGeo.196\..107W}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Tang\|first1\=Yan\-Jie\|last2\=Zhang\|first2\=Hong\-Fu\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Ying\|first4\=Ji\-Feng\|year\=2013\|title\=Differential destruction of the North China Craton: A tectonic perspective\|journal\=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences\|volume\=78\|pages\=71–82\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jseaes.2012\.11\.047\|bibcode\=2013JAESc..78\...71T}} and [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous") collapse of orogens (130\-120 million years ago).{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhu\|first1\=Guang\|last2\=Jiang\|first2\=Dazhi\|last3\=Zhang\|first3\=Bilong\|last4\=Chen\|first4\=Yin\|year\=2011\|title\=Destruction of the eastern North China Craton in a backarc setting: Evidence from crustal deformation kinematics\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=22\|issue\=1\|pages\=86–103\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.08\.005\|bibcode\=2012GondR..22\...86Z}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Liu\|first1\=Yongsheng\|last2\=Gao\|first2\=Shan\|last3\=Yuan\|first3\=Hongling\|last4\=Zhou\|first4\=Lian\|last5\=Liu\|first5\=Xiaoming\|last6\=Wang\|first6\=Xuance\|last7\=Hu\|first7\=Zhaochu\|last8\=Wang\|first8\=Linsen\|year\=2004\|title\=U–Pb zircon ages and Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopes of lower crustal xenoliths from North China Craton: insights on evolution of lower continental crust\|journal\=Chemical Geology\|volume\=211\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=87–109\|doi\=10\.1016/j.chemgeo.2004\.06\.023\|bibcode\=2004ChGeo.211\...87L}}{{Cite journal\|last\=He\|first\=Lijuan\|year\=2014\|title\=Thermal regime of the North China Craton: Implications for craton destruction\|journal\=Earth\-Science Reviews\|volume\=140\|pages\=14–26\|doi\=10\.1016/j.earscirev.2014\.10\.011}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhu\|first1\=Guang\|last2\=Chen\|first2\=Yin\|last3\=Jiang\|first3\=Dazhi\|last4\=Lin\|first4\=Shaoze\|year\=2015\|title\=Rapid change from compression to extension in the North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous: Evidence from the Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex\|journal\=Tectonophysics\|volume\=656\|pages\=91–110\|doi\=10\.1016/j.tecto.2015\.06\.009\|bibcode\=2015Tectp.656\...91Z}} As for the destabilisation mechanism, 4 models could be generalised. They are the subduction model, the extension model the magma underplating mode,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhai\|first1\=Mingguo\|last2\=Fan\|first2\=Qicheng\|last3\=Zhang\|first3\=Hongfu\|last4\=Sui\|first4\=Jianli\|last5\=Shao\|first5\=Ji'an\|year\=2007\|title\=Lower crustal processes leading to Mesozoic lithospheric thinning beneath eastern North China: Underplating, replacement and delamination\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=96\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=36–54\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2006\.09\.016\|bibcode\=2007Litho..96\...36Z}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhang\|first1\=Hong\-Fu\|last2\=Ying\|first2\=Ji\-Feng\|last3\=Tang\|first3\=Yan\-Jie\|last4\=Li\|first4\=Xian\-Hua\|last5\=Feng\|first5\=Chuang\|last6\=Santosh\|first6\=M.\|year\=2010\|title\=Phanerozoic reactivation of the Archean North China Craton through episodic magmatism: Evidence from zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes from the Liaodong Peninsula\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=19\|issue\=2\|pages\=446–459\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2010\.09\.002\|bibcode\=2011GondR..19\..446Z}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhang\|first1\=Hong\-Fu\|last2\=Zhu\|first2\=Ri\-Xiang\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Ying\|first4\=Ji\-Feng\|last5\=Su\|first5\=Ben\-Xun\|last6\=Hu\|first6\=Yan\|year\=2011\|title\=Episodic widespread magma underplating beneath the North China Craton in the Phanerozoic: Implications for craton destruction\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=23\|issue\=1\|pages\=95–107\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.12\.006\|bibcode\=2013GondR..23\...95Z}} and the lithospheric folding model. [thumb\|419x419px\| This is a map showing the different tectonic elements near the North China Craton in the Phanerozoic. The elements includes the Solonker suture zone in the north, the Paleo\-Pacific subduction zone in the east, and the Qinling Dabie Orogen in the south. Modified from Zhu, 2015](/wiki/File:North_China_phanerozoic_tectonic_elements.png "North China phanerozoic tectonic elements.png") #### Timeline of craton destruction There were several major tectonic events occurring in the [Phanerozoic](/wiki/Phanerozoic "Phanerozoic"), especially in the margins of the Eastern Block. Some of them were hypothesized to have caused the destruction of the craton. [thumb\|413x413px\| The green lines on this lithospheric thickness map are lithospheric depth contour lines, meaning that the lithosphere is of the depth specified in that position. A zone in the Eastern Block has especially thinned lithosphere. Modified from Windley, 2010,](/wiki/File:North_China_phanerozoic_thickness.png "North China phanerozoic thickness.png") 1. [Carboniferous](/wiki/Carboniferous "Carboniferous") to [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic "Middle Jurassic") (324\-236 million years ago) \-\-\- Subduction and closure of Paleo\-Asian Ocean. * [Subduction zones](/wiki/Subduction_zones "Subduction zones") were located in the northern margin where continents grew through [accretion](/wiki/Accretionary_wedge "Accretionary wedge"). Solonker suture was resulted and Palaeoasian ocean was therefore closed. * There were 2 phases of magma up\-welling, one occurred 324\-270 million years ago, while another occurred 262\-236 million years ago. Rocks such as [syncollisional granites](/wiki/Granite "Granite"), metamorphic core complexes, [granitoids](/wiki/Granitoid "Granitoid") were produced with magma from partial melts of the [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian") rocks. * Since marine sediments were found in most part of the craton, except for the northern part, it can be concluded that the craton was still relatively stable after this deformation event. 2. [Late Triassic](/wiki/Late_Triassic "Late Triassic") (240\-210 million years ago) \-\-\- Assembly of the North China Craton and the Yang Tze Craton. * Suture between the North China Craton and the [Yang Tze Craton](/wiki/Yangtze_craton "Yangtze craton") was caused by deep subduction and collision setting, creating [Qinling](/wiki/Qinling_orogenic_belt "Qinling orogenic belt")\-Dabie Orogen. This is supported by mineral evidence, such as [diamonds](/wiki/Diamond "Diamond"), [eclogites](/wiki/Eclogite "Eclogite") and [felsic gneisses](/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss"). * Magmatism was prevalent in the eastern side, and the magma formed in this period were relatively young. Magmatism was largely caused by the collision between two cratons. * Terrane accretion, continent\-continent collision and extrusion in the area caused various stages of metamorphism. * Evidences from various isotopic dating (e.g. zircon U\-Pb dating), and composition analysis showed that the lithosphere of the [Yang Tze Craton](/wiki/Yangtze_craton "Yangtze craton") was below the North China Craton in some part of the Eastern Block, and that the magma sample was young relative to the period they were formed. This shows that the old, lower lithosphere was extensively replaced, hence thinned. This period is therefore proposed to be the time when the craton destruction occurred. 3. [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic "Jurassic") (200\-100 million years ago) \-\-\- Subduction of the Paleo\-Pacific Plate * The [Pacific Plate](/wiki/Pacific_Plate "Pacific Plate") was subducted westward as the ocean basin to the north of the craton was closed. This was probably an active continental margin setting. * The [Tan\-Lu fault](/wiki/Tan-Lu_fault "Tan-Lu fault") is located in eastern side of the craton. The time of its formation is debatable. Some argued that was formed in [Triassic](/wiki/Triassic "Triassic") while some suggested [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous"). The fault was about 1000 km in length, stretching into Russia. It was probably caused by either collision with the South China Craton or oblique convergence with the Pacific and Asia plates.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Xiao\|first1\=Yan\|last2\=Zhang\|first2\=Hong\-Fu\|last3\=Fan\|first3\=Wei\-Ming\|last4\=Ying\|first4\=Ji\-Feng\|last5\=Zhang\|first5\=Jin\|last6\=Zhao\|first6\=Xin\-Miao\|last7\=Su\|first7\=Ben\-Xun\|year\=2010\|title\=Evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Tan\-Lu fault zone, eastern North China Craton: Evidence from petrology and geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=117\|issue\=1–4\|pages\=229–246\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2010\.02\.017\|bibcode\=2010Litho.117\..229X}} * Scientists studied the chemical composition of the rocks to determine their origin and process of formation, and also studied the mantle structure. The studies show that the lower lithosphere in this period was newly injected. The new material followed the north\-northeast trend, which was concluded that subduction of the Pacific Plate caused the removal of old lithosphere and hence thinned the craton. 4. [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous") (130\-120 million years ago) \-\-\- Collapse of Orogen * This is a period where the mode of tectonic switched from contraction to extension. This resulted in the collapse of the [orogen](/wiki/Orogeny "Orogeny") formed in [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic "Jurassic") to [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous"). The orogenic belt and [plateau](/wiki/Plateau "Plateau") (Hubei collisional plateau and Yanshan belt) started to collapse and formed metamorphic core complexes with normal faults. * Under the influence of extensional stress field, [basins](/wiki/Structural_basin "Structural basin"), for example, [Bohai Bay](/wiki/Bohai_Bay "Bohai Bay") Basin, were formed.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Li\|first1\=S. Z.\|last2\=Suo\|first2\=Y. H.\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Dai\|first4\=L. M.\|last5\=Liu\|first5\=X.\|last6\=Yu\|first6\=S.\|last7\=Zhao\|first7\=S. J.\|last8\=Jin\|first8\=C.\|date\=2013\-09\-01\|title\=Mesozoic to Cenozoic intracontinental deformation and dynamics of the North China Craton\|journal\=Geological Journal\|volume\=48\|issue\=5\|pages\=543–560\|doi\=10\.1002/gj.2500\|s2cid\=129065824 \|issn\=1099\-1034}} * Magmatism was prevalent, and the isotopic studies showed that the mantle composition changed from enriched to depleted, which proved that new materials were replacing the mantle root. Evidence is from [hafnium](/wiki/Hafnium "Hafnium") (Hf) isotope analysis,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chen\|first1\=B.\|author2\-link\=Bor\-ming Jahn\|last2\=Jahn\|first2\=B. M.\|last3\=Arakawa\|first3\=Y.\|last4\=Zhai\|first4\=M. G.\|date\=2004\-12\-01\|title\=Petrogenesis of the Mesozoic intrusive complexes from the southern Taihang Orogen, North China Craton: elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic constraints\|journal\=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\|volume\=148\|issue\=4\|pages\=489–501\|doi\=10\.1007/s00410\-004\-0620\-0\|issn\=0010\-7999\|bibcode\=2004CoMP..148\..489C\|s2cid\=129731059}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chen\|first1\=B.\|last2\=Tian\|first2\=W.\|last3\=Jahn\|first3\=B.M.\|last4\=Chen\|first4\=Z.C.\|year\=2007\|title\=Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages and in\-situ Hf isotopic analysis for the Mesozoic intrusions in South Taihang, North China craton: Evidence for hybridization between mantle\-derived magmas and crustal components\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=102\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=118–137\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2007\.06\.012\|bibcode\=2008Litho.102\..118C}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Yang\|first1\=Jin\-Hui\|last2\=Wu\|first2\=Fu\-Yuan\|last3\=Chung\|first3\=Sun\-Lin\|last4\=Wilde\|first4\=Simon A.\|last5\=Chu\|first5\=Mei\-Fei\|last6\=Lo\|first6\=Ching\-Hua\|last7\=Song\|first7\=Biao\|year\=2005\|title\=Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous intrusions in the Sulu ultrahigh\-pressure orogenic belt, east China and their relationship to lithospheric thinning\|journal\=Chemical Geology\|volume\=222\|issue\=3–4\|pages\=200–231\|doi\=10\.1016/j.chemgeo.2005\.07\.006\|bibcode\=2005ChGeo.222\..200Y\|url\=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/2006111501254446/1/2306\.pdf}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chen\|first1\=B.\|last2\=Chen\|first2\=Z.C.\|last3\=Jahn\|first3\=B.M.\|year\=2009\|title\=Origin of mafic enclaves from the Taihang Mesozoic orogen, north China craton\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=110\|issue\=1–4\|pages\=343–358\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2009\.01\.015\|bibcode\=2009Litho.110\..343C}} xenolith zircon studies, and analysis of the metamorphic rocks. | \+Timeline summarizing tectonic events that caused the destruction of craton root | | Geological Event | Geological Structure Resulted | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Carboniferous](/wiki/Carboniferous "Carboniferous") to [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic "Middle Jurassic") (324\-236 million years ago) | Subduction and closure of **Paleo\-Asian Ocean**, with phases of magmatism observed. | Solonker Suture (North of the Craton) | | [Late Triassic](/wiki/Late_Triassic "Late Triassic") (240\-210 million years ago) | Suture between the North China Craton and the [**Yang Tze Craton**](/wiki/South_China_%28continent%29 "South China (continent)") by deep subduction and continental collision. Isotopic data showed that at least part of the craton root was destroyed. | [Qinling](/wiki/Qinling_orogenic_belt "Qinling orogenic belt")\-Dabie Orogen (South to Southwest of the Craton) | | [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic "Jurassic") (200\-100 million years ago) | The **[Pacific Plate](/wiki/Pacific_Plate "Pacific Plate")** was subducted westward in an active continental margin setting. This result in new magmatic material (as shown by isotopic age) being aligned with the subduction zone, proving craton destruction. | Tan\-Lu Fault (East of the Craton) | | [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous") (130\-120 million years ago) | Mode of tectonic switched to **extension**. The orogenic belt and [plateau](/wiki/Plateau "Plateau") (Hubei collisional plateau and Yanshan belt) started to collapse, which also result in the replacement of magmatic material in the mantle root. | [Bohai Bay](/wiki/Bohai_Bay "Bohai Bay") Basin | [thumb\|446x446px\| This is a diagram showing an example of the subduction model by Kusky, 2007\. 1\) plates are subducted under the North China Craton near the margin in the Paleozoic with most part of the craton remained relatively stable. The subduction generated fluids which weakened the lower crust. At the same time, subduction increased the density of the lower lithosphere. 2\) \& 3\) In the Mesozoic, the North China Craton begins to experience deformation. The collisions in the north and south triggered the weakened lower lithosphere to detach. Modified from Kusky, 2007](/wiki/File:Kusky_Phanerozoic_North_China_Craton_model_.png "Kusky Phanerozoic North China Craton model .png") #### Causes of craton destruction The causes of the craton destruction event and the thinning of the Eastern Block lithosphere are complicated. Four models can be generalized from the different mechanisms proposed by scientists. 1. Subduction Model * This model explained subduction as the main cause of the craton destruction. It is a very popular model. * Subduction of oceanic plate also causes subduction of water inside the lithosphere. As the fluid encounters high temperature and pressure when being subducted, the fluid is released, weakening the crust and mantle due to the lowered melting point of rocks. * Subduction also causes the thickening of crust on the over\-riding plate. Once the over\-thickened crust collapses, the lithosphere would be thinned. * Subduction causes the formation of [eclogite](/wiki/Eclogite "Eclogite") because rocks are under high temperature and pressure, for example, the subducted plate becomes deeply buried. It would therefore cause [slab break\-off](/wiki/Slab_detachment "Slab detachment") and [slab rollback](/wiki/Slab_rollback "Slab rollback"), thinning the lithosphere. * Subduction was widely occurring in the Phanerozoic, including subduction and closure of Paleo\-Asian Ocean in [Carboniferous](/wiki/Carboniferous "Carboniferous") to [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic "Middle Jurassic"), subduction of the [Yang Tze Craton](/wiki/Yangtze_craton "Yangtze craton") under the North China Craton in [Late Triassic](/wiki/Late_Triassic "Late Triassic"), and subduction of Paleo\-Pacific Plate in the [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic "Jurassic") and the [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous") as mentioned in the previous part. The subduction model can therefore be used to explain the proposed craton destruction event in different periods.[thumb\|418x418px\| This is a diagram showing how lithosphere can be thinned by retreating subduction. The yellow star shows where the thinned lithosphere is. The lithosphere thinned because the subducting plate roll back faster than the over\-riding plate could migrate forward. As a result, the over\-riding plate stretch its lithosphere to catch up with the roll back, which resulted in lithospheric thinning. Modified from Zhu, 2011\.](/wiki/File:Phanerozoic_north_china_craton_extension_model.png "Phanerozoic north china craton extension model.png") 2. Extension Model * There are 2 types of lithospheric extension, retreating subduction and collapse of orogens. Both of them have been used to explain lithospheric thinning occurred in the North China Craton. * Retreating subduction system means that the subducting plate moves backward faster than the over\-riding plate moves forward. The over\-riding plate spreads to fill the gap. With the same volume of lithosphere but being spread to a larger area, the over\-riding plate is thinned. This could be applied to different subduction events in Phanerozoic. For example, Zhu proposes that the subduction of Paleo\-Pacific Ocean was a retreating subduction system, that caused the lithospheric thinning in the Cretaceous. * Collapse of orogen introduces a series of normal faults (e.g. bookshelf faulting) and thinned the lithosphere. Collapse of orogens is very common in the Cretaceous. 3. Magma Underplating Model * This models suggests that the young hot magma is very close to the crust. The heat then melts and thins the lithosphere, causing upwelling of young [asthenosphere](/wiki/Asthenosphere "Asthenosphere"). * Magmatism was prevalent throughout the [Phanerozoic](/wiki/Phanerozoic "Phanerozoic") due to the extensive deformation events. l This model can therefore be used to explain lithospheric thinning in different periods of time.[thumb\|426x426px\| This is a diagram showing how the lithosphere can be thinned through folding in map and cross section. Folding occurs when the Yang Tze Craton and the North China Craton collided. Week points and dense [eclogites](/wiki/Eclogite "Eclogite") were developed in the lower crust. They are later fragmented and sank because of convection of asthenosphere. Edited from Zhang, 2011\.](/wiki/File:North_China_Craton_phanerozoic_folding_model.png "North China Craton phanerozoic folding model.png") 4. Asthosphere Folding Model * This model is specifically proposed for how the [Yang Tze Craton](/wiki/Yangtze_craton "Yangtze craton") and the North China Craton collided and thinned the lithosphere. * The collision of the 2 cratons first thickened the crust by folding. [Eclogite](/wiki/Eclogite "Eclogite") formed in the lower crust, which made the lower crust denser. New shear zones also developed in the lower crust. * The [asthenosphere](/wiki/Asthenosphere "Asthenosphere") convected and seeped into weak points developed in the lower crust shear zones. The heavy lower crust was then fragmented and sunk into the lithosphere. The lithosphere of the North China Craton was then thinned.
[ "Tectonic evolution\n------------------", "The North China Craton experienced complex tectonic events throughout the Earth's history. The most important deformation events are how the micro continental blocks collided and almagamated to form the craton, and different phases of metamorphism during [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian \"Precambrian\") time from around 3 to 1\\.6 billion years ago. In Mesozoic to Cenozoic time (146\\-2\\.6 million years ago), the Precambrian basement rocks were extensively reworked or reactivated.", "### Precambrian Tectonics (4\\.6 billion years ago to 1\\.6 billion years ago)", "[thumb\\|404x404px\\|\nA diagram of [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 \"Columbia (supercontinent)\"), which occurred in [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian \"Precambrian\") time. The red part is the Western Block of the North China Craton, the purple part is the Eastern Block, the green part is the Trans\\-North China Orgen, and the blue part is other collision belts found in the North China Craton. Modified from Zhao et al., 2011{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhao\\|first1\\=Guochun\\|last2\\=Li\\|first2\\=Sanzhong\\|last3\\=Sun\\|first3\\=Min\\|last4\\=Wilde\\|first4\\=Simon A.\\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-01\\|title\\=Assembly, accretion, and break\\-up of the Palaeo\\-Mesoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent: record in the North China Craton revisited\\|journal\\=International Geology Review\\|volume\\=53\\|issue\\=11–12\\|pages\\=1331–1356\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00206814\\.2010\\.527631\\|issn\\=0020\\-6814\\|bibcode\\=2011IGRv...53\\.1331Z\\|s2cid\\=140617967}} and Santosh, 2010\\.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Santosh\\|first\\=M.\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double\\-sided subduction\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=178\\|issue\\=1–4\\|pages\\=149–167\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.precamres.2010\\.02\\.003\\|bibcode\\=2010PreR..178\\..149S}}](/wiki/File:Columbia_supercontinent_2.png \"Columbia supercontinent 2.png\")\n[thumb\\|407x407px\\|\nEvolutionary diagram of the 2\\.5 Ga{{ref\\|a\\|\\[a]}} Craton amalgamation model (1st model) (Inner Mongolia\\-Northern Hebei Orogen)\n1\\)\\-2\\) There was an ancient rift system caused by retreating subduction in the Eastern Block, which then later stopped.\n3\\) A subduction zone developed between the Eastern and Western blocks, with some magma plumes developed and exhumed as the plate was subducted. The North China Craton finally amalgamated.\n4\\) The Western Block further interacted with an arc terrane in the north with a subduction zone and formed the Inner Mongolia\\-Northern Hebei Orogen.](/wiki/File:North_China_Craton_diagram%2C_Kusky%27s_model.png \"North China Craton diagram, Kusky's model.png\")", "5\\) The North China Craton collided with the [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 \"Columbia (supercontinent)\"), causing deformation and metamorphism in the region. Modified from Kusky, 2011 and Kusky, 2003", "The Precambrian tectonics of the North China Craton is complicated. Different scholars have proposed different models to explain the tectonics of the Craton, with two dominant schools of thought coming from Kusky (2003,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Kusky\\|first1\\=Timothy M.\\|last2\\=Li\\|first2\\=Jianghai\\|year\\=2003\\|title\\=Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=383–397\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1367\\-9120(03\\)00071\\-3\\|bibcode\\=2003JAESc..22\\..383K}} 2007, 2010{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Kusky\\|first\\=Timothy M.\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Geophysical and geological tests of tectonic models of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=26–35\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.01\\.004\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\...26K}}) and Zhao (2000,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhao\\|first1\\=Guochun\\|last2\\=Cawood\\|first2\\=Peter A.\\|last3\\=Wilde\\|first3\\=Simon A.\\|last4\\=Sun\\|first4\\=Min\\|last5\\=Lu\\|first5\\=Liangzhao\\|year\\=2000\\|title\\=Metamorphism of basement rocks in the Central Zone of the North China Craton: implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=103\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=55–88\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0301\\-9268(00\\)00076\\-0\\|bibcode\\=2000PreR..103\\...55Z}} 2005, and 2012). The major difference in their models is the interpretation of the two most significant Precambrian metamorphic events, occurring 2\\.5 billion years ago and 1\\.8 billion years ago respectively, in the North China Craton. Kusky argued that the metamorphic event 2\\.5 billion years ago corresponded to the amalgamation of the Craton from their ancient blocks, while Zhao argued that the later event was responsible for the amalgamation.", "#### Kusky's Model: The 2\\.5 Ga Craton Amalgamation Model", "Kusky's model proposed a sequence of events showing the microblocks amalgamating 2\\.5 billion years ago.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Kusky\\|first1\\=T.M.\\|last2\\=Polat\\|first2\\=A.\\|last3\\=Windley\\|first3\\=B.F.\\|last4\\=Burke\\|first4\\=K.C.\\|last5\\=Dewey\\|first5\\=J.F.\\|last6\\=Kidd\\|first6\\=W.S.F.\\|last7\\=Maruyama\\|first7\\=S.\\|last8\\=Wang\\|first8\\=J.P.\\|last9\\=Deng\\|first9\\=H.\\|year\\=2016\\|title\\=Insights into the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton through comparative tectonic analysis: A record of outward growth of Precambrian continents\\|journal\\=Earth\\-Science Reviews\\|volume\\=162\\|pages\\=387–432\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.earscirev.2016\\.09\\.002\\|bibcode\\=2016ESRv..162\\..387K\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|hdl\\=2381/42108\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} First, in the Archean time (4\\.6\\-2\\.5 billion years ago), the lithosphere of the craton started to develop. Some ancient micro\\-blocks amalgamated to form the Eastern and Western Blocks 3\\.8 to 2\\.7 billion years ago. The formation time of the blocks is determined based on the age of the rocks found in the craton. Most rocks in the craton were formed at around 2\\.7 billion years ago, with some small outcrops found to have formed 3\\.8 billion years ago. Then, the Eastern Block underwent deformation, rifting at the Western Edge of the Block 2\\.7 to 2\\.5 billion years ago. Evidences for a rift system have been found in the Central Orogenic Belt and they were dated 2\\.7 billion years old. These included ophiolite and remnants of a rift system.", "Collision and amalgamation started to occur in [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic \"Paleoproterozoic\") time (2\\.5–1\\.6 billion years ago). From 2\\.5 to 2\\.3 billion years ago, the Eastern and Western Blocks collided and amalgamated, forming the North China Craton with the Central Orogenic Belt in between. The boundary of the Central Orogenic Belt is defined by Archean geology which is 1600 km from west [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning \"Liaoning\") to west [Henan](/wiki/Henan \"Henan\"). Kusky proposed that the tectonic setting of the amalgamation is an [island arc](/wiki/Island_arc \"Island arc\"), in which a westward [dipping](/wiki/Strike_and_dip \"Strike and dip\") [subduction zone](/wiki/Subduction_zone \"Subduction zone\") was formed. The two blocks then combined through a westward subduction of the Eastern Block. The timing of the collision event is determined based on the age of crystallisation of the igneous rocks in the region and the age of metamorphism in the Central Orogenic Belt. Kusky also believed that the collision happened right after the rifting event, as seen from examples from orogens in other parts of the world, deformation events tend to happen closely with each other in terms of timing. After the amalgamation of the North China Craton, Inner Mongolia–Northern Hebei Orogen in the Western Block was formed by the collision of an arc terrane and the northern margin of the craton 2\\.3 billion years ago. The arc terrane was formed in an ocean developed during post\\-collisional extension in the amalgamation event 2\\.5 billion years ago.", "Apart from the deformation event in a local scale, the craton also interacted and deformed in a regional scale. It interacted with the [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 \"Columbia (supercontinent)\") after its formation. The northern margin of the whole craton collided with another continent during the formation of Columbia Supercontinent from 1\\.92 to 1\\.85 billion years ago. Lastly, the tectonic setting of the craton became extensional, and therefore began to break out of the Columbia Supercontinent 1\\.8 billion years ago.\n[thumb\\|370x370px\\|A cross\\-sectional diagram of the 1\\.8 Ga amalgamation model (the second model). The amalgamation of the two blocks was caused by subduction. The subducted oceanic plate caused the hydration of the lithosphere, therefore producing magma plumes (denoted in green). They later contributed to the formation of the Trans North China Orogen. The 2 blocks further collided and amalgamated, forming the Khondalite belt, the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt and the Trans North China Orogen. After the craton was formed, the Trans North China Orogen experienced exhumation, isostatic rebound, and erosion, changing the orientation of rocks in the orogen. Modified from Zhao, 2000](/wiki/File:1.85Ga_evolutionary_diagram.png \"1.85Ga evolutionary diagram.png\")\n[thumb\\|393x393px\\|\nA map view diagram showing the evolution of the North China Craton in the 1\\.85 Ga amalgamation model. 1\\) The craton began as 3 separate blocks, the Yinshan Block, the Ordos Block and the Eastern Block with oceans between them (2\\.2 billion years ago). 2\\) A rift system developed in the Eastern Block that further separated it into 2 blocks, the Longgang Nlock and the Langrim Block (2\\.2–1\\.95 billion years ago). 3\\) The Yinshan Block and the Ordos Block amalgamated 1\\.95 billion years ago, forming the Khondalite Belt in between. 4\\) The rift system between the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block stopped finally, causing the blocks to amalgamate into the Eastern Block again, forming the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt 1\\.9 billion years ago. 5\\) the Eastern and Western Blocks finally amalgamated 1\\.85 billion years ago, forming the Trans\\-North China Orogen in between. Modified from Zhao, 2012\\.](/wiki/File:Map_view_evolution_of_the_1.85Ga_Craton_Amalgamation_Model.png \"Map view evolution of the 1.85Ga Craton Amalgamation Model.png\")", "#### Zhao's Model: the 1\\.85 Ga Craton Amalgamation Model", "Zhao proposed another model suggesting the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks occurred 1\\.85 billion years ago instead.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Precambrian evolution of the North China Craton\\|last\\=(Geologist)\\|first\\=Zhao, Guochun\\|date\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Elsevier\\|isbn\\=9780124072275\\|location\\=Oxford\\|oclc\\=864383254}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhao\\|first1\\=Guochun\\|last2\\=Cawood\\|first2\\=Peter A.\\|last3\\=Li\\|first3\\=Sanzhong\\|last4\\=Wilde\\|first4\\=Simon A.\\|last5\\=Sun\\|first5\\=Min\\|last6\\=Zhang\\|first6\\=Jian\\|last7\\=He\\|first7\\=Yanhong\\|last8\\=Yin\\|first8\\=Changqing\\|year\\=2012\\|title\\=Amalgamation of the North China Craton: Key issues and discussion\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=222–223\\|pages\\=55–76\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.precamres.2012\\.09\\.016\\|bibcode\\=2012PreR..222\\...55Z\\|url\\=http://www.gt\\-crust.ru/jour/article/view/434}} The Archean time (3\\.8\\-2\\.7 billion years ago) was a time of major crustal growth.", "Continents started to grow in volume globally during this period, and so did the North China Craton. Pre\\-Neoarchean (4\\.6–2\\.8 billion years ago) rocks are just a small portion of the basement rocks, but [zircon](/wiki/Zircon \"Zircon\") as old as 4\\.1 billion years old was found in the craton. He suggested that the Neoarchean (2\\.8–2\\.5 billion years ago) crust of the North China Craton, which accounts for 85% of the Permian basement, was formed in two distinct periods. First is from 2\\.8 to 2\\.7 billion years ago, and later from 2\\.6 to 2\\.5 billion years ago, based on zircon age data. Zhao suggested a pluton model to explain the formation of metamorphic rocks 2\\.5 billion years ago. Neoarchean (2\\.8–2\\.5 Ma) mantle upwelled and heated up the [upper mantle](/wiki/Upper_mantle_%28Earth%29 \"Upper mantle (Earth)\") and lower crust, resulting in metamorphism.", "In the [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic \"Paleoproterozoic\") time (2\\.5–1\\.6 billion years ago), the North China Craton amalgamated in three steps, with the final amalgamation took place 1\\.85 billion years ago. Based on the metamorphic ages in the Trans North China Orogen, the assembly and the formation process of the North China Craton is determined. Zhao proposed that the North China Craton was formed from 4 blocks, the Yinshan Block, the [Ordos Block](/wiki/Ordos_Block \"Ordos Block\"), the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block. The Yinshan and Ordos Blocks collided and formed the Western Block, creating the [Khondalite Belt](/wiki/Khondalite \"Khondalite\") 1\\.95 billion years ago. For the Eastern Block, there was a rifting event in the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt, which separated the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block with an ocean before the block was formed 2\\.1 to 1\\.9 billion years ago. A rifting system is proposed because of how the rocks were metamorphosed in the belt and symmetrical rocks have been found on both side of the Belt. Around 1\\.9 billion years ago, the rift system at the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt switched to a subductional and collisional system. The Longgang Block and the Langrim Block then combined, forming the Eastern Block. 1\\.85 billion years ago, the Trans North China Orogen was formed by the collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks in an eastward subduction system, with probably an ocean between the 2 blocks subducted.", "Zhao also proposed model about the interaction of the North China Craton with the Columbia Supercontinent. He suggested that the craton's formation event 1\\.85 billion years ago was part of the formation process of the Columbia Supercontinent.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhao\\|first1\\=Guochun\\|last2\\=Sun\\|first2\\=Min\\|last3\\=Wilde\\|first3\\=Simon A.\\|last4\\=Li\\|first4\\=Sanzhong\\|year\\=2003\\|title\\=Assembly, Accretion and Breakup of the Paleo\\-Mesoproterozoic Columbia Supercontinent: Records in the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=6\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=417–434\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1342\\-937x(05\\)70996\\-5\\|bibcode\\=2003GondR...6\\..417Z}} The craton also recorded outward accretion event of the Columbia Supercontinent after it was formed. The [Xiong'er Volcanic Belt](/wiki/Xiong%27er_Volcanic_Belt \"Xiong'er Volcanic Belt\") located in the Southern Margin of the craton recorded the accretion event of the Supercontinent in terms of a subduction zone. The North China Craton broke away from the Supercontinent 1\\.6 to 1\\.2 billion years ago via a rift system called Zhaertai Bayan Obo rift zone where mafic [sills](/wiki/Sill_%28geology%29 \"Sill (geology)\") found is an evident of such event.", "| \\+Table summarising the time when tectonic events occurred in both models | Time{{ref\\|a\\|\\[a]}} | The 2\\.5Ga Amalgamation Model (Kusky) | The 1\\.8Ga Amalgamation Model (Zhao) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 3\\.8–2\\.7Ga | Ancient micro blocks amalgamated to form the Western and Eastern Block | Crust grew and formed, with plutons upwell in the region, causing extensive metamorphism |\n| 2\\.7–2\\.5Ga | Eastern Block deformation (rifting in the western edge) |\n| 2\\.5–2\\.3Ga | The Western and Eastern Block collided, and formed the N\\-S trending Central Orogenic Belt between where the 2 blocks are amalgamated | |\n| 2\\.3Ga | Arc Terrane collision to for Inner Mongolia\\- Northern Hebei Orogen in the North of the Craton | |\n| 2\\.2–1\\.9Ga | | Rifting and collision of the Eastern Block along the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt |\n| 1\\.95Ga | Northern margin collided with continents in the Columbia Supercontinent | Yinshan and Ordos Block collided and formed the Western Block and the Khondalite Belt |\n| 1\\.85Ga | Collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks leading to their amalgamation and the formation of Trans North China Orogen |\n| 1\\.8Ga | The tectonic setting of the craton became extensional where the craton broke out from Columbia Supercontinent | |", "", "#### Kusky and Zhao's arguments against the other models", "Kusky and Zhao proposed arguments against each other's model. Kusky argued that the 1\\.8 billion years ago metamorphic events found by Zhao to prove the amalgamation event is just the overprint of the collision event with the Columbia Supercontinent 1\\.85 billion years ago. The collision event with the Columbia Supercontinent also replaced lithosphere with new mantle, which would affect the dating. Another argument is that the metamorphic rocks found 1\\.8 billion years ago is not confined to the Central Orogenic Belt (or Trans\\-North China Orogenic Belt). They are also found in the Western Block, indicating that the metamorphic events was a craton\\-wide event. Zhao, on the opposite, argued that based on the lithological evidences, for example, the Eastern and Western Blocks must have been formed in settings different from the central part 2\\.6 to 2\\.5 billion years ago. Therefore, they would have been separated at that time. The pluton upwelling may explain the metamorphic event 2\\.5 billion years ago. Zhao also argued that Kusky has not provided sufficient isotopic evidence regarding the metamorphic data. In contrast with Kusky's argument that deformation events should follow tight with each other rather than staying still for 700 million years, Zhao argued that there are a lot of orogens in the world that have stayed still for a long period of time without any deformation events.", "#### Other Models (Zhai's 7 Blocks Model, Faure and Trap 3 Blocks Model, Santosh Double Subduction Model)", "[thumb\\|340x340px\\|\nThis map view diagram shows how Zhao proposed the micro blocks would have been oriented and amalgamated into North China Craton. He derived the map based on the age of the greenstone belts found in the Craton. He suggested that the greenstone belt was formed by collision of some micro blocks. The green belt on the map shows a younger greenstone belt, formed 2\\.5 billion years ago, while the yellow one showed the greenstone belt formed 2\\.6–2\\.7 billion years ago. \n(QH: Qianhuai Block, Jiaoliao Block:JL, Jining Block:JL, Xuchang Block: XCH, Xuhuai Block: XH, Alashan Block: ALS) Modified from Zhai, 2011](/wiki/File:Zhai_and_Santosh_model.png \"Zhai and Santosh model.png\")\nApart from the models which Kusky and Zhao proposed, there are some other models available to explain the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton. One of the models is proposed by Zhai.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhai\\|first1\\=Ming\\-Guo\\|last2\\=Santosh\\|first2\\=M.\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton: A synoptic overview\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=6–25\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.02\\.005\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\....6Z}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhai\\|first1\\=Ming\\-Guo\\|last2\\=Santosh\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Zhang\\|first3\\=Lianchang\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Precambrian geology and tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=1–5\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\....1Z\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.04\\.004}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Zhai\\|first\\=M\\|year\\=2003\\|title\\=Palaeoproterozoic tectonic history of the North China craton: a review\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=122\\|issue\\=1–4\\|pages\\=183–199\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0301\\-9268(02\\)00211\\-5\\|bibcode\\=2003PreR..122\\..183Z}} He agreed with Kusky on the time frame of deformational events occurred in the North China Craton. He also proposed that the continent grew from around 2\\.9 to 2\\.7 billion years ago, amalgamating 2\\.5 billion years ago and deforming around 2\\.0 to 1\\.8 billion years ago due to its interactions with the Columbia Supercontinent. The mechanism behind these tectonic events is rift and subduction system, which is similar to the two models proposed by Kusky and Zhao. There is a major difference of Zhai's theory with the above\\-mentioned models: he proposed that the North China Craton, instead of simply amalgamated and formed from the Eastern and Western Blocks, was amalgamated from a total of 7 ancient blocks. Zhai found that the high\\-grade metamorphic rocks, a good indicator of amalgamation events, has been observed all over the craton, not just restricted to the Trans\\-North China Orogen or the Central Orogenic Belt. He then proposed that there must have been more blocks that participated in the amalgamation process in order to explain the presence of belts of high\\-grade metamorphic rocks, which must have been formed in a strong deformation event that created a high pressure and high temperature environment.\n[thumb\\|341x341px\\|\nThis cross\\-section diagram shows how the North China Craton amalgamated in the Faure and Trap Model. They proposed that the Trans\\-North China Orogen that is mentioned in Zhao and Kusky's model is actually a separated block. There are 2 collision and amalgamation events as proposed by Faure and Trap. At 2\\.1 billion years ago, the Taiahng Ocean closed with the Eastern Block and Fuping Block amalgamated through Taihang Suture (THS). At 1\\.9–1\\.8 billion years ago, the Lüliang Ocean closed and the Eastern and Western Blocks finally amalgamated forming the Trans\\-North China Suture (TNCS). Modified from Trap and Faure, 2011\\.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Trap\\|first1\\=Pierre\\|last2\\=Faure\\|first2\\=Michel\\|last3\\=Lin\\|first3\\=Wei\\|last4\\=Breton\\|first4\\=Nicole Le\\|last5\\=Monié\\|first5\\=Patrick\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Trans\\-North China Orogen: Toward a comprehensive model\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=222–223\\|pages\\=191–211\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.precamres.2011\\.09\\.008\\|bibcode\\=2012PreR..222\\..191T\\|s2cid\\=53371487 \\|url\\=https://hal\\-insu.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/insu\\-00628119/file/Trap\\-PrecambrianResearch\\-2011\\.pdf}}](/wiki/File:Faure_model.png \"Faure model.png\")\nFaure and Trap proposed another model based on the dating and structural evidences they found.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Trap\\|first1\\=Pierre\\|last2\\=Faure\\|first2\\=Michel\\|last3\\=Lin\\|first3\\=Wei\\|last4\\=Augier\\|first4\\=Romain\\|last5\\=Fouassier\\|first5\\=Antoine\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Syn\\-collisional channel flow and exhumation of Paleoproterozoic high pressure rocks in the Trans\\-North China Orogen: The critical role of partial\\-melting and orogenic bending\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=2–3\\|pages\\=498–515\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.02\\.013\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\..498T\\|s2cid\\=102345211 \\|url\\=https://hal\\-insu.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/insu\\-00576322/file/TrapP\\-GR.pdf}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Trap\\|first1\\=P.\\|last2\\=Faure\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Lin\\|first3\\=W.\\|last4\\=Bruguier\\|first4\\=O.\\|last5\\=Monié\\|first5\\=P.\\|year\\=2008\\|title\\=Contrasted tectonic styles for the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton. Evidence for a \\~2\\.1Ga thermal and tectonic event in the Fuping Massif\\|journal\\=Journal of Structural Geology\\|volume\\=30\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=1109–1125\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jsg.2008\\.05\\.001\\|bibcode\\=2008JSG....30\\.1109T\\|s2cid\\=129782444 \\|url\\=https://hal\\-insu.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/insu\\-00309553/file/Trap\\-JStructuralGeology\\-2008\\.pdf}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Trap\\|first1\\=P.\\|last2\\=Faure\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Lin\\|first3\\=W.\\|last4\\=Monié\\|first4\\=P.\\|year\\=2007\\|title\\=Late Paleoproterozoic (1900–1800Ma) nappe stacking and polyphase deformation in the Hengshan–Wutaishan area: Implications for the understanding of the Trans\\-North\\-China Belt, North China Craton\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=156\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=85–106\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.precamres.2007\\.03\\.001\\|bibcode\\=2007PreR..156\\...85T\\|s2cid\\=51899540 \\|url\\=https://hal\\-insu.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/insu\\-00151594/file/Trap\\-PrecambrainResearch\\-2007\\.pdf}} They used Ar\\-Ar and U\\-Pb dating methods and structural evidences including cleavages, lineation and dip and strike data to analyse the [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian \"Precambrian\") history of the craton The timing of final amalgamation in their model is in\\-line with the timing proposed by Zhao, also around 1\\.8 to 1\\.9 billion years ago, but another time of significant deformation (2\\.1 billion years ago) have also been suggested. The division of micro\\-blocks deviated from Zhao's model. Faure and Trap identified 3 ancient continental blocks, the Eastern and Western Blocks, same as Zhao's model, as well as the Fuping Block, differing from the Trans\\-North China Orogen in Zhao's model. The 3 blocks were separated by two oceans, which were the Taihang Ocean and the Lüliang Ocean. They have also proposed the sequence and timing of the events occurred. Around 2\\.1 billion years ago, the Taihang Ocean closed with the Eastern Block and Fuping Block amalgamated through the Taihang Suture. From 1\\.9 to 1\\.8 billion years ago, the Lüliang Ocean closed, promoting the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks.", "Santosh proposed a model to explain the rapid pace of amalgamation of the continental blocks, thus providing a better picture of the mechanisms of cratonization of the North China Craton.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Santosh\\|first1\\=M.\\|last2\\=Zhao\\|first2\\=Dapeng\\|last3\\=Kusky\\|first3\\=Timothy\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Mantle dynamics of the Paleoproterozoic North China Craton: A perspective based on seismic tomography\\|journal\\=Journal of Geodynamics\\|volume\\=49\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=39–53\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jog.2009\\.09\\.043\\|bibcode\\=2010JGeo...49\\...39S}} For the time frame of the deformational events, he generally agreed with Zhao's model based on metamorphic data. He provided a new insight to explain the subduction direction of the plates during amalgamation, where the 2\\.5 Ga craton amalgamation model suggested westward subduction, and the 1\\.85Ga craton amalgamation model suggested eastern subduction. He did an extensive seismic mapping over the craton, making use of [P\\-waves](/wiki/P-wave \"P-wave\") and [S\\-waves](/wiki/S-wave \"S-wave\"). He discovered traces of a subducted plate in the mantle, which indicated the possible direction of subduction of the ancient plate. He finds that the Yinshan block (part of the Western Block) and the Yanliao block (part of the Eastern Block) subducted towards the centre around the Ordos Block (part of the Western Block)., in which the Yinshan block subducted eastward towards the Yanliao block. The Yinshan block further subducted to the south to the Ordos block. The Ordos Block was therefore experiencing double subduction, facilitating the amalgamation of different blocks of the craton and its interactions with the Columbia Supercontinent.", "", "| \\+Comparison of key issues of the formation of the North China Craton in different models | | Zhao's Model (1\\.85Ga Amalgamation model) | Kusky's Model (2\\.5Ga Amalgamation Model) | Zhai's Model (7 Blocks Model) | Faure's Model (3 Blocks Model) | Santosh's Model (Double subduction model) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Timing of amalgamation | 1\\.85Ga | 2\\.5–2\\.3 Ga | 2\\.5–2\\.3 Ga | Final amalgamation at 1\\.8–1\\.9Ga, but **an additional amalgamation event of the Fuping Block with the Eastern Block** | 1\\.85Ga |\n| Constituent Microblocks of the North China Craton | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Trans\\-North China Orogen | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Central Orogenic Belt | **7 microblocks** (Qianhuai Block, Jiaoliao Block, Jining Block, Xuchang Block, Xuhuai Block, Alashan Block) separated by belts of metamorphic rocks | The Eastern and Western Blocks with **Fuping Block** in between | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Trans\\-North China Orogen |\n| Direction of subduction | Eastward subduction | Westward subduction | (Not mentioned) | Westward subction | **Double subduction, both westward and eastward subduction** |", "### Phanerozoic history (539 million years ago to present time)", "The North China Craton remained stable for a long time after the amalgamation of craton. There were thick sediments deposited from [Neoproterozoic](/wiki/Neoproterozoic \"Neoproterozoic\") (1000 to 539 million years ago). The flat\\-lying [Palaeozoic](/wiki/Paleozoic \"Paleozoic\") sedimentary rocks recorded [extinction](/wiki/Extinction \"Extinction\") and [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chough\\|first1\\=Sung Kwun\\|last2\\=Lee\\|first2\\=Hyun Suk\\|last3\\=Woo\\|first3\\=Jusun\\|last4\\=Chen\\|first4\\=Jitao\\|last5\\=Choi\\|first5\\=Duck K.\\|last6\\=Lee\\|first6\\=Seung\\-bae\\|last7\\=Kang\\|first7\\=Imseong\\|last8\\=Park\\|first8\\=Tae\\-yoon\\|last9\\=Han\\|first9\\=Zuozhen\\|date\\=2010\\-09\\-01\\|title\\=Cambrian stratigraphy of the North China Platform: revisiting principal sections in Shandong Province, China\\|journal\\=Geosciences Journal\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=235–268\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s12303\\-010\\-0029\\-x\\|issn\\=1226\\-4806\\|bibcode\\=2010GescJ..14\\..235C\\|s2cid\\=129184351}} The center of the craton remained stable until [mid\\-Ordovician](/wiki/Ordovician \"Ordovician\") (467\\-458 million years ago), due to the discovery of [xenoliths](/wiki/Xenolith \"Xenolith\") in the older lithosphere in [kimberlite](/wiki/Kimberlite \"Kimberlite\") [dykes](/wiki/Dike_%28geology%29 \"Dike (geology)\"). Since then, the North China Craton entered period of craton destruction, meaning that the craton was no longer stable. Most scientists defined destruction of a craton as thinning of lithosphere, thus losing rigidity and stability.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Gao\\|first1\\=Shan\\|last2\\=Rudnick\\|first2\\=Roberta L.\\|last3\\=Xu\\|first3\\=Wen\\-Liang\\|last4\\=Yuan\\|first4\\=Hong\\-Lin\\|last5\\=Liu\\|first5\\=Yong\\-Sheng\\|last6\\=Walker\\|first6\\=Richard J.\\|last7\\=Puchtel\\|first7\\=Igor S.\\|last8\\=Liu\\|first8\\=Xiaomin\\|last9\\=Huang\\|first9\\=Hua\\|year\\=2008\\|title\\=Recycling deep cratonic lithosphere and generation of intraplate magmatism in the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters\\|volume\\=270\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=41–53\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.epsl.2008\\.03\\.008\\|bibcode\\=2008E\\&PSL.270\\...41G}} A large\\-scale lithosphere thinning event took place especially in the Eastern Block of the craton, resulting in large\\-scale deformations and earthquakes in the region. [Gravity](/wiki/Gravity \"Gravity\") gradient showed that the Eastern Block remains thin up till present day. The mechanism and timing of craton destruction is still under debate. Scientists proposed four important deformation events that could possibly lead to or contributed to craton destruction, namely subduction and closure of Paleo\\-Asian Ocean in [Carboniferous](/wiki/Carboniferous \"Carboniferous\") to [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\") (324\\-236 million years ago), late [Triassic](/wiki/Triassic \"Triassic\") collision of the Yangtze Craton and North China Craton (240\\-210 million years ago),{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Windley\\|first1\\=B. F.\\|last2\\=Maruyama\\|first2\\=S.\\|last3\\=Xiao\\|first3\\=W. J.\\|date\\=2010\\-12\\-01\\|title\\=Delamination/thinning of sub\\-continental lithospheric mantle under Eastern China: The role of water and multiple subduction\\|journal\\=American Journal of Science\\|volume\\=310\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=1250–1293\\|doi\\=10\\.2475/10\\.2010\\.03\\|issn\\=0002\\-9599\\|bibcode\\=2010AmJS..310\\.1250W\\|s2cid\\=130263851\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Yang\\|first1\\=De\\-Bin\\|last2\\=Xu\\|first2\\=Wen\\-Liang\\|last3\\=Wang\\|first3\\=Qing\\-Hai\\|last4\\=Pei\\|first4\\=Fu\\-Ping\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Chronology and geochemistry of Mesozoic granitoids in the Bengbu area, central China: Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the eastern North China Craton\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=114\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=200–216\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2009\\.08\\.009\\|bibcode\\=2010Litho.114\\..200Y}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zheng\\|first1\\=J.P.\\|last2\\=Griffin\\|first2\\=W.L.\\|last3\\=Ma\\|first3\\=Q.\\|last4\\=O'Reilly\\|first4\\=S.Y.\\|last5\\=Xiong\\|first5\\=Q.\\|last6\\=Tang\\|first6\\=H.Y.\\|last7\\=Zhao\\|first7\\=J.H.\\|last8\\=Yu\\|first8\\=C.M.\\|last9\\=Su\\|first9\\=Y.P.\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Accretion and reworking beneath the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=149\\|pages\\=61–78\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2012\\.04\\.025\\|bibcode\\=2012Litho.149\\...61Z}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Zhang\\|first\\=Kai\\-Jun\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Destruction of the North China Craton: Lithosphere folding\\-induced removal of lithospheric mantle?\\|journal\\=Journal of Geodynamics\\|volume\\=53\\|pages\\=8–17\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jog.2011\\.07\\.005\\|bibcode\\=2012JGeo...53\\....8Z}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Yang\\|first1\\=Jin\\-Hui\\|last2\\=O'Reilly\\|first2\\=Suzanne\\|last3\\=Walker\\|first3\\=Richard J.\\|last4\\=Griffin\\|first4\\=William\\|last5\\=Wu\\|first5\\=Fu\\-Yuan\\|last6\\=Zhang\\|first6\\=Ming\\|last7\\=Pearson\\|first7\\=Norman\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Diachronous decratonization of the Sino\\-Korean craton: Geochemistry of mantle xenoliths from North Korea\\|journal\\=Geology\\|volume\\=38\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=799–802\\|doi\\=10\\.1130/g30944\\.1\\|bibcode\\=2010Geo....38\\..799Y\\|s2cid\\=56116776}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Yang\\|first1\\=Jin\\-Hui\\|last2\\=Wu\\|first2\\=Fu\\-Yuan\\|last3\\=Wilde\\|first3\\=Simon A.\\|last4\\=Chen\\|first4\\=Fukun\\|last5\\=Liu\\|first5\\=Xiao\\-Ming\\|last6\\=Xie\\|first6\\=Lie\\-Wen\\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-01\\|title\\=Petrogenesis of an Alkali Syenite–Granite–Rhyolite Suite in the Yanshan Fold and Thrust Belt, Eastern North China Craton: Geochronological, Geochemical and Nd–Sr–Hf Isotopic Evidence for Lithospheric Thinning\\|journal\\=Journal of Petrology\\|volume\\=49\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=315–351\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/petrology/egm083\\|issn\\=0022\\-3530\\|bibcode\\=2007JPet...49\\..315Y\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Yang\\|first1\\=Jin\\-Hui\\|last2\\=Wu\\|first2\\=Fu\\-Yuan\\|last3\\=Wilde\\|first3\\=Simon A.\\|last4\\=Belousova\\|first4\\=Elena\\|last5\\=Griffin\\|first5\\=William L.\\|year\\=2008\\|title\\=Mesozoic decratonization of the North China block\\|journal\\=Geology\\|volume\\=36\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=467\\|doi\\=10\\.1130/g24518a.1\\|bibcode\\=2008Geo....36\\..467Y}} [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\") subduction of the Paleo\\-Pacific Plate (200\\-100 million years ago){{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Wu\\|first1\\=Fu\\-yuan\\|last2\\=Walker\\|first2\\=Richard J.\\|last3\\=Ren\\|first3\\=Xiang\\-wen\\|last4\\=Sun\\|first4\\=De\\-you\\|last5\\=Zhou\\|first5\\=Xin\\-hua\\|year\\=2005\\|title\\=Osmium isotopic constraints on the age of lithospheric mantle beneath northeastern China\\|journal\\=Chemical Geology\\|volume\\=196\\|issue\\=1–4\\|pages\\=107–129\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0009\\-2541(02\\)00409\\-6\\|bibcode\\=2003ChGeo.196\\..107W}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Tang\\|first1\\=Yan\\-Jie\\|last2\\=Zhang\\|first2\\=Hong\\-Fu\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Ying\\|first4\\=Ji\\-Feng\\|year\\=2013\\|title\\=Differential destruction of the North China Craton: A tectonic perspective\\|journal\\=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences\\|volume\\=78\\|pages\\=71–82\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jseaes.2012\\.11\\.047\\|bibcode\\=2013JAESc..78\\...71T}} and [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\") collapse of orogens (130\\-120 million years ago).{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhu\\|first1\\=Guang\\|last2\\=Jiang\\|first2\\=Dazhi\\|last3\\=Zhang\\|first3\\=Bilong\\|last4\\=Chen\\|first4\\=Yin\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Destruction of the eastern North China Craton in a backarc setting: Evidence from crustal deformation kinematics\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=86–103\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.08\\.005\\|bibcode\\=2012GondR..22\\...86Z}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Liu\\|first1\\=Yongsheng\\|last2\\=Gao\\|first2\\=Shan\\|last3\\=Yuan\\|first3\\=Hongling\\|last4\\=Zhou\\|first4\\=Lian\\|last5\\=Liu\\|first5\\=Xiaoming\\|last6\\=Wang\\|first6\\=Xuance\\|last7\\=Hu\\|first7\\=Zhaochu\\|last8\\=Wang\\|first8\\=Linsen\\|year\\=2004\\|title\\=U–Pb zircon ages and Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopes of lower crustal xenoliths from North China Craton: insights on evolution of lower continental crust\\|journal\\=Chemical Geology\\|volume\\=211\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=87–109\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.chemgeo.2004\\.06\\.023\\|bibcode\\=2004ChGeo.211\\...87L}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=He\\|first\\=Lijuan\\|year\\=2014\\|title\\=Thermal regime of the North China Craton: Implications for craton destruction\\|journal\\=Earth\\-Science Reviews\\|volume\\=140\\|pages\\=14–26\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.earscirev.2014\\.10\\.011}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhu\\|first1\\=Guang\\|last2\\=Chen\\|first2\\=Yin\\|last3\\=Jiang\\|first3\\=Dazhi\\|last4\\=Lin\\|first4\\=Shaoze\\|year\\=2015\\|title\\=Rapid change from compression to extension in the North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous: Evidence from the Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex\\|journal\\=Tectonophysics\\|volume\\=656\\|pages\\=91–110\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.tecto.2015\\.06\\.009\\|bibcode\\=2015Tectp.656\\...91Z}} As for the destabilisation mechanism, 4 models could be generalised. They are the subduction model, the extension model the magma underplating mode,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhai\\|first1\\=Mingguo\\|last2\\=Fan\\|first2\\=Qicheng\\|last3\\=Zhang\\|first3\\=Hongfu\\|last4\\=Sui\\|first4\\=Jianli\\|last5\\=Shao\\|first5\\=Ji'an\\|year\\=2007\\|title\\=Lower crustal processes leading to Mesozoic lithospheric thinning beneath eastern North China: Underplating, replacement and delamination\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=96\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=36–54\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2006\\.09\\.016\\|bibcode\\=2007Litho..96\\...36Z}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhang\\|first1\\=Hong\\-Fu\\|last2\\=Ying\\|first2\\=Ji\\-Feng\\|last3\\=Tang\\|first3\\=Yan\\-Jie\\|last4\\=Li\\|first4\\=Xian\\-Hua\\|last5\\=Feng\\|first5\\=Chuang\\|last6\\=Santosh\\|first6\\=M.\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Phanerozoic reactivation of the Archean North China Craton through episodic magmatism: Evidence from zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes from the Liaodong Peninsula\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=446–459\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2010\\.09\\.002\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..19\\..446Z}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhang\\|first1\\=Hong\\-Fu\\|last2\\=Zhu\\|first2\\=Ri\\-Xiang\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Ying\\|first4\\=Ji\\-Feng\\|last5\\=Su\\|first5\\=Ben\\-Xun\\|last6\\=Hu\\|first6\\=Yan\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Episodic widespread magma underplating beneath the North China Craton in the Phanerozoic: Implications for craton destruction\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=23\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=95–107\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.12\\.006\\|bibcode\\=2013GondR..23\\...95Z}} and the lithospheric folding model.\n[thumb\\|419x419px\\|\nThis is a map showing the different tectonic elements near the North China Craton in the Phanerozoic. The elements includes the Solonker suture zone in the north, the Paleo\\-Pacific subduction zone in the east, and the Qinling Dabie Orogen in the south. Modified from Zhu, 2015](/wiki/File:North_China_phanerozoic_tectonic_elements.png \"North China phanerozoic tectonic elements.png\")", "#### Timeline of craton destruction", "There were several major tectonic events occurring in the [Phanerozoic](/wiki/Phanerozoic \"Phanerozoic\"), especially in the margins of the Eastern Block. Some of them were hypothesized to have caused the destruction of the craton. \n[thumb\\|413x413px\\|\nThe green lines on this lithospheric thickness map are lithospheric depth contour lines, meaning that the lithosphere is of the depth specified in that position. A zone in the Eastern Block has especially thinned lithosphere. Modified from Windley, 2010,](/wiki/File:North_China_phanerozoic_thickness.png \"North China phanerozoic thickness.png\")\n1. [Carboniferous](/wiki/Carboniferous \"Carboniferous\") to [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic \"Middle Jurassic\") (324\\-236 million years ago) \\-\\-\\- Subduction and closure of Paleo\\-Asian Ocean.\n\t* [Subduction zones](/wiki/Subduction_zones \"Subduction zones\") were located in the northern margin where continents grew through [accretion](/wiki/Accretionary_wedge \"Accretionary wedge\"). Solonker suture was resulted and Palaeoasian ocean was therefore closed.\n\t* There were 2 phases of magma up\\-welling, one occurred 324\\-270 million years ago, while another occurred 262\\-236 million years ago. Rocks such as [syncollisional granites](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\"), metamorphic core complexes, [granitoids](/wiki/Granitoid \"Granitoid\") were produced with magma from partial melts of the [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian \"Precambrian\") rocks.\n\t* Since marine sediments were found in most part of the craton, except for the northern part, it can be concluded that the craton was still relatively stable after this deformation event.\n2. [Late Triassic](/wiki/Late_Triassic \"Late Triassic\") (240\\-210 million years ago) \\-\\-\\- Assembly of the North China Craton and the Yang Tze Craton.\n\t* Suture between the North China Craton and the [Yang Tze Craton](/wiki/Yangtze_craton \"Yangtze craton\") was caused by deep subduction and collision setting, creating [Qinling](/wiki/Qinling_orogenic_belt \"Qinling orogenic belt\")\\-Dabie Orogen. This is supported by mineral evidence, such as [diamonds](/wiki/Diamond \"Diamond\"), [eclogites](/wiki/Eclogite \"Eclogite\") and [felsic gneisses](/wiki/Gneiss \"Gneiss\").\n\t* Magmatism was prevalent in the eastern side, and the magma formed in this period were relatively young. Magmatism was largely caused by the collision between two cratons.\n\t* Terrane accretion, continent\\-continent collision and extrusion in the area caused various stages of metamorphism.\n\t* Evidences from various isotopic dating (e.g. zircon U\\-Pb dating), and composition analysis showed that the lithosphere of the [Yang Tze Craton](/wiki/Yangtze_craton \"Yangtze craton\") was below the North China Craton in some part of the Eastern Block, and that the magma sample was young relative to the period they were formed. This shows that the old, lower lithosphere was extensively replaced, hence thinned. This period is therefore proposed to be the time when the craton destruction occurred.\n3. [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\") (200\\-100 million years ago) \\-\\-\\- Subduction of the Paleo\\-Pacific Plate\n\t* The [Pacific Plate](/wiki/Pacific_Plate \"Pacific Plate\") was subducted westward as the ocean basin to the north of the craton was closed. This was probably an active continental margin setting.\n\t* The [Tan\\-Lu fault](/wiki/Tan-Lu_fault \"Tan-Lu fault\") is located in eastern side of the craton. The time of its formation is debatable. Some argued that was formed in [Triassic](/wiki/Triassic \"Triassic\") while some suggested [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\"). The fault was about 1000 km in length, stretching into Russia. It was probably caused by either collision with the South China Craton or oblique convergence with the Pacific and Asia plates.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Xiao\\|first1\\=Yan\\|last2\\=Zhang\\|first2\\=Hong\\-Fu\\|last3\\=Fan\\|first3\\=Wei\\-Ming\\|last4\\=Ying\\|first4\\=Ji\\-Feng\\|last5\\=Zhang\\|first5\\=Jin\\|last6\\=Zhao\\|first6\\=Xin\\-Miao\\|last7\\=Su\\|first7\\=Ben\\-Xun\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Tan\\-Lu fault zone, eastern North China Craton: Evidence from petrology and geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=117\\|issue\\=1–4\\|pages\\=229–246\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2010\\.02\\.017\\|bibcode\\=2010Litho.117\\..229X}}\n\t* Scientists studied the chemical composition of the rocks to determine their origin and process of formation, and also studied the mantle structure. The studies show that the lower lithosphere in this period was newly injected. The new material followed the north\\-northeast trend, which was concluded that subduction of the Pacific Plate caused the removal of old lithosphere and hence thinned the craton.\n4. [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\") (130\\-120 million years ago) \\-\\-\\- Collapse of Orogen\n\t* This is a period where the mode of tectonic switched from contraction to extension. This resulted in the collapse of the [orogen](/wiki/Orogeny \"Orogeny\") formed in [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\") to [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\"). The orogenic belt and [plateau](/wiki/Plateau \"Plateau\") (Hubei collisional plateau and Yanshan belt) started to collapse and formed metamorphic core complexes with normal faults.\n\t* Under the influence of extensional stress field, [basins](/wiki/Structural_basin \"Structural basin\"), for example, [Bohai Bay](/wiki/Bohai_Bay \"Bohai Bay\") Basin, were formed.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Li\\|first1\\=S. Z.\\|last2\\=Suo\\|first2\\=Y. H.\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Dai\\|first4\\=L. M.\\|last5\\=Liu\\|first5\\=X.\\|last6\\=Yu\\|first6\\=S.\\|last7\\=Zhao\\|first7\\=S. J.\\|last8\\=Jin\\|first8\\=C.\\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-01\\|title\\=Mesozoic to Cenozoic intracontinental deformation and dynamics of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Geological Journal\\|volume\\=48\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=543–560\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/gj.2500\\|s2cid\\=129065824 \\|issn\\=1099\\-1034}}\n\t* Magmatism was prevalent, and the isotopic studies showed that the mantle composition changed from enriched to depleted, which proved that new materials were replacing the mantle root. Evidence is from [hafnium](/wiki/Hafnium \"Hafnium\") (Hf) isotope analysis,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chen\\|first1\\=B.\\|author2\\-link\\=Bor\\-ming Jahn\\|last2\\=Jahn\\|first2\\=B. M.\\|last3\\=Arakawa\\|first3\\=Y.\\|last4\\=Zhai\\|first4\\=M. G.\\|date\\=2004\\-12\\-01\\|title\\=Petrogenesis of the Mesozoic intrusive complexes from the southern Taihang Orogen, North China Craton: elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic constraints\\|journal\\=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\\|volume\\=148\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=489–501\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s00410\\-004\\-0620\\-0\\|issn\\=0010\\-7999\\|bibcode\\=2004CoMP..148\\..489C\\|s2cid\\=129731059}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chen\\|first1\\=B.\\|last2\\=Tian\\|first2\\=W.\\|last3\\=Jahn\\|first3\\=B.M.\\|last4\\=Chen\\|first4\\=Z.C.\\|year\\=2007\\|title\\=Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages and in\\-situ Hf isotopic analysis for the Mesozoic intrusions in South Taihang, North China craton: Evidence for hybridization between mantle\\-derived magmas and crustal components\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=102\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=118–137\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2007\\.06\\.012\\|bibcode\\=2008Litho.102\\..118C}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Yang\\|first1\\=Jin\\-Hui\\|last2\\=Wu\\|first2\\=Fu\\-Yuan\\|last3\\=Chung\\|first3\\=Sun\\-Lin\\|last4\\=Wilde\\|first4\\=Simon A.\\|last5\\=Chu\\|first5\\=Mei\\-Fei\\|last6\\=Lo\\|first6\\=Ching\\-Hua\\|last7\\=Song\\|first7\\=Biao\\|year\\=2005\\|title\\=Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous intrusions in the Sulu ultrahigh\\-pressure orogenic belt, east China and their relationship to lithospheric thinning\\|journal\\=Chemical Geology\\|volume\\=222\\|issue\\=3–4\\|pages\\=200–231\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.chemgeo.2005\\.07\\.006\\|bibcode\\=2005ChGeo.222\\..200Y\\|url\\=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/2006111501254446/1/2306\\.pdf}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chen\\|first1\\=B.\\|last2\\=Chen\\|first2\\=Z.C.\\|last3\\=Jahn\\|first3\\=B.M.\\|year\\=2009\\|title\\=Origin of mafic enclaves from the Taihang Mesozoic orogen, north China craton\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=110\\|issue\\=1–4\\|pages\\=343–358\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2009\\.01\\.015\\|bibcode\\=2009Litho.110\\..343C}} xenolith zircon studies, and analysis of the metamorphic rocks.\n\t\n\t| \\+Timeline summarizing tectonic events that caused the destruction of craton root | | Geological Event | Geological Structure Resulted |\n\t| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\t| [Carboniferous](/wiki/Carboniferous \"Carboniferous\") to [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic \"Middle Jurassic\") (324\\-236 million years ago) | Subduction and closure of **Paleo\\-Asian Ocean**, with phases of magmatism observed. | Solonker Suture (North of the Craton) |\n\t| [Late Triassic](/wiki/Late_Triassic \"Late Triassic\") (240\\-210 million years ago) | Suture between the North China Craton and the [**Yang Tze Craton**](/wiki/South_China_%28continent%29 \"South China (continent)\") by deep subduction and continental collision. Isotopic data showed that at least part of the craton root was destroyed. | [Qinling](/wiki/Qinling_orogenic_belt \"Qinling orogenic belt\")\\-Dabie Orogen (South to Southwest of the Craton) |\n\t| [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\") (200\\-100 million years ago) | The **[Pacific Plate](/wiki/Pacific_Plate \"Pacific Plate\")** was subducted westward in an active continental margin setting. This result in new magmatic material (as shown by isotopic age) being aligned with the subduction zone, proving craton destruction. | Tan\\-Lu Fault (East of the Craton) |\n\t| [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\") (130\\-120 million years ago) | Mode of tectonic switched to **extension**. The orogenic belt and [plateau](/wiki/Plateau \"Plateau\") (Hubei collisional plateau and Yanshan belt) started to collapse, which also result in the replacement of magmatic material in the mantle root. | [Bohai Bay](/wiki/Bohai_Bay \"Bohai Bay\") Basin |\n\t\n\t[thumb\\|446x446px\\| This is a diagram showing an example of the subduction model by Kusky, 2007\\. 1\\) plates are subducted under the North China Craton near the margin in the Paleozoic with most part of the craton remained relatively stable. The subduction generated fluids which weakened the lower crust. At the same time, subduction increased the density of the lower lithosphere. 2\\) \\& 3\\) In the Mesozoic, the North China Craton begins to experience deformation. The collisions in the north and south triggered the weakened lower lithosphere to detach. Modified from Kusky, 2007](/wiki/File:Kusky_Phanerozoic_North_China_Craton_model_.png \"Kusky Phanerozoic North China Craton model .png\")", "#### Causes of craton destruction", "The causes of the craton destruction event and the thinning of the Eastern Block lithosphere are complicated. Four models can be generalized from the different mechanisms proposed by scientists.\n1. Subduction Model\n\t* This model explained subduction as the main cause of the craton destruction. It is a very popular model.\n\t* Subduction of oceanic plate also causes subduction of water inside the lithosphere. As the fluid encounters high temperature and pressure when being subducted, the fluid is released, weakening the crust and mantle due to the lowered melting point of rocks.\n\t* Subduction also causes the thickening of crust on the over\\-riding plate. Once the over\\-thickened crust collapses, the lithosphere would be thinned.\n\t* Subduction causes the formation of [eclogite](/wiki/Eclogite \"Eclogite\") because rocks are under high temperature and pressure, for example, the subducted plate becomes deeply buried. It would therefore cause [slab break\\-off](/wiki/Slab_detachment \"Slab detachment\") and [slab rollback](/wiki/Slab_rollback \"Slab rollback\"), thinning the lithosphere.\n\t* Subduction was widely occurring in the Phanerozoic, including subduction and closure of Paleo\\-Asian Ocean in [Carboniferous](/wiki/Carboniferous \"Carboniferous\") to [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic \"Middle Jurassic\"), subduction of the [Yang Tze Craton](/wiki/Yangtze_craton \"Yangtze craton\") under the North China Craton in [Late Triassic](/wiki/Late_Triassic \"Late Triassic\"), and subduction of Paleo\\-Pacific Plate in the [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\") and the [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\") as mentioned in the previous part. The subduction model can therefore be used to explain the proposed craton destruction event in different periods.[thumb\\|418x418px\\| This is a diagram showing how lithosphere can be thinned by retreating subduction. The yellow star shows where the thinned lithosphere is. The lithosphere thinned because the subducting plate roll back faster than the over\\-riding plate could migrate forward. As a result, the over\\-riding plate stretch its lithosphere to catch up with the roll back, which resulted in lithospheric thinning. Modified from Zhu, 2011\\.](/wiki/File:Phanerozoic_north_china_craton_extension_model.png \"Phanerozoic north china craton extension model.png\")\n2. Extension Model\n\t* There are 2 types of lithospheric extension, retreating subduction and collapse of orogens. Both of them have been used to explain lithospheric thinning occurred in the North China Craton.\n\t* Retreating subduction system means that the subducting plate moves backward faster than the over\\-riding plate moves forward. The over\\-riding plate spreads to fill the gap. With the same volume of lithosphere but being spread to a larger area, the over\\-riding plate is thinned. This could be applied to different subduction events in Phanerozoic. For example, Zhu proposes that the subduction of Paleo\\-Pacific Ocean was a retreating subduction system, that caused the lithospheric thinning in the Cretaceous.\n\t* Collapse of orogen introduces a series of normal faults (e.g. bookshelf faulting) and thinned the lithosphere. Collapse of orogens is very common in the Cretaceous.\n3. Magma Underplating Model\n\t* This models suggests that the young hot magma is very close to the crust. The heat then melts and thins the lithosphere, causing upwelling of young [asthenosphere](/wiki/Asthenosphere \"Asthenosphere\").\n\t* Magmatism was prevalent throughout the [Phanerozoic](/wiki/Phanerozoic \"Phanerozoic\") due to the extensive deformation events. l This model can therefore be used to explain lithospheric thinning in different periods of time.[thumb\\|426x426px\\| This is a diagram showing how the lithosphere can be thinned through folding in map and cross section. Folding occurs when the Yang Tze Craton and the North China Craton collided. Week points and dense [eclogites](/wiki/Eclogite \"Eclogite\") were developed in the lower crust. They are later fragmented and sank because of convection of asthenosphere. Edited from Zhang, 2011\\.](/wiki/File:North_China_Craton_phanerozoic_folding_model.png \"North China Craton phanerozoic folding model.png\")\n4. Asthosphere Folding Model\n\t* This model is specifically proposed for how the [Yang Tze Craton](/wiki/Yangtze_craton \"Yangtze craton\") and the North China Craton collided and thinned the lithosphere.\n\t* The collision of the 2 cratons first thickened the crust by folding. [Eclogite](/wiki/Eclogite \"Eclogite\") formed in the lower crust, which made the lower crust denser. New shear zones also developed in the lower crust.\n\t* The [asthenosphere](/wiki/Asthenosphere \"Asthenosphere\") convected and seeped into weak points developed in the lower crust shear zones. The heavy lower crust was then fragmented and sunk into the lithosphere. The lithosphere of the North China Craton was then thinned.", "" ]
### Precambrian Tectonics (4\.6 billion years ago to 1\.6 billion years ago) [thumb\|404x404px\| A diagram of [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 "Columbia (supercontinent)"), which occurred in [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian") time. The red part is the Western Block of the North China Craton, the purple part is the Eastern Block, the green part is the Trans\-North China Orgen, and the blue part is other collision belts found in the North China Craton. Modified from Zhao et al., 2011{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhao\|first1\=Guochun\|last2\=Li\|first2\=Sanzhong\|last3\=Sun\|first3\=Min\|last4\=Wilde\|first4\=Simon A.\|date\=2011\-09\-01\|title\=Assembly, accretion, and break\-up of the Palaeo\-Mesoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent: record in the North China Craton revisited\|journal\=International Geology Review\|volume\=53\|issue\=11–12\|pages\=1331–1356\|doi\=10\.1080/00206814\.2010\.527631\|issn\=0020\-6814\|bibcode\=2011IGRv...53\.1331Z\|s2cid\=140617967}} and Santosh, 2010\.{{Cite journal\|last\=Santosh\|first\=M.\|year\=2010\|title\=Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double\-sided subduction\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=178\|issue\=1–4\|pages\=149–167\|doi\=10\.1016/j.precamres.2010\.02\.003\|bibcode\=2010PreR..178\..149S}}](/wiki/File:Columbia_supercontinent_2.png "Columbia supercontinent 2.png") [thumb\|407x407px\| Evolutionary diagram of the 2\.5 Ga{{ref\|a\|\[a]}} Craton amalgamation model (1st model) (Inner Mongolia\-Northern Hebei Orogen) 1\)\-2\) There was an ancient rift system caused by retreating subduction in the Eastern Block, which then later stopped. 3\) A subduction zone developed between the Eastern and Western blocks, with some magma plumes developed and exhumed as the plate was subducted. The North China Craton finally amalgamated. 4\) The Western Block further interacted with an arc terrane in the north with a subduction zone and formed the Inner Mongolia\-Northern Hebei Orogen.](/wiki/File:North_China_Craton_diagram%2C_Kusky%27s_model.png "North China Craton diagram, Kusky's model.png") 5\) The North China Craton collided with the [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 "Columbia (supercontinent)"), causing deformation and metamorphism in the region. Modified from Kusky, 2011 and Kusky, 2003 The Precambrian tectonics of the North China Craton is complicated. Different scholars have proposed different models to explain the tectonics of the Craton, with two dominant schools of thought coming from Kusky (2003,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Kusky\|first1\=Timothy M.\|last2\=Li\|first2\=Jianghai\|year\=2003\|title\=Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\|journal\=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences\|volume\=22\|issue\=4\|pages\=383–397\|doi\=10\.1016/s1367\-9120(03\)00071\-3\|bibcode\=2003JAESc..22\..383K}} 2007, 2010{{Cite journal\|last\=Kusky\|first\=Timothy M.\|year\=2011\|title\=Geophysical and geological tests of tectonic models of the North China Craton\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=1\|pages\=26–35\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.01\.004\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\...26K}}) and Zhao (2000,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhao\|first1\=Guochun\|last2\=Cawood\|first2\=Peter A.\|last3\=Wilde\|first3\=Simon A.\|last4\=Sun\|first4\=Min\|last5\=Lu\|first5\=Liangzhao\|year\=2000\|title\=Metamorphism of basement rocks in the Central Zone of the North China Craton: implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=103\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=55–88\|doi\=10\.1016/s0301\-9268(00\)00076\-0\|bibcode\=2000PreR..103\...55Z}} 2005, and 2012). The major difference in their models is the interpretation of the two most significant Precambrian metamorphic events, occurring 2\.5 billion years ago and 1\.8 billion years ago respectively, in the North China Craton. Kusky argued that the metamorphic event 2\.5 billion years ago corresponded to the amalgamation of the Craton from their ancient blocks, while Zhao argued that the later event was responsible for the amalgamation. #### Kusky's Model: The 2\.5 Ga Craton Amalgamation Model Kusky's model proposed a sequence of events showing the microblocks amalgamating 2\.5 billion years ago.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Kusky\|first1\=T.M.\|last2\=Polat\|first2\=A.\|last3\=Windley\|first3\=B.F.\|last4\=Burke\|first4\=K.C.\|last5\=Dewey\|first5\=J.F.\|last6\=Kidd\|first6\=W.S.F.\|last7\=Maruyama\|first7\=S.\|last8\=Wang\|first8\=J.P.\|last9\=Deng\|first9\=H.\|year\=2016\|title\=Insights into the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton through comparative tectonic analysis: A record of outward growth of Precambrian continents\|journal\=Earth\-Science Reviews\|volume\=162\|pages\=387–432\|doi\=10\.1016/j.earscirev.2016\.09\.002\|bibcode\=2016ESRv..162\..387K\|doi\-access\=free\|hdl\=2381/42108\|hdl\-access\=free}} First, in the Archean time (4\.6\-2\.5 billion years ago), the lithosphere of the craton started to develop. Some ancient micro\-blocks amalgamated to form the Eastern and Western Blocks 3\.8 to 2\.7 billion years ago. The formation time of the blocks is determined based on the age of the rocks found in the craton. Most rocks in the craton were formed at around 2\.7 billion years ago, with some small outcrops found to have formed 3\.8 billion years ago. Then, the Eastern Block underwent deformation, rifting at the Western Edge of the Block 2\.7 to 2\.5 billion years ago. Evidences for a rift system have been found in the Central Orogenic Belt and they were dated 2\.7 billion years old. These included ophiolite and remnants of a rift system. Collision and amalgamation started to occur in [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic "Paleoproterozoic") time (2\.5–1\.6 billion years ago). From 2\.5 to 2\.3 billion years ago, the Eastern and Western Blocks collided and amalgamated, forming the North China Craton with the Central Orogenic Belt in between. The boundary of the Central Orogenic Belt is defined by Archean geology which is 1600 km from west [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning "Liaoning") to west [Henan](/wiki/Henan "Henan"). Kusky proposed that the tectonic setting of the amalgamation is an [island arc](/wiki/Island_arc "Island arc"), in which a westward [dipping](/wiki/Strike_and_dip "Strike and dip") [subduction zone](/wiki/Subduction_zone "Subduction zone") was formed. The two blocks then combined through a westward subduction of the Eastern Block. The timing of the collision event is determined based on the age of crystallisation of the igneous rocks in the region and the age of metamorphism in the Central Orogenic Belt. Kusky also believed that the collision happened right after the rifting event, as seen from examples from orogens in other parts of the world, deformation events tend to happen closely with each other in terms of timing. After the amalgamation of the North China Craton, Inner Mongolia–Northern Hebei Orogen in the Western Block was formed by the collision of an arc terrane and the northern margin of the craton 2\.3 billion years ago. The arc terrane was formed in an ocean developed during post\-collisional extension in the amalgamation event 2\.5 billion years ago. Apart from the deformation event in a local scale, the craton also interacted and deformed in a regional scale. It interacted with the [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 "Columbia (supercontinent)") after its formation. The northern margin of the whole craton collided with another continent during the formation of Columbia Supercontinent from 1\.92 to 1\.85 billion years ago. Lastly, the tectonic setting of the craton became extensional, and therefore began to break out of the Columbia Supercontinent 1\.8 billion years ago. [thumb\|370x370px\|A cross\-sectional diagram of the 1\.8 Ga amalgamation model (the second model). The amalgamation of the two blocks was caused by subduction. The subducted oceanic plate caused the hydration of the lithosphere, therefore producing magma plumes (denoted in green). They later contributed to the formation of the Trans North China Orogen. The 2 blocks further collided and amalgamated, forming the Khondalite belt, the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt and the Trans North China Orogen. After the craton was formed, the Trans North China Orogen experienced exhumation, isostatic rebound, and erosion, changing the orientation of rocks in the orogen. Modified from Zhao, 2000](/wiki/File:1.85Ga_evolutionary_diagram.png "1.85Ga evolutionary diagram.png") [thumb\|393x393px\| A map view diagram showing the evolution of the North China Craton in the 1\.85 Ga amalgamation model. 1\) The craton began as 3 separate blocks, the Yinshan Block, the Ordos Block and the Eastern Block with oceans between them (2\.2 billion years ago). 2\) A rift system developed in the Eastern Block that further separated it into 2 blocks, the Longgang Nlock and the Langrim Block (2\.2–1\.95 billion years ago). 3\) The Yinshan Block and the Ordos Block amalgamated 1\.95 billion years ago, forming the Khondalite Belt in between. 4\) The rift system between the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block stopped finally, causing the blocks to amalgamate into the Eastern Block again, forming the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt 1\.9 billion years ago. 5\) the Eastern and Western Blocks finally amalgamated 1\.85 billion years ago, forming the Trans\-North China Orogen in between. Modified from Zhao, 2012\.](/wiki/File:Map_view_evolution_of_the_1.85Ga_Craton_Amalgamation_Model.png "Map view evolution of the 1.85Ga Craton Amalgamation Model.png") #### Zhao's Model: the 1\.85 Ga Craton Amalgamation Model Zhao proposed another model suggesting the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks occurred 1\.85 billion years ago instead.{{Cite book\|title\=Precambrian evolution of the North China Craton\|last\=(Geologist)\|first\=Zhao, Guochun\|date\=2013\|publisher\=Elsevier\|isbn\=9780124072275\|location\=Oxford\|oclc\=864383254}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhao\|first1\=Guochun\|last2\=Cawood\|first2\=Peter A.\|last3\=Li\|first3\=Sanzhong\|last4\=Wilde\|first4\=Simon A.\|last5\=Sun\|first5\=Min\|last6\=Zhang\|first6\=Jian\|last7\=He\|first7\=Yanhong\|last8\=Yin\|first8\=Changqing\|year\=2012\|title\=Amalgamation of the North China Craton: Key issues and discussion\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=222–223\|pages\=55–76\|doi\=10\.1016/j.precamres.2012\.09\.016\|bibcode\=2012PreR..222\...55Z\|url\=http://www.gt\-crust.ru/jour/article/view/434}} The Archean time (3\.8\-2\.7 billion years ago) was a time of major crustal growth. Continents started to grow in volume globally during this period, and so did the North China Craton. Pre\-Neoarchean (4\.6–2\.8 billion years ago) rocks are just a small portion of the basement rocks, but [zircon](/wiki/Zircon "Zircon") as old as 4\.1 billion years old was found in the craton. He suggested that the Neoarchean (2\.8–2\.5 billion years ago) crust of the North China Craton, which accounts for 85% of the Permian basement, was formed in two distinct periods. First is from 2\.8 to 2\.7 billion years ago, and later from 2\.6 to 2\.5 billion years ago, based on zircon age data. Zhao suggested a pluton model to explain the formation of metamorphic rocks 2\.5 billion years ago. Neoarchean (2\.8–2\.5 Ma) mantle upwelled and heated up the [upper mantle](/wiki/Upper_mantle_%28Earth%29 "Upper mantle (Earth)") and lower crust, resulting in metamorphism. In the [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic "Paleoproterozoic") time (2\.5–1\.6 billion years ago), the North China Craton amalgamated in three steps, with the final amalgamation took place 1\.85 billion years ago. Based on the metamorphic ages in the Trans North China Orogen, the assembly and the formation process of the North China Craton is determined. Zhao proposed that the North China Craton was formed from 4 blocks, the Yinshan Block, the [Ordos Block](/wiki/Ordos_Block "Ordos Block"), the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block. The Yinshan and Ordos Blocks collided and formed the Western Block, creating the [Khondalite Belt](/wiki/Khondalite "Khondalite") 1\.95 billion years ago. For the Eastern Block, there was a rifting event in the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt, which separated the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block with an ocean before the block was formed 2\.1 to 1\.9 billion years ago. A rifting system is proposed because of how the rocks were metamorphosed in the belt and symmetrical rocks have been found on both side of the Belt. Around 1\.9 billion years ago, the rift system at the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt switched to a subductional and collisional system. The Longgang Block and the Langrim Block then combined, forming the Eastern Block. 1\.85 billion years ago, the Trans North China Orogen was formed by the collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks in an eastward subduction system, with probably an ocean between the 2 blocks subducted. Zhao also proposed model about the interaction of the North China Craton with the Columbia Supercontinent. He suggested that the craton's formation event 1\.85 billion years ago was part of the formation process of the Columbia Supercontinent.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhao\|first1\=Guochun\|last2\=Sun\|first2\=Min\|last3\=Wilde\|first3\=Simon A.\|last4\=Li\|first4\=Sanzhong\|year\=2003\|title\=Assembly, Accretion and Breakup of the Paleo\-Mesoproterozoic Columbia Supercontinent: Records in the North China Craton\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=6\|issue\=3\|pages\=417–434\|doi\=10\.1016/s1342\-937x(05\)70996\-5\|bibcode\=2003GondR...6\..417Z}} The craton also recorded outward accretion event of the Columbia Supercontinent after it was formed. The [Xiong'er Volcanic Belt](/wiki/Xiong%27er_Volcanic_Belt "Xiong'er Volcanic Belt") located in the Southern Margin of the craton recorded the accretion event of the Supercontinent in terms of a subduction zone. The North China Craton broke away from the Supercontinent 1\.6 to 1\.2 billion years ago via a rift system called Zhaertai Bayan Obo rift zone where mafic [sills](/wiki/Sill_%28geology%29 "Sill (geology)") found is an evident of such event. | \+Table summarising the time when tectonic events occurred in both models | Time{{ref\|a\|\[a]}} | The 2\.5Ga Amalgamation Model (Kusky) | The 1\.8Ga Amalgamation Model (Zhao) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 3\.8–2\.7Ga | Ancient micro blocks amalgamated to form the Western and Eastern Block | Crust grew and formed, with plutons upwell in the region, causing extensive metamorphism | | 2\.7–2\.5Ga | Eastern Block deformation (rifting in the western edge) | | 2\.5–2\.3Ga | The Western and Eastern Block collided, and formed the N\-S trending Central Orogenic Belt between where the 2 blocks are amalgamated | | | 2\.3Ga | Arc Terrane collision to for Inner Mongolia\- Northern Hebei Orogen in the North of the Craton | | | 2\.2–1\.9Ga | | Rifting and collision of the Eastern Block along the Jiao\-Liao\-Ji Belt | | 1\.95Ga | Northern margin collided with continents in the Columbia Supercontinent | Yinshan and Ordos Block collided and formed the Western Block and the Khondalite Belt | | 1\.85Ga | Collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks leading to their amalgamation and the formation of Trans North China Orogen | | 1\.8Ga | The tectonic setting of the craton became extensional where the craton broke out from Columbia Supercontinent | | #### Kusky and Zhao's arguments against the other models Kusky and Zhao proposed arguments against each other's model. Kusky argued that the 1\.8 billion years ago metamorphic events found by Zhao to prove the amalgamation event is just the overprint of the collision event with the Columbia Supercontinent 1\.85 billion years ago. The collision event with the Columbia Supercontinent also replaced lithosphere with new mantle, which would affect the dating. Another argument is that the metamorphic rocks found 1\.8 billion years ago is not confined to the Central Orogenic Belt (or Trans\-North China Orogenic Belt). They are also found in the Western Block, indicating that the metamorphic events was a craton\-wide event. Zhao, on the opposite, argued that based on the lithological evidences, for example, the Eastern and Western Blocks must have been formed in settings different from the central part 2\.6 to 2\.5 billion years ago. Therefore, they would have been separated at that time. The pluton upwelling may explain the metamorphic event 2\.5 billion years ago. Zhao also argued that Kusky has not provided sufficient isotopic evidence regarding the metamorphic data. In contrast with Kusky's argument that deformation events should follow tight with each other rather than staying still for 700 million years, Zhao argued that there are a lot of orogens in the world that have stayed still for a long period of time without any deformation events. #### Other Models (Zhai's 7 Blocks Model, Faure and Trap 3 Blocks Model, Santosh Double Subduction Model) [thumb\|340x340px\| This map view diagram shows how Zhao proposed the micro blocks would have been oriented and amalgamated into North China Craton. He derived the map based on the age of the greenstone belts found in the Craton. He suggested that the greenstone belt was formed by collision of some micro blocks. The green belt on the map shows a younger greenstone belt, formed 2\.5 billion years ago, while the yellow one showed the greenstone belt formed 2\.6–2\.7 billion years ago. (QH: Qianhuai Block, Jiaoliao Block:JL, Jining Block:JL, Xuchang Block: XCH, Xuhuai Block: XH, Alashan Block: ALS) Modified from Zhai, 2011](/wiki/File:Zhai_and_Santosh_model.png "Zhai and Santosh model.png") Apart from the models which Kusky and Zhao proposed, there are some other models available to explain the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton. One of the models is proposed by Zhai.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhai\|first1\=Ming\-Guo\|last2\=Santosh\|first2\=M.\|year\=2011\|title\=The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton: A synoptic overview\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=1\|pages\=6–25\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.02\.005\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\....6Z}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhai\|first1\=Ming\-Guo\|last2\=Santosh\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Zhang\|first3\=Lianchang\|year\=2011\|title\=Precambrian geology and tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=1\|pages\=1–5\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\....1Z\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.04\.004}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Zhai\|first\=M\|year\=2003\|title\=Palaeoproterozoic tectonic history of the North China craton: a review\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=122\|issue\=1–4\|pages\=183–199\|doi\=10\.1016/s0301\-9268(02\)00211\-5\|bibcode\=2003PreR..122\..183Z}} He agreed with Kusky on the time frame of deformational events occurred in the North China Craton. He also proposed that the continent grew from around 2\.9 to 2\.7 billion years ago, amalgamating 2\.5 billion years ago and deforming around 2\.0 to 1\.8 billion years ago due to its interactions with the Columbia Supercontinent. The mechanism behind these tectonic events is rift and subduction system, which is similar to the two models proposed by Kusky and Zhao. There is a major difference of Zhai's theory with the above\-mentioned models: he proposed that the North China Craton, instead of simply amalgamated and formed from the Eastern and Western Blocks, was amalgamated from a total of 7 ancient blocks. Zhai found that the high\-grade metamorphic rocks, a good indicator of amalgamation events, has been observed all over the craton, not just restricted to the Trans\-North China Orogen or the Central Orogenic Belt. He then proposed that there must have been more blocks that participated in the amalgamation process in order to explain the presence of belts of high\-grade metamorphic rocks, which must have been formed in a strong deformation event that created a high pressure and high temperature environment. [thumb\|341x341px\| This cross\-section diagram shows how the North China Craton amalgamated in the Faure and Trap Model. They proposed that the Trans\-North China Orogen that is mentioned in Zhao and Kusky's model is actually a separated block. There are 2 collision and amalgamation events as proposed by Faure and Trap. At 2\.1 billion years ago, the Taiahng Ocean closed with the Eastern Block and Fuping Block amalgamated through Taihang Suture (THS). At 1\.9–1\.8 billion years ago, the Lüliang Ocean closed and the Eastern and Western Blocks finally amalgamated forming the Trans\-North China Suture (TNCS). Modified from Trap and Faure, 2011\.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Trap\|first1\=Pierre\|last2\=Faure\|first2\=Michel\|last3\=Lin\|first3\=Wei\|last4\=Breton\|first4\=Nicole Le\|last5\=Monié\|first5\=Patrick\|year\=2011\|title\=Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Trans\-North China Orogen: Toward a comprehensive model\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=222–223\|pages\=191–211\|doi\=10\.1016/j.precamres.2011\.09\.008\|bibcode\=2012PreR..222\..191T\|s2cid\=53371487 \|url\=https://hal\-insu.archives\-ouvertes.fr/insu\-00628119/file/Trap\-PrecambrianResearch\-2011\.pdf}}](/wiki/File:Faure_model.png "Faure model.png") Faure and Trap proposed another model based on the dating and structural evidences they found.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Trap\|first1\=Pierre\|last2\=Faure\|first2\=Michel\|last3\=Lin\|first3\=Wei\|last4\=Augier\|first4\=Romain\|last5\=Fouassier\|first5\=Antoine\|year\=2011\|title\=Syn\-collisional channel flow and exhumation of Paleoproterozoic high pressure rocks in the Trans\-North China Orogen: The critical role of partial\-melting and orogenic bending\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=2–3\|pages\=498–515\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.02\.013\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\..498T\|s2cid\=102345211 \|url\=https://hal\-insu.archives\-ouvertes.fr/insu\-00576322/file/TrapP\-GR.pdf}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Trap\|first1\=P.\|last2\=Faure\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Lin\|first3\=W.\|last4\=Bruguier\|first4\=O.\|last5\=Monié\|first5\=P.\|year\=2008\|title\=Contrasted tectonic styles for the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton. Evidence for a \~2\.1Ga thermal and tectonic event in the Fuping Massif\|journal\=Journal of Structural Geology\|volume\=30\|issue\=9\|pages\=1109–1125\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jsg.2008\.05\.001\|bibcode\=2008JSG....30\.1109T\|s2cid\=129782444 \|url\=https://hal\-insu.archives\-ouvertes.fr/insu\-00309553/file/Trap\-JStructuralGeology\-2008\.pdf}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Trap\|first1\=P.\|last2\=Faure\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Lin\|first3\=W.\|last4\=Monié\|first4\=P.\|year\=2007\|title\=Late Paleoproterozoic (1900–1800Ma) nappe stacking and polyphase deformation in the Hengshan–Wutaishan area: Implications for the understanding of the Trans\-North\-China Belt, North China Craton\|journal\=Precambrian Research\|volume\=156\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=85–106\|doi\=10\.1016/j.precamres.2007\.03\.001\|bibcode\=2007PreR..156\...85T\|s2cid\=51899540 \|url\=https://hal\-insu.archives\-ouvertes.fr/insu\-00151594/file/Trap\-PrecambrainResearch\-2007\.pdf}} They used Ar\-Ar and U\-Pb dating methods and structural evidences including cleavages, lineation and dip and strike data to analyse the [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian "Precambrian") history of the craton The timing of final amalgamation in their model is in\-line with the timing proposed by Zhao, also around 1\.8 to 1\.9 billion years ago, but another time of significant deformation (2\.1 billion years ago) have also been suggested. The division of micro\-blocks deviated from Zhao's model. Faure and Trap identified 3 ancient continental blocks, the Eastern and Western Blocks, same as Zhao's model, as well as the Fuping Block, differing from the Trans\-North China Orogen in Zhao's model. The 3 blocks were separated by two oceans, which were the Taihang Ocean and the Lüliang Ocean. They have also proposed the sequence and timing of the events occurred. Around 2\.1 billion years ago, the Taihang Ocean closed with the Eastern Block and Fuping Block amalgamated through the Taihang Suture. From 1\.9 to 1\.8 billion years ago, the Lüliang Ocean closed, promoting the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks. Santosh proposed a model to explain the rapid pace of amalgamation of the continental blocks, thus providing a better picture of the mechanisms of cratonization of the North China Craton.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Santosh\|first1\=M.\|last2\=Zhao\|first2\=Dapeng\|last3\=Kusky\|first3\=Timothy\|year\=2010\|title\=Mantle dynamics of the Paleoproterozoic North China Craton: A perspective based on seismic tomography\|journal\=Journal of Geodynamics\|volume\=49\|issue\=1\|pages\=39–53\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jog.2009\.09\.043\|bibcode\=2010JGeo...49\...39S}} For the time frame of the deformational events, he generally agreed with Zhao's model based on metamorphic data. He provided a new insight to explain the subduction direction of the plates during amalgamation, where the 2\.5 Ga craton amalgamation model suggested westward subduction, and the 1\.85Ga craton amalgamation model suggested eastern subduction. He did an extensive seismic mapping over the craton, making use of [P\-waves](/wiki/P-wave "P-wave") and [S\-waves](/wiki/S-wave "S-wave"). He discovered traces of a subducted plate in the mantle, which indicated the possible direction of subduction of the ancient plate. He finds that the Yinshan block (part of the Western Block) and the Yanliao block (part of the Eastern Block) subducted towards the centre around the Ordos Block (part of the Western Block)., in which the Yinshan block subducted eastward towards the Yanliao block. The Yinshan block further subducted to the south to the Ordos block. The Ordos Block was therefore experiencing double subduction, facilitating the amalgamation of different blocks of the craton and its interactions with the Columbia Supercontinent. | \+Comparison of key issues of the formation of the North China Craton in different models | | Zhao's Model (1\.85Ga Amalgamation model) | Kusky's Model (2\.5Ga Amalgamation Model) | Zhai's Model (7 Blocks Model) | Faure's Model (3 Blocks Model) | Santosh's Model (Double subduction model) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Timing of amalgamation | 1\.85Ga | 2\.5–2\.3 Ga | 2\.5–2\.3 Ga | Final amalgamation at 1\.8–1\.9Ga, but **an additional amalgamation event of the Fuping Block with the Eastern Block** | 1\.85Ga | | Constituent Microblocks of the North China Craton | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Trans\-North China Orogen | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Central Orogenic Belt | **7 microblocks** (Qianhuai Block, Jiaoliao Block, Jining Block, Xuchang Block, Xuhuai Block, Alashan Block) separated by belts of metamorphic rocks | The Eastern and Western Blocks with **Fuping Block** in between | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Trans\-North China Orogen | | Direction of subduction | Eastward subduction | Westward subduction | (Not mentioned) | Westward subction | **Double subduction, both westward and eastward subduction** |
[ "### Precambrian Tectonics (4\\.6 billion years ago to 1\\.6 billion years ago)", "[thumb\\|404x404px\\|\nA diagram of [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 \"Columbia (supercontinent)\"), which occurred in [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian \"Precambrian\") time. The red part is the Western Block of the North China Craton, the purple part is the Eastern Block, the green part is the Trans\\-North China Orgen, and the blue part is other collision belts found in the North China Craton. Modified from Zhao et al., 2011{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhao\\|first1\\=Guochun\\|last2\\=Li\\|first2\\=Sanzhong\\|last3\\=Sun\\|first3\\=Min\\|last4\\=Wilde\\|first4\\=Simon A.\\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-01\\|title\\=Assembly, accretion, and break\\-up of the Palaeo\\-Mesoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent: record in the North China Craton revisited\\|journal\\=International Geology Review\\|volume\\=53\\|issue\\=11–12\\|pages\\=1331–1356\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00206814\\.2010\\.527631\\|issn\\=0020\\-6814\\|bibcode\\=2011IGRv...53\\.1331Z\\|s2cid\\=140617967}} and Santosh, 2010\\.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Santosh\\|first\\=M.\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double\\-sided subduction\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=178\\|issue\\=1–4\\|pages\\=149–167\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.precamres.2010\\.02\\.003\\|bibcode\\=2010PreR..178\\..149S}}](/wiki/File:Columbia_supercontinent_2.png \"Columbia supercontinent 2.png\")\n[thumb\\|407x407px\\|\nEvolutionary diagram of the 2\\.5 Ga{{ref\\|a\\|\\[a]}} Craton amalgamation model (1st model) (Inner Mongolia\\-Northern Hebei Orogen)\n1\\)\\-2\\) There was an ancient rift system caused by retreating subduction in the Eastern Block, which then later stopped.\n3\\) A subduction zone developed between the Eastern and Western blocks, with some magma plumes developed and exhumed as the plate was subducted. The North China Craton finally amalgamated.\n4\\) The Western Block further interacted with an arc terrane in the north with a subduction zone and formed the Inner Mongolia\\-Northern Hebei Orogen.](/wiki/File:North_China_Craton_diagram%2C_Kusky%27s_model.png \"North China Craton diagram, Kusky's model.png\")", "5\\) The North China Craton collided with the [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 \"Columbia (supercontinent)\"), causing deformation and metamorphism in the region. Modified from Kusky, 2011 and Kusky, 2003", "The Precambrian tectonics of the North China Craton is complicated. Different scholars have proposed different models to explain the tectonics of the Craton, with two dominant schools of thought coming from Kusky (2003,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Kusky\\|first1\\=Timothy M.\\|last2\\=Li\\|first2\\=Jianghai\\|year\\=2003\\|title\\=Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=383–397\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1367\\-9120(03\\)00071\\-3\\|bibcode\\=2003JAESc..22\\..383K}} 2007, 2010{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Kusky\\|first\\=Timothy M.\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Geophysical and geological tests of tectonic models of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=26–35\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.01\\.004\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\...26K}}) and Zhao (2000,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhao\\|first1\\=Guochun\\|last2\\=Cawood\\|first2\\=Peter A.\\|last3\\=Wilde\\|first3\\=Simon A.\\|last4\\=Sun\\|first4\\=Min\\|last5\\=Lu\\|first5\\=Liangzhao\\|year\\=2000\\|title\\=Metamorphism of basement rocks in the Central Zone of the North China Craton: implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=103\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=55–88\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0301\\-9268(00\\)00076\\-0\\|bibcode\\=2000PreR..103\\...55Z}} 2005, and 2012). The major difference in their models is the interpretation of the two most significant Precambrian metamorphic events, occurring 2\\.5 billion years ago and 1\\.8 billion years ago respectively, in the North China Craton. Kusky argued that the metamorphic event 2\\.5 billion years ago corresponded to the amalgamation of the Craton from their ancient blocks, while Zhao argued that the later event was responsible for the amalgamation.", "#### Kusky's Model: The 2\\.5 Ga Craton Amalgamation Model", "Kusky's model proposed a sequence of events showing the microblocks amalgamating 2\\.5 billion years ago.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Kusky\\|first1\\=T.M.\\|last2\\=Polat\\|first2\\=A.\\|last3\\=Windley\\|first3\\=B.F.\\|last4\\=Burke\\|first4\\=K.C.\\|last5\\=Dewey\\|first5\\=J.F.\\|last6\\=Kidd\\|first6\\=W.S.F.\\|last7\\=Maruyama\\|first7\\=S.\\|last8\\=Wang\\|first8\\=J.P.\\|last9\\=Deng\\|first9\\=H.\\|year\\=2016\\|title\\=Insights into the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton through comparative tectonic analysis: A record of outward growth of Precambrian continents\\|journal\\=Earth\\-Science Reviews\\|volume\\=162\\|pages\\=387–432\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.earscirev.2016\\.09\\.002\\|bibcode\\=2016ESRv..162\\..387K\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|hdl\\=2381/42108\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} First, in the Archean time (4\\.6\\-2\\.5 billion years ago), the lithosphere of the craton started to develop. Some ancient micro\\-blocks amalgamated to form the Eastern and Western Blocks 3\\.8 to 2\\.7 billion years ago. The formation time of the blocks is determined based on the age of the rocks found in the craton. Most rocks in the craton were formed at around 2\\.7 billion years ago, with some small outcrops found to have formed 3\\.8 billion years ago. Then, the Eastern Block underwent deformation, rifting at the Western Edge of the Block 2\\.7 to 2\\.5 billion years ago. Evidences for a rift system have been found in the Central Orogenic Belt and they were dated 2\\.7 billion years old. These included ophiolite and remnants of a rift system.", "Collision and amalgamation started to occur in [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic \"Paleoproterozoic\") time (2\\.5–1\\.6 billion years ago). From 2\\.5 to 2\\.3 billion years ago, the Eastern and Western Blocks collided and amalgamated, forming the North China Craton with the Central Orogenic Belt in between. The boundary of the Central Orogenic Belt is defined by Archean geology which is 1600 km from west [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning \"Liaoning\") to west [Henan](/wiki/Henan \"Henan\"). Kusky proposed that the tectonic setting of the amalgamation is an [island arc](/wiki/Island_arc \"Island arc\"), in which a westward [dipping](/wiki/Strike_and_dip \"Strike and dip\") [subduction zone](/wiki/Subduction_zone \"Subduction zone\") was formed. The two blocks then combined through a westward subduction of the Eastern Block. The timing of the collision event is determined based on the age of crystallisation of the igneous rocks in the region and the age of metamorphism in the Central Orogenic Belt. Kusky also believed that the collision happened right after the rifting event, as seen from examples from orogens in other parts of the world, deformation events tend to happen closely with each other in terms of timing. After the amalgamation of the North China Craton, Inner Mongolia–Northern Hebei Orogen in the Western Block was formed by the collision of an arc terrane and the northern margin of the craton 2\\.3 billion years ago. The arc terrane was formed in an ocean developed during post\\-collisional extension in the amalgamation event 2\\.5 billion years ago.", "Apart from the deformation event in a local scale, the craton also interacted and deformed in a regional scale. It interacted with the [Columbia Supercontinent](/wiki/Columbia_%28supercontinent%29 \"Columbia (supercontinent)\") after its formation. The northern margin of the whole craton collided with another continent during the formation of Columbia Supercontinent from 1\\.92 to 1\\.85 billion years ago. Lastly, the tectonic setting of the craton became extensional, and therefore began to break out of the Columbia Supercontinent 1\\.8 billion years ago.\n[thumb\\|370x370px\\|A cross\\-sectional diagram of the 1\\.8 Ga amalgamation model (the second model). The amalgamation of the two blocks was caused by subduction. The subducted oceanic plate caused the hydration of the lithosphere, therefore producing magma plumes (denoted in green). They later contributed to the formation of the Trans North China Orogen. The 2 blocks further collided and amalgamated, forming the Khondalite belt, the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt and the Trans North China Orogen. After the craton was formed, the Trans North China Orogen experienced exhumation, isostatic rebound, and erosion, changing the orientation of rocks in the orogen. Modified from Zhao, 2000](/wiki/File:1.85Ga_evolutionary_diagram.png \"1.85Ga evolutionary diagram.png\")\n[thumb\\|393x393px\\|\nA map view diagram showing the evolution of the North China Craton in the 1\\.85 Ga amalgamation model. 1\\) The craton began as 3 separate blocks, the Yinshan Block, the Ordos Block and the Eastern Block with oceans between them (2\\.2 billion years ago). 2\\) A rift system developed in the Eastern Block that further separated it into 2 blocks, the Longgang Nlock and the Langrim Block (2\\.2–1\\.95 billion years ago). 3\\) The Yinshan Block and the Ordos Block amalgamated 1\\.95 billion years ago, forming the Khondalite Belt in between. 4\\) The rift system between the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block stopped finally, causing the blocks to amalgamate into the Eastern Block again, forming the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt 1\\.9 billion years ago. 5\\) the Eastern and Western Blocks finally amalgamated 1\\.85 billion years ago, forming the Trans\\-North China Orogen in between. Modified from Zhao, 2012\\.](/wiki/File:Map_view_evolution_of_the_1.85Ga_Craton_Amalgamation_Model.png \"Map view evolution of the 1.85Ga Craton Amalgamation Model.png\")", "#### Zhao's Model: the 1\\.85 Ga Craton Amalgamation Model", "Zhao proposed another model suggesting the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks occurred 1\\.85 billion years ago instead.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Precambrian evolution of the North China Craton\\|last\\=(Geologist)\\|first\\=Zhao, Guochun\\|date\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Elsevier\\|isbn\\=9780124072275\\|location\\=Oxford\\|oclc\\=864383254}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhao\\|first1\\=Guochun\\|last2\\=Cawood\\|first2\\=Peter A.\\|last3\\=Li\\|first3\\=Sanzhong\\|last4\\=Wilde\\|first4\\=Simon A.\\|last5\\=Sun\\|first5\\=Min\\|last6\\=Zhang\\|first6\\=Jian\\|last7\\=He\\|first7\\=Yanhong\\|last8\\=Yin\\|first8\\=Changqing\\|year\\=2012\\|title\\=Amalgamation of the North China Craton: Key issues and discussion\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=222–223\\|pages\\=55–76\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.precamres.2012\\.09\\.016\\|bibcode\\=2012PreR..222\\...55Z\\|url\\=http://www.gt\\-crust.ru/jour/article/view/434}} The Archean time (3\\.8\\-2\\.7 billion years ago) was a time of major crustal growth.", "Continents started to grow in volume globally during this period, and so did the North China Craton. Pre\\-Neoarchean (4\\.6–2\\.8 billion years ago) rocks are just a small portion of the basement rocks, but [zircon](/wiki/Zircon \"Zircon\") as old as 4\\.1 billion years old was found in the craton. He suggested that the Neoarchean (2\\.8–2\\.5 billion years ago) crust of the North China Craton, which accounts for 85% of the Permian basement, was formed in two distinct periods. First is from 2\\.8 to 2\\.7 billion years ago, and later from 2\\.6 to 2\\.5 billion years ago, based on zircon age data. Zhao suggested a pluton model to explain the formation of metamorphic rocks 2\\.5 billion years ago. Neoarchean (2\\.8–2\\.5 Ma) mantle upwelled and heated up the [upper mantle](/wiki/Upper_mantle_%28Earth%29 \"Upper mantle (Earth)\") and lower crust, resulting in metamorphism.", "In the [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic \"Paleoproterozoic\") time (2\\.5–1\\.6 billion years ago), the North China Craton amalgamated in three steps, with the final amalgamation took place 1\\.85 billion years ago. Based on the metamorphic ages in the Trans North China Orogen, the assembly and the formation process of the North China Craton is determined. Zhao proposed that the North China Craton was formed from 4 blocks, the Yinshan Block, the [Ordos Block](/wiki/Ordos_Block \"Ordos Block\"), the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block. The Yinshan and Ordos Blocks collided and formed the Western Block, creating the [Khondalite Belt](/wiki/Khondalite \"Khondalite\") 1\\.95 billion years ago. For the Eastern Block, there was a rifting event in the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt, which separated the Longgang Block and the Langrim Block with an ocean before the block was formed 2\\.1 to 1\\.9 billion years ago. A rifting system is proposed because of how the rocks were metamorphosed in the belt and symmetrical rocks have been found on both side of the Belt. Around 1\\.9 billion years ago, the rift system at the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt switched to a subductional and collisional system. The Longgang Block and the Langrim Block then combined, forming the Eastern Block. 1\\.85 billion years ago, the Trans North China Orogen was formed by the collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks in an eastward subduction system, with probably an ocean between the 2 blocks subducted.", "Zhao also proposed model about the interaction of the North China Craton with the Columbia Supercontinent. He suggested that the craton's formation event 1\\.85 billion years ago was part of the formation process of the Columbia Supercontinent.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhao\\|first1\\=Guochun\\|last2\\=Sun\\|first2\\=Min\\|last3\\=Wilde\\|first3\\=Simon A.\\|last4\\=Li\\|first4\\=Sanzhong\\|year\\=2003\\|title\\=Assembly, Accretion and Breakup of the Paleo\\-Mesoproterozoic Columbia Supercontinent: Records in the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=6\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=417–434\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1342\\-937x(05\\)70996\\-5\\|bibcode\\=2003GondR...6\\..417Z}} The craton also recorded outward accretion event of the Columbia Supercontinent after it was formed. The [Xiong'er Volcanic Belt](/wiki/Xiong%27er_Volcanic_Belt \"Xiong'er Volcanic Belt\") located in the Southern Margin of the craton recorded the accretion event of the Supercontinent in terms of a subduction zone. The North China Craton broke away from the Supercontinent 1\\.6 to 1\\.2 billion years ago via a rift system called Zhaertai Bayan Obo rift zone where mafic [sills](/wiki/Sill_%28geology%29 \"Sill (geology)\") found is an evident of such event.", "| \\+Table summarising the time when tectonic events occurred in both models | Time{{ref\\|a\\|\\[a]}} | The 2\\.5Ga Amalgamation Model (Kusky) | The 1\\.8Ga Amalgamation Model (Zhao) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 3\\.8–2\\.7Ga | Ancient micro blocks amalgamated to form the Western and Eastern Block | Crust grew and formed, with plutons upwell in the region, causing extensive metamorphism |\n| 2\\.7–2\\.5Ga | Eastern Block deformation (rifting in the western edge) |\n| 2\\.5–2\\.3Ga | The Western and Eastern Block collided, and formed the N\\-S trending Central Orogenic Belt between where the 2 blocks are amalgamated | |\n| 2\\.3Ga | Arc Terrane collision to for Inner Mongolia\\- Northern Hebei Orogen in the North of the Craton | |\n| 2\\.2–1\\.9Ga | | Rifting and collision of the Eastern Block along the Jiao\\-Liao\\-Ji Belt |\n| 1\\.95Ga | Northern margin collided with continents in the Columbia Supercontinent | Yinshan and Ordos Block collided and formed the Western Block and the Khondalite Belt |\n| 1\\.85Ga | Collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks leading to their amalgamation and the formation of Trans North China Orogen |\n| 1\\.8Ga | The tectonic setting of the craton became extensional where the craton broke out from Columbia Supercontinent | |", "", "#### Kusky and Zhao's arguments against the other models", "Kusky and Zhao proposed arguments against each other's model. Kusky argued that the 1\\.8 billion years ago metamorphic events found by Zhao to prove the amalgamation event is just the overprint of the collision event with the Columbia Supercontinent 1\\.85 billion years ago. The collision event with the Columbia Supercontinent also replaced lithosphere with new mantle, which would affect the dating. Another argument is that the metamorphic rocks found 1\\.8 billion years ago is not confined to the Central Orogenic Belt (or Trans\\-North China Orogenic Belt). They are also found in the Western Block, indicating that the metamorphic events was a craton\\-wide event. Zhao, on the opposite, argued that based on the lithological evidences, for example, the Eastern and Western Blocks must have been formed in settings different from the central part 2\\.6 to 2\\.5 billion years ago. Therefore, they would have been separated at that time. The pluton upwelling may explain the metamorphic event 2\\.5 billion years ago. Zhao also argued that Kusky has not provided sufficient isotopic evidence regarding the metamorphic data. In contrast with Kusky's argument that deformation events should follow tight with each other rather than staying still for 700 million years, Zhao argued that there are a lot of orogens in the world that have stayed still for a long period of time without any deformation events.", "#### Other Models (Zhai's 7 Blocks Model, Faure and Trap 3 Blocks Model, Santosh Double Subduction Model)", "[thumb\\|340x340px\\|\nThis map view diagram shows how Zhao proposed the micro blocks would have been oriented and amalgamated into North China Craton. He derived the map based on the age of the greenstone belts found in the Craton. He suggested that the greenstone belt was formed by collision of some micro blocks. The green belt on the map shows a younger greenstone belt, formed 2\\.5 billion years ago, while the yellow one showed the greenstone belt formed 2\\.6–2\\.7 billion years ago. \n(QH: Qianhuai Block, Jiaoliao Block:JL, Jining Block:JL, Xuchang Block: XCH, Xuhuai Block: XH, Alashan Block: ALS) Modified from Zhai, 2011](/wiki/File:Zhai_and_Santosh_model.png \"Zhai and Santosh model.png\")\nApart from the models which Kusky and Zhao proposed, there are some other models available to explain the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton. One of the models is proposed by Zhai.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhai\\|first1\\=Ming\\-Guo\\|last2\\=Santosh\\|first2\\=M.\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton: A synoptic overview\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=6–25\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.02\\.005\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\....6Z}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhai\\|first1\\=Ming\\-Guo\\|last2\\=Santosh\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Zhang\\|first3\\=Lianchang\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Precambrian geology and tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=1–5\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\....1Z\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.04\\.004}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Zhai\\|first\\=M\\|year\\=2003\\|title\\=Palaeoproterozoic tectonic history of the North China craton: a review\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=122\\|issue\\=1–4\\|pages\\=183–199\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0301\\-9268(02\\)00211\\-5\\|bibcode\\=2003PreR..122\\..183Z}} He agreed with Kusky on the time frame of deformational events occurred in the North China Craton. He also proposed that the continent grew from around 2\\.9 to 2\\.7 billion years ago, amalgamating 2\\.5 billion years ago and deforming around 2\\.0 to 1\\.8 billion years ago due to its interactions with the Columbia Supercontinent. The mechanism behind these tectonic events is rift and subduction system, which is similar to the two models proposed by Kusky and Zhao. There is a major difference of Zhai's theory with the above\\-mentioned models: he proposed that the North China Craton, instead of simply amalgamated and formed from the Eastern and Western Blocks, was amalgamated from a total of 7 ancient blocks. Zhai found that the high\\-grade metamorphic rocks, a good indicator of amalgamation events, has been observed all over the craton, not just restricted to the Trans\\-North China Orogen or the Central Orogenic Belt. He then proposed that there must have been more blocks that participated in the amalgamation process in order to explain the presence of belts of high\\-grade metamorphic rocks, which must have been formed in a strong deformation event that created a high pressure and high temperature environment.\n[thumb\\|341x341px\\|\nThis cross\\-section diagram shows how the North China Craton amalgamated in the Faure and Trap Model. They proposed that the Trans\\-North China Orogen that is mentioned in Zhao and Kusky's model is actually a separated block. There are 2 collision and amalgamation events as proposed by Faure and Trap. At 2\\.1 billion years ago, the Taiahng Ocean closed with the Eastern Block and Fuping Block amalgamated through Taihang Suture (THS). At 1\\.9–1\\.8 billion years ago, the Lüliang Ocean closed and the Eastern and Western Blocks finally amalgamated forming the Trans\\-North China Suture (TNCS). Modified from Trap and Faure, 2011\\.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Trap\\|first1\\=Pierre\\|last2\\=Faure\\|first2\\=Michel\\|last3\\=Lin\\|first3\\=Wei\\|last4\\=Breton\\|first4\\=Nicole Le\\|last5\\=Monié\\|first5\\=Patrick\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Trans\\-North China Orogen: Toward a comprehensive model\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=222–223\\|pages\\=191–211\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.precamres.2011\\.09\\.008\\|bibcode\\=2012PreR..222\\..191T\\|s2cid\\=53371487 \\|url\\=https://hal\\-insu.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/insu\\-00628119/file/Trap\\-PrecambrianResearch\\-2011\\.pdf}}](/wiki/File:Faure_model.png \"Faure model.png\")\nFaure and Trap proposed another model based on the dating and structural evidences they found.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Trap\\|first1\\=Pierre\\|last2\\=Faure\\|first2\\=Michel\\|last3\\=Lin\\|first3\\=Wei\\|last4\\=Augier\\|first4\\=Romain\\|last5\\=Fouassier\\|first5\\=Antoine\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Syn\\-collisional channel flow and exhumation of Paleoproterozoic high pressure rocks in the Trans\\-North China Orogen: The critical role of partial\\-melting and orogenic bending\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=2–3\\|pages\\=498–515\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.02\\.013\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\..498T\\|s2cid\\=102345211 \\|url\\=https://hal\\-insu.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/insu\\-00576322/file/TrapP\\-GR.pdf}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Trap\\|first1\\=P.\\|last2\\=Faure\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Lin\\|first3\\=W.\\|last4\\=Bruguier\\|first4\\=O.\\|last5\\=Monié\\|first5\\=P.\\|year\\=2008\\|title\\=Contrasted tectonic styles for the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton. Evidence for a \\~2\\.1Ga thermal and tectonic event in the Fuping Massif\\|journal\\=Journal of Structural Geology\\|volume\\=30\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=1109–1125\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jsg.2008\\.05\\.001\\|bibcode\\=2008JSG....30\\.1109T\\|s2cid\\=129782444 \\|url\\=https://hal\\-insu.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/insu\\-00309553/file/Trap\\-JStructuralGeology\\-2008\\.pdf}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Trap\\|first1\\=P.\\|last2\\=Faure\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Lin\\|first3\\=W.\\|last4\\=Monié\\|first4\\=P.\\|year\\=2007\\|title\\=Late Paleoproterozoic (1900–1800Ma) nappe stacking and polyphase deformation in the Hengshan–Wutaishan area: Implications for the understanding of the Trans\\-North\\-China Belt, North China Craton\\|journal\\=Precambrian Research\\|volume\\=156\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=85–106\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.precamres.2007\\.03\\.001\\|bibcode\\=2007PreR..156\\...85T\\|s2cid\\=51899540 \\|url\\=https://hal\\-insu.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/insu\\-00151594/file/Trap\\-PrecambrainResearch\\-2007\\.pdf}} They used Ar\\-Ar and U\\-Pb dating methods and structural evidences including cleavages, lineation and dip and strike data to analyse the [Precambrian](/wiki/Precambrian \"Precambrian\") history of the craton The timing of final amalgamation in their model is in\\-line with the timing proposed by Zhao, also around 1\\.8 to 1\\.9 billion years ago, but another time of significant deformation (2\\.1 billion years ago) have also been suggested. The division of micro\\-blocks deviated from Zhao's model. Faure and Trap identified 3 ancient continental blocks, the Eastern and Western Blocks, same as Zhao's model, as well as the Fuping Block, differing from the Trans\\-North China Orogen in Zhao's model. The 3 blocks were separated by two oceans, which were the Taihang Ocean and the Lüliang Ocean. They have also proposed the sequence and timing of the events occurred. Around 2\\.1 billion years ago, the Taihang Ocean closed with the Eastern Block and Fuping Block amalgamated through the Taihang Suture. From 1\\.9 to 1\\.8 billion years ago, the Lüliang Ocean closed, promoting the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks.", "Santosh proposed a model to explain the rapid pace of amalgamation of the continental blocks, thus providing a better picture of the mechanisms of cratonization of the North China Craton.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Santosh\\|first1\\=M.\\|last2\\=Zhao\\|first2\\=Dapeng\\|last3\\=Kusky\\|first3\\=Timothy\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Mantle dynamics of the Paleoproterozoic North China Craton: A perspective based on seismic tomography\\|journal\\=Journal of Geodynamics\\|volume\\=49\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=39–53\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jog.2009\\.09\\.043\\|bibcode\\=2010JGeo...49\\...39S}} For the time frame of the deformational events, he generally agreed with Zhao's model based on metamorphic data. He provided a new insight to explain the subduction direction of the plates during amalgamation, where the 2\\.5 Ga craton amalgamation model suggested westward subduction, and the 1\\.85Ga craton amalgamation model suggested eastern subduction. He did an extensive seismic mapping over the craton, making use of [P\\-waves](/wiki/P-wave \"P-wave\") and [S\\-waves](/wiki/S-wave \"S-wave\"). He discovered traces of a subducted plate in the mantle, which indicated the possible direction of subduction of the ancient plate. He finds that the Yinshan block (part of the Western Block) and the Yanliao block (part of the Eastern Block) subducted towards the centre around the Ordos Block (part of the Western Block)., in which the Yinshan block subducted eastward towards the Yanliao block. The Yinshan block further subducted to the south to the Ordos block. The Ordos Block was therefore experiencing double subduction, facilitating the amalgamation of different blocks of the craton and its interactions with the Columbia Supercontinent.", "", "| \\+Comparison of key issues of the formation of the North China Craton in different models | | Zhao's Model (1\\.85Ga Amalgamation model) | Kusky's Model (2\\.5Ga Amalgamation Model) | Zhai's Model (7 Blocks Model) | Faure's Model (3 Blocks Model) | Santosh's Model (Double subduction model) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Timing of amalgamation | 1\\.85Ga | 2\\.5–2\\.3 Ga | 2\\.5–2\\.3 Ga | Final amalgamation at 1\\.8–1\\.9Ga, but **an additional amalgamation event of the Fuping Block with the Eastern Block** | 1\\.85Ga |\n| Constituent Microblocks of the North China Craton | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Trans\\-North China Orogen | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Central Orogenic Belt | **7 microblocks** (Qianhuai Block, Jiaoliao Block, Jining Block, Xuchang Block, Xuhuai Block, Alashan Block) separated by belts of metamorphic rocks | The Eastern and Western Blocks with **Fuping Block** in between | The Eastern and Western Blocks, separated by Trans\\-North China Orogen |\n| Direction of subduction | Eastward subduction | Westward subduction | (Not mentioned) | Westward subction | **Double subduction, both westward and eastward subduction** |", "" ]
Mineral resources in the North China Craton ------------------------------------------- The North China Craton contains abundant mineral resources which are very important economically. With the complex tectonic activities in The North China Craton, the [ore](/wiki/Ore "Ore") deposits are also very rich. Deposition of ore is affected by [atmospheric](/wiki/Atmosphere "Atmosphere") and [hydrosphere](/wiki/Hydrosphere "Hydrosphere") interaction and the evolution from primitive tectonics to modern plate tectonics.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhai\|first1\=Mingguo\|last2\=Santosh\|first2\=M.\|year\=2013\|title\=Metallogeny of the North China Craton: Link with secular changes in the evolving Earth\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=24\|issue\=1\|pages\=275–297\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2013\.02\.007\|bibcode\=2013GondR..24\..275Z}} Ore formation is related to [supercontinent](/wiki/Supercontinent "Supercontinent") fragmentation and assembly. For example, [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper") and [lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead") deposited in sedimentary rocks indicated [rifting](/wiki/Rift "Rift") and therefore fragmentation of a continent; copper, [volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits](/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit "Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit") (VMS ore deposits) and orogenic [gold](/wiki/Gold "Gold") deposits indicated subduction and convergent tectonics, meaning amalgamation of continents. Therefore, the formation of a certain type of ore is restricted to a specific period and the minerals are formed in relation with tectonic events. Below the ore deposits are explained based on the period they were formed. ### Mineral deposits #### Late Neoarchean (2\.8–2\.5 billion years ago) All deposits in this period are found in [greenstone belts](/wiki/Greenstone_belt "Greenstone belt"), which is a belt full of metamorphic rocks. This is consistent with the active tectonic activity in the [Neoarchean](/wiki/Neoarchean "Neoarchean"). [thumb\|Banded iron formation example from another part of the world](/wiki/File:Jaspilite_banded_iron_formation%2C_Soudan_Underground_State_Park.jpg "Jaspilite banded iron formation, Soudan Underground State Park.jpg") [Banded iron formations](/wiki/Banded_iron_formation "Banded iron formation") (BIFs) belong to [granulite](/wiki/Granulite "Granulite") facies and are widely distributed in the metamorphosed units. The age of the ore is defined by isotopic analysis of [hafnium](/wiki/Hafnium "Hafnium") dating.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhang\|first1\=Xiaojing\|last2\=Zhang\|first2\=Lianchang\|last3\=Xiang\|first3\=Peng\|last4\=Wan\|first4\=Bo\|last5\=Pirajno\|first5\=Franco\|year\=2011\|title\=Zircon U–Pb age, Hf isotopes and geochemistry of Shuichang Algoma\-type banded iron\-formation, North China Craton: Constraints on the ore\-forming age and tectonic setting\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=1\|pages\=137–148\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.02\.008\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\..137Z}} They are interlayered with volcanic\-sedimentary rocks. They can also occur as some other features: dismembered layers, lenses and [boudins](/wiki/Boudinage "Boudinage"). All the iron occurrences are in [oxide](/wiki/Oxide_mineral "Oxide mineral") form, rarely in [silicate](/wiki/Silicate_mineral "Silicate mineral") or [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate_mineral "Carbonate mineral") form. By analysing their [oxygen isotope](/wiki/Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle "Oxygen isotope ratio cycle") composition, it is suggested that the iron was deposited in an environment of weakly oxidized shallow sea environment. There are four regions where extensive iron deposits are found: [Anshan](/wiki/Anshan "Anshan") in northeast China, eastern [Hebei](/wiki/Hebei "Hebei"), [Wutai](/wiki/Wutai%2C_Pingtung "Wutai, Pingtung") and [Xuchang](/wiki/Xuchang "Xuchang")\-Huoqiu. The North China Craton [banded iron formation](/wiki/Banded_iron_formation "Banded iron formation") contains the most important source of iron in China. It consists of more than 60–80% of the nations iron reserves. [Copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper")\- [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc") (Cu\-Zn) deposits were deposited in the [Hongtoushan](/wiki/Hongtoushan_mine "Hongtoushan mine") [greenstone belt](/wiki/Greenstone_belt "Greenstone belt"), which was located in the northeastern part of the North China Craton. They are typical [volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits](/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit "Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit") and were formed under [rift](/wiki/Rift "Rift") environment. The formation of the Cu\-Zn deposits might not be under modern tectonics, so the formation process might be different from modern rift system. Neoarchean [greenstone belt](/wiki/Greenstone_belt "Greenstone belt") [gold](/wiki/Gold "Gold") deposits are located in Sandaogou (northeastern side of The North China Craton).{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhang\|first1\=Ju\-Quan\|last2\=Li\|first2\=Sheng\-Rong\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Lu\|first4\=Jing\|last5\=Wang\|first5\=Chun\-Liang\|year\=2017\|title\=Metallogenesis of Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt: Constrains on the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\|journal\=Geoscience Frontiers\|volume\=9\|issue\=2\|pages\=317–333\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gsf.2017\.08\.005\|doi\-access\=free}} The greenstone belt type gold deposits are not commonly found in the craton because most of them were reworked in the Mesozoic, so they appeared to be in some other form. However, from other cratonic examples in the world, the greenstone belt gold deposits should be abundant in the first place. #### Paleoproterozoic (2\.5–2\.6 billion years ago) Ultra high temperature metamorphic rocks found in the [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic "Paleoproterozoic") Period indicate the start of modern tectonics. [Great oxygenation events](/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event "Great Oxygenation Event") (GOE) also occurred in this period and it marked the start of a shift from an oxygen poor to an oxygen rich environments. There are two types of minerals commonly found from this period. They are copper\-lead zinc deposits and [magnesite](/wiki/Magnesite "Magnesite") – [boron](/wiki/Boron "Boron") deposits. Copper\-lead\-zinc (Cu\-Pb\-Zn) deposits were deposited in collisional setting mobile belts, which were in a rift and [subduction](/wiki/Subduction "Subduction") system.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Deng\|first1\=X.H.\|last2\=Chen\|first2\=Y.J.\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Zhao\|first4\=G.C.\|last5\=Yao\|first5\=J.M.\|year\=2013\|title\=Metallogeny during continental outgrowth in the Columbia supercontinent: Isotopic characterization of the Zhaiwa Mo–Cu system in the North China Craton\|journal\=Ore Geology Reviews\|volume\=51\|pages\=43–56\|doi\=10\.1016/j.oregeorev.2012\.11\.004}} Copper deposits are found in the Zhongtiaoshan area of [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi") province. The [khondalite](/wiki/Khondalite "Khondalite") sequence, which are high temperature metamorphic rocks, and [graphite](/wiki/Graphite "Graphite") are often found together with the ore deposits. There are a few types of ore deposits found and each of them correspond to a different formation environment. Cu\-Pb\-Zn formed in metamorphosed VMS deposits, Cu\-Mo deposits formed in accreted arc complexes, while copper\-cobalt Cu\-Co deposits formed in an intrusive environment. [Magnesite](/wiki/Magnesite "Magnesite") – [boron](/wiki/Boron "Boron") deposits were formed in sedimentary sequences under rift related shallow sea lagoon settings. It was a response to the great oxidation event as seen from its isotopic content. In the Jiaoliao mobile belt, the GOE changed the isotopic ratio of [13C](/wiki/Carbon-13 "Carbon-13") and [18O](/wiki/Oxygen-18 "Oxygen-18") as the rock underwent recrystallization and mass exchange. The ore also allows people to further understand the Global Oxidation Event system, for example, showing the exact atmospheric chemical change during that period. #### Mesoproterozoic (1\.6–1\.0 billion years ago) [thumb\|341x341px\|Production of REE around the world](/wiki/File:Rare-earths.gif "Rare-earths.gif") A [rare\-earth element](/wiki/Rare-earth_element "Rare-earth element")\-iron\-lead\-zinc (REE\-Fe\-Pb\-Zn) system was formed from extensional rifting with upwelling of mantle, and therefore magma fractionation.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Yang\|first1\=Kui\-Feng\|last2\=Fan\|first2\=Hong\-Rui\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Hu\|first4\=Fang\-Fang\|last5\=Wang\|first5\=Kai\-Yi\|year\=2011\|title\=Mesoproterozoic carbonatitic magmatism in the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia, North China: Constraints for the mechanism of super accumulation of rare earth elements\|journal\=Ore Geology Reviews\|volume\=40\|issue\=1\|pages\=122–131\|doi\=10\.1016/j.oregeorev.2011\.05\.008}} There were multiple rifting events resulting in the deposition of iron minerals and the occurrence rare earth element was closely related to the iron and [carbonatite](/wiki/Carbonatite "Carbonatite") [dykes](/wiki/Dike_%28geology%29 "Dike (geology)"). The REE\-Fe\-Pb\-Zn system occurs in an alternating volcanic and sedimentary succession. Apart from REE, LREE (light rare earth elements) are also found in carbonatite dykes. Rare earth elements have important industrial and political implications in China. China is close to monopolising the export of rare earth elements in the whole world. Even the United States relies heavily on rare earth elements imported from China, while rare earth elements are essential in technologies.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Du\|first1\=Xiaoyue\|last2\=Graedel\|first2\=T. E.\|date\=2011\-12\-01\|title\=Global Rare Earth In\-Use Stocks in NdFeB Permanent Magnets\|journal\=Journal of Industrial Ecology\|volume\=15\|issue\=6\|pages\=836–843\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1530\-9290\.2011\.00362\.x\|s2cid\=154851144\|issn\=1530\-9290\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite book\|title\=REWAS 2013\|last1\=Rotter\|first1\=Vera Susanne\|last2\=Chancerel\|first2\=Perrine\|last3\=Ueberschaar\|first3\=Maximilian\|date\=2013\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.\|isbn\=978\-1\-118\-67940\-1\|editor\-last\=Kvithyld\|editor\-first\=Anne\|pages\=192–201\|language\=en\|doi\=10\.1002/9781118679401\.ch21\|editor\-last2\=Meskers\|editor\-first2\=Christina\|editor\-last3\=Kirchain\|editor\-first3\=Randolph\|editor\-last4\=Krumdick\|editor\-first4\=Gregory\|editor\-last5\=Mishra\|editor\-first5\=Brajendra\|editor\-last6\=Reuter\|editor\-first6\=rkus\|editor\-last7\=Wang\|editor\-first7\=Cong\|editor\-last8\=Schlesinger\|editor\-first8\=rk\|editor\-last9\=Gaustad\|editor\-first9\=Gabrielle}} Rare earth elements can make high quality [permanent magnets](/wiki/Permanent_magnet "Permanent magnet"), and are therefore irreplaceable in the production of electrical appliances and technologies, including televisions, phones, wind turbines and lasers. #### Palaeozoic (539\-350 million years ago) A copper\-[molybdenum](/wiki/Molybdenum "Molybdenum") (Cu\-Mo) system originated in both the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (North) and the Qinling Orogenic Belt (South). [thumb\|342x342px\|Described the tectonic processes of The North China Craton northern margin in the Palaeozoic. The subduction and collision event caused minerals to deposited on the edge of the continental crust. The place where the Cu\-Mo was deposited is indicated. Edited from Zhai and Santos,2013 and Kusty et al., 2007](/wiki/File:Mineralization_in_North_China_North_margin.png "Mineralization in North China North margin.png") The Central Asian Orgenic belt ore deposits occurred in arc complexes. They formed from the closure of Paleo\-Asian ocean. The subduction generated copper and molybdenum Cu\-Mo mineralization in the lithosphere block margins.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Li\|first1\=Sheng\-Rong\|last2\=Santosh\|first2\=M.\|year\=2013\|title\=Metallogeny and craton destruction: Records from the North China Craton\|journal\=Ore Geology Reviews\|volume\=56\|pages\=376–414\|doi\=10\.1016/j.oregeorev.2013\.03\.002}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhang\|first1\=Lian\-chang\|last2\=Wu\|first2\=Hua\-ying\|last3\=Wan\|first3\=Bo\|last4\=Chen\|first4\=Zhi\-guang\|year\=2009\|title\=Ages and geodynamic settings of Xilamulun Mo–Cu metallogenic belt in the northern part of the North China Craton\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=16\|issue\=2\|pages\=243–254\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2009\.04\.005\|bibcode\=2009GondR..16\..243Z}} Duobaoshan Cu and Bainaimiao Cu\-Mo deposits are found in [granodiorite](/wiki/Granodiorite "Granodiorite"). Tonghugou deposits occur with the copper ore [chalcopyrite](/wiki/Chalcopyrite "Chalcopyrite"). North China hosted a large reserve of molybdenum with more than 70 ore bodies found in the Northern margin of the craton. Mineral deposits in southern margin of the North China Craton are next to the [Qinling orogenic belt](/wiki/Qinling_Mountain_range "Qinling Mountain range"). Some deposits were formed during the amalgamation of the North and South China blocks. A rifting\-subduction\-collision processes in Danfeng suture zone generated [VMS deposits](/wiki/VMS_deposit "VMS deposit") (Cu\-Pb\-Zn) in the arc area and a marginal fault basin. During the opening of Paleo\-Qinling oceans in this period, [nickel](/wiki/Nickel "Nickel")\-copper deposits formed with [peridotite](/wiki/Peridotite "Peridotite") [gabbro](/wiki/Gabbro "Gabbro") bodies and the ores can be found in [Luonan](/wiki/Luonan "Luonan"). #### Mesozoic (251\-145 million years ago) Gold (Au) deposits in the Mesozoic are very abundant. The formation environment of the gold includes intercontinental mineralization, craton destruction and mantle replacement. The origin of the gold is from Precambrian basement rocks of the Jiaodong Complex and underlying mantle which underwent high grade metamorphism when intruded with Mesozoic granitoids.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chen\|first1\=Yanjing\|last2\=Guo\|first2\=Guangjun\|last3\=LI\|first3\=Xin\|year\=1997\|title\=Metallogenic geodynamic background of Mesozoic gold deposits in granite\-greenstone terrains of North China Craton\|journal\=Science in China\|volume\=41\|issue\=2\|pages\=113–120\|doi\=10\.1007/BF02932429\|s2cid\=129117746}} The largest cluster of gold deposits in China is found in the [Jiaodong peninsula](/wiki/Jiaodong_peninsula "Jiaodong peninsula") (east of [Shandong Province](/wiki/Shandong_Province "Shandong Province")). The area yielded one\-fourth of the country's gold production but consisted only of 0\.2% of the area of China. The three sub\-clusters of gold deposits in northern China are Linglong, Yantai and Kunyushan respectively. ### Diamond production China has been producing diamonds for over 40 years in the North China Craton. At first, diamonds were produced from alluvial deposits, but later on technology improved and the diamonds are now produced from [kimberlitic](/wiki/Kimberlite "Kimberlite") sources. There are two main diamond mines in China, the China Diamond Corps' 701 Changma Mine in [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong "Shandong") province and the Wafangdian Mine in [Liaoning Province](/wiki/Liaoning_Province "Liaoning Province"). The former operated for 34 years and produced 90,000 [carats](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 "Carat (mass)") of diamonds per year. The latter produced 60,000 carats per year, but its mining activity ceased in 2002\. Diamond bearing [kimberlite pipes](/wiki/Kimberlite_pipe "Kimberlite pipe") and dykes were emplaced during the [Ordovician](/wiki/Ordovician "Ordovician") in the Archean crust between 450–480 million years ago and again in the [Tertiary](/wiki/Tertiary "Tertiary"). Uplifting events caused the kimberlite to be exposed. The two mines exist along narrow and discontinuous dykes around the Tan Lu fault. [Porphyritic](/wiki/Porphyritic "Porphyritic") kimberlites often occur with a matrix of other materials, such as [serpentinized](/wiki/Serpentinite "Serpentinite") [olivine](/wiki/Olivine "Olivine") and [phlogopite](/wiki/Phlogopite "Phlogopite") or [biotite](/wiki/Biotite "Biotite"), and [breccia](/wiki/Breccia "Breccia") fragments. The occurrence of diamonds with different materials caused a difference in diamond grade, diamond size distribution and quality. For example, the diamonds from the China Diamond Corps' 701 Changma Mine worth US$40 per carat, while the diamonds from the Wafangdian Mine worth up to US$125 per carat.{{Cite book\|last\=Michaud\|first\=Michael\|date\=2005\|chapter\=An Overview of Diamond exploration in the North China Craton\|journal\=Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge\|pages\=1547–1549\|doi\=10\.1007/3\-540\-27946\-6\_394\|isbn\=978\-3\-540\-27945\-7}}
[ "Mineral resources in the North China Craton\n-------------------------------------------", "The North China Craton contains abundant mineral resources which are very important economically. With the complex tectonic activities in The North China Craton, the [ore](/wiki/Ore \"Ore\") deposits are also very rich. Deposition of ore is affected by [atmospheric](/wiki/Atmosphere \"Atmosphere\") and [hydrosphere](/wiki/Hydrosphere \"Hydrosphere\") interaction and the evolution from primitive tectonics to modern plate tectonics.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhai\\|first1\\=Mingguo\\|last2\\=Santosh\\|first2\\=M.\\|year\\=2013\\|title\\=Metallogeny of the North China Craton: Link with secular changes in the evolving Earth\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=24\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=275–297\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2013\\.02\\.007\\|bibcode\\=2013GondR..24\\..275Z}} Ore formation is related to [supercontinent](/wiki/Supercontinent \"Supercontinent\") fragmentation and assembly. For example, [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\") and [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\") deposited in sedimentary rocks indicated [rifting](/wiki/Rift \"Rift\") and therefore fragmentation of a continent; copper, [volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits](/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit \"Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit\") (VMS ore deposits) and orogenic [gold](/wiki/Gold \"Gold\") deposits indicated subduction and convergent tectonics, meaning amalgamation of continents. Therefore, the formation of a certain type of ore is restricted to a specific period and the minerals are formed in relation with tectonic events. Below the ore deposits are explained based on the period they were formed.", "### Mineral deposits", "#### Late Neoarchean (2\\.8–2\\.5 billion years ago)", "All deposits in this period are found in [greenstone belts](/wiki/Greenstone_belt \"Greenstone belt\"), which is a belt full of metamorphic rocks. This is consistent with the active tectonic activity in the [Neoarchean](/wiki/Neoarchean \"Neoarchean\").\n[thumb\\|Banded iron formation example from another part of the world](/wiki/File:Jaspilite_banded_iron_formation%2C_Soudan_Underground_State_Park.jpg \"Jaspilite banded iron formation, Soudan Underground State Park.jpg\")", "[Banded iron formations](/wiki/Banded_iron_formation \"Banded iron formation\") (BIFs) belong to [granulite](/wiki/Granulite \"Granulite\") facies and are widely distributed in the metamorphosed units. The age of the ore is defined by isotopic analysis of [hafnium](/wiki/Hafnium \"Hafnium\") dating.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhang\\|first1\\=Xiaojing\\|last2\\=Zhang\\|first2\\=Lianchang\\|last3\\=Xiang\\|first3\\=Peng\\|last4\\=Wan\\|first4\\=Bo\\|last5\\=Pirajno\\|first5\\=Franco\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Zircon U–Pb age, Hf isotopes and geochemistry of Shuichang Algoma\\-type banded iron\\-formation, North China Craton: Constraints on the ore\\-forming age and tectonic setting\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=137–148\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.02\\.008\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\..137Z}} They are interlayered with volcanic\\-sedimentary rocks. They can also occur as some other features: dismembered layers, lenses and [boudins](/wiki/Boudinage \"Boudinage\"). All the iron occurrences are in [oxide](/wiki/Oxide_mineral \"Oxide mineral\") form, rarely in [silicate](/wiki/Silicate_mineral \"Silicate mineral\") or [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate_mineral \"Carbonate mineral\") form. By analysing their [oxygen isotope](/wiki/Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle \"Oxygen isotope ratio cycle\") composition, it is suggested that the iron was deposited in an environment of weakly oxidized shallow sea environment. There are four regions where extensive iron deposits are found: [Anshan](/wiki/Anshan \"Anshan\") in northeast China, eastern [Hebei](/wiki/Hebei \"Hebei\"), [Wutai](/wiki/Wutai%2C_Pingtung \"Wutai, Pingtung\") and [Xuchang](/wiki/Xuchang \"Xuchang\")\\-Huoqiu. The North China Craton [banded iron formation](/wiki/Banded_iron_formation \"Banded iron formation\") contains the most important source of iron in China. It consists of more than 60–80% of the nations iron reserves.", "[Copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\")\\- [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\") (Cu\\-Zn) deposits were deposited in the [Hongtoushan](/wiki/Hongtoushan_mine \"Hongtoushan mine\") [greenstone belt](/wiki/Greenstone_belt \"Greenstone belt\"), which was located in the northeastern part of the North China Craton. They are typical [volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits](/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit \"Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit\") and were formed under [rift](/wiki/Rift \"Rift\") environment. The formation of the Cu\\-Zn deposits might not be under modern tectonics, so the formation process might be different from modern rift system.", "Neoarchean [greenstone belt](/wiki/Greenstone_belt \"Greenstone belt\") [gold](/wiki/Gold \"Gold\") deposits are located in Sandaogou (northeastern side of The North China Craton).{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhang\\|first1\\=Ju\\-Quan\\|last2\\=Li\\|first2\\=Sheng\\-Rong\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Lu\\|first4\\=Jing\\|last5\\=Wang\\|first5\\=Chun\\-Liang\\|year\\=2017\\|title\\=Metallogenesis of Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt: Constrains on the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Geoscience Frontiers\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=317–333\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gsf.2017\\.08\\.005\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} The greenstone belt type gold deposits are not commonly found in the craton because most of them were reworked in the Mesozoic, so they appeared to be in some other form. However, from other cratonic examples in the world, the greenstone belt gold deposits should be abundant in the first place.", "#### Paleoproterozoic (2\\.5–2\\.6 billion years ago)", "Ultra high temperature metamorphic rocks found in the [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic \"Paleoproterozoic\") Period indicate the start of modern tectonics. [Great oxygenation events](/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event \"Great Oxygenation Event\") (GOE) also occurred in this period and it marked the start of a shift from an oxygen poor to an oxygen rich environments. There are two types of minerals commonly found from this period. They are copper\\-lead zinc deposits and [magnesite](/wiki/Magnesite \"Magnesite\") – [boron](/wiki/Boron \"Boron\") deposits.", "Copper\\-lead\\-zinc (Cu\\-Pb\\-Zn) deposits were deposited in collisional setting mobile belts, which were in a rift and [subduction](/wiki/Subduction \"Subduction\") system.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Deng\\|first1\\=X.H.\\|last2\\=Chen\\|first2\\=Y.J.\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Zhao\\|first4\\=G.C.\\|last5\\=Yao\\|first5\\=J.M.\\|year\\=2013\\|title\\=Metallogeny during continental outgrowth in the Columbia supercontinent: Isotopic characterization of the Zhaiwa Mo–Cu system in the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Ore Geology Reviews\\|volume\\=51\\|pages\\=43–56\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.oregeorev.2012\\.11\\.004}} Copper deposits are found in the Zhongtiaoshan area of [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\") province. The [khondalite](/wiki/Khondalite \"Khondalite\") sequence, which are high temperature metamorphic rocks, and [graphite](/wiki/Graphite \"Graphite\") are often found together with the ore deposits. There are a few types of ore deposits found and each of them correspond to a different formation environment. Cu\\-Pb\\-Zn formed in metamorphosed VMS deposits, Cu\\-Mo deposits formed in accreted arc complexes, while copper\\-cobalt Cu\\-Co deposits formed in an intrusive environment.", "[Magnesite](/wiki/Magnesite \"Magnesite\") – [boron](/wiki/Boron \"Boron\") deposits were formed in sedimentary sequences under rift related shallow sea lagoon settings. It was a response to the great oxidation event as seen from its isotopic content. In the Jiaoliao mobile belt, the GOE changed the isotopic ratio of [13C](/wiki/Carbon-13 \"Carbon-13\") and [18O](/wiki/Oxygen-18 \"Oxygen-18\") as the rock underwent recrystallization and mass exchange. The ore also allows people to further understand the Global Oxidation Event system, for example, showing the exact atmospheric chemical change during that period.", "#### Mesoproterozoic (1\\.6–1\\.0 billion years ago)", "[thumb\\|341x341px\\|Production of REE around the world](/wiki/File:Rare-earths.gif \"Rare-earths.gif\")\nA [rare\\-earth element](/wiki/Rare-earth_element \"Rare-earth element\")\\-iron\\-lead\\-zinc (REE\\-Fe\\-Pb\\-Zn) system was formed from extensional rifting with upwelling of mantle, and therefore magma fractionation.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Yang\\|first1\\=Kui\\-Feng\\|last2\\=Fan\\|first2\\=Hong\\-Rui\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Hu\\|first4\\=Fang\\-Fang\\|last5\\=Wang\\|first5\\=Kai\\-Yi\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Mesoproterozoic carbonatitic magmatism in the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia, North China: Constraints for the mechanism of super accumulation of rare earth elements\\|journal\\=Ore Geology Reviews\\|volume\\=40\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=122–131\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.oregeorev.2011\\.05\\.008}} There were multiple rifting events resulting in the deposition of iron minerals and the occurrence rare earth element was closely related to the iron and [carbonatite](/wiki/Carbonatite \"Carbonatite\") [dykes](/wiki/Dike_%28geology%29 \"Dike (geology)\"). The REE\\-Fe\\-Pb\\-Zn system occurs in an alternating volcanic and sedimentary succession. Apart from REE, LREE (light rare earth elements) are also found in carbonatite dykes. Rare earth elements have important industrial and political implications in China. China is close to monopolising the export of rare earth elements in the whole world. Even the United States relies heavily on rare earth elements imported from China, while rare earth elements are essential in technologies.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Du\\|first1\\=Xiaoyue\\|last2\\=Graedel\\|first2\\=T. E.\\|date\\=2011\\-12\\-01\\|title\\=Global Rare Earth In\\-Use Stocks in NdFeB Permanent Magnets\\|journal\\=Journal of Industrial Ecology\\|volume\\=15\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=836–843\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1530\\-9290\\.2011\\.00362\\.x\\|s2cid\\=154851144\\|issn\\=1530\\-9290\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=REWAS 2013\\|last1\\=Rotter\\|first1\\=Vera Susanne\\|last2\\=Chancerel\\|first2\\=Perrine\\|last3\\=Ueberschaar\\|first3\\=Maximilian\\|date\\=2013\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons, Inc.\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-118\\-67940\\-1\\|editor\\-last\\=Kvithyld\\|editor\\-first\\=Anne\\|pages\\=192–201\\|language\\=en\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/9781118679401\\.ch21\\|editor\\-last2\\=Meskers\\|editor\\-first2\\=Christina\\|editor\\-last3\\=Kirchain\\|editor\\-first3\\=Randolph\\|editor\\-last4\\=Krumdick\\|editor\\-first4\\=Gregory\\|editor\\-last5\\=Mishra\\|editor\\-first5\\=Brajendra\\|editor\\-last6\\=Reuter\\|editor\\-first6\\=rkus\\|editor\\-last7\\=Wang\\|editor\\-first7\\=Cong\\|editor\\-last8\\=Schlesinger\\|editor\\-first8\\=rk\\|editor\\-last9\\=Gaustad\\|editor\\-first9\\=Gabrielle}} Rare earth elements can make high quality [permanent magnets](/wiki/Permanent_magnet \"Permanent magnet\"), and are therefore irreplaceable in the production of electrical appliances and technologies, including televisions, phones, wind turbines and lasers.", "#### Palaeozoic (539\\-350 million years ago)", "A copper\\-[molybdenum](/wiki/Molybdenum \"Molybdenum\") (Cu\\-Mo) system originated in both the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (North) and the Qinling Orogenic Belt (South).\n[thumb\\|342x342px\\|Described the tectonic processes of The North China Craton northern margin in the Palaeozoic. The subduction and collision event caused minerals to deposited on the edge of the continental crust. The place where the Cu\\-Mo was deposited is indicated. Edited from Zhai and Santos,2013 and Kusty et al., 2007](/wiki/File:Mineralization_in_North_China_North_margin.png \"Mineralization in North China North margin.png\")", "The Central Asian Orgenic belt ore deposits occurred in arc complexes. They formed from the closure of Paleo\\-Asian ocean. The subduction generated copper and molybdenum Cu\\-Mo mineralization in the lithosphere block margins.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Li\\|first1\\=Sheng\\-Rong\\|last2\\=Santosh\\|first2\\=M.\\|year\\=2013\\|title\\=Metallogeny and craton destruction: Records from the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Ore Geology Reviews\\|volume\\=56\\|pages\\=376–414\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.oregeorev.2013\\.03\\.002}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhang\\|first1\\=Lian\\-chang\\|last2\\=Wu\\|first2\\=Hua\\-ying\\|last3\\=Wan\\|first3\\=Bo\\|last4\\=Chen\\|first4\\=Zhi\\-guang\\|year\\=2009\\|title\\=Ages and geodynamic settings of Xilamulun Mo–Cu metallogenic belt in the northern part of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=243–254\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2009\\.04\\.005\\|bibcode\\=2009GondR..16\\..243Z}} Duobaoshan Cu and Bainaimiao Cu\\-Mo deposits are found in [granodiorite](/wiki/Granodiorite \"Granodiorite\"). Tonghugou deposits occur with the copper ore [chalcopyrite](/wiki/Chalcopyrite \"Chalcopyrite\"). North China hosted a large reserve of molybdenum with more than 70 ore bodies found in the Northern margin of the craton.", "Mineral deposits in southern margin of the North China Craton are next to the [Qinling orogenic belt](/wiki/Qinling_Mountain_range \"Qinling Mountain range\").\nSome deposits were formed during the amalgamation of the North and South China blocks. A rifting\\-subduction\\-collision processes in Danfeng suture zone generated [VMS deposits](/wiki/VMS_deposit \"VMS deposit\") (Cu\\-Pb\\-Zn) in the arc area and a marginal fault basin.", "During the opening of Paleo\\-Qinling oceans in this period, [nickel](/wiki/Nickel \"Nickel\")\\-copper deposits formed with [peridotite](/wiki/Peridotite \"Peridotite\") [gabbro](/wiki/Gabbro \"Gabbro\") bodies and the ores can be found in [Luonan](/wiki/Luonan \"Luonan\").", "#### Mesozoic (251\\-145 million years ago)", "Gold (Au) deposits in the Mesozoic are very abundant. The formation environment of the gold includes intercontinental mineralization, craton destruction and mantle replacement. The origin of the gold is from Precambrian basement rocks of the Jiaodong Complex and underlying mantle which underwent high grade metamorphism when intruded with Mesozoic granitoids.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chen\\|first1\\=Yanjing\\|last2\\=Guo\\|first2\\=Guangjun\\|last3\\=LI\\|first3\\=Xin\\|year\\=1997\\|title\\=Metallogenic geodynamic background of Mesozoic gold deposits in granite\\-greenstone terrains of North China Craton\\|journal\\=Science in China\\|volume\\=41\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=113–120\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF02932429\\|s2cid\\=129117746}} The largest cluster of gold deposits in China is found in the [Jiaodong peninsula](/wiki/Jiaodong_peninsula \"Jiaodong peninsula\") (east of [Shandong Province](/wiki/Shandong_Province \"Shandong Province\")). The area yielded one\\-fourth of the country's gold production but consisted only of 0\\.2% of the area of China. The three sub\\-clusters of gold deposits in northern China are Linglong, Yantai and Kunyushan respectively.", "### Diamond production", "China has been producing diamonds for over 40 years in the North China Craton. At first, diamonds were produced from alluvial deposits, but later on technology improved and the diamonds are now produced from [kimberlitic](/wiki/Kimberlite \"Kimberlite\") sources. There are two main diamond mines in China, the China Diamond Corps' 701 Changma Mine in [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong \"Shandong\") province and the Wafangdian Mine in [Liaoning Province](/wiki/Liaoning_Province \"Liaoning Province\"). The former operated for 34 years and produced 90,000 [carats](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 \"Carat (mass)\") of diamonds per year. The latter produced 60,000 carats per year, but its mining activity ceased in 2002\\.", "Diamond bearing [kimberlite pipes](/wiki/Kimberlite_pipe \"Kimberlite pipe\") and dykes were emplaced during the [Ordovician](/wiki/Ordovician \"Ordovician\") in the Archean crust between 450–480 million years ago and again in the [Tertiary](/wiki/Tertiary \"Tertiary\"). Uplifting events caused the kimberlite to be exposed. The two mines exist along narrow and discontinuous dykes around the Tan Lu fault. [Porphyritic](/wiki/Porphyritic \"Porphyritic\") kimberlites often occur with a matrix of other materials, such as [serpentinized](/wiki/Serpentinite \"Serpentinite\") [olivine](/wiki/Olivine \"Olivine\") and [phlogopite](/wiki/Phlogopite \"Phlogopite\") or [biotite](/wiki/Biotite \"Biotite\"), and [breccia](/wiki/Breccia \"Breccia\") fragments. The occurrence of diamonds with different materials caused a difference in diamond grade, diamond size distribution and quality. For example, the diamonds from the China Diamond Corps' 701 Changma Mine worth US$40 per carat, while the diamonds from the Wafangdian Mine worth up to US$125 per carat.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Michaud\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=2005\\|chapter\\=An Overview of Diamond exploration in the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge\\|pages\\=1547–1549\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/3\\-540\\-27946\\-6\\_394\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-540\\-27945\\-7}}", "" ]
### Mineral deposits #### Late Neoarchean (2\.8–2\.5 billion years ago) All deposits in this period are found in [greenstone belts](/wiki/Greenstone_belt "Greenstone belt"), which is a belt full of metamorphic rocks. This is consistent with the active tectonic activity in the [Neoarchean](/wiki/Neoarchean "Neoarchean"). [thumb\|Banded iron formation example from another part of the world](/wiki/File:Jaspilite_banded_iron_formation%2C_Soudan_Underground_State_Park.jpg "Jaspilite banded iron formation, Soudan Underground State Park.jpg") [Banded iron formations](/wiki/Banded_iron_formation "Banded iron formation") (BIFs) belong to [granulite](/wiki/Granulite "Granulite") facies and are widely distributed in the metamorphosed units. The age of the ore is defined by isotopic analysis of [hafnium](/wiki/Hafnium "Hafnium") dating.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhang\|first1\=Xiaojing\|last2\=Zhang\|first2\=Lianchang\|last3\=Xiang\|first3\=Peng\|last4\=Wan\|first4\=Bo\|last5\=Pirajno\|first5\=Franco\|year\=2011\|title\=Zircon U–Pb age, Hf isotopes and geochemistry of Shuichang Algoma\-type banded iron\-formation, North China Craton: Constraints on the ore\-forming age and tectonic setting\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=20\|issue\=1\|pages\=137–148\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2011\.02\.008\|bibcode\=2011GondR..20\..137Z}} They are interlayered with volcanic\-sedimentary rocks. They can also occur as some other features: dismembered layers, lenses and [boudins](/wiki/Boudinage "Boudinage"). All the iron occurrences are in [oxide](/wiki/Oxide_mineral "Oxide mineral") form, rarely in [silicate](/wiki/Silicate_mineral "Silicate mineral") or [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate_mineral "Carbonate mineral") form. By analysing their [oxygen isotope](/wiki/Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle "Oxygen isotope ratio cycle") composition, it is suggested that the iron was deposited in an environment of weakly oxidized shallow sea environment. There are four regions where extensive iron deposits are found: [Anshan](/wiki/Anshan "Anshan") in northeast China, eastern [Hebei](/wiki/Hebei "Hebei"), [Wutai](/wiki/Wutai%2C_Pingtung "Wutai, Pingtung") and [Xuchang](/wiki/Xuchang "Xuchang")\-Huoqiu. The North China Craton [banded iron formation](/wiki/Banded_iron_formation "Banded iron formation") contains the most important source of iron in China. It consists of more than 60–80% of the nations iron reserves. [Copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper")\- [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc") (Cu\-Zn) deposits were deposited in the [Hongtoushan](/wiki/Hongtoushan_mine "Hongtoushan mine") [greenstone belt](/wiki/Greenstone_belt "Greenstone belt"), which was located in the northeastern part of the North China Craton. They are typical [volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits](/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit "Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit") and were formed under [rift](/wiki/Rift "Rift") environment. The formation of the Cu\-Zn deposits might not be under modern tectonics, so the formation process might be different from modern rift system. Neoarchean [greenstone belt](/wiki/Greenstone_belt "Greenstone belt") [gold](/wiki/Gold "Gold") deposits are located in Sandaogou (northeastern side of The North China Craton).{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhang\|first1\=Ju\-Quan\|last2\=Li\|first2\=Sheng\-Rong\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Lu\|first4\=Jing\|last5\=Wang\|first5\=Chun\-Liang\|year\=2017\|title\=Metallogenesis of Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt: Constrains on the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\|journal\=Geoscience Frontiers\|volume\=9\|issue\=2\|pages\=317–333\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gsf.2017\.08\.005\|doi\-access\=free}} The greenstone belt type gold deposits are not commonly found in the craton because most of them were reworked in the Mesozoic, so they appeared to be in some other form. However, from other cratonic examples in the world, the greenstone belt gold deposits should be abundant in the first place. #### Paleoproterozoic (2\.5–2\.6 billion years ago) Ultra high temperature metamorphic rocks found in the [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic "Paleoproterozoic") Period indicate the start of modern tectonics. [Great oxygenation events](/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event "Great Oxygenation Event") (GOE) also occurred in this period and it marked the start of a shift from an oxygen poor to an oxygen rich environments. There are two types of minerals commonly found from this period. They are copper\-lead zinc deposits and [magnesite](/wiki/Magnesite "Magnesite") – [boron](/wiki/Boron "Boron") deposits. Copper\-lead\-zinc (Cu\-Pb\-Zn) deposits were deposited in collisional setting mobile belts, which were in a rift and [subduction](/wiki/Subduction "Subduction") system.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Deng\|first1\=X.H.\|last2\=Chen\|first2\=Y.J.\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Zhao\|first4\=G.C.\|last5\=Yao\|first5\=J.M.\|year\=2013\|title\=Metallogeny during continental outgrowth in the Columbia supercontinent: Isotopic characterization of the Zhaiwa Mo–Cu system in the North China Craton\|journal\=Ore Geology Reviews\|volume\=51\|pages\=43–56\|doi\=10\.1016/j.oregeorev.2012\.11\.004}} Copper deposits are found in the Zhongtiaoshan area of [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi") province. The [khondalite](/wiki/Khondalite "Khondalite") sequence, which are high temperature metamorphic rocks, and [graphite](/wiki/Graphite "Graphite") are often found together with the ore deposits. There are a few types of ore deposits found and each of them correspond to a different formation environment. Cu\-Pb\-Zn formed in metamorphosed VMS deposits, Cu\-Mo deposits formed in accreted arc complexes, while copper\-cobalt Cu\-Co deposits formed in an intrusive environment. [Magnesite](/wiki/Magnesite "Magnesite") – [boron](/wiki/Boron "Boron") deposits were formed in sedimentary sequences under rift related shallow sea lagoon settings. It was a response to the great oxidation event as seen from its isotopic content. In the Jiaoliao mobile belt, the GOE changed the isotopic ratio of [13C](/wiki/Carbon-13 "Carbon-13") and [18O](/wiki/Oxygen-18 "Oxygen-18") as the rock underwent recrystallization and mass exchange. The ore also allows people to further understand the Global Oxidation Event system, for example, showing the exact atmospheric chemical change during that period. #### Mesoproterozoic (1\.6–1\.0 billion years ago) [thumb\|341x341px\|Production of REE around the world](/wiki/File:Rare-earths.gif "Rare-earths.gif") A [rare\-earth element](/wiki/Rare-earth_element "Rare-earth element")\-iron\-lead\-zinc (REE\-Fe\-Pb\-Zn) system was formed from extensional rifting with upwelling of mantle, and therefore magma fractionation.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Yang\|first1\=Kui\-Feng\|last2\=Fan\|first2\=Hong\-Rui\|last3\=Santosh\|first3\=M.\|last4\=Hu\|first4\=Fang\-Fang\|last5\=Wang\|first5\=Kai\-Yi\|year\=2011\|title\=Mesoproterozoic carbonatitic magmatism in the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia, North China: Constraints for the mechanism of super accumulation of rare earth elements\|journal\=Ore Geology Reviews\|volume\=40\|issue\=1\|pages\=122–131\|doi\=10\.1016/j.oregeorev.2011\.05\.008}} There were multiple rifting events resulting in the deposition of iron minerals and the occurrence rare earth element was closely related to the iron and [carbonatite](/wiki/Carbonatite "Carbonatite") [dykes](/wiki/Dike_%28geology%29 "Dike (geology)"). The REE\-Fe\-Pb\-Zn system occurs in an alternating volcanic and sedimentary succession. Apart from REE, LREE (light rare earth elements) are also found in carbonatite dykes. Rare earth elements have important industrial and political implications in China. China is close to monopolising the export of rare earth elements in the whole world. Even the United States relies heavily on rare earth elements imported from China, while rare earth elements are essential in technologies.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Du\|first1\=Xiaoyue\|last2\=Graedel\|first2\=T. E.\|date\=2011\-12\-01\|title\=Global Rare Earth In\-Use Stocks in NdFeB Permanent Magnets\|journal\=Journal of Industrial Ecology\|volume\=15\|issue\=6\|pages\=836–843\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1530\-9290\.2011\.00362\.x\|s2cid\=154851144\|issn\=1530\-9290\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite book\|title\=REWAS 2013\|last1\=Rotter\|first1\=Vera Susanne\|last2\=Chancerel\|first2\=Perrine\|last3\=Ueberschaar\|first3\=Maximilian\|date\=2013\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.\|isbn\=978\-1\-118\-67940\-1\|editor\-last\=Kvithyld\|editor\-first\=Anne\|pages\=192–201\|language\=en\|doi\=10\.1002/9781118679401\.ch21\|editor\-last2\=Meskers\|editor\-first2\=Christina\|editor\-last3\=Kirchain\|editor\-first3\=Randolph\|editor\-last4\=Krumdick\|editor\-first4\=Gregory\|editor\-last5\=Mishra\|editor\-first5\=Brajendra\|editor\-last6\=Reuter\|editor\-first6\=rkus\|editor\-last7\=Wang\|editor\-first7\=Cong\|editor\-last8\=Schlesinger\|editor\-first8\=rk\|editor\-last9\=Gaustad\|editor\-first9\=Gabrielle}} Rare earth elements can make high quality [permanent magnets](/wiki/Permanent_magnet "Permanent magnet"), and are therefore irreplaceable in the production of electrical appliances and technologies, including televisions, phones, wind turbines and lasers. #### Palaeozoic (539\-350 million years ago) A copper\-[molybdenum](/wiki/Molybdenum "Molybdenum") (Cu\-Mo) system originated in both the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (North) and the Qinling Orogenic Belt (South). [thumb\|342x342px\|Described the tectonic processes of The North China Craton northern margin in the Palaeozoic. The subduction and collision event caused minerals to deposited on the edge of the continental crust. The place where the Cu\-Mo was deposited is indicated. Edited from Zhai and Santos,2013 and Kusty et al., 2007](/wiki/File:Mineralization_in_North_China_North_margin.png "Mineralization in North China North margin.png") The Central Asian Orgenic belt ore deposits occurred in arc complexes. They formed from the closure of Paleo\-Asian ocean. The subduction generated copper and molybdenum Cu\-Mo mineralization in the lithosphere block margins.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Li\|first1\=Sheng\-Rong\|last2\=Santosh\|first2\=M.\|year\=2013\|title\=Metallogeny and craton destruction: Records from the North China Craton\|journal\=Ore Geology Reviews\|volume\=56\|pages\=376–414\|doi\=10\.1016/j.oregeorev.2013\.03\.002}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zhang\|first1\=Lian\-chang\|last2\=Wu\|first2\=Hua\-ying\|last3\=Wan\|first3\=Bo\|last4\=Chen\|first4\=Zhi\-guang\|year\=2009\|title\=Ages and geodynamic settings of Xilamulun Mo–Cu metallogenic belt in the northern part of the North China Craton\|journal\=Gondwana Research\|volume\=16\|issue\=2\|pages\=243–254\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gr.2009\.04\.005\|bibcode\=2009GondR..16\..243Z}} Duobaoshan Cu and Bainaimiao Cu\-Mo deposits are found in [granodiorite](/wiki/Granodiorite "Granodiorite"). Tonghugou deposits occur with the copper ore [chalcopyrite](/wiki/Chalcopyrite "Chalcopyrite"). North China hosted a large reserve of molybdenum with more than 70 ore bodies found in the Northern margin of the craton. Mineral deposits in southern margin of the North China Craton are next to the [Qinling orogenic belt](/wiki/Qinling_Mountain_range "Qinling Mountain range"). Some deposits were formed during the amalgamation of the North and South China blocks. A rifting\-subduction\-collision processes in Danfeng suture zone generated [VMS deposits](/wiki/VMS_deposit "VMS deposit") (Cu\-Pb\-Zn) in the arc area and a marginal fault basin. During the opening of Paleo\-Qinling oceans in this period, [nickel](/wiki/Nickel "Nickel")\-copper deposits formed with [peridotite](/wiki/Peridotite "Peridotite") [gabbro](/wiki/Gabbro "Gabbro") bodies and the ores can be found in [Luonan](/wiki/Luonan "Luonan"). #### Mesozoic (251\-145 million years ago) Gold (Au) deposits in the Mesozoic are very abundant. The formation environment of the gold includes intercontinental mineralization, craton destruction and mantle replacement. The origin of the gold is from Precambrian basement rocks of the Jiaodong Complex and underlying mantle which underwent high grade metamorphism when intruded with Mesozoic granitoids.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chen\|first1\=Yanjing\|last2\=Guo\|first2\=Guangjun\|last3\=LI\|first3\=Xin\|year\=1997\|title\=Metallogenic geodynamic background of Mesozoic gold deposits in granite\-greenstone terrains of North China Craton\|journal\=Science in China\|volume\=41\|issue\=2\|pages\=113–120\|doi\=10\.1007/BF02932429\|s2cid\=129117746}} The largest cluster of gold deposits in China is found in the [Jiaodong peninsula](/wiki/Jiaodong_peninsula "Jiaodong peninsula") (east of [Shandong Province](/wiki/Shandong_Province "Shandong Province")). The area yielded one\-fourth of the country's gold production but consisted only of 0\.2% of the area of China. The three sub\-clusters of gold deposits in northern China are Linglong, Yantai and Kunyushan respectively.
[ "### Mineral deposits", "#### Late Neoarchean (2\\.8–2\\.5 billion years ago)", "All deposits in this period are found in [greenstone belts](/wiki/Greenstone_belt \"Greenstone belt\"), which is a belt full of metamorphic rocks. This is consistent with the active tectonic activity in the [Neoarchean](/wiki/Neoarchean \"Neoarchean\").\n[thumb\\|Banded iron formation example from another part of the world](/wiki/File:Jaspilite_banded_iron_formation%2C_Soudan_Underground_State_Park.jpg \"Jaspilite banded iron formation, Soudan Underground State Park.jpg\")", "[Banded iron formations](/wiki/Banded_iron_formation \"Banded iron formation\") (BIFs) belong to [granulite](/wiki/Granulite \"Granulite\") facies and are widely distributed in the metamorphosed units. The age of the ore is defined by isotopic analysis of [hafnium](/wiki/Hafnium \"Hafnium\") dating.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhang\\|first1\\=Xiaojing\\|last2\\=Zhang\\|first2\\=Lianchang\\|last3\\=Xiang\\|first3\\=Peng\\|last4\\=Wan\\|first4\\=Bo\\|last5\\=Pirajno\\|first5\\=Franco\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Zircon U–Pb age, Hf isotopes and geochemistry of Shuichang Algoma\\-type banded iron\\-formation, North China Craton: Constraints on the ore\\-forming age and tectonic setting\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=137–148\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2011\\.02\\.008\\|bibcode\\=2011GondR..20\\..137Z}} They are interlayered with volcanic\\-sedimentary rocks. They can also occur as some other features: dismembered layers, lenses and [boudins](/wiki/Boudinage \"Boudinage\"). All the iron occurrences are in [oxide](/wiki/Oxide_mineral \"Oxide mineral\") form, rarely in [silicate](/wiki/Silicate_mineral \"Silicate mineral\") or [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate_mineral \"Carbonate mineral\") form. By analysing their [oxygen isotope](/wiki/Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle \"Oxygen isotope ratio cycle\") composition, it is suggested that the iron was deposited in an environment of weakly oxidized shallow sea environment. There are four regions where extensive iron deposits are found: [Anshan](/wiki/Anshan \"Anshan\") in northeast China, eastern [Hebei](/wiki/Hebei \"Hebei\"), [Wutai](/wiki/Wutai%2C_Pingtung \"Wutai, Pingtung\") and [Xuchang](/wiki/Xuchang \"Xuchang\")\\-Huoqiu. The North China Craton [banded iron formation](/wiki/Banded_iron_formation \"Banded iron formation\") contains the most important source of iron in China. It consists of more than 60–80% of the nations iron reserves.", "[Copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\")\\- [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\") (Cu\\-Zn) deposits were deposited in the [Hongtoushan](/wiki/Hongtoushan_mine \"Hongtoushan mine\") [greenstone belt](/wiki/Greenstone_belt \"Greenstone belt\"), which was located in the northeastern part of the North China Craton. They are typical [volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits](/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit \"Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit\") and were formed under [rift](/wiki/Rift \"Rift\") environment. The formation of the Cu\\-Zn deposits might not be under modern tectonics, so the formation process might be different from modern rift system.", "Neoarchean [greenstone belt](/wiki/Greenstone_belt \"Greenstone belt\") [gold](/wiki/Gold \"Gold\") deposits are located in Sandaogou (northeastern side of The North China Craton).{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhang\\|first1\\=Ju\\-Quan\\|last2\\=Li\\|first2\\=Sheng\\-Rong\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Lu\\|first4\\=Jing\\|last5\\=Wang\\|first5\\=Chun\\-Liang\\|year\\=2017\\|title\\=Metallogenesis of Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt: Constrains on the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Geoscience Frontiers\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=317–333\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gsf.2017\\.08\\.005\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} The greenstone belt type gold deposits are not commonly found in the craton because most of them were reworked in the Mesozoic, so they appeared to be in some other form. However, from other cratonic examples in the world, the greenstone belt gold deposits should be abundant in the first place.", "#### Paleoproterozoic (2\\.5–2\\.6 billion years ago)", "Ultra high temperature metamorphic rocks found in the [Paleoproterozoic](/wiki/Paleoproterozoic \"Paleoproterozoic\") Period indicate the start of modern tectonics. [Great oxygenation events](/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event \"Great Oxygenation Event\") (GOE) also occurred in this period and it marked the start of a shift from an oxygen poor to an oxygen rich environments. There are two types of minerals commonly found from this period. They are copper\\-lead zinc deposits and [magnesite](/wiki/Magnesite \"Magnesite\") – [boron](/wiki/Boron \"Boron\") deposits.", "Copper\\-lead\\-zinc (Cu\\-Pb\\-Zn) deposits were deposited in collisional setting mobile belts, which were in a rift and [subduction](/wiki/Subduction \"Subduction\") system.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Deng\\|first1\\=X.H.\\|last2\\=Chen\\|first2\\=Y.J.\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Zhao\\|first4\\=G.C.\\|last5\\=Yao\\|first5\\=J.M.\\|year\\=2013\\|title\\=Metallogeny during continental outgrowth in the Columbia supercontinent: Isotopic characterization of the Zhaiwa Mo–Cu system in the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Ore Geology Reviews\\|volume\\=51\\|pages\\=43–56\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.oregeorev.2012\\.11\\.004}} Copper deposits are found in the Zhongtiaoshan area of [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\") province. The [khondalite](/wiki/Khondalite \"Khondalite\") sequence, which are high temperature metamorphic rocks, and [graphite](/wiki/Graphite \"Graphite\") are often found together with the ore deposits. There are a few types of ore deposits found and each of them correspond to a different formation environment. Cu\\-Pb\\-Zn formed in metamorphosed VMS deposits, Cu\\-Mo deposits formed in accreted arc complexes, while copper\\-cobalt Cu\\-Co deposits formed in an intrusive environment.", "[Magnesite](/wiki/Magnesite \"Magnesite\") – [boron](/wiki/Boron \"Boron\") deposits were formed in sedimentary sequences under rift related shallow sea lagoon settings. It was a response to the great oxidation event as seen from its isotopic content. In the Jiaoliao mobile belt, the GOE changed the isotopic ratio of [13C](/wiki/Carbon-13 \"Carbon-13\") and [18O](/wiki/Oxygen-18 \"Oxygen-18\") as the rock underwent recrystallization and mass exchange. The ore also allows people to further understand the Global Oxidation Event system, for example, showing the exact atmospheric chemical change during that period.", "#### Mesoproterozoic (1\\.6–1\\.0 billion years ago)", "[thumb\\|341x341px\\|Production of REE around the world](/wiki/File:Rare-earths.gif \"Rare-earths.gif\")\nA [rare\\-earth element](/wiki/Rare-earth_element \"Rare-earth element\")\\-iron\\-lead\\-zinc (REE\\-Fe\\-Pb\\-Zn) system was formed from extensional rifting with upwelling of mantle, and therefore magma fractionation.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Yang\\|first1\\=Kui\\-Feng\\|last2\\=Fan\\|first2\\=Hong\\-Rui\\|last3\\=Santosh\\|first3\\=M.\\|last4\\=Hu\\|first4\\=Fang\\-Fang\\|last5\\=Wang\\|first5\\=Kai\\-Yi\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=Mesoproterozoic carbonatitic magmatism in the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia, North China: Constraints for the mechanism of super accumulation of rare earth elements\\|journal\\=Ore Geology Reviews\\|volume\\=40\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=122–131\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.oregeorev.2011\\.05\\.008}} There were multiple rifting events resulting in the deposition of iron minerals and the occurrence rare earth element was closely related to the iron and [carbonatite](/wiki/Carbonatite \"Carbonatite\") [dykes](/wiki/Dike_%28geology%29 \"Dike (geology)\"). The REE\\-Fe\\-Pb\\-Zn system occurs in an alternating volcanic and sedimentary succession. Apart from REE, LREE (light rare earth elements) are also found in carbonatite dykes. Rare earth elements have important industrial and political implications in China. China is close to monopolising the export of rare earth elements in the whole world. Even the United States relies heavily on rare earth elements imported from China, while rare earth elements are essential in technologies.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Du\\|first1\\=Xiaoyue\\|last2\\=Graedel\\|first2\\=T. E.\\|date\\=2011\\-12\\-01\\|title\\=Global Rare Earth In\\-Use Stocks in NdFeB Permanent Magnets\\|journal\\=Journal of Industrial Ecology\\|volume\\=15\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=836–843\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1530\\-9290\\.2011\\.00362\\.x\\|s2cid\\=154851144\\|issn\\=1530\\-9290\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=REWAS 2013\\|last1\\=Rotter\\|first1\\=Vera Susanne\\|last2\\=Chancerel\\|first2\\=Perrine\\|last3\\=Ueberschaar\\|first3\\=Maximilian\\|date\\=2013\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons, Inc.\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-118\\-67940\\-1\\|editor\\-last\\=Kvithyld\\|editor\\-first\\=Anne\\|pages\\=192–201\\|language\\=en\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/9781118679401\\.ch21\\|editor\\-last2\\=Meskers\\|editor\\-first2\\=Christina\\|editor\\-last3\\=Kirchain\\|editor\\-first3\\=Randolph\\|editor\\-last4\\=Krumdick\\|editor\\-first4\\=Gregory\\|editor\\-last5\\=Mishra\\|editor\\-first5\\=Brajendra\\|editor\\-last6\\=Reuter\\|editor\\-first6\\=rkus\\|editor\\-last7\\=Wang\\|editor\\-first7\\=Cong\\|editor\\-last8\\=Schlesinger\\|editor\\-first8\\=rk\\|editor\\-last9\\=Gaustad\\|editor\\-first9\\=Gabrielle}} Rare earth elements can make high quality [permanent magnets](/wiki/Permanent_magnet \"Permanent magnet\"), and are therefore irreplaceable in the production of electrical appliances and technologies, including televisions, phones, wind turbines and lasers.", "#### Palaeozoic (539\\-350 million years ago)", "A copper\\-[molybdenum](/wiki/Molybdenum \"Molybdenum\") (Cu\\-Mo) system originated in both the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (North) and the Qinling Orogenic Belt (South).\n[thumb\\|342x342px\\|Described the tectonic processes of The North China Craton northern margin in the Palaeozoic. The subduction and collision event caused minerals to deposited on the edge of the continental crust. The place where the Cu\\-Mo was deposited is indicated. Edited from Zhai and Santos,2013 and Kusty et al., 2007](/wiki/File:Mineralization_in_North_China_North_margin.png \"Mineralization in North China North margin.png\")", "The Central Asian Orgenic belt ore deposits occurred in arc complexes. They formed from the closure of Paleo\\-Asian ocean. The subduction generated copper and molybdenum Cu\\-Mo mineralization in the lithosphere block margins.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Li\\|first1\\=Sheng\\-Rong\\|last2\\=Santosh\\|first2\\=M.\\|year\\=2013\\|title\\=Metallogeny and craton destruction: Records from the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Ore Geology Reviews\\|volume\\=56\\|pages\\=376–414\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.oregeorev.2013\\.03\\.002}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zhang\\|first1\\=Lian\\-chang\\|last2\\=Wu\\|first2\\=Hua\\-ying\\|last3\\=Wan\\|first3\\=Bo\\|last4\\=Chen\\|first4\\=Zhi\\-guang\\|year\\=2009\\|title\\=Ages and geodynamic settings of Xilamulun Mo–Cu metallogenic belt in the northern part of the North China Craton\\|journal\\=Gondwana Research\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=243–254\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gr.2009\\.04\\.005\\|bibcode\\=2009GondR..16\\..243Z}} Duobaoshan Cu and Bainaimiao Cu\\-Mo deposits are found in [granodiorite](/wiki/Granodiorite \"Granodiorite\"). Tonghugou deposits occur with the copper ore [chalcopyrite](/wiki/Chalcopyrite \"Chalcopyrite\"). North China hosted a large reserve of molybdenum with more than 70 ore bodies found in the Northern margin of the craton.", "Mineral deposits in southern margin of the North China Craton are next to the [Qinling orogenic belt](/wiki/Qinling_Mountain_range \"Qinling Mountain range\").\nSome deposits were formed during the amalgamation of the North and South China blocks. A rifting\\-subduction\\-collision processes in Danfeng suture zone generated [VMS deposits](/wiki/VMS_deposit \"VMS deposit\") (Cu\\-Pb\\-Zn) in the arc area and a marginal fault basin.", "During the opening of Paleo\\-Qinling oceans in this period, [nickel](/wiki/Nickel \"Nickel\")\\-copper deposits formed with [peridotite](/wiki/Peridotite \"Peridotite\") [gabbro](/wiki/Gabbro \"Gabbro\") bodies and the ores can be found in [Luonan](/wiki/Luonan \"Luonan\").", "#### Mesozoic (251\\-145 million years ago)", "Gold (Au) deposits in the Mesozoic are very abundant. The formation environment of the gold includes intercontinental mineralization, craton destruction and mantle replacement. The origin of the gold is from Precambrian basement rocks of the Jiaodong Complex and underlying mantle which underwent high grade metamorphism when intruded with Mesozoic granitoids.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chen\\|first1\\=Yanjing\\|last2\\=Guo\\|first2\\=Guangjun\\|last3\\=LI\\|first3\\=Xin\\|year\\=1997\\|title\\=Metallogenic geodynamic background of Mesozoic gold deposits in granite\\-greenstone terrains of North China Craton\\|journal\\=Science in China\\|volume\\=41\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=113–120\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF02932429\\|s2cid\\=129117746}} The largest cluster of gold deposits in China is found in the [Jiaodong peninsula](/wiki/Jiaodong_peninsula \"Jiaodong peninsula\") (east of [Shandong Province](/wiki/Shandong_Province \"Shandong Province\")). The area yielded one\\-fourth of the country's gold production but consisted only of 0\\.2% of the area of China. The three sub\\-clusters of gold deposits in northern China are Linglong, Yantai and Kunyushan respectively.", "" ]
Background ---------- The musical *Madame Aphrodite* traces it origins back to a one\-hour TV play of the same name, which was written in the early 1950s by playwright Tad Mosel, one of the leading exponents of that genre at that time. The play told the simple and fable\-like story of a middle\-aged beautician who manufactured and sold fake beauty cream to gullible woman. The televised version, first screened on December 9, 1953 as part of the *[Goodyear Television Playhouse](/wiki/Goodyear_Television_Playhouse "Goodyear Television Playhouse")* series, starred [Ruth White](/wiki/Ruth_White_%28actress%29 "Ruth White (actress)") in the title role, with Philip Abbot as her salesman. Although Mosel was responsible for many similar TV plays during the 1950s, he would not write anything specifically for the theatre until 1960, when he adapted [James Agee](/wiki/James_Agee "James Agee")'s novel, *[A Death in the Family](/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family "A Death in the Family")* into a play. Entitled *[All the Way Home](/wiki/All_the_Way_Home_%28play%29 "All the Way Home (play)")*, it opened on Broadway on November 30, 1960, to considerable acclaim; by the time it closed ten months and 333 performances later, it had received a Tony nomination, a [Drama Critics' Circle Award](/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle "New York Drama Critics' Circle"), and the 1961 [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize") for Drama. In December 1960, only a few weeks after the opening of *All the Way Home*, it was reported that Mosel had now turned his attention to adapting his earlier TV play, *Madame Aphrodite*, into a musical for the off\-Broadway stage. It was pointed out that it not only represented Mosel's first stage musical, but also "the first musical to come to off\-Broadway from television"."The Lyons Den", *Reading Eagle* \[Reading, Pennsylvania], December 29, 1960, p 8\. The new *Madame Aphrodite* was to be sponsored by a team of three young producers (Howard Barker, Cynthia Baer and Robert Chambers) who were already well known for producing another off\-Broadway show, *[Little Mary Sunshine](/wiki/Little_Mary_Sunshine "Little Mary Sunshine")*, which opened in November 1959 and ran for almost three years. Music and lyrics were to be provided by newcomer Jerry Herman who, at that time, was known in New York only for two minor but well\-received off\-Broadway revues *Nightcap* (1958\) and *Parade* (1960\). In his memoirs, Herman recalls being brought into the project through his agent, Priscilla Morgan, who often held musical evenings for her clients. At one such event, Herman met Tad Mosel and, after being shown the script for *Madame Aphrodite*, admitted "I was fascinated because it was so different from the kind of thing that I had been doing".Herman, Jerry. *Showtune: A Memoir*. pp.59\-61\. ### Development When news of the musical version of *Madame Aphrodite* was announced towards the end of 1960, it was asserted that "from the way the talk went the other day, it should be along before Winter's end"."Project", *New York Times*, December 11, 1960\. By the following February, however, the project was being slated for production in the Spring."Musical to break long run record", *New York Times*, February 4, 1961\. Then, in May 1961, it was reported that the show would not open until the Fall."Mosel to honor his co\-workers", *New York Times*, May 19, 1961\. At that time, the producers announced that they had recently secured the services of director Robert Ennis Turoff, whose only previous off\-Broadway musical credit was directing a short\-lived revival of *[The Golden Apple](/wiki/The_Golden_Apple_%28musical%29 "The Golden Apple (musical)")*, staged by the Equity Library Theatre earlier that same year."New Musical", *Village Voice*, June 15, 1961, p 12\. The repeated delays in the development of *Madame Aphrodite* allowed composer\-lyricist Jerry Herman to become involved in the creation of another musical, *[Milk \& Honey](/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_%28musical%29 "Milk and Honey (musical)")*, which underwent its out\-of\-town tryout between August and September 1961 before opening on Broadway on October 10\. It was only then that an opening date for *Madame Aphrodite* was finally announced to the public: the new show would open on Wednesday, December 27, at the Orpheum Theatre on Second Avenue."Madame Aphrodite", *New York Times*, October 16, 1961\. Although some observers expressed surprise that Herman seemed to be returning to off\-Broadway after a minor Broadway hit, the composer\-lyricist stated that he was simply returning to his roots, pointing out also that "*Madame Aphrodite* was on my agenda before *Milk \& Honey* – {{sic\|it's}} production just didn't develop as rapidly”.Gaver, Jack. "Songwriter going places", *Pittsburgh Press*, December 24, 1961, p 6\. By the time that an opening date had been set for *Madame Aphrodite*, TV and stage comedian [Nancy Andrews](/wiki/Nancy_Andrews_%28actress%29 "Nancy Andrews (actress)") had already been cast in the title role. During November, it was revealed that actress Cherry Davis (last seen in the Broadway production of *[Gypsy](/wiki/Gypsy:A_Musical_Fable "A Musical Fable")*) had been signed to play Rosemary, the ingenue lead."Notes in Brief", *New York Times*, November 18, 1961\. The key role of Barney, Madame Aphrodite's salesman, was to be played by Jack Drummond, whose previous experience included minor roles in such Broadway shows as *Beg, Borrow or Steal* (1960\), *[The Pajama Game](/wiki/The_Pajama_Game "The Pajama Game")* (1956\) and *[Me and Juliet](/wiki/Me_and_Juliet "Me and Juliet")* (1954\). The show's cast also included future film and television star [Lou Cutell](/wiki/Lou_Cutell "Lou Cutell") (best known for the cult 1965 film *[Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster](/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Space_Monster "Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster")*, and more recent TV sitcom appearances) in the small role of Mr. Schultz.
[ "Background\n----------", "The musical *Madame Aphrodite* traces it origins back to a one\\-hour TV play of the same name, which was written in the early 1950s by playwright Tad Mosel, one of the leading exponents of that genre at that time. The play told the simple and fable\\-like story of a middle\\-aged beautician who manufactured and sold fake beauty cream to gullible woman. The televised version, first screened on December 9, 1953 as part of the *[Goodyear Television Playhouse](/wiki/Goodyear_Television_Playhouse \"Goodyear Television Playhouse\")* series, starred [Ruth White](/wiki/Ruth_White_%28actress%29 \"Ruth White (actress)\") in the title role, with Philip Abbot as her salesman.", "Although Mosel was responsible for many similar TV plays during the 1950s, he would not write anything specifically for the theatre until 1960, when he adapted [James Agee](/wiki/James_Agee \"James Agee\")'s novel, *[A Death in the Family](/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family \"A Death in the Family\")* into a play. Entitled *[All the Way Home](/wiki/All_the_Way_Home_%28play%29 \"All the Way Home (play)\")*, it opened on Broadway on November 30, 1960, to considerable acclaim; by the time it closed ten months and 333 performances later, it had received a Tony nomination, a [Drama Critics' Circle Award](/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle \"New York Drama Critics' Circle\"), and the 1961 [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize \"Pulitzer Prize\") for Drama.", "In December 1960, only a few weeks after the opening of *All the Way Home*, it was reported that Mosel had now turned his attention to adapting his earlier TV play, *Madame Aphrodite*, into a musical for the off\\-Broadway stage. It was pointed out that it not only represented Mosel's first stage musical, but also \"the first musical to come to off\\-Broadway from television\".\"The Lyons Den\", *Reading Eagle* \\[Reading, Pennsylvania], December 29, 1960, p 8\\. The new *Madame Aphrodite* was to be sponsored by a team of three young producers (Howard Barker, Cynthia Baer and Robert Chambers) who were already well known for producing another off\\-Broadway show, *[Little Mary Sunshine](/wiki/Little_Mary_Sunshine \"Little Mary Sunshine\")*, which opened in November 1959 and ran for almost three years. Music and lyrics were to be provided by newcomer Jerry Herman who, at that time, was known in New York only for two minor but well\\-received off\\-Broadway revues *Nightcap* (1958\\) and *Parade* (1960\\). In his memoirs, Herman recalls being brought into the project through his agent, Priscilla Morgan, who often held musical evenings for her clients. At one such event, Herman met Tad Mosel and, after being shown the script for *Madame Aphrodite*, admitted \"I was fascinated because it was so different from the kind of thing that I had been doing\".Herman, Jerry. *Showtune: A Memoir*. pp.59\\-61\\.", "### Development", "When news of the musical version of *Madame Aphrodite* was announced towards the end of 1960, it was asserted that \"from the way the talk went the other day, it should be along before Winter's end\".\"Project\", *New York Times*, December 11, 1960\\. By the following February, however, the project was being slated for production in the Spring.\"Musical to break long run record\", *New York Times*, February 4, 1961\\. Then, in May 1961, it was reported that the show would not open until the Fall.\"Mosel to honor his co\\-workers\", *New York Times*, May 19, 1961\\. At that time, the producers announced that they had recently secured the services of director Robert Ennis Turoff, whose only previous off\\-Broadway musical credit was directing a short\\-lived revival of *[The Golden Apple](/wiki/The_Golden_Apple_%28musical%29 \"The Golden Apple (musical)\")*, staged by the Equity Library Theatre earlier that same year.\"New Musical\", *Village Voice*, June 15, 1961, p 12\\.", "The repeated delays in the development of *Madame Aphrodite* allowed composer\\-lyricist Jerry Herman to become involved in the creation of another musical, *[Milk \\& Honey](/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_%28musical%29 \"Milk and Honey (musical)\")*, which underwent its out\\-of\\-town tryout between August and September 1961 before opening on Broadway on October 10\\. It was only then that an opening date for *Madame Aphrodite* was finally announced to the public: the new show would open on Wednesday, December 27, at the Orpheum Theatre on Second Avenue.\"Madame Aphrodite\", *New York Times*, October 16, 1961\\. Although some observers expressed surprise that Herman seemed to be returning to off\\-Broadway after a minor Broadway hit, the composer\\-lyricist stated that he was simply returning to his roots, pointing out also that \"*Madame Aphrodite* was on my agenda before *Milk \\& Honey* – {{sic\\|it's}} production just didn't develop as rapidly”.Gaver, Jack. \"Songwriter going places\", *Pittsburgh Press*, December 24, 1961, p 6\\.", "By the time that an opening date had been set for *Madame Aphrodite*, TV and stage comedian [Nancy Andrews](/wiki/Nancy_Andrews_%28actress%29 \"Nancy Andrews (actress)\") had already been cast in the title role. During November, it was revealed that actress Cherry Davis (last seen in the Broadway production of *[Gypsy](/wiki/Gypsy:A_Musical_Fable \"A Musical Fable\")*) had been signed to play Rosemary, the ingenue lead.\"Notes in Brief\", *New York Times*, November 18, 1961\\. The key role of Barney, Madame Aphrodite's salesman, was to be played by Jack Drummond, whose previous experience included minor roles in such Broadway shows as *Beg, Borrow or Steal* (1960\\), *[The Pajama Game](/wiki/The_Pajama_Game \"The Pajama Game\")* (1956\\) and *[Me and Juliet](/wiki/Me_and_Juliet \"Me and Juliet\")* (1954\\). The show's cast also included future film and television star [Lou Cutell](/wiki/Lou_Cutell \"Lou Cutell\") (best known for the cult 1965 film *[Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster](/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Space_Monster \"Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster\")*, and more recent TV sitcom appearances) in the small role of Mr. Schultz.", "" ]
Career ------ ### 1989–1995: Early work Her career beginnings can be credited to her acting family, as her acting debut was in *High* (1989\), a TV film her father directed, and after spending several summers watching her mother perform at the [Williamstown Theatre Festival](/wiki/Williamstown_Theatre_Festival "Williamstown Theatre Festival") in [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"), Paltrow made her professional stage debut there in 1990\.{{cite news\|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow Biography \|work\=Yahoo! \|access\-date\=April 28, 2011 \|url\=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018601/bio \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623064651/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018601/bio \|archive\-date\=June 23, 2011 }} Her film debut followed with the musical romance film *[Shout](/wiki/Shout_%28film%29 "Shout (film)")* (1991\), starring [John Travolta](/wiki/John_Travolta "John Travolta"), and she was cast by her godfather [Steven Spielberg](/wiki/Steven_Spielberg "Steven Spielberg") in the commercially successful adventure feature *[Hook](/wiki/Hook_%28film%29 "Hook (film)")* (1991\) as the young [Wendy Darling](/wiki/Wendy_Darling "Wendy Darling"). Paltrow's next roles were in the made\-for\-television movies *[Cruel Doubt](/wiki/Cruel_Doubt "Cruel Doubt")* (1992\) and *[Deadly Relations](/wiki/Deadly_Relations "Deadly Relations")* (1993\). Her first plum feature film role was in the noir drama *[Flesh and Bone](/wiki/Flesh_and_Bone_%28film%29 "Flesh and Bone (film)")* (1993\) as the much younger girlfriend of [James Caan](/wiki/James_Caan "James Caan"). [Janet Maslin](/wiki/Janet_Maslin "Janet Maslin") of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* described Paltrow as a scene\-stealer "who is [Blythe Danner](/wiki/Blythe_Danner "Blythe Danner")'s daughter and has her mother's way of making a camera fall in love with her."{{cite news\|author\-link\=Janet Maslin\|author\=Maslin, Janet\|title\=Building a Future on a Shaky Past\|url\=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9F0CE5DB113DF936A35752C1A965958260\|access\-date\=April 19, 2012\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=November 5, 1993\|archive\-date\=September 15, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915003240/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/05/movies/review\-film\-building\-a\-future\-on\-a\-shaky\-past.html\|url\-status\=live}} In 1995, she starred in the thriller *[Se7en](/wiki/Seven_%281995_film%29 "Seven (1995 film)")*, as the wife of a young detective ([Brad Pitt](/wiki/Brad_Pitt "Brad Pitt")), who is partnered with the retiring William Somerset ([Morgan Freeman](/wiki/Morgan_Freeman "Morgan Freeman")) and then tasked with tracking down a serial killer who uses the seven deadly sins as tropes in his murders. The seventh highest grossing film of the year,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2\=worldwide\&yr\=1995\&p\=.htm\|title\=1995 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=November 15, 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115010552/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2\=worldwide\&yr\=1995\&p\=.htm\|url\-status\=live}} *Se7en* (also known as *Seven*) earned her a nomination for the [Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress](/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress "Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress"). She appeared in *[Moonlight and Valentino](/wiki/Moonlight_and_Valentino "Moonlight and Valentino")*, as a grieving [chain\-smoker](/wiki/Chain_smoking "Chain smoking"), and in *[Jefferson in Paris](/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris "Jefferson in Paris")*, portraying [Martha Jefferson Randolph](/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph "Martha Jefferson Randolph").{{cite web \|last\=Berardinelli \|first\=James \|title\=Moonlight and Valentino \|url\=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/m/moonlight.html \|work\=reelviews.net \|date\=September 29, 1995 \|access\-date\=July 26, 2012 \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122722/https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/m/moonlight.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Jefferson in Paris (1995\) \|url\=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v134832 \|work\=www.allmovie.com \|access\-date\=July 26, 2012 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075745/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v134832 \|url\-status\=live }} ### 1996–2001: Breakthrough and film stardom In 1996, Paltrow played the title character in the period film adaptation *[Emma](/wiki/Emma_%281996_theatrical_film%29 "Emma (1996 theatrical film)")*, based on the [1815 novel of the same name](/wiki/Emma_%28novel%29 "Emma (novel)") by [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen "Jane Austen"). Director [Douglas McGrath](/wiki/Douglas_McGrath "Douglas McGrath") decided to bring in Paltrow to audition for the part of [Emma Woodhouse](/wiki/Emma_Woodhouse "Emma Woodhouse"), after a suggestion from his agent and after seeing her performance in *[Flesh and Bone](/wiki/Flesh_and_Bone_%28film%29 "Flesh and Bone (film)")*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1996\-07\-21\-ca\-26277\-story.html\|title\=The Girl Can't Help It\|last\=Clark\|first\=John\|date\=July 21, 1996\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|access\-date\=November 26, 2012\|archive\-date\=February 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206095330/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1996\-07\-21\-ca\-26277\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}} On his decision to cast the actress, McGrath revealed: "The thing that actually sold me on her playing a young English girl was that she did a perfect Texas accent. I know that wouldn't recommend her to most people ... I knew she had theater training, so she could carry herself. We had many actresses, big and small, who wanted to play this part. The minute she started the read\-through, the very first line, I thought, 'Everything is going to be fine; she's going to be brilliant.'" While she recovered from wisdom\-tooth surgery, Paltrow had a month to herself to do research for the part;{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PLAIN\+JANE\+%3A\+NOT\+A\+%60CLUELESS'\+REMAKE\+OF\+AUSTEN,\+%60EMMA'\+TACKLES...\-a083956396\|title\=Plain Jane : Not a 'Clueless' remake of Austen, 'Emma' tackles classic story head\-on\|last\=Strauss\|first\=Bob\|date\=July 31, 1996\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Daily News]]\|access\-date\=November 26, 2012}}{{Dead link\|date\=December 2021 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} she studied horsemanship, dancing, singing, archery and the "highly stylized" manners and dialect during a 3\-week rehearsal period. The film was released to critical acclaim and commercial success through arthouse cinemas.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=emma.htm\|title\=Emma (1996\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 6, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906090356/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=emma.htm\|url\-status\=live}} *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 "Variety (magazine)")* proclaimed: "Gwyneth Paltrow shines brightly as Jane Austen's most endearing character, the disastrously self\-assured matchmaker Emma Woodhouse. A fine cast, speedy pacing, and playful direction make this a solid contender for the Austen sweepstakes."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117905339?printerfriendly\=true\|title\=Emma\|last\=Eisner\|first\=Ken\|date\=June 9, 1996\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|publisher\=\[\[PMC (company)\|Penske Business Media]]\|access\-date\=November 24, 2012}} Paltrow starred in the crime film *[Hard Eight](/wiki/Hard_Eight_%28film%29 "Hard Eight (film)")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://cinephiliabeyond.org/hard\-eight\-aka\-sydney/\|title\=Paul Thomas Anderson's 'Hard Eight', AKA 'Sydney': "It's Always Good to Meet a New Friend" • Cinephilia \& Beyond\|date\=September 10, 2020\|access\-date\=September 16, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 21, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921144356/https://cinephiliabeyond.org/hard\-eight\-aka\-sydney/\|url\-status\=live}} 1998 marked a turning point in Paltrow's career as she took on leading roles in five high\-profile film releases in the year{{mdash}}*[Great Expectations](/wiki/Great_Expectations_%281998_film%29 "Great Expectations (1998 film)")*, *[Sliding Doors](/wiki/Sliding_Doors "Sliding Doors")*, *[Hush](/wiki/Hush_%281998_film%29 "Hush (1998 film)")*, *[A Perfect Murder](/wiki/A_Perfect_Murder "A Perfect Murder")* and *[Shakespeare in Love](/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love "Shakespeare in Love")*. In the adaptation of the [Charles Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens "Charles Dickens") novel *[Great Expectations](/wiki/Great_Expectations "Great Expectations")*, also starring [Ethan Hawke](/wiki/Ethan_Hawke "Ethan Hawke"), [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro"), [Anne Bancroft](/wiki/Anne_Bancroft "Anne Bancroft") and [Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper "Chris Cooper"), she played the unrequited and haughty childhood love of a New York City painter. The British drama *Sliding Doors* saw her star as a woman whose life could take two central paths depending on whether or not she catches a train, causing different outcomes. *Great Expectations* and *Sliding Doors* both grossed over $55 million worldwide.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=greatexpectations.htm\|title\=Great Expectations (1998\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 26, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626200332/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=greatexpectations.htm\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.the\-numbers.com/movie/Sliding\-Doors\|title\=Sliding Doors (1998\) \- Financial Information\|website\=The Numbers\|access\-date\=September 28, 2019\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928051310/https://www.the\-numbers.com/movie/Sliding\-Doors\|url\-status\=live}} Paltrow starred opposite [Jessica Lange](/wiki/Jessica_Lange "Jessica Lange") in the thriller *[Hush](/wiki/Hush_%281998_film%29 "Hush (1998 film)")*, as an unsuspecting woman living with her psychotic mother\-in\-law. The film made $13\.5 million domestically and was generally panned by critics.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=hush.htm\|title\=Hush (1998\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 26, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626200331/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=hush.htm\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hush\-1998\|title\=Hush Movie Review \& Film Summary (1998\) – Roger Ebert\|first\=Roger\|last\=Ebert\|website\=www.rogerebert.com\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=October 31, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031112417/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hush\-1998\|url\-status\=live}} In another thriller, *A Perfect Murder*, inspired by [Alfred Hitchcock](/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock "Alfred Hitchcock")'s 1954 film, *[Dial M for Murder](/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder "Dial M for Murder")*, Paltrow starred alongside [Michael Douglas](/wiki/Michael_Douglas "Michael Douglas"), playing Emily Taylor, who was based on [Grace Kelly](/wiki/Grace_Kelly "Grace Kelly")'s character from the original film. Despite a mixed critical response towards *A Perfect Murder*, the film grossed $128 million globally.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=perfectmurder.htm\|title\=A Perfect Murder (1998\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 16, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716230845/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=perfectmurder.htm\|url\-status\=live}} She was also considered for the role of Rose DeWitt Bukater in the 1997 film *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 "Titanic (1997 film)")*.{{cite news \|last\=Ebert \|first\=Roger \|title\=A Perfect Murder Movie Review (1998\) \|url\=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a\-perfect\-murder\-1998 \|date\=June 5, 1998 \|work\=Chicago Sun\-Times \|access\-date\=April 17, 2013 \|archive\-date\=June 2, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602134222/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a\-perfect\-murder\-1998 \|url\-status\=live }} [thumb\|upright\|Paltrow at the [2000 Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/2000_Toronto_International_Film_Festival "2000 Toronto International Film Festival")](/wiki/File:GwynethPaltrowTIFF00_adj.jpg "GwynethPaltrowTIFF00 adj.jpg") Her most critically acclaimed role in the year was that of the fictional lover of [William Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") in *[Shakespeare in Love](/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love "Shakespeare in Love")*, opposite [Joseph Fiennes](/wiki/Joseph_Fiennes "Joseph Fiennes") in the titular part. *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly")* commented, "Best of all is Gwyneth Paltrow, who, at long last, has a movie to star in that's as radiant as she is."{{cite magazine \|title\=Shakespeare in Love review \|url\=https://ew.com/article/1998/12/11/shakespeare\-love\-3/ \|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly \|author\=Owen Gleiberman \|date\=December 11, 1998 \|access\-date\=October 2, 2019 \|archive\-date\=November 5, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105055204/https://ew.com/article/1998/12/11/shakespeare\-love\-3/ \|url\-status\=live }} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* summed up her performance as Viola thus: "Gwyneth Paltrow, in her first great, fully realized starring performance, makes a heroine so breathtaking that she seems utterly plausible as the playwright's guiding light."{{cite news \|title\=Shakespeare Saw a Therapist? \|url\=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9B05E4D9103AF932A25751C1A96E958260 \|work\=The New York Times \|author\=Janet Maslin \|date\=December 11, 1998 \|access\-date\=February 8, 2017 \|archive\-date\=October 7, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007230130/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9B05E4D9103AF932A25751C1A96E958260 \|url\-status\=live }} *Shakespeare in Love* made $289 million in box office receipts,{{cite news \|title\=Globes to 'Shakespeare' and 'Ryan' \|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9D02EED61439F936A15752C0A96F958260 \|work\=The New York Times \|author\=James Sterngold \|date\=January 25, 1999 \|access\-date\=February 8, 2017 \|archive\-date\=September 15, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915003240/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/25/movies/globes\-to\-shakespeare\-and\-ryan.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=980DE6DE1131F931A15750C0A96F958260 \|title\='Shakespeare' Best Picture But Spielberg Best Director \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=March 22, 1999 \|author\=Bernard Weinraub \|access\-date\=February 8, 2017 \|archive\-date\=September 15, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915003240/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/22/movies/shakespeare\-best\-picture\-but\-spielberg\-best\-director.html \|url\-status\=live }} and won Paltrow the [Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role "Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role"),{{cite news\|url\=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/174142/Shakespeare\-in\-Love/awards \|title\=''Shakespeare in Love'' (1998\) – Awards \|access\-date\=April 28, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114745/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/174142/Shakespeare\-in\-Love/awards \|department\=Movies \& TV Dept. \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=2012 \|archive\-date\=November 4, 2012 }} [Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Comedy_or_Musical "Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical"), and [Academy Award for Best Actress](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress "Academy Award for Best Actress"), among other honors. The [pink Ralph Lauren dress](/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow "Pink Ralph Lauren dress of Gwyneth Paltrow") she wore to the [71st Academy Awards](/wiki/71st_Academy_Awards "71st Academy Awards") in collecting her Oscar was extremely popular and was credited for bringing pink back into fashion.{{cite book \|last1\=Gale \|first1\=Colin \|last2\=Kaur \|first2\=Jasbir \|title\=Fashion and textiles: an overview \|url\=https://archive.org/details/fashiontextileso0000gale \|url\-access\=registration \|access\-date\=May 16, 2011 \|year\=2004 \|publisher\=Berg Publishers \|isbn\=978\-1\-85973\-818\-4 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/fashiontextileso0000gale/page/78 78]}} In 1999, Paltrow co\-starred alongside [Jude Law](/wiki/Jude_Law "Jude Law"), [Matt Damon](/wiki/Matt_Damon "Matt Damon") and [Cate Blanchett](/wiki/Cate_Blanchett "Cate Blanchett") in the psychological thriller *[The Talented Mr. Ripley](/wiki/The_Talented_Mr._Ripley_%28film%29 "The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)")*, as the fiancée of a rich and spoiled millionaire playboy (Law) whose identity is adopted by a con artist (Damon). While *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, noting the "very underwritten" female roles in the story, found her to be "peaky and pallid",{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/feb/25/culture.peterbradshaw\|title\=The Talented Mr Ripley\|first\=Peter\|last\=Bradshaw\|date\=February 25, 2000\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=June 20, 2017\|archive\-date\=March 14, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314132828/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/feb/25/culture.peterbradshaw\|url\-status\=live}} the film received positive reviews and grossed $80 million in North America.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the\-talented\-mr\-ripley \|title\=''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' at \|publisher\=Metacritic.com \|date\=December 24, 1999 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2012 \|archive\-date\=April 8, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408184822/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the\-talented\-mr\-ripley \|url\-status\=live }} She showcased her singing ability in 2000s *[Duets](/wiki/Duets_%28film%29 "Duets (film)")*, which was directed by her father and co\-starred singer [Huey Lewis](/wiki/Huey_Lewis "Huey Lewis"). In the film, about "the little known world of karaoke competitions and the wayward characters who inhabit it", she portrayed the estranged daughter of a [hustler](/wiki/Hustling "Hustling") (Lewis). She performed a [cover version](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") of [Smokey Robinson](/wiki/Smokey_Robinson "Smokey Robinson")'s "[Cruisin'](/wiki/Cruisin%27_%28Smokey_Robinson_song%29 "Cruisin' (Smokey Robinson song)"), which was released as a single and went to number one in Australia, while her rendition of the [Kim Carnes](/wiki/Kim_Carnes "Kim Carnes") classic "[Bette Davis Eyes](/wiki/Bette_Davis_Eyes "Bette Davis Eyes")" reached number three.{{cite web \|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow – Bette Davis Eyes (Song) \|url\=http://australian\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\=Gwyneth\+Paltrow\&titel\=Bette\+Davis\+Eyes\&cat\=s \|work\=www.australian\-charts.com \|access\-date\=July 17, 2012 \|archive\-date\=November 13, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113191414/http://www.australian\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\=Gwyneth\+Paltrow\&titel\=Bette\+Davis\+Eyes\&cat\=s \|url\-status\=live }} Also in 2000, Paltrow co\-starred with [Ben Affleck](/wiki/Ben_Affleck "Ben Affleck") in the moderately successful romantic drama *[Bounce](/wiki/Bounce_%28film%29 "Bounce (film)")* as Abby Janello. She starred with [Jack Black](/wiki/Jack_Black "Jack Black") in the comedy *[Shallow Hal](/wiki/Shallow_Hal "Shallow Hal")* (2001\), about a shallow man falling in love with an overweight woman. Her role required that she wear a specially designed 25\-pound [fatsuit](/wiki/Fatsuit "Fatsuit") and heavy makeup. *Shallow Hal* opened with $22\.5 million and grossed $70\.7 million in North America and $141\.1 million around the globe.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=shallowhal.htm \|title\=Shallow Hal \|website\=\[\[Box Office Mojo]] \|access\-date\=April 17, 2020 \|archive\-date\=October 4, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004151434/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=shallowhal.htm \|url\-status\=live }} [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert "Roger Ebert") remarked that she was "truly touching" in the film, which he described as "often very funny, but ... also surprisingly moving at times."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/shallow\-hal\-2001\|title\=Shallow Hal Movie Review \& Film Summary (2001\) – Roger Ebert\|first\=Roger\|last\=Ebert\|website\=www.rogerebert.com\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=April 12, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004212/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/shallow\-hal\-2001\|url\-status\=live}} In the [Wes Anderson](/wiki/Wes_Anderson "Wes Anderson") dramedy *[The Royal Tenenbaums](/wiki/The_Royal_Tenenbaums "The Royal Tenenbaums")* (2001\), co\-starring [Gene Hackman](/wiki/Gene_Hackman "Gene Hackman"), [Anjelica Huston](/wiki/Anjelica_Huston "Anjelica Huston"), [Ben Stiller](/wiki/Ben_Stiller "Ben Stiller") and [Luke Wilson](/wiki/Luke_Wilson "Luke Wilson"), Paltrow took on the role of the adopted daughter in an estranged family of former child prodigies reuniting with their father. A positive critical response greeted the film upon its release, and it made $71\.4 million worldwide.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=royaltenenbaums.htm\|title\=The Royal Tenenbaums (2001\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 12, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812063040/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=royaltenenbaums.htm\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2002–2007: Career fluctuations In 2004, it was noted that since her Oscar win for *Shakespeare in Love*, Paltrow's film career had been less noteworthy, and critical acclaim had waned.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3621488/Curse\-of\-the\-Best\-Actress\-Oscar.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3621488/Curse\-of\-the\-Best\-Actress\-Oscar.html \|archive\-date\=January 10, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Curse of the Best Actress Oscar\|last\=Gritten\|first\=David\|date\=July 30, 2004\|work\=Telegraph.co.uk\|access\-date\=July 30, 2017}}{{cbignore}} She said she was unequipped for the pressure, leading to several bad film choices,{{cite news \|last\=Zeidler \|first\=Sue \|title\=Is winning an Oscar a curse or a blessing? \|url\=http://www.film.com/news/story/entertainmentoscarscursedc/13303376 \|publisher\=Film.com \|date\=January 30, 2007 \|access\-date\=October 4, 2007 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222429/http://www.film.com/news/story/entertainmentoscarscursedc/13303376 \|url\-status\=live }} agreeing with peers who believe the win is, in some ways, a curse.{{cite news \|last\=Soden \|first\=Blair \|title\=Is Winning An Oscar a Blessing or a Curse? \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Oscars2007/Story?id\=2902805\&page\=1 \|work\=ABC News \|date\=February 25, 2007 \|access\-date\=April 17, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920123345/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Oscars2007/story?id\=2902805\&page\=1 \|url\-status\=live }} During this time, Paltrow rarely appeared in films, having taken a hiatus to raise her two children. In *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, she said she divided her career into movies for love and films for money: *The Royal Tenenbaums*, *[Proof](/wiki/Proof_%282005_film%29 "Proof (2005 film)")*, and *[Sylvia](/wiki/Sylvia_%282003_film%29 "Sylvia (2003 film)")* fell into the former category, while she signed on to *[View from the Top](/wiki/View_from_the_Top "View from the Top")* and *Shallow Hal* for the latter. In 2002, Paltrow made small appearances in the documentary *[Searching for Debra Winger](/wiki/Searching_for_Debra_Winger "Searching for Debra Winger")* and the action satire comedy *[Austin Powers in Goldmember](/wiki/Austin_Powers_in_Goldmember "Austin Powers in Goldmember")*, while she starred in the thriller\-drama *[Possession](/wiki/Possession_%282002_film%29 "Possession (2002 film)")* with [Aaron Eckhart](/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart "Aaron Eckhart") as a couple of literary scholars who unearth the amorous secret of two [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era") poets as they find themselves falling under a deepening connection. The film made a lukewarm $14\.8 million worldwide.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=possession.htm\|title\=Possession (2002\) (2002\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204437/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=possession.htm\|url\-status\=live}} In the following year, she headlined the romantic comedy *[View from the Top](/wiki/View_from_the_Top "View from the Top")*, where she played the part of a woman from a small town who sets out to fulfill her dream of becoming a flight attendant. Budgeted at $30 million, the film only earned $7 million in its opening weekend; it eventually grossed $15\.6 domestically and $19,526,014 worldwide.{{mojo title\|viewfromthetop\|View from the Top}} She later disparaged the film, calling it "terrible".xfinity.comcast.net ["A\-Lister Movie Mistakes"](http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment-moviemistakes/23/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924062524/http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment\-moviemistakes/23/ \|date\=September 24, 2012}} Paltrow starred as the titular role in *[Sylvia](/wiki/Sylvia_%282003_film%29 "Sylvia (2003 film)")* (2003\), a British [biographical](/wiki/Biographical_film "Biographical film") drama directed by [Christine Jeffs](/wiki/Christine_Jeffs "Christine Jeffs") and co\-starring [Daniel Craig](/wiki/Daniel_Craig "Daniel Craig") chronicling the romance between prominent poets [Sylvia Plath](/wiki/Sylvia_Plath "Sylvia Plath") and [Ted Hughes](/wiki/Ted_Hughes "Ted Hughes"). Distributed for a limited release in most markets, *Sylvia* made $2\.9 million internationally.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=sylvia.htm\|title\=Sylvia (2003\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232726/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=sylvia.htm\|url\-status\=live}} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, in its review of the film, wrote that "her performance goes well beyond mimicry. She has a vivid, passionate presence, even when her lively features have gone slack with depression and her bright blue eyes have glazed over."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9F0CE2DF143EF934A25753C1A9659C8B63\|title\=FILM REVIEW; A Poet's Death, A Death's Poetry\|first\=A. O.\|last\=Scott\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=October 17, 2003\|access\-date\=August 29, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 15, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015095242/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9F0CE2DF143EF934A25753C1A9659C8B63\|url\-status\=live}} In 2004, she starred with her *The Talented Mr. Ripley* co\-star Jude Law and [Angelina Jolie](/wiki/Angelina_Jolie "Angelina Jolie") in the science fiction film *[Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow](/wiki/Sky_Captain_and_the_World_of_Tomorrow "Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow")*. Her role was Polly Perkins, the reporter for the fictional *New York Chronicle*. Law became one of the producers of the film and used his clout to get Paltrow involved. Once she had been suggested for the role, Law did not remember "any other name coming up. It just seems that she was perfect. She was as enthusiastic about the script and about the visual references that were sort of put to her, and jumped on board." She said in an interview, "I thought that this is the time to do a movie like this where it's kind of breaking into new territory and it's not your basic formulaic action\-adventure movie."{{cite news \|last\=Douglas \|first\=Edward \|title\=The Making of ''Sky Captain'' – Part 3! \|work\=ComingSoon.net \|date\=September 14, 2004 \|url\=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/topnews.php?id\=6284 \|access\-date\=December 20, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605022651/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/topnews.php?id\=6384 \|archive\-date\=June 5, 2008}} While critical response was positive, with a budget of $70 million, *Sky Captain* only grossed $58 million at the international box office.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=skycaptain.htm\|title\=Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 28, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728085028/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=skycaptain.htm\|url\-status\=live}} Also in 2004, she was recognized as an outstanding woman in entertainment by [Women in Film Los Angeles](/wiki/Women_in_Film_Crystal_%2B_Lucy_Awards "Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards") with the [Crystal Award](/wiki/Crystal_Award "Crystal Award").{{cite web\|last\=Silverman\|first\=Stephen M.\|author\-link\=Stephen M. Silverman\|title\=Hollywood Women Honor Gwyneth and Mom\|url\=https://people.com/celebrity/hollywood\-women\-honor\-gwyneth\-and\-mom/\|work\=People\|access\-date\=March 10, 2019\|date\=June 21, 2004\|archive\-date\=September 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910173734/http://people.com/celebrity/hollywood\-women\-honor\-gwyneth\-and\-mom/\|url\-status\=live}} In the drama *[Proof](/wiki/Proof_%282005_film%29 "Proof (2005 film)")* (2005\), she starred as the depressed daughter of a brilliant, eccentric mathematician (played by [Anthony Hopkins](/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins "Anthony Hopkins")). The film was based on the [play of the same name](/wiki/Proof_%28play%29 "Proof (play)"), in which Paltrow also played the same character at London's [Donmar Warehouse](/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse "Donmar Warehouse") between May and June 2002\. On her portrayal in the film version, *Eye for Film* remarked: "As she has already shown in *Sylvia*, *The Royal Tenenbaums* and even *Sliding Doors*, Paltrow has an uncanny talent for playing women who are coming apart at the seams and her \[character] veers from lovably eccentric to more disturbingly unhinged and back again with fluent ease. The scenes, which she and Hopkins share, as two difficult people bound together by affection, dependency, and mutual respect, are entirely believable and all the more touching for it."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/proof\-film\-review\-by\-anton\-bitel\|title\=Proof (2005\) Movie Review from Eye for Film\|website\=www.eyeforfilm.co.uk\|access\-date\=June 20, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 7, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214605/http://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/proof\-film\-review\-by\-anton\-bitel\|url\-status\=live}} For her performance, Paltrow received her second Golden Globe nomination for [Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Drama "Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama"). Paltrow filmed small roles for the 2006 films *[Love and Other Disasters](/wiki/Love_and_Other_Disasters "Love and Other Disasters")*, *[Running with Scissors](/wiki/Running_with_Scissors_%28film%29 "Running with Scissors (film)")* and *[Infamous](/wiki/Infamous_%282006_film%29 "Infamous (2006 film)")*, where she sang [Cole Porter](/wiki/Cole_Porter "Cole Porter")'s "[What Is This Thing Called Love?](/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Love%3F "What Is This Thing Called Love?")" Her brother [Jake Paltrow](/wiki/Jake_Paltrow "Jake Paltrow") directed her in his feature debut, the romantic comedy *[The Good Night](/wiki/The_Good_Night "The Good Night")* (2007\), in which she starred opposite [Penélope Cruz](/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz "Penélope Cruz"), [Martin Freeman](/wiki/Martin_Freeman "Martin Freeman"), [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito "Danny DeVito") and [Simon Pegg](/wiki/Simon_Pegg "Simon Pegg") as the wife of a former keyboard player (Freeman). The film received a two\-theater run in North America and garnered mixed reviews from critics.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=goodnight.htm\|title\=The Good Night (2007\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=May 19, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519185846/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=goodnight.htm\|url\-status\=live}} *View London* believed the actress was "clearly only playing her part as a courtesy to her director brother and it just makes you wish she'd go back to playing lead roles again."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/films/the\-good\-night\-film\-review\-22309\.html\|title\=The Good Night\|website\=ViewLondon\|access\-date\=June 20, 2017\|archive\-date\=September 15, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915003247/https://www.view.co.uk/films/the\-good\-night\-film\-review\-22309\.html\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2008–2013: Marvel Cinematic Universe and revival Paltrow saw a resurgence in her career in 2008 when she was cast in *[Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man_%282008_film%29 "Iron Man (2008 film)")* as [Pepper Potts](/wiki/Pepper_Potts "Pepper Potts"), [Tony Stark](/wiki/Tony_Stark_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)")'s personal assistant, closest friend, and budding love interest.{{cite web\|last\=Green\|first\=Willow\|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow Joins Iron Man\|url\=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/gwyneth\-paltrow\-joins\-iron\-man/\|website\=Empire\|access\-date\=October 2, 2019\|date\=January 17, 2007\|archive\-date\=April 8, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408063039/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/gwyneth\-paltrow\-joins\-iron\-man/\|url\-status\=live}} First hesitant to appear in a big\-budget project, Paltrow asked [Marvel](/wiki/Marvel_Comics "Marvel Comics") to send her any comics they would consider relevant to her understanding of the character, whom she considered to be very smart, levelheaded, and grounded. She said she liked "the fact that there's a sexuality that's not blatant". The director [Jon Favreau](/wiki/Jon_Favreau "Jon Favreau") wanted Potts and Stark's relationship to be reminiscent of the 1940s [screwball comedy](/wiki/Screwball_comedy "Screwball comedy"), something which Paltrow considered to be fun in an "innocent yet sexy" way.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.superherohype.com/features/96461\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-plays\-pepper\-potts\|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow Plays Pepper Potts – SuperHeroHype\|date\=April 30, 2008\|access\-date\=June 21, 2017\|archive\-date\=January 7, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107171521/http://www.superherohype.com/features/96461\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-plays\-pepper\-potts\|url\-status\=live}} *Iron Man* was favorably received by critics, and with a worldwide gross of $585 million, it became Paltrow's highest\-grossing film until *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%282012_film%29 "The Avengers (2012 film)")* (2012\).{{cite web \|url\=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=ironman.htm \|title\=Iron Man (2008\) \|access\-date\=April 24, 2011 \|website\=\[\[Box Office Mojo]] \|archive\-date\=May 31, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531032559/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=ironman.htm \|url\-status\=live }} She reprised her role in the sequels *[Iron Man 2](/wiki/Iron_Man_2 "Iron Man 2")* (2010\) and *[Iron Man 3](/wiki/Iron_Man_3 "Iron Man 3")* (2013\). While the second film grossed $623\.9 million internationally,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=ironman2\.htm\|title\=Iron Man 2 (2010\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 8, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908070802/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=ironman2\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} the third entry went on to gross $1\.215 billion.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=ironman3\.htm\|title\=Iron Man 3 (2013\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=October 23, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023172954/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=ironman3\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} She also reprised the role in *[Spider\-Man: Homecoming](/wiki/Spider-Man:Homecoming "Homecoming")* (2017\), *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War "Infinity War")* (2018\), and *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame "Endgame")* (2019\). Paltrow starred opposite [Joaquin Phoenix](/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix "Joaquin Phoenix") in the romantic drama *[Two Lovers](/wiki/Two_Lovers_%282008_film%29 "Two Lovers (2008 film)")* (2008\), playing the beautiful but volatile new neighbor of a depressed bachelor. *Two Lovers* premiered in competition at the [2008 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2008_Cannes_Film_Festival "2008 Cannes Film Festival") in May, receiving largely positive reviews,{{cite journal\|last\=Bennett \|first\=Ray \|title\=Reviews: ''Two Lovers'' \|journal\=The Hollywood Reporter, the Daily from Cannes \|issue\=8 \|page\=9 \|date\=May 21, 2008}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/two\_lovers/\|title\=Two Lovers Movie Reviews, Pictures\|publisher\=Rotten Tomatoes\|work\=IGN Entertainment\|access\-date\=February 21, 2009\|archive\-date\=March 25, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325023902/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/two\_lovers/\|url\-status\=live}} especially for Paltrow's and Phoenix's performances. According to the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*, "Phoenix is at his best with Paltrow's bruised sparrow of a girl; he's desperate to take care of her when he can't even take care of himself. She is one of those actresses who understands the power of a look, and the one of regret and then resignation that overtakes her when Leonard professes his love is steeped in sadness."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la\-et\-twolovers13\-2009feb13\-story.html\|title\=Review: 'Two Lovers'\|date\=February 13, 2009\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 26, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626200327/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la\-et\-twolovers13\-2009feb13\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}} The film was an arthouse success, grossing $16 million worldwide.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=twolovers.htm\|title\=Two Lovers\|website\=\[\[Box Office Mojo]]\|access\-date\=March 22, 2015\|archive\-date\=April 20, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420092922/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=twolovers.htm\|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|upright\|Paltrow at the [84th Academy Awards](/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards "84th Academy Awards") in 2012](/wiki/File:Gwyneth_Paltrow_2012.jpg "Gwyneth Paltrow 2012.jpg") In the musical drama *[Country Strong](/wiki/Country_Strong "Country Strong")* (2010\), Paltrow starred as an emotionally unstable country music star who attempts to resurrect her career. She recorded the song "Country Strong" for the film's soundtrack,{{cite web \|url\=http://us99country.radio.com/2010/12/15/photo\-gallery\-country\-strong\-premiere \|title\=Country Strong Hits Hollywood \|publisher\=Us99country.radio.com \|date\=December 15, 2010 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313052400/http://us99country.radio.com/2010/12/15/photo\-gallery\-country\-strong\-premiere/ \|archive\-date\=March 13, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead}} and it was released to country radio stations in August 2010\.[Paltrow Says Love Don't Let Me Down](https://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=26407) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115910/http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID\=26407 \|date\=September 24, 2015 }} Empire. December 3, 2009\. The film received mediocre reviews and grossed a modest $20\.2 million in North America.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=countrystrong.htm\|title\=Country Strong (2010\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 12, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712095222/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=countrystrong.htm\|url\-status\=live}} The consensus of review\-aggregation website [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes "Rotten Tomatoes") was: "The cast gives it their all, and Paltrow handles her songs with aplomb, but *Country Strong*{{'}}s clichéd, disjointed screenplay hits too many bum notes."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/country\_strong\|title\=Country Strong (2011\)\|publisher\=Rotten Tomatoes\|access\-date\=June 21, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 30, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830074959/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/country\_strong\|url\-status\=live}} At the [83rd Academy Awards](/wiki/83rd_Academy_Awards "83rd Academy Awards"), Paltrow performed another song from the film, "[Coming Home](/wiki/Country_Strong_%28soundtrack%29 "Country Strong (soundtrack)")", which was nominated for [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song "Academy Award for Best Original Song").{{cite news\|title\=Presenters \& Performers for the 83rd Academy Awards \|url\=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/83/presenters.html \|publisher\=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences \|date\=December 13, 2010 \|access\-date\=February 24, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070639/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/83/presenters.html \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2011 }} Paltrow made her first scripted television appearance{{cite web\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/criticscorner/2010\-11\-15\-critics\-corner\_N.htm\|title\=Critic's Corner Tuesday: 'Glee,' 'NCIS{{'\-}}\|first\=Robert\|last\=Bianco\|date\=November 17, 2010\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|access\-date\=September 26, 2011\|archive\-date\=February 9, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209074457/http://www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/criticscorner/2010\-11\-15\-critics\-corner\_N.htm\|url\-status\=live}} on Fox's *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 "Glee (TV series)")*, as substitute teacher [Holly Holliday](/wiki/Holly_Holliday "Holly Holliday"), who fills in for [Matthew Morrison](/wiki/Matthew_Morrison "Matthew Morrison")'s character when he falls ill. Her role was developed by co\-creator [Ryan Murphy](/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_%28producer%29 "Ryan Murphy (producer)"), a personal friend of Paltrow's, who suggested that she showcase her vocal and dancing abilities ahead of the release of *Country Strong*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.usmagazine.com/moviestvmusic/news/new\-details\-on\-gwyneth\-paltrows\-upcoming\-glee\-gig\-2010279\|title\=New Details on Gwyneth Paltrow's Upcoming Glee Gig\|date\=September 27, 2010\|work\=\[\[Us Weekly]]\|access\-date\=September 26, 2011\|archive\-date\=September 27, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927223834/http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/new\-details\-on\-gwyneth\-paltrows\-upcoming\-glee\-gig\-2010279\|url\-status\=live}} In her first episode, "The Substitute", she sang "[Nowadays](/wiki/Nowadays "Nowadays")" from the musical *[Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_%28musical%29 "Chicago (musical)")* with [Lea Michele](/wiki/Lea_Michele "Lea Michele"), [CeeLo Green](/wiki/CeeLo_Green "CeeLo Green")'s "[Forget You](/wiki/Fuck_You_%28CeeLo_Green_song%29 "Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)")", and a mash\-up of "[Singin' In the Rain](/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_%28song%29 "Singin' in the Rain (song)")" and [Rihanna](/wiki/Rihanna "Rihanna")'s "[Umbrella](/wiki/Umbrella_%28song%29 "Umbrella (song)")" with Morrison and the rest of the cast.{{cite web \|url\=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/11/glee\-peek\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-matthew\-morrison\-share\-an\-umbrella\-1\.html \|title\='Glee' peek: Gwyneth Paltrow, Matthew Morrison share an umbrella \|last\=Nguyen \|first\=Hahn \|date\=November 5, 2010 \|work\=\[\[Zap2it]] \|publisher\=\[\[Tribune Media Services]] \|access\-date\=November 5, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107160711/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/11/glee\-peek\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-matthew\-morrison\-share\-an\-umbrella\-1\.html \|archive\-date\=November 7, 2010}} Her debut on *Glee* attracted significant buzz and positive commentary from critics; she won a [Primetime Emmy Award](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award "Primetime Emmy Award") for [Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tvline.com/2011/09/emmy\-awards\-2011\-creative\-arts\-winners/\|title\=Emmys: HBO Dominates Early Races With 15 Wins; Glee, Grey's, SNL, Community Grab Gold\|first\=Matt\|last\=Mitovich\|date\=September 10, 2011\|work\=TVLine\|access\-date\=September 10, 2011\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019020351/http://www.tvline.com/2011/09/emmy\-awards\-2011\-creative\-arts\-winners/\|url\-status\=dead}} Indeed, at the time, *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly")*{{'s}} Tim Stack and *[E! Online](/wiki/E%21_Online "E! Online")*{{'}}s [Kristin dos Santos](/wiki/Kristin_dos_Santos "Kristin dos Santos") called her appearance Emmy\-worthy, with the former rating it among her best performances, and the latter stating that Holly received "some of *Glee*{{'s}} best\-ever one\-liners".{{cite magazine\|url\=https://ew.com/recap/give\-gwyneth\-the\-emmy/\|title\=Glee recap: Give Gwyneth the Emmy!\|last\=Stack\|first\=Tim\|date\=November 17, 2010\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly\|access\-date\=September 26, 2011\|archive\-date\=June 26, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626200334/https://ew.com/recap/give\-gwyneth\-the\-emmy/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/watch\_with\_kristin/b211691\_glee\-dux\_gwyneth\_paltrow\_makes\_her.html\|title\=Glee\-Dux: Gwyneth Paltrow Makes Her Debut, Flirts With Schue—and Sue Takes Over, Too!\|first\=Jenna\|last\=Mullins\|date\=November 16, 2010\|work\=E! Online\|publisher\=NBCUniversal\|access\-date\=November 17, 2010\|archive\-date\=October 1, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001061248/http://www.eonline.com/news/211691/glee\-dux\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-makes\-her\-debut\-flirts\-with\-schue\-and\-sue\-takes\-over\-too\|url\-status\=live}} Paltrow later performed "Forget You" with CeeLo Green himself and several puppet characters provided by [The Jim Henson Company](/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company "The Jim Henson Company") at the [2011 Grammy Awards](/wiki/53rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards "53rd Annual Grammy Awards").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301\-31749\_162\-20031723\-10391698\.html \|title\="Cee Lo Green Takes Flight With Gwyneth Paltrow and The Muppets" February 13, 2011, Celebrity Circuit \|work\=CBS News \|date\=February 13, 2011 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210144758/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301\-31749\_162\-20031723\-10391698\.html \|archive\-date\=February 10, 2012}} She reprised her role twice more that season, performing ["Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)](/wiki/Do_You_Wanna_Touch_Me "Do You Wanna Touch Me")" by [Gary Glitter](/wiki/Gary_Glitter "Gary Glitter"), an [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_music "Acoustic music") version of "[Landslide](/wiki/Landslide_%28Fleetwood_Mac_song%29 "Landslide (Fleetwood Mac song)")" by [Fleetwood Mac](/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac "Fleetwood Mac"), "[Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28Prince_song%29 "Kiss (Prince song)")" by [Prince](/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29 "Prince (musician)"), and [Adele](/wiki/Adele "Adele")'s "[Turning Tables](/wiki/Turning_Tables "Turning Tables")". Paltrow was briefly featured in *[Glee: The 3D Concert Movie](/wiki/Glee:The_3D_Concert_Movie "The 3D Concert Movie")* after being filmed while she performed "Forget You" as Holly in the 2011 [Glee Live! In Concert!](/wiki/Glee_Live%21_In_Concert%21 "Glee Live! In Concert!") tour performances of June 16 and 17, 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/celebrities/index.ssf/2011/06/glee\_concert\_film\_gwyneth\_palt.html\|title\={{\-'}}Glee' at the Izod Center: Gwyneth Paltrow makes surprise appearance for concert film taping\|date\=June 17, 2011\|work\=\[\[The Star\-Ledger]] (\[\[Sam Apple]])\|access\-date\=September 27, 2011\|archive\-date\=August 26, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826052352/http://www.nj.com/entertainment/celebrities/index.ssf/2011/06/glee\_concert\_film\_gwyneth\_palt.html\|url\-status\=live}} Later that year, Paltrow appeared in [Steven Soderbergh](/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh "Steven Soderbergh")'s film *[Contagion](/wiki/Contagion_%282011_film%29 "Contagion (2011 film)")*, featuring an [ensemble cast](/wiki/Ensemble_cast "Ensemble cast") consisting of [Marion Cotillard](/wiki/Marion_Cotillard "Marion Cotillard"), [Kate Winslet](/wiki/Kate_Winslet "Kate Winslet") and her *The Talented Mr. Ripley* co\-stars [Matt Damon](/wiki/Matt_Damon "Matt Damon") and [Jude Law](/wiki/Jude_Law "Jude Law"). The thriller follows the rapid progress of a lethal indirect contact [transmission virus](/wiki/Transmission_%28medicine%29 "Transmission (medicine)") that kills within days.{{cite news \|author\=Mike Eisenberg \|title\='Contagion' footage at CinemaCon is 'Outbreak' Meets 'Children of Men' \|url\=https://screenrant.com/contagion\-steven\-soderbergh\-cinemacon\-mikee\-109354/ \|work\=Screen Rant \|date\=April 5, 2011 \|access\-date\=April 24, 2011 \|archive\-date\=April 11, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411181759/http://screenrant.com/contagion\-steven\-soderbergh\-cinemacon\-mikee\-109354/ \|url\-status\=live }} Paltrow played Elizabeth Emhoff, a "[working mom](/wiki/Working_parent "Working parent")" and one of the virus' first victims.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.visualhollywood.com/movies\_2011/contagion/notes.pdf \|title\=Contagion Production Notes \|access\-date\=June 25, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008172249/http://visualhollywood.com/movies\_2011/contagion/notes.pdf \|archive\-date\=October 8, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}} *Contagion* received positive reviews and opened atop at the North American box office with $23\.1 million; it went on to gross $75\.6 million domestically and $135\.4 million worldwide.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=contagion.htm\|title\=Contagion (2011\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123513/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=contagion.htm\|url\-status\=live}} Paltrow reprised her role of [Pepper Potts](/wiki/Pepper_Potts "Pepper Potts") in *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%282012_film%29 "The Avengers (2012 film)")* (2012\), which set numerous box office records, including the biggest opening weekend in North America; it grossed over $1\.5 billion worldwide, becoming Paltrow's most widely seen film.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=avengers11\.htm\|title\=Marvel's The Avengers (2012\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 23, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323120633/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=avengers11\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} Also in 2012, she starred in the independent romantic [dramedy](/wiki/Comedy_drama "Comedy drama") *[Thanks for Sharing](/wiki/Thanks_for_Sharing "Thanks for Sharing")*, opposite [Mark Ruffalo](/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo "Mark Ruffalo") as people learning to face a challenging and confusing road as they struggle together against [sex addiction](/wiki/Sexual_addiction "Sexual addiction"). Distributed for a limited release in certain parts of the United States, the film garnered mixed reviews and grossed $1 million domestically.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=thanksforsharing.htm\|title\=Thanks for Sharing (2013\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=December 15, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172029/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=thanksforsharing.htm\|url\-status\=live}} *[Paste](/wiki/Paste_%28magazine%29 "Paste (magazine)")* magazine noted that her role: "...exhibits some of the same obsessive diet and exercise habits that Paltrow herself has been accused of{{mdash}}a kind of meta character trait that balances the power in \[the main roles'] budding relationship."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2013/09/thanks\-for\-sharing.html\|title\=Thanks for Sharing\|date\=September 20, 2013\|website\=pastemagazine.com\|access\-date\=June 21, 2017\|archive\-date\=July 8, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708225530/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2013/09/thanks\-for\-sharing.html\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2014–present: Acting sporadically In 2014, Paltrow had a two\-episode arc in the improvised online series *[Web Therapy](/wiki/Web_Therapy_%28TV_series%29 "Web Therapy (TV series)")*, as Maya Ganesh, "a new\-age caricature".{{cite web \|last1\=Baylis \|first1\=Sheila Cosgrove \|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow Makes Fun of Herself on Web Therapy \|url\=https://people.com/tv/gwyneth\-paltrow\-makes\-fun\-of\-herself\-on\-web\-therapy/ \|website\=People \|access\-date\=March 10, 2019 \|date\=October 23, 2014 \|archive\-date\=November 27, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110542/https://people.com/tv/gwyneth\-paltrow\-makes\-fun\-of\-herself\-on\-web\-therapy/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2015, she starred in *[Mortdecai](/wiki/Mortdecai_%28film%29 "Mortdecai (film)")*,{{cite web\|title\=The film Mortdecai (2015\)partly shot at Hedsor House UK \|publisher\=Hedsor House \|year\=2015 \|url\=http://www.hedsor.com/news/johnny\-depp\-stars\-in\-mortdecai/ \|access\-date\=January 20, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121173845/http://www.hedsor.com/news/johnny\-depp\-stars\-in\-mortdecai/ \|archive\-date\=January 21, 2015 }} alongside [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp "Johnny Depp"), [Olivia Munn](/wiki/Olivia_Munn "Olivia Munn"), and [Paul Bettany](/wiki/Paul_Bettany "Paul Bettany"). In it, she portrayed the wife of an unscrupulous art dealer and swindler (Depp). Budgeted at $60 million, the film only grossed $7\.7 million in North America and $47\.3 million internationally.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=mortdecai.htm\|title\=Mortdecai (2015\) – Box Office Mojo\|website\=Box Office Mojo\|access\-date\=April 17, 2020\|archive\-date\=October 21, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021094258/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\=mortdecai.htm\|url\-status\=live}} Paltrow was featured on the track "[Everglow](/wiki/Everglow_%28song%29 "Everglow (song)")", which was included in [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay")'s seventh studio album *[A Head Full of Dreams](/wiki/A_Head_Full_of_Dreams "A Head Full of Dreams")* (2015\).{{cite web \|url\=https://variety.com/2015/music/news/coldplay\-everglow\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-1201649586/ \|title\=Coldplay Debuts 'Everglow,' Featuring Gwyneth Paltrow \|work\=Variety \|date\=November 28, 2015 \|access\-date\=December 11, 2017 \|archive\-date\=December 7, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207184320/http://variety.com/2015/music/news/coldplay\-everglow\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-1201649586/ \|url\-status\=live }} In June 2017, Paltrow announced that she would take a break from acting to focus on her business Goop, stating: "I'm still going to do a little bit here and there, but \[the company] really requires almost all of my time."{{cite web\|url\=http://people.com/celebrity/gwyneth\-paltrow\-moving\-away\-from\-acting\-for\-goop/\|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow Moving Away from Acting to Focus on Goop\|date\=June 15, 2017\|access\-date\=June 21, 2017\|archive\-date\=June 20, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620075808/http://people.com/celebrity/gwyneth\-paltrow\-moving\-away\-from\-acting\-for\-goop/\|url\-status\=live}} In 2019, Paltrow reprised her role as Pepper Potts in *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame "Endgame")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.polygon.com/2019/4/28/18520821/avengers\-endgame\-pepper\-potts\-rescue\|title\=Avengers: Endgame finally gives Pepper Potts one of her famous comic moments\|website\=Polygon.com\|first\=Justin\|last\=Carter\|date\=April 28, 2019\|access\-date\=October 12, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 28, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428195929/https://www.polygon.com/2019/4/28/18520821/avengers\-endgame\-pepper\-potts\-rescue\|url\-status\=live}} That same year, she played a supporting role in the [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") [comedy drama](/wiki/Comedy_drama "Comedy drama") series *[The Politician](/wiki/The_Politician_%28TV_series%29 "The Politician (TV series)")*, playing the mother of [Ben Platt](/wiki/Ben_Platt_%28actor%29 "Ben Platt (actor)")'s character.{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2018/02/ryan\-murphy\-series\-the\-politician\-netflix\-ben\-platt\-cast\-barbra\-streisand\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-in\-talks\-to\-star\-1202278255/\|title\=Netflix Nabs Ryan Murphy Series 'The Politician'; Ben Platt Set, Barbra Streisand \& Gwyneth Paltrow In Talks To Star\|last1\=Andreeva\|first1\=Nellie\|date\=February 5, 2018\|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]]\|access\-date\=October 12, 2019\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184017/https://deadline.com/2018/02/ryan\-murphy\-series\-the\-politician\-netflix\-ben\-platt\-cast\-barbra\-streisand\-gwyneth\-paltrow\-in\-talks\-to\-star\-1202278255/\|url\-status\=live}} In October 2021, [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") released *Sex, Love, and Goop*, a sex therapy\-themed series produced by and starring Paltrow.{{cite web\|last\=Haylock\|first\=Zoe\|date\=October 7, 2021\|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow Leads One Horny Cult in the Sex, Love, and Goop Trailer\|url\=https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/gwyneth\-paltrow\-stars\-in\-netflixs\-sex\-love\-and\-goop\-trailer.html\|access\-date\=October 17, 2021\|website\=Vulture\|archive\-date\=October 17, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017161228/https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/gwyneth\-paltrow\-stars\-in\-netflixs\-sex\-love\-and\-goop\-trailer.html\|url\-status\=live}} In 2023 Paltrow said that her responsibilities with Goop made her less likely to accept acting roles, stating, "Well, it would be very hard for me to do any acting right at the moment, just because of my job. But, I guess [Robert Downey Jr.](/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr. "Robert Downey Jr.") could probably always get me back. You know, to some degree."{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.etonline.com/gwyneth\-paltrow\-reveals\-which\-a\-list\-co\-star\-she\-would\-return\-to\-acting\-for\-exclusive\-214353\|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow Reveals Which A\-List Co\-Star She Would Return to Acting For (Exclusive)\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|author\=Seemayer, Zach\|url\-status\=live\|date\=November 6, 2023\|access\-date\=November 8, 2023\|archive\-date\=November 8, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20231108164626/https://www.etonline.com/gwyneth\-paltrow\-reveals\-which\-a\-list\-co\-star\-she\-would\-return\-to\-acting\-for\-exclusive\-214353}}{{cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/gwyneth\-paltrow\-acting\-break\-robert\-downey\-jr\-end\-it\-1235783784/\|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow Says Only Robert Downey Jr. Could Probably 'Get Me Back' Into Acting, but 'It's Very Hard' to Do That Right Now\|magazine\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|author\=Sharf, Zack\|url\-status\=live\|date\=November 8, 2023\|access\-date\=November 8, 2023\|archive\-date\=November 8, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20231108164240/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/gwyneth\-paltrow\-acting\-break\-robert\-downey\-jr\-end\-it\-1235783784/}} Paltrow will return to acting with [Josh Safdie](/wiki/Safdie_brothers "Safdie brothers")'s sports drama *[Marty Supreme](/wiki/Marty_Supreme "Marty Supreme")*, starring [Timothée Chalamet](/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet "Timothée Chalamet").{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2024/08/gwyneth\-paltrow\-joins\-marty\-supreme\-a24\-film\-timothee\-chalamet\-1236071517/\|date\=August 28, 2024\|title\=Gwyneth Paltrow To Star Opposite Timothée Chalamet In A24's ''Marty Supreme''\|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]]\|first\=Matt\|last\=Grobar\|accessdate\=August 28, 2024}}
[ "Career\n------", "### 1989–1995: Early work", "Her career beginnings can be credited to her acting family, as her acting debut was in *High* (1989\\), a TV film her father directed, and after spending several summers watching her mother perform at the [Williamstown Theatre Festival](/wiki/Williamstown_Theatre_Festival \"Williamstown Theatre Festival\") in [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"), Paltrow made her professional stage debut there in 1990\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow Biography \\|work\\=Yahoo! \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2011 \\|url\\=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018601/bio \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623064651/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018601/bio \\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2011 }} Her film debut followed with the musical romance film *[Shout](/wiki/Shout_%28film%29 \"Shout (film)\")* (1991\\), starring [John Travolta](/wiki/John_Travolta \"John Travolta\"), and she was cast by her godfather [Steven Spielberg](/wiki/Steven_Spielberg \"Steven Spielberg\") in the commercially successful adventure feature *[Hook](/wiki/Hook_%28film%29 \"Hook (film)\")* (1991\\) as the young [Wendy Darling](/wiki/Wendy_Darling \"Wendy Darling\"). Paltrow's next roles were in the made\\-for\\-television movies *[Cruel Doubt](/wiki/Cruel_Doubt \"Cruel Doubt\")* (1992\\) and *[Deadly Relations](/wiki/Deadly_Relations \"Deadly Relations\")* (1993\\).", "Her first plum feature film role was in the noir drama *[Flesh and Bone](/wiki/Flesh_and_Bone_%28film%29 \"Flesh and Bone (film)\")* (1993\\) as the much younger girlfriend of [James Caan](/wiki/James_Caan \"James Caan\"). [Janet Maslin](/wiki/Janet_Maslin \"Janet Maslin\") of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* described Paltrow as a scene\\-stealer \"who is [Blythe Danner](/wiki/Blythe_Danner \"Blythe Danner\")'s daughter and has her mother's way of making a camera fall in love with her.\"{{cite news\\|author\\-link\\=Janet Maslin\\|author\\=Maslin, Janet\\|title\\=Building a Future on a Shaky Past\\|url\\=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9F0CE5DB113DF936A35752C1A965958260\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2012\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=November 5, 1993\\|archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915003240/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/05/movies/review\\-film\\-building\\-a\\-future\\-on\\-a\\-shaky\\-past.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 1995, she starred in the thriller *[Se7en](/wiki/Seven_%281995_film%29 \"Seven (1995 film)\")*, as the wife of a young detective ([Brad Pitt](/wiki/Brad_Pitt \"Brad Pitt\")), who is partnered with the retiring William Somerset ([Morgan Freeman](/wiki/Morgan_Freeman \"Morgan Freeman\")) and then tasked with tracking down a serial killer who uses the seven deadly sins as tropes in his murders. The seventh highest grossing film of the year,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2\\=worldwide\\&yr\\=1995\\&p\\=.htm\\|title\\=1995 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=November 15, 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115010552/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2\\=worldwide\\&yr\\=1995\\&p\\=.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Se7en* (also known as *Seven*) earned her a nomination for the [Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress](/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress \"Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress\"). She appeared in *[Moonlight and Valentino](/wiki/Moonlight_and_Valentino \"Moonlight and Valentino\")*, as a grieving [chain\\-smoker](/wiki/Chain_smoking \"Chain smoking\"), and in *[Jefferson in Paris](/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris \"Jefferson in Paris\")*, portraying [Martha Jefferson Randolph](/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph \"Martha Jefferson Randolph\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Berardinelli \\|first\\=James \\|title\\=Moonlight and Valentino \\|url\\=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/m/moonlight.html \\|work\\=reelviews.net \\|date\\=September 29, 1995 \\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122722/https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/m/moonlight.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Jefferson in Paris (1995\\) \\|url\\=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v134832 \\|work\\=www.allmovie.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075745/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v134832 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### 1996–2001: Breakthrough and film stardom", "In 1996, Paltrow played the title character in the period film adaptation *[Emma](/wiki/Emma_%281996_theatrical_film%29 \"Emma (1996 theatrical film)\")*, based on the [1815 novel of the same name](/wiki/Emma_%28novel%29 \"Emma (novel)\") by [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen \"Jane Austen\"). Director [Douglas McGrath](/wiki/Douglas_McGrath \"Douglas McGrath\") decided to bring in Paltrow to audition for the part of [Emma Woodhouse](/wiki/Emma_Woodhouse \"Emma Woodhouse\"), after a suggestion from his agent and after seeing her performance in *[Flesh and Bone](/wiki/Flesh_and_Bone_%28film%29 \"Flesh and Bone (film)\")*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1996\\-07\\-21\\-ca\\-26277\\-story.html\\|title\\=The Girl Can't Help It\\|last\\=Clark\\|first\\=John\\|date\\=July 21, 1996\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=February 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206095330/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1996\\-07\\-21\\-ca\\-26277\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On his decision to cast the actress, McGrath revealed: \"The thing that actually sold me on her playing a young English girl was that she did a perfect Texas accent. I know that wouldn't recommend her to most people ... I knew she had theater training, so she could carry herself. We had many actresses, big and small, who wanted to play this part. The minute she started the read\\-through, the very first line, I thought, 'Everything is going to be fine; she's going to be brilliant.'\" While she recovered from wisdom\\-tooth surgery, Paltrow had a month to herself to do research for the part;{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PLAIN\\+JANE\\+%3A\\+NOT\\+A\\+%60CLUELESS'\\+REMAKE\\+OF\\+AUSTEN,\\+%60EMMA'\\+TACKLES...\\-a083956396\\|title\\=Plain Jane : Not a 'Clueless' remake of Austen, 'Emma' tackles classic story head\\-on\\|last\\=Strauss\\|first\\=Bob\\|date\\=July 31, 1996\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Daily News]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2012}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2021 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} she studied horsemanship, dancing, singing, archery and the \"highly stylized\" manners and dialect during a 3\\-week rehearsal period. The film was released to critical acclaim and commercial success through arthouse cinemas.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=emma.htm\\|title\\=Emma (1996\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 6, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906090356/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=emma.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* proclaimed: \"Gwyneth Paltrow shines brightly as Jane Austen's most endearing character, the disastrously self\\-assured matchmaker Emma Woodhouse. A fine cast, speedy pacing, and playful direction make this a solid contender for the Austen sweepstakes.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117905339?printerfriendly\\=true\\|title\\=Emma\\|last\\=Eisner\\|first\\=Ken\\|date\\=June 9, 1996\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[PMC (company)\\|Penske Business Media]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2012}} Paltrow starred in the crime film *[Hard Eight](/wiki/Hard_Eight_%28film%29 \"Hard Eight (film)\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://cinephiliabeyond.org/hard\\-eight\\-aka\\-sydney/\\|title\\=Paul Thomas Anderson's 'Hard Eight', AKA 'Sydney': \"It's Always Good to Meet a New Friend\" • Cinephilia \\& Beyond\\|date\\=September 10, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921144356/https://cinephiliabeyond.org/hard\\-eight\\-aka\\-sydney/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "1998 marked a turning point in Paltrow's career as she took on leading roles in five high\\-profile film releases in the year{{mdash}}*[Great Expectations](/wiki/Great_Expectations_%281998_film%29 \"Great Expectations (1998 film)\")*, *[Sliding Doors](/wiki/Sliding_Doors \"Sliding Doors\")*, *[Hush](/wiki/Hush_%281998_film%29 \"Hush (1998 film)\")*, *[A Perfect Murder](/wiki/A_Perfect_Murder \"A Perfect Murder\")* and *[Shakespeare in Love](/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love \"Shakespeare in Love\")*. In the adaptation of the [Charles Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens \"Charles Dickens\") novel *[Great Expectations](/wiki/Great_Expectations \"Great Expectations\")*, also starring [Ethan Hawke](/wiki/Ethan_Hawke \"Ethan Hawke\"), [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\"), [Anne Bancroft](/wiki/Anne_Bancroft \"Anne Bancroft\") and [Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper \"Chris Cooper\"), she played the unrequited and haughty childhood love of a New York City painter. The British drama *Sliding Doors* saw her star as a woman whose life could take two central paths depending on whether or not she catches a train, causing different outcomes. *Great Expectations* and *Sliding Doors* both grossed over $55 million worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=greatexpectations.htm\\|title\\=Great Expectations (1998\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 26, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626200332/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=greatexpectations.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.the\\-numbers.com/movie/Sliding\\-Doors\\|title\\=Sliding Doors (1998\\) \\- Financial Information\\|website\\=The Numbers\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928051310/https://www.the\\-numbers.com/movie/Sliding\\-Doors\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Paltrow starred opposite [Jessica Lange](/wiki/Jessica_Lange \"Jessica Lange\") in the thriller *[Hush](/wiki/Hush_%281998_film%29 \"Hush (1998 film)\")*, as an unsuspecting woman living with her psychotic mother\\-in\\-law. The film made $13\\.5 million domestically and was generally panned by critics.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=hush.htm\\|title\\=Hush (1998\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 26, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626200331/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=hush.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hush\\-1998\\|title\\=Hush Movie Review \\& Film Summary (1998\\) – Roger Ebert\\|first\\=Roger\\|last\\=Ebert\\|website\\=www.rogerebert.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031112417/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hush\\-1998\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In another thriller, *A Perfect Murder*, inspired by [Alfred Hitchcock](/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock \"Alfred Hitchcock\")'s 1954 film, *[Dial M for Murder](/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder \"Dial M for Murder\")*, Paltrow starred alongside [Michael Douglas](/wiki/Michael_Douglas \"Michael Douglas\"), playing Emily Taylor, who was based on [Grace Kelly](/wiki/Grace_Kelly \"Grace Kelly\")'s character from the original film. Despite a mixed critical response towards *A Perfect Murder*, the film grossed $128 million globally.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=perfectmurder.htm\\|title\\=A Perfect Murder (1998\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716230845/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=perfectmurder.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She was also considered for the role of Rose DeWitt Bukater in the 1997 film *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 \"Titanic (1997 film)\")*.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ebert \\|first\\=Roger \\|title\\=A Perfect Murder Movie Review (1998\\) \\|url\\=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a\\-perfect\\-murder\\-1998 \\|date\\=June 5, 1998 \\|work\\=Chicago Sun\\-Times \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 2, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602134222/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a\\-perfect\\-murder\\-1998 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Paltrow at the [2000 Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/2000_Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"2000 Toronto International Film Festival\")](/wiki/File:GwynethPaltrowTIFF00_adj.jpg \"GwynethPaltrowTIFF00 adj.jpg\")", "Her most critically acclaimed role in the year was that of the fictional lover of [William Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") in *[Shakespeare in Love](/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love \"Shakespeare in Love\")*, opposite [Joseph Fiennes](/wiki/Joseph_Fiennes \"Joseph Fiennes\") in the titular part. *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\")* commented, \"Best of all is Gwyneth Paltrow, who, at long last, has a movie to star in that's as radiant as she is.\"{{cite magazine \\|title\\=Shakespeare in Love review \\|url\\=https://ew.com/article/1998/12/11/shakespeare\\-love\\-3/ \\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly \\|author\\=Owen Gleiberman \\|date\\=December 11, 1998 \\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 5, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105055204/https://ew.com/article/1998/12/11/shakespeare\\-love\\-3/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* summed up her performance as Viola thus: \"Gwyneth Paltrow, in her first great, fully realized starring performance, makes a heroine so breathtaking that she seems utterly plausible as the playwright's guiding light.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Shakespeare Saw a Therapist? \\|url\\=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9B05E4D9103AF932A25751C1A96E958260 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|author\\=Janet Maslin \\|date\\=December 11, 1998 \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007230130/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9B05E4D9103AF932A25751C1A96E958260 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} *Shakespeare in Love* made $289 million in box office receipts,{{cite news \\|title\\=Globes to 'Shakespeare' and 'Ryan' \\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9D02EED61439F936A15752C0A96F958260 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|author\\=James Sterngold \\|date\\=January 25, 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915003240/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/25/movies/globes\\-to\\-shakespeare\\-and\\-ryan.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=980DE6DE1131F931A15750C0A96F958260 \\|title\\='Shakespeare' Best Picture But Spielberg Best Director \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=March 22, 1999 \\|author\\=Bernard Weinraub \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915003240/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/22/movies/shakespeare\\-best\\-picture\\-but\\-spielberg\\-best\\-director.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and won Paltrow the [Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role\"),{{cite news\\|url\\=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/174142/Shakespeare\\-in\\-Love/awards \\|title\\=''Shakespeare in Love'' (1998\\) – Awards \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114745/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/174142/Shakespeare\\-in\\-Love/awards \\|department\\=Movies \\& TV Dept. \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 4, 2012 }} [Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Comedy_or_Musical \"Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical\"), and [Academy Award for Best Actress](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress \"Academy Award for Best Actress\"), among other honors. The [pink Ralph Lauren dress](/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow \"Pink Ralph Lauren dress of Gwyneth Paltrow\") she wore to the [71st Academy Awards](/wiki/71st_Academy_Awards \"71st Academy Awards\") in collecting her Oscar was extremely popular and was credited for bringing pink back into fashion.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Gale \\|first1\\=Colin \\|last2\\=Kaur \\|first2\\=Jasbir \\|title\\=Fashion and textiles: an overview \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/fashiontextileso0000gale \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|access\\-date\\=May 16, 2011 \\|year\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=Berg Publishers \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85973\\-818\\-4 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/fashiontextileso0000gale/page/78 78]}}", "In 1999, Paltrow co\\-starred alongside [Jude Law](/wiki/Jude_Law \"Jude Law\"), [Matt Damon](/wiki/Matt_Damon \"Matt Damon\") and [Cate Blanchett](/wiki/Cate_Blanchett \"Cate Blanchett\") in the psychological thriller *[The Talented Mr. Ripley](/wiki/The_Talented_Mr._Ripley_%28film%29 \"The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)\")*, as the fiancée of a rich and spoiled millionaire playboy (Law) whose identity is adopted by a con artist (Damon). While *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, noting the \"very underwritten\" female roles in the story, found her to be \"peaky and pallid\",{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/feb/25/culture.peterbradshaw\\|title\\=The Talented Mr Ripley\\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Bradshaw\\|date\\=February 25, 2000\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=March 14, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314132828/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/feb/25/culture.peterbradshaw\\|url\\-status\\=live}} the film received positive reviews and grossed $80 million in North America.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the\\-talented\\-mr\\-ripley \\|title\\=''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' at \\|publisher\\=Metacritic.com \\|date\\=December 24, 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 8, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408184822/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the\\-talented\\-mr\\-ripley \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She showcased her singing ability in 2000s *[Duets](/wiki/Duets_%28film%29 \"Duets (film)\")*, which was directed by her father and co\\-starred singer [Huey Lewis](/wiki/Huey_Lewis \"Huey Lewis\"). In the film, about \"the little known world of karaoke competitions and the wayward characters who inhabit it\", she portrayed the estranged daughter of a [hustler](/wiki/Hustling \"Hustling\") (Lewis). She performed a [cover version](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of [Smokey Robinson](/wiki/Smokey_Robinson \"Smokey Robinson\")'s \"[Cruisin'](/wiki/Cruisin%27_%28Smokey_Robinson_song%29 \"Cruisin' (Smokey Robinson song)\"), which was released as a single and went to number one in Australia, while her rendition of the [Kim Carnes](/wiki/Kim_Carnes \"Kim Carnes\") classic \"[Bette Davis Eyes](/wiki/Bette_Davis_Eyes \"Bette Davis Eyes\")\" reached number three.{{cite web \\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow – Bette Davis Eyes (Song) \\|url\\=http://australian\\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Gwyneth\\+Paltrow\\&titel\\=Bette\\+Davis\\+Eyes\\&cat\\=s \\|work\\=www.australian\\-charts.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 17, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 13, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113191414/http://www.australian\\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Gwyneth\\+Paltrow\\&titel\\=Bette\\+Davis\\+Eyes\\&cat\\=s \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Also in 2000, Paltrow co\\-starred with [Ben Affleck](/wiki/Ben_Affleck \"Ben Affleck\") in the moderately successful romantic drama *[Bounce](/wiki/Bounce_%28film%29 \"Bounce (film)\")* as Abby Janello.", "She starred with [Jack Black](/wiki/Jack_Black \"Jack Black\") in the comedy *[Shallow Hal](/wiki/Shallow_Hal \"Shallow Hal\")* (2001\\), about a shallow man falling in love with an overweight woman. Her role required that she wear a specially designed 25\\-pound [fatsuit](/wiki/Fatsuit \"Fatsuit\") and heavy makeup. *Shallow Hal* opened with $22\\.5 million and grossed $70\\.7 million in North America and $141\\.1 million around the globe.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=shallowhal.htm \\|title\\=Shallow Hal \\|website\\=\\[\\[Box Office Mojo]] \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004151434/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=shallowhal.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert \"Roger Ebert\") remarked that she was \"truly touching\" in the film, which he described as \"often very funny, but ... also surprisingly moving at times.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/shallow\\-hal\\-2001\\|title\\=Shallow Hal Movie Review \\& Film Summary (2001\\) – Roger Ebert\\|first\\=Roger\\|last\\=Ebert\\|website\\=www.rogerebert.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=April 12, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004212/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/shallow\\-hal\\-2001\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the [Wes Anderson](/wiki/Wes_Anderson \"Wes Anderson\") dramedy *[The Royal Tenenbaums](/wiki/The_Royal_Tenenbaums \"The Royal Tenenbaums\")* (2001\\), co\\-starring [Gene Hackman](/wiki/Gene_Hackman \"Gene Hackman\"), [Anjelica Huston](/wiki/Anjelica_Huston \"Anjelica Huston\"), [Ben Stiller](/wiki/Ben_Stiller \"Ben Stiller\") and [Luke Wilson](/wiki/Luke_Wilson \"Luke Wilson\"), Paltrow took on the role of the adopted daughter in an estranged family of former child prodigies reuniting with their father. A positive critical response greeted the film upon its release, and it made $71\\.4 million worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=royaltenenbaums.htm\\|title\\=The Royal Tenenbaums (2001\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812063040/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=royaltenenbaums.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2002–2007: Career fluctuations", "In 2004, it was noted that since her Oscar win for *Shakespeare in Love*, Paltrow's film career had been less noteworthy, and critical acclaim had waned.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3621488/Curse\\-of\\-the\\-Best\\-Actress\\-Oscar.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3621488/Curse\\-of\\-the\\-Best\\-Actress\\-Oscar.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 10, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Curse of the Best Actress Oscar\\|last\\=Gritten\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=July 30, 2004\\|work\\=Telegraph.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2017}}{{cbignore}} She said she was unequipped for the pressure, leading to several bad film choices,{{cite news \\|last\\=Zeidler \\|first\\=Sue \\|title\\=Is winning an Oscar a curse or a blessing? \\|url\\=http://www.film.com/news/story/entertainmentoscarscursedc/13303376 \\|publisher\\=Film.com \\|date\\=January 30, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222429/http://www.film.com/news/story/entertainmentoscarscursedc/13303376 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} agreeing with peers who believe the win is, in some ways, a curse.{{cite news \\|last\\=Soden \\|first\\=Blair \\|title\\=Is Winning An Oscar a Blessing or a Curse? \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Oscars2007/Story?id\\=2902805\\&page\\=1 \\|work\\=ABC News \\|date\\=February 25, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920123345/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Oscars2007/story?id\\=2902805\\&page\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} During this time, Paltrow rarely appeared in films, having taken a hiatus to raise her two children. In *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, she said she divided her career into movies for love and films for money: *The Royal Tenenbaums*, *[Proof](/wiki/Proof_%282005_film%29 \"Proof (2005 film)\")*, and *[Sylvia](/wiki/Sylvia_%282003_film%29 \"Sylvia (2003 film)\")* fell into the former category, while she signed on to *[View from the Top](/wiki/View_from_the_Top \"View from the Top\")* and *Shallow Hal* for the latter.", "In 2002, Paltrow made small appearances in the documentary *[Searching for Debra Winger](/wiki/Searching_for_Debra_Winger \"Searching for Debra Winger\")* and the action satire comedy *[Austin Powers in Goldmember](/wiki/Austin_Powers_in_Goldmember \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\")*, while she starred in the thriller\\-drama *[Possession](/wiki/Possession_%282002_film%29 \"Possession (2002 film)\")* with [Aaron Eckhart](/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart \"Aaron Eckhart\") as a couple of literary scholars who unearth the amorous secret of two [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") poets as they find themselves falling under a deepening connection. The film made a lukewarm $14\\.8 million worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=possession.htm\\|title\\=Possession (2002\\) (2002\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204437/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=possession.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the following year, she headlined the romantic comedy *[View from the Top](/wiki/View_from_the_Top \"View from the Top\")*, where she played the part of a woman from a small town who sets out to fulfill her dream of becoming a flight attendant. Budgeted at $30 million, the film only earned $7 million in its opening weekend; it eventually grossed $15\\.6 domestically and $19,526,014 worldwide.{{mojo title\\|viewfromthetop\\|View from the Top}} She later disparaged the film, calling it \"terrible\".xfinity.comcast.net [\"A\\-Lister Movie Mistakes\"](http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment-moviemistakes/23/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924062524/http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment\\-moviemistakes/23/ \\|date\\=September 24, 2012}} Paltrow starred as the titular role in *[Sylvia](/wiki/Sylvia_%282003_film%29 \"Sylvia (2003 film)\")* (2003\\), a British [biographical](/wiki/Biographical_film \"Biographical film\") drama directed by [Christine Jeffs](/wiki/Christine_Jeffs \"Christine Jeffs\") and co\\-starring [Daniel Craig](/wiki/Daniel_Craig \"Daniel Craig\") chronicling the romance between prominent poets [Sylvia Plath](/wiki/Sylvia_Plath \"Sylvia Plath\") and [Ted Hughes](/wiki/Ted_Hughes \"Ted Hughes\"). Distributed for a limited release in most markets, *Sylvia* made $2\\.9 million internationally.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=sylvia.htm\\|title\\=Sylvia (2003\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232726/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=sylvia.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, in its review of the film, wrote that \"her performance goes well beyond mimicry. She has a vivid, passionate presence, even when her lively features have gone slack with depression and her bright blue eyes have glazed over.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9F0CE2DF143EF934A25753C1A9659C8B63\\|title\\=FILM REVIEW; A Poet's Death, A Death's Poetry\\|first\\=A. O.\\|last\\=Scott\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=October 17, 2003\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015095242/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9F0CE2DF143EF934A25753C1A9659C8B63\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2004, she starred with her *The Talented Mr. Ripley* co\\-star Jude Law and [Angelina Jolie](/wiki/Angelina_Jolie \"Angelina Jolie\") in the science fiction film *[Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow](/wiki/Sky_Captain_and_the_World_of_Tomorrow \"Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow\")*. Her role was Polly Perkins, the reporter for the fictional *New York Chronicle*. Law became one of the producers of the film and used his clout to get Paltrow involved. Once she had been suggested for the role, Law did not remember \"any other name coming up. It just seems that she was perfect. She was as enthusiastic about the script and about the visual references that were sort of put to her, and jumped on board.\" She said in an interview, \"I thought that this is the time to do a movie like this where it's kind of breaking into new territory and it's not your basic formulaic action\\-adventure movie.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Douglas \\|first\\=Edward \\|title\\=The Making of ''Sky Captain'' – Part 3! \\|work\\=ComingSoon.net \\|date\\=September 14, 2004 \\|url\\=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/topnews.php?id\\=6284 \\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605022651/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/topnews.php?id\\=6384 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2008}} While critical response was positive, with a budget of $70 million, *Sky Captain* only grossed $58 million at the international box office.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=skycaptain.htm\\|title\\=Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728085028/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=skycaptain.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Also in 2004, she was recognized as an outstanding woman in entertainment by [Women in Film Los Angeles](/wiki/Women_in_Film_Crystal_%2B_Lucy_Awards \"Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards\") with the [Crystal Award](/wiki/Crystal_Award \"Crystal Award\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Silverman\\|first\\=Stephen M.\\|author\\-link\\=Stephen M. Silverman\\|title\\=Hollywood Women Honor Gwyneth and Mom\\|url\\=https://people.com/celebrity/hollywood\\-women\\-honor\\-gwyneth\\-and\\-mom/\\|work\\=People\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2019\\|date\\=June 21, 2004\\|archive\\-date\\=September 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910173734/http://people.com/celebrity/hollywood\\-women\\-honor\\-gwyneth\\-and\\-mom/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In the drama *[Proof](/wiki/Proof_%282005_film%29 \"Proof (2005 film)\")* (2005\\), she starred as the depressed daughter of a brilliant, eccentric mathematician (played by [Anthony Hopkins](/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins \"Anthony Hopkins\")). The film was based on the [play of the same name](/wiki/Proof_%28play%29 \"Proof (play)\"), in which Paltrow also played the same character at London's [Donmar Warehouse](/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse \"Donmar Warehouse\") between May and June 2002\\. On her portrayal in the film version, *Eye for Film* remarked: \"As she has already shown in *Sylvia*, *The Royal Tenenbaums* and even *Sliding Doors*, Paltrow has an uncanny talent for playing women who are coming apart at the seams and her \\[character] veers from lovably eccentric to more disturbingly unhinged and back again with fluent ease. The scenes, which she and Hopkins share, as two difficult people bound together by affection, dependency, and mutual respect, are entirely believable and all the more touching for it.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/proof\\-film\\-review\\-by\\-anton\\-bitel\\|title\\=Proof (2005\\) Movie Review from Eye for Film\\|website\\=www.eyeforfilm.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 7, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214605/http://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/proof\\-film\\-review\\-by\\-anton\\-bitel\\|url\\-status\\=live}} For her performance, Paltrow received her second Golden Globe nomination for [Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Drama \"Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama\").", "Paltrow filmed small roles for the 2006 films *[Love and Other Disasters](/wiki/Love_and_Other_Disasters \"Love and Other Disasters\")*, *[Running with Scissors](/wiki/Running_with_Scissors_%28film%29 \"Running with Scissors (film)\")* and *[Infamous](/wiki/Infamous_%282006_film%29 \"Infamous (2006 film)\")*, where she sang [Cole Porter](/wiki/Cole_Porter \"Cole Porter\")'s \"[What Is This Thing Called Love?](/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Love%3F \"What Is This Thing Called Love?\")\" Her brother [Jake Paltrow](/wiki/Jake_Paltrow \"Jake Paltrow\") directed her in his feature debut, the romantic comedy *[The Good Night](/wiki/The_Good_Night \"The Good Night\")* (2007\\), in which she starred opposite [Penélope Cruz](/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz \"Penélope Cruz\"), [Martin Freeman](/wiki/Martin_Freeman \"Martin Freeman\"), [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito \"Danny DeVito\") and [Simon Pegg](/wiki/Simon_Pegg \"Simon Pegg\") as the wife of a former keyboard player (Freeman). The film received a two\\-theater run in North America and garnered mixed reviews from critics.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=goodnight.htm\\|title\\=The Good Night (2007\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519185846/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=goodnight.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *View London* believed the actress was \"clearly only playing her part as a courtesy to her director brother and it just makes you wish she'd go back to playing lead roles again.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/films/the\\-good\\-night\\-film\\-review\\-22309\\.html\\|title\\=The Good Night\\|website\\=ViewLondon\\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915003247/https://www.view.co.uk/films/the\\-good\\-night\\-film\\-review\\-22309\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2008–2013: Marvel Cinematic Universe and revival", "Paltrow saw a resurgence in her career in 2008 when she was cast in *[Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man_%282008_film%29 \"Iron Man (2008 film)\")* as [Pepper Potts](/wiki/Pepper_Potts \"Pepper Potts\"), [Tony Stark](/wiki/Tony_Stark_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")'s personal assistant, closest friend, and budding love interest.{{cite web\\|last\\=Green\\|first\\=Willow\\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow Joins Iron Man\\|url\\=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-joins\\-iron\\-man/\\|website\\=Empire\\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2019\\|date\\=January 17, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=April 8, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408063039/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-joins\\-iron\\-man/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} First hesitant to appear in a big\\-budget project, Paltrow asked [Marvel](/wiki/Marvel_Comics \"Marvel Comics\") to send her any comics they would consider relevant to her understanding of the character, whom she considered to be very smart, levelheaded, and grounded. She said she liked \"the fact that there's a sexuality that's not blatant\". The director [Jon Favreau](/wiki/Jon_Favreau \"Jon Favreau\") wanted Potts and Stark's relationship to be reminiscent of the 1940s [screwball comedy](/wiki/Screwball_comedy \"Screwball comedy\"), something which Paltrow considered to be fun in an \"innocent yet sexy\" way.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.superherohype.com/features/96461\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-plays\\-pepper\\-potts\\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow Plays Pepper Potts – SuperHeroHype\\|date\\=April 30, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107171521/http://www.superherohype.com/features/96461\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-plays\\-pepper\\-potts\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *Iron Man* was favorably received by critics, and with a worldwide gross of $585 million, it became Paltrow's highest\\-grossing film until *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%282012_film%29 \"The Avengers (2012 film)\")* (2012\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=ironman.htm \\|title\\=Iron Man (2008\\) \\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2011 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Box Office Mojo]] \\|archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531032559/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=ironman.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She reprised her role in the sequels *[Iron Man 2](/wiki/Iron_Man_2 \"Iron Man 2\")* (2010\\) and *[Iron Man 3](/wiki/Iron_Man_3 \"Iron Man 3\")* (2013\\). While the second film grossed $623\\.9 million internationally,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=ironman2\\.htm\\|title\\=Iron Man 2 (2010\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 8, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908070802/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=ironman2\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} the third entry went on to gross $1\\.215 billion.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=ironman3\\.htm\\|title\\=Iron Man 3 (2013\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=October 23, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023172954/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=ironman3\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She also reprised the role in *[Spider\\-Man: Homecoming](/wiki/Spider-Man:Homecoming \"Homecoming\")* (2017\\), *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* (2018\\), and *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* (2019\\).", "Paltrow starred opposite [Joaquin Phoenix](/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix \"Joaquin Phoenix\") in the romantic drama *[Two Lovers](/wiki/Two_Lovers_%282008_film%29 \"Two Lovers (2008 film)\")* (2008\\), playing the beautiful but volatile new neighbor of a depressed bachelor. *Two Lovers* premiered in competition at the [2008 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2008_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2008 Cannes Film Festival\") in May, receiving largely positive reviews,{{cite journal\\|last\\=Bennett \\|first\\=Ray \\|title\\=Reviews: ''Two Lovers'' \\|journal\\=The Hollywood Reporter, the Daily from Cannes \\|issue\\=8 \\|page\\=9 \\|date\\=May 21, 2008}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/two\\_lovers/\\|title\\=Two Lovers Movie Reviews, Pictures\\|publisher\\=Rotten Tomatoes\\|work\\=IGN Entertainment\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=March 25, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325023902/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/two\\_lovers/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} especially for Paltrow's and Phoenix's performances. According to the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*, \"Phoenix is at his best with Paltrow's bruised sparrow of a girl; he's desperate to take care of her when he can't even take care of himself. She is one of those actresses who understands the power of a look, and the one of regret and then resignation that overtakes her when Leonard professes his love is steeped in sadness.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la\\-et\\-twolovers13\\-2009feb13\\-story.html\\|title\\=Review: 'Two Lovers'\\|date\\=February 13, 2009\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 26, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626200327/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la\\-et\\-twolovers13\\-2009feb13\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The film was an arthouse success, grossing $16 million worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=twolovers.htm\\|title\\=Two Lovers\\|website\\=\\[\\[Box Office Mojo]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=April 20, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420092922/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=twolovers.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Paltrow at the [84th Academy Awards](/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards \"84th Academy Awards\") in 2012](/wiki/File:Gwyneth_Paltrow_2012.jpg \"Gwyneth Paltrow 2012.jpg\")\nIn the musical drama *[Country Strong](/wiki/Country_Strong \"Country Strong\")* (2010\\), Paltrow starred as an emotionally unstable country music star who attempts to resurrect her career. She recorded the song \"Country Strong\" for the film's soundtrack,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://us99country.radio.com/2010/12/15/photo\\-gallery\\-country\\-strong\\-premiere \\|title\\=Country Strong Hits Hollywood \\|publisher\\=Us99country.radio.com \\|date\\=December 15, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313052400/http://us99country.radio.com/2010/12/15/photo\\-gallery\\-country\\-strong\\-premiere/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and it was released to country radio stations in August 2010\\.[Paltrow Says Love Don't Let Me Down](https://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=26407) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115910/http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID\\=26407 \\|date\\=September 24, 2015 }} Empire. December 3, 2009\\. The film received mediocre reviews and grossed a modest $20\\.2 million in North America.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=countrystrong.htm\\|title\\=Country Strong (2010\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 12, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712095222/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=countrystrong.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The consensus of review\\-aggregation website [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\") was: \"The cast gives it their all, and Paltrow handles her songs with aplomb, but *Country Strong*{{'}}s clichéd, disjointed screenplay hits too many bum notes.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/country\\_strong\\|title\\=Country Strong (2011\\)\\|publisher\\=Rotten Tomatoes\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830074959/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/country\\_strong\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the [83rd Academy Awards](/wiki/83rd_Academy_Awards \"83rd Academy Awards\"), Paltrow performed another song from the film, \"[Coming Home](/wiki/Country_Strong_%28soundtrack%29 \"Country Strong (soundtrack)\")\", which was nominated for [Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Presenters \\& Performers for the 83rd Academy Awards \\|url\\=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/83/presenters.html \\|publisher\\=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences \\|date\\=December 13, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070639/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/83/presenters.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2011 }}", "Paltrow made her first scripted television appearance{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/criticscorner/2010\\-11\\-15\\-critics\\-corner\\_N.htm\\|title\\=Critic's Corner Tuesday: 'Glee,' 'NCIS{{'\\-}}\\|first\\=Robert\\|last\\=Bianco\\|date\\=November 17, 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209074457/http://www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/criticscorner/2010\\-11\\-15\\-critics\\-corner\\_N.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} on Fox's *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 \"Glee (TV series)\")*, as substitute teacher [Holly Holliday](/wiki/Holly_Holliday \"Holly Holliday\"), who fills in for [Matthew Morrison](/wiki/Matthew_Morrison \"Matthew Morrison\")'s character when he falls ill. Her role was developed by co\\-creator [Ryan Murphy](/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_%28producer%29 \"Ryan Murphy (producer)\"), a personal friend of Paltrow's, who suggested that she showcase her vocal and dancing abilities ahead of the release of *Country Strong*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.usmagazine.com/moviestvmusic/news/new\\-details\\-on\\-gwyneth\\-paltrows\\-upcoming\\-glee\\-gig\\-2010279\\|title\\=New Details on Gwyneth Paltrow's Upcoming Glee Gig\\|date\\=September 27, 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[Us Weekly]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927223834/http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/new\\-details\\-on\\-gwyneth\\-paltrows\\-upcoming\\-glee\\-gig\\-2010279\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In her first episode, \"The Substitute\", she sang \"[Nowadays](/wiki/Nowadays \"Nowadays\")\" from the musical *[Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_%28musical%29 \"Chicago (musical)\")* with [Lea Michele](/wiki/Lea_Michele \"Lea Michele\"), [CeeLo Green](/wiki/CeeLo_Green \"CeeLo Green\")'s \"[Forget You](/wiki/Fuck_You_%28CeeLo_Green_song%29 \"Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)\")\", and a mash\\-up of \"[Singin' In the Rain](/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_%28song%29 \"Singin' in the Rain (song)\")\" and [Rihanna](/wiki/Rihanna \"Rihanna\")'s \"[Umbrella](/wiki/Umbrella_%28song%29 \"Umbrella (song)\")\" with Morrison and the rest of the cast.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/11/glee\\-peek\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-matthew\\-morrison\\-share\\-an\\-umbrella\\-1\\.html \\|title\\='Glee' peek: Gwyneth Paltrow, Matthew Morrison share an umbrella \\|last\\=Nguyen \\|first\\=Hahn \\|date\\=November 5, 2010 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Zap2it]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Tribune Media Services]] \\|access\\-date\\=November 5, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107160711/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/11/glee\\-peek\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-matthew\\-morrison\\-share\\-an\\-umbrella\\-1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2010}} Her debut on *Glee* attracted significant buzz and positive commentary from critics; she won a [Primetime Emmy Award](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award \"Primetime Emmy Award\") for [Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tvline.com/2011/09/emmy\\-awards\\-2011\\-creative\\-arts\\-winners/\\|title\\=Emmys: HBO Dominates Early Races With 15 Wins; Glee, Grey's, SNL, Community Grab Gold\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Mitovich\\|date\\=September 10, 2011\\|work\\=TVLine\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019020351/http://www.tvline.com/2011/09/emmy\\-awards\\-2011\\-creative\\-arts\\-winners/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Indeed, at the time, *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\")*{{'s}} Tim Stack and *[E! Online](/wiki/E%21_Online \"E! Online\")*{{'}}s [Kristin dos Santos](/wiki/Kristin_dos_Santos \"Kristin dos Santos\") called her appearance Emmy\\-worthy, with the former rating it among her best performances, and the latter stating that Holly received \"some of *Glee*{{'s}} best\\-ever one\\-liners\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://ew.com/recap/give\\-gwyneth\\-the\\-emmy/\\|title\\=Glee recap: Give Gwyneth the Emmy!\\|last\\=Stack\\|first\\=Tim\\|date\\=November 17, 2010\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=June 26, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626200334/https://ew.com/recap/give\\-gwyneth\\-the\\-emmy/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/watch\\_with\\_kristin/b211691\\_glee\\-dux\\_gwyneth\\_paltrow\\_makes\\_her.html\\|title\\=Glee\\-Dux: Gwyneth Paltrow Makes Her Debut, Flirts With Schue—and Sue Takes Over, Too!\\|first\\=Jenna\\|last\\=Mullins\\|date\\=November 16, 2010\\|work\\=E! Online\\|publisher\\=NBCUniversal\\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=October 1, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001061248/http://www.eonline.com/news/211691/glee\\-dux\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-makes\\-her\\-debut\\-flirts\\-with\\-schue\\-and\\-sue\\-takes\\-over\\-too\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Paltrow later performed \"Forget You\" with CeeLo Green himself and several puppet characters provided by [The Jim Henson Company](/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company \"The Jim Henson Company\") at the [2011 Grammy Awards](/wiki/53rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"53rd Annual Grammy Awards\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301\\-31749\\_162\\-20031723\\-10391698\\.html \\|title\\=\"Cee Lo Green Takes Flight With Gwyneth Paltrow and The Muppets\" February 13, 2011, Celebrity Circuit \\|work\\=CBS News \\|date\\=February 13, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210144758/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301\\-31749\\_162\\-20031723\\-10391698\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 10, 2012}} She reprised her role twice more that season, performing [\"Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)](/wiki/Do_You_Wanna_Touch_Me \"Do You Wanna Touch Me\")\" by [Gary Glitter](/wiki/Gary_Glitter \"Gary Glitter\"), an [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_music \"Acoustic music\") version of \"[Landslide](/wiki/Landslide_%28Fleetwood_Mac_song%29 \"Landslide (Fleetwood Mac song)\")\" by [Fleetwood Mac](/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac \"Fleetwood Mac\"), \"[Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28Prince_song%29 \"Kiss (Prince song)\")\" by [Prince](/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29 \"Prince (musician)\"), and [Adele](/wiki/Adele \"Adele\")'s \"[Turning Tables](/wiki/Turning_Tables \"Turning Tables\")\". Paltrow was briefly featured in *[Glee: The 3D Concert Movie](/wiki/Glee:The_3D_Concert_Movie \"The 3D Concert Movie\")* after being filmed while she performed \"Forget You\" as Holly in the 2011 [Glee Live! In Concert!](/wiki/Glee_Live%21_In_Concert%21 \"Glee Live! In Concert!\") tour performances of June 16 and 17, 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/celebrities/index.ssf/2011/06/glee\\_concert\\_film\\_gwyneth\\_palt.html\\|title\\={{\\-'}}Glee' at the Izod Center: Gwyneth Paltrow makes surprise appearance for concert film taping\\|date\\=June 17, 2011\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star\\-Ledger]] (\\[\\[Sam Apple]])\\|access\\-date\\=September 27, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826052352/http://www.nj.com/entertainment/celebrities/index.ssf/2011/06/glee\\_concert\\_film\\_gwyneth\\_palt.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Later that year, Paltrow appeared in [Steven Soderbergh](/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh \"Steven Soderbergh\")'s film *[Contagion](/wiki/Contagion_%282011_film%29 \"Contagion (2011 film)\")*, featuring an [ensemble cast](/wiki/Ensemble_cast \"Ensemble cast\") consisting of [Marion Cotillard](/wiki/Marion_Cotillard \"Marion Cotillard\"), [Kate Winslet](/wiki/Kate_Winslet \"Kate Winslet\") and her *The Talented Mr. Ripley* co\\-stars [Matt Damon](/wiki/Matt_Damon \"Matt Damon\") and [Jude Law](/wiki/Jude_Law \"Jude Law\"). The thriller follows the rapid progress of a lethal indirect contact [transmission virus](/wiki/Transmission_%28medicine%29 \"Transmission (medicine)\") that kills within days.{{cite news \\|author\\=Mike Eisenberg \\|title\\='Contagion' footage at CinemaCon is 'Outbreak' Meets 'Children of Men' \\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/contagion\\-steven\\-soderbergh\\-cinemacon\\-mikee\\-109354/ \\|work\\=Screen Rant \\|date\\=April 5, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411181759/http://screenrant.com/contagion\\-steven\\-soderbergh\\-cinemacon\\-mikee\\-109354/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Paltrow played Elizabeth Emhoff, a \"[working mom](/wiki/Working_parent \"Working parent\")\" and one of the virus' first victims.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.visualhollywood.com/movies\\_2011/contagion/notes.pdf \\|title\\=Contagion Production Notes \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008172249/http://visualhollywood.com/movies\\_2011/contagion/notes.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=October 8, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *Contagion* received positive reviews and opened atop at the North American box office with $23\\.1 million; it went on to gross $75\\.6 million domestically and $135\\.4 million worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=contagion.htm\\|title\\=Contagion (2011\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123513/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=contagion.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Paltrow reprised her role of [Pepper Potts](/wiki/Pepper_Potts \"Pepper Potts\") in *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%282012_film%29 \"The Avengers (2012 film)\")* (2012\\), which set numerous box office records, including the biggest opening weekend in North America; it grossed over $1\\.5 billion worldwide, becoming Paltrow's most widely seen film.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=avengers11\\.htm\\|title\\=Marvel's The Avengers (2012\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323120633/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=avengers11\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Also in 2012, she starred in the independent romantic [dramedy](/wiki/Comedy_drama \"Comedy drama\") *[Thanks for Sharing](/wiki/Thanks_for_Sharing \"Thanks for Sharing\")*, opposite [Mark Ruffalo](/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo \"Mark Ruffalo\") as people learning to face a challenging and confusing road as they struggle together against [sex addiction](/wiki/Sexual_addiction \"Sexual addiction\"). Distributed for a limited release in certain parts of the United States, the film garnered mixed reviews and grossed $1 million domestically.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=thanksforsharing.htm\\|title\\=Thanks for Sharing (2013\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=December 15, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172029/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=thanksforsharing.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} *[Paste](/wiki/Paste_%28magazine%29 \"Paste (magazine)\")* magazine noted that her role: \"...exhibits some of the same obsessive diet and exercise habits that Paltrow herself has been accused of{{mdash}}a kind of meta character trait that balances the power in \\[the main roles'] budding relationship.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2013/09/thanks\\-for\\-sharing.html\\|title\\=Thanks for Sharing\\|date\\=September 20, 2013\\|website\\=pastemagazine.com\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708225530/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2013/09/thanks\\-for\\-sharing.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2014–present: Acting sporadically", "In 2014, Paltrow had a two\\-episode arc in the improvised online series *[Web Therapy](/wiki/Web_Therapy_%28TV_series%29 \"Web Therapy (TV series)\")*, as Maya Ganesh, \"a new\\-age caricature\".{{cite web \\|last1\\=Baylis \\|first1\\=Sheila Cosgrove \\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow Makes Fun of Herself on Web Therapy \\|url\\=https://people.com/tv/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-makes\\-fun\\-of\\-herself\\-on\\-web\\-therapy/ \\|website\\=People \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2019 \\|date\\=October 23, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 27, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110542/https://people.com/tv/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-makes\\-fun\\-of\\-herself\\-on\\-web\\-therapy/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2015, she starred in *[Mortdecai](/wiki/Mortdecai_%28film%29 \"Mortdecai (film)\")*,{{cite web\\|title\\=The film Mortdecai (2015\\)partly shot at Hedsor House UK \\|publisher\\=Hedsor House \\|year\\=2015 \\|url\\=http://www.hedsor.com/news/johnny\\-depp\\-stars\\-in\\-mortdecai/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121173845/http://www.hedsor.com/news/johnny\\-depp\\-stars\\-in\\-mortdecai/ \\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2015 }} alongside [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp \"Johnny Depp\"), [Olivia Munn](/wiki/Olivia_Munn \"Olivia Munn\"), and [Paul Bettany](/wiki/Paul_Bettany \"Paul Bettany\"). In it, she portrayed the wife of an unscrupulous art dealer and swindler (Depp). Budgeted at $60 million, the film only grossed $7\\.7 million in North America and $47\\.3 million internationally.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=mortdecai.htm\\|title\\=Mortdecai (2015\\) – Box Office Mojo\\|website\\=Box Office Mojo\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021094258/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id\\=mortdecai.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Paltrow was featured on the track \"[Everglow](/wiki/Everglow_%28song%29 \"Everglow (song)\")\", which was included in [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay \"Coldplay\")'s seventh studio album *[A Head Full of Dreams](/wiki/A_Head_Full_of_Dreams \"A Head Full of Dreams\")* (2015\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2015/music/news/coldplay\\-everglow\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-1201649586/ \\|title\\=Coldplay Debuts 'Everglow,' Featuring Gwyneth Paltrow \\|work\\=Variety \\|date\\=November 28, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207184320/http://variety.com/2015/music/news/coldplay\\-everglow\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-1201649586/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In June 2017, Paltrow announced that she would take a break from acting to focus on her business Goop, stating: \"I'm still going to do a little bit here and there, but \\[the company] really requires almost all of my time.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://people.com/celebrity/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-moving\\-away\\-from\\-acting\\-for\\-goop/\\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow Moving Away from Acting to Focus on Goop\\|date\\=June 15, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=June 20, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620075808/http://people.com/celebrity/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-moving\\-away\\-from\\-acting\\-for\\-goop/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2019, Paltrow reprised her role as Pepper Potts in *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.polygon.com/2019/4/28/18520821/avengers\\-endgame\\-pepper\\-potts\\-rescue\\|title\\=Avengers: Endgame finally gives Pepper Potts one of her famous comic moments\\|website\\=Polygon.com\\|first\\=Justin\\|last\\=Carter\\|date\\=April 28, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=October 12, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 28, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428195929/https://www.polygon.com/2019/4/28/18520821/avengers\\-endgame\\-pepper\\-potts\\-rescue\\|url\\-status\\=live}} That same year, she played a supporting role in the [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") [comedy drama](/wiki/Comedy_drama \"Comedy drama\") series *[The Politician](/wiki/The_Politician_%28TV_series%29 \"The Politician (TV series)\")*, playing the mother of [Ben Platt](/wiki/Ben_Platt_%28actor%29 \"Ben Platt (actor)\")'s character.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2018/02/ryan\\-murphy\\-series\\-the\\-politician\\-netflix\\-ben\\-platt\\-cast\\-barbra\\-streisand\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-in\\-talks\\-to\\-star\\-1202278255/\\|title\\=Netflix Nabs Ryan Murphy Series 'The Politician'; Ben Platt Set, Barbra Streisand \\& Gwyneth Paltrow In Talks To Star\\|last1\\=Andreeva\\|first1\\=Nellie\\|date\\=February 5, 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 12, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184017/https://deadline.com/2018/02/ryan\\-murphy\\-series\\-the\\-politician\\-netflix\\-ben\\-platt\\-cast\\-barbra\\-streisand\\-gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-in\\-talks\\-to\\-star\\-1202278255/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In October 2021, [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") released *Sex, Love, and Goop*, a sex therapy\\-themed series produced by and starring Paltrow.{{cite web\\|last\\=Haylock\\|first\\=Zoe\\|date\\=October 7, 2021\\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow Leads One Horny Cult in the Sex, Love, and Goop Trailer\\|url\\=https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-stars\\-in\\-netflixs\\-sex\\-love\\-and\\-goop\\-trailer.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2021\\|website\\=Vulture\\|archive\\-date\\=October 17, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017161228/https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-stars\\-in\\-netflixs\\-sex\\-love\\-and\\-goop\\-trailer.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2023 Paltrow said that her responsibilities with Goop made her less likely to accept acting roles, stating, \"Well, it would be very hard for me to do any acting right at the moment, just because of my job. But, I guess [Robert Downey Jr.](/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr. \"Robert Downey Jr.\") could probably always get me back. You know, to some degree.\"{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.etonline.com/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-reveals\\-which\\-a\\-list\\-co\\-star\\-she\\-would\\-return\\-to\\-acting\\-for\\-exclusive\\-214353\\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow Reveals Which A\\-List Co\\-Star She Would Return to Acting For (Exclusive)\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|author\\=Seemayer, Zach\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|date\\=November 6, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20231108164626/https://www.etonline.com/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-reveals\\-which\\-a\\-list\\-co\\-star\\-she\\-would\\-return\\-to\\-acting\\-for\\-exclusive\\-214353}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-acting\\-break\\-robert\\-downey\\-jr\\-end\\-it\\-1235783784/\\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow Says Only Robert Downey Jr. Could Probably 'Get Me Back' Into Acting, but 'It's Very Hard' to Do That Right Now\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|author\\=Sharf, Zack\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|date\\=November 8, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20231108164240/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-acting\\-break\\-robert\\-downey\\-jr\\-end\\-it\\-1235783784/}} Paltrow will return to acting with [Josh Safdie](/wiki/Safdie_brothers \"Safdie brothers\")'s sports drama *[Marty Supreme](/wiki/Marty_Supreme \"Marty Supreme\")*, starring [Timothée Chalamet](/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet \"Timothée Chalamet\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2024/08/gwyneth\\-paltrow\\-joins\\-marty\\-supreme\\-a24\\-film\\-timothee\\-chalamet\\-1236071517/\\|date\\=August 28, 2024\\|title\\=Gwyneth Paltrow To Star Opposite Timothée Chalamet In A24's ''Marty Supreme''\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]]\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Grobar\\|accessdate\\=August 28, 2024}}", "" ]
History ------- [200px\|thumb\|right\|The causeway from the Johor, Malaysia side facing the direction of Woodlands, Singapore.](/wiki/File:Causeway_12.jpg "Causeway 12.jpg") ### Construction and opening In the late 19th century, Singapore was transformed into a major international trading port{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=23}} and was a steamship coaling station.{{Cite book\|last\=Baker\|first\=Jim\|title\=Crossroads (2nd Edn): A Popular History of Malaysia and Singapore\|publisher\=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd\|year\=2008\|isbn\=9789814435482\|location\=Singapore\|pages\=92}} At the turn of the 20th century, British Malaya was transformed into a major producer and exporter of raw materials such as tin, rubber, [gambier](/wiki/Gambier_%28extract%29 "Gambier (extract)"), and [pepper](/wiki/Black_pepper "Black pepper") for international markets.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=19}} The connection to Singapore from Johor was through a ferry link. Railways across the peninsula, and in Singapore from the ferry point to Tank Road in the south of Singapore completed the trade transport network within British Malaya.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=43}} From June 1909 onward, goods were transported on wagon\-ferry,{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=49}} while passengers were transported on passenger ferries (3 ferries from 1912 onward, 2 ferries before 1912\).{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=36}} The wagon\-ferry could accommodate 6 wagons at a time,{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=49}} while the passenger ferries had a capacity of about 160 each.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=36}} As international trade demands grew, it was necessary to operate the ferry link round\-the\-clock in 1911 to bring the commodities from British Malaya into Singapore to be transshipped.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=50}} Additional ferry steamers were constructed, however they soon were overloaded. The passenger steamers often had to exceed its designed limits, carrying "as many as 250 passengers".{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=50}} Additionally, the increasing costs of the maintaining the ferries were a concern on the long\-term viability of the ferries. The annual expenditure in 1912 was estimated to be 53,750 Straits dollars (£1\.8 million in 2000\).{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=53}} In 1917, Federated Malay States (FMS) Director of Public Works, W. Eyre Kenny's proposal to build a rubble causeway gained support among the Federal Council of the FMS.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=53}}His suggestion was to have the foundation to be laid in the soft "white and pink clays" at the proposed site, have an opening span for ships to be allowed through the bridge, and have the rubble sourced from the quarries at Pulau Ubin and Bukit Timah as there were ample granite being sold at reasonable prices. Among the alternatives to the Causeway design were a bridge or upgrading the wagon\-ferries and [train ferries](/wiki/Train_ferry "Train ferry").{{Cite news\|url\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19240705\-1\.2\.11?ST\=1\&AT\=search\&k\=The%20Causeway%20a%20great%20engineering%20work%20completed\&QT\=the,causeway,a,great,engineering,work,completed\&oref\=article\|title\=The Causeway. A great engineering work completed.\|date\=5 July 1924\|work\=Straits Times\|access\-date\=24 March 2019\|via\=Malayan Post (via NewspaperSG)\|archive\-date\=7 August 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807132703/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19240705\-1\.2\.11?ST\=1\&AT\=search\&k\=The%20Causeway%20a%20great%20engineering%20work%20completed\&QT\=the,causeway,a,great,engineering,work,completed\&oref\=article\|url\-status\=live}} The bridge proposal wasn't followed through because the Straits was too deep, going at 70 feet at some points and foundations would be lacking. An opening span would be required, and the bridge would require significant maintenance. The train ferries to replace the wagon\-ferries would be too expensive as well. The causeway proposal was accepted by FMS Chief Secretary and Straits Settlements Colonial Secretary, [Edward Lewis Brockman](/wiki/Edward_Lewis_Brockman "Edward Lewis Brockman"), and Straits Settlements Governor and FMS High Commissioner, Sir [Arthur Henderson Young](/wiki/Arthur_Young_%28colonial_administrator%29 "Arthur Young (colonial administrator)"). In 1917, Governor Young cited the six\-fold increase in railway receipts in Singapore from 82,000 Straits dollars (£2\.7 million in 2000\) in 1912 to 480,000 Straits dollars (£11\.8 million in 2000\) in 1916 as an evidence to the rapid growth of the railway traffic, and thus the FMS Railway Administration could not defer any longer on the improvement works required.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=54}} The British government had consultant engineers Messrs Coode, Fitzmaurice, Wilson \& Mitchell of Westminster to prepare plans for the eventual Causeway. The plans were presented to the FMS, Straits Settlements and Johore governments in 1918\. The plan was approved in 1919 after the sharing of the costs of constructing the Causeway, was negotiated between the three governments.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|pp\=55\-57}} By the engineering standards of its time, the Causeway was a technically challenging project. It was also one of the largest engineering projects in Malaya then. Many considerations were factored for the finalised design. Tidal studies were carried out prior to the construction and design features were incorporated in consideration to the structure itself, its surroundings, and continued ship passage through the Straits.{{Cite news\|url\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19250528\.2\.3\|title\=Johore Causeway. Design and Construction of The Undertaking\|date\=28 May 1925\|work\=The Straits Times\|access\-date\=24 March 2019\|page\=2\|via\=NewspaperSG\|archive\-date\=21 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321062008/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19250528\.2\.3\|url\-status\=live}} The orientation also factored in the current railway terminations on both shores. The design would be 3,465 feet long, 60 feet wide, sufficient for two lines of metre\-gauge railway tracks and a 26 foot wide roadway, with space reserved for laying of water mains at a later date. Floodgates were incorporated at the lock to control the tides.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|pp\=58\-61}} The construction contract was awarded to Messrs Topham, Jones \& Railton Ltd of London on 30 June 1919\. The engineering firm had completed major works at the dockyards and harbour in Singapore, and had necessary work capacity and experience in the area available. The contract allowed the firm a period of 5 years and 3 months to complete the construction. Construction started in August 1919, starting with the lock at Johore's bank. Sequence of construction would allow minimal disruption to existing shipping or ferrying services. On 24 April 1920, a ceremony was held to mark the laying of the foundation stone.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|pp\=77\-81}} The Johore Sultan, [Sultan Ibrahim](/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Johor "Ibrahim of Johor"), the newly appointed Governor of Straits Settlements and High Commissioner of the FMS, Sir [Laurence Guillemard](/wiki/Laurence_Guillemard "Laurence Guillemard"), his wife among other invited guests graced the ceremony on board Sea Belle, a sea yacht, in the middle of the Straits. The ceremony commenced with prayers and Governor Guillemard was invited to pull a silken cord which activated machinery to empty a load of rubble from a barge into the water. Sirens from the surrounding ships then greeted the now emptied barge. A second barge of rubble was emptied as well with *air tolak bala* and *air doa selamat* being poured into the Straits. A gun salute of five rounds fired from Bukit Timbalan marked the end of the ceremony. British Malaya was impacted by the [Depression of 1920–21](/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%9321 "Depression of 1920–21") as she was a primary source for many commodities internationally. The constructions process was thus under intense public scrutiny and criticism.{{Cite news\|url\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19211215\-1\.2\.20\|title\=Muddled Finances\|date\=15 December 1921\|work\=The Straits Times\|access\-date\=24 March 2019\|via\=NewspaperSG\|archive\-date\=24 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110631/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19211215\-1\.2\.20\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220427\-1\.2\.88\|title\=F.M.S. Commerce. Meeting of Chamber at Ipoh\|date\=27 April 1922\|work\=The Straits Times\|access\-date\=24 March 2019\|via\=NewspaperSG\|archive\-date\=24 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110630/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220427\-1\.2\.88\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220708\-1\.2\.70\|title\=Sir Edward Brockman. His views on Present Malayan Conditions\|date\=8 July 1922\|work\=The Straits Times\|access\-date\=24 March 2019\|via\=NewspaperSG\|archive\-date\=24 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110629/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220708\-1\.2\.70\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19221213\-1\.2\.27\|title\=Governors at Loggerheads\|date\=13 December 1922\|work\=The Straits Times\|access\-date\=24 March 2019\|via\=NewspaperSG\|archive\-date\=24 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110904/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19221213\-1\.2\.27\|url\-status\=live}} Additionally, the British Admiralty would like to have the locks be widened and deepened to accommodate British warships. However, it was found to be difficult to engineer and was very costly. The FMS and Straits Settlements government thus had considered dropping the project.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=83}} In January 1923, the lock was open for local sea craft. On 1 October, the partially completed Causeway was officially opened to passenger traffic. The Causeway was officially completed in 1924 when the finishing touches to the lock was done. With an estimated cost 17 million Straits dollars (£277 million in 2000\),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.concertina.com/calculator/\|title\=Calculate Modern Values of Historic Concertina Prices\|website\=www.concertina.com\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-21\|archive\-date\=26 October 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026231951/http://www.concertina.com/calculator/\|url\-status\=live}} over 2,300 staff and labourers were employed to during the course of the construction. An opening ceremony was conducted in Johore on 28 June 1924\. The Johore Sultan and Governor Guillemard graced the ceremony which a ribbon cutting ceremony was held. A special holiday was declared in Johore for more of the public to take part in the festivities. The opening marked a new era which uninterrupted communications between Singapore and Bangkok now exists.{{Cite news\|url\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19240705\-1\.2\.9\|title\=The Johore Causeway.\|date\=5 July 1924\|work\=Malayan Saturday Post\|access\-date\=6 October 2019\|via\=NewspaperSG\|archive\-date\=6 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006093143/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19240705\-1\.2\.9\|url\-status\=live}} The administration of the Causeway was formalised in 1925 with the formation of the Johore Causeway Control Committee. Under FMSR, the committee was given full autonomy to oversee the efficient management and maintenance of the Causeway.{{sfnp\|Lau\|Alphonso\|2011\|p\=124}} ### World War II and post\-war period {{multiple image \| image1 \= Singapore causeway blown up.jpg \| image2 \= The Causeway joining Singapore Island with Johore in 1945\.jpg \| footer \= Left: The severed causeway on the eve of Japanese invasion in 1942\. Right: The causeway just after the Japanese surrender in 1945\. }} As the [Japanese invasion of Malaya](/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya "Japanese invasion of Malaya") drew to a close, the Allied forces under the command of Lieutenant\-General [Arthur Percival](/wiki/Arthur_Percival "Arthur Percival") began retreating from their positions in Johore, crossing the Causeway in the early hours of 31 January 1942\. The Causeway was then blown up with two explosions. The first wrecked the lock's lift\-bridge, while the second caused a 70 feet wide gap in the Causeway and severed the water\-carrying pipelines as well. Though this action forced the Japanese to cross the Straits elsewhere, they soon took the city and constructed a girder bridge over the gap.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record\-details/9d21b347\-1162\-11e3\-83d5\-0050568939ad\|title\=THE KONEO IMPERIAL GUARDS DIVISION OF THE JAPANESE ARMY …\|website\=www.nas.gov.sg\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-07\|archive\-date\=3 September 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903033320/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record\-details/9d21b347\-1162\-11e3\-83d5\-0050568939ad\|url\-status\=live}} The bridge remained in its war\-torn state until the return of the British after the surrender of the Imperial Japanese forces. The girder bridge, now rotting,{{Cite news \|date\=24 February 1946 \|title\=Ex\-Chindits Build Bailey Causeway \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19460224\.2\.29 \|work\=The Straits Times \|pages\=4}} was replaced with two [Bailey bridge](/wiki/Bailey_bridge "Bailey bridge") extensions in February 1946, with the rubble of the demolished lift bridge cleared and the railway tracks re\-laid. Reconstruction plans of lock channel and lift bridge were looked at in the late 1940s, but were subsequently shelved since demand for water passage through the Causeway wasn't substantial enough to justify the reconstruction costs. During the [Malayan Emergency](/wiki/Malayan_Emergency "Malayan Emergency") of 1948 to 1960, as a strategic conduit between Singapore and Malaya, travellers were subjected to stringent security measures to impede the movement of enemy combatants and weapons between Singapore and Malaya. The checks, together with attacks on railway lines further aggravated the traffic congestion on the Causeway. Additionally, the Causeway would be further congested during public holidays and festive seasons. ### Independence and border control [left\|thumb\|200x200px\|Travelling on the Causeway in a bus in 1973\.](/wiki/File:Singapore-Johore-Causeway-1973-74-WUS08291.jpg "Singapore-Johore-Causeway-1973-74-WUS08291.jpg") The Causeway first became an international border when the [Federation of Malaya](/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya "Federation of Malaya") achieved independence on 31 August 1957\. Plans were made to introduce immigration controls at the Causeway, however, a system of strict identity card checks was implemented instead. The Causeway became an internal state border when the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak merged to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963\. On 22 July 1964, as part of a curfew after [racial riots in Singapore](/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore "1964 race riots in Singapore"), the Causeway was closed to travellers without police permission. It was reopened during non\-curfew hours the following day and normal traffic had resumed by 26 July. After Singapore's separation from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, the Causeway became the border connector between the two countries. Immigration checkpoints were built on both sides, with passport controls implemented on the Singaporean side from June 1967 and on the Malaysian side from September. Toll collection at the Causeway checkpoint began on 1 November 1984, with ten lanes in total. The toll booths were built by the Malaysian Highway Authority.{{cite news \|title\=FOURTEEN LANES FOR CAUSEWAY TOLL \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singmonitor19841026\-2\.2\.3 \|access\-date\=30 March 2024 \|work\=Singapore Monitor (Afternoon Edition) \|date\=26 October 1984}} By December, over S$384,000 worth of toll money were collected. The toll collection reduced traffic congestions in the Causeway. Toll payments were collected for the Malaysian federal government.{{cite news \|title\=$384,000 collected at Causeway \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19841207\-1\.2\.20\.1?qt\=malaysian,%20highway,%20authority\&q\=malaysian%20highway%20authority \|access\-date\=30 March 2024 \|work\=The Straits Times \|date\=7 December 1984}} To support the ever\-increasing trade and foot traffic on the Causeway, both the Malaysian and Singapore governments carried out works to widen the Causeway multiple times as well as to improve checkpoint facilities. Singapore replaced its checkpoint in 1999, followed by Malaysia in 2008\. A second border crossing bridge, the [Malaysia–Singapore Second Link](/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Second_Link "Malaysia–Singapore Second Link") between [Tanjung Kupang](/wiki/Tanjung_Kupang "Tanjung Kupang") and [Tuas](/wiki/Tuas "Tuas"), was completed in 1998\. In response to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia"), Malaysia instituted a nationwide [movement control order](/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") on 18 March 2020 and closed the country's borders, affecting hundreds of thousands of cross\-border commuters between Malaysia and Singapore.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/16/malaysia\-announces\-restricted\-movement\-measure\-after\-spike\-in\-covid\-19\-cases\|title\=Malaysia announces movement control order after spike in Covid\-19 cases (updated) \| The Star Online\|website\=www.thestar.com.my\|access\-date\=15 June 2023\|archive\-date\=18 March 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318000522/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/16/malaysia\-announces\-restricted\-movement\-measure\-after\-spike\-in\-covid\-19\-cases\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/bus\-services\-170x\-and\-950\-suspended\-till\-march\-31\-other\-services\-halt\-malaysia\|title\=Coronavirus: Bus services 170X and 950 suspended till March 31, other services halt Malaysia legs ahead of lockdown\|date\=17 March 2020\|website\=The Straits Times\|access\-date\=15 June 2023\|archive\-date\=18 March 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318235814/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/bus\-services\-170x\-and\-950\-suspended\-till\-march\-31\-other\-services\-halt\-malaysia\|url\-status\=live}} However, the flow of cargo, goods and food supplies continued.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore\-malaysia\-cargo\-goods\-border\-restrictions\-12547142\|title\=Flow of goods, food supplies, cargo to continue between Singapore and Malaysia: PM Lee\|website\=CNA\|access\-date\=15 June 2023\|archive\-date\=18 March 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318020443/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore\-malaysia\-cargo\-goods\-border\-restrictions\-12547142\|url\-status\=dead}} The quota of daily passengers was increased to 3,420 on 14 March 2022\. From 1 April 2022, the quota was lifted with no restrictions imposed on the mode of travel across the land connections. ### Traffic volume The Causeway is regularly described as one of the busiest land crossings in the world.{{Cite web \|title\=Smoother trips for people working on both sides of Causeway with Johor\-Singapore special economic zone: PM Lee \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/malaysia\-singapore\-special\-economic\-zone\-johor\-lee\-hsien\-loong\-anwar\-ibrahim\-leaders\-retreat\-bilateral\-relations\-3882551 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-30 \|website\=CNA \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Noh \|first\=Mohamed Farid \|date\=2020\-03\-18 \|title\=All quiet at world's busiest causeway {{!}} New Straits Times \|url\=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/575714/all\-quiet\-worlds\-busiest\-causeway \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-30 \|website\=NST Online \|language\=en}} It has been estimated that between 250,000 \- 400,000 on a typical day.{{Cite web \|title\=KTM train services between Johor Bahru and Woodlands to resume on Jun 19 \|url\=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/asia/ktm\-train\-services\-johor\-bahru\-woodlands\-resume\-jun\-19\-singapore\-malaysia\-border\-360871 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-30 \|website\=CNA Lifestyle \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=TAN \|first\=BEN \|date\=2022\-03\-30 \|title\=Malaysia\-Singapore border crossing set to reclaim title as one of world’s busiest on April 1, with 400,000 travellers in first week \|url\=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/03/30/malaysia\-singapore\-border\-crossing\-set\-to\-reclaim\-title\-as\-one\-of\-worlds\-bu/2050559 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-30 \|website\=Malay Mail \|language\=en}} In March 2023, it was reported that about 376,000 people crossed Singapore's land checkpoints (including both the Causeway and the [Second Link](/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Second_Link "Malaysia–Singapore Second Link")) every day.{{Cite web \|title\=Heavy traffic expected at land checkpoints during upcoming Qing Ming festival and Good Friday weekend \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/heavy\-traffic\-woodlands\-tuas\-checkpoint\-qing\-ming\-festival\-good\-friday\-long\-weekend\-ica\-3384061 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-30 \|website\=CNA \|language\=en}} Between 16 June and 18 June 2023, during the school holidays period in Singapore, it was reported that an average of 406,000 persons crossed the Causeway each day, with a peak of 430,000 crossings on 16 June 2023\.{{Cite web \|title\=Heavy traffic expected at land checkpoints for Hari Raya Haji holiday \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/causeway\-singapore\-malaysia\-heavy\-traffic\-hari\-raya\-haji\-land\-checkpoints\-3588936 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-30 \|website\=CNA \|language\=en}} On 28 March 2024, according to the [Immigration and Checkpoints Authority](/wiki/Immigration_and_Checkpoints_Authority "Immigration and Checkpoints Authority"), 510,000 people crossed the Singapore\-Malaysia land borders ahead of a 3\-day [Good Friday](/wiki/Good_Friday "Good Friday") weekend. This was reported to be the highest traffic at Singapore's land borders in a single day. There were continuous tailbacks at Woodlands Checkpoint throughout the day, with queues extending beyond the [Seletar Expressway](/wiki/Seletar_Expressway "Seletar Expressway").{{Cite web \|title\=Heavy traffic expected at land checkpoints during upcoming Qing Ming festival and Good Friday weekend \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/heavy\-traffic\-woodlands\-tuas\-checkpoint\-qing\-ming\-festival\-good\-friday\-long\-weekend\-ica\-3384061 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-30 \|website\=CNA \|language\=en}} ### QR Code system #### Singapore Checkpoint In a bid to ease congestion and reduce waiting time, a [QR code](/wiki/QR_code "QR code") system was implemented on 19 March 2024\. Travellers in cars passing through Singapore’s Woodlands and Tuas checkpoints can clear immigration using QR codes – instead of their [passports](/wiki/Passport "Passport"). The overall waiting time can be reduced by more than 30 per cent if most car travellers use QR codes for immigration clearance, said the Singapore authorities.{{Cite news \|title\=Here’s how the Johor\-Singapore Causeway evolved over 100 years \|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/2024/06/causeway\-100\-years/index.html?shell \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-01 \|work\=The Straits Times \|language\=en \|issn\=0585\-3923}} #### Malaysia Checkpoint [Immigration Department of Malaysia](/wiki/Immigration_Department_of_Malaysia "Immigration Department of Malaysia") announced the news on its Facebook page on 26 June 2024\. The first phase of testing of 'MyRentas"{{Cite web \|title\=myRENTAS \- Apps on Google Play \|url\=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id\=com.mycompany.myrentas\&hl\=en\_US \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-01 \|website\=play.google.com \|language\=en\-US}} will only be available to bus passengers and Malaysian at the [Sultan Iskandar Building](/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Building "Sultan Iskandar Building"). The testing period will be three months (until 12 September 2024\), after which it will be open to other checkpoint users. [MySejahtera](/wiki/MySejahtera "MySejahtera")'s MyTripQR code clearance system was officially launched at the [Second Link checkpoint](/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Second_Link "Malaysia–Singapore Second Link") between Singapore and Malaysia at the beginning of this month, but is currently only available for motorcycle lanes and bus passengers.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-06\-27 \|title\=新山关卡QR码通关系统已启用 可下载应用程序通关 \|url\=https://www.8world.com/southeast\-asia/malaysia\-causeway\-qr\-code\-myrentas\-2494111 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-01 \|website\=8world \|language\=en}}
[ "History\n-------", "[200px\\|thumb\\|right\\|The causeway from the Johor, Malaysia side facing the direction of Woodlands, Singapore.](/wiki/File:Causeway_12.jpg \"Causeway 12.jpg\")\n### Construction and opening", "In the late 19th century, Singapore was transformed into a major international trading port{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=23}} and was a steamship coaling station.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Baker\\|first\\=Jim\\|title\\=Crossroads (2nd Edn): A Popular History of Malaysia and Singapore\\|publisher\\=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd\\|year\\=2008\\|isbn\\=9789814435482\\|location\\=Singapore\\|pages\\=92}} At the turn of the 20th century, British Malaya was transformed into a major producer and exporter of raw materials such as tin, rubber, [gambier](/wiki/Gambier_%28extract%29 \"Gambier (extract)\"), and [pepper](/wiki/Black_pepper \"Black pepper\") for international markets.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=19}} The connection to Singapore from Johor was through a ferry link. Railways across the peninsula, and in Singapore from the ferry point to Tank Road in the south of Singapore completed the trade transport network within British Malaya.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=43}} From June 1909 onward, goods were transported on wagon\\-ferry,{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=49}} while passengers were transported on passenger ferries (3 ferries from 1912 onward, 2 ferries before 1912\\).{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=36}} The wagon\\-ferry could accommodate 6 wagons at a time,{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=49}} while the passenger ferries had a capacity of about 160 each.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=36}} As international trade demands grew, it was necessary to operate the ferry link round\\-the\\-clock in 1911 to bring the commodities from British Malaya into Singapore to be transshipped.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=50}} Additional ferry steamers were constructed, however they soon were overloaded. The passenger steamers often had to exceed its designed limits, carrying \"as many as 250 passengers\".{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=50}} Additionally, the increasing costs of the maintaining the ferries were a concern on the long\\-term viability of the ferries. The annual expenditure in 1912 was estimated to be 53,750 Straits dollars (£1\\.8 million in 2000\\).{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=53}}", "In 1917, Federated Malay States (FMS) Director of Public Works, W. Eyre Kenny's proposal to build a rubble causeway gained support among the Federal Council of the FMS.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=53}}His suggestion was to have the foundation to be laid in the soft \"white and pink clays\" at the proposed site, have an opening span for ships to be allowed through the bridge, and have the rubble sourced from the quarries at Pulau Ubin and Bukit Timah as there were ample granite being sold at reasonable prices. Among the alternatives to the Causeway design were a bridge or upgrading the wagon\\-ferries and [train ferries](/wiki/Train_ferry \"Train ferry\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19240705\\-1\\.2\\.11?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=search\\&k\\=The%20Causeway%20a%20great%20engineering%20work%20completed\\&QT\\=the,causeway,a,great,engineering,work,completed\\&oref\\=article\\|title\\=The Causeway. A great engineering work completed.\\|date\\=5 July 1924\\|work\\=Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|via\\=Malayan Post (via NewspaperSG)\\|archive\\-date\\=7 August 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807132703/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19240705\\-1\\.2\\.11?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=search\\&k\\=The%20Causeway%20a%20great%20engineering%20work%20completed\\&QT\\=the,causeway,a,great,engineering,work,completed\\&oref\\=article\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The bridge proposal wasn't followed through because the Straits was too deep, going at 70 feet at some points and foundations would be lacking. An opening span would be required, and the bridge would require significant maintenance. The train ferries to replace the wagon\\-ferries would be too expensive as well.", "The causeway proposal was accepted by FMS Chief Secretary and Straits Settlements Colonial Secretary, [Edward Lewis Brockman](/wiki/Edward_Lewis_Brockman \"Edward Lewis Brockman\"), and Straits Settlements Governor and FMS High Commissioner, Sir [Arthur Henderson Young](/wiki/Arthur_Young_%28colonial_administrator%29 \"Arthur Young (colonial administrator)\"). In 1917, Governor Young cited the six\\-fold increase in railway receipts in Singapore from 82,000 Straits dollars (£2\\.7 million in 2000\\) in 1912 to 480,000 Straits dollars (£11\\.8 million in 2000\\) in 1916 as an evidence to the rapid growth of the railway traffic, and thus the FMS Railway Administration could not defer any longer on the improvement works required.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=54}} The British government had consultant engineers Messrs Coode, Fitzmaurice, Wilson \\& Mitchell of Westminster to prepare plans for the eventual Causeway. The plans were presented to the FMS, Straits Settlements and Johore governments in 1918\\. The plan was approved in 1919 after the sharing of the costs of constructing the Causeway, was negotiated between the three governments.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|pp\\=55\\-57}}", "By the engineering standards of its time, the Causeway was a technically challenging project. It was also one of the largest engineering projects in Malaya then. Many considerations were factored for the finalised design. Tidal studies were carried out prior to the construction and design features were incorporated in consideration to the structure itself, its surroundings, and continued ship passage through the Straits.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19250528\\.2\\.3\\|title\\=Johore Causeway. Design and Construction of The Undertaking\\|date\\=28 May 1925\\|work\\=The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|page\\=2\\|via\\=NewspaperSG\\|archive\\-date\\=21 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321062008/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19250528\\.2\\.3\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The orientation also factored in the current railway terminations on both shores. The design would be 3,465 feet long, 60 feet wide, sufficient for two lines of metre\\-gauge railway tracks and a 26 foot wide roadway, with space reserved for laying of water mains at a later date. Floodgates were incorporated at the lock to control the tides.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|pp\\=58\\-61}}", "The construction contract was awarded to Messrs Topham, Jones \\& Railton Ltd of London on 30 June 1919\\. The engineering firm had completed major works at the dockyards and harbour in Singapore, and had necessary work capacity and experience in the area available. The contract allowed the firm a period of 5 years and 3 months to complete the construction. Construction started in August 1919, starting with the lock at Johore's bank. Sequence of construction would allow minimal disruption to existing shipping or ferrying services.", "On 24 April 1920, a ceremony was held to mark the laying of the foundation stone.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|pp\\=77\\-81}} The Johore Sultan, [Sultan Ibrahim](/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Johor \"Ibrahim of Johor\"), the newly appointed Governor of Straits Settlements and High Commissioner of the FMS, Sir [Laurence Guillemard](/wiki/Laurence_Guillemard \"Laurence Guillemard\"), his wife among other invited guests graced the ceremony on board Sea Belle, a sea yacht, in the middle of the Straits. The ceremony commenced with prayers and Governor Guillemard was invited to pull a silken cord which activated machinery to empty a load of rubble from a barge into the water. Sirens from the surrounding ships then greeted the now emptied barge. A second barge of rubble was emptied as well with *air tolak bala* and *air doa selamat* being poured into the Straits. A gun salute of five rounds fired from Bukit Timbalan marked the end of the ceremony.", "British Malaya was impacted by the [Depression of 1920–21](/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%9321 \"Depression of 1920–21\") as she was a primary source for many commodities internationally. The constructions process was thus under intense public scrutiny and criticism.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19211215\\-1\\.2\\.20\\|title\\=Muddled Finances\\|date\\=15 December 1921\\|work\\=The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|via\\=NewspaperSG\\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110631/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19211215\\-1\\.2\\.20\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220427\\-1\\.2\\.88\\|title\\=F.M.S. Commerce. Meeting of Chamber at Ipoh\\|date\\=27 April 1922\\|work\\=The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|via\\=NewspaperSG\\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110630/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220427\\-1\\.2\\.88\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220708\\-1\\.2\\.70\\|title\\=Sir Edward Brockman. His views on Present Malayan Conditions\\|date\\=8 July 1922\\|work\\=The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|via\\=NewspaperSG\\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110629/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19220708\\-1\\.2\\.70\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19221213\\-1\\.2\\.27\\|title\\=Governors at Loggerheads\\|date\\=13 December 1922\\|work\\=The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|via\\=NewspaperSG\\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110904/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19221213\\-1\\.2\\.27\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Additionally, the British Admiralty would like to have the locks be widened and deepened to accommodate British warships. However, it was found to be difficult to engineer and was very costly. The FMS and Straits Settlements government thus had considered dropping the project.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=83}}", "In January 1923, the lock was open for local sea craft. On 1 October, the partially completed Causeway was officially opened to passenger traffic. The Causeway was officially completed in 1924 when the finishing touches to the lock was done. With an estimated cost 17 million Straits dollars (£277 million in 2000\\),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.concertina.com/calculator/\\|title\\=Calculate Modern Values of Historic Concertina Prices\\|website\\=www.concertina.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026231951/http://www.concertina.com/calculator/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} over 2,300 staff and labourers were employed to during the course of the construction. An opening ceremony was conducted in Johore on 28 June 1924\\. The Johore Sultan and Governor Guillemard graced the ceremony which a ribbon cutting ceremony was held. A special holiday was declared in Johore for more of the public to take part in the festivities. The opening marked a new era which uninterrupted communications between Singapore and Bangkok now exists.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19240705\\-1\\.2\\.9\\|title\\=The Johore Causeway.\\|date\\=5 July 1924\\|work\\=Malayan Saturday Post\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2019\\|via\\=NewspaperSG\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006093143/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19240705\\-1\\.2\\.9\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The administration of the Causeway was formalised in 1925 with the formation of the Johore Causeway Control Committee. Under FMSR, the committee was given full autonomy to oversee the efficient management and maintenance of the Causeway.{{sfnp\\|Lau\\|Alphonso\\|2011\\|p\\=124}}", "### World War II and post\\-war period", "{{multiple image\n\\| image1 \\= Singapore causeway blown up.jpg\n\\| image2 \\= The Causeway joining Singapore Island with Johore in 1945\\.jpg\n\\| footer \\= Left: The severed causeway on the eve of Japanese invasion in 1942\\. Right: The causeway just after the Japanese surrender in 1945\\.\n}}", "As the [Japanese invasion of Malaya](/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya \"Japanese invasion of Malaya\") drew to a close, the Allied forces under the command of Lieutenant\\-General [Arthur Percival](/wiki/Arthur_Percival \"Arthur Percival\") began retreating from their positions in Johore, crossing the Causeway in the early hours of 31 January 1942\\. The Causeway was then blown up with two explosions. The first wrecked the lock's lift\\-bridge, while the second caused a 70 feet wide gap in the Causeway and severed the water\\-carrying pipelines as well. Though this action forced the Japanese to cross the Straits elsewhere, they soon took the city and constructed a girder bridge over the gap.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record\\-details/9d21b347\\-1162\\-11e3\\-83d5\\-0050568939ad\\|title\\=THE KONEO IMPERIAL GUARDS DIVISION OF THE JAPANESE ARMY …\\|website\\=www.nas.gov.sg\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-07\\|archive\\-date\\=3 September 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903033320/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record\\-details/9d21b347\\-1162\\-11e3\\-83d5\\-0050568939ad\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The bridge remained in its war\\-torn state until the return of the British after the surrender of the Imperial Japanese forces. The girder bridge, now rotting,{{Cite news \\|date\\=24 February 1946 \\|title\\=Ex\\-Chindits Build Bailey Causeway \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19460224\\.2\\.29 \\|work\\=The Straits Times \\|pages\\=4}} was replaced with two [Bailey bridge](/wiki/Bailey_bridge \"Bailey bridge\") extensions in February 1946, with the rubble of the demolished lift bridge cleared and the railway tracks re\\-laid. Reconstruction plans of lock channel and lift bridge were looked at in the late 1940s, but were subsequently shelved since demand for water passage through the Causeway wasn't substantial enough to justify the reconstruction costs.", "During the [Malayan Emergency](/wiki/Malayan_Emergency \"Malayan Emergency\") of 1948 to 1960, as a strategic conduit between Singapore and Malaya, travellers were subjected to stringent security measures to impede the movement of enemy combatants and weapons between Singapore and Malaya. The checks, together with attacks on railway lines further aggravated the traffic congestion on the Causeway. Additionally, the Causeway would be further congested during public holidays and festive seasons.", "### Independence and border control", "[left\\|thumb\\|200x200px\\|Travelling on the Causeway in a bus in 1973\\.](/wiki/File:Singapore-Johore-Causeway-1973-74-WUS08291.jpg \"Singapore-Johore-Causeway-1973-74-WUS08291.jpg\")\nThe Causeway first became an international border when the [Federation of Malaya](/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya \"Federation of Malaya\") achieved independence on 31 August 1957\\. Plans were made to introduce immigration controls at the Causeway, however, a system of strict identity card checks was implemented instead. The Causeway became an internal state border when the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak merged to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963\\.", "On 22 July 1964, as part of a curfew after [racial riots in Singapore](/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore \"1964 race riots in Singapore\"), the Causeway was closed to travellers without police permission. It was reopened during non\\-curfew hours the following day and normal traffic had resumed by 26 July.", "After Singapore's separation from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, the Causeway became the border connector between the two countries. Immigration checkpoints were built on both sides, with passport controls implemented on the Singaporean side from June 1967 and on the Malaysian side from September.", "Toll collection at the Causeway checkpoint began on 1 November 1984, with ten lanes in total. The toll booths were built by the Malaysian Highway Authority.{{cite news \\|title\\=FOURTEEN LANES FOR CAUSEWAY TOLL \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singmonitor19841026\\-2\\.2\\.3 \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2024 \\|work\\=Singapore Monitor (Afternoon Edition) \\|date\\=26 October 1984}} By December, over S$384,000 worth of toll money were collected. The toll collection reduced traffic congestions in the Causeway. Toll payments were collected for the Malaysian federal government.{{cite news \\|title\\=$384,000 collected at Causeway \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19841207\\-1\\.2\\.20\\.1?qt\\=malaysian,%20highway,%20authority\\&q\\=malaysian%20highway%20authority \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2024 \\|work\\=The Straits Times \\|date\\=7 December 1984}}", "To support the ever\\-increasing trade and foot traffic on the Causeway, both the Malaysian and Singapore governments carried out works to widen the Causeway multiple times as well as to improve checkpoint facilities. Singapore replaced its checkpoint in 1999, followed by Malaysia in 2008\\. A second border crossing bridge, the [Malaysia–Singapore Second Link](/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Second_Link \"Malaysia–Singapore Second Link\") between [Tanjung Kupang](/wiki/Tanjung_Kupang \"Tanjung Kupang\") and [Tuas](/wiki/Tuas \"Tuas\"), was completed in 1998\\.", "In response to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\"), Malaysia instituted a nationwide [movement control order](/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order \"Malaysian movement control order\") on 18 March 2020 and closed the country's borders, affecting hundreds of thousands of cross\\-border commuters between Malaysia and Singapore.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/16/malaysia\\-announces\\-restricted\\-movement\\-measure\\-after\\-spike\\-in\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\|title\\=Malaysia announces movement control order after spike in Covid\\-19 cases (updated) \\| The Star Online\\|website\\=www.thestar.com.my\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=18 March 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318000522/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/16/malaysia\\-announces\\-restricted\\-movement\\-measure\\-after\\-spike\\-in\\-covid\\-19\\-cases\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/bus\\-services\\-170x\\-and\\-950\\-suspended\\-till\\-march\\-31\\-other\\-services\\-halt\\-malaysia\\|title\\=Coronavirus: Bus services 170X and 950 suspended till March 31, other services halt Malaysia legs ahead of lockdown\\|date\\=17 March 2020\\|website\\=The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=18 March 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318235814/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/bus\\-services\\-170x\\-and\\-950\\-suspended\\-till\\-march\\-31\\-other\\-services\\-halt\\-malaysia\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, the flow of cargo, goods and food supplies continued.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore\\-malaysia\\-cargo\\-goods\\-border\\-restrictions\\-12547142\\|title\\=Flow of goods, food supplies, cargo to continue between Singapore and Malaysia: PM Lee\\|website\\=CNA\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=18 March 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318020443/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore\\-malaysia\\-cargo\\-goods\\-border\\-restrictions\\-12547142\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The quota of daily passengers was increased to 3,420 on 14 March 2022\\. From 1 April 2022, the quota was lifted with no restrictions imposed on the mode of travel across the land connections.", "### Traffic volume", "The Causeway is regularly described as one of the busiest land crossings in the world.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Smoother trips for people working on both sides of Causeway with Johor\\-Singapore special economic zone: PM Lee \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/malaysia\\-singapore\\-special\\-economic\\-zone\\-johor\\-lee\\-hsien\\-loong\\-anwar\\-ibrahim\\-leaders\\-retreat\\-bilateral\\-relations\\-3882551 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=CNA \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Noh \\|first\\=Mohamed Farid \\|date\\=2020\\-03\\-18 \\|title\\=All quiet at world's busiest causeway {{!}} New Straits Times \\|url\\=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/575714/all\\-quiet\\-worlds\\-busiest\\-causeway \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=NST Online \\|language\\=en}} It has been estimated that between 250,000 \\- 400,000 on a typical day.{{Cite web \\|title\\=KTM train services between Johor Bahru and Woodlands to resume on Jun 19 \\|url\\=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/asia/ktm\\-train\\-services\\-johor\\-bahru\\-woodlands\\-resume\\-jun\\-19\\-singapore\\-malaysia\\-border\\-360871 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=CNA Lifestyle \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=TAN \\|first\\=BEN \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-30 \\|title\\=Malaysia\\-Singapore border crossing set to reclaim title as one of world’s busiest on April 1, with 400,000 travellers in first week \\|url\\=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/03/30/malaysia\\-singapore\\-border\\-crossing\\-set\\-to\\-reclaim\\-title\\-as\\-one\\-of\\-worlds\\-bu/2050559 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=Malay Mail \\|language\\=en}}", "In March 2023, it was reported that about 376,000 people crossed Singapore's land checkpoints (including both the Causeway and the [Second Link](/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Second_Link \"Malaysia–Singapore Second Link\")) every day.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Heavy traffic expected at land checkpoints during upcoming Qing Ming festival and Good Friday weekend \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/heavy\\-traffic\\-woodlands\\-tuas\\-checkpoint\\-qing\\-ming\\-festival\\-good\\-friday\\-long\\-weekend\\-ica\\-3384061 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=CNA \\|language\\=en}}", "Between 16 June and 18 June 2023, during the school holidays period in Singapore, it was reported that an average of 406,000 persons crossed the Causeway each day, with a peak of 430,000 crossings on 16 June 2023\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Heavy traffic expected at land checkpoints for Hari Raya Haji holiday \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/causeway\\-singapore\\-malaysia\\-heavy\\-traffic\\-hari\\-raya\\-haji\\-land\\-checkpoints\\-3588936 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=CNA \\|language\\=en}}", "On 28 March 2024, according to the [Immigration and Checkpoints Authority](/wiki/Immigration_and_Checkpoints_Authority \"Immigration and Checkpoints Authority\"), 510,000 people crossed the Singapore\\-Malaysia land borders ahead of a 3\\-day [Good Friday](/wiki/Good_Friday \"Good Friday\") weekend. This was reported to be the highest traffic at Singapore's land borders in a single day. There were continuous tailbacks at Woodlands Checkpoint throughout the day, with queues extending beyond the [Seletar Expressway](/wiki/Seletar_Expressway \"Seletar Expressway\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Heavy traffic expected at land checkpoints during upcoming Qing Ming festival and Good Friday weekend \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/heavy\\-traffic\\-woodlands\\-tuas\\-checkpoint\\-qing\\-ming\\-festival\\-good\\-friday\\-long\\-weekend\\-ica\\-3384061 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=CNA \\|language\\=en}}", "### QR Code system", "#### Singapore Checkpoint", "In a bid to ease congestion and reduce waiting time, a [QR code](/wiki/QR_code \"QR code\") system was implemented on 19 March 2024\\. Travellers in cars passing through Singapore’s Woodlands and Tuas checkpoints can clear immigration using QR codes – instead of their [passports](/wiki/Passport \"Passport\"). The overall waiting time can be reduced by more than 30 per cent if most car travellers use QR codes for immigration clearance, said the Singapore authorities.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Here’s how the Johor\\-Singapore Causeway evolved over 100 years \\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/2024/06/causeway\\-100\\-years/index.html?shell \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-01 \\|work\\=The Straits Times \\|language\\=en \\|issn\\=0585\\-3923}}", "#### Malaysia Checkpoint", "[Immigration Department of Malaysia](/wiki/Immigration_Department_of_Malaysia \"Immigration Department of Malaysia\") announced the news on its Facebook page on 26 June 2024\\. The first phase of testing of 'MyRentas\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=myRENTAS \\- Apps on Google Play \\|url\\=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id\\=com.mycompany.myrentas\\&hl\\=en\\_US \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-01 \\|website\\=play.google.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} will only be available to bus passengers and Malaysian at the [Sultan Iskandar Building](/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Building \"Sultan Iskandar Building\"). The testing period will be three months (until 12 September 2024\\), after which it will be open to other checkpoint users. [MySejahtera](/wiki/MySejahtera \"MySejahtera\")'s MyTripQR code clearance system was officially launched at the [Second Link checkpoint](/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Second_Link \"Malaysia–Singapore Second Link\") between Singapore and Malaysia at the beginning of this month, but is currently only available for motorcycle lanes and bus passengers.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-27 \\|title\\=新山关卡QR码通关系统已启用 可下载应用程序通关 \\|url\\=https://www.8world.com/southeast\\-asia/malaysia\\-causeway\\-qr\\-code\\-myrentas\\-2494111 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-01 \\|website\\=8world \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Border checkpoints ------------------ ### Southern Integrated Gateway {{Main\|Southern Integrated Gateway}} [thumb\|200px\|Sultan Iskandar Building, at the northern end of the Causeway in Johor Bahru](/wiki/File:SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG "SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG") The [Southern Integrated Gateway](/wiki/Southern_Integrated_Gateway "Southern Integrated Gateway") consists of the [Sultan Iskandar Building](/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Building "Sultan Iskandar Building") and the [Johor Bahru Sentral railway station](/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Sentral_railway_station "Johor Bahru Sentral railway station") (JB Sentral). Sultan Iskandar Building is the [customs](/wiki/Customs "Customs"), [immigration](/wiki/Immigration "Immigration") and [quarantine](/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine") (CIQ) complex handling road traffic and pedestrians. It was officially opened by the [Malaysian Prime Minister](/wiki/Malaysian_Prime_Minister "Malaysian Prime Minister"), [Abdullah Badawi](/wiki/Abdullah_Badawi "Abdullah Badawi") on 1 December 2008 and went into full operations on 16 December 2008\. The old Tanjung Puteri CIQ complex was subsequently demolished. As the new CIQ complex was located 1 km further inland from the old checkpoint, as well as the lack of a dedicated pedestrian walkway on the new access road, pedestrians are officially no longer allowed to cross the Causeway on foot, though it is tolerated during severe traffic congestion. JB Sentral railway station is the main railway station of Johor Bahru since 21 October 2010, replacing the old [Johor Bahru railway station](/wiki/Johor_Bahru_railway_station "Johor Bahru railway station"). JB Sentral also serves as the southbound exit immigration and customs checkpoint for rail passengers heading toward Singapore. ### Woodlands Checkpoint {{Main\|Woodlands Checkpoint}} [thumb\|200px\|Woodlands Checkpoint, at the southern end of the Causeway, in Singapore.](/wiki/File:Woodlands_Checkpoint%2C_Singapore_-_200301.jpg "Woodlands Checkpoint, Singapore - 200301.jpg") The new Woodlands Checkpoint, built partially on [reclaimed land](/wiki/Reclaimed_land "Reclaimed land"), was opened in 1999 to accommodate the increasing traffic flow and the soot which had enveloped the old customs complex over the years. The old customs complex, built in the early 1970s, at the junction between Woodlands Road and Woodlands Centre Road closed after the new checkpoint was opened in July 1999, although the [motorcycle](/wiki/Motorcycle "Motorcycle") lane remained opened in the morning until 2001, and it had been reopened on 1 March 2008 for goods vehicles only. The new checkpoint complex also houses the [Woodlands Train Checkpoint](/wiki/Woodlands_Train_Checkpoint "Woodlands Train Checkpoint"), opened on 1 August 1998, as the Singapore railway border clearance facility, which was previously co\-located with Malaysian immigration and customs at [Tanjong Pagar railway station](/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_railway_station "Tanjong Pagar railway station"). The relocation to Woodlands caused disputes between the two countries, which was resolved in 2010\. On 1 July 2011, Woodlands Train Checkpoint replaced Tanjong Pagar railway station as Singapore's inter\-city railway station. Northbound rail passengers pass through co\-located border clearance for both countries at Woodlands Train Checkpoint before boarding the train to Malaysia. Southbound rail passengers clear Malaysian exit controls at JB Sentral, and Singapore immigration and customs on arrival at Woodlands Train Checkpoint. ### Attempts to have the causeway replaced As far back as 1966, there were several calls by the Malaysians to remove the Causeway. In 1966, in the Johor state legislative council, the speaker said that the Causeway was "more a hindrance than anything else"{{Cite web\|last\=Chua\|first\=Lee Hoong\|date\=18 October 1997\|title\=A case of blackmail?\|url\=http://www.singapore\-window.org/1018st1\.htm\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-21\|website\=The Straits Times\|archive\-date\=20 June 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620182647/http://singapore\-window.org/1018st1\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} while a port should be built close to Johor Bahru to rejuvenate the city's economy. The state of Johor currently already has developed ports including Pasir Gudang and Tanjong Pelapas. The second demand came in year 1986 when Israeli President [Chaim Herzog](/wiki/Chaim_Herzog "Chaim Herzog") visited Singapore. At that time, the Singapore Government was criticised by Malaysian politicians and the press for allowing his visit. Under the [Mahathir Mohamad](/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad "Mahathir Mohamad") administration, the [Malaysian government](/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia "Government of Malaysia") scheduled to build a new [customs](/wiki/Customs_%28tax%29 "Customs (tax)"), [immigration](/wiki/Immigration "Immigration") and [quarantine](/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine") complex on a hilltop near the [Johor Bahru railway station](/wiki/Johor_Bahru_railway_station "Johor Bahru railway station"). A [bridge](/wiki/Bridge "Bridge") was planned to link the new customs complex with the city square. The project was named [Southern Integrated Gateway](/wiki/Southern_Integrated_Gateway "Southern Integrated Gateway") (*Gerbang Selatan Bersepadu*) by the government. The project was awarded to a construction company, Gerbang Perdana. During the construction, one of the two underpass channels located at the end of the old customs complex had been blocked. Roads exiting from the old customs complex have been diverted. The design envisages a re\-direction of traffic flow to the new customs complex after the completion of the proposed new bridge to Singapore. The old customs complex will be torn down once the new customs complex begins operation. All this while, no agreement had been reached with the Singapore Government on replacing the causeway with a proposed new bridge. The proposals on replacing the old causeway with a new bridge has resulted in a political rift between the two countries since the early 2000s. The Malaysian government envisioned that disagreement by Singapore to participate in the project would result in a *crooked bridge* above Malaysian waters with half the causeway remaining on the Singapore side. However, Singapore has hinted that it might agree to a bridge if its [air force](/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force "Republic of Singapore Air Force") is allowed to use part of Johor's airspace. Malaysia refused the offer and negotiation is said to be still ongoing. {{cite news \|title \= Shahrir Samah Replies: Have I burnt my bridges? \|publisher \= New Straits Times \|date \= 9 February 2005 \|url \= http://www.jeffooi.com/archives/2005/02/post\_10\.php \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20051217090047/http://www.jeffooi.com/archives/2005/02/post\_10\.php \|archive\-date \= 17 December 2005 \|df \= dmy\-all }} (Posted on www.jeffooi.com) In January 2006, Malaysia unilaterally announced that it is going ahead to build the new bridge on the Malaysian side, now referred to as *scenic bridge*.{{Cite news \|date\=2006\-01\-27 \|title\=Malaysia to build crooked bridge \|language\=en\-AU \|work\=ABC News \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006\-01\-27/malaysia\-to\-build\-crooked\-bridge/787058 \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-15}} The construction of the new scenic bridge on Malaysian side officially began on 10 March 2006, when the piling works of this bridge was completed,{{cite news \|title \= 'Scenic bridge' to open in 2009 \|publisher \= New Straits Times \|date \= 10 March 2006 \|url \= http://www.nst.com.my/Current\_News/nst/Friday/National/20060310081715/Article/index\_html \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401131315/https://www.nst.com.my/Current\_News/nst/Friday/National/20060310081715/Article/index\_html \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-date \= 1 April 2019 }} but on 12 April 2006, construction was halted and scrapped by Mahathir's successor, [Abdullah Ahmad Badawi](/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi "Abdullah Ahmad Badawi"), with growing complications in both negotiation (the conditions set by Singapore were strongly opposed by the people of Malaysia on grounds of [national sovereignty](/wiki/National_sovereignty "National sovereignty")) and legal matters with Singapore.{{cite news \|title \= M'sia Stops Construction Of Bridge To Replace Johor Causeway \|publisher \= Prime Minister's Office, Malaysia \|date \= 12 April 2006 \|url \= http://www.pmo.gov.my/website/webdb.nsf/vALLDOC/D29122AB337612FC4825714F00031D87 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070825205552/http://www.pmo.gov.my/website/webdb.nsf/vALLDOC/D29122AB337612FC4825714F00031D87 \|archive\-date \= 25 August 2007 \|df \= dmy\-all }} Malaysian government had to paid RM 257\.4 million in compensation to the parties involved for this abortive attempt.{{Cite web \|title\=It cost Putrajaya S$85 million to abandon ‘crooked bridge’ in 2006, says M'sian minister \|url\=https://www.todayonline.com/world/it\-cost\-putrajaya\-s85\-million\-abandon\-crooked\-bridge\-2006\-says\-msian\-minister \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-27 \|website\=TODAY \|language\=en}} In 2006, Badawi has said that "in \[the] future, there won't be just one or two bridges between Malaysia and Singapore."{{cite news \|title \= 'Singapore \|publisher \= The Edge Malaysia \|date \= 11 September 2006 }} That same year however, the Sultan of Johor called for the demolition of the link, reasoning that the Causeway is undermining the state economy as it is causing a brain drain. {{cite news \|title \= Malaysian sultan calls for scrapping of causeway to Singapore \|publisher \= \[\[Agence France\-Presse\|AFP]] via The Nation \|date \= 3 November 2006 \|url \= http://nationmultimedia.com/worldhotnews/read.php?newsid\=30018070 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124218/http://nationmultimedia.com/worldhotnews/read.php?newsid\=30018070 \|archive\-date \= 29 September 2007 \|df \= dmy\-all }}{{cite news \|title \= Malaysian sultan calls for scrapping of causeway to Singapore \|publisher \= \[\[Bernama]] \|date \= 5 November 2006 \|url \= http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news.php?id\=227815 \|access\-date \= 5 November 2006 \|archive\-date \= 30 September 2007 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235824/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news.php?id\=227815 \|url\-status \= live }}
[ "Border checkpoints\n------------------", "### Southern Integrated Gateway", "{{Main\\|Southern Integrated Gateway}}", "[thumb\\|200px\\|Sultan Iskandar Building, at the northern end of the Causeway in Johor Bahru](/wiki/File:SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG \"SultanIskandarCIQ.JPG\")\nThe [Southern Integrated Gateway](/wiki/Southern_Integrated_Gateway \"Southern Integrated Gateway\") consists of the [Sultan Iskandar Building](/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Building \"Sultan Iskandar Building\") and the [Johor Bahru Sentral railway station](/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Sentral_railway_station \"Johor Bahru Sentral railway station\") (JB Sentral).", "Sultan Iskandar Building is the [customs](/wiki/Customs \"Customs\"), [immigration](/wiki/Immigration \"Immigration\") and [quarantine](/wiki/Quarantine \"Quarantine\") (CIQ) complex handling road traffic and pedestrians. It was officially opened by the [Malaysian Prime Minister](/wiki/Malaysian_Prime_Minister \"Malaysian Prime Minister\"), [Abdullah Badawi](/wiki/Abdullah_Badawi \"Abdullah Badawi\") on 1 December 2008 and went into full operations on 16 December 2008\\. The old Tanjung Puteri CIQ complex was subsequently demolished. As the new CIQ complex was located 1 km further inland from the old checkpoint, as well as the lack of a dedicated pedestrian walkway on the new access road, pedestrians are officially no longer allowed to cross the Causeway on foot, though it is tolerated during severe traffic congestion.", "JB Sentral railway station is the main railway station of Johor Bahru since 21 October 2010, replacing the old [Johor Bahru railway station](/wiki/Johor_Bahru_railway_station \"Johor Bahru railway station\"). JB Sentral also serves as the southbound exit immigration and customs checkpoint for rail passengers heading toward Singapore.", "### Woodlands Checkpoint", "{{Main\\|Woodlands Checkpoint}}\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Woodlands Checkpoint, at the southern end of the Causeway, in Singapore.](/wiki/File:Woodlands_Checkpoint%2C_Singapore_-_200301.jpg \"Woodlands Checkpoint, Singapore - 200301.jpg\")", "The new Woodlands Checkpoint, built partially on [reclaimed land](/wiki/Reclaimed_land \"Reclaimed land\"), was opened in 1999 to accommodate the increasing traffic flow and the soot which had enveloped the old customs complex over the years. The old customs complex, built in the early 1970s, at the junction between Woodlands Road and Woodlands Centre Road closed after the new checkpoint was opened in July 1999, although the [motorcycle](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\") lane remained opened in the morning until 2001, and it had been reopened on 1 March 2008 for goods vehicles only.", "The new checkpoint complex also houses the [Woodlands Train Checkpoint](/wiki/Woodlands_Train_Checkpoint \"Woodlands Train Checkpoint\"), opened on 1 August 1998, as the Singapore railway border clearance facility, which was previously co\\-located with Malaysian immigration and customs at [Tanjong Pagar railway station](/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_railway_station \"Tanjong Pagar railway station\"). The relocation to Woodlands caused disputes between the two countries, which was resolved in 2010\\. On 1 July 2011, Woodlands Train Checkpoint replaced Tanjong Pagar railway station as Singapore's inter\\-city railway station. Northbound rail passengers pass through co\\-located border clearance for both countries at Woodlands Train Checkpoint before boarding the train to Malaysia. Southbound rail passengers clear Malaysian exit controls at JB Sentral, and Singapore immigration and customs on arrival at Woodlands Train Checkpoint.", "### Attempts to have the causeway replaced", "As far back as 1966, there were several calls by the Malaysians to remove the Causeway. In 1966, in the Johor state legislative council, the speaker said that the Causeway was \"more a hindrance than anything else\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Chua\\|first\\=Lee Hoong\\|date\\=18 October 1997\\|title\\=A case of blackmail?\\|url\\=http://www.singapore\\-window.org/1018st1\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-21\\|website\\=The Straits Times\\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620182647/http://singapore\\-window.org/1018st1\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} while a port should be built close to Johor Bahru to rejuvenate the city's economy. The state of Johor currently already has developed ports including Pasir Gudang and Tanjong Pelapas.", "The second demand came in year 1986 when Israeli President [Chaim Herzog](/wiki/Chaim_Herzog \"Chaim Herzog\") visited Singapore. At that time, the Singapore Government was criticised by Malaysian politicians and the press for allowing his visit.", "Under the [Mahathir Mohamad](/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad \"Mahathir Mohamad\") administration, the [Malaysian government](/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia \"Government of Malaysia\") scheduled to build a new [customs](/wiki/Customs_%28tax%29 \"Customs (tax)\"), [immigration](/wiki/Immigration \"Immigration\") and [quarantine](/wiki/Quarantine \"Quarantine\") complex on a hilltop near the [Johor Bahru railway station](/wiki/Johor_Bahru_railway_station \"Johor Bahru railway station\"). A [bridge](/wiki/Bridge \"Bridge\") was planned to link the new customs complex with the city square. The project was named [Southern Integrated Gateway](/wiki/Southern_Integrated_Gateway \"Southern Integrated Gateway\") (*Gerbang Selatan Bersepadu*) by the government. The project was awarded to a construction company, Gerbang Perdana. During the construction, one of the two underpass channels located at the end of the old customs complex had been blocked. Roads exiting from the old customs complex have been diverted. The design envisages a re\\-direction of traffic flow to the new customs complex after the completion of the proposed new bridge to Singapore. The old customs complex will be torn down once the new customs complex begins operation. All this while, no agreement had been reached with the Singapore Government on replacing the causeway with a proposed new bridge.", "The proposals on replacing the old causeway with a new bridge has resulted in a political rift between the two countries since the early 2000s. The Malaysian government envisioned that disagreement by Singapore to participate in the project would result in a *crooked bridge* above Malaysian waters with half the causeway remaining on the Singapore side. However, Singapore has hinted that it might agree to a bridge if its [air force](/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force \"Republic of Singapore Air Force\") is allowed to use part of Johor's airspace. Malaysia refused the offer and negotiation is said to be still ongoing.\n{{cite news \\|title \\= Shahrir Samah Replies: Have I burnt my bridges? \\|publisher \\= New Straits Times \\|date \\= 9 February 2005 \\|url \\= http://www.jeffooi.com/archives/2005/02/post\\_10\\.php \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20051217090047/http://www.jeffooi.com/archives/2005/02/post\\_10\\.php \\|archive\\-date \\= 17 December 2005 \\|df \\= dmy\\-all }} (Posted on www.jeffooi.com)", "In January 2006, Malaysia unilaterally announced that it is going ahead to build the new bridge on the Malaysian side, now referred to as *scenic bridge*.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2006\\-01\\-27 \\|title\\=Malaysia to build crooked bridge \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|work\\=ABC News \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006\\-01\\-27/malaysia\\-to\\-build\\-crooked\\-bridge/787058 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-15}} The construction of the new scenic bridge on Malaysian side officially began on 10 March 2006, when the piling works of this bridge was completed,{{cite news \\|title \\= 'Scenic bridge' to open in 2009 \\|publisher \\= New Straits Times \\|date \\= 10 March 2006 \\|url \\= http://www.nst.com.my/Current\\_News/nst/Friday/National/20060310081715/Article/index\\_html \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401131315/https://www.nst.com.my/Current\\_News/nst/Friday/National/20060310081715/Article/index\\_html \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-date \\= 1 April 2019 }} but on 12 April 2006, construction was halted and scrapped by Mahathir's successor, [Abdullah Ahmad Badawi](/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi \"Abdullah Ahmad Badawi\"), with growing complications in both negotiation (the conditions set by Singapore were strongly opposed by the people of Malaysia on grounds of [national sovereignty](/wiki/National_sovereignty \"National sovereignty\")) and legal matters with Singapore.{{cite news \\|title \\= M'sia Stops Construction Of Bridge To Replace Johor Causeway \\|publisher \\= Prime Minister's Office, Malaysia \\|date \\= 12 April 2006 \\|url \\= http://www.pmo.gov.my/website/webdb.nsf/vALLDOC/D29122AB337612FC4825714F00031D87 \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070825205552/http://www.pmo.gov.my/website/webdb.nsf/vALLDOC/D29122AB337612FC4825714F00031D87 \\|archive\\-date \\= 25 August 2007 \\|df \\= dmy\\-all }} Malaysian government had to paid RM 257\\.4 million in compensation to the parties involved for this abortive attempt.{{Cite web \\|title\\=It cost Putrajaya S$85 million to abandon ‘crooked bridge’ in 2006, says M'sian minister \\|url\\=https://www.todayonline.com/world/it\\-cost\\-putrajaya\\-s85\\-million\\-abandon\\-crooked\\-bridge\\-2006\\-says\\-msian\\-minister \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-27 \\|website\\=TODAY \\|language\\=en}}", "In 2006, Badawi has said that \"in \\[the] future, there won't be just one or two bridges between Malaysia and Singapore.\"{{cite news \\|title \\= 'Singapore \\|publisher \\= The Edge Malaysia \\|date \\= 11 September 2006 }} That same year however, the Sultan of Johor called for the demolition of the link, reasoning that the Causeway is undermining the state economy as it is causing a brain drain.\n{{cite news \\|title \\= Malaysian sultan calls for scrapping of causeway to Singapore \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse\\|AFP]] via The Nation \\|date \\= 3 November 2006 \\|url \\= http://nationmultimedia.com/worldhotnews/read.php?newsid\\=30018070 \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124218/http://nationmultimedia.com/worldhotnews/read.php?newsid\\=30018070 \\|archive\\-date \\= 29 September 2007 \\|df \\= dmy\\-all }}{{cite news \\|title \\= Malaysian sultan calls for scrapping of causeway to Singapore \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Bernama]] \\|date \\= 5 November 2006 \\|url \\= http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news.php?id\\=227815 \\|access\\-date \\= 5 November 2006 \\|archive\\-date \\= 30 September 2007 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235824/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news.php?id\\=227815 \\|url\\-status \\= live }}", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Eidlitz was born in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"), into a Jewish family; his parents were Abraham and Judith Eidlitz, and he had one brother Markus (later Marc) Eidlitz. He received his early technical training at the Prague *[Realschule](/wiki/Realschule "Realschule")* and then continued his education at the [Vienna Technical University](/wiki/Vienna_Technical_University "Vienna Technical University"). He enrolled in its short\-lived business school, not its engineering or architecture curricula. Eidlitz emigrated from [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") to the United States in 1843 and settled in New York. His brother [Marc Eidlitz](/wiki/Marc_Eidlitz "Marc Eidlitz") emigrated to New York three years later. [thumb\|left\|250px\|"[Iranistan](/wiki/Iranistan "Iranistan")", home of [P. T. Barnum](/wiki/P._T._Barnum "P. T. Barnum"), built in 1848 near [Bridgeport, Connecticut](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut "Bridgeport, Connecticut")](/wiki/File:Iranistan%2C_Residence_of_P.T._Barnum%2C_1848_crop.jpg "Iranistan, Residence of P.T. Barnum, 1848 crop.jpg") Eidlitz spent three formative years in the office of [Richard Upjohn](/wiki/Richard_Upjohn "Richard Upjohn"). He likely participated in his project of constructing [Trinity Church](/wiki/Trinity_Church%2C_New_York "Trinity Church, New York") at the head of Wall Street, which was under way. He also worked with the architect [Cyrus Lazelle Warner](/wiki/Cyrus_Lazelle_Warner "Cyrus Lazelle Warner"), whose office was a few doors from that of Upjohn's. In 1846 Eidlitz formed a partnership with the German [immigrant](/wiki/Immigrant "Immigrant") architect Karl (now Charles) Otto Blesch, who had trained in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") with [Friedrich von Gärtner](/wiki/Friedrich_von_G%C3%A4rtner "Friedrich von Gärtner"). One of their several joint commissions in New York was for [St George's Episcopal Church](/wiki/St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%28Manhattan%29 "St. George's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)") (1846–49\), still standing on the west side of [Stuyvesant Square](/wiki/Stuyvesant_Square "Stuyvesant Square"). Blesch designed the exterior, mixing Gothic and Romanesque styles,Removal of the Gothic stone spires (1889\) leaves the church more decidedly Romanesque; Romanesque was still an unfamiliar architectural vocabulary; the design was described as being in the "Byzantine or Early Christian style of architecture." (Kathleen Curran, "19th Century AD", *The Art Bulletin* December 1999 [on\-line text](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0422/is_4_81/ai_58926050/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1)). and Eidlitz designed the plain interior and the original openwork spires.Kathleen Curran, *The Romanesque Revival* 2003:267ff. The Episcopal congregation was so satisfied with the design that they rebuilt the church after a disastrous fire in 1865[Illustration of the church following the fire](http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GRP/GRP012.htm). following the same design, under Eidlitz' supervision.{{cite nycland}}, pp. 85–86 By that time the design was also influenced by Dr. [Stephen Tyng](/wiki/Stephen_Tyng "Stephen Tyng"), a new pastor hired for what had become a changing urban congregation, in a neighborhood largely filled with immigrants. [J.P. Morgan](/wiki/J.P._Morgan "J.P. Morgan"), still an influential parishioner, helped support many social services programs started by the church. Eidlitz's reputation was marred by his involvement, with [H. H. Richardson](/wiki/H._H._Richardson "H. H. Richardson") and [Frederick Law Olmsted](/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted "Frederick Law Olmsted"), in the re\-design of the [New York State Capitol](/wiki/New_York_State_Capitol "New York State Capitol") in [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York "Albany, New York"). In 1875, Eidlitz, Richardson, and Olmsted proposed changes to the capitol, which was already under construction to designs by [Thomas Fuller](/wiki/Thomas_Fuller_%28architect%29 "Thomas Fuller (architect)"). In 1876 state officials dismissed Fuller and hired the trio, causing tremendous controversy. Eidlitz designed the capitol's Assembly Chamber and its now dismantled vault. Eidlitz was a founding member of the [American Institute of Architects](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects "American Institute of Architects") in 1857\.AIA Historical Directory of American Architects {{cite web\|url\=http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1012417\.aspx \|title\=The AIA Historical Directory of American Architects \- ahd1012417 \|accessdate\=2011\-05\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615172125/http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1012417\.aspx \|archivedate\=June 15, 2012 }} In 1859, he joined the [Century Association](/wiki/Century_Association "Century Association").
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Eidlitz was born in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\"), into a Jewish family; his parents were Abraham and Judith Eidlitz, and he had one brother Markus (later Marc) Eidlitz. He received his early technical training at the Prague *[Realschule](/wiki/Realschule \"Realschule\")* and then continued his education at the [Vienna Technical University](/wiki/Vienna_Technical_University \"Vienna Technical University\"). He enrolled in its short\\-lived business school, not its engineering or architecture curricula. Eidlitz emigrated from [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") to the United States in 1843 and settled in New York. His brother [Marc Eidlitz](/wiki/Marc_Eidlitz \"Marc Eidlitz\") emigrated to New York three years later.", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|\"[Iranistan](/wiki/Iranistan \"Iranistan\")\", home of [P. T. Barnum](/wiki/P._T._Barnum \"P. T. Barnum\"), built in 1848 near [Bridgeport, Connecticut](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut \"Bridgeport, Connecticut\")](/wiki/File:Iranistan%2C_Residence_of_P.T._Barnum%2C_1848_crop.jpg \"Iranistan, Residence of P.T. Barnum, 1848 crop.jpg\")", "Eidlitz spent three formative years in the office of [Richard Upjohn](/wiki/Richard_Upjohn \"Richard Upjohn\"). He likely participated in his project of constructing [Trinity Church](/wiki/Trinity_Church%2C_New_York \"Trinity Church, New York\") at the head of Wall Street, which was under way. He also worked with the architect [Cyrus Lazelle Warner](/wiki/Cyrus_Lazelle_Warner \"Cyrus Lazelle Warner\"), whose office was a few doors from that of Upjohn's.", "In 1846 Eidlitz formed a partnership with the German [immigrant](/wiki/Immigrant \"Immigrant\") architect Karl (now Charles) Otto Blesch, who had trained in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") with [Friedrich von Gärtner](/wiki/Friedrich_von_G%C3%A4rtner \"Friedrich von Gärtner\"). One of their several joint commissions in New York was for [St George's Episcopal Church](/wiki/St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%28Manhattan%29 \"St. George's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)\") (1846–49\\), still standing on the west side of [Stuyvesant Square](/wiki/Stuyvesant_Square \"Stuyvesant Square\"). Blesch designed the exterior, mixing Gothic and Romanesque styles,Removal of the Gothic stone spires (1889\\) leaves the church more decidedly Romanesque; Romanesque was still an unfamiliar architectural vocabulary; the design was described as being in the \"Byzantine or Early Christian style of architecture.\" (Kathleen Curran, \"19th Century AD\", *The Art Bulletin* December 1999 [on\\-line text](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0422/is_4_81/ai_58926050/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1)). and Eidlitz designed the plain interior and the original openwork spires.Kathleen Curran, *The Romanesque Revival* 2003:267ff. The Episcopal congregation was so satisfied with the design that they rebuilt the church after a disastrous fire in 1865[Illustration of the church following the fire](http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GRP/GRP012.htm). following the same design, under Eidlitz' supervision.{{cite nycland}}, pp. 85–86 By that time the design was also influenced by Dr. [Stephen Tyng](/wiki/Stephen_Tyng \"Stephen Tyng\"), a new pastor hired for what had become a changing urban congregation, in a neighborhood largely filled with immigrants. [J.P. Morgan](/wiki/J.P._Morgan \"J.P. Morgan\"), still an influential parishioner, helped support many social services programs started by the church.", "Eidlitz's reputation was marred by his involvement, with [H. H. Richardson](/wiki/H._H._Richardson \"H. H. Richardson\") and [Frederick Law Olmsted](/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted \"Frederick Law Olmsted\"), in the re\\-design of the [New York State Capitol](/wiki/New_York_State_Capitol \"New York State Capitol\") in [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\"). In 1875, Eidlitz, Richardson, and Olmsted proposed changes to the capitol, which was already under construction to designs by [Thomas Fuller](/wiki/Thomas_Fuller_%28architect%29 \"Thomas Fuller (architect)\"). In 1876 state officials dismissed Fuller and hired the trio, causing tremendous controversy. Eidlitz designed the capitol's Assembly Chamber and its now dismantled vault.", "Eidlitz was a founding member of the [American Institute of Architects](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects \"American Institute of Architects\") in 1857\\.AIA Historical Directory of American Architects {{cite web\\|url\\=http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1012417\\.aspx \\|title\\=The AIA Historical Directory of American Architects \\- ahd1012417 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615172125/http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1012417\\.aspx \\|archivedate\\=June 15, 2012 }} In 1859, he joined the [Century Association](/wiki/Century_Association \"Century Association\").", "" ]
Phonology --------- The sounds and syllable structure of Jru' are typical of the West Bahnaric languages in general. Words are mostly monosyllabic although a few words have [minor pre\-syllables](/wiki/Minor_syllable "Minor syllable"), retaining the classic Mon\-Khmer sesquisyllabic structure. The [register](/wiki/Register_%28phonology%29 "Register (phonology)") contrast seen in other Mon\-Khmer languages has not been found in Jru' and, in contrast to the surrounding [prestige language](/wiki/Prestige_language "Prestige language"), Lao, Jru' has not developed phonemic [tones](/wiki/Tone_%28linguistics%29 "Tone (linguistics)"). ### Consonants Similar to the other Mon\-Khmer languages of the region, Jru' distinguishes five places of articulation in its consonant inventory and the stops can be either voiced, unvoiced or (unvoiced) aspirated. The consonants are given below in IPA as laid out by Jacq. | | | [Bilabial](/wiki/Bilabial_consonant "Bilabial consonant") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant "Alveolar consonant") | | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant "Palatal consonant") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant "Velar consonant") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant "Glottal consonant") | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive "Plosive") | Aspirated | {{IPAlink\|pʰ}} | {{IPAlink\|tʰ}} | | | {{IPAlink\|kʰ}} | | | Voiceless | {{IPAlink\|p}} | {{IPAlink\|t}} | | {{IPAlink\|c}} | {{IPAlink\|k}} | {{IPAlink\|ʔ}} | | Voiced | {{IPAlink\|b}} | {{IPAlink\|d}} | | {{IPAlink\|ɟ}} | {{IPAlink\|ɡ}} | | | [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_stop "Nasal stop") | | {{IPAlink\|m}} | {{IPAlink\|n}} | | {{IPAlink\|ɲ}} | {{IPAlink\|ŋ}} | | | [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative "Fricative") | | | {{IPAlink\|s}} | | | | {{IPAlink\|h}} | | [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant "Approximant") | | {{IPAlink\|w}} | {{IPAlink\|l}} | {{IPAlink\|r}} | {{IPAlink\|j}} | | | ### Vowels The vowels of Jru' inherited from Proto\-Mon\-Khmer show three vowel heights and three tongue positions, or amount of "backness". An innovation in which Jru' developed a rounding contrast in the open\-mid back vowels, results in ten vowel positions. All ten also show a length contrast, giving a total of 20 monophthongs. Unlike other languages in the Southeast Asian [sprachbund](/wiki/Sprachbund "Sprachbund"), the length contrast is not between short and long, but between "regular" and "extra short". | [Front](/wiki/Front_vowel "Front vowel") [Central](/wiki/Central_vowel "Central vowel") [Back](/wiki/Back_vowel "Back vowel") | | extra short | regular | extra short | regular | extra short | regular || [Close](/wiki/Close_vowel "Close vowel") | {{IPAlink\|i}} | {{IPA link\|iː}} | {{IPAlink\|ɨ}} | {{IPA link\|ɨː}} | {{IPAlink\|u}} | {{IPA link\|uː}} | | [Close\-mid](/wiki/Close-mid_vowel "Close-mid vowel") | {{IPAlink\|e}} | {{IPA link\|eː}} | | | {{IPAlink\|o}} | {{IPA link\|oː}} | | [Open\-mid](/wiki/Open-mid_vowel "Open-mid vowel") | {{IPAlink\|ɛ}} | {{IPA link\|ɛː}} | {{IPAlink\|ə}} | {{IPA link\|əː}} | {{IPAlink\|ʌ}}, {{IPAlink\|ɔ}} | {{IPA link\|ʌː}}, {{IPA link\|ɔː}} | | [Open](/wiki/Open_vowel "Open vowel") | | | {{IPAlink\|a}} | {{IPA link\|aː}} | | | Jru' additionally has three diphthongs {{IPA\|/ia/}}, {{IPA\|/ɨə/}}, and {{IPA\|/ua/}}. The diphthongs {{IPA\|/ie/}} and {{IPA\|/uo/}} are also found in certain environments as allophones of {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}}, respectively.Jacq, Pacale. *A Description of Jruq (Loven): a Mon\-Khmer language of the Lao PDR*. Doctoral Dissertation. Australian National University. ### Syllable structure The maximal monosyllable is represented as (C1)C2(R)V(C3) where C1 is any voiceless consonant, C2 is any consonant except one identical to C1 (or R if present), R is {{IPA\|/r/}} or {{IPA\|/l/}}, V is any vowel or diphthong and C3 is any consonant except a voiced or aspirated stop. The components in parentheses are not present in all words. The maximal sesquisyllabic word structure is represented C1əC2(R)V(C3) where C1 is {{IPA\|/p/}}, {{IPA\|/k/}} or {{IPA\|/t/}}, C2 is {{IPA\|/h/}}, {{IPA\|/r/}} or {{IPA\|/l/}}, V is any vowel or diphthong and C3 is any consonant except a voiced or aspirated stop.
[ "Phonology\n---------", "The sounds and syllable structure of Jru' are typical of the West Bahnaric languages in general. Words are mostly monosyllabic although a few words have [minor pre\\-syllables](/wiki/Minor_syllable \"Minor syllable\"), retaining the classic Mon\\-Khmer sesquisyllabic structure. The [register](/wiki/Register_%28phonology%29 \"Register (phonology)\") contrast seen in other Mon\\-Khmer languages has not been found in Jru' and, in contrast to the surrounding [prestige language](/wiki/Prestige_language \"Prestige language\"), Lao, Jru' has not developed phonemic [tones](/wiki/Tone_%28linguistics%29 \"Tone (linguistics)\").", "### Consonants", "Similar to the other Mon\\-Khmer languages of the region, Jru' distinguishes five places of articulation in its consonant inventory and the stops can be either voiced, unvoiced or (unvoiced) aspirated. The consonants are given below in IPA as laid out by Jacq.", "", "| | | [Bilabial](/wiki/Bilabial_consonant \"Bilabial consonant\") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive \"Plosive\") | Aspirated | {{IPAlink\\|pʰ}} | {{IPAlink\\|tʰ}} | | | {{IPAlink\\|kʰ}} | |\n| Voiceless | {{IPAlink\\|p}} | {{IPAlink\\|t}} | | {{IPAlink\\|c}} | {{IPAlink\\|k}} | {{IPAlink\\|ʔ}} |\n| Voiced | {{IPAlink\\|b}} | {{IPAlink\\|d}} | | {{IPAlink\\|ɟ}} | {{IPAlink\\|ɡ}} | |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_stop \"Nasal stop\") | | {{IPAlink\\|m}} | {{IPAlink\\|n}} | | {{IPAlink\\|ɲ}} | {{IPAlink\\|ŋ}} | |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative \"Fricative\") | | | {{IPAlink\\|s}} | | | | {{IPAlink\\|h}} |\n| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant \"Approximant\") | | {{IPAlink\\|w}} | {{IPAlink\\|l}} | {{IPAlink\\|r}} | {{IPAlink\\|j}} | | |", "### Vowels", "The vowels of Jru' inherited from Proto\\-Mon\\-Khmer show three vowel heights and three tongue positions, or amount of \"backness\". An innovation in which Jru' developed a rounding contrast in the open\\-mid back vowels, results in ten vowel positions. All ten also show a length contrast, giving a total of 20 monophthongs. Unlike other languages in the Southeast Asian [sprachbund](/wiki/Sprachbund \"Sprachbund\"), the length contrast is not between short and long, but between \"regular\" and \"extra short\".", "", "|", "[Front](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\")", "[Central](/wiki/Central_vowel \"Central vowel\")", "[Back](/wiki/Back_vowel \"Back vowel\")", "| |", "extra short | regular | extra short | regular | extra short | regular || [Close](/wiki/Close_vowel \"Close vowel\") | {{IPAlink\\|i}} | {{IPA link\\|iː}} | {{IPAlink\\|ɨ}} | {{IPA link\\|ɨː}} | {{IPAlink\\|u}} | {{IPA link\\|uː}} |\n| [Close\\-mid](/wiki/Close-mid_vowel \"Close-mid vowel\") | {{IPAlink\\|e}} | {{IPA link\\|eː}} | | | {{IPAlink\\|o}} | {{IPA link\\|oː}} |\n| [Open\\-mid](/wiki/Open-mid_vowel \"Open-mid vowel\") | {{IPAlink\\|ɛ}} | {{IPA link\\|ɛː}} | {{IPAlink\\|ə}} | {{IPA link\\|əː}} | {{IPAlink\\|ʌ}}, {{IPAlink\\|ɔ}} | {{IPA link\\|ʌː}}, {{IPA link\\|ɔː}} |\n| [Open](/wiki/Open_vowel \"Open vowel\") | | | {{IPAlink\\|a}} | {{IPA link\\|aː}} | | |", "Jru' additionally has three diphthongs {{IPA\\|/ia/}}, {{IPA\\|/ɨə/}}, and {{IPA\\|/ua/}}. The diphthongs {{IPA\\|/ie/}} and {{IPA\\|/uo/}} are also found in certain environments as allophones of {{IPA\\|/i/}} and {{IPA\\|/u/}}, respectively.Jacq, Pacale. *A Description of Jruq (Loven): a Mon\\-Khmer language of the Lao PDR*. Doctoral Dissertation. Australian National University.", "### Syllable structure", "The maximal monosyllable is represented as (C1)C2(R)V(C3) where C1 is any voiceless consonant, C2 is any consonant except one identical to C1 (or R if present), R is {{IPA\\|/r/}} or {{IPA\\|/l/}}, V is any vowel or diphthong and C3 is any consonant except a voiced or aspirated stop. The components in parentheses are not present in all words.", "The maximal sesquisyllabic word structure is represented C1əC2(R)V(C3) where C1 is {{IPA\\|/p/}}, {{IPA\\|/k/}} or {{IPA\\|/t/}}, C2 is {{IPA\\|/h/}}, {{IPA\\|/r/}} or {{IPA\\|/l/}}, V is any vowel or diphthong and C3 is any consonant except a voiced or aspirated stop.", "" ]
The town -------- The center of the town is similar to that of the city of Oaxaca, with a main plaza, parish church and municipal palace. The eastern side of the main plaza is dominated by a [ceiba](/wiki/Ceiba "Ceiba") tree. In the [tianguis](/wiki/Tianguis "Tianguis") or other markets, one can find regional dishes such as [mole negro, mole coloradito](/wiki/Mole_%28sauce%29 "Mole (sauce)"), cequeza, higaditos and stews made from chicken or turkey. There are some pre\-Hispanic remains of buildings which were ceremonial centers or houses for the ruling class. The rest of the town is divided into three neighborhoods called "centro" or "San Bartolo", "San Mateo" and in the north "Santa María". Very near there are two other communities called Animas Trujano and San Juan Bautistas la Raya founded around the same time as San Bartolo Coyotepec, but they are not considered part of the town proper. Next to the town is the hill called Zaapech or Jaguar Mountain which has always been considered sacred. One of the major festivals here is [Candlemas](/wiki/Candlemas "Candlemas"). The patron saint, [Bartholomew the Apostle](/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle "Bartholomew the Apostle") is feasted in August. During festivals such as these, local traditional dances such as De la Pluma and De los Jardineros Moros y Cristianos can be seen. Both date from the [Spanish Conquest](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire"). ### *Mercado Artesanal* (Crafts Market) However two of the main attractions for the town are Mercado Artesanal (Crafts Market) filled mostly with barro negro pottery and the *Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca* (State Museum of Popular Art of Oaxaca). ### State Museum of Popular Art of Oaxaca \- MEAPO [thumb\|right\|300px\|Display of local [Textile arts](/wiki/Textile_arts "Textile arts") at MEAPO \- State Museum of Popular Art of [Oaxaca](/wiki/Oaxaca "Oaxaca").The](/wiki/File:WallMEAPO.JPG "WallMEAPO.JPG") [Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca \- MEAPO, the State Museum of Popular Art of Oaxaca](/wiki/Museo_Estatal_de_Arte_Popular_de_Oaxaca "Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca"), was founded in 2004 to promote and preserve the traditional crafts of this state. The museum was designed by and is cared for by a commission of craftsmen from San Bartolo Coyotepec. The museum sponsors events such as the "Tianguis artisanal", a crafts [flea market](/wiki/Flea_market "Flea market"), along with other civic groups.{{cite news\|title\=Expo venta artesanal en San Bartolo Coyotepec \|url\=http://www.diariodespertar.com.mx/cultura/27796\-Expo\-venta\-artesanal\-San\-Bartolo\-Coyotepec.html \|newspaper\=Despertar \|location\=Oaxaca \|date\=January 29, 2010 \|access\-date\=March 10, 2010 \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=Expo and sale of crafts in San Bartolo Coyotepec \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224506/http://www.diariodespertar.com.mx/cultura/27796\-Expo\-venta\-artesanal\-San\-Bartolo\-Coyotepec.html \|archive\-date\=July 22, 2011 }} The museum has three halls. * The first exhibits some of the finest pieces of [barro negro pottery](/wiki/Barro_negro_pottery "Barro negro pottery") from San Bartolo Coyotepec as well as archeological finds from the area. * The second contains 92 pieces of prizewinners from the Concurso Estatal de Cerámica "Benito Juárez" (Benito Juarez State Ceramics Competition) which is sponsored by the 'Artesanias e Industrias Populares del Estado de Oaxaca' \-ARIPO, and contains various types of pottery and ceramics from [Santa Maria Atzompa](/wiki/Santa_Maria_Atzompa "Santa Maria Atzompa"), San Marcos Tlapazola, Tamazulapan, [Ocotlán](/wiki/Ocotl%C3%A1n_de_Morelos "Ocotlán de Morelos"), and [San Antonino Castillo Velasco](/wiki/San_Antonino_Castillo_Velasco "San Antonino Castillo Velasco"). * The third hall contains examples of the [woodworking](/wiki/Woodworking "Woodworking") of the [San Martín Tilcajete](/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Tilcajete "San Martín Tilcajete") community. Craftsmen from this community helped with the building of the museum and [Masks](/wiki/Mask%23Latin_America "Mask#Latin America") are the featured item here. The permanent collection contains pieces from about 300 artisans in Oaxaca. The museum's roots extend to 1905, when local resident Manuel Guzmán donated land for the establishment of a cultural center. The site was used first as a municipal library and then as a primary school. However, it was not until 1994 when a group of youths worked to build a museum that would be dedicated to *barro negro pottery*. That same year, the state government allocated 25,000 pesos to rehabilitate the building on the site, and local artist Carlomagno Pedro Martinez raised 80,000 pesos to install modern equipment. In 1996, the museum was founded as the community museum, with its initial collection. In that year, it sponsored, along with ARIPO \- Artesanías e Industrias Populares del estado de Oaxaca, the first crafts competition. The museum struggled for a while financially until it signed a cooperation agreement with the 'Instituto Oaxaqueño de las Culturas,' the Oaxaca Institute of Cultures, which required a restructuring of the museum. In 2002, the community museum closed with the aim of building the current one. In 2004, the current museum opened with the aim of presenting the crafts history of the entire state of [Oaxaca, Mexico](/wiki/Oaxaca "Oaxaca"). The museum has held temporary exhibits such as "Mujeres tejiendo historias" (Women knitting stories), "Grandes Maestros del Arte Popular de Oaxaca" (Grand Masters of Popular Art in Oaxaca) and "Historia y evolución del barro negro" (History and evolution of [barro negro pottery](/wiki/Barro_negro_pottery "Barro negro pottery")). The new museum opened with new furniture and designed to international standards. The idea is to create a collection of popular art that represents the eight regions of the state of Oaxaca. The mission is to promote Oaxacan handcrafts and popular art to the state's, Mexican, and international communities, as well as foster exchanges among [artisans](/wiki/Artisan "Artisan") and promote tourism based on [crafts](/wiki/Craft "Craft"). This includes the [weaving](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving") and [textile arts](/wiki/Textile_arts "Textile arts") in Oaxacan traditions. The museum was built here to decentrale state cultural institutions.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.meapo.oaxaca.gob.mx/ante.html \|title\=HISTORIA DEL MUSEO \|publisher\=Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca \|location\=San Bartolo Coyotepec \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=History of the museum \|access\-date\=March 10, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20100223011955/http://www.meapo.oaxaca.gob.mx/ante.html \|archive\-date\=February 23, 2010 }} The museum offers guided tours in Spanish and English, workshops for adults and children, and spaces to rent for events.
[ "The town\n--------", "The center of the town is similar to that of the city of Oaxaca, with a main plaza, parish church and municipal palace. The eastern side of the main plaza is dominated by a [ceiba](/wiki/Ceiba \"Ceiba\") tree. In the [tianguis](/wiki/Tianguis \"Tianguis\") or other markets, one can find regional dishes such as [mole negro, mole coloradito](/wiki/Mole_%28sauce%29 \"Mole (sauce)\"), cequeza, higaditos and stews made from chicken or turkey. There are some pre\\-Hispanic remains of buildings which were ceremonial centers or houses for the ruling class. The rest of the town is divided into three neighborhoods called \"centro\" or \"San Bartolo\", \"San Mateo\" and in the north \"Santa María\". Very near there are two other communities called Animas Trujano and San Juan Bautistas la Raya founded around the same time as San Bartolo Coyotepec, but they are not considered part of the town proper. Next to the town is the hill called Zaapech or Jaguar Mountain which has always been considered sacred.", "One of the major festivals here is [Candlemas](/wiki/Candlemas \"Candlemas\"). The patron saint, [Bartholomew the Apostle](/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle \"Bartholomew the Apostle\") is feasted in August. During festivals such as these, local traditional dances such as De la Pluma and De los Jardineros Moros y Cristianos can be seen. Both date from the [Spanish Conquest](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire \"Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire\").", "### *Mercado Artesanal* (Crafts Market)", "However two of the main attractions for the town are Mercado Artesanal (Crafts Market) filled mostly with barro negro pottery and the *Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca* (State Museum of Popular Art of Oaxaca).", "### State Museum of Popular Art of Oaxaca \\- MEAPO", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Display of local [Textile arts](/wiki/Textile_arts \"Textile arts\") at MEAPO \\- State Museum of Popular Art of [Oaxaca](/wiki/Oaxaca \"Oaxaca\").The](/wiki/File:WallMEAPO.JPG \"WallMEAPO.JPG\") [Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca \\- MEAPO, the State Museum of Popular Art of Oaxaca](/wiki/Museo_Estatal_de_Arte_Popular_de_Oaxaca \"Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca\"), was founded in 2004 to promote and preserve the traditional crafts of this state. The museum was designed by and is cared for by a commission of craftsmen from San Bartolo Coyotepec. The museum sponsors events such as the \"Tianguis artisanal\", a crafts [flea market](/wiki/Flea_market \"Flea market\"), along with other civic groups.{{cite news\\|title\\=Expo venta artesanal en San Bartolo Coyotepec \\|url\\=http://www.diariodespertar.com.mx/cultura/27796\\-Expo\\-venta\\-artesanal\\-San\\-Bartolo\\-Coyotepec.html \\|newspaper\\=Despertar \\|location\\=Oaxaca \\|date\\=January 29, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2010 \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=Expo and sale of crafts in San Bartolo Coyotepec \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224506/http://www.diariodespertar.com.mx/cultura/27796\\-Expo\\-venta\\-artesanal\\-San\\-Bartolo\\-Coyotepec.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2011 }}\nThe museum has three halls.\n* The first exhibits some of the finest pieces of [barro negro pottery](/wiki/Barro_negro_pottery \"Barro negro pottery\") from San Bartolo Coyotepec as well as archeological finds from the area.\n* The second contains 92 pieces of prizewinners from the Concurso Estatal de Cerámica \"Benito Juárez\" (Benito Juarez State Ceramics Competition) which is sponsored by the 'Artesanias e Industrias Populares del Estado de Oaxaca' \\-ARIPO, and contains various types of pottery and ceramics from [Santa Maria Atzompa](/wiki/Santa_Maria_Atzompa \"Santa Maria Atzompa\"), San Marcos Tlapazola, Tamazulapan, [Ocotlán](/wiki/Ocotl%C3%A1n_de_Morelos \"Ocotlán de Morelos\"), and [San Antonino Castillo Velasco](/wiki/San_Antonino_Castillo_Velasco \"San Antonino Castillo Velasco\").\n* The third hall contains examples of the [woodworking](/wiki/Woodworking \"Woodworking\") of the [San Martín Tilcajete](/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Tilcajete \"San Martín Tilcajete\") community. Craftsmen from this community helped with the building of the museum and [Masks](/wiki/Mask%23Latin_America \"Mask#Latin America\") are the featured item here. The permanent collection contains pieces from about 300 artisans in Oaxaca.", "The museum's roots extend to 1905, when local resident Manuel Guzmán donated land for the establishment of a cultural center. The site was used first as a municipal library and then as a primary school. However, it was not until 1994 when a group of youths worked to build a museum that would be dedicated to *barro negro pottery*. That same year, the state government allocated 25,000 pesos to rehabilitate the building on the site, and local artist Carlomagno Pedro Martinez raised 80,000 pesos to install modern equipment. In 1996, the museum was founded as the community museum, with its initial collection. In that year, it sponsored, along with ARIPO \\- Artesanías e Industrias Populares del estado de Oaxaca, the first crafts competition. The museum struggled for a while financially until it signed a cooperation agreement with the 'Instituto Oaxaqueño de las Culturas,' the Oaxaca Institute of Cultures, which required a restructuring of the museum. In 2002, the community museum closed with the aim of building the current one.", "In 2004, the current museum opened with the aim of presenting the crafts history of the entire state of [Oaxaca, Mexico](/wiki/Oaxaca \"Oaxaca\"). The museum has held temporary exhibits such as \"Mujeres tejiendo historias\" (Women knitting stories), \"Grandes Maestros del Arte Popular de Oaxaca\" (Grand Masters of Popular Art in Oaxaca) and \"Historia y evolución del barro negro\" (History and evolution of [barro negro pottery](/wiki/Barro_negro_pottery \"Barro negro pottery\")). The new museum opened with new furniture and designed to international standards. The idea is to create a collection of popular art that represents the eight regions of the state of Oaxaca.", "The mission is to promote Oaxacan handcrafts and popular art to the state's, Mexican, and international communities, as well as foster exchanges among [artisans](/wiki/Artisan \"Artisan\") and promote tourism based on [crafts](/wiki/Craft \"Craft\"). This includes the [weaving](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\") and [textile arts](/wiki/Textile_arts \"Textile arts\") in Oaxacan traditions. The museum was built here to decentrale state cultural institutions.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.meapo.oaxaca.gob.mx/ante.html \\|title\\=HISTORIA DEL MUSEO \\|publisher\\=Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca \\|location\\=San Bartolo Coyotepec \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=History of the museum \\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20100223011955/http://www.meapo.oaxaca.gob.mx/ante.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 23, 2010 }} The museum offers guided tours in Spanish and English, workshops for adults and children, and spaces to rent for events.", "" ]
History ------- ### Versions 1–1\.6 (Illustrator 88\) Development of Adobe Illustrator for the [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") Macintosh began in 1985{{Citation\|last\=Adobe Creative Cloud\|title\=The Story Behind Adobe Illustrator (Part 1 of 3\) \|date\=May 14, 2014\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=1gaCKT\_Ncdk\|access\-date\=September 17, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817022040/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=1gaCKT\_Ncdk\|url\-status\=live}} (shipping in January 1987\) as Adobe's second software product after [PostScript](/wiki/PostScript "PostScript"). Adobe co\-founder and CEO [John Warnock](/wiki/John_Edward_Warnock "John Edward Warnock") created Illustrator in late 1986 to automate many of the manual tasks utilized by his wife, Marva, a graphic designer. It used lines and [bézier curves](/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve "Bézier curve") to render infinitely scalable graphics.{{cite news \|title\=John Edward Warnock (1940\-2023\) \|newspaper\=San Francisco Chronicle \|date\=August 25, 2023 \|url\=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/john\-warnockobituary?id\=52932678 \|accessdate\=August 31, 2023}}{{Dead link\|fix\-attempted\=yes\|date\=October 2023}}{{cite news \|title\=John Edward Warnock (Obituary) \|newspaper\=Los Altos Town Crier \|date\=August 31, 2023 \|location\=Los Altos, California \|url\=https://www.losaltosonline.com/people/obituaries/john\-edward\-warnock/article\_cf721fd0\-475f\-11ee\-9bc4\-7fabc3f3244c.html \|accessdate\=August 31, 2023}} Illustrator was released in early 1987,{{cite web \|title\=Adobe Explains It All: Adobe Illustrator \|author\=Anubhav Rohatgi \|date\=March 23, 2015 \|publisher\=Adobe Corporate Communications \|url\=https://blog.adobe.com/en/publish/2015/03/23/adobe\-explains\-it\-all\-illustrator \|accessdate\=August 11, 2023}} and became a commercialization of Adobe's in\-house [font](/wiki/Typeface "Typeface") development [software](/wiki/Software "Software") and [PostScript](/wiki/PostScript "PostScript") file format. Adobe Illustrator is the companion product of [Adobe Photoshop](/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop "Adobe Photoshop"). Photoshop is primarily geared toward [digital photo](/wiki/Digital_photography "Digital photography") manipulation and [photorealistic](/wiki/Photorealism "Photorealism") styles of [computer illustration](/wiki/Digital_illustration "Digital illustration"), while Illustrator provides results in the [typesetting](/wiki/Typesetting "Typesetting") and [logo](/wiki/Logo "Logo") graphic areas of [design](/wiki/Graphic_design "Graphic design"). Early magazine advertisements (featured in graphic design trade magazines such as *[Communication Arts](/wiki/Communication_Arts "Communication Arts")*) referred to the product as "the Adobe Illustrator". Illustrator 88, the product name for version 1\.7,{{cite web \|first\=Marcin \|last\=Wichary \|url\=http://www.guidebookgallery.org/splashes/illustrator \|title\=Illustrator splash screens \|publisher\=Guidebookgallery.org \|access\-date\=December 4, 2010 \|archive\-date\=September 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901160716/http://www.guidebookgallery.org/splashes/illustrator \|url\-status\=live }} was released in 1988 and introduced many new tools and features.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=eNLFXKyCy0A \|title\=Illustrator 88 demonstration video \|publisher\=Youtube.com \|date\=September 20, 2007 \|access\-date\=December 4, 2010\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101020171920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=eNLFXKyCy0A\| archive\-date\= October 20, 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} *[Byte](/wiki/Byte_%28magazine%29 "Byte (magazine)")* in 1989 listed Illustrator 88 as among the "Distinction" winners of the Byte Awards, stating that with it Adobe had "pulled ahead" of previously industry\-dominant competitor [Aldus FreeHand](/wiki/Aldus_FreeHand "Aldus FreeHand").{{cite magazine \|date\=January 1989 \|title\=The Byte Awards \|url\=https://archive.org/stream/byte\-magazine\-1989\-01/1989\_01\_BYTE\_14\-01\_PC\_Communications\_and\_Annual\_Awards\_and\_Digitizing\_Tablets\#page/n371/mode/2up \|magazine\=\[\[Byte (magazine)\|Byte]] \|page\=327}} Early versions of the software did not support working in preview mode and users needed to have two windows open on their desktop in order to have a live preview of their work. One window would show the work in progress and the other window would show a preview of the work in progress. ### Versions 2–6 Although during its first decade Adobe developed Illustrator primarily for Macintosh, it sporadically supported other platforms. In the early 1990s, Adobe released versions of Illustrator for Display PostScript licensees [NeXT](/wiki/NeXT "NeXT"), [Digital Equipment Corporation](/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation "Digital Equipment Corporation") Ultrix, [Silicon Graphics](/wiki/Silicon_Graphics "Silicon Graphics") IRIX, and [Sun](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems") [Solaris](/wiki/Solaris_%28operating_system%29 "Solaris (operating system)") platforms, but they were discontinued due to poor market acceptance. The first version of Illustrator for Windows, version 2\.0, was released in early 1989 and flopped. The next Windows version, version 4\.0, was widely criticized as being too similar to Illustrator 1\.1 instead of the Macintosh 3\.0 version, and certainly not the equal of Windows' most popular illustration package [CorelDRAW](/wiki/CorelDRAW "CorelDRAW"). (There were no versions 2\.0 or 4\.0 for the Macintosh—although, the second release for the Mac was titled Illustrator 88—the year of its release. And there was no version 6 for Windows.) Version 4 was, however, the first version of Illustrator to support editing in preview mode, which did not appear in a Macintosh version until 5\.0 in 1993\. Version 6 was the last truly Macintosh version of Illustrator. The interface changed radically with the following version to bring consistency between Mac and Windows computer platforms. The changes remained until CS6 when some small steps were taken to restore the app to a slightly more Mac\-like interface. ### Versions 7–10 [thumb\|Adobe Illustrator 10, the last version before the Creative Suite rebrand](/wiki/File:Illustrator_10.png "Illustrator 10.png") With the introduction of Illustrator 7 in 1997, Adobe made critical changes in the user interface with regard to path editing (and also to converge on the same [user interface](/wiki/User_interface "User interface") as [Adobe Photoshop](/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop "Adobe Photoshop")), and many users opted not to upgrade. Illustrator also began to support [TrueType](/wiki/TrueType "TrueType"), effectively ending the "font wars" between PostScript [Type 1](/wiki/Type_1_font "Type 1 font") and TrueType. Like Photoshop, Illustrator also began supporting plug\-ins, greatly and quickly extending its abilities. With true user interface parity between Macintosh and Windows versions starting with 7\.0, designers could finally standardize on Illustrator. [Corel](/wiki/Corel "Corel") did port [CorelDRAW](/wiki/CorelDRAW "CorelDRAW") [FreeHand](/wiki/Adobe_FreeHand "Adobe FreeHand") still not available in Illustrator (higher scaling percentages, advanced find\-and\-replace feature, selective round\-corner editing, export/print selected objects only, etc.).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.design\-tools.com/freehand/ \|title\=FreeHand Firsts \|website\=The Nelson Group, Inc. \|access\-date\=April 26, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530134948/http://www.design\-tools.com/freehand/ \|archive\-date\=May 30, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} Famously, [Aldus](/wiki/Aldus_Corporation "Aldus Corporation") made a matrix comparing its own FreeHand to Illustrator and Draw in which Draw's one "win" was that it came with three different clip art views of the human pancreas. Adobe bought Aldus in 1994 for [PageMaker](/wiki/Adobe_PageMaker "Adobe PageMaker").{{cite web \|url\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_m3065/is\_n7\_v23/ai\_15379575/ \|title\=Merger creates stronger DTP competition \|publisher\=Folio \|date\=April 15, 1994 \|access\-date\=February 11, 2011 }}{{dead link\|date\=May 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes}} As part of the transaction, the [Federal Trade Commission](/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission "Federal Trade Commission") issued a complaint of [Adobe Systems](/wiki/Adobe_Systems "Adobe Systems") on October 18, 1994, ordering a divestiture of FreeHand to "remedy the lessening of competition resulting from the acquisition"{{cite web \|url\=http://www.freefreehand.org/images/FTC.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524203011/http://www.freefreehand.org/images/FTC.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2010 \|title\=Federal Trade Commission Decisions, Complaint 118 F. \|work\=In the matter of Adobe Systems Incorporated, Et Al. \|date\=October 18, 1994 \|access\-date\=February 8, 2010 }} because of Adobe's Illustrator software. As a result, [Macromedia](/wiki/Macromedia "Macromedia") acquired Free Hand in 1995 from its original developer, [Altsys](/wiki/Altsys "Altsys"), and continued its development through 2004\.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ejgEAAAAMBAJ\&q\=altsys\+Macromedia\+acquisition\&pg\=PA24\|title\=Macromedia's purchase of Altsys raises questions\|publisher\=InfoWorld\|date\=November 7, 1994\|access\-date\=February 11, 2011}} The difference in strengths between Photoshop and Illustrator became clear with the rise of the Internet, Illustrator was enhanced to support Web publishing, [rasterization](/wiki/Rasterisation "Rasterisation") previewing, [PDF](/wiki/Portable_Document_Format "Portable Document Format"), and [SVG](/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics "Scalable Vector Graphics") (Scalable Vector Graphics). Adobe was an early developer of SVG for the web and Illustrator exported SVG files via the SVG File Format plugin.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.adobe.com/svg/\|title\=Scalable Vector Graphics\|publisher\=Adobe\|access\-date\=August 20, 2014\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920204439/http://www.adobe.com/svg/\|url\-status\=live}} Using the Adobe SVG Viewer (ASV), introduced in 2000, allowed users to view SVG images in most major browsers until it was discontinued in 2009\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.adobe.com/svg/eol.html \|title\=Adobe to Discontinue Adobe SVG Viewer \|publisher\=Adobe \|access\-date\=August 20, 2014 \|archive\-date\=December 21, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221000422/http://www.adobe.com/devnet/svg/adobe\-svg\-viewer\-eol.html \|url\-status\=live }} [Alt URL](https://web.archive.org/web/20090701000000*/https://www.adobe.com/svg/eol.html){{cbignore}} Native support for SVG was not complete in all major browsers until Internet Explorer 9 in 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/ff974378(VS.85\).aspx \|title\=What's New in Internet Explorer 9 \|date\=22 March 2011 \|work\=\[\[Microsoft Developer Network]] \|publisher\=\[\[Microsoft]] \|access\-date\=22 March 2011}} Illustrator Version 9 included a tracing feature, similar to that within Adobe's discontinued product [Streamline](/wiki/Adobe_Streamline "Adobe Streamline"). Illustrator version 10 was released by Adobe in November 2001\. ### Versions CS–CS6 Illustrator CS (also called version 11\), released by Adobe for Mac and Windows in October 2003, was the first version to include 3\-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple [3D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics "3D computer graphics") objects. Illustrator CS2 (version 12\), released by Adobe in April 2005, was available for both the [Mac OS X](/wiki/MacOS "MacOS") and [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on [Intel](/wiki/Intel "Intel") processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspace. Live Trace allows for the [conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art](/wiki/Raster_to_vector "Raster to vector") and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3\.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer\-care organizations shortly thereafter.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200512/120505AdobeAcquiresMacromedia.html \|title\=Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia \|publisher\=Adobe Systems \|date\=December 5, 2005 \|access\-date\=December 29, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219165519/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200512/120505AdobeAcquiresMacromedia.html \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} Adobe now owned Freehand along with the entire [Macromedia](/wiki/Macromedia "Macromedia") product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the Freehand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools and support to ease the transition to Illustrator.{{cite web\|url\=http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2007/05/freehand\_no\_lon.html\|title\=FreeHand no longer updated; moving to Illustrator\|publisher\=Adobe Blogs\|work\=John Nack on Adobe\|date\=May 16, 2007\|access\-date\=July 19, 2009\|archive\-date\=October 15, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015095426/http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2007/05/freehand\_no\_lon.html\|url\-status\=live}} Illustrator CS3 included interface updates to the Control Bar, the ability to align individual points, multiple Crop Areas, the Color Guide panel and the Live Color feature among others. CS3 was released on March 27, 2007\. CS4 was released in October 2008\. It features a variety of improvements to old tools along with the introduction of a few brand\-new tools acquired from FreeHand. The ability to create multiple artboards is one of CS4's main additions from Freehand. The artboards allow you to create multiple versions of a piece of work within a single document. Other tools include the Blob Brush, which allows multiple overlapping vector brush strokes to easily merge or join, and a revamped gradient tool allowing for more in\-depth color manipulation as well as transparency in gradients. CS5 was released in April 2010\. Along with a number of enhancements to existing functionality, Illustrator CS5's new features include a Perspective Grid tool taken from FreeHand, a Bristle Brush (for more natural and painterly looking strokes) and a comprehensive update to strokes, referred to by Adobe as "Beautiful Strokes". In 2011 the Adobe Illustrator team developed a vector drawing app for [iPad](/wiki/IPad "IPad") and [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), called Adobe Ideas. The app had many of the features of Adobe Illustrator, yet it was a free download. This allowed professionals to sketch and ideate "on the go" and allowed anyone to access world\-class vector drawing capabilities. As a result, [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") and [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media") posts appeared from all over the world with vector drawings from Adobe Ideas from pros and novices alike. {{cn\|date\=June 2022}} Version CS6 was the 16th generation of Adobe Illustrator. Adobe added many more features and several bug fixes such as a new [user interface](/wiki/User_interface "User interface"), layer panels, [RGB codes](/wiki/RGB_color_model "RGB color model"), and color ramp to increase performance. CS6 was released on April 23, 2012\. ### Version CC Along with [Creative Cloud](/wiki/Adobe_Creative_Cloud "Adobe Creative Cloud") (the result of Adobe's shift on its release strategy), Illustrator CC was released. This version (the 17th) was the first to be only sold in a subscription\-based service model, in line with the other software in the formerly called [Creative Suite](/wiki/Adobe_Creative_Suite "Adobe Creative Suite"). As part of Creative Cloud, this version brought improvements in that subject such as color, font and program settings syncing, saving documents to the cloud, and integration with [Behance](/wiki/Behance "Behance") (a creative collaborative network), as well as other features such as a new touch\-compatible type tool, images in brushes, CSS extraction, and files packaging.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.adobe.com/hk\_en/products/illustrator/versions.html \|title\=Illustrator CC vs. CS6 versions {{!}} Adobe Illustrator CC history \|website\=Adobe \|access\-date\=September 5, 2017 \|archive\-date\=September 5, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905093848/http://www.adobe.com/hk\_en/products/illustrator/versions.html \|url\-status\=live }}
[ "History\n-------", "### Versions 1–1\\.6 (Illustrator 88\\)", "Development of Adobe Illustrator for the [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") Macintosh began in 1985{{Citation\\|last\\=Adobe Creative Cloud\\|title\\=The Story Behind Adobe Illustrator (Part 1 of 3\\) \\|date\\=May 14, 2014\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=1gaCKT\\_Ncdk\\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817022040/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=1gaCKT\\_Ncdk\\|url\\-status\\=live}} (shipping in January 1987\\) as Adobe's second software product after [PostScript](/wiki/PostScript \"PostScript\"). Adobe co\\-founder and CEO [John Warnock](/wiki/John_Edward_Warnock \"John Edward Warnock\") created Illustrator in late 1986 to automate many of the manual tasks utilized by his wife, Marva, a graphic designer. It used lines and [bézier curves](/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve \"Bézier curve\") to render infinitely scalable graphics.{{cite news \\|title\\=John Edward Warnock (1940\\-2023\\) \\|newspaper\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\|date\\=August 25, 2023 \\|url\\=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/john\\-warnockobituary?id\\=52932678 \\|accessdate\\=August 31, 2023}}{{Dead link\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes\\|date\\=October 2023}}{{cite news \\|title\\=John Edward Warnock (Obituary) \\|newspaper\\=Los Altos Town Crier \\|date\\=August 31, 2023 \\|location\\=Los Altos, California \\|url\\=https://www.losaltosonline.com/people/obituaries/john\\-edward\\-warnock/article\\_cf721fd0\\-475f\\-11ee\\-9bc4\\-7fabc3f3244c.html \\|accessdate\\=August 31, 2023}} Illustrator was released in early 1987,{{cite web \\|title\\=Adobe Explains It All: Adobe Illustrator \\|author\\=Anubhav Rohatgi \\|date\\=March 23, 2015 \\|publisher\\=Adobe Corporate Communications \\|url\\=https://blog.adobe.com/en/publish/2015/03/23/adobe\\-explains\\-it\\-all\\-illustrator \\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2023}} and became a commercialization of Adobe's in\\-house [font](/wiki/Typeface \"Typeface\") development [software](/wiki/Software \"Software\") and [PostScript](/wiki/PostScript \"PostScript\") file format.", "Adobe Illustrator is the companion product of [Adobe Photoshop](/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop \"Adobe Photoshop\"). Photoshop is primarily geared toward [digital photo](/wiki/Digital_photography \"Digital photography\") manipulation and [photorealistic](/wiki/Photorealism \"Photorealism\") styles of [computer illustration](/wiki/Digital_illustration \"Digital illustration\"), while Illustrator provides results in the [typesetting](/wiki/Typesetting \"Typesetting\") and [logo](/wiki/Logo \"Logo\") graphic areas of [design](/wiki/Graphic_design \"Graphic design\"). Early magazine advertisements (featured in graphic design trade magazines such as *[Communication Arts](/wiki/Communication_Arts \"Communication Arts\")*) referred to the product as \"the Adobe Illustrator\". Illustrator 88, the product name for version 1\\.7,{{cite web \\|first\\=Marcin \\|last\\=Wichary \\|url\\=http://www.guidebookgallery.org/splashes/illustrator \\|title\\=Illustrator splash screens \\|publisher\\=Guidebookgallery.org \\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901160716/http://www.guidebookgallery.org/splashes/illustrator \\|url\\-status\\=live }} was released in 1988 and introduced many new tools and features.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=eNLFXKyCy0A \\|title\\=Illustrator 88 demonstration video \\|publisher\\=Youtube.com \\|date\\=September 20, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2010\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101020171920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=eNLFXKyCy0A\\| archive\\-date\\= October 20, 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}", "*[Byte](/wiki/Byte_%28magazine%29 \"Byte (magazine)\")* in 1989 listed Illustrator 88 as among the \"Distinction\" winners of the Byte Awards, stating that with it Adobe had \"pulled ahead\" of previously industry\\-dominant competitor [Aldus FreeHand](/wiki/Aldus_FreeHand \"Aldus FreeHand\").{{cite magazine \\|date\\=January 1989 \\|title\\=The Byte Awards \\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/byte\\-magazine\\-1989\\-01/1989\\_01\\_BYTE\\_14\\-01\\_PC\\_Communications\\_and\\_Annual\\_Awards\\_and\\_Digitizing\\_Tablets\\#page/n371/mode/2up \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Byte (magazine)\\|Byte]] \\|page\\=327}}", "Early versions of the software did not support working in preview mode and users needed to have two windows open on their desktop in order to have a live preview of their work. One window would show the work in progress and the other window would show a preview of the work in progress.", "### Versions 2–6", "Although during its first decade Adobe developed Illustrator primarily for Macintosh, it sporadically supported other platforms. In the early 1990s, Adobe released versions of Illustrator for Display PostScript licensees [NeXT](/wiki/NeXT \"NeXT\"), [Digital Equipment Corporation](/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation \"Digital Equipment Corporation\") Ultrix, [Silicon Graphics](/wiki/Silicon_Graphics \"Silicon Graphics\") IRIX, and [Sun](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems \"Sun Microsystems\") [Solaris](/wiki/Solaris_%28operating_system%29 \"Solaris (operating system)\") platforms, but they were discontinued due to poor market acceptance. The first version of Illustrator for Windows, version 2\\.0, was released in early 1989 and flopped. The next Windows version, version 4\\.0, was widely criticized as being too similar to Illustrator 1\\.1 instead of the Macintosh 3\\.0 version, and certainly not the equal of Windows' most popular illustration package [CorelDRAW](/wiki/CorelDRAW \"CorelDRAW\"). (There were no versions 2\\.0 or 4\\.0 for the Macintosh—although, the second release for the Mac was titled Illustrator 88—the year of its release. And there was no version 6 for Windows.) Version 4 was, however, the first version of Illustrator to support editing in preview mode, which did not appear in a Macintosh version until 5\\.0 in 1993\\. Version 6 was the last truly Macintosh version of Illustrator. The interface changed radically with the following version to bring consistency between Mac and Windows computer platforms. The changes remained until CS6 when some small steps were taken to restore the app to a slightly more Mac\\-like interface.", "### Versions 7–10", "[thumb\\|Adobe Illustrator 10, the last version before the Creative Suite rebrand](/wiki/File:Illustrator_10.png \"Illustrator 10.png\")\nWith the introduction of Illustrator 7 in 1997, Adobe made critical changes in the user interface with regard to path editing (and also to converge on the same [user interface](/wiki/User_interface \"User interface\") as [Adobe Photoshop](/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop \"Adobe Photoshop\")), and many users opted not to upgrade. Illustrator also began to support [TrueType](/wiki/TrueType \"TrueType\"), effectively ending the \"font wars\" between PostScript [Type 1](/wiki/Type_1_font \"Type 1 font\") and TrueType. Like Photoshop, Illustrator also began supporting plug\\-ins, greatly and quickly extending its abilities.", "With true user interface parity between Macintosh and Windows versions starting with 7\\.0, designers could finally standardize on Illustrator. [Corel](/wiki/Corel \"Corel\") did port [CorelDRAW](/wiki/CorelDRAW \"CorelDRAW\") [FreeHand](/wiki/Adobe_FreeHand \"Adobe FreeHand\") still not available in Illustrator (higher scaling percentages, advanced find\\-and\\-replace feature, selective round\\-corner editing, export/print selected objects only, etc.).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.design\\-tools.com/freehand/ \\|title\\=FreeHand Firsts \\|website\\=The Nelson Group, Inc. \\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530134948/http://www.design\\-tools.com/freehand/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Famously, [Aldus](/wiki/Aldus_Corporation \"Aldus Corporation\") made a matrix comparing its own FreeHand to Illustrator and Draw in which Draw's one \"win\" was that it came with three different clip art views of the human pancreas.", "Adobe bought Aldus in 1994 for [PageMaker](/wiki/Adobe_PageMaker \"Adobe PageMaker\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_m3065/is\\_n7\\_v23/ai\\_15379575/ \\|title\\=Merger creates stronger DTP competition \\|publisher\\=Folio \\|date\\=April 15, 1994 \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2011 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}} As part of the transaction, the [Federal Trade Commission](/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission \"Federal Trade Commission\") issued a complaint of [Adobe Systems](/wiki/Adobe_Systems \"Adobe Systems\") on October 18, 1994, ordering a divestiture of FreeHand to \"remedy the lessening of competition resulting from the acquisition\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.freefreehand.org/images/FTC.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524203011/http://www.freefreehand.org/images/FTC.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2010 \\|title\\=Federal Trade Commission Decisions, Complaint 118 F. \\|work\\=In the matter of Adobe Systems Incorporated, Et Al. \\|date\\=October 18, 1994 \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2010 }} because of Adobe's Illustrator software. As a result, [Macromedia](/wiki/Macromedia \"Macromedia\") acquired Free Hand in 1995 from its original developer, [Altsys](/wiki/Altsys \"Altsys\"), and continued its development through 2004\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ejgEAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=altsys\\+Macromedia\\+acquisition\\&pg\\=PA24\\|title\\=Macromedia's purchase of Altsys raises questions\\|publisher\\=InfoWorld\\|date\\=November 7, 1994\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2011}}", "The difference in strengths between Photoshop and Illustrator became clear with the rise of the Internet, Illustrator was enhanced to support Web publishing, [rasterization](/wiki/Rasterisation \"Rasterisation\") previewing, [PDF](/wiki/Portable_Document_Format \"Portable Document Format\"), and [SVG](/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics \"Scalable Vector Graphics\") (Scalable Vector Graphics). Adobe was an early developer of SVG for the web and Illustrator exported SVG files via the SVG File Format plugin.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.adobe.com/svg/\\|title\\=Scalable Vector Graphics\\|publisher\\=Adobe\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920204439/http://www.adobe.com/svg/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Using the Adobe SVG Viewer (ASV), introduced in 2000, allowed users to view SVG images in most major browsers until it was discontinued in 2009\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.adobe.com/svg/eol.html \\|title\\=Adobe to Discontinue Adobe SVG Viewer \\|publisher\\=Adobe \\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 21, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221000422/http://www.adobe.com/devnet/svg/adobe\\-svg\\-viewer\\-eol.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Alt URL](https://web.archive.org/web/20090701000000*/https://www.adobe.com/svg/eol.html){{cbignore}} Native support for SVG was not complete in all major browsers until Internet Explorer 9 in 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/ff974378(VS.85\\).aspx \\|title\\=What's New in Internet Explorer 9 \\|date\\=22 March 2011 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Microsoft Developer Network]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Microsoft]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2011}}", "Illustrator Version 9 included a tracing feature, similar to that within Adobe's discontinued product [Streamline](/wiki/Adobe_Streamline \"Adobe Streamline\").", "Illustrator version 10 was released by Adobe in November 2001\\.", "### Versions CS–CS6", "Illustrator CS (also called version 11\\), released by Adobe for Mac and Windows in October 2003, was the first version to include 3\\-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple [3D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics \"3D computer graphics\") objects.", "Illustrator CS2 (version 12\\), released by Adobe in April 2005, was available for both the [Mac OS X](/wiki/MacOS \"MacOS\") and [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on [Intel](/wiki/Intel \"Intel\") processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspace. Live Trace allows for the [conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art](/wiki/Raster_to_vector \"Raster to vector\") and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3\\.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer\\-care organizations shortly thereafter.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200512/120505AdobeAcquiresMacromedia.html \\|title\\=Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia \\|publisher\\=Adobe Systems \\|date\\=December 5, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219165519/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200512/120505AdobeAcquiresMacromedia.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Adobe now owned Freehand along with the entire [Macromedia](/wiki/Macromedia \"Macromedia\") product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the Freehand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools and support to ease the transition to Illustrator.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2007/05/freehand\\_no\\_lon.html\\|title\\=FreeHand no longer updated; moving to Illustrator\\|publisher\\=Adobe Blogs\\|work\\=John Nack on Adobe\\|date\\=May 16, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015095426/http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2007/05/freehand\\_no\\_lon.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Illustrator CS3 included interface updates to the Control Bar, the ability to align individual points, multiple Crop Areas, the Color Guide panel and the Live Color feature among others. CS3 was released on March 27, 2007\\.", "CS4 was released in October 2008\\. It features a variety of improvements to old tools along with the introduction of a few brand\\-new tools acquired from FreeHand. The ability to create multiple artboards is one of CS4's main additions from Freehand. The artboards allow you to create multiple versions of a piece of work within a single document. Other tools include the Blob Brush, which allows multiple overlapping vector brush strokes to easily merge or join, and a revamped gradient tool allowing for more in\\-depth color manipulation as well as transparency in gradients.", "CS5 was released in April 2010\\. Along with a number of enhancements to existing functionality, Illustrator CS5's new features include a Perspective Grid tool taken from FreeHand, a Bristle Brush (for more natural and painterly looking strokes) and a comprehensive update to strokes, referred to by Adobe as \"Beautiful Strokes\".", "In 2011 the Adobe Illustrator team developed a vector drawing app for [iPad](/wiki/IPad \"IPad\") and [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone \"IPhone\"), called Adobe Ideas. The app had many of the features of Adobe Illustrator, yet it was a free download. This allowed professionals to sketch and ideate \"on the go\" and allowed anyone to access world\\-class vector drawing capabilities. As a result, [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") and [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") posts appeared from all over the world with vector drawings from Adobe Ideas from pros and novices alike. {{cn\\|date\\=June 2022}}", "Version CS6 was the 16th generation of Adobe Illustrator. Adobe added many more features and several bug fixes such as a new [user interface](/wiki/User_interface \"User interface\"), layer panels, [RGB codes](/wiki/RGB_color_model \"RGB color model\"), and color ramp to increase performance. CS6 was released on April 23, 2012\\.", "### Version CC", "Along with [Creative Cloud](/wiki/Adobe_Creative_Cloud \"Adobe Creative Cloud\") (the result of Adobe's shift on its release strategy), Illustrator CC was released. This version (the 17th) was the first to be only sold in a subscription\\-based service model, in line with the other software in the formerly called [Creative Suite](/wiki/Adobe_Creative_Suite \"Adobe Creative Suite\"). As part of Creative Cloud, this version brought improvements in that subject such as color, font and program settings syncing, saving documents to the cloud, and integration with [Behance](/wiki/Behance \"Behance\") (a creative collaborative network), as well as other features such as a new touch\\-compatible type tool, images in brushes, CSS extraction, and files packaging.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.adobe.com/hk\\_en/products/illustrator/versions.html \\|title\\=Illustrator CC vs. CS6 versions {{!}} Adobe Illustrator CC history \\|website\\=Adobe \\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905093848/http://www.adobe.com/hk\\_en/products/illustrator/versions.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
### Versions CS–CS6 Illustrator CS (also called version 11\), released by Adobe for Mac and Windows in October 2003, was the first version to include 3\-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple [3D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics "3D computer graphics") objects. Illustrator CS2 (version 12\), released by Adobe in April 2005, was available for both the [Mac OS X](/wiki/MacOS "MacOS") and [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on [Intel](/wiki/Intel "Intel") processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspace. Live Trace allows for the [conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art](/wiki/Raster_to_vector "Raster to vector") and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3\.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer\-care organizations shortly thereafter.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200512/120505AdobeAcquiresMacromedia.html \|title\=Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia \|publisher\=Adobe Systems \|date\=December 5, 2005 \|access\-date\=December 29, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219165519/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200512/120505AdobeAcquiresMacromedia.html \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} Adobe now owned Freehand along with the entire [Macromedia](/wiki/Macromedia "Macromedia") product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the Freehand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools and support to ease the transition to Illustrator.{{cite web\|url\=http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2007/05/freehand\_no\_lon.html\|title\=FreeHand no longer updated; moving to Illustrator\|publisher\=Adobe Blogs\|work\=John Nack on Adobe\|date\=May 16, 2007\|access\-date\=July 19, 2009\|archive\-date\=October 15, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015095426/http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2007/05/freehand\_no\_lon.html\|url\-status\=live}} Illustrator CS3 included interface updates to the Control Bar, the ability to align individual points, multiple Crop Areas, the Color Guide panel and the Live Color feature among others. CS3 was released on March 27, 2007\. CS4 was released in October 2008\. It features a variety of improvements to old tools along with the introduction of a few brand\-new tools acquired from FreeHand. The ability to create multiple artboards is one of CS4's main additions from Freehand. The artboards allow you to create multiple versions of a piece of work within a single document. Other tools include the Blob Brush, which allows multiple overlapping vector brush strokes to easily merge or join, and a revamped gradient tool allowing for more in\-depth color manipulation as well as transparency in gradients. CS5 was released in April 2010\. Along with a number of enhancements to existing functionality, Illustrator CS5's new features include a Perspective Grid tool taken from FreeHand, a Bristle Brush (for more natural and painterly looking strokes) and a comprehensive update to strokes, referred to by Adobe as "Beautiful Strokes". In 2011 the Adobe Illustrator team developed a vector drawing app for [iPad](/wiki/IPad "IPad") and [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), called Adobe Ideas. The app had many of the features of Adobe Illustrator, yet it was a free download. This allowed professionals to sketch and ideate "on the go" and allowed anyone to access world\-class vector drawing capabilities. As a result, [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") and [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media") posts appeared from all over the world with vector drawings from Adobe Ideas from pros and novices alike. {{cn\|date\=June 2022}} Version CS6 was the 16th generation of Adobe Illustrator. Adobe added many more features and several bug fixes such as a new [user interface](/wiki/User_interface "User interface"), layer panels, [RGB codes](/wiki/RGB_color_model "RGB color model"), and color ramp to increase performance. CS6 was released on April 23, 2012\.
[ "### Versions CS–CS6", "Illustrator CS (also called version 11\\), released by Adobe for Mac and Windows in October 2003, was the first version to include 3\\-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple [3D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics \"3D computer graphics\") objects.", "Illustrator CS2 (version 12\\), released by Adobe in April 2005, was available for both the [Mac OS X](/wiki/MacOS \"MacOS\") and [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on [Intel](/wiki/Intel \"Intel\") processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspace. Live Trace allows for the [conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art](/wiki/Raster_to_vector \"Raster to vector\") and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3\\.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer\\-care organizations shortly thereafter.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200512/120505AdobeAcquiresMacromedia.html \\|title\\=Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia \\|publisher\\=Adobe Systems \\|date\\=December 5, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219165519/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200512/120505AdobeAcquiresMacromedia.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Adobe now owned Freehand along with the entire [Macromedia](/wiki/Macromedia \"Macromedia\") product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the Freehand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools and support to ease the transition to Illustrator.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2007/05/freehand\\_no\\_lon.html\\|title\\=FreeHand no longer updated; moving to Illustrator\\|publisher\\=Adobe Blogs\\|work\\=John Nack on Adobe\\|date\\=May 16, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015095426/http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2007/05/freehand\\_no\\_lon.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Illustrator CS3 included interface updates to the Control Bar, the ability to align individual points, multiple Crop Areas, the Color Guide panel and the Live Color feature among others. CS3 was released on March 27, 2007\\.", "CS4 was released in October 2008\\. It features a variety of improvements to old tools along with the introduction of a few brand\\-new tools acquired from FreeHand. The ability to create multiple artboards is one of CS4's main additions from Freehand. The artboards allow you to create multiple versions of a piece of work within a single document. Other tools include the Blob Brush, which allows multiple overlapping vector brush strokes to easily merge or join, and a revamped gradient tool allowing for more in\\-depth color manipulation as well as transparency in gradients.", "CS5 was released in April 2010\\. Along with a number of enhancements to existing functionality, Illustrator CS5's new features include a Perspective Grid tool taken from FreeHand, a Bristle Brush (for more natural and painterly looking strokes) and a comprehensive update to strokes, referred to by Adobe as \"Beautiful Strokes\".", "In 2011 the Adobe Illustrator team developed a vector drawing app for [iPad](/wiki/IPad \"IPad\") and [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone \"IPhone\"), called Adobe Ideas. The app had many of the features of Adobe Illustrator, yet it was a free download. This allowed professionals to sketch and ideate \"on the go\" and allowed anyone to access world\\-class vector drawing capabilities. As a result, [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") and [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") posts appeared from all over the world with vector drawings from Adobe Ideas from pros and novices alike. {{cn\\|date\\=June 2022}}", "Version CS6 was the 16th generation of Adobe Illustrator. Adobe added many more features and several bug fixes such as a new [user interface](/wiki/User_interface \"User interface\"), layer panels, [RGB codes](/wiki/RGB_color_model \"RGB color model\"), and color ramp to increase performance. CS6 was released on April 23, 2012\\.", "" ]
Career ------ O'Herlihy's first notable acting role came in 1944, when he played the lead in the Gate's production of *[Red Roses For Me](/wiki/Red_Roses_for_Me_%28play%29 "Red Roses for Me (play)")*, written and directed by [Seán O'Casey](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey "Seán O'Casey"). He appeared in some fifty plays at the Gate.{{Cite web\|date\=2005\-02\-21\|title\=Obituary: Dan O'Herlihy\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/21/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-25\|website\=the Guardian\|language\=en}} He made his film debut in 1947 in [Carol Reed](/wiki/Carol_Reed "Carol Reed")'s *[Odd Man Out](/wiki/Odd_Man_Out "Odd Man Out")*,{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2005\-feb\-19\-me\-oherlihy19\-story.html \|title\=Daniel O'Herlihy, 85; Irish Actor Was a Best Actor Oscar Nominee \|last\=McLellan \|first\=Dennis \|date\=2005\-02\-19 \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-04}} which was shot on location in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast"), and also worked extensively in radio. His first American film role was as [Macduff](/wiki/Macduff_%28thane%29 "Macduff (thane)") in [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles "Orson Welles")' version of *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%281948_film%29 "Macbeth (1948 film)")* (1948\), followed by supporting roles in films such as the [Red Scare](/wiki/Second_Red_Scare "Second Red Scare") fantasy *[Invasion, U.S.A.](/wiki/Invasion%2C_U.S.A._%281952_film%29 "Invasion, U.S.A. (1952 film)")*, the [Kiplingesque](/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling "Rudyard Kipling") *[Soldiers Three](/wiki/Soldiers_Three_%28film%29 "Soldiers Three (film)")* and a series of [swashbucklers](/wiki/Swashbucklers "Swashbucklers"), such as *[The Black Shield of Falworth](/wiki/The_Black_Shield_of_Falworth "The Black Shield of Falworth")* (1954\). His career took an upward turn in 1954 when he played the title role in [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel "Luis Buñuel")'s *[Robinson Crusoe](/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_%281954_film%29 "Robinson Crusoe (1954 film)")*, which earned him an [Academy Award nomination](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor "Academy Award for Best Actor") for Best Actor. O'Herlihy recalled that the producers of the film wanted Buñuel to use Orson Welles for the role, with Buñuel refusing, saying he was too big and too fat. They arranged a screening of Welles' *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%281948_film%29 "Macbeth (1948 film)")* to show how a bearded Welles would look, but O'Herlihy's performance as Macduff convinced Buñuel to cast O'Herlihy instead.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/dan\-oherlihy\-484255\.html \|title\=Dan O'Herlihy \|last\=Vallance \|first\=Tom \|date\=2005\-02\-21 \|website\=\[\[The Independent]] \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-04}} O'Herlihy was later featured in 1959 in *[The Young Land](/wiki/The_Young_Land "The Young Land")* as Judge Millard Isham and as Dave Edwards in [Douglas Sirk](/wiki/Douglas_Sirk "Douglas Sirk")'s remake of *[Imitation of Life](/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_%281959_film%29 "Imitation of Life (1959 film)")*. The following year he played Sir Harry Ivers, an upper\-class English drifter who joins [Alan Ladd](/wiki/Alan_Ladd "Alan Ladd") in a plot to ruin an Arizona cattle town by robbing its bank, in the western *[One Foot in Hell](/wiki/One_Foot_in_Hell_%28film%29 "One Foot in Hell (film)")*. O'Herlihy was also cast as Dr. Caligari in *[The Cabinet of Caligari](/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Caligari "The Cabinet of Caligari")*, [Robert Bloch](/wiki/Robert_Bloch "Robert Bloch")'s reimagining of the German [silent classic](/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari"), in 1962\. In 1964, he starred in *[Fail Safe](/wiki/Fail_Safe_%281964_film%29 "Fail Safe (1964 film)")* in the role of General Black, or "Blackie", who nukes New York on presidential orders. In 1969, he was cast in *[The Big Cube](/wiki/The_Big_Cube "The Big Cube")* and *[100 Rifles](/wiki/100_Rifles "100 Rifles")*. In 1970, he starred in the epic *[Waterloo](/wiki/Waterloo_%281970_film%29 "Waterloo (1970 film)")*, playing the part of [Michel Ney](/wiki/Michel_Ney "Michel Ney"), the marshal of France. In 1982, he starred in *[Halloween III: Season of the Witch](/wiki/Halloween_III:Season_of_the_Witch "Season of the Witch")* as Conal Cochran and in 1984, he appeared in *[The Last Starfighter](/wiki/The_Last_Starfighter "The Last Starfighter")* as Grig, Alex Rogan's reptilian co\-pilot, navigator and sidekick. In 1986's *[The Whoopee Boys](/wiki/The_Whoopee_Boys "The Whoopee Boys")* he played a judge and in 1987, he appeared in *[RoboCop](/wiki/RoboCop "RoboCop")* as "The Old Man". That same year, he was cast in [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston "John Huston")'s *[The Dead](/wiki/The_Dead_%281987_film%29 "The Dead (1987 film)")*. In 1990, he appeared in *[RoboCop 2](/wiki/RoboCop_2 "RoboCop 2")*, the sequel to the 1987 film. O'Herlihy had a fairly extensive career in television, having appeared on *[Rawhide](/wiki/Rawhide_%28TV_series%29 "Rawhide (TV series)")*, *[The DuPont Show with June Allyson](/wiki/The_DuPont_Show_with_June_Allyson "The DuPont Show with June Allyson")*, *[Adventures in Paradise](/wiki/Adventures_in_Paradise_%28TV_series%29 "Adventures in Paradise (TV series)")* and *[Target: The Corruptors!](/wiki/Target:The_Corruptors%21 "The Corruptors!")*. He portrayed Larry "Ace" Banner in the first season of *[The Untouchables](/wiki/The_Untouchables_%281959_TV_series%29 "The Untouchables (1959 TV series)")* in the episode titled "The Big Squeeze". He was cast as Stephen Jordan in the last season of *[Checkmate](/wiki/Checkmate_%28American_TV_series%29 "Checkmate (American TV series)")* episode " "Referendum on Murder". He also appeared on *[The Americans](/wiki/The_Americans_%281961_TV_series%29 "The Americans (1961 TV series)")* and *[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E. "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.")* in the episodes "The Fiddlesticks Affair" and "The Yo\-Ho\-Ho and a Bottle of Rum Affair" and on *[Route 66](/wiki/Route_66_%28TV_series%29 "Route 66 (TV series)")* in the episode "To Walk with the Serpent". In 1962, he was cast as Glenn Kassin in "The Earth Mover" episode of *[Empire](/wiki/Empire_%281962_TV_series%29 "Empire (1962 TV series)")*. He appeared on *[Bonanza](/wiki/Bonanza "Bonanza")* (episode: "The Artist" as Matthew Raine). In 1963–1964, he was in *[The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters](/wiki/The_Travels_of_Jaimie_McPheeters_%28TV_series%29 "The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters (TV series)")*. On *[The Long, Hot Summer](/wiki/The_Long%2C_Hot_Summer_%28TV_series%29 "The Long, Hot Summer (TV series)")*, O'Herlihy became the lead star, having replaced [Edmond O'Brien](/wiki/Edmond_O%27Brien "Edmond O'Brien") in the part of Will Varner midway through the program's single\-season run. In 1966, he appeared in the episode "Have You Seen the [Aurora Borealis](/wiki/Aurora_Borealis "Aurora Borealis")?" of *[The Road West](/wiki/The_Road_West "The Road West")*, starring [Barry Sullivan](/wiki/Barry_Sullivan_%28American_actor%29 "Barry Sullivan (American actor)"). In 1974, he appeared in *[QB VII](/wiki/QB_VII_%28miniseries%29 "QB VII (miniseries)")* and played the Senior American Officer, Col. Max Dodd in the second series of BBC's POW drama *[Colditz](/wiki/Colditz_%281972_TV_series%29 "Colditz (1972 TV series)")*. In the same year he took a role in the film, *[The Tamarind Seed](/wiki/The_Tamarind_Seed "The Tamarind Seed")*, which starred [Omar Sharif](/wiki/Omar_Sharif "Omar Sharif") and [Julie Andrews](/wiki/Julie_Andrews "Julie Andrews"). In 1976, he guest\-starred in an episode of *[Gibbsville](/wiki/Gibbsville_%28TV_series%29 "Gibbsville (TV series)")*. In 1978, he guest\-starred in the second part of the *[Battlestar Galactica](/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_%281978_TV_series%29 "Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)")* episode "[Gun on Ice Planet Zero](/wiki/Gun_on_Ice_Planet_Zero "Gun on Ice Planet Zero")" as Dr. Ravishol. O'Herlihy also portrayed the ill\-fated lumber tycoon Andrew Packard in the cult television program *[Twin Peaks](/wiki/Twin_Peaks "Twin Peaks")* (1991\) and in the *[Batman: The Animated Series](/wiki/Batman:The_Animated_Series "The Animated Series")* episode "Deep Freeze", voicing the villainous theme park mogul Grant Walker. In 1998, O'Herlihy acted in his last film, *[The Rat Pack](/wiki/The_Rat_Pack_%28film%29 "The Rat Pack (film)")*, playing [Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.](/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr. "Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.")
[ "Career\n------", "O'Herlihy's first notable acting role came in 1944, when he played the lead in the Gate's production of *[Red Roses For Me](/wiki/Red_Roses_for_Me_%28play%29 \"Red Roses for Me (play)\")*, written and directed by [Seán O'Casey](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey \"Seán O'Casey\"). He appeared in some fifty plays at the Gate.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2005\\-02\\-21\\|title\\=Obituary: Dan O'Herlihy\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/21/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-25\\|website\\=the Guardian\\|language\\=en}} He made his film debut in 1947 in [Carol Reed](/wiki/Carol_Reed \"Carol Reed\")'s *[Odd Man Out](/wiki/Odd_Man_Out \"Odd Man Out\")*,{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2005\\-feb\\-19\\-me\\-oherlihy19\\-story.html \\|title\\=Daniel O'Herlihy, 85; Irish Actor Was a Best Actor Oscar Nominee \\|last\\=McLellan \\|first\\=Dennis \\|date\\=2005\\-02\\-19 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-04}} which was shot on location in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"), and also worked extensively in radio. His first American film role was as [Macduff](/wiki/Macduff_%28thane%29 \"Macduff (thane)\") in [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles \"Orson Welles\")' version of *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%281948_film%29 \"Macbeth (1948 film)\")* (1948\\), followed by supporting roles in films such as the [Red Scare](/wiki/Second_Red_Scare \"Second Red Scare\") fantasy *[Invasion, U.S.A.](/wiki/Invasion%2C_U.S.A._%281952_film%29 \"Invasion, U.S.A. (1952 film)\")*, the [Kiplingesque](/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling \"Rudyard Kipling\") *[Soldiers Three](/wiki/Soldiers_Three_%28film%29 \"Soldiers Three (film)\")* and a series of [swashbucklers](/wiki/Swashbucklers \"Swashbucklers\"), such as *[The Black Shield of Falworth](/wiki/The_Black_Shield_of_Falworth \"The Black Shield of Falworth\")* (1954\\).", "His career took an upward turn in 1954 when he played the title role in [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel \"Luis Buñuel\")'s *[Robinson Crusoe](/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_%281954_film%29 \"Robinson Crusoe (1954 film)\")*, which earned him an [Academy Award nomination](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor \"Academy Award for Best Actor\") for Best Actor. O'Herlihy recalled that the producers of the film wanted Buñuel to use Orson Welles for the role, with Buñuel refusing, saying he was too big and too fat. They arranged a screening of Welles' *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%281948_film%29 \"Macbeth (1948 film)\")* to show how a bearded Welles would look, but O'Herlihy's performance as Macduff convinced Buñuel to cast O'Herlihy instead.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/dan\\-oherlihy\\-484255\\.html \\|title\\=Dan O'Herlihy \\|last\\=Vallance \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=2005\\-02\\-21 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-04}}", "O'Herlihy was later featured in 1959 in *[The Young Land](/wiki/The_Young_Land \"The Young Land\")* as Judge Millard Isham and as Dave Edwards in [Douglas Sirk](/wiki/Douglas_Sirk \"Douglas Sirk\")'s remake of *[Imitation of Life](/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_%281959_film%29 \"Imitation of Life (1959 film)\")*. The following year he played Sir Harry Ivers, an upper\\-class English drifter who joins [Alan Ladd](/wiki/Alan_Ladd \"Alan Ladd\") in a plot to ruin an Arizona cattle town by robbing its bank, in the western *[One Foot in Hell](/wiki/One_Foot_in_Hell_%28film%29 \"One Foot in Hell (film)\")*. O'Herlihy was also cast as Dr. Caligari in *[The Cabinet of Caligari](/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Caligari \"The Cabinet of Caligari\")*, [Robert Bloch](/wiki/Robert_Bloch \"Robert Bloch\")'s reimagining of the German [silent classic](/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari \"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari\"), in 1962\\.", "In 1964, he starred in *[Fail Safe](/wiki/Fail_Safe_%281964_film%29 \"Fail Safe (1964 film)\")* in the role of General Black, or \"Blackie\", who nukes New York on presidential orders. In 1969, he was cast in *[The Big Cube](/wiki/The_Big_Cube \"The Big Cube\")* and *[100 Rifles](/wiki/100_Rifles \"100 Rifles\")*. In 1970, he starred in the epic *[Waterloo](/wiki/Waterloo_%281970_film%29 \"Waterloo (1970 film)\")*, playing the part of [Michel Ney](/wiki/Michel_Ney \"Michel Ney\"), the marshal of France. In 1982, he starred in *[Halloween III: Season of the Witch](/wiki/Halloween_III:Season_of_the_Witch \"Season of the Witch\")* as Conal Cochran and in 1984, he appeared in *[The Last Starfighter](/wiki/The_Last_Starfighter \"The Last Starfighter\")* as Grig, Alex Rogan's reptilian co\\-pilot, navigator and sidekick. In 1986's *[The Whoopee Boys](/wiki/The_Whoopee_Boys \"The Whoopee Boys\")* he played a judge and in 1987, he appeared in *[RoboCop](/wiki/RoboCop \"RoboCop\")* as \"The Old Man\". That same year, he was cast in [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston \"John Huston\")'s *[The Dead](/wiki/The_Dead_%281987_film%29 \"The Dead (1987 film)\")*. In 1990, he appeared in *[RoboCop 2](/wiki/RoboCop_2 \"RoboCop 2\")*, the sequel to the 1987 film.", "O'Herlihy had a fairly extensive career in television, having appeared on *[Rawhide](/wiki/Rawhide_%28TV_series%29 \"Rawhide (TV series)\")*, *[The DuPont Show with June Allyson](/wiki/The_DuPont_Show_with_June_Allyson \"The DuPont Show with June Allyson\")*, *[Adventures in Paradise](/wiki/Adventures_in_Paradise_%28TV_series%29 \"Adventures in Paradise (TV series)\")* and *[Target: The Corruptors!](/wiki/Target:The_Corruptors%21 \"The Corruptors!\")*. He portrayed Larry \"Ace\" Banner in the first season of *[The Untouchables](/wiki/The_Untouchables_%281959_TV_series%29 \"The Untouchables (1959 TV series)\")* in the episode titled \"The Big Squeeze\". He was cast as Stephen Jordan in the last season of *[Checkmate](/wiki/Checkmate_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Checkmate (American TV series)\")* episode \" \"Referendum on Murder\". He also appeared on *[The Americans](/wiki/The_Americans_%281961_TV_series%29 \"The Americans (1961 TV series)\")* and *[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E. \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\")* in the episodes \"The Fiddlesticks Affair\" and \"The Yo\\-Ho\\-Ho and a Bottle of Rum Affair\" and on *[Route 66](/wiki/Route_66_%28TV_series%29 \"Route 66 (TV series)\")* in the episode \"To Walk with the Serpent\". In 1962, he was cast as Glenn Kassin in \"The Earth Mover\" episode of *[Empire](/wiki/Empire_%281962_TV_series%29 \"Empire (1962 TV series)\")*. He appeared on *[Bonanza](/wiki/Bonanza \"Bonanza\")* (episode: \"The Artist\" as Matthew Raine).", "In 1963–1964, he was in *[The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters](/wiki/The_Travels_of_Jaimie_McPheeters_%28TV_series%29 \"The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters (TV series)\")*. On *[The Long, Hot Summer](/wiki/The_Long%2C_Hot_Summer_%28TV_series%29 \"The Long, Hot Summer (TV series)\")*, O'Herlihy became the lead star, having replaced [Edmond O'Brien](/wiki/Edmond_O%27Brien \"Edmond O'Brien\") in the part of Will Varner midway through the program's single\\-season run. In 1966, he appeared in the episode \"Have You Seen the [Aurora Borealis](/wiki/Aurora_Borealis \"Aurora Borealis\")?\" of *[The Road West](/wiki/The_Road_West \"The Road West\")*, starring [Barry Sullivan](/wiki/Barry_Sullivan_%28American_actor%29 \"Barry Sullivan (American actor)\"). In 1974, he appeared in *[QB VII](/wiki/QB_VII_%28miniseries%29 \"QB VII (miniseries)\")* and played the Senior American Officer, Col. Max Dodd in the second series of BBC's POW drama *[Colditz](/wiki/Colditz_%281972_TV_series%29 \"Colditz (1972 TV series)\")*. In the same year he took a role in the film, *[The Tamarind Seed](/wiki/The_Tamarind_Seed \"The Tamarind Seed\")*, which starred [Omar Sharif](/wiki/Omar_Sharif \"Omar Sharif\") and [Julie Andrews](/wiki/Julie_Andrews \"Julie Andrews\").", "In 1976, he guest\\-starred in an episode of *[Gibbsville](/wiki/Gibbsville_%28TV_series%29 \"Gibbsville (TV series)\")*. In 1978, he guest\\-starred in the second part of the *[Battlestar Galactica](/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_%281978_TV_series%29 \"Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)\")* episode \"[Gun on Ice Planet Zero](/wiki/Gun_on_Ice_Planet_Zero \"Gun on Ice Planet Zero\")\" as Dr. Ravishol. O'Herlihy also portrayed the ill\\-fated lumber tycoon Andrew Packard in the cult television program *[Twin Peaks](/wiki/Twin_Peaks \"Twin Peaks\")* (1991\\) and in the *[Batman: The Animated Series](/wiki/Batman:The_Animated_Series \"The Animated Series\")* episode \"Deep Freeze\", voicing the villainous theme park mogul Grant Walker. In 1998, O'Herlihy acted in his last film, *[The Rat Pack](/wiki/The_Rat_Pack_%28film%29 \"The Rat Pack (film)\")*, playing [Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.](/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr. \"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.\")", "" ]
Plot ---- Riding on a bus, [Jerry](/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld_%28character%29 "Jerry Seinfeld (character)") and [George](/wiki/George_Costanza "George Costanza") meet a friend, Al Netche, who tells them another friend, Fulton, is in the hospital, and has asked Jerry to visit him as he "needs a good laugh." Jerry visits Fulton and tells a story about a guy named "Pachyderm" juggling hot [pizza](/wiki/Pizza "Pizza") slices, but Fulton never laughs. George has nothing to talk about with his girlfriend, Daphne, and wants to break up. Daphne tells George that Al advised her to end the relationship as George does not commit and will end up hurting her. George postpones the breakup in order to prove Al wrong. [Kramer](/wiki/Cosmo_Kramer "Cosmo Kramer") has a job as a [stand\-in](/wiki/Stand-in "Stand-in") in the series *[All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children "All My Children")*, along with his friend [Mickey Abbott](/wiki/Mickey_Abbott "Mickey Abbott"), a [little person](/wiki/Dwarfism "Dwarfism"). Mickey is worried about keeping his job as the child actor he stands in for is going through a [growth spurt](/wiki/Growth_spurt "Growth spurt"). Kramer suggests Mickey use [lifts](/wiki/Elevator_shoe "Elevator shoe") to increase his height. Mickey reluctantly agrees. Jerry sets up a date for [Elaine](/wiki/Elaine_Benes "Elaine Benes") with his friend, Phil Totola. The date is ruined when Phil abruptly flashes his genitals. When he bumps into Phil at the hospital, Jerry drops hints that such exposure is offensive, but they seemingly go over Phil's head. Mickey plans to date Tammy, a little woman. Johnny Bigiano, another little person stand\-in who envies Mickey, breaks into Mickey's [locker](/wiki/Locker_%28cabinet%29 "Locker (cabinet)") and finds the lifts. Mickey is ostracized by the other little people. As Tammy leaves with Johnny, Mickey angrily attacks Kramer. Jerry feels added pressure to be funny after his visit to the hospital coincides with a deterioration in Fulton's condition. He offers to do his act with new material, saying "it killed" when he tested it. Jerry is so funny that Fulton [dies from laughter](/wiki/Death_from_laughter "Death from laughter"). To George's relief, Daphne says that she met another person: Jerry Persach, nicknamed "Pachyderm".
[ "Plot\n----", "Riding on a bus, [Jerry](/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld_%28character%29 \"Jerry Seinfeld (character)\") and [George](/wiki/George_Costanza \"George Costanza\") meet a friend, Al Netche, who tells them another friend, Fulton, is in the hospital, and has asked Jerry to visit him as he \"needs a good laugh.\" Jerry visits Fulton and tells a story about a guy named \"Pachyderm\" juggling hot [pizza](/wiki/Pizza \"Pizza\") slices, but Fulton never laughs.", "George has nothing to talk about with his girlfriend, Daphne, and wants to break up. Daphne tells George that Al advised her to end the relationship as George does not commit and will end up hurting her. George postpones the breakup in order to prove Al wrong.", "[Kramer](/wiki/Cosmo_Kramer \"Cosmo Kramer\") has a job as a [stand\\-in](/wiki/Stand-in \"Stand-in\") in the series *[All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children \"All My Children\")*, along with his friend [Mickey Abbott](/wiki/Mickey_Abbott \"Mickey Abbott\"), a [little person](/wiki/Dwarfism \"Dwarfism\"). Mickey is worried about keeping his job as the child actor he stands in for is going through a [growth spurt](/wiki/Growth_spurt \"Growth spurt\"). Kramer suggests Mickey use [lifts](/wiki/Elevator_shoe \"Elevator shoe\") to increase his height. Mickey reluctantly agrees.", "Jerry sets up a date for [Elaine](/wiki/Elaine_Benes \"Elaine Benes\") with his friend, Phil Totola. The date is ruined when Phil abruptly flashes his genitals. When he bumps into Phil at the hospital, Jerry drops hints that such exposure is offensive, but they seemingly go over Phil's head.", "Mickey plans to date Tammy, a little woman. Johnny Bigiano, another little person stand\\-in who envies Mickey, breaks into Mickey's [locker](/wiki/Locker_%28cabinet%29 \"Locker (cabinet)\") and finds the lifts. Mickey is ostracized by the other little people. As Tammy leaves with Johnny, Mickey angrily attacks Kramer.", "Jerry feels added pressure to be funny after his visit to the hospital coincides with a deterioration in Fulton's condition. He offers to do his act with new material, saying \"it killed\" when he tested it. Jerry is so funny that Fulton [dies from laughter](/wiki/Death_from_laughter \"Death from laughter\"). To George's relief, Daphne says that she met another person: Jerry Persach, nicknamed \"Pachyderm\".", "" ]
Description ----------- *Iris meda* has small, about {{convert\|1\|cm\|0\|abbr\=on}} long,British Iris Society (1997\) {{Google books\|pL6uPLo7l2gC\|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation\|page\=81}} thin, [stoloniferous](/wiki/Stoloniferous "Stoloniferous")\-like rhizomes, and long secondary roots underneath the rhizome.{{cite web \|title\=chapitre I (partie 5\) Les Oncocyclus II \|url\=http://irisbotanique.over\-blog.com/article\-chapitre\-i\-partie\-5\-les\-oncocyclus\-ii\-124148159\.html \|website\=dictionaire des iridacée \|publisher\=irisbotanique.over\-blog.com \|access\-date\=30 November 2019 \|language\=fr}} It has upright, narrow, blade\-shaped foliage,{{cite web \|title\=Iris meda \|url\=https://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/iris\-meda/ \|website\=www.rareplants.co.uk \|access\-date\=22 March 2020}} which are grey\-green and {{convert\|10\|\-\|15\|cm\|0\|abbr\=on}} long, and {{convert\|0\.15\|\-\|0\.4\|cm\|0\|abbr\=on}} wide. The plant in total can reach between {{convert\|10\|\-\|25\|cm\|0\|abbr\=on}} tall,{{cite web \|last1\=Pries \|first1\=Bob \|title\=(SPEC) Iris meda Stapf \|url\=http://wiki.irises.org/Spec/SpecMeda \|website\=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) \|access\-date\=23 March 2020 \|date\=21 November 2016}}{{cite web \|last1\=Kramb \|first1\=D. \|title\=Iris meda \|url\=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris\-meda \|website\=www.signa.org (The Species Iris Group of North America) \|access\-date\=22 March 2020 \|date\=3 December 2003}} with straight stems reaching {{convert\|20\|cm\|0\|abbr\=on}} high.{{cite book \|last\=Stebbings \|first\=Geoff \|year\=1997 \|title\=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises \|url\=https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb \|url\-access\=registration \|location\=Newton Abbot \|publisher\=David and Charles \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb/page/69 69] \|isbn\=978\-0715305393}} It blooms between April and May, and has small flowers, that have a range of colour variations, that come in shades from cream or whitish ground color, lemon yellow to creamy straw\-yellow ground colours. It is similar in form to *[Iris sari](/wiki/Iris_sari "Iris sari")*, which does not grow in Iran and does not have folded falls. Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [sepals](/wiki/Sepals "Sepals") (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [tepals](/wiki/Tepals "Tepals")), known as the 'standards'.{{cite book \|first\=Claire \|last\=Austin \|title\=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia \|year\=2005 \|publisher\=Timber Press \|isbn\=978\-0881927306 }}{{rp\|17}} The standards are oblanceolate, {{convert\|6\|\-\|7\|cm\|0\|abbr\=on}} long and {{convert\|3\.5\|cm\|0\|abbr\=on}} wide. The falls are {{convert\|6\|cm\|0\|abbr\=on}} long, thin and either undulating, or curled over. They have a large chestnut\-maroon\-black, or dark brown or purplish signal patch in the centre of the petal. Also they have a dense, narrow 'beard' of long yellow hairs. They also have greenish yellow style arms which are veined near apex. After it has flowered it produces a seed capsule and seeds that have not been described. ### Biochemistry As most irises are [diploid](/wiki/Diploid "Diploid"), having two sets of [chromosomes](/wiki/Chromosomes "Chromosomes"). This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.{{rp\|24}} It has a chromosome count of 2n\=20\.
[ "Description\n-----------", "*Iris meda* has small, about {{convert\\|1\\|cm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} long,British Iris Society (1997\\) {{Google books\\|pL6uPLo7l2gC\\|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation\\|page\\=81}} thin, [stoloniferous](/wiki/Stoloniferous \"Stoloniferous\")\\-like rhizomes, and long secondary roots underneath the rhizome.{{cite web \\|title\\=chapitre I (partie 5\\) Les Oncocyclus II \\|url\\=http://irisbotanique.over\\-blog.com/article\\-chapitre\\-i\\-partie\\-5\\-les\\-oncocyclus\\-ii\\-124148159\\.html \\|website\\=dictionaire des iridacée \\|publisher\\=irisbotanique.over\\-blog.com \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2019 \\|language\\=fr}}", "It has upright, narrow, blade\\-shaped foliage,{{cite web \\|title\\=Iris meda \\|url\\=https://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/iris\\-meda/ \\|website\\=www.rareplants.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2020}} which are grey\\-green and {{convert\\|10\\|\\-\\|15\\|cm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} long, and {{convert\\|0\\.15\\|\\-\\|0\\.4\\|cm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} wide.", "The plant in total can reach between {{convert\\|10\\|\\-\\|25\\|cm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} tall,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Pries \\|first1\\=Bob \\|title\\=(SPEC) Iris meda Stapf \\|url\\=http://wiki.irises.org/Spec/SpecMeda \\|website\\=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2020 \\|date\\=21 November 2016}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kramb \\|first1\\=D. \\|title\\=Iris meda \\|url\\=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris\\-meda \\|website\\=www.signa.org (The Species Iris Group of North America) \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2020 \\|date\\=3 December 2003}} with straight stems reaching {{convert\\|20\\|cm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} high.{{cite book \\|last\\=Stebbings \\|first\\=Geoff \\|year\\=1997 \\|title\\=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|location\\=Newton Abbot \\|publisher\\=David and Charles \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb/page/69 69] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0715305393}}", "It blooms between April and May, and has small flowers, that have a range of colour variations, that come in shades from cream or whitish ground color, lemon yellow to creamy straw\\-yellow ground colours. It is similar in form to *[Iris sari](/wiki/Iris_sari \"Iris sari\")*, which does not grow in Iran and does not have folded falls.", "Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [sepals](/wiki/Sepals \"Sepals\") (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [tepals](/wiki/Tepals \"Tepals\")), known as the 'standards'.{{cite book \\|first\\=Claire \\|last\\=Austin \\|title\\=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia \\|year\\=2005 \\|publisher\\=Timber Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0881927306 }}{{rp\\|17}} The standards are oblanceolate, {{convert\\|6\\|\\-\\|7\\|cm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} long and {{convert\\|3\\.5\\|cm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} wide.", "The falls are {{convert\\|6\\|cm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} long, thin and either undulating, or curled over. They have a large chestnut\\-maroon\\-black, or dark brown or purplish signal patch in the centre of the petal. Also they have a dense, narrow 'beard' of long yellow hairs. They also have greenish yellow style arms which are veined near apex.", "After it has flowered it produces a seed capsule and seeds that have not been described.", "### Biochemistry", "As most irises are [diploid](/wiki/Diploid \"Diploid\"), having two sets of [chromosomes](/wiki/Chromosomes \"Chromosomes\"). This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.{{rp\\|24}} It has a chromosome count of 2n\\=20\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- Zhigang aka Jingang ([Zheng Geping](/wiki/Zheng_Geping "Zheng Geping")), a well\-built but simple\-minded father has an intelligent and vivacious daughter Chunchun. Unfortunately, Jingang who is always between jobs, does not know how to bring up or educate his rebellious daughter. In the end, Chunchun has to be transferred from school to school as a result of disciplinary problems. Nevertheless, Jingang still has high hopes that she will embark on a successful career, either as a doctor or lawyer. Implicated by his cronies, Jingang is jailed. With her only family member behind bars, Chunchun (Cherryann) has to be put up for adoption against her wishes. She decides to run away and while wandering the streets, she is taken in by an eccentric rag \& bone old woman. Despite her strange personality, the old lady ([Jin Yinji](/wiki/Jin_Yinji "Jin Yinji")) gets along very well with Chunchun. Before long, Chunchun has grown up. Although she is very pretty, she pays little attention to her appearance. In addition, as a result of her fiery temper, those who know her tend to give her a wide berth. Instead of fulfilling her father’s wish of becoming a doctor or lawyer, Chunchun ([Joanne Peh](/wiki/Joanne_Peh "Joanne Peh")) runs a string of successful small\-time ‘heterodox’ businesses in Queenstown, ranging from paper and cardboard trade, scrap business, illegal food peddling to provision of lion dance performances during festive seasons. As Chunchun is not interested in affairs of the heart, she keeps those suitors who want to woo her at arm’s length. It is not until she meets Li Kaize ([Kang Cheng Xi](/wiki/Kang_Cheng_Xi "Kang Cheng Xi")), a very good\-looking undergraduate, that she changes her mind. However, as Kaize is learned and comes from a wealthy background, Chunchun is acutely conscious of their disparity and does not harbour any romantic illusions about him. Kaize is initially quite put off by Chunchun’s boorish mannerism. However, after further interaction, he is attracted to her kind\-heartedness and her lack of pretence. After his release from jail, Jingang immediately looks for his daughter. As Chunchun does not want to disappoint her father who has pinned high hopes on her, she tries to keep her whereabouts a secret from him. Jingang is once again implicated by his cronies and with Chunchun’s help, he is finally able to leave the clutches of the underworld. Both father and daughter are finally reunited after 10 years. They set up a business together hand in hand. Chunchun decides to work hard. Encouraged by Kaize, she enrols in English classes. Apart from her inferiority complex, there are also many girls vying for Kaize’s attention which discourages Chunchun from holding out any hope of a future with him. As such, she is caught by surprise when Kaize suddenly declares his love for her. Will they be able to overcome the disparity in their academic qualifications, social background and human intervention to come together?
[ "Plot\n----", "Zhigang aka Jingang ([Zheng Geping](/wiki/Zheng_Geping \"Zheng Geping\")), a well\\-built but simple\\-minded father has an intelligent and vivacious daughter Chunchun. Unfortunately, Jingang who is always between jobs, does not know how to bring up or educate his rebellious daughter. In the end, Chunchun has to be transferred from school to school as a result of disciplinary problems. Nevertheless, Jingang still has high hopes that she will embark on a successful career, either as a doctor or lawyer.", "Implicated by his cronies, Jingang is jailed. With her only family member behind bars, Chunchun (Cherryann) has to be put up for adoption against her wishes. She decides to run away and while wandering the streets, she is taken in by an eccentric rag \\& bone old woman. Despite her strange personality, the old lady ([Jin Yinji](/wiki/Jin_Yinji \"Jin Yinji\")) gets along very well with Chunchun. Before long, Chunchun has grown up. Although she is very pretty, she pays little attention to her appearance. In addition, as a result of her fiery temper, those who know her tend to give her a wide berth. Instead of fulfilling her father’s wish of becoming a doctor or lawyer, Chunchun ([Joanne Peh](/wiki/Joanne_Peh \"Joanne Peh\")) runs a string of successful small\\-time ‘heterodox’ businesses in Queenstown, ranging from paper and cardboard trade, scrap business, illegal food peddling to provision of lion dance performances during festive seasons.", "As Chunchun is not interested in affairs of the heart, she keeps those suitors who want to woo her at arm’s length. It is not until she meets Li Kaize ([Kang Cheng Xi](/wiki/Kang_Cheng_Xi \"Kang Cheng Xi\")), a very good\\-looking undergraduate, that she changes her mind. However, as Kaize is learned and comes from a wealthy background, Chunchun is acutely conscious of their disparity and does not harbour any romantic illusions about him. Kaize is initially quite put off by Chunchun’s boorish mannerism. However, after further interaction, he is attracted to her kind\\-heartedness and her lack of pretence.", "After his release from jail, Jingang immediately looks for his daughter. As Chunchun does not want to disappoint her father who has pinned high hopes on her, she tries to keep her whereabouts a secret from him. Jingang is once again implicated by his cronies and with Chunchun’s help, he is finally able to leave the clutches of the underworld. Both father and daughter are finally reunited after 10 years. They set up a business together hand in hand.", "Chunchun decides to work hard. Encouraged by Kaize, she enrols in English classes. Apart from her inferiority complex, there are also many girls vying for Kaize’s attention which discourages Chunchun from holding out any hope of a future with him. As such, she is caught by surprise when Kaize suddenly declares his love for her. Will they be able to overcome the disparity in their academic qualifications, social background and human intervention to come together?", "" ]
Biography --------- ### 1983–1988: Formation and early recordings [Perth](/wiki/Perth "Perth")\-born vocalist and guitarist Matthew de la Hunty relocated to Sydney in 1983{{cite book \|title\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop]] \|last\=McFarlane \|first\=Ian \|author\-link\= Ian McFarlane \|publisher\=\[\[Allen \& Unwin]] \|year\=1999 \|chapter\=Encyclopedia entry for 'Tales Tales and True' \|chapter\-url\=http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid\=707\|isbn\=1\-86448\-768\-2 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829235034/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid\=707 \|access\-date\=15 January 2008\|archive\-date\=29 August 2004 }} and formed a group with Paul Miskin (bass guitar, backing vocals, guitar) and Willie McCracken (drums). They played one gig at French's Tavern before Dave Rashleigh (drums, backing vocals) replaced McCracken in 1984 and they were named Tall Tales and True.{{cite web \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20040318034126/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/t/talltalesandtrue.html \| url \= http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/t/talltalesandtrue.html \| title \= Tall Tales and True \| last1 \= Holmgren \| first1 \= Magnus \| publisher \= \[\[Australian Rock Database]] \| archive\-date \=18 March 2004 \| access\-date \= 4 September 2023 \|url\-status\=dead }} The band became a regular attraction on the inner\-city circuit. Engineer/producer Nick Mainsbridge worked with the band on its debut, mini\-album *Tall Tales and True* (on the Survival label), which produced the single "Wasted Life"/"Good Heart Gone Bad" (August 1986\). Tall Tales \& True issued two four\-track singles on Survival, "Up Our Street" (1987\) and "You've Got Your Troubles" (1988\), before coming to the attention of fledgling independent label [rooArt](/wiki/RooArt "RooArt"). ### 1989–1995: rooArt Tall Tales and True contributed a remixed version of "You've Got Your Troubles" to rooArt's inaugural Youngblood compilation (September 1988\), alongside material from [The Trilobites](/wiki/The_Trilobites "The Trilobites"), [Martha's Vineyard](/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_%28band%29 "Martha's Vineyard (band)"), Crash Politics, Hipslingers, [The Hummingbirds](/wiki/The_Hummingbirds "The Hummingbirds"), Violet Town and others. That led to a full recording contract which resulted in the *Shiver* album (May 1989\). Again produced by Nick Mainsbridge, the album highlighted the dramatic sweep of the band's songwriting and de la Hunty's earnest vocal delivery. *Shiver* produced the singles "Trust" (January 1989\) and "Hold on" (June 1989\). Both singles peaked within the [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts") top 70\.{{cite web\|url\=https://i.imgur.com/gXQKxSO.png\|title\=Chartifacts – Week Ending: 9 February 1992 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 106\)\|publisher\=\[\[Australian Recording Industry Association\|ARIA]]\|via\=Imgur.com\|access\-date\=30 November 2017}} "Trust" received significant airplay on national youth broadcaster [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J "Triple J") reaching No. 93 on the [Hottest 100 for 1990](/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100%2C_1990 "Triple J Hottest 100, 1990") and No. 51 in [1991](/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100%2C_1991 "Triple J Hottest 100, 1991"). In 1989 the band flew to [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada") for a three\-month tour, which they expanded to a nine\-month world tour. The band initially based themselves in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") with violinist Simon Alcorn who'd been performing and recording with them. After Canada they went south to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), where Alcorn left and was replaced by [Robert McComb](/wiki/Robert_McComb "Robert McComb") ([The Triffids](/wiki/The_Triffids "The Triffids")). The band then moved to the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and toured parts of England and Scotland. Tall Tales and True next released the [EP](/wiki/Extended_Play "Extended Play") *Superstition Highway* (1991\). Rob McComb contributed electric guitar to the blustering title track. The band later added Vanessa Lucas on violin and bass guitar when Rob McComb left. They embarked on the Trilogy tour with rooArt labelmates [The Hummingbirds](/wiki/The_Hummingbirds "The Hummingbirds") and Canadian band [The Pursuit of Happiness](/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Happiness_%28band%29 "The Pursuit of Happiness (band)"). Dave Goesch played lead guitar during this period. Tall Tales and True issued two new singles, "Lifeboat" and "Summer of Love", the second of which reached No. 51 on the national chart. Both tracks were subsequently included on the band's second album, *Revenge* (June 1992\). Their *Lifeboat* single earned [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards "ARIA Music Awards") nominations for Engineer of the Year (for Nick Mainsbridge) and Best Video (for Brendan Young).[ARIA](http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=T&artist=Tall%20Tales%20%26%20True) Tall Tales \& True awards history *Revenge* featured tracks uniquely and stylistically recorded, arranged and produced with their favourite producer Nick Mainsbridge in Sydney. The album gave rise to two more singles, "Watching the Wind Blow" (May 1992\) and "Looking for a Place" (August 1992\), after which the band slipped from view for another two years. Recorded in a Sydney warehouse in mid\-1994 with Mainsbridge, the album *Tilt* featured the band revisiting its garage\-band roots with a noisy, ragged edge to proceedings. *Tilt* produced two singles, "You Sleep I'll Drive" (June 1994\) and "Moonshine" (January 1995\). Tall Tales and True played their final show at The Annandale Hotel in 1995\. ### 1996–present: Post breakup Following the break\-up of Tall Tales and True, Dave Rashleigh went on to be a member of The Jackson Code, and later Sydney based outfit WEMO. Paul Miskin formed the band Angel Gear in 1997 which included Dave Rashleigh on drums. They continued to record with Nick Mainsbridge and released *Friends in Low Places* in 2003 on Mainsbridge's Beat – Route label. He has played bass and toured with Plug Uglies, Margaret Urlich, The Jackson Code and Jodi Phillis. He now writes for and performs with city/country outfits Grandaddy Low and The Richest Men in Town. Matthew de la Hunty returned to Perth, and released his debut solo album in 1999, *Scissors, Paper, Rock*, which followed on from the Tall Tales and True sound, but was more acoustic based and rough\-edged. This was followed by a second album *Welcome to My Rock And Roll World* in 2001\. He has also undertaken production/remix work for other artists, alongside continuing to record his own material, and lecturing in song writing and production. He formed The Smokin' Eldorados in 2009 with Rod Radalj(Scientists, Hoodoo Gurus), performing mainly on lead guitar in the loud, largely improvised rock sound that evolved. His current band Zombie Western Baby is a return to the vocal/guitar sound reminiscent of Tall Tales and True. In Berlin May 2013 he was musical director and performer in the premiere of the dance theatre work "Good Little Soldier".
[ "Biography\n---------", "### 1983–1988: Formation and early recordings", "[Perth](/wiki/Perth \"Perth\")\\-born vocalist and guitarist Matthew de la Hunty relocated to Sydney in 1983{{cite book \\|title\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop]] \\|last\\=McFarlane \\|first\\=Ian \\|author\\-link\\= Ian McFarlane \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Allen \\& Unwin]] \\|year\\=1999 \\|chapter\\=Encyclopedia entry for 'Tales Tales and True' \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid\\=707\\|isbn\\=1\\-86448\\-768\\-2 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829235034/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid\\=707 \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2004 }} and formed a group with Paul Miskin (bass guitar, backing vocals, guitar) and Willie McCracken (drums). They played one gig at French's Tavern before Dave Rashleigh (drums, backing vocals) replaced McCracken in 1984 and they were named Tall Tales and True.{{cite web \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20040318034126/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/t/talltalesandtrue.html \\| url \\= http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/t/talltalesandtrue.html \\| title \\= Tall Tales and True \\| last1 \\= Holmgren \\| first1 \\= Magnus \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Australian Rock Database]] \\| archive\\-date \\=18 March 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= 4 September 2023 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The band became a regular attraction on the inner\\-city circuit. Engineer/producer Nick Mainsbridge worked with the band on its debut, mini\\-album *Tall Tales and True* (on the Survival label), which produced the single \"Wasted Life\"/\"Good Heart Gone Bad\" (August 1986\\). Tall Tales \\& True issued two four\\-track singles on Survival, \"Up Our Street\" (1987\\) and \"You've Got Your Troubles\" (1988\\), before coming to the attention of fledgling independent label [rooArt](/wiki/RooArt \"RooArt\").", "### 1989–1995: rooArt", "Tall Tales and True contributed a remixed version of \"You've Got Your Troubles\" to rooArt's inaugural Youngblood compilation (September 1988\\), alongside material from [The Trilobites](/wiki/The_Trilobites \"The Trilobites\"), [Martha's Vineyard](/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_%28band%29 \"Martha's Vineyard (band)\"), Crash Politics, Hipslingers, [The Hummingbirds](/wiki/The_Hummingbirds \"The Hummingbirds\"), Violet Town and others. That led to a full recording contract which resulted in the *Shiver* album (May 1989\\). Again produced by Nick Mainsbridge, the album highlighted the dramatic sweep of the band's songwriting and de la Hunty's earnest vocal delivery. *Shiver* produced the singles \"Trust\" (January 1989\\) and \"Hold on\" (June 1989\\). Both singles peaked within the [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") top 70\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://i.imgur.com/gXQKxSO.png\\|title\\=Chartifacts – Week Ending: 9 February 1992 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 106\\)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Recording Industry Association\\|ARIA]]\\|via\\=Imgur.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2017}} \"Trust\" received significant airplay on national youth broadcaster [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J \"Triple J\") reaching No. 93 on the [Hottest 100 for 1990](/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100%2C_1990 \"Triple J Hottest 100, 1990\") and No. 51 in [1991](/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100%2C_1991 \"Triple J Hottest 100, 1991\").", "In 1989 the band flew to [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") for a three\\-month tour, which they expanded to a nine\\-month world tour. The band initially based themselves in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") with violinist Simon Alcorn who'd been performing and recording with them. After Canada they went south to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), where Alcorn left and was replaced by [Robert McComb](/wiki/Robert_McComb \"Robert McComb\") ([The Triffids](/wiki/The_Triffids \"The Triffids\")). The band then moved to the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") and toured parts of England and Scotland. Tall Tales and True next released the [EP](/wiki/Extended_Play \"Extended Play\") *Superstition Highway* (1991\\). Rob McComb contributed electric guitar to the blustering title track. The band later added Vanessa Lucas on violin and bass guitar when Rob McComb left. They embarked on the Trilogy tour with rooArt labelmates [The Hummingbirds](/wiki/The_Hummingbirds \"The Hummingbirds\") and Canadian band [The Pursuit of Happiness](/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Happiness_%28band%29 \"The Pursuit of Happiness (band)\"). Dave Goesch played lead guitar during this period.", "Tall Tales and True issued two new singles, \"Lifeboat\" and \"Summer of Love\", the second of which reached No. 51 on the national chart. Both tracks were subsequently included on the band's second album, *Revenge* (June 1992\\). Their *Lifeboat* single earned [ARIA](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards \"ARIA Music Awards\") nominations for Engineer of the Year (for Nick Mainsbridge) and Best Video (for Brendan Young).[ARIA](http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=T&artist=Tall%20Tales%20%26%20True) Tall Tales \\& True awards history *Revenge* featured tracks uniquely and stylistically recorded, arranged and produced with their favourite producer Nick Mainsbridge in Sydney. The album gave rise to two more singles, \"Watching the Wind Blow\" (May 1992\\) and \"Looking for a Place\" (August 1992\\), after which the band slipped from view for another two years.", "Recorded in a Sydney warehouse in mid\\-1994 with Mainsbridge, the album *Tilt* featured the band revisiting its garage\\-band roots with a noisy, ragged edge to proceedings. *Tilt* produced two singles, \"You Sleep I'll Drive\" (June 1994\\) and \"Moonshine\" (January 1995\\). Tall Tales and True played their final show at The Annandale Hotel in 1995\\.", "### 1996–present: Post breakup", "Following the break\\-up of Tall Tales and True, Dave Rashleigh went on to be a member of The Jackson Code, and later Sydney based outfit WEMO.", "Paul Miskin formed the band Angel Gear in 1997 which included Dave Rashleigh on drums. They continued to record with Nick Mainsbridge and released *Friends in Low Places* in 2003 on Mainsbridge's Beat – Route label. He has played bass and toured with Plug Uglies, Margaret Urlich, The Jackson Code and Jodi Phillis. He now writes for and performs with city/country outfits Grandaddy Low and The Richest Men in Town.", "Matthew de la Hunty returned to Perth, and released his debut solo album in 1999, *Scissors, Paper, Rock*, which followed on from the Tall Tales and True sound, but was more acoustic based and rough\\-edged. This was followed by a second album *Welcome to My Rock And Roll World* in 2001\\. He has also undertaken production/remix work for other artists, alongside continuing to record his own material, and lecturing in song writing and production. He formed The Smokin' Eldorados in 2009 with Rod Radalj(Scientists, Hoodoo Gurus), performing mainly on lead guitar in the loud, largely improvised rock sound that evolved. His current band Zombie Western Baby is a return to the vocal/guitar sound reminiscent of Tall Tales and True. In Berlin May 2013 he was musical director and performer in the premiere of the dance theatre work \"Good Little Soldier\".", "" ]
Career ------ Kashyap's first job was as a [counselor](/wiki/Mental_health_counselor "Mental health counselor") at the [Daewoo Motors](/wiki/Daewoo_Motors "Daewoo Motors");, however she resigned soon after an year. She then joined an NGO in the roles of a legal counselor. ### Journalism In the early 2000s, Kashyap opted for a diploma in journalism, from [Jamia Millia Islamia](/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia "Jamia Millia Islamia"). Upon graduation, she joined [Doordarshan](/wiki/Doordarshan "Doordarshan"), where she was assigned to the news\-desk of *Aankhon Dekhi*, an investigative show but was also allotted infrequent reporting duties. Within a year, she moved to [Zee News](/wiki/Zee_News "Zee News"). Whilst she wanted to be an anchor all throughout; the channel found her lacking in speaking finesse and employed her in producing roles. In her later years at Zee, she successfully passed the auditions and was occasionally used as an anchor for special features. In 2007, she joined [News 24](/wiki/News_24_%28India%29 "News 24 (India)"), where she was, for the first time, assigned a mainstream role at anchoring in the form of moderating an evening debate show. She left the venture in early 2012 and moved to Star News; however, it was shut down months later. Kashyap thus became one of the several journalists, to follow her immediate ex\-boss at News24 – Supriya Prasad from [News 24](/wiki/News_24_%28India%29 "News 24 (India)") to Aaj Tak, around late 2012\. ### Views Kashyap has been noted to be a strong voice against [reservations in India](/wiki/Reservation_in_India "Reservation in India") for socially oppressed classes and likewise affirmative actions; in a media\-panel discussion, she had once described the system to be infested by 'termites', which brought neither social mobility nor economic affluence for the target\-populace. She mentions her [Brahminical](/wiki/Brahminism "Brahminism") upbringing and the [social tensions](/wiki/Mandal_Commission_protests_of_1990 "Mandal Commission protests of 1990") prevalent in the aftermath of enacting [Mandal Commission](/wiki/Mandal_Commission "Mandal Commission") recommendations, as contributing factors.
[ "Career\n------", "Kashyap's first job was as a [counselor](/wiki/Mental_health_counselor \"Mental health counselor\") at the [Daewoo Motors](/wiki/Daewoo_Motors \"Daewoo Motors\");, however she resigned soon after an year. She then joined an NGO in the roles of a legal counselor.", "### Journalism", "In the early 2000s, Kashyap opted for a diploma in journalism, from [Jamia Millia Islamia](/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia \"Jamia Millia Islamia\"). Upon graduation, she joined [Doordarshan](/wiki/Doordarshan \"Doordarshan\"), where she was assigned to the news\\-desk of *Aankhon Dekhi*, an investigative show but was also allotted infrequent reporting duties.", "Within a year, she moved to [Zee News](/wiki/Zee_News \"Zee News\"). Whilst she wanted to be an anchor all throughout; the channel found her lacking in speaking finesse and employed her in producing roles. In her later years at Zee, she successfully passed the auditions and was occasionally used as an anchor for special features.", "In 2007, she joined [News 24](/wiki/News_24_%28India%29 \"News 24 (India)\"), where she was, for the first time, assigned a mainstream role at anchoring in the form of moderating an evening debate show. She left the venture in early 2012 and moved to Star News; however, it was shut down months later. Kashyap thus became one of the several journalists, to follow her immediate ex\\-boss at News24 – Supriya Prasad from [News 24](/wiki/News_24_%28India%29 \"News 24 (India)\") to Aaj Tak, around late 2012\\.", "### Views", "Kashyap has been noted to be a strong voice against [reservations in India](/wiki/Reservation_in_India \"Reservation in India\") for socially oppressed classes and likewise affirmative actions; in a media\\-panel discussion, she had once described the system to be infested by 'termites', which brought neither social mobility nor economic affluence for the target\\-populace. She mentions her [Brahminical](/wiki/Brahminism \"Brahminism\") upbringing and the [social tensions](/wiki/Mandal_Commission_protests_of_1990 \"Mandal Commission protests of 1990\") prevalent in the aftermath of enacting [Mandal Commission](/wiki/Mandal_Commission \"Mandal Commission\") recommendations, as contributing factors.", "" ]
Andy Warhol Print Market Report ------------------------------- ### *WARHOL LIVES:* 2022 Print Market Report In April 2022, Revolver released its second Andy Warhol Print Market Report, titled *WARHOL LIVES*, in a limited edition run of only 1,000 copies. The 120 page report, which aims to "demystify the Warhol market for investors and collectors" was published and released via Amazon, and quickly became the No.1 best seller in several categories, including Art Prints, Business of Art, and Artists' Books.{{Cite web \|date\=April 1, 2022 \|title\=WARHOL LIVES: 2022 Print Market Report \|url\=https://www.amazon.com/WARHOL\-LIVES\-Print\-Market\-Report/dp/B09X1QC8VG \|access\-date\=April 21, 2022 \|website\=Amazon}} The information on Warhol's market presented in the book is deduced from analyses of public auction records and art price databases. *WARHOL LIVES* also includes an updated version of the Warhol Print Market Index, an original [financial index](/wiki/Index_%28economics%29 "Index (economics)") created by Revolver in order to compare the performance of Warhol's art market with that of other stock market indexes such as the [Dow Jones](/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average "Dow Jones Industrial Average"). In a newsletter released to promote its publication, Revolver called the 2022 report "the definitive guide to collecting Warhol prints" and a "holistic overview of Warhol's print market today." In that same newsletter, as well as on the book's Amazon page, Revolver said that in the report, author and Revolver Gallery owner Ron Rivlin explains "how Warhol print prices are determined, their average rate of increase, and why the majority of Warhol prints sell for above their high estimate; how the market contracted during the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), and why it enjoyed a historically strong return in 2021\." Some of the major takeaways included in the book, as presented on the back cover, include the following: * Revolver's 2022 Warhol Print Market Index. * Top prints by sales and value appreciation. * Which prints are fetching the highest prices. * Prints to watch in the coming decade. * Historical growth rates for individual prints and complete portfolios. * How the average print increased by 39% in one year. Revolver's Warhol Print Market Report continues to be the only report of its kind, providing a wealth of specialized information all about the current state of Andy Warhol's market, with additional literature about the artist's career, authentications, recent efforts by [The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts](/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation "Andy Warhol Foundation"), and recent and upcoming Warhol exhibitions. All of the proceeds from book sales of *WARHOL LIVES* were donated to [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF"). ### *THE ROYAL WARHOL YEAR:* 2023 Print Market Report Revolver Gallery released the third edition of the Andy Warhol Print Market Report on March 1, 2023, titled "The Royal Warhol Year." The title and book cover reference Warhol's *Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom* screen prints from the artist's *[Reigning Queens](/wiki/Reigning_Queens "Reigning Queens")* series, which experienced a dramatic rise in value following the death of the Queen on September 8, 2022\. The following November, one of Warhol's *Queen Elizabeth* prints sold for more than $800,000, setting a new record for the most valuable Warhol print ever sold at auction.{{Cite web \|last\=Ho \|first\=Karen K. \|date\=2022\-11\-28 \|title\=Warhol Print of Queen Elizabeth II Sells for $855,000, Sets Auction Record \|url\=https://www.artnews.com/art\-news/news/warhol\-print\-of\-queen\-elizabeth\-ii\-sets\-auction\-record\-1234648092/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-09 \|website\=ARTnews.com \|language\=en\-US}} The third report followed the footsteps of the 2022 edition, presenting comprehensive data related to Warhol's print sales over the past year, making "value\-adding projections," and "discussing themes in the Warhol market that are crucial for collectors and investors to understand so that they can make informed decisions."{{Cite web \|title\=2023 Print Market Report: The Royal Warhol Year \|url\=https://revolverwarholgallery.com/portfolio/2023\-print\-market\-report\-the\-royal\-warhol\-year/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-09 \|website\=Revolver Gallery \|language\=en\-US}} Unlike the first edition—a free PDF made available for download via Revolver's website—the second and third edition of Revolver's market report were published on Amazon and made available in soft and hardcover copies, with 2023's edition made available for Amazon Kindle users. Highlights of the third market report include the updated version of the Warhol Print Market Index (WPMI), Revolver's original financial index used to compare the performance of Warhol's print market with that of other stock market indices; a new selection of "prints to watch," which accurately predicted the rise in value of the *Queen Elizabeth* prints in 2022's report; a review of the Andy Warhol Foundation's collaborations with brands and businesses during 2022; and an analysis of the Supreme Court case between [Lynn Goldsmith and the Andy Warhol Foundation](/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts%2C_Inc._v._Goldsmith "Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith") over the copyright of Warhol's *Prince* silkscreens and the potential consequences of the ruling on artist copyright laws, with which the book closes. As with Revolver's 2022 report, all of the proceeds from sales of the book were donated to charity, specifically the [Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research.](/wiki/The_Michael_J._Fox_Foundation "The Michael J. Fox Foundation") ### *THE ICONIC WARHOL:* 2024 Print Market Report Revolver released its fourth print market report, "The Iconic Warhol," on February 28th, 2024\. The report continues Revolver's tradition of tracking Warhol's market performance by analyzing public auction records and art price databases. It also reflects on the institutions working to prolong Warhol's legacy, and includes a final review of Lynn Goldsmith vs. The Andy Warhol Foundation—which \[\[Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith\#Decision:\~:text\=\[56]\-,Decision,\-\[edit]\|concluded]] in May 2023—continued the analysis of the case from the previous year. The report describes the Warhol print market as a "seesaw bring pulled uphill," referencing the short\-term volatility but long\-term steady growth that is inherent to the Warhol market and that makes it one of the most popular choices for art investors. Much like the previous year, "The Iconic Warhol" shows sales records from 2022 fading and the marketing returning to slow, steady growth in 2023\. The report focuses on Warhol's long term stability, as well as an overall stabilizing force in the art market as a whole. The 2024 report also examines several shifts in the Warhol market, including the generational transition in collectors and the accompanying changes in popularity of specific prints as common taste evolves. The report makes the point that, in 2023, market forces revealed a strong inclination from collectors and investors toward Warhol's "icons," which the book describes as subject's of Warhol's art that "represent something bigger than themselves. According to the author, "iconic" prints such as *Marilyn Monroe, [Mickey Mouse](/wiki/Mickey_Mouse "Mickey Mouse"),* or *[The Birth of Venus](https://revolverwarholgallery.com/portfolio/details-of-the-renaissance-birth-of-venus-suite/)*, are the most likely to be the highest\-appreciating prints of the future. As a general theme, the 2024 print report spotlights the Warhol market's "tremendous long\-term stability and growth," focusing on its ability to maintain itself at bare minimum. This is highlighted amongst the rest of the art market, and especially in the context of war, fear, and economic downturn that was present in the globalized world at the time of publication.
[ "Andy Warhol Print Market Report\n-------------------------------", "### *WARHOL LIVES:* 2022 Print Market Report", "In April 2022, Revolver released its second Andy Warhol Print Market Report, titled *WARHOL LIVES*, in a limited edition run of only 1,000 copies. The 120 page report, which aims to \"demystify the Warhol market for investors and collectors\" was published and released via Amazon, and quickly became the No.1 best seller in several categories, including Art Prints, Business of Art, and Artists' Books.{{Cite web \\|date\\=April 1, 2022 \\|title\\=WARHOL LIVES: 2022 Print Market Report \\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/WARHOL\\-LIVES\\-Print\\-Market\\-Report/dp/B09X1QC8VG \\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2022 \\|website\\=Amazon}} The information on Warhol's market presented in the book is deduced from analyses of public auction records and art price databases. *WARHOL LIVES* also includes an updated version of the Warhol Print Market Index, an original [financial index](/wiki/Index_%28economics%29 \"Index (economics)\") created by Revolver in order to compare the performance of Warhol's art market with that of other stock market indexes such as the [Dow Jones](/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average \"Dow Jones Industrial Average\").", "In a newsletter released to promote its publication, Revolver called the 2022 report \"the definitive guide to collecting Warhol prints\" and a \"holistic overview of Warhol's print market today.\" In that same newsletter, as well as on the book's Amazon page, Revolver said that in the report, author and Revolver Gallery owner Ron Rivlin explains \"how Warhol print prices are determined, their average rate of increase, and why the majority of Warhol prints sell for above their high estimate; how the market contracted during the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), and why it enjoyed a historically strong return in 2021\\.\" Some of the major takeaways included in the book, as presented on the back cover, include the following:", "* Revolver's 2022 Warhol Print Market Index.\n* Top prints by sales and value appreciation.\n* Which prints are fetching the highest prices.\n* Prints to watch in the coming decade.\n* Historical growth rates for individual prints and complete portfolios.\n* How the average print increased by 39% in one year.", "Revolver's Warhol Print Market Report continues to be the only report of its kind, providing a wealth of specialized information all about the current state of Andy Warhol's market, with additional literature about the artist's career, authentications, recent efforts by [The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts](/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation \"Andy Warhol Foundation\"), and recent and upcoming Warhol exhibitions.", "All of the proceeds from book sales of *WARHOL LIVES* were donated to [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\").", "### *THE ROYAL WARHOL YEAR:* 2023 Print Market Report", "Revolver Gallery released the third edition of the Andy Warhol Print Market Report on March 1, 2023, titled \"The Royal Warhol Year.\" The title and book cover reference Warhol's *Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom* screen prints from the artist's *[Reigning Queens](/wiki/Reigning_Queens \"Reigning Queens\")* series, which experienced a dramatic rise in value following the death of the Queen on September 8, 2022\\. The following November, one of Warhol's *Queen Elizabeth* prints sold for more than $800,000, setting a new record for the most valuable Warhol print ever sold at auction.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ho \\|first\\=Karen K. \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-28 \\|title\\=Warhol Print of Queen Elizabeth II Sells for $855,000, Sets Auction Record \\|url\\=https://www.artnews.com/art\\-news/news/warhol\\-print\\-of\\-queen\\-elizabeth\\-ii\\-sets\\-auction\\-record\\-1234648092/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-09 \\|website\\=ARTnews.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The third report followed the footsteps of the 2022 edition, presenting comprehensive data related to Warhol's print sales over the past year, making \"value\\-adding projections,\" and \"discussing themes in the Warhol market that are crucial for collectors and investors to understand so that they can make informed decisions.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=2023 Print Market Report: The Royal Warhol Year \\|url\\=https://revolverwarholgallery.com/portfolio/2023\\-print\\-market\\-report\\-the\\-royal\\-warhol\\-year/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-09 \\|website\\=Revolver Gallery \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Unlike the first edition—a free PDF made available for download via Revolver's website—the second and third edition of Revolver's market report were published on Amazon and made available in soft and hardcover copies, with 2023's edition made available for Amazon Kindle users.", "Highlights of the third market report include the updated version of the Warhol Print Market Index (WPMI), Revolver's original financial index used to compare the performance of Warhol's print market with that of other stock market indices; a new selection of \"prints to watch,\" which accurately predicted the rise in value of the *Queen Elizabeth* prints in 2022's report; a review of the Andy Warhol Foundation's collaborations with brands and businesses during 2022; and an analysis of the Supreme Court case between [Lynn Goldsmith and the Andy Warhol Foundation](/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts%2C_Inc._v._Goldsmith \"Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith\") over the copyright of Warhol's *Prince* silkscreens and the potential consequences of the ruling on artist copyright laws, with which the book closes.", "As with Revolver's 2022 report, all of the proceeds from sales of the book were donated to charity, specifically the [Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research.](/wiki/The_Michael_J._Fox_Foundation \"The Michael J. Fox Foundation\")", "### *THE ICONIC WARHOL:* 2024 Print Market Report", "Revolver released its fourth print market report, \"The Iconic Warhol,\" on February 28th, 2024\\. The report continues Revolver's tradition of tracking Warhol's market performance by analyzing public auction records and art price databases. It also reflects on the institutions working to prolong Warhol's legacy, and includes a final review of Lynn Goldsmith vs. The Andy Warhol Foundation—which \\[\\[Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith\\#Decision:\\~:text\\=\\[56]\\-,Decision,\\-\\[edit]\\|concluded]] in May 2023—continued the analysis of the case from the previous year.", "The report describes the Warhol print market as a \"seesaw bring pulled uphill,\" referencing the short\\-term volatility but long\\-term steady growth that is inherent to the Warhol market and that makes it one of the most popular choices for art investors. Much like the previous year, \"The Iconic Warhol\" shows sales records from 2022 fading and the marketing returning to slow, steady growth in 2023\\. The report focuses on Warhol's long term stability, as well as an overall stabilizing force in the art market as a whole.", "The 2024 report also examines several shifts in the Warhol market, including the generational transition in collectors and the accompanying changes in popularity of specific prints as common taste evolves. The report makes the point that, in 2023, market forces revealed a strong inclination from collectors and investors toward Warhol's \"icons,\" which the book describes as subject's of Warhol's art that \"represent something bigger than themselves. According to the author, \"iconic\" prints such as *Marilyn Monroe, [Mickey Mouse](/wiki/Mickey_Mouse \"Mickey Mouse\"),* or *[The Birth of Venus](https://revolverwarholgallery.com/portfolio/details-of-the-renaissance-birth-of-venus-suite/)*, are the most likely to be the highest\\-appreciating prints of the future.", "As a general theme, the 2024 print report spotlights the Warhol market's \"tremendous long\\-term stability and growth,\" focusing on its ability to maintain itself at bare minimum. This is highlighted amongst the rest of the art market, and especially in the context of war, fear, and economic downturn that was present in the globalized world at the time of publication.", "" ]
Biography --------- At the end of the 1970s Attila Grószpéter was one of the best Hungarian chess juniors, representing his country in the [World Youth Chess Championship](/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship "World Youth Chess Championship") in U16, U18 and U20 age groups and [European Junior Chess Championship](/wiki/European_Junior_Chess_Championship "European Junior Chess Championship") in U20 age group. In 1978, he made his first appearance in the final of individual [Hungarian Chess Championship](/wiki/Hungarian_Chess_Championship "Hungarian Chess Championship"), sharing 3rd place (together with, among others, [Iván Faragó](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Farag%C3%B3 "Iván Faragó")). He repeated this result two years later, sharing the 3rd place with [László Hazai](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Hazai "László Hazai"), and in 1984 he won the bronze medal in the Hungarian Chess Championship. Attila Grószpéter achieved his greatest successes in these competitions in 1993 and 1995, winning silver medals twice.[Hungarian Championship (1993\) chess tournament: games, players, results, crosstables, discussion forums, etc.](https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=63765) Attila Grószpéter has participated in international chess tournaments many times, achieving successes in [Plovdiv](/wiki/Plovdiv "Plovdiv") (1982, 1st place), [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen") (1988, shared 2nd place after [Rafael Vaganian](/wiki/Rafael_Vaganian "Rafael Vaganian"), [Kecskemét](/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9t "Kecskemét") (1992, shared 1st place with [Konstantin Aseev](/wiki/Konstantin_Aseev "Konstantin Aseev"), 1993, shared 2nd place after [Sergey Zagrebelny](/wiki/Sergey_Zagrebelny "Sergey Zagrebelny"), with [András Adorján](/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Adorj%C3%A1n "András Adorján"), 1994, shared 2nd place after [Artur Kogan](/wiki/Artur_Kogan "Artur Kogan"), together with, among others [Zoltan Gyimesi](/wiki/Zoltan_Gyimesi "Zoltan Gyimesi"), 1997, shared 2nd place after [Zoltán Varga](/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Varga_%28chess_player%29 "Zoltán Varga (chess player)"), together with, among others, [Artur Jakubiec](/wiki/Artur_Jakubiec "Artur Jakubiec")], [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest") (1993, shared 2nd place; 1995, shared 1st place together with [Gyula Sax](/wiki/Gyula_Sax "Gyula Sax") and Zoltán Varga; 1996, shared 1st place together with [István Csom](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Csom "István Csom")), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") (1996, shared 2nd place after [Ilia Balinov](/wiki/Ilia_Balinov "Ilia Balinov"), together with [Petar Popović](/wiki/Petar_Popovi%C4%87_%28chess_player%29 "Petar Popović (chess player)") and [Pavel Blatný](/wiki/Pavel_Blatn%C3%BD "Pavel Blatný")), [Guyli](/wiki/Gyula%2C_Hungary "Gyula, Hungary") (1998, 1st place), [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead "Hampstead") (1998, shared 1st place with [Steffen Pedersen](/wiki/Steffen_Pedersen "Steffen Pedersen")), [Paks](/wiki/Paks "Paks") (1999, 2nd place after [Bu Xiangzhi](/wiki/Bu_Xiangzhi "Bu Xiangzhi"); 2001, 1st place), Zalakaros (2002, shared 1st place together with, among others, [József Horváth](/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Horv%C3%A1th_%28chess_player%29 "József Horváth (chess player)") and [Attila Czebe](/wiki/Attila_Czebe "Attila Czebe")), [Szombathely](/wiki/Szombathely "Szombathely") (2004, shared 1st place) and again in Paks (2007, 1st place).[XI. Paks cup GM tournament 2007](http://www.ase.hu/marxgy/2007/standings_eng.htm) Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the [Chess Olympiads](/wiki/Chess_Olympiad "Chess Olympiad"):{{cite web\|url\=http://www.olimpbase.org/players/waagciui.html\|title\=OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Attila Grószpéter\|website\=www.olimpbase.org}} * In 1982, at second reserve board in the [25th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/25th_Chess_Olympiad "25th Chess Olympiad") in [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") (\+2, \=1, \-1\), * In 1984, at second reserve board in the [26th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/26th_Chess_Olympiad "26th Chess Olympiad") in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki") (\+1, \=1, \-1\), * In 1990, at second board in the [29th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/29th_Chess_Olympiad "29th Chess Olympiad") in [Novi Sad](/wiki/Novi_Sad "Novi Sad") (\+1, \=5, \-3\). Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the [European Team Chess Championships](/wiki/European_Team_Chess_Championship "European Team Chess Championship"):{{cite web\|url\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playerse/waagciui.html\|title\=OlimpBase :: European Men's Team Chess Championship :: Attila Grószpéter\|website\=www.olimpbase.org}} * In 1983, at eighth board in the 8th European Team Chess Championship in [Plovdiv](/wiki/Plovdiv "Plovdiv") (\+1, \=3, \-1\), and won team bronze medal, * In 1989, at fourth board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") (\+5, \=3, \-1\) and won individual silver medal. Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the [World Team Chess Championships](/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship "World Team Chess Championship"):{{cite web\|url\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playerst/waagciui.html\|title\=OlimpBase :: World Team Chess Championship :: Attila Grószpéter\|website\=www.olimpbase.org}} * In 1985, at second reserve board in the 1st World Team Chess Championship in [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") (\+0, \=1, \-1\) and won team silver medal, * In 1989, at third board in the 2nd World Team Chess Championship in [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") (\+2, \=4, \-0\) and won individual gold medal. Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship:{{cite web\|url\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersk/waagciui.html\|title\=OlimpBase :: World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship :: Attila Grószpéter\|website\=www.olimpbase.org}} * In 1981, at first board in the 3rd World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship in [Graz](/wiki/Graz "Graz") (\+4, \=6, \-0\) and won team bronze medal. Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the Men's Chess Mitropa Cup:{{cite web\|url\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersmm/waagciui.html\|title\=OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Mitropa Cup :: Attila Grószpéter\|website\=www.olimpbase.org}} * In 1990, at first board in the 13th Chess Mitropa Cup in [Leibnitz](/wiki/Leibnitz "Leibnitz") (\+3, \=0, \-2\) and won team silver medal. Attila Grószpéter six times played for chess club *Zalaegerszegi Csuti\-Hydrocomp SK* in the [European Men's Chess Club Cups](/wiki/European_Chess_Club_Cup "European Chess Club Cup") (1995\-1996, 2001\-2004\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersc/waagciui.html\|title\=OlimpBase :: European Men's Chess Club Cup :: Attila Grószpéter\|website\=www.olimpbase.org}} In 1979, Attila Grószpéter was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title and received the FIDE Grandmaster (WGM) title seven years later. He reached his career highest [chess ranking](/wiki/Elo_rating_system "Elo rating system") on January 1, 1996 (at that time he had 2565 points), while the highest place on the FIDE world list was the 75th place, which he occupied on July 1, 1990 (with a score of 2555 points).[Ergebnis von Eloabfrage: Groszpeter, Attila](http://www.benoni.de/schach/elo/his_e.html?id=700053) At the same time, he was ranked 5th among Hungarian chess players, after [Zoltán Ribli](/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Ribli "Zoltán Ribli") (2610\), Gyula Sax (2600\), [Lajos Portisch](/wiki/Lajos_Portisch "Lajos Portisch") (2590\) and [József Pintér](/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Pint%C3%A9r "József Pintér") (2565\).
[ "Biography\n---------", "At the end of the 1970s Attila Grószpéter was one of the best Hungarian chess juniors, representing his country in the [World Youth Chess Championship](/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship \"World Youth Chess Championship\") in U16, U18 and U20 age groups and [European Junior Chess Championship](/wiki/European_Junior_Chess_Championship \"European Junior Chess Championship\") in U20 age group. In 1978, he made his first appearance in the final of individual [Hungarian Chess Championship](/wiki/Hungarian_Chess_Championship \"Hungarian Chess Championship\"), sharing 3rd place (together with, among others, [Iván Faragó](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Farag%C3%B3 \"Iván Faragó\")). He repeated this result two years later, sharing the 3rd place with [László Hazai](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Hazai \"László Hazai\"), and in 1984 he won the bronze medal in the Hungarian Chess Championship. Attila Grószpéter achieved his greatest successes in these competitions in 1993 and 1995, winning silver medals twice.[Hungarian Championship (1993\\) chess tournament: games, players, results, crosstables, discussion forums, etc.](https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=63765)", "Attila Grószpéter has participated in international chess tournaments many times, achieving successes in [Plovdiv](/wiki/Plovdiv \"Plovdiv\") (1982, 1st place), [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\") (1988, shared 2nd place after [Rafael Vaganian](/wiki/Rafael_Vaganian \"Rafael Vaganian\"), [Kecskemét](/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9t \"Kecskemét\") (1992, shared 1st place with [Konstantin Aseev](/wiki/Konstantin_Aseev \"Konstantin Aseev\"), 1993, shared 2nd place after [Sergey Zagrebelny](/wiki/Sergey_Zagrebelny \"Sergey Zagrebelny\"), with [András Adorján](/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Adorj%C3%A1n \"András Adorján\"), 1994, shared 2nd place after [Artur Kogan](/wiki/Artur_Kogan \"Artur Kogan\"), together with, among others [Zoltan Gyimesi](/wiki/Zoltan_Gyimesi \"Zoltan Gyimesi\"), 1997, shared 2nd place after [Zoltán Varga](/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Varga_%28chess_player%29 \"Zoltán Varga (chess player)\"), together with, among others, [Artur Jakubiec](/wiki/Artur_Jakubiec \"Artur Jakubiec\")], [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\") (1993, shared 2nd place; 1995, shared 1st place together with [Gyula Sax](/wiki/Gyula_Sax \"Gyula Sax\") and Zoltán Varga; 1996, shared 1st place together with [István Csom](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Csom \"István Csom\")), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") (1996, shared 2nd place after [Ilia Balinov](/wiki/Ilia_Balinov \"Ilia Balinov\"), together with [Petar Popović](/wiki/Petar_Popovi%C4%87_%28chess_player%29 \"Petar Popović (chess player)\") and [Pavel Blatný](/wiki/Pavel_Blatn%C3%BD \"Pavel Blatný\")), [Guyli](/wiki/Gyula%2C_Hungary \"Gyula, Hungary\") (1998, 1st place), [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead \"Hampstead\") (1998, shared 1st place with [Steffen Pedersen](/wiki/Steffen_Pedersen \"Steffen Pedersen\")), [Paks](/wiki/Paks \"Paks\") (1999, 2nd place after [Bu Xiangzhi](/wiki/Bu_Xiangzhi \"Bu Xiangzhi\"); 2001, 1st place), Zalakaros (2002, shared 1st place together with, among others, [József Horváth](/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Horv%C3%A1th_%28chess_player%29 \"József Horváth (chess player)\") and [Attila Czebe](/wiki/Attila_Czebe \"Attila Czebe\")), [Szombathely](/wiki/Szombathely \"Szombathely\") (2004, shared 1st place) and again in Paks (2007, 1st place).[XI. Paks cup GM tournament 2007](http://www.ase.hu/marxgy/2007/standings_eng.htm)", "Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the [Chess Olympiads](/wiki/Chess_Olympiad \"Chess Olympiad\"):{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.olimpbase.org/players/waagciui.html\\|title\\=OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Attila Grószpéter\\|website\\=www.olimpbase.org}}\n* In 1982, at second reserve board in the [25th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/25th_Chess_Olympiad \"25th Chess Olympiad\") in [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\") (\\+2, \\=1, \\-1\\),\n* In 1984, at second reserve board in the [26th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/26th_Chess_Olympiad \"26th Chess Olympiad\") in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\") (\\+1, \\=1, \\-1\\),\n* In 1990, at second board in the [29th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/29th_Chess_Olympiad \"29th Chess Olympiad\") in [Novi Sad](/wiki/Novi_Sad \"Novi Sad\") (\\+1, \\=5, \\-3\\).", "Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the [European Team Chess Championships](/wiki/European_Team_Chess_Championship \"European Team Chess Championship\"):{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playerse/waagciui.html\\|title\\=OlimpBase :: European Men's Team Chess Championship :: Attila Grószpéter\\|website\\=www.olimpbase.org}}\n* In 1983, at eighth board in the 8th European Team Chess Championship in [Plovdiv](/wiki/Plovdiv \"Plovdiv\") (\\+1, \\=3, \\-1\\), and won team bronze medal,\n* In 1989, at fourth board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") (\\+5, \\=3, \\-1\\) and won individual silver medal.", "Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the [World Team Chess Championships](/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship \"World Team Chess Championship\"):{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playerst/waagciui.html\\|title\\=OlimpBase :: World Team Chess Championship :: Attila Grószpéter\\|website\\=www.olimpbase.org}}\n* In 1985, at second reserve board in the 1st World Team Chess Championship in [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\") (\\+0, \\=1, \\-1\\) and won team silver medal,\n* In 1989, at third board in the 2nd World Team Chess Championship in [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\") (\\+2, \\=4, \\-0\\) and won individual gold medal.", "Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship:{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersk/waagciui.html\\|title\\=OlimpBase :: World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship :: Attila Grószpéter\\|website\\=www.olimpbase.org}}\n* In 1981, at first board in the 3rd World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship in [Graz](/wiki/Graz \"Graz\") (\\+4, \\=6, \\-0\\) and won team bronze medal.", "Attila Grószpéter played for Hungary in the Men's Chess Mitropa Cup:{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersmm/waagciui.html\\|title\\=OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Mitropa Cup :: Attila Grószpéter\\|website\\=www.olimpbase.org}}\n* In 1990, at first board in the 13th Chess Mitropa Cup in [Leibnitz](/wiki/Leibnitz \"Leibnitz\") (\\+3, \\=0, \\-2\\) and won team silver medal.", "Attila Grószpéter six times played for chess club *Zalaegerszegi Csuti\\-Hydrocomp SK* in the [European Men's Chess Club Cups](/wiki/European_Chess_Club_Cup \"European Chess Club Cup\") (1995\\-1996, 2001\\-2004\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersc/waagciui.html\\|title\\=OlimpBase :: European Men's Chess Club Cup :: Attila Grószpéter\\|website\\=www.olimpbase.org}}", "In 1979, Attila Grószpéter was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title and received the FIDE Grandmaster (WGM) title seven years later. He reached his career highest [chess ranking](/wiki/Elo_rating_system \"Elo rating system\") on January 1, 1996 (at that time he had 2565 points), while the highest place on the FIDE world list was the 75th place, which he occupied on July 1, 1990 (with a score of 2555 points).[Ergebnis von Eloabfrage: Groszpeter, Attila](http://www.benoni.de/schach/elo/his_e.html?id=700053) At the same time, he was ranked 5th among Hungarian chess players, after [Zoltán Ribli](/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Ribli \"Zoltán Ribli\") (2610\\), Gyula Sax (2600\\), [Lajos Portisch](/wiki/Lajos_Portisch \"Lajos Portisch\") (2590\\) and [József Pintér](/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Pint%C3%A9r \"József Pintér\") (2565\\).", "" ]
Plot ---- ### Setting The story is set in the fictional Whispering Rock Psychic Summer Camp, a remote US government training facility under the guise of a children's [summer camp](/wiki/Summer_camp "Summer camp"). Centuries ago the area was hit by a meteor made of psitanium (a fictional mineral that can grant [psychic powers](/wiki/Psychic_powers "Psychic powers") or strengthen existing powers), creating a huge crater. The psitanium affected the local wildlife, giving them limited psychic powers, such as [bears](/wiki/Bears "Bears") with the ability to attack with [telekinetic](/wiki/Psychokinesis "Psychokinesis") claws, [cougars](/wiki/Cougar "Cougar") with [pyrokinesis](/wiki/Pyrokinesis "Pyrokinesis"), and [rats](/wiki/Rat "Rat") with confusion gas. The Native Americans of the area called psitanium "whispering rock", which they used to build arrowheads. When settlers began inhabiting the region, the psychoactive properties of the meteor slowly drove them insane. An [asylum](/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital "Psychiatric hospital") named Thorny Towers Home of the Disturbed was built to house the afflicted, but within fifteen years, the asylum had more residents than the town did and the founder Houston Thorny committed suicide by throwing himself from the asylum's tower. The government relocated the remaining inhabitants and flooded the crater to prevent further settlement, creating what is now Lake [Oblongata](/wiki/Medulla_oblongata "Medulla oblongata"). The asylum still stands, but has fallen into disrepair. The government took advantage of the psitanium deposit to set up a training camp for Psychonauts, a group of agents gifted with psychic abilities used to help defeat evil\-doers. The training ground is disguised as a summer camp for young children, but in reality helps the children to hone their abilities and to train them to be Psychonauts themselves. Due to this, only those recruited by the Psychonauts are allowed into the camp. ### Characters [right\|thumb\|Group photo of Whispering Rock campers and Ford Cruller](/wiki/File:Campamento1.PNG "Campamento1.PNG") The protagonist and playable character of the game is Razputin Aquato (or Raz for short) (voice actor [Richard Horvitz](/wiki/Richard_Horvitz "Richard Horvitz")), the son of a family of [circus](/wiki/Circus "Circus") performers, who runs away from the circus to become a Psychonaut, despite his father Augustus' wishes. His family is cursed to die in water, and a watery hand called the Hand of Galochio attempts to submerge Raz whenever he approaches any significantly deep water. When at camp, Raz meets four of the Psychonauts that run the camp: the cool and calculating Sasha Nein (voice actor [Stephen Stanton](/wiki/Stephen_Stanton "Stephen Stanton")), the fun\-loving Milla Vodello (voice actress Alexis Lezin), the regimental Agent/Coach Morceau Oleander (voice actor [Nick Jameson](/wiki/Nick_Jameson "Nick Jameson")), and the aged, [Mark Twainesque](/wiki/Mark_Twain "Mark Twain") Ford Cruller (voice actor [David Kaye](/wiki/David_Kaye_%28voice_actor%29 "David Kaye (voice actor)")), said by Razputin to have been the greatest leader the Psychonauts ever had, until a past psychic duel shattered Ford's psyche and left him with [dissociative identity disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder"). Only when he is near the large concentration of Psitanium does his psyche come together enough to form his real personality. During his time at camp, Raz meets several of the other gifted children including Lili Zanotto (voice actress [Nicki Rapp](/wiki/Nicki_Rapp "Nicki Rapp")), the daughter of the Grand Head of the Psychonauts, who falls in love with him at first sight (which he eventually reciprocates); and Dogen Boole (voice actress [Nika Futterman](/wiki/Nika_Futterman "Nika Futterman")), the grandson of one of the Psychonaut's founders who can communicate with animals and goes around with a [tin foil](/wiki/Tin_foil "Tin foil") hat to prevent his abilities from causing anyone's head to explode. Raz also meets the residents of the insane asylum including ex\-[dentist](/wiki/Dentist "Dentist") and brain surgeon Dr. Caligosto Loboto; as well as Boyd Cooper, a former security guard that holds a number of government conspiracy theories about a person known as "[the Milkman](/wiki/Milkman_Conspiracy "Milkman Conspiracy")"; Fred Bonaparte, an asylum orderly struggling control over his mind by a hallucination of his ancestor, [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte"); Gloria Van Gouton, a former actress driven insane by a family tragedy; Edgar Teglee, a painter whose girlfriend cheated on him; and Linda, the gigantic [lungfish](/wiki/Lungfish "Lungfish") that brings campers to the asylum. ### Story Razputin, having fled from the circus, tries to sneak into the camp, but is caught by the Psychonauts. They agree to let him stay until his parents arrive, but refuse to let him take part in any activities.{{cite video game \|title\=Psychonauts \|developer\=Double Fine Productions \|publisher\=Majesco \|platform\=Xbox \|level\=Opening sequence \|quote\='''Milla Vodello:''' Now darling, you can stay here for a few days until your parents come for you, but we can't let you participate in any paranormal training without your parents' consent. I'm sorry.}} However, they do allow him to take part in Coach Oleander's "Basic Braining" course, which he easily passes. Impressed, Agent Nein invites Raz to take part in an experiment to determine the extent of his abilities.{{cite video game \|title\=Psychonauts \|developer\=Double Fine Productions \|publisher\=Majesco \|platform\=Xbox \|level\=Whispering Rock \|quote\='''Sasha Nein:''' Your performance, young cadet, was outstanding. I'd like you to report to my lab for some advanced training.}} During the experiment, Raz comes across a vision of Dr. Loboto, an insane ex\-dentist, extracting Dogen's brain, but is unable to intervene.{{cite video game \|title\=Psychonauts \|developer\=Double Fine Productions \|publisher\=Majesco \|platform\=Xbox \|level\=Brain Tumbler Experiment \|quote\='''Doctor Loboto:''' Little boy, I am sorry to say that you have a very serious mental problem. The trouble originates in this area here. The area that we in the medical profession like to refer to as...the brain! You see, son...it's just no good! I hate to be so blunt, but...you have the insanity...of a manatee! / '''Dogen:''' I know. People are always saying that. What do you think's wrong with my brain, doctor? / '''Doctor Loboto:''' How should I know, I'm a dentist. But here's what I do know: if a tooth is bad, you pull it!}} Raz eventually realizes that the vision is true after finding Dogen without his brain, but the Psychonauts refuse to believe him.{{cite video game \|title\=Psychonauts \|developer\=Double Fine Productions \|publisher\=Majesco \|platform\=Xbox \|level\=Whispering Rock \|quote\='''Razputin:''' Dogen! Are you okay? I had the strangest machine\-induced dream about you. / '''Dogen:''' T.V.? / '''Razputin:''' Well, first of all, Sasha Nein invited me down to his secret lab, and— / '''Dogen:''' T.V.? / '''Razputin:''' (''looks through Dogen's head to find that his brain is missing'') He's completely brainless! The dream was true!}} After receiving additional training from Agent Vodello, Raz learns that Dr. Loboto is working on behalf of Coach Oleander, who intends to harvest the campers' brains to power an army of psychic death tanks. Lili is soon abducted as well, and with both Agents Nein and Vodello missing, Raz takes it upon himself to infiltrate the abandoned Thorny Towers Home of the Disturbed [insane asylum](/wiki/Insane_asylum "Insane asylum") where she was taken. Agent Cruller gives him a piece of [bacon](/wiki/Bacon "Bacon") which he can use to contact Agent Cruller at any time, and tasks him with retrieving the stolen brains so that he can return them to the campers. Raz frees the mutated lungfish Linda from Coach Oleander's control, and she takes him safely across the lake. At the asylum, Raz helps the inmates overcome their illnesses, and they help him access the upper levels of the asylum, where Loboto has set up his lab. He frees Lili and restores Agents Nein and Vodello's minds, allowing them to confront Coach Oleander. The inmates subsequently burn down the asylum, allowing Coach Oleander to transfer his brain to a giant tank. Raz defeats him, but when he approaches the tank, it releases a cloud of sneezing powder, causing him to sneeze his brain out. Raz uses his telekinesis to place his brain inside the tank, merging it with Oleander's. Inside, Raz discovers that Coach Oleander's evil springs from his childhood fear of his father, who ran a butcher shop. At the same time, Raz's own father appears and the two dads join forces. However, he turns out to be an imposter, with Raz's real father, Augustus, appearing and using his own psychic abilities to fix his son's tangled mind and beat the personal demons. At the camp's closing ceremony, Agent Cruller presents him with a uniform and welcomes him into the Psychonauts. Raz prepares to leave camp with his father, but word arrives that the Grand Head of the Psychonauts—Lili's father, Truman Zanotto—has been captured. Thus Raz and the Psychonauts fly off on their new mission.
[ "Plot\n----", "### Setting", "The story is set in the fictional Whispering Rock Psychic Summer Camp, a remote US government training facility under the guise of a children's [summer camp](/wiki/Summer_camp \"Summer camp\"). Centuries ago the area was hit by a meteor made of psitanium (a fictional mineral that can grant [psychic powers](/wiki/Psychic_powers \"Psychic powers\") or strengthen existing powers), creating a huge crater. The psitanium affected the local wildlife, giving them limited psychic powers, such as [bears](/wiki/Bears \"Bears\") with the ability to attack with [telekinetic](/wiki/Psychokinesis \"Psychokinesis\") claws, [cougars](/wiki/Cougar \"Cougar\") with [pyrokinesis](/wiki/Pyrokinesis \"Pyrokinesis\"), and [rats](/wiki/Rat \"Rat\") with confusion gas. The Native Americans of the area called psitanium \"whispering rock\", which they used to build arrowheads.", "When settlers began inhabiting the region, the psychoactive properties of the meteor slowly drove them insane. An [asylum](/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital \"Psychiatric hospital\") named Thorny Towers Home of the Disturbed was built to house the afflicted, but within fifteen years, the asylum had more residents than the town did and the founder Houston Thorny committed suicide by throwing himself from the asylum's tower. The government relocated the remaining inhabitants and flooded the crater to prevent further settlement, creating what is now Lake [Oblongata](/wiki/Medulla_oblongata \"Medulla oblongata\"). The asylum still stands, but has fallen into disrepair.", "The government took advantage of the psitanium deposit to set up a training camp for Psychonauts, a group of agents gifted with psychic abilities used to help defeat evil\\-doers. The training ground is disguised as a summer camp for young children, but in reality helps the children to hone their abilities and to train them to be Psychonauts themselves. Due to this, only those recruited by the Psychonauts are allowed into the camp.", "### Characters", "[right\\|thumb\\|Group photo of Whispering Rock campers and Ford Cruller](/wiki/File:Campamento1.PNG \"Campamento1.PNG\")", "The protagonist and playable character of the game is Razputin Aquato (or Raz for short) (voice actor [Richard Horvitz](/wiki/Richard_Horvitz \"Richard Horvitz\")), the son of a family of [circus](/wiki/Circus \"Circus\") performers, who runs away from the circus to become a Psychonaut, despite his father Augustus' wishes. His family is cursed to die in water, and a watery hand called the Hand of Galochio attempts to submerge Raz whenever he approaches any significantly deep water.", "When at camp, Raz meets four of the Psychonauts that run the camp: the cool and calculating Sasha Nein (voice actor [Stephen Stanton](/wiki/Stephen_Stanton \"Stephen Stanton\")), the fun\\-loving Milla Vodello (voice actress Alexis Lezin), the regimental Agent/Coach Morceau Oleander (voice actor [Nick Jameson](/wiki/Nick_Jameson \"Nick Jameson\")), and the aged, [Mark Twainesque](/wiki/Mark_Twain \"Mark Twain\") Ford Cruller (voice actor [David Kaye](/wiki/David_Kaye_%28voice_actor%29 \"David Kaye (voice actor)\")), said by Razputin to have been the greatest leader the Psychonauts ever had, until a past psychic duel shattered Ford's psyche and left him with [dissociative identity disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\").", "Only when he is near the large concentration of Psitanium does his psyche come together enough to form his real personality. During his time at camp, Raz meets several of the other gifted children including Lili Zanotto (voice actress [Nicki Rapp](/wiki/Nicki_Rapp \"Nicki Rapp\")), the daughter of the Grand Head of the Psychonauts, who falls in love with him at first sight (which he eventually reciprocates); and Dogen Boole (voice actress [Nika Futterman](/wiki/Nika_Futterman \"Nika Futterman\")), the grandson of one of the Psychonaut's founders who can communicate with animals and goes around with a [tin foil](/wiki/Tin_foil \"Tin foil\") hat to prevent his abilities from causing anyone's head to explode.", "Raz also meets the residents of the insane asylum including ex\\-[dentist](/wiki/Dentist \"Dentist\") and brain surgeon Dr. Caligosto Loboto; as well as Boyd Cooper, a former security guard that holds a number of government conspiracy theories about a person known as \"[the Milkman](/wiki/Milkman_Conspiracy \"Milkman Conspiracy\")\"; Fred Bonaparte, an asylum orderly struggling control over his mind by a hallucination of his ancestor, [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\"); Gloria Van Gouton, a former actress driven insane by a family tragedy; Edgar Teglee, a painter whose girlfriend cheated on him; and Linda, the gigantic [lungfish](/wiki/Lungfish \"Lungfish\") that brings campers to the asylum.", "### Story", "Razputin, having fled from the circus, tries to sneak into the camp, but is caught by the Psychonauts. They agree to let him stay until his parents arrive, but refuse to let him take part in any activities.{{cite video game \\|title\\=Psychonauts \\|developer\\=Double Fine Productions \\|publisher\\=Majesco \\|platform\\=Xbox \\|level\\=Opening sequence \\|quote\\='''Milla Vodello:''' Now darling, you can stay here for a few days until your parents come for you, but we can't let you participate in any paranormal training without your parents' consent. I'm sorry.}} However, they do allow him to take part in Coach Oleander's \"Basic Braining\" course, which he easily passes. Impressed, Agent Nein invites Raz to take part in an experiment to determine the extent of his abilities.{{cite video game \\|title\\=Psychonauts \\|developer\\=Double Fine Productions \\|publisher\\=Majesco \\|platform\\=Xbox \\|level\\=Whispering Rock \\|quote\\='''Sasha Nein:''' Your performance, young cadet, was outstanding. I'd like you to report to my lab for some advanced training.}}", "During the experiment, Raz comes across a vision of Dr. Loboto, an insane ex\\-dentist, extracting Dogen's brain, but is unable to intervene.{{cite video game \\|title\\=Psychonauts \\|developer\\=Double Fine Productions \\|publisher\\=Majesco \\|platform\\=Xbox \\|level\\=Brain Tumbler Experiment \\|quote\\='''Doctor Loboto:''' Little boy, I am sorry to say that you have a very serious mental problem. The trouble originates in this area here. The area that we in the medical profession like to refer to as...the brain! You see, son...it's just no good! I hate to be so blunt, but...you have the insanity...of a manatee! / '''Dogen:''' I know. People are always saying that. What do you think's wrong with my brain, doctor? / '''Doctor Loboto:''' How should I know, I'm a dentist. But here's what I do know: if a tooth is bad, you pull it!}} Raz eventually realizes that the vision is true after finding Dogen without his brain, but the Psychonauts refuse to believe him.{{cite video game \\|title\\=Psychonauts \\|developer\\=Double Fine Productions \\|publisher\\=Majesco \\|platform\\=Xbox \\|level\\=Whispering Rock \\|quote\\='''Razputin:''' Dogen! Are you okay? I had the strangest machine\\-induced dream about you. / '''Dogen:''' T.V.? / '''Razputin:''' Well, first of all, Sasha Nein invited me down to his secret lab, and— / '''Dogen:''' T.V.? / '''Razputin:''' (''looks through Dogen's head to find that his brain is missing'') He's completely brainless! The dream was true!}}", "After receiving additional training from Agent Vodello, Raz learns that Dr. Loboto is working on behalf of Coach Oleander, who intends to harvest the campers' brains to power an army of psychic death tanks. Lili is soon abducted as well, and with both Agents Nein and Vodello missing, Raz takes it upon himself to infiltrate the abandoned Thorny Towers Home of the Disturbed [insane asylum](/wiki/Insane_asylum \"Insane asylum\") where she was taken. Agent Cruller gives him a piece of [bacon](/wiki/Bacon \"Bacon\") which he can use to contact Agent Cruller at any time, and tasks him with retrieving the stolen brains so that he can return them to the campers.", "Raz frees the mutated lungfish Linda from Coach Oleander's control, and she takes him safely across the lake. At the asylum, Raz helps the inmates overcome their illnesses, and they help him access the upper levels of the asylum, where Loboto has set up his lab. He frees Lili and restores Agents Nein and Vodello's minds, allowing them to confront Coach Oleander. The inmates subsequently burn down the asylum, allowing Coach Oleander to transfer his brain to a giant tank. Raz defeats him, but when he approaches the tank, it releases a cloud of sneezing powder, causing him to sneeze his brain out.", "Raz uses his telekinesis to place his brain inside the tank, merging it with Oleander's. Inside, Raz discovers that Coach Oleander's evil springs from his childhood fear of his father, who ran a butcher shop. At the same time, Raz's own father appears and the two dads join forces. However, he turns out to be an imposter, with Raz's real father, Augustus, appearing and using his own psychic abilities to fix his son's tangled mind and beat the personal demons. At the camp's closing ceremony, Agent Cruller presents him with a uniform and welcomes him into the Psychonauts. Raz prepares to leave camp with his father, but word arrives that the Grand Head of the Psychonauts—Lili's father, Truman Zanotto—has been captured. Thus Raz and the Psychonauts fly off on their new mission.", "" ]
Development ----------- *Psychonauts* was the debut title for Double Fine Productions, a development studio that [Tim Schafer](/wiki/Tim_Schafer "Tim Schafer") founded after leaving [LucasArts](/wiki/LucasArts "LucasArts") following their decision to exit the [point\-and\-click adventure game](/wiki/Graphic_adventure_game%23Point-and-click_adventure_games "Graphic adventure game#Point-and-click adventure games") market. Schafer's initial studio hires included several others that worked alongside him on *[Grim Fandango](/wiki/Grim_Fandango "Grim Fandango")*.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.playboy.com/magazine/features/video\-game\-blowout/video\-game\-blowout7\.html \| title \= Geniuses at Play \| publisher \= \[\[Playboy]] \| access\-date \= April 29, 2014 \| year \= 2007 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704220907/http://www.playboy.com/magazine/features/video\-game\-blowout/video\-game\-blowout7\.html \| archive\-date\=July 4, 2008}} The [backstory](/wiki/Backstory "Backstory") for *Psychonauts* was originally conceived during the development of *[Full Throttle](/wiki/Full_Throttle_%281995_video_game%29 "Full Throttle (1995 video game)")*, where Tim Schafer envisioned a sequence where the protagonist Ben goes under a [peyote](/wiki/Peyote "Peyote")\-induced [psychedelic experience](/wiki/Psychedelic_experience "Psychedelic experience"). While this was eventually ejected from the original game (for not being family friendly enough), Schafer kept the idea and eventually developed it into *Psychonauts*.{{cite web\|url\=http://videogames.yahoo.com/news\-1137436 \|last\=Goldstein \|first\=Hilary \|date\=February 3, 2005 \|access\-date\=December 1, 2007 \|title\=Tim Schafer: A Man and His Beard \|publisher\=\[\[Yahoo! Games]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207162630/http://videogames.yahoo.com/news\-1137436 \|archive\-date\=February 7, 2008 }} While still working at LucasArts, Tim Schafer decided to use the name "Raz" for a main character because he liked the nickname of the LucasArts animator, [Razmig "Raz" Mavlian](/wiki/Razmig_Mavlian "Razmig Mavlian"). When Mavlian joined Double Fine, there was increased confusion between the character and the animator. The game's associate producer, Camilla Fossen, suggested the name "Rasputin". As a compromise, Double Fine's lawyer suggested the trademarkable name "Razputin", which was used for the game.{{cite journal \|title\=Looking Back Commentary: Psychonauts \|journal\=\[\[PC Zone]] \|date\=February 2006}} Most of the game's dialog and script was written by Schafer and [Erik Wolpaw](/wiki/Erik_Wolpaw "Erik Wolpaw"), who at the time was a columnist for the website [Old Man Murray](/wiki/Old_Man_Murray "Old Man Murray").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.gamespot.com/articles/qanda\-psychonauts\-creator\-tim\-schafer/1100\-6104297/ \| title \= Q\&A: Psychonauts creator Tim Schafer \| first \= Curt \| last\= Feldman \| date \= August 6, 2004 \| access\-date \= August 20, 2015 \| publisher \= \[\[GameSpot]] }} After establishing the game's main characters, Schafer undertook his own exercise to write out how the characters would see themselves and the other characters' on a social media site similar to [Friendster](/wiki/Friendster "Friendster"), which Schafer was a fan of at the time and from where he met his wife\-to\-be. This helped him to solidify the characters in his own head prior to writing the game's dialog, as well as providing a means of introducing the characters to the rest of the development team. To help flesh out character dialog outside of cut scenes, Schafer developed an approach that used dozens of spoken lines by a character that could be stitched together in a random manner by the game as to reduce apparent repetition; such stitching included elements like vocal pauses and coughs that made the dialog sound more natural.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/220162/QA\_Double\_Fines\_Anna\_Kipnis\_digs\_into\_the\_mechanics\_of\_good\_dialog.php \| title \= Q\&A: Double Fine's Anna Kipnis digs into the mechanics of good dialog \| date \= July 2, 2014 \| access\-date \= August 20, 2015 \| publisher \= \[\[Gamasutra]] }} Schafer used the camp and woods setting as a natural place that children would want to wander and explore. [thumb\|right\|"The [Milkman Conspiracy](/wiki/Milkman_Conspiracy "Milkman Conspiracy")" level, where a 1950s suburban setting is presented in a twisted reality based on the mind of a conspiracy theorist, is one of *Psychonauts*{{'}}s most famous levels.](/wiki/File:Psychonauts_gameplay_screenshot.png "Psychonauts gameplay screenshot.png") The game's mental worlds were generally a result of an idea presented by Schafer to the team, fleshed out through concept art and gameplay concepts around the idea, and then executed into the game with the asset and gameplay developers, so each world had its own unique identity. One of the game's most famous levels is "The [Milkman Conspiracy](/wiki/Milkman_Conspiracy "Milkman Conspiracy")", which takes place in the mind of Boyd, one of the patients at the mental hospital who is obsessed with [conspiracy theories](/wiki/Conspiracy_theory "Conspiracy theory"). Schafer had been interested in knowing what went on inside the minds of those that believed in conspiracy theories, inspired by watching *[Capricorn One](/wiki/Capricorn_One "Capricorn One")* as a child. During a Double Fine dinner event, someone had uttered the line "I am the milkman, my milk is delicious.", which led Schafer to create the idea of Boyd, a milkman bent on conspiracy theories. Schafer then worked out a web of conspiracy theories, wanting the level to be a maze\-like structure around those, tying that in to Boyd's backstory as a person who had been fired from many different jobs, partially inspired by a homeless person that Double Fine occasionally paid to help clean their office front. Schaefer had wanted the 1950s suburban vibe to the level as it would fit in with the spy theme from the same period. Artist Scott Campbell fleshed out these ideas, along with the featureless [G\-men](/wiki/G-Man_%28slang%29 "G-Man (slang)") modeled after the *[Spy vs. Spy](/wiki/Spy_vs._Spy "Spy vs. Spy")* characters. [Peter Chan](/wiki/Peter_Chan_%28artist%29 "Peter Chan (artist)") came up with the idea of vaulting the suburban setting into vertical spaces as to create a maze\-like effect, which inspired the level designers and gameplay developers to create a level where the local gravity would change for Raz, thus allowing him to move across the warped setting that was created. The level's unique gameplay aspect, where Raz would need to give specific G\-men a proper object as in [point\-and\-click adventure games](/wiki/Point-and-click_adventure_game "Point-and-click adventure game"), was from gameplay developer Erik Robson as a means to take advantage of the inventory feature that they had given Raz. Schafer had wanted Wolpaw to write the lines for the G\-men, but as he was too busy, Schafer ended up writing these himself.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.pcgamer.com/how\-a\-joke\-about\-the\-milkman\-inspired\-psychonauts\-best\-level/ \| title \= How a joke about the milkman inspired Psychonauts' best level \| first\= Samuel \| last\= Horti \| date \= September 23, 2019 \| access\-date \= September 23, 2019 \| work \= \[\[PC Gamer]] }} The art design crew included background artist Peter Chan and cartoonist Scott Campbell. [Voice actor](/wiki/Voice_actor "Voice actor") [Richard Steven Horvitz](/wiki/Richard_Steven_Horvitz "Richard Steven Horvitz"), best known for his portrayal of Zim in the cult favorite [animated series](/wiki/Animated_series "Animated series") *[Invader Zim](/wiki/Invader_Zim "Invader Zim")*, provides the voice of Raz, the game's protagonist. Initially the team tried to bring in children to provide the voices for the main cast, similar to *[Peanuts](/wiki/Peanuts "Peanuts")* cartoons, but struggled with their lack of acting experience. Schafer had selected Horvitz based on his audition tapes and ability to provide a wide range of vocal intonations on the spot, providing them with numerous takes to work with.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.gamestm.co.uk/interviews/10\-years\-of\-psychonauts\-in\-conversation\-with\-tim\-schafer/ \| title \= 10 years of Psychonauts – In conversation with Tim Schafer \| work \= \[\[GamesTM]] \| date \= June 2, 2015 \| access\-date \= August 26, 2015 }} Raz was originally conceived as an [ostrich](/wiki/Ostrich "Ostrich") suffering from mental imbalance and multiple personalities. Tim Schafer killed the idea because he strongly believes in games being "wish fulfillments," guessing that not many people fantasize about being an insane ostrich.{{cite web \| last \= Kosak \|first \= Dave \|title \= Psychonaut Tim Schafer on Taking Risks \|publisher \= \[\[GameSpy]] \|url \= http://www.gamespy.com/articles/585/585524p3\.html \|date \= February 4, 2005 \|access\-date \= August 20, 2015}} Double Fine created a number of internal tools and processes to help with the development of the game, as outlined by executive producer Caroline Esmurdoc. With the focus of the game on Raz as the playable character within a platform game, the team created the "Raz Action Status Meeting" (RASM). These were held bi\-weekly with each meeting focusing on one specific movement or action that Raz had, reviewing how the character controlled and the visual feedback from that so that the overall combination of moves felt appropriate. With extensive use of the [Lua](/wiki/Lua_%28programming_language%29 "Lua (programming language)") scripting language, they created their own internal Lua [Debugger](/wiki/Debugger "Debugger") nicknamed Dougie, after a homeless man near their offices they had befriended, that helped to normalize their debugging processes and enable third\-party tools to interact with the name. With a large number of planned [cutscenes](/wiki/Cutscene "Cutscene"), Double Fine took the time to create a cutscene editor so that the scriptwriters could work directly with the models and environments already created by the programmers without requiring the programmer's direct participation. For level design, though they had initially relied on the idea of simply placing various triggers throughout a level to create an event, the resulting Lua code was large and bulky with potential for future error. They assigned eight of the game programmers to assist the level developers to trim this code, and instituted an internal testing department to overlook the stability of the whole game which had grown beyond what they could do internally. Initially this was formed from unpaid volunteers they solicited on Double Fine's web site, but following the signing of the Majesco publication deal in 2004, they were able to commit full\-time staff to this team. ### Production and publishing difficulties Esmurdoc described the development of *Psychonauts* as difficult due to various setbacks, compounded by the new studio's lack of experience in how to manage those setbacks. The game's initial development began in 2001 during the [dot\-com boom](/wiki/Dot-com_bubble "Dot-com bubble"). Due to the cost of office space at that time, Double Fine had established an office in an inexpensive warehouse in San Francisco that initially fit their development needs. By 2003, they had come to realize the area they were in was not safe or readily accommodating, slowing down their development. With the collapse of the dot\-com bubble, they were able to secure better office space, though this further delayed production. Schafer was also handling many of the duties for both the studio and the development of the game. Though some of the routine business tasks were offloaded to other studio heads, Schafer brought Esmurdoc onto the project in 2004 to help produce the game while he could focus on the creative side. The intent to allow all developers to have artistic freedom with the game created some internal strife in the team, particularly in the level design; they had initially scoped that level designers would create the basic parts of a level \- main paths, scripted events, and the level's general design, while the artists would build out the world from that. As development progressed, they determined that the artists should be the ones constructing the level geometry, which the level designers resented. Subsequently, levels that were generated were not to the expected standards due to conflicts in the toolsets they used and Schafer's inability to oversee the process while handling the other duties of the studio. In 2003, the decision was made to dismiss all but one of the level design team, and unify the level design and art into a World Building team overseen by Erik Robson, the remaining level designer and who would go on to become the game's lead designer; the change, which Esmurdoc stated was for the better, disrupted the other departments at Double Fine. *Psychonauts* was to be published by [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") for release exclusively on their [Xbox](/wiki/Xbox_%28console%29 "Xbox (console)") console; Schafer attributes this to Microsoft's [Ed Fries](/wiki/Ed_Fries "Ed Fries"), who at the time of *Psychonauts*{{'}}s initial development in 2001, was looking to develop a portfolio of games for the new console system.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.polygon.com/features/2012/12/13/3726930/double\-fine\-double\-feature\-tim\-schafer\-dracogen\-kickstarter \| title \= Double Fine Double Feature \| date \= December 13, 2012 \| access\-date \= December 14, 2012 \| publisher \= \[\[Polygon (website)\|Polygon]] }} Schafer believes that Fries was a proponent of "pushing games as art", which helped to solidify Double Fine's concept of *Psychonauts* as an appropriate title for the console after the team's collected experience of developing for personal computers. However, according to Esmurdoc, Microsoft had also created some milestones that were unclear or difficult to meet, which delayed the development process. She also believes that their own lack of a clear vision of the ultimate product made it difficult to solidify a development and release schedule for the game as well as created confusion with the publisher. Schafer stated that Microsoft also found some of their gameplay decisions to be confusing based on play\-testing and requested them to include more instructional information, a common approach for games during the early 2000s, while Schafer and his team felt such confusion was simply the nature of the adventure\-based platform that they were developing.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.usgamer.net/articles/Tim\_Schafer\_Interview \| title \= "I Don't Know if a Duck is Going to Swallow me Whole." The Tim Schafer Interview. \| first \= Jaz \| last \= Rignall \| date \= June 23, 2015 \| access\-date \= August 21, 2015 \| publisher \= \[\[USGamer]] }} Double Fine was also resistant to make changes that Microsoft had suggested from play\-testing, such as making the humor secondary to the story, removing the summer camp theme, and drastically altering the story.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.polygon.com/2015/5/21/8637961/psychonauts\-tim\-schafer\-marketing \| title \= Watch the terrifying market research that would have killed Psychonauts \| first \= Justin \| last \=McElroy \| date \= May 21, 2015 \| access\-date \= May 21, 2015 \| publisher \= \[\[Polygon (website)\|Polygon]] }} Fries departed Microsoft in January 2004; shortly thereafter, the company soon pulled the publishing deal for *Psychonauts*. Esmurdoc said that Microsoft's management considered Double Fine to be "expensive and late", which she agreed had been true but did not reflect on the progress they had been making at this point. Schafer also noted that at the time of Microsoft's cancellation that they were planning on transitioning to the [Xbox 360](/wiki/Xbox_360 "Xbox 360") and were not funding any further development of games that would not be released after 2004; even though Schafer had set an approximate release date in the first quarter of 2005 by this point, Microsoft still opted to cancel. Following this, Schafer and Esmurdoc worked to secure a new publishing deal while using internal funds and careful management to keep the project going. One source of funds that helped keep the company operational came from [Will Wright](/wiki/Will_Wright_%28game_designer%29 "Will Wright (game designer)"), who had recently sold his company [Maxis](/wiki/Maxis "Maxis") to [Electronic Arts](/wiki/Electronic_Arts "Electronic Arts"). Prevented from investing into Double Fine by the Maxis deal, he instead provided Double Fine a loan of funds that kept them afloat over the next several months. Wright is credited for this support within the game.{{cite web \| url \= https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/03/how\-the\-creator\-of\-simcity\-helped\-save\-psychonauts/ \| title \=How the creator of SimCity helped save Psychonauts \|first \= Kyle \| last \= Orland \| date \= March 22, 2018 \| access\-date \= March 22, 2018 \| work \= \[\[Ars Technica]] }} By August 2004, Double Fine had negotiated a new publishing deal with [Majesco Entertainment](/wiki/Majesco_Entertainment "Majesco Entertainment") to release the game on Windows as well as the Xbox. Tim Schafer was quoted as saying "Together we are going to make what could conservatively be called the greatest game of all time ever, and I think that's awesome."{{cite press release \| title \= Majesco Acquires Publishing Rights To Double Fine's 'PSYCHONAUTS' \| publisher \= Majesco \| date \= August 4, 2004 \| url \= http://www.majescoentertainment.com/news/display\_news.php?id\=90 \| access\-date \= March 30, 2008 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080802221058/http://www.majescoentertainment.com/news/display\_news.php?id\=90 \| archive\-date \= August 2, 2008 \| df \= mdy\-all }} Though the publishing deal ensured they would be able to continue the development, Esmurdoc stated they had to forgo plans for hiring new developers to meet the scope of the game as agreed to with Majesco. Subsequently, the studio entered, as described by Esmurdoc, "the most insane crunch I have ever witnessed" in order to complete the game. This was compounded when Majesco announced a [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2") port to be developed by [Budcat Creations](/wiki/Budcat_Creations "Budcat Creations") in October 2004, which further stretched the availability of Double Fine's staff resources. The game [went gold](/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle%23RTM "Software release life cycle#RTM") in March 2005; Esmurdoc attributes much of the success of this on the solidarity of the development team that kept working towards this point. Esmurdoc stated that *Psychonauts* took about 4\.5 years to complete — though that without all the complications the real development time was closer to 2 years — with a team of 42 full\-time developers and additional contractors, with a final budget of $11\.5 million.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.gamedeveloper.com/audio/classic\-postmortem\-double\-fine\-s\-i\-psychonauts\-i\- \| title \= Classic Postmortem: Double Fine's Psychonauts \| first \= Caroline \| last \= Esmurdoc \| publisher \= \[\[Game Developer (website)\|Game Developer]] \| date \=August 17, 2015 \| access\-date \= August 17, 2015 }} ### Music The soundtrack to *Psychonauts* was composed by [Peter McConnell](/wiki/Peter_McConnell "Peter McConnell"), known for his work on [LucasArts](/wiki/LucasArts "LucasArts") titles such as *[Grim Fandango](/wiki/Music_of_Grim_Fandango "Music of Grim Fandango")* and *[Day of the Tentacle](/wiki/Day_of_the_Tentacle "Day of the Tentacle")*. Schafer's familiarity with McConnell, having worked with him on numerous projects in the past, led Schafer to select him for the soundtrack composition. The *Psychonauts Original Soundtrack*, featuring all the in\-game music, was released in 2005\.{{cite web\|url\=http://shop.doublefine.com/index.asp?PageAction\=VIEWPROD\&ProdID\=81 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508201807/http://shop.doublefine.com/index.asp?PageAction\=VIEWPROD\&ProdID\=31 \|archive\-date\=May 8, 2005 \|title\=Psychonauts Soundtrack \|publisher\=Double Fine \|date\=2005 \|access\-date\=October 7, 2010}}{{cite web \|url\= https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/psychonauts\-original\-soundtrack/id299960311 \|title\=Psychonauts (Original Soundtrack) by Peter McConnell \|website\=iTunes \|date\=December 10, 2008 \|access\-date\=May 25, 2012}} The following year, in late 2006, Double Fine released a second soundtrack, *Psychonauts Original Cinematic Score*, containing music from the game's cutscenes as well as a remix of the main theme and credits.{{cite web\|url\=http://shop.doublefine.com/index.asp?PageAction\=VIEWPROD\&ProdID\=31 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230084851/http://shop.doublefine.com/index.asp?PageAction\=VIEWPROD\&ProdID\=31 \|archive\-date\=December 30, 2006 \|title\=Psychonauts Soundtrack: The Original Cinematic Score \|publisher\=Double Fine \|date\=2006 \|access\-date\=December 30, 2006}}
[ "Development\n-----------", "*Psychonauts* was the debut title for Double Fine Productions, a development studio that [Tim Schafer](/wiki/Tim_Schafer \"Tim Schafer\") founded after leaving [LucasArts](/wiki/LucasArts \"LucasArts\") following their decision to exit the [point\\-and\\-click adventure game](/wiki/Graphic_adventure_game%23Point-and-click_adventure_games \"Graphic adventure game#Point-and-click adventure games\") market. Schafer's initial studio hires included several others that worked alongside him on *[Grim Fandango](/wiki/Grim_Fandango \"Grim Fandango\")*.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.playboy.com/magazine/features/video\\-game\\-blowout/video\\-game\\-blowout7\\.html \\| title \\= Geniuses at Play \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Playboy]] \\| access\\-date \\= April 29, 2014 \\| year \\= 2007 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704220907/http://www.playboy.com/magazine/features/video\\-game\\-blowout/video\\-game\\-blowout7\\.html \\| archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2008}}", "The [backstory](/wiki/Backstory \"Backstory\") for *Psychonauts* was originally conceived during the development of *[Full Throttle](/wiki/Full_Throttle_%281995_video_game%29 \"Full Throttle (1995 video game)\")*, where Tim Schafer envisioned a sequence where the protagonist Ben goes under a [peyote](/wiki/Peyote \"Peyote\")\\-induced [psychedelic experience](/wiki/Psychedelic_experience \"Psychedelic experience\"). While this was eventually ejected from the original game (for not being family friendly enough), Schafer kept the idea and eventually developed it into *Psychonauts*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://videogames.yahoo.com/news\\-1137436 \\|last\\=Goldstein \\|first\\=Hilary \\|date\\=February 3, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2007 \\|title\\=Tim Schafer: A Man and His Beard \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! Games]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207162630/http://videogames.yahoo.com/news\\-1137436 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2008 }}", "While still working at LucasArts, Tim Schafer decided to use the name \"Raz\" for a main character because he liked the nickname of the LucasArts animator, [Razmig \"Raz\" Mavlian](/wiki/Razmig_Mavlian \"Razmig Mavlian\"). When Mavlian joined Double Fine, there was increased confusion between the character and the animator. The game's associate producer, Camilla Fossen, suggested the name \"Rasputin\". As a compromise, Double Fine's lawyer suggested the trademarkable name \"Razputin\", which was used for the game.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Looking Back Commentary: Psychonauts \\|journal\\=\\[\\[PC Zone]] \\|date\\=February 2006}}", "Most of the game's dialog and script was written by Schafer and [Erik Wolpaw](/wiki/Erik_Wolpaw \"Erik Wolpaw\"), who at the time was a columnist for the website [Old Man Murray](/wiki/Old_Man_Murray \"Old Man Murray\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.gamespot.com/articles/qanda\\-psychonauts\\-creator\\-tim\\-schafer/1100\\-6104297/ \\| title \\= Q\\&A: Psychonauts creator Tim Schafer \\| first \\= Curt \\| last\\= Feldman \\| date \\= August 6, 2004 \\| access\\-date \\= August 20, 2015 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[GameSpot]] }} After establishing the game's main characters, Schafer undertook his own exercise to write out how the characters would see themselves and the other characters' on a social media site similar to [Friendster](/wiki/Friendster \"Friendster\"), which Schafer was a fan of at the time and from where he met his wife\\-to\\-be.", "This helped him to solidify the characters in his own head prior to writing the game's dialog, as well as providing a means of introducing the characters to the rest of the development team. To help flesh out character dialog outside of cut scenes, Schafer developed an approach that used dozens of spoken lines by a character that could be stitched together in a random manner by the game as to reduce apparent repetition; such stitching included elements like vocal pauses and coughs that made the dialog sound more natural.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/220162/QA\\_Double\\_Fines\\_Anna\\_Kipnis\\_digs\\_into\\_the\\_mechanics\\_of\\_good\\_dialog.php \\| title \\= Q\\&A: Double Fine's Anna Kipnis digs into the mechanics of good dialog \\| date \\= July 2, 2014 \\| access\\-date \\= August 20, 2015 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Gamasutra]] }} Schafer used the camp and woods setting as a natural place that children would want to wander and explore.", "[thumb\\|right\\|\"The [Milkman Conspiracy](/wiki/Milkman_Conspiracy \"Milkman Conspiracy\")\" level, where a 1950s suburban setting is presented in a twisted reality based on the mind of a conspiracy theorist, is one of *Psychonauts*{{'}}s most famous levels.](/wiki/File:Psychonauts_gameplay_screenshot.png \"Psychonauts gameplay screenshot.png\")\nThe game's mental worlds were generally a result of an idea presented by Schafer to the team, fleshed out through concept art and gameplay concepts around the idea, and then executed into the game with the asset and gameplay developers, so each world had its own unique identity. One of the game's most famous levels is \"The [Milkman Conspiracy](/wiki/Milkman_Conspiracy \"Milkman Conspiracy\")\", which takes place in the mind of Boyd, one of the patients at the mental hospital who is obsessed with [conspiracy theories](/wiki/Conspiracy_theory \"Conspiracy theory\"). Schafer had been interested in knowing what went on inside the minds of those that believed in conspiracy theories, inspired by watching *[Capricorn One](/wiki/Capricorn_One \"Capricorn One\")* as a child.", "During a Double Fine dinner event, someone had uttered the line \"I am the milkman, my milk is delicious.\", which led Schafer to create the idea of Boyd, a milkman bent on conspiracy theories. Schafer then worked out a web of conspiracy theories, wanting the level to be a maze\\-like structure around those, tying that in to Boyd's backstory as a person who had been fired from many different jobs, partially inspired by a homeless person that Double Fine occasionally paid to help clean their office front. Schaefer had wanted the 1950s suburban vibe to the level as it would fit in with the spy theme from the same period. Artist Scott Campbell fleshed out these ideas, along with the featureless [G\\-men](/wiki/G-Man_%28slang%29 \"G-Man (slang)\") modeled after the *[Spy vs. Spy](/wiki/Spy_vs._Spy \"Spy vs. Spy\")* characters.", "[Peter Chan](/wiki/Peter_Chan_%28artist%29 \"Peter Chan (artist)\") came up with the idea of vaulting the suburban setting into vertical spaces as to create a maze\\-like effect, which inspired the level designers and gameplay developers to create a level where the local gravity would change for Raz, thus allowing him to move across the warped setting that was created. The level's unique gameplay aspect, where Raz would need to give specific G\\-men a proper object as in [point\\-and\\-click adventure games](/wiki/Point-and-click_adventure_game \"Point-and-click adventure game\"), was from gameplay developer Erik Robson as a means to take advantage of the inventory feature that they had given Raz. Schafer had wanted Wolpaw to write the lines for the G\\-men, but as he was too busy, Schafer ended up writing these himself.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.pcgamer.com/how\\-a\\-joke\\-about\\-the\\-milkman\\-inspired\\-psychonauts\\-best\\-level/ \\| title \\= How a joke about the milkman inspired Psychonauts' best level \\| first\\= Samuel \\| last\\= Horti \\| date \\= September 23, 2019 \\| access\\-date \\= September 23, 2019 \\| work \\= \\[\\[PC Gamer]] }}", "The art design crew included background artist Peter Chan and cartoonist Scott Campbell. [Voice actor](/wiki/Voice_actor \"Voice actor\") [Richard Steven Horvitz](/wiki/Richard_Steven_Horvitz \"Richard Steven Horvitz\"), best known for his portrayal of Zim in the cult favorite [animated series](/wiki/Animated_series \"Animated series\") *[Invader Zim](/wiki/Invader_Zim \"Invader Zim\")*, provides the voice of Raz, the game's protagonist. Initially the team tried to bring in children to provide the voices for the main cast, similar to *[Peanuts](/wiki/Peanuts \"Peanuts\")* cartoons, but struggled with their lack of acting experience.", "Schafer had selected Horvitz based on his audition tapes and ability to provide a wide range of vocal intonations on the spot, providing them with numerous takes to work with.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.gamestm.co.uk/interviews/10\\-years\\-of\\-psychonauts\\-in\\-conversation\\-with\\-tim\\-schafer/ \\| title \\= 10 years of Psychonauts – In conversation with Tim Schafer \\| work \\= \\[\\[GamesTM]] \\| date \\= June 2, 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= August 26, 2015 }} Raz was originally conceived as an [ostrich](/wiki/Ostrich \"Ostrich\") suffering from mental imbalance and multiple personalities. Tim Schafer killed the idea because he strongly believes in games being \"wish fulfillments,\" guessing that not many people fantasize about being an insane ostrich.{{cite web \\|\nlast \\= Kosak \\|first \\= Dave \\|title \\= Psychonaut Tim Schafer on Taking Risks \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[GameSpy]] \\|url \\= http://www.gamespy.com/articles/585/585524p3\\.html \\|date \\= February 4, 2005 \\|access\\-date \\= August 20, 2015}}", "Double Fine created a number of internal tools and processes to help with the development of the game, as outlined by executive producer Caroline Esmurdoc. With the focus of the game on Raz as the playable character within a platform game, the team created the \"Raz Action Status Meeting\" (RASM). These were held bi\\-weekly with each meeting focusing on one specific movement or action that Raz had, reviewing how the character controlled and the visual feedback from that so that the overall combination of moves felt appropriate. With extensive use of the [Lua](/wiki/Lua_%28programming_language%29 \"Lua (programming language)\") scripting language, they created their own internal Lua [Debugger](/wiki/Debugger \"Debugger\") nicknamed Dougie, after a homeless man near their offices they had befriended, that helped to normalize their debugging processes and enable third\\-party tools to interact with the name.", "With a large number of planned [cutscenes](/wiki/Cutscene \"Cutscene\"), Double Fine took the time to create a cutscene editor so that the scriptwriters could work directly with the models and environments already created by the programmers without requiring the programmer's direct participation. For level design, though they had initially relied on the idea of simply placing various triggers throughout a level to create an event, the resulting Lua code was large and bulky with potential for future error.", "They assigned eight of the game programmers to assist the level developers to trim this code, and instituted an internal testing department to overlook the stability of the whole game which had grown beyond what they could do internally. Initially this was formed from unpaid volunteers they solicited on Double Fine's web site, but following the signing of the Majesco publication deal in 2004, they were able to commit full\\-time staff to this team.", "### Production and publishing difficulties", "Esmurdoc described the development of *Psychonauts* as difficult due to various setbacks, compounded by the new studio's lack of experience in how to manage those setbacks. The game's initial development began in 2001 during the [dot\\-com boom](/wiki/Dot-com_bubble \"Dot-com bubble\"). Due to the cost of office space at that time, Double Fine had established an office in an inexpensive warehouse in San Francisco that initially fit their development needs.", "By 2003, they had come to realize the area they were in was not safe or readily accommodating, slowing down their development. With the collapse of the dot\\-com bubble, they were able to secure better office space, though this further delayed production. Schafer was also handling many of the duties for both the studio and the development of the game. Though some of the routine business tasks were offloaded to other studio heads, Schafer brought Esmurdoc onto the project in 2004 to help produce the game while he could focus on the creative side.", "The intent to allow all developers to have artistic freedom with the game created some internal strife in the team, particularly in the level design; they had initially scoped that level designers would create the basic parts of a level \\- main paths, scripted events, and the level's general design, while the artists would build out the world from that. As development progressed, they determined that the artists should be the ones constructing the level geometry, which the level designers resented.", "Subsequently, levels that were generated were not to the expected standards due to conflicts in the toolsets they used and Schafer's inability to oversee the process while handling the other duties of the studio. In 2003, the decision was made to dismiss all but one of the level design team, and unify the level design and art into a World Building team overseen by Erik Robson, the remaining level designer and who would go on to become the game's lead designer; the change, which Esmurdoc stated was for the better, disrupted the other departments at Double Fine.", "*Psychonauts* was to be published by [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") for release exclusively on their [Xbox](/wiki/Xbox_%28console%29 \"Xbox (console)\") console; Schafer attributes this to Microsoft's [Ed Fries](/wiki/Ed_Fries \"Ed Fries\"), who at the time of *Psychonauts*{{'}}s initial development in 2001, was looking to develop a portfolio of games for the new console system.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.polygon.com/features/2012/12/13/3726930/double\\-fine\\-double\\-feature\\-tim\\-schafer\\-dracogen\\-kickstarter \\| title \\= Double Fine Double Feature \\| date \\= December 13, 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= December 14, 2012 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Polygon (website)\\|Polygon]] }} Schafer believes that Fries was a proponent of \"pushing games as art\", which helped to solidify Double Fine's concept of *Psychonauts* as an appropriate title for the console after the team's collected experience of developing for personal computers.", "However, according to Esmurdoc, Microsoft had also created some milestones that were unclear or difficult to meet, which delayed the development process. She also believes that their own lack of a clear vision of the ultimate product made it difficult to solidify a development and release schedule for the game as well as created confusion with the publisher. Schafer stated that Microsoft also found some of their gameplay decisions to be confusing based on play\\-testing and requested them to include more instructional information, a common approach for games during the early 2000s, while Schafer and his team felt such confusion was simply the nature of the adventure\\-based platform that they were developing.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.usgamer.net/articles/Tim\\_Schafer\\_Interview \\| title \\= \"I Don't Know if a Duck is Going to Swallow me Whole.\" The Tim Schafer Interview. \\| first \\= Jaz \\| last \\= Rignall \\| date \\= June 23, 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= August 21, 2015 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[USGamer]] }}", "Double Fine was also resistant to make changes that Microsoft had suggested from play\\-testing, such as making the humor secondary to the story, removing the summer camp theme, and drastically altering the story.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.polygon.com/2015/5/21/8637961/psychonauts\\-tim\\-schafer\\-marketing \\| title \\= Watch the terrifying market research that would have killed Psychonauts \\| first \\= Justin \\| last \\=McElroy \\| date \\= May 21, 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= May 21, 2015 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Polygon (website)\\|Polygon]] }} Fries departed Microsoft in January 2004; shortly thereafter, the company soon pulled the publishing deal for *Psychonauts*.", "Esmurdoc said that Microsoft's management considered Double Fine to be \"expensive and late\", which she agreed had been true but did not reflect on the progress they had been making at this point. Schafer also noted that at the time of Microsoft's cancellation that they were planning on transitioning to the [Xbox 360](/wiki/Xbox_360 \"Xbox 360\") and were not funding any further development of games that would not be released after 2004; even though Schafer had set an approximate release date in the first quarter of 2005 by this point, Microsoft still opted to cancel.", "Following this, Schafer and Esmurdoc worked to secure a new publishing deal while using internal funds and careful management to keep the project going. One source of funds that helped keep the company operational came from [Will Wright](/wiki/Will_Wright_%28game_designer%29 \"Will Wright (game designer)\"), who had recently sold his company [Maxis](/wiki/Maxis \"Maxis\") to [Electronic Arts](/wiki/Electronic_Arts \"Electronic Arts\"). Prevented from investing into Double Fine by the Maxis deal, he instead provided Double Fine a loan of funds that kept them afloat over the next several months. Wright is credited for this support within the game.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/03/how\\-the\\-creator\\-of\\-simcity\\-helped\\-save\\-psychonauts/ \\| title \\=How the creator of SimCity helped save Psychonauts \\|first \\= Kyle \\| last \\= Orland \\| date \\= March 22, 2018 \\| access\\-date \\= March 22, 2018 \\| work \\= \\[\\[Ars Technica]] }}", "By August 2004, Double Fine had negotiated a new publishing deal with [Majesco Entertainment](/wiki/Majesco_Entertainment \"Majesco Entertainment\") to release the game on Windows as well as the Xbox. Tim Schafer was quoted as saying \"Together we are going to make what could conservatively be called the greatest game of all time ever, and I think that's awesome.\"{{cite press release \\| title \\= Majesco Acquires Publishing Rights To Double Fine's 'PSYCHONAUTS' \\| publisher \\= Majesco \\| date \\= August 4, 2004 \\| url \\= http://www.majescoentertainment.com/news/display\\_news.php?id\\=90 \\| access\\-date \\= March 30, 2008 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080802221058/http://www.majescoentertainment.com/news/display\\_news.php?id\\=90 \\| archive\\-date \\= August 2, 2008 \\| df \\= mdy\\-all }}", "Though the publishing deal ensured they would be able to continue the development, Esmurdoc stated they had to forgo plans for hiring new developers to meet the scope of the game as agreed to with Majesco. Subsequently, the studio entered, as described by Esmurdoc, \"the most insane crunch I have ever witnessed\" in order to complete the game. This was compounded when Majesco announced a [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\") port to be developed by [Budcat Creations](/wiki/Budcat_Creations \"Budcat Creations\") in October 2004, which further stretched the availability of Double Fine's staff resources. The game [went gold](/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle%23RTM \"Software release life cycle#RTM\") in March 2005; Esmurdoc attributes much of the success of this on the solidarity of the development team that kept working towards this point.", "Esmurdoc stated that *Psychonauts* took about 4\\.5 years to complete — though that without all the complications the real development time was closer to 2 years — with a team of 42 full\\-time developers and additional contractors, with a final budget of $11\\.5 million.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.gamedeveloper.com/audio/classic\\-postmortem\\-double\\-fine\\-s\\-i\\-psychonauts\\-i\\- \\| title \\= Classic Postmortem: Double Fine's Psychonauts \\| first \\= Caroline \\| last \\= Esmurdoc \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Game Developer (website)\\|Game Developer]] \\| date \\=August 17, 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= August 17, 2015 }}", "### Music", "The soundtrack to *Psychonauts* was composed by [Peter McConnell](/wiki/Peter_McConnell \"Peter McConnell\"), known for his work on [LucasArts](/wiki/LucasArts \"LucasArts\") titles such as *[Grim Fandango](/wiki/Music_of_Grim_Fandango \"Music of Grim Fandango\")* and *[Day of the Tentacle](/wiki/Day_of_the_Tentacle \"Day of the Tentacle\")*. Schafer's familiarity with McConnell, having worked with him on numerous projects in the past, led Schafer to select him for the soundtrack composition. The *Psychonauts Original Soundtrack*, featuring all the in\\-game music, was released in 2005\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://shop.doublefine.com/index.asp?PageAction\\=VIEWPROD\\&ProdID\\=81 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508201807/http://shop.doublefine.com/index.asp?PageAction\\=VIEWPROD\\&ProdID\\=31 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2005 \\|title\\=Psychonauts Soundtrack \\|publisher\\=Double Fine \\|date\\=2005 \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2010}}{{cite web \\|url\\= https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/psychonauts\\-original\\-soundtrack/id299960311 \\|title\\=Psychonauts (Original Soundtrack) by Peter McConnell \\|website\\=iTunes \\|date\\=December 10, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=May 25, 2012}} The following year, in late 2006, Double Fine released a second soundtrack, *Psychonauts Original Cinematic Score*, containing music from the game's cutscenes as well as a remix of the main theme and credits.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://shop.doublefine.com/index.asp?PageAction\\=VIEWPROD\\&ProdID\\=31 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230084851/http://shop.doublefine.com/index.asp?PageAction\\=VIEWPROD\\&ProdID\\=31 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 30, 2006 \\|title\\=Psychonauts Soundtrack: The Original Cinematic Score \\|publisher\\=Double Fine \\|date\\=2006 \\|access\\-date\\=December 30, 2006}}", "" ]
### Production and publishing difficulties Esmurdoc described the development of *Psychonauts* as difficult due to various setbacks, compounded by the new studio's lack of experience in how to manage those setbacks. The game's initial development began in 2001 during the [dot\-com boom](/wiki/Dot-com_bubble "Dot-com bubble"). Due to the cost of office space at that time, Double Fine had established an office in an inexpensive warehouse in San Francisco that initially fit their development needs. By 2003, they had come to realize the area they were in was not safe or readily accommodating, slowing down their development. With the collapse of the dot\-com bubble, they were able to secure better office space, though this further delayed production. Schafer was also handling many of the duties for both the studio and the development of the game. Though some of the routine business tasks were offloaded to other studio heads, Schafer brought Esmurdoc onto the project in 2004 to help produce the game while he could focus on the creative side. The intent to allow all developers to have artistic freedom with the game created some internal strife in the team, particularly in the level design; they had initially scoped that level designers would create the basic parts of a level \- main paths, scripted events, and the level's general design, while the artists would build out the world from that. As development progressed, they determined that the artists should be the ones constructing the level geometry, which the level designers resented. Subsequently, levels that were generated were not to the expected standards due to conflicts in the toolsets they used and Schafer's inability to oversee the process while handling the other duties of the studio. In 2003, the decision was made to dismiss all but one of the level design team, and unify the level design and art into a World Building team overseen by Erik Robson, the remaining level designer and who would go on to become the game's lead designer; the change, which Esmurdoc stated was for the better, disrupted the other departments at Double Fine. *Psychonauts* was to be published by [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") for release exclusively on their [Xbox](/wiki/Xbox_%28console%29 "Xbox (console)") console; Schafer attributes this to Microsoft's [Ed Fries](/wiki/Ed_Fries "Ed Fries"), who at the time of *Psychonauts*{{'}}s initial development in 2001, was looking to develop a portfolio of games for the new console system.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.polygon.com/features/2012/12/13/3726930/double\-fine\-double\-feature\-tim\-schafer\-dracogen\-kickstarter \| title \= Double Fine Double Feature \| date \= December 13, 2012 \| access\-date \= December 14, 2012 \| publisher \= \[\[Polygon (website)\|Polygon]] }} Schafer believes that Fries was a proponent of "pushing games as art", which helped to solidify Double Fine's concept of *Psychonauts* as an appropriate title for the console after the team's collected experience of developing for personal computers. However, according to Esmurdoc, Microsoft had also created some milestones that were unclear or difficult to meet, which delayed the development process. She also believes that their own lack of a clear vision of the ultimate product made it difficult to solidify a development and release schedule for the game as well as created confusion with the publisher. Schafer stated that Microsoft also found some of their gameplay decisions to be confusing based on play\-testing and requested them to include more instructional information, a common approach for games during the early 2000s, while Schafer and his team felt such confusion was simply the nature of the adventure\-based platform that they were developing.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.usgamer.net/articles/Tim\_Schafer\_Interview \| title \= "I Don't Know if a Duck is Going to Swallow me Whole." The Tim Schafer Interview. \| first \= Jaz \| last \= Rignall \| date \= June 23, 2015 \| access\-date \= August 21, 2015 \| publisher \= \[\[USGamer]] }} Double Fine was also resistant to make changes that Microsoft had suggested from play\-testing, such as making the humor secondary to the story, removing the summer camp theme, and drastically altering the story.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.polygon.com/2015/5/21/8637961/psychonauts\-tim\-schafer\-marketing \| title \= Watch the terrifying market research that would have killed Psychonauts \| first \= Justin \| last \=McElroy \| date \= May 21, 2015 \| access\-date \= May 21, 2015 \| publisher \= \[\[Polygon (website)\|Polygon]] }} Fries departed Microsoft in January 2004; shortly thereafter, the company soon pulled the publishing deal for *Psychonauts*. Esmurdoc said that Microsoft's management considered Double Fine to be "expensive and late", which she agreed had been true but did not reflect on the progress they had been making at this point. Schafer also noted that at the time of Microsoft's cancellation that they were planning on transitioning to the [Xbox 360](/wiki/Xbox_360 "Xbox 360") and were not funding any further development of games that would not be released after 2004; even though Schafer had set an approximate release date in the first quarter of 2005 by this point, Microsoft still opted to cancel. Following this, Schafer and Esmurdoc worked to secure a new publishing deal while using internal funds and careful management to keep the project going. One source of funds that helped keep the company operational came from [Will Wright](/wiki/Will_Wright_%28game_designer%29 "Will Wright (game designer)"), who had recently sold his company [Maxis](/wiki/Maxis "Maxis") to [Electronic Arts](/wiki/Electronic_Arts "Electronic Arts"). Prevented from investing into Double Fine by the Maxis deal, he instead provided Double Fine a loan of funds that kept them afloat over the next several months. Wright is credited for this support within the game.{{cite web \| url \= https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/03/how\-the\-creator\-of\-simcity\-helped\-save\-psychonauts/ \| title \=How the creator of SimCity helped save Psychonauts \|first \= Kyle \| last \= Orland \| date \= March 22, 2018 \| access\-date \= March 22, 2018 \| work \= \[\[Ars Technica]] }} By August 2004, Double Fine had negotiated a new publishing deal with [Majesco Entertainment](/wiki/Majesco_Entertainment "Majesco Entertainment") to release the game on Windows as well as the Xbox. Tim Schafer was quoted as saying "Together we are going to make what could conservatively be called the greatest game of all time ever, and I think that's awesome."{{cite press release \| title \= Majesco Acquires Publishing Rights To Double Fine's 'PSYCHONAUTS' \| publisher \= Majesco \| date \= August 4, 2004 \| url \= http://www.majescoentertainment.com/news/display\_news.php?id\=90 \| access\-date \= March 30, 2008 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080802221058/http://www.majescoentertainment.com/news/display\_news.php?id\=90 \| archive\-date \= August 2, 2008 \| df \= mdy\-all }} Though the publishing deal ensured they would be able to continue the development, Esmurdoc stated they had to forgo plans for hiring new developers to meet the scope of the game as agreed to with Majesco. Subsequently, the studio entered, as described by Esmurdoc, "the most insane crunch I have ever witnessed" in order to complete the game. This was compounded when Majesco announced a [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2") port to be developed by [Budcat Creations](/wiki/Budcat_Creations "Budcat Creations") in October 2004, which further stretched the availability of Double Fine's staff resources. The game [went gold](/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle%23RTM "Software release life cycle#RTM") in March 2005; Esmurdoc attributes much of the success of this on the solidarity of the development team that kept working towards this point. Esmurdoc stated that *Psychonauts* took about 4\.5 years to complete — though that without all the complications the real development time was closer to 2 years — with a team of 42 full\-time developers and additional contractors, with a final budget of $11\.5 million.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.gamedeveloper.com/audio/classic\-postmortem\-double\-fine\-s\-i\-psychonauts\-i\- \| title \= Classic Postmortem: Double Fine's Psychonauts \| first \= Caroline \| last \= Esmurdoc \| publisher \= \[\[Game Developer (website)\|Game Developer]] \| date \=August 17, 2015 \| access\-date \= August 17, 2015 }}
[ "### Production and publishing difficulties", "Esmurdoc described the development of *Psychonauts* as difficult due to various setbacks, compounded by the new studio's lack of experience in how to manage those setbacks. The game's initial development began in 2001 during the [dot\\-com boom](/wiki/Dot-com_bubble \"Dot-com bubble\"). Due to the cost of office space at that time, Double Fine had established an office in an inexpensive warehouse in San Francisco that initially fit their development needs.", "By 2003, they had come to realize the area they were in was not safe or readily accommodating, slowing down their development. With the collapse of the dot\\-com bubble, they were able to secure better office space, though this further delayed production. Schafer was also handling many of the duties for both the studio and the development of the game. Though some of the routine business tasks were offloaded to other studio heads, Schafer brought Esmurdoc onto the project in 2004 to help produce the game while he could focus on the creative side.", "The intent to allow all developers to have artistic freedom with the game created some internal strife in the team, particularly in the level design; they had initially scoped that level designers would create the basic parts of a level \\- main paths, scripted events, and the level's general design, while the artists would build out the world from that. As development progressed, they determined that the artists should be the ones constructing the level geometry, which the level designers resented.", "Subsequently, levels that were generated were not to the expected standards due to conflicts in the toolsets they used and Schafer's inability to oversee the process while handling the other duties of the studio. In 2003, the decision was made to dismiss all but one of the level design team, and unify the level design and art into a World Building team overseen by Erik Robson, the remaining level designer and who would go on to become the game's lead designer; the change, which Esmurdoc stated was for the better, disrupted the other departments at Double Fine.", "*Psychonauts* was to be published by [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") for release exclusively on their [Xbox](/wiki/Xbox_%28console%29 \"Xbox (console)\") console; Schafer attributes this to Microsoft's [Ed Fries](/wiki/Ed_Fries \"Ed Fries\"), who at the time of *Psychonauts*{{'}}s initial development in 2001, was looking to develop a portfolio of games for the new console system.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.polygon.com/features/2012/12/13/3726930/double\\-fine\\-double\\-feature\\-tim\\-schafer\\-dracogen\\-kickstarter \\| title \\= Double Fine Double Feature \\| date \\= December 13, 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= December 14, 2012 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Polygon (website)\\|Polygon]] }} Schafer believes that Fries was a proponent of \"pushing games as art\", which helped to solidify Double Fine's concept of *Psychonauts* as an appropriate title for the console after the team's collected experience of developing for personal computers.", "However, according to Esmurdoc, Microsoft had also created some milestones that were unclear or difficult to meet, which delayed the development process. She also believes that their own lack of a clear vision of the ultimate product made it difficult to solidify a development and release schedule for the game as well as created confusion with the publisher. Schafer stated that Microsoft also found some of their gameplay decisions to be confusing based on play\\-testing and requested them to include more instructional information, a common approach for games during the early 2000s, while Schafer and his team felt such confusion was simply the nature of the adventure\\-based platform that they were developing.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.usgamer.net/articles/Tim\\_Schafer\\_Interview \\| title \\= \"I Don't Know if a Duck is Going to Swallow me Whole.\" The Tim Schafer Interview. \\| first \\= Jaz \\| last \\= Rignall \\| date \\= June 23, 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= August 21, 2015 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[USGamer]] }}", "Double Fine was also resistant to make changes that Microsoft had suggested from play\\-testing, such as making the humor secondary to the story, removing the summer camp theme, and drastically altering the story.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.polygon.com/2015/5/21/8637961/psychonauts\\-tim\\-schafer\\-marketing \\| title \\= Watch the terrifying market research that would have killed Psychonauts \\| first \\= Justin \\| last \\=McElroy \\| date \\= May 21, 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= May 21, 2015 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Polygon (website)\\|Polygon]] }} Fries departed Microsoft in January 2004; shortly thereafter, the company soon pulled the publishing deal for *Psychonauts*.", "Esmurdoc said that Microsoft's management considered Double Fine to be \"expensive and late\", which she agreed had been true but did not reflect on the progress they had been making at this point. Schafer also noted that at the time of Microsoft's cancellation that they were planning on transitioning to the [Xbox 360](/wiki/Xbox_360 \"Xbox 360\") and were not funding any further development of games that would not be released after 2004; even though Schafer had set an approximate release date in the first quarter of 2005 by this point, Microsoft still opted to cancel.", "Following this, Schafer and Esmurdoc worked to secure a new publishing deal while using internal funds and careful management to keep the project going. One source of funds that helped keep the company operational came from [Will Wright](/wiki/Will_Wright_%28game_designer%29 \"Will Wright (game designer)\"), who had recently sold his company [Maxis](/wiki/Maxis \"Maxis\") to [Electronic Arts](/wiki/Electronic_Arts \"Electronic Arts\"). Prevented from investing into Double Fine by the Maxis deal, he instead provided Double Fine a loan of funds that kept them afloat over the next several months. Wright is credited for this support within the game.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/03/how\\-the\\-creator\\-of\\-simcity\\-helped\\-save\\-psychonauts/ \\| title \\=How the creator of SimCity helped save Psychonauts \\|first \\= Kyle \\| last \\= Orland \\| date \\= March 22, 2018 \\| access\\-date \\= March 22, 2018 \\| work \\= \\[\\[Ars Technica]] }}", "By August 2004, Double Fine had negotiated a new publishing deal with [Majesco Entertainment](/wiki/Majesco_Entertainment \"Majesco Entertainment\") to release the game on Windows as well as the Xbox. Tim Schafer was quoted as saying \"Together we are going to make what could conservatively be called the greatest game of all time ever, and I think that's awesome.\"{{cite press release \\| title \\= Majesco Acquires Publishing Rights To Double Fine's 'PSYCHONAUTS' \\| publisher \\= Majesco \\| date \\= August 4, 2004 \\| url \\= http://www.majescoentertainment.com/news/display\\_news.php?id\\=90 \\| access\\-date \\= March 30, 2008 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080802221058/http://www.majescoentertainment.com/news/display\\_news.php?id\\=90 \\| archive\\-date \\= August 2, 2008 \\| df \\= mdy\\-all }}", "Though the publishing deal ensured they would be able to continue the development, Esmurdoc stated they had to forgo plans for hiring new developers to meet the scope of the game as agreed to with Majesco. Subsequently, the studio entered, as described by Esmurdoc, \"the most insane crunch I have ever witnessed\" in order to complete the game. This was compounded when Majesco announced a [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\") port to be developed by [Budcat Creations](/wiki/Budcat_Creations \"Budcat Creations\") in October 2004, which further stretched the availability of Double Fine's staff resources. The game [went gold](/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle%23RTM \"Software release life cycle#RTM\") in March 2005; Esmurdoc attributes much of the success of this on the solidarity of the development team that kept working towards this point.", "Esmurdoc stated that *Psychonauts* took about 4\\.5 years to complete — though that without all the complications the real development time was closer to 2 years — with a team of 42 full\\-time developers and additional contractors, with a final budget of $11\\.5 million.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.gamedeveloper.com/audio/classic\\-postmortem\\-double\\-fine\\-s\\-i\\-psychonauts\\-i\\- \\| title \\= Classic Postmortem: Double Fine's Psychonauts \\| first \\= Caroline \\| last \\= Esmurdoc \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Game Developer (website)\\|Game Developer]] \\| date \\=August 17, 2015 \\| access\\-date \\= August 17, 2015 }}", "" ]
Career ------ ### As a child actor A beginning role for Tochi was a guest\-starring appearance in the short\-lived television series *[He \& She](/wiki/He_%26_She "He & She")* (1967–68, with [Richard Benjamin](/wiki/Richard_Benjamin "Richard Benjamin") and [Paula Prentiss](/wiki/Paula_Prentiss "Paula Prentiss")) as their newly adopted son. Produced by [Leonard Stern](/wiki/Leonard_B._Stern "Leonard B. Stern") and cowritten by [Chris Hayward](/wiki/Chris_Hayward "Chris Hayward") and [Allan Burns](/wiki/Allan_Burns "Allan Burns"), it also starred [Jack Cassidy](/wiki/Jack_Cassidy "Jack Cassidy") as an egomaniacal actor, [Kenneth Mars](/wiki/Kenneth_Mars "Kenneth Mars"), and [Hamilton Camp](/wiki/Hamilton_Camp "Hamilton Camp"). That same year saw Tochi appearing in "[And the Children Shall Lead](/wiki/And_the_Children_Shall_Lead "And the Children Shall Lead")", a third\-season episode of *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Original_Series "The Original Series")*. Other roles followed, including guest appearances on such popular shows as *[The Brady Bunch](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch "The Brady Bunch")*, *[The Partridge Family](/wiki/The_Partridge_Family "The Partridge Family")* and *[Adam\-12](/wiki/Adam-12 "Adam-12")*. Tochi's debut as a series regular was as [Yul Brynner](/wiki/Yul_Brynner "Yul Brynner")'s oldest son and heir [Crown Prince](/wiki/Crown_Prince "Crown Prince") Chulalongkorn in *[Anna and the King](/wiki/Anna_and_the_King_%28TV_series%29 "Anna and the King (TV series)")* on [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"). It was based on the film version of [Rodgers and Hammerstein](/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein "Rodgers and Hammerstein")'s *[The King and I](/wiki/The_King_and_I "The King and I")* and also starred [Samantha Eggar](/wiki/Samantha_Eggar "Samantha Eggar") and [Keye Luke](/wiki/Keye_Luke "Keye Luke"). Although the series was short\-lived, Tochi and Brynner remained friends until Brynner's death in 1985\. Concurrent with the series, Tochi was cast with fellow actor Luke in his first animated television series *[The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan](/wiki/The_Amazing_Chan_and_the_Chan_Clan "The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan"). Al*so in the series was a young [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster "Jodie Foster"), who voiced one of the Chan sisters. After both series ended, guest\-starring roles followed, including *[The Streets of San Francisco](/wiki/The_Streets_of_San_Francisco "The Streets of San Francisco")* with [Karl Malden](/wiki/Karl_Malden "Karl Malden") and [Michael Douglas](/wiki/Michael_Douglas "Michael Douglas"), and *[Kung Fu](/wiki/Kung_Fu_%281972_TV_series%29 "Kung Fu (1972 TV series)")* with [David Carradine](/wiki/David_Carradine "David Carradine"), who made his directing debut on the episode, "The Demon God," which was Tochi's largest guest role of three *Kung Fu* episodes he appeared in. Tochi also played an undercover informant who was beaten and killed in a gritty two\-part episode of *[Police Story](/wiki/Police_Story_%281973_TV_series%29 "Police Story (1973 TV series)")* on [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"). He played another character that nearly died on the [Robert Young](/wiki/Robert_Young_%28actor%29 "Robert Young (actor)") medical drama *[Marcus Welby, M.D.](/wiki/Marcus_Welby%2C_M.D. "Marcus Welby, M.D.")*. ### Young adulthood in theater During the mid\-1970s, Tochi spent time in the theatre, this time reprising his role as Crown Prince [Chulalongkorn](/wiki/Chulalongkorn "Chulalongkorn") in the [Los Angeles Civic Light Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Civic_Light_Opera "Los Angeles Civic Light Opera")'s revival of the musical *[The King and I](/wiki/The_King_and_I "The King and I")* at the [Dorothy Chandler Pavilion](/wiki/Dorothy_Chandler_Pavilion "Dorothy Chandler Pavilion"). There he co\-starred with actor [Ricardo Montalbán](/wiki/Ricardo_Montalb%C3%A1n "Ricardo Montalbán"), as the King of Siam, to which they would later accompany the show as it went on tour. ### Return to television Tochi returned to star in another TV series *[Space Academy](/wiki/Space_Academy "Space Academy")* (1977–1979\) with veteran actor [Jonathan Harris](/wiki/Jonathan_Harris "Jonathan Harris") (best remembered as Dr. Smith from *[Lost in Space](/wiki/Lost_in_Space "Lost in Space")*). Up until that time, *Space Academy* was the most expensive Saturday morning television series in broadcast history. His character, Tee Gar Soom, had [super\-strength](/wiki/Super-strength "Super-strength") and continued the martial arts traditions of his Asian ancestors. During [hiatus](/wiki/Hiatus_%28television%29 "Hiatus (television)") of the show, Tochi was asked to shoot a 20\-minute promotional "behind\-the\-scenes" visit to the Space Academy for a popular daytime series, *[Razzmatazz](/wiki/Razzmatazz_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Razzmatazz (U.S. TV series)")*, on CBS. *Razzmatazz* was a highly regarded news magazine show created by *[60 Minutes](/wiki/60_Minutes "60 Minutes")* wizard [Don Hewitt](/wiki/Don_Hewitt "Don Hewitt") and produced by Joel Heller with the same production team as CBS's *[In The News](/wiki/In_The_News "In The News")* the long\-running Saturday morning news programs for children. *Razzmatazz* originally starred [Barry Bostwick](/wiki/Barry_Bostwick "Barry Bostwick"), who opted to leave the show for a career in features, to capitalize on his recently released [cult](/wiki/Cult "Cult") classic *[The Rocky Horror Picture Show](/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show "The Rocky Horror Picture Show")*. Searching for a new host, the television network persuaded Tochi to accept their offer of his own daytime show, which aired on the network for 4 more years into the early 1980s. Other appearances include a guest stint on *[Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28TV_series%29 "Wonder Woman (TV series)")*, a recurring character in the tropically set *[Hawaii Five\-O](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_%281968_TV_series%29 "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)")*, starring actor [Jack Lord](/wiki/Jack_Lord "Jack Lord"), a two\-hour television film *We're Fighting Back* (with [Ellen Barkin](/wiki/Ellen_Barkin "Ellen Barkin") and [Stephen Lang](/wiki/Stephen_Lang_%28actor%29 "Stephen Lang (actor)")), and regular television roles in the TV dramas *[St. Elsewhere](/wiki/St._Elsewhere "St. Elsewhere")* and *[Santa Barbara](/wiki/Santa_Barbara_%28TV_series%29 "Santa Barbara (TV series)")*. He later played a featured character in the *[Star Trek: The Next Generation](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Next_Generation "The Next Generation")* episode "[Night Terrors](/wiki/Night_Terrors_%28Star_Trek:The_Next_Generation%29 "The Next Generation)")" (making him one of only a handful of living actors to have appeared on the original *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Original_Series "The Original Series")* series and a subsequent spin\-off). Tochi also appeared as the titular character in "[Wong's Lost and Found Emporium](/wiki/Wong%27s_Lost_and_Found_Emporium "Wong's Lost and Found Emporium")," the ninth episode from the first season of the television series *[The Twilight Zone](/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_%281985_TV_series%29 "The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series)")*. The episode is based on the short story "Wong's Lost and Found Emporium" by [William F. Wu](/wiki/William_F._Wu "William F. Wu"), first published in *[Amazing Stories](/wiki/Amazing_Stories "Amazing Stories")* in 1983\. This episode was stretched into a half\-hour run time for syndication, as recently shown on the [Chiller TV](/wiki/Chiller_TV "Chiller TV") network. In the short lived [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") TV series *[The Renegades](/wiki/The_Renegades_%28TV_series%29 "The Renegades (TV series)"),* he starred with his friend, [Patrick Swayze](/wiki/Patrick_Swayze "Patrick Swayze"), as the martial arts expert and former gang leader known as Dragon. Then, exercising his journalistic prowess, Tochi later became part of the core team that created and developed the cutting edge educational news program *[Channel One News](/wiki/Channel_One_News "Channel One News").* During his two\-and\-a\-half\-year association, his responsibilities grew to include Hosting and Narrating duties, utilizing his talents as a writer, producer and segment director. He was later named Chief [Foreign correspondent](/wiki/Foreign_correspondent_%28journalism%29 "Foreign correspondent (journalism)") for the show. ### Other work In 2004, Tochi co\-wrote, produced and directed *Tales of a Fly on the Wall*, a scripted, live\-action comedy, casting several of his friends in lead roles; it included fellow actors [Roscoe Lee Browne](/wiki/Roscoe_Lee_Browne "Roscoe Lee Browne"), his *Revenge of the Nerds* co\-star [Curtis Armstrong](/wiki/Curtis_Armstrong "Curtis Armstrong") and his *[Police Academy 3: Back in Training](/wiki/Police_Academy_3:Back_in_Training "Back in Training")* co\-star [Leslie Easterbrook](/wiki/Leslie_Easterbrook "Leslie Easterbrook"). In 2005, he was one of the winners of the [Hollywood Film Festival](/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Festival "Hollywood Film Festival")'s Hollywood Screenplay Awards, taking home top honors for co\-writing the screenplay "In the Heat of the Light". He continues with his directing, producing, and screenwriting careers. Tochi has also provided voices for numerous [animated films](/wiki/Animated_films "Animated films"), computer games and [animated cartoon](/wiki/Animated_cartoon "Animated cartoon") series, including the *[Bionic Six](/wiki/Bionic_Six "Bionic Six")* (all 65 episodes), *[Challenge of the GoBots](/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots "Challenge of the GoBots")*, *[Scooby\-Doo and Scrappy\-Doo](/wiki/Scooby-Doo_and_Scrappy-Doo_%281979_TV_series%29 "Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1979 TV series)")*, *[What's New, Scooby\-Doo?](/wiki/What%27s_New%2C_Scooby-Doo%3F "What's New, Scooby-Doo?")*, *[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest](/wiki/The_Real_Adventures_of_Jonny_Quest "The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest")*, and *[Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm](/wiki/Mortal_Kombat:Defenders_of_the_Realm "Defenders of the Realm")* (as its main star [Liu Kang](/wiki/Liu_Kang "Liu Kang")). He performed the voice of [Leonardo](/wiki/Leonardo_%28Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles%29 "Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)") in the first three *[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles](/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_%28film_series%29 "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series)")* films in the early 1990s. He also is the voice of the Chinese soldier who runs the [Great Wall](/wiki/Great_Wall "Great Wall") in Disney's *[Mulan](/wiki/Mulan_%281998_film%29 "Mulan (1998 film)")*, and had recurring roles in *[Batman Beyond](/wiki/Batman_Beyond "Batman Beyond")*, *[As Told by Ginger](/wiki/As_Told_by_Ginger "As Told by Ginger")*, *[Kim Possible](/wiki/Kim_Possible "Kim Possible")*, *[Johnny Bravo](/wiki/Johnny_Bravo "Johnny Bravo")*, *[Static Shock](/wiki/Static_Shock "Static Shock")*, *[Family Guy](/wiki/Family_Guy "Family Guy")* and *[Avatar: The Last Airbender](/wiki/Avatar:The_Last_Airbender "The Last Airbender")*.
[ "Career\n------", "### As a child actor", "A beginning role for Tochi was a guest\\-starring appearance in the short\\-lived television series *[He \\& She](/wiki/He_%26_She \"He & She\")* (1967–68, with [Richard Benjamin](/wiki/Richard_Benjamin \"Richard Benjamin\") and [Paula Prentiss](/wiki/Paula_Prentiss \"Paula Prentiss\")) as their newly adopted son. Produced by [Leonard Stern](/wiki/Leonard_B._Stern \"Leonard B. Stern\") and cowritten by [Chris Hayward](/wiki/Chris_Hayward \"Chris Hayward\") and [Allan Burns](/wiki/Allan_Burns \"Allan Burns\"), it also starred [Jack Cassidy](/wiki/Jack_Cassidy \"Jack Cassidy\") as an egomaniacal actor, [Kenneth Mars](/wiki/Kenneth_Mars \"Kenneth Mars\"), and [Hamilton Camp](/wiki/Hamilton_Camp \"Hamilton Camp\").", "That same year saw Tochi appearing in \"[And the Children Shall Lead](/wiki/And_the_Children_Shall_Lead \"And the Children Shall Lead\")\", a third\\-season episode of *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Original_Series \"The Original Series\")*. Other roles followed, including guest appearances on such popular shows as *[The Brady Bunch](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch \"The Brady Bunch\")*, *[The Partridge Family](/wiki/The_Partridge_Family \"The Partridge Family\")* and *[Adam\\-12](/wiki/Adam-12 \"Adam-12\")*.", "Tochi's debut as a series regular was as [Yul Brynner](/wiki/Yul_Brynner \"Yul Brynner\")'s oldest son and heir [Crown Prince](/wiki/Crown_Prince \"Crown Prince\") Chulalongkorn in *[Anna and the King](/wiki/Anna_and_the_King_%28TV_series%29 \"Anna and the King (TV series)\")* on [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"). It was based on the film version of [Rodgers and Hammerstein](/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein \"Rodgers and Hammerstein\")'s *[The King and I](/wiki/The_King_and_I \"The King and I\")* and also starred [Samantha Eggar](/wiki/Samantha_Eggar \"Samantha Eggar\") and [Keye Luke](/wiki/Keye_Luke \"Keye Luke\"). Although the series was short\\-lived, Tochi and Brynner remained friends until Brynner's death in 1985\\.", "Concurrent with the series, Tochi was cast with fellow actor Luke in his first animated television series *[The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan](/wiki/The_Amazing_Chan_and_the_Chan_Clan \"The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan\"). Al*so in the series was a young [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster \"Jodie Foster\"), who voiced one of the Chan sisters.", "After both series ended, guest\\-starring roles followed, including *[The Streets of San Francisco](/wiki/The_Streets_of_San_Francisco \"The Streets of San Francisco\")* with [Karl Malden](/wiki/Karl_Malden \"Karl Malden\") and [Michael Douglas](/wiki/Michael_Douglas \"Michael Douglas\"), and *[Kung Fu](/wiki/Kung_Fu_%281972_TV_series%29 \"Kung Fu (1972 TV series)\")* with [David Carradine](/wiki/David_Carradine \"David Carradine\"), who made his directing debut on the episode, \"The Demon God,\" which was Tochi's largest guest role of three *Kung Fu* episodes he appeared in.", "Tochi also played an undercover informant who was beaten and killed in a gritty two\\-part episode of *[Police Story](/wiki/Police_Story_%281973_TV_series%29 \"Police Story (1973 TV series)\")* on [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"). He played another character that nearly died on the [Robert Young](/wiki/Robert_Young_%28actor%29 \"Robert Young (actor)\") medical drama *[Marcus Welby, M.D.](/wiki/Marcus_Welby%2C_M.D. \"Marcus Welby, M.D.\")*.", "### Young adulthood in theater", "During the mid\\-1970s, Tochi spent time in the theatre, this time reprising his role as Crown Prince [Chulalongkorn](/wiki/Chulalongkorn \"Chulalongkorn\") in the [Los Angeles Civic Light Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Civic_Light_Opera \"Los Angeles Civic Light Opera\")'s revival of the musical *[The King and I](/wiki/The_King_and_I \"The King and I\")* at the [Dorothy Chandler Pavilion](/wiki/Dorothy_Chandler_Pavilion \"Dorothy Chandler Pavilion\"). There he co\\-starred with actor [Ricardo Montalbán](/wiki/Ricardo_Montalb%C3%A1n \"Ricardo Montalbán\"), as the King of Siam, to which they would later accompany the show as it went on tour.", "### Return to television", "Tochi returned to star in another TV series *[Space Academy](/wiki/Space_Academy \"Space Academy\")* (1977–1979\\) with veteran actor [Jonathan Harris](/wiki/Jonathan_Harris \"Jonathan Harris\") (best remembered as Dr. Smith from *[Lost in Space](/wiki/Lost_in_Space \"Lost in Space\")*). Up until that time, *Space Academy* was the most expensive Saturday morning television series in broadcast history. His character, Tee Gar Soom, had [super\\-strength](/wiki/Super-strength \"Super-strength\") and continued the martial arts traditions of his Asian ancestors. During [hiatus](/wiki/Hiatus_%28television%29 \"Hiatus (television)\") of the show, Tochi was asked to shoot a 20\\-minute promotional \"behind\\-the\\-scenes\" visit to the Space Academy for a popular daytime series, *[Razzmatazz](/wiki/Razzmatazz_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Razzmatazz (U.S. TV series)\")*, on CBS. *Razzmatazz* was a highly regarded news magazine show created by *[60 Minutes](/wiki/60_Minutes \"60 Minutes\")* wizard [Don Hewitt](/wiki/Don_Hewitt \"Don Hewitt\") and produced by Joel Heller with the same production team as CBS's *[In The News](/wiki/In_The_News \"In The News\")* the long\\-running Saturday morning news programs for children. *Razzmatazz* originally starred [Barry Bostwick](/wiki/Barry_Bostwick \"Barry Bostwick\"), who opted to leave the show for a career in features, to capitalize on his recently released [cult](/wiki/Cult \"Cult\") classic *[The Rocky Horror Picture Show](/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\")*. Searching for a new host, the television network persuaded Tochi to accept their offer of his own daytime show, which aired on the network for 4 more years into the early 1980s.", "Other appearances include a guest stint on *[Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28TV_series%29 \"Wonder Woman (TV series)\")*, a recurring character in the tropically set *[Hawaii Five\\-O](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_%281968_TV_series%29 \"Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)\")*, starring actor [Jack Lord](/wiki/Jack_Lord \"Jack Lord\"), a two\\-hour television film *We're Fighting Back* (with [Ellen Barkin](/wiki/Ellen_Barkin \"Ellen Barkin\") and [Stephen Lang](/wiki/Stephen_Lang_%28actor%29 \"Stephen Lang (actor)\")), and regular television roles in the TV dramas *[St. Elsewhere](/wiki/St._Elsewhere \"St. Elsewhere\")* and *[Santa Barbara](/wiki/Santa_Barbara_%28TV_series%29 \"Santa Barbara (TV series)\")*. He later played a featured character in the *[Star Trek: The Next Generation](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Next_Generation \"The Next Generation\")* episode \"[Night Terrors](/wiki/Night_Terrors_%28Star_Trek:The_Next_Generation%29 \"The Next Generation)\")\" (making him one of only a handful of living actors to have appeared on the original *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Original_Series \"The Original Series\")* series and a subsequent spin\\-off). Tochi also appeared as the titular character in \"[Wong's Lost and Found Emporium](/wiki/Wong%27s_Lost_and_Found_Emporium \"Wong's Lost and Found Emporium\"),\" the ninth episode from the first season of the television series *[The Twilight Zone](/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_%281985_TV_series%29 \"The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series)\")*. The episode is based on the short story \"Wong's Lost and Found Emporium\" by [William F. Wu](/wiki/William_F._Wu \"William F. Wu\"), first published in *[Amazing Stories](/wiki/Amazing_Stories \"Amazing Stories\")* in 1983\\. This episode was stretched into a half\\-hour run time for syndication, as recently shown on the [Chiller TV](/wiki/Chiller_TV \"Chiller TV\") network.", "In the short lived [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") TV series *[The Renegades](/wiki/The_Renegades_%28TV_series%29 \"The Renegades (TV series)\"),* he starred with his friend, [Patrick Swayze](/wiki/Patrick_Swayze \"Patrick Swayze\"), as the martial arts expert and former gang leader known as Dragon. Then, exercising his journalistic prowess, Tochi later became part of the core team that created and developed the cutting edge educational news program *[Channel One News](/wiki/Channel_One_News \"Channel One News\").* During his two\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year association, his responsibilities grew to include Hosting and Narrating duties, utilizing his talents as a writer, producer and segment director. He was later named Chief [Foreign correspondent](/wiki/Foreign_correspondent_%28journalism%29 \"Foreign correspondent (journalism)\") for the show.", "### Other work", "In 2004, Tochi co\\-wrote, produced and directed *Tales of a Fly on the Wall*, a scripted, live\\-action comedy, casting several of his friends in lead roles; it included fellow actors [Roscoe Lee Browne](/wiki/Roscoe_Lee_Browne \"Roscoe Lee Browne\"), his *Revenge of the Nerds* co\\-star [Curtis Armstrong](/wiki/Curtis_Armstrong \"Curtis Armstrong\") and his *[Police Academy 3: Back in Training](/wiki/Police_Academy_3:Back_in_Training \"Back in Training\")* co\\-star [Leslie Easterbrook](/wiki/Leslie_Easterbrook \"Leslie Easterbrook\"). In 2005, he was one of the winners of the [Hollywood Film Festival](/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Festival \"Hollywood Film Festival\")'s Hollywood Screenplay Awards, taking home top honors for co\\-writing the screenplay \"In the Heat of the Light\". He continues with his directing, producing, and screenwriting careers.", "Tochi has also provided voices for numerous [animated films](/wiki/Animated_films \"Animated films\"), computer games and [animated cartoon](/wiki/Animated_cartoon \"Animated cartoon\") series, including the *[Bionic Six](/wiki/Bionic_Six \"Bionic Six\")* (all 65 episodes), *[Challenge of the GoBots](/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots \"Challenge of the GoBots\")*, *[Scooby\\-Doo and Scrappy\\-Doo](/wiki/Scooby-Doo_and_Scrappy-Doo_%281979_TV_series%29 \"Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1979 TV series)\")*, *[What's New, Scooby\\-Doo?](/wiki/What%27s_New%2C_Scooby-Doo%3F \"What's New, Scooby-Doo?\")*, *[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest](/wiki/The_Real_Adventures_of_Jonny_Quest \"The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest\")*, and *[Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm](/wiki/Mortal_Kombat:Defenders_of_the_Realm \"Defenders of the Realm\")* (as its main star [Liu Kang](/wiki/Liu_Kang \"Liu Kang\")). He performed the voice of [Leonardo](/wiki/Leonardo_%28Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles%29 \"Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)\") in the first three *[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles](/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_%28film_series%29 \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series)\")* films in the early 1990s. He also is the voice of the Chinese soldier who runs the [Great Wall](/wiki/Great_Wall \"Great Wall\") in Disney's *[Mulan](/wiki/Mulan_%281998_film%29 \"Mulan (1998 film)\")*, and had recurring roles in *[Batman Beyond](/wiki/Batman_Beyond \"Batman Beyond\")*, *[As Told by Ginger](/wiki/As_Told_by_Ginger \"As Told by Ginger\")*, *[Kim Possible](/wiki/Kim_Possible \"Kim Possible\")*, *[Johnny Bravo](/wiki/Johnny_Bravo \"Johnny Bravo\")*, *[Static Shock](/wiki/Static_Shock \"Static Shock\")*, *[Family Guy](/wiki/Family_Guy \"Family Guy\")* and *[Avatar: The Last Airbender](/wiki/Avatar:The_Last_Airbender \"The Last Airbender\")*.", "" ]
### As a child actor A beginning role for Tochi was a guest\-starring appearance in the short\-lived television series *[He \& She](/wiki/He_%26_She "He & She")* (1967–68, with [Richard Benjamin](/wiki/Richard_Benjamin "Richard Benjamin") and [Paula Prentiss](/wiki/Paula_Prentiss "Paula Prentiss")) as their newly adopted son. Produced by [Leonard Stern](/wiki/Leonard_B._Stern "Leonard B. Stern") and cowritten by [Chris Hayward](/wiki/Chris_Hayward "Chris Hayward") and [Allan Burns](/wiki/Allan_Burns "Allan Burns"), it also starred [Jack Cassidy](/wiki/Jack_Cassidy "Jack Cassidy") as an egomaniacal actor, [Kenneth Mars](/wiki/Kenneth_Mars "Kenneth Mars"), and [Hamilton Camp](/wiki/Hamilton_Camp "Hamilton Camp"). That same year saw Tochi appearing in "[And the Children Shall Lead](/wiki/And_the_Children_Shall_Lead "And the Children Shall Lead")", a third\-season episode of *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Original_Series "The Original Series")*. Other roles followed, including guest appearances on such popular shows as *[The Brady Bunch](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch "The Brady Bunch")*, *[The Partridge Family](/wiki/The_Partridge_Family "The Partridge Family")* and *[Adam\-12](/wiki/Adam-12 "Adam-12")*. Tochi's debut as a series regular was as [Yul Brynner](/wiki/Yul_Brynner "Yul Brynner")'s oldest son and heir [Crown Prince](/wiki/Crown_Prince "Crown Prince") Chulalongkorn in *[Anna and the King](/wiki/Anna_and_the_King_%28TV_series%29 "Anna and the King (TV series)")* on [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"). It was based on the film version of [Rodgers and Hammerstein](/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein "Rodgers and Hammerstein")'s *[The King and I](/wiki/The_King_and_I "The King and I")* and also starred [Samantha Eggar](/wiki/Samantha_Eggar "Samantha Eggar") and [Keye Luke](/wiki/Keye_Luke "Keye Luke"). Although the series was short\-lived, Tochi and Brynner remained friends until Brynner's death in 1985\. Concurrent with the series, Tochi was cast with fellow actor Luke in his first animated television series *[The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan](/wiki/The_Amazing_Chan_and_the_Chan_Clan "The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan"). Al*so in the series was a young [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster "Jodie Foster"), who voiced one of the Chan sisters. After both series ended, guest\-starring roles followed, including *[The Streets of San Francisco](/wiki/The_Streets_of_San_Francisco "The Streets of San Francisco")* with [Karl Malden](/wiki/Karl_Malden "Karl Malden") and [Michael Douglas](/wiki/Michael_Douglas "Michael Douglas"), and *[Kung Fu](/wiki/Kung_Fu_%281972_TV_series%29 "Kung Fu (1972 TV series)")* with [David Carradine](/wiki/David_Carradine "David Carradine"), who made his directing debut on the episode, "The Demon God," which was Tochi's largest guest role of three *Kung Fu* episodes he appeared in. Tochi also played an undercover informant who was beaten and killed in a gritty two\-part episode of *[Police Story](/wiki/Police_Story_%281973_TV_series%29 "Police Story (1973 TV series)")* on [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"). He played another character that nearly died on the [Robert Young](/wiki/Robert_Young_%28actor%29 "Robert Young (actor)") medical drama *[Marcus Welby, M.D.](/wiki/Marcus_Welby%2C_M.D. "Marcus Welby, M.D.")*.
[ "### As a child actor", "A beginning role for Tochi was a guest\\-starring appearance in the short\\-lived television series *[He \\& She](/wiki/He_%26_She \"He & She\")* (1967–68, with [Richard Benjamin](/wiki/Richard_Benjamin \"Richard Benjamin\") and [Paula Prentiss](/wiki/Paula_Prentiss \"Paula Prentiss\")) as their newly adopted son. Produced by [Leonard Stern](/wiki/Leonard_B._Stern \"Leonard B. Stern\") and cowritten by [Chris Hayward](/wiki/Chris_Hayward \"Chris Hayward\") and [Allan Burns](/wiki/Allan_Burns \"Allan Burns\"), it also starred [Jack Cassidy](/wiki/Jack_Cassidy \"Jack Cassidy\") as an egomaniacal actor, [Kenneth Mars](/wiki/Kenneth_Mars \"Kenneth Mars\"), and [Hamilton Camp](/wiki/Hamilton_Camp \"Hamilton Camp\").", "That same year saw Tochi appearing in \"[And the Children Shall Lead](/wiki/And_the_Children_Shall_Lead \"And the Children Shall Lead\")\", a third\\-season episode of *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek:The_Original_Series \"The Original Series\")*. Other roles followed, including guest appearances on such popular shows as *[The Brady Bunch](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch \"The Brady Bunch\")*, *[The Partridge Family](/wiki/The_Partridge_Family \"The Partridge Family\")* and *[Adam\\-12](/wiki/Adam-12 \"Adam-12\")*.", "Tochi's debut as a series regular was as [Yul Brynner](/wiki/Yul_Brynner \"Yul Brynner\")'s oldest son and heir [Crown Prince](/wiki/Crown_Prince \"Crown Prince\") Chulalongkorn in *[Anna and the King](/wiki/Anna_and_the_King_%28TV_series%29 \"Anna and the King (TV series)\")* on [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"). It was based on the film version of [Rodgers and Hammerstein](/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein \"Rodgers and Hammerstein\")'s *[The King and I](/wiki/The_King_and_I \"The King and I\")* and also starred [Samantha Eggar](/wiki/Samantha_Eggar \"Samantha Eggar\") and [Keye Luke](/wiki/Keye_Luke \"Keye Luke\"). Although the series was short\\-lived, Tochi and Brynner remained friends until Brynner's death in 1985\\.", "Concurrent with the series, Tochi was cast with fellow actor Luke in his first animated television series *[The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan](/wiki/The_Amazing_Chan_and_the_Chan_Clan \"The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan\"). Al*so in the series was a young [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster \"Jodie Foster\"), who voiced one of the Chan sisters.", "After both series ended, guest\\-starring roles followed, including *[The Streets of San Francisco](/wiki/The_Streets_of_San_Francisco \"The Streets of San Francisco\")* with [Karl Malden](/wiki/Karl_Malden \"Karl Malden\") and [Michael Douglas](/wiki/Michael_Douglas \"Michael Douglas\"), and *[Kung Fu](/wiki/Kung_Fu_%281972_TV_series%29 \"Kung Fu (1972 TV series)\")* with [David Carradine](/wiki/David_Carradine \"David Carradine\"), who made his directing debut on the episode, \"The Demon God,\" which was Tochi's largest guest role of three *Kung Fu* episodes he appeared in.", "Tochi also played an undercover informant who was beaten and killed in a gritty two\\-part episode of *[Police Story](/wiki/Police_Story_%281973_TV_series%29 \"Police Story (1973 TV series)\")* on [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"). He played another character that nearly died on the [Robert Young](/wiki/Robert_Young_%28actor%29 \"Robert Young (actor)\") medical drama *[Marcus Welby, M.D.](/wiki/Marcus_Welby%2C_M.D. \"Marcus Welby, M.D.\")*.", "" ]
Postwar service --------------- [thumb\|left\|Fred E. Haynes Jr. shown here as captain during the [Battle of Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima "Battle of Iwo Jima") in February 1945\.](/wiki/File:Fred_E._Haynes_Jr._on_Iwo_Jima.jpg "Fred E. Haynes Jr. on Iwo Jima.jpg") Following Iwo Jima, the 28th Marines sailed back for Hawaii in order to prepare for the [Invasion of Japan](/wiki/Invasion_of_Japan "Invasion of Japan"), but the surrender of the Empire at the beginning of September 1945 changed their plans. Haynes subsequently sailed to Japan with his regiment and took part in the [occupation duties](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan "Occupation of Japan") at [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo%2C_Nagasaki "Sasebo, Nagasaki"). The 28th Marines were ordered back to the United States for deactivation in December and Haynes was transferred to the [6th Marine Regiment](/wiki/6th_Marine_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "6th Marine Regiment (United States)") under Colonel [James P. Berkeley](/wiki/James_P._Berkeley "James P. Berkeley"), where he served as Operations officer of 1st then 3rd Battalions. Haynes returned to the United States in August 1946 and decided to remain on active service. He was ordered to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), for duty at [Headquarters Marine Corps](/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps "Headquarters Marine Corps") with the division of Plans and Policies and served in that capacity under Brigadier General [Gerald C. Thomas](/wiki/Gerald_C._Thomas "Gerald C. Thomas") until June 1949, when he was promoted to the rank of major and transferred back to his native [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"). He then spent three years as associate professor of naval science at the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin") and was ordered for instruction to the Amphibious Warfare School at Quantico, Virginia, in June 1952\. Upon the completion of the school in June 1953, Haynes was transferred to Japan and appointed Combat Intelligence Officer at the staff of [3rd Marine Division](/wiki/3rd_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Marine Division (United States)") under Major General [Robert H. Pepper](/wiki/Robert_H._Pepper "Robert H. Pepper"). From March until September 1954, Haynes served as executive officer of [2nd Battalion, 1st Marines](/wiki/2nd_Battalion%2C_1st_Marines "2nd Battalion, 1st Marines") in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") and took part in the defense of the [Korean Demilitarized Zone](/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone "Korean Demilitarized Zone"). Upon his return to the United States, Haynes was ordered to the [Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base](/wiki/Little_Creek_Naval_Amphibious_Base "Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base") and appointed Operations Officer of 2nd Combat Service Group within Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic under Brigadier General [Francis B. Loomis](/wiki/Francis_B._Loomis_Jr. "Francis B. Loomis Jr."). The Force Troops was responsible for all independent units under [Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic](/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force%2C_Atlantic "Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic") such as support artillery units, anti\-aircraft artillery units, military police battalions, separate engineer units and other miscellaneous force units. Haynes was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in December 1954 and assumed command of Field Maintenance Battalion within this command. In November 1956, Haynes was ordered to Washington, D.C., and attended Turkish studies at Foreign Service Institute. He was then transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps and served as Special Projects Officer within Operations Division. Haynes was transferred to [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara "Ankara"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), in May 1958 and served as Assistant Naval Attache for Air at the American Embassy under [Raymond A. Hare](/wiki/Raymond_A._Hare "Raymond A. Hare"). He was also present in Turkey during the [1960 Revolution](/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1960 Turkish coup d'état") and served as the principal contact between the embassy and the [Turkish military](/wiki/Turkish_military "Turkish military"). Following his return to the United States, Haynes was ordered for instruction to [Air War College](/wiki/Air_War_College "Air War College") at [Maxwell Air Force Base](/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base "Maxwell Air Force Base"), [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama"). He graduated with honors in June 1962 and assumed duties as head of Combat Intelligence Requirements and Readiness Branch, Intelligence Division at Headquarters Marine Corps under Major General [Robert E. Cushman](/wiki/Robert_E._Cushman_Jr. "Robert E. Cushman Jr."). While in this capacity, Haynes was promoted to the rank of colonel in July 1963\. During his time in Washington, Haynes earned [M.A. degree](/wiki/M.A._degree "M.A. degree") in International Affairs from [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University") in January 1963\. He was ordered to the Office of [Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs](/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_International_Security_Affairs "Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs") under [John McNaughton](/wiki/John_McNaughton_%28government_official%29 "John McNaughton (government official)") and served on the Policy Planning Staff as special assistant to the principal deputy and then director of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs at [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") until October 1966\. Haynes was decorated with the [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit "Legion of Merit") in this capacity.
[ "Postwar service\n---------------", "[thumb\\|left\\|Fred E. Haynes Jr. shown here as captain during the [Battle of Iwo Jima](/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima \"Battle of Iwo Jima\") in February 1945\\.](/wiki/File:Fred_E._Haynes_Jr._on_Iwo_Jima.jpg \"Fred E. Haynes Jr. on Iwo Jima.jpg\")\nFollowing Iwo Jima, the 28th Marines sailed back for Hawaii in order to prepare for the [Invasion of Japan](/wiki/Invasion_of_Japan \"Invasion of Japan\"), but the surrender of the Empire at the beginning of September 1945 changed their plans. Haynes subsequently sailed to Japan with his regiment and took part in the [occupation duties](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan \"Occupation of Japan\") at [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo%2C_Nagasaki \"Sasebo, Nagasaki\"). The 28th Marines were ordered back to the United States for deactivation in December and Haynes was transferred to the [6th Marine Regiment](/wiki/6th_Marine_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"6th Marine Regiment (United States)\") under Colonel [James P. Berkeley](/wiki/James_P._Berkeley \"James P. Berkeley\"), where he served as Operations officer of 1st then 3rd Battalions.", "Haynes returned to the United States in August 1946 and decided to remain on active service. He was ordered to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), for duty at [Headquarters Marine Corps](/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps \"Headquarters Marine Corps\") with the division of Plans and Policies and served in that capacity under Brigadier General [Gerald C. Thomas](/wiki/Gerald_C._Thomas \"Gerald C. Thomas\") until June 1949, when he was promoted to the rank of major and transferred back to his native [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\").", "He then spent three years as associate professor of naval science at the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\") and was ordered for instruction to the Amphibious Warfare School at Quantico, Virginia, in June 1952\\. Upon the completion of the school in June 1953, Haynes was transferred to Japan and appointed Combat Intelligence Officer at the staff of [3rd Marine Division](/wiki/3rd_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 \"3rd Marine Division (United States)\") under Major General [Robert H. Pepper](/wiki/Robert_H._Pepper \"Robert H. Pepper\"). From March until September 1954, Haynes served as executive officer of [2nd Battalion, 1st Marines](/wiki/2nd_Battalion%2C_1st_Marines \"2nd Battalion, 1st Marines\") in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\") and took part in the defense of the [Korean Demilitarized Zone](/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone \"Korean Demilitarized Zone\").", "Upon his return to the United States, Haynes was ordered to the [Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base](/wiki/Little_Creek_Naval_Amphibious_Base \"Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base\") and appointed Operations Officer of 2nd Combat Service Group within Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic under Brigadier General [Francis B. Loomis](/wiki/Francis_B._Loomis_Jr. \"Francis B. Loomis Jr.\"). The Force Troops was responsible for all independent units under [Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic](/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force%2C_Atlantic \"Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic\") such as support artillery units, anti\\-aircraft artillery units, military police battalions, separate engineer units and other miscellaneous force units. Haynes was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in December 1954 and assumed command of Field Maintenance Battalion within this command.", "In November 1956, Haynes was ordered to Washington, D.C., and attended Turkish studies at Foreign Service Institute. He was then transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps and served as Special Projects Officer within Operations Division. Haynes was transferred to [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), in May 1958 and served as Assistant Naval Attache for Air at the American Embassy under [Raymond A. Hare](/wiki/Raymond_A._Hare \"Raymond A. Hare\"). He was also present in Turkey during the [1960 Revolution](/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1960 Turkish coup d'état\") and served as the principal contact between the embassy and the [Turkish military](/wiki/Turkish_military \"Turkish military\").", "Following his return to the United States, Haynes was ordered for instruction to [Air War College](/wiki/Air_War_College \"Air War College\") at [Maxwell Air Force Base](/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base \"Maxwell Air Force Base\"), [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\"). He graduated with honors in June 1962 and assumed duties as head of Combat Intelligence Requirements and Readiness Branch, Intelligence Division at Headquarters Marine Corps under Major General [Robert E. Cushman](/wiki/Robert_E._Cushman_Jr. \"Robert E. Cushman Jr.\"). While in this capacity, Haynes was promoted to the rank of colonel in July 1963\\. During his time in Washington, Haynes earned [M.A. degree](/wiki/M.A._degree \"M.A. degree\") in International Affairs from [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University \"George Washington University\") in January 1963\\.", "He was ordered to the Office of [Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs](/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_International_Security_Affairs \"Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs\") under [John McNaughton](/wiki/John_McNaughton_%28government_official%29 \"John McNaughton (government official)\") and served on the Policy Planning Staff as special assistant to the principal deputy and then director of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs at [the Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") until October 1966\\. Haynes was decorated with the [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit \"Legion of Merit\") in this capacity.", "" ]
The 4CLT -------- {{Racing car \| Car\_name \= Maserati 4CLT \| Image \= \[\[File:Maserati 4CLT 48 fl.jpg\|300px\|An ex\-\[\[Reg Parnell]] Maserati 4CLT/48]]\| Category \= \[\[Voiturette (F2\)\|Voiturette]] / \[\[Formula One]] \| Constructor \= \[\[Maserati]] \| Designer \= \[\[Ernesto Maserati]] \[\[Alberto Massimino]] \[\[Vittorio Bellentani]] \[\[Arialdo Ruggieri]] \| Team \= \[\[Maserati\|Officine Alfieri Maserati]] \[\[Scuderia Platé]] \[\[Scuderia Ambrosiana]] \[\[Scuderia Achille Varzi]] \[\[Automóvil Club Argentino]] \[\[Scuderia Milano]]\| Drivers \= {{flagicon\|ITA}} \[\[Luigi Villoresi]] {{flagicon\|UK}} \[\[Reg Parnell]] {{flagicon\|SUI}} \[\[Toulo de Graffenried]] {{flagicon\|ARG}} \[\[Juan Manuel Fangio]] {{flagicon\|Monaco}} \[\[Louis Chiron]] {{flagicon\|Thailand}} ''\[\[Prince Bira\|B. Bira]]'' {{flagicon\|USA}} \[\[Harry Schell]] {{flagicon\|ITA}} \[\[Giuseppe Farina]]\| Chassis \= Light alloy tubular ladder \| Front suspension \= \[\[Independent suspension\|Independent]], \[\[coil spring]]s and hydraulic dampers \| Rear suspension \= \[\[Live axle]], \[\[leaf spring]]s and hydraulic dampers \| Wheelbase \= {{convert\|2500\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on}} \| Track \= F: {{convert\|1250\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on}} R: {{convert\|1200\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on}} \| Engine name \= Maserati \| Capacity \= 1491 cc \| Configuration \= \[\[straight\-4]], \| Turbo/NA \= two\-stage \[\[supercharger]], \| Engine position \= \[\[Front\-engine, rear\-wheel\-drive layout\|front\-mounted]] \| Gearbox name \= Maserati \| Gears \= 4\-speed \| Type \= \[\[manual gearbox\|manual]] \| Differential \= \| Fuel \= \| Tyres \= \[\[Pirelli]] / Ernesto / \[\[Dunlop Tyres\|Dunlop]]\| Debut \= \[\[1948 San Remo Grand Prix]] \| Races \= \| Wins \= 18 (post\-war Grand Prix) 0 (WC Formula One) 5 (non\-Champ F1\)\| Cons\_champ \= \| Drivers\_champ \= \| Poles \= \| Fastest\_laps \= \| }} Chassis and engine changes made to the experimental 4CLs eventually coalesced into the 4CLT, the appended *T* denoting its **t**ubular chassis. The improvements in torsional rigidity that the tubular construction brought were required to counteract the increases in torque and power resulting from the twin\-supercharger upgrade of the elderly inline\-4 engine. Power was up to approximately {{convert\|260\|bhp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}, from the 4CL's 220\. Other changes included the use of [roller bearings](/wiki/Roller_bearing "Roller bearing") for the [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft "Crankshaft"), forged (rather than cast) rear suspension components, and the chassis was designed to run with [hydraulic](/wiki/Hydraulic "Hydraulic") [dampers](/wiki/Dashpot "Dashpot") from the outset. ### 4CLT/48 *Sanremo* The first variant of the 4CLT earned its "Sanremo" nickname from the first race for which it was entered: the [1948 San Remo Grand Prix](/wiki/1948_San_Remo_Grand_Prix "1948 San Remo Grand Prix"). The name stuck, as [Alberto Ascari](/wiki/Alberto_Ascari "Alberto Ascari") took his 4CLT to victory in its maiden race appearance. A portent of things to come, Villoresi and [Reg Parnell](/wiki/Reg_Parnell "Reg Parnell") won five of the 1948 season's remaining races. In the first year of the Formula One World Championship, a Sanremo scored what was to be the Maserati's best Championship finish, when [Louis Chiron](/wiki/Louis_Chiron "Louis Chiron") took third place at his home Grand Prix: the [1950 Monaco Grand Prix](/wiki/1950_Monaco_Grand_Prix "1950 Monaco Grand Prix"). The last 4CLT variant to compete in the World Championship was a 4CLT/48 modified by the [Arzani\-Volpini](/wiki/Arzani-Volpini "Arzani-Volpini") team, that failed to even qualify for the [1955 Italian Grand Prix](/wiki/1955_Italian_Grand_Prix "1955 Italian Grand Prix"). #### 1949 {{Listen \|filename \=Maserati 4CLT (1949\).ogg \|title \=Maserati 4CLT/49 at Goodwood 2010 \|type \=sound \|style \=float:right;clear:none }} For 1949, minor modifications to the brake drums, switching from vanes to slits for cooling, along with small changes to the cockpit control layout and a repositioned oil header\-tank resulted in a car sometimes referred to as the 4CLT/49\. It was never known as such by the factory. The Ascari/Villoresi/Parnell trio, joined by [Juan Manuel Fangio](/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio "Juan Manuel Fangio") and [Toulo de Graffenried](/wiki/Toulo_de_Graffenried "Toulo de Graffenried"), took up where they had left off the previous season, winning nine of the first fifteen races of 1949, including de Graffenried's victory in the [British Grand Prix](/wiki/British_Grand_Prix "British Grand Prix"). However, the second half of the season only saw three further wins, as increasingly competitive [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari "Scuderia Ferrari") and [Talbot](/wiki/Talbot_%28automobile%29 "Talbot (automobile)") cars squeezed out the Maseratis in most major races. #### 1950–1951 1950 saw the introduction of the [FIA](/wiki/FIA "FIA") [World Championship of Drivers](/wiki/World_Championship_of_Drivers "World Championship of Drivers"). In response to improvements to the Alfa 158 and the already competitive Ferrari and Talbot, Maserati again upgraded the 4CLT's engine. A multi\-part crankshaft, lightened and balanced rods, a more powerful pair of superchargers and changes to the ignition timing took engine output up to a claimed {{convert\|280\|bhp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}.[Parker (2011\)](/wiki/%23PP11 "#PP11"), p. 19 Coupled to shedding {{convert\|10\|kg\|lb\|0\|abbr\=on}} from the car's weight, this brought the Maserati up to near\-Alfa levels of performance. Although moderately competitive in short runs, the final upgrades proved to be too much for the decade\-old powerplant's design and the 4CLT's Grand Prix performance was hindered by engine failures. The season's only Formula One wins came in non\-Championship events. Fangio won the [Pau Grand Prix](/wiki/Pau_Grand_Prix "Pau Grand Prix") on the same day as Parnell took the [Richmond Trophy](/wiki/Glover_Trophy "Glover Trophy") at [Goodwood](/wiki/Goodwood_Circuit "Goodwood Circuit"). [David Hampshire](/wiki/David_Hampshire "David Hampshire") won the [Nottingham Trophy](/wiki/Nottingham_Trophy "Nottingham Trophy") later in the year. Fangio also won the [Formula Two](/wiki/Formula_Two "Formula Two") [Ramparts Grand Prix](/wiki/Ramparts_Grand_Prix "Ramparts Grand Prix"), at [Angoulême](/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme "Angoulême"), in a 4CLT chassis fitted with an [A6GCM](/wiki/Maserati_A6 "Maserati A6") engine. The [Milano](/wiki/Milano_%28racing_team%29 "Milano (racing team)") team modified a 4CLT for use in 1950 and 1951, but without success. Also for 1951 B. Bira modified his '49\-spec 4CLT to accept a more powerful, {{convert\|4450\|cc\|cuin\|1\|abbr\=on}}, naturally aspirated [OSCA](/wiki/O.S.C.A. "O.S.C.A.") [V12](/wiki/V12_engine "V12 engine") engine. This engine developed around {{convert\|300\|bhp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}.[Parker (2011\)](/wiki/%23PP11 "#PP11"), p. 30 With it Bira won the Goodwood race early in the season, but in its only World Championship appearance, at the [1951 Spanish Grand Prix](/wiki/1951_Spanish_Grand_Prix "1951 Spanish Grand Prix"), it retired on the first lap. ### 4CLT/50 In late 1949 a number (two or three, depending on source) of the remaining Sanremo cars were converted for use in the [Temporada series](/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Grand_Prix_%28motor_racing%29 "Buenos Aires Grand Prix (motor racing)") [Formula Libre](/wiki/Formula_Libre "Formula Libre") races in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), Argentina, in the 1949 to 1950 summer season. This model was referred to as the 4CLT/50; although that name is sometimes also applied to the 1950\-specification Formula One cars, the Temporada cars are the only ones that were referred to as such by the factory. The modifications were mostly restricted to enlargement of the engine capacity to {{convert\|1719\|cc\|cuin\|1\|abbr\=on}}. Despite these improvements the series was dominated by Ferrari, and following the final race the cars were shipped back to Italy and reconverted to Formula One specifications. ### The Platé 4CLT A long term campaigner of Maserati automobiles, [Enrico Platé](/wiki/Enrico_Plat%C3%A9 "Enrico Platé") recognised the Maserati's shortcomings as a Formula One vehicle, and converted a 4CLT/48 into the Maserati\-Platé 4CLT [Formula Two](/wiki/Formula_Two "Formula Two") variant. As F2 was for [naturally aspirated](/wiki/Naturally_aspirated "Naturally aspirated") cars, the first step was to remove the superchargers. After this, to counteract the resulting loss in performance, the compression ratio was more than doubled and capacity was upped to the class limit of {{convert\|2\.0\|L\|cuin\|2\|abbr\=on}}. With the lower power output from the revised engine, weight was shed and handling sharpened by reducing the wheelbase. ### Final race wins De Graffenried won the Richmond Trophy, and [Giuseppe Farina](/wiki/Giuseppe_Farina "Giuseppe Farina") the [Paris Grand Prix](/wiki/Paris_Grand_Prix "Paris Grand Prix"), in 1951, but with the switch to Formula Two rules for the World Championship from {{F1\|1952}} onwards, the old 4CLT chassis were found to be overweight and underpowered in comparison to their newer rivals. Despite having been the mainstay of top\-flight racing since the end of the 1930s, the 4CL and 4CLT rapidly fell from favour, as smaller and lighter machines began to emerge from European factories still recovering from the effects of war. Today, many 4CL and 4CLT models survive and are regularly campaigned in historic motorsport events, as well as being on static display in museums.
[ "The 4CLT\n--------", "{{Racing car \\|\n Car\\_name \\= Maserati 4CLT \\|\n Image \\= \\[\\[File:Maserati 4CLT 48 fl.jpg\\|300px\\|An ex\\-\\[\\[Reg Parnell]] Maserati 4CLT/48]]\\|\n Category \\= \\[\\[Voiturette (F2\\)\\|Voiturette]] / \\[\\[Formula One]] \\|\n Constructor \\= \\[\\[Maserati]] \\|\n Designer \\= \\[\\[Ernesto Maserati]] \n\\[\\[Alberto Massimino]] \n\\[\\[Vittorio Bellentani]] \n\\[\\[Arialdo Ruggieri]] \\|\n Team \\= \\[\\[Maserati\\|Officine Alfieri Maserati]] \n\\[\\[Scuderia Platé]] \n\\[\\[Scuderia Ambrosiana]] \n\\[\\[Scuderia Achille Varzi]] \n\\[\\[Automóvil Club Argentino]] \n\\[\\[Scuderia Milano]]\\|\n Drivers \\= {{flagicon\\|ITA}} \\[\\[Luigi Villoresi]] \n{{flagicon\\|UK}} \\[\\[Reg Parnell]] \n{{flagicon\\|SUI}} \\[\\[Toulo de Graffenried]] \n{{flagicon\\|ARG}} \\[\\[Juan Manuel Fangio]] \n{{flagicon\\|Monaco}} \\[\\[Louis Chiron]] \n{{flagicon\\|Thailand}} ''\\[\\[Prince Bira\\|B. Bira]]'' \n{{flagicon\\|USA}} \\[\\[Harry Schell]] \n{{flagicon\\|ITA}} \\[\\[Giuseppe Farina]]\\|\n Chassis \\= Light alloy tubular ladder \\|\n Front suspension \\= \\[\\[Independent suspension\\|Independent]], \\[\\[coil spring]]s and hydraulic dampers \\|\n Rear suspension \\= \\[\\[Live axle]], \\[\\[leaf spring]]s and hydraulic dampers \\|\n Wheelbase \\= {{convert\\|2500\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\|\n Track \\= F: {{convert\\|1250\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \nR: {{convert\\|1200\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\|\n Engine name \\= Maserati \\|\n Capacity \\= 1491 cc \\|\n Configuration \\= \\[\\[straight\\-4]], \\|\n Turbo/NA \\= two\\-stage \\[\\[supercharger]], \\|\n Engine position \\= \\[\\[Front\\-engine, rear\\-wheel\\-drive layout\\|front\\-mounted]] \\|\n Gearbox name \\= Maserati \\|\n Gears \\= 4\\-speed \\|\n Type \\= \\[\\[manual gearbox\\|manual]] \\|\n Differential \\= \\|\n Fuel \\= \\|\n Tyres \\= \\[\\[Pirelli]] / Ernesto / \\[\\[Dunlop Tyres\\|Dunlop]]\\|\n Debut \\= \\[\\[1948 San Remo Grand Prix]] \\|\n Races \\= \\|\n Wins \\= 18 (post\\-war Grand Prix) \n0 (WC Formula One) \n5 (non\\-Champ F1\\)\\|\n Cons\\_champ \\= \\|\n Drivers\\_champ \\= \\|\n Poles \\= \\|\n Fastest\\_laps \\= \\|\n}}\nChassis and engine changes made to the experimental 4CLs eventually coalesced into the 4CLT, the appended *T* denoting its **t**ubular chassis. The improvements in torsional rigidity that the tubular construction brought were required to counteract the increases in torque and power resulting from the twin\\-supercharger upgrade of the elderly inline\\-4 engine. Power was up to approximately {{convert\\|260\\|bhp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, from the 4CL's 220\\. Other changes included the use of [roller bearings](/wiki/Roller_bearing \"Roller bearing\") for the [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft \"Crankshaft\"), forged (rather than cast) rear suspension components, and the chassis was designed to run with [hydraulic](/wiki/Hydraulic \"Hydraulic\") [dampers](/wiki/Dashpot \"Dashpot\") from the outset.", "### 4CLT/48 *Sanremo*", "The first variant of the 4CLT earned its \"Sanremo\" nickname from the first race for which it was entered: the [1948 San Remo Grand Prix](/wiki/1948_San_Remo_Grand_Prix \"1948 San Remo Grand Prix\"). The name stuck, as [Alberto Ascari](/wiki/Alberto_Ascari \"Alberto Ascari\") took his 4CLT to victory in its maiden race appearance. A portent of things to come, Villoresi and [Reg Parnell](/wiki/Reg_Parnell \"Reg Parnell\") won five of the 1948 season's remaining races. In the first year of the Formula One World Championship, a Sanremo scored what was to be the Maserati's best Championship finish, when [Louis Chiron](/wiki/Louis_Chiron \"Louis Chiron\") took third place at his home Grand Prix: the [1950 Monaco Grand Prix](/wiki/1950_Monaco_Grand_Prix \"1950 Monaco Grand Prix\"). The last 4CLT variant to compete in the World Championship was a 4CLT/48 modified by the [Arzani\\-Volpini](/wiki/Arzani-Volpini \"Arzani-Volpini\") team, that failed to even qualify for the [1955 Italian Grand Prix](/wiki/1955_Italian_Grand_Prix \"1955 Italian Grand Prix\").", "#### 1949", "{{Listen\n \\|filename \\=Maserati 4CLT (1949\\).ogg\n \\|title \\=Maserati 4CLT/49 at Goodwood 2010\n \\|type \\=sound\n \\|style \\=float:right;clear:none\n}}\nFor 1949, minor modifications to the brake drums, switching from vanes to slits for cooling, along with small changes to the cockpit control layout and a repositioned oil header\\-tank resulted in a car sometimes referred to as the 4CLT/49\\. It was never known as such by the factory. The Ascari/Villoresi/Parnell trio, joined by [Juan Manuel Fangio](/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio \"Juan Manuel Fangio\") and [Toulo de Graffenried](/wiki/Toulo_de_Graffenried \"Toulo de Graffenried\"), took up where they had left off the previous season, winning nine of the first fifteen races of 1949, including de Graffenried's victory in the [British Grand Prix](/wiki/British_Grand_Prix \"British Grand Prix\"). However, the second half of the season only saw three further wins, as increasingly competitive [Ferrari](/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari \"Scuderia Ferrari\") and [Talbot](/wiki/Talbot_%28automobile%29 \"Talbot (automobile)\") cars squeezed out the Maseratis in most major races.", "#### 1950–1951", "1950 saw the introduction of the [FIA](/wiki/FIA \"FIA\") [World Championship of Drivers](/wiki/World_Championship_of_Drivers \"World Championship of Drivers\"). In response to improvements to the Alfa 158 and the already competitive Ferrari and Talbot, Maserati again upgraded the 4CLT's engine. A multi\\-part crankshaft, lightened and balanced rods, a more powerful pair of superchargers and changes to the ignition timing took engine output up to a claimed {{convert\\|280\\|bhp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.[Parker (2011\\)](/wiki/%23PP11 \"#PP11\"), p. 19 Coupled to shedding {{convert\\|10\\|kg\\|lb\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} from the car's weight, this brought the Maserati up to near\\-Alfa levels of performance. Although moderately competitive in short runs, the final upgrades proved to be too much for the decade\\-old powerplant's design and the 4CLT's Grand Prix performance was hindered by engine failures. The season's only Formula One wins came in non\\-Championship events. Fangio won the [Pau Grand Prix](/wiki/Pau_Grand_Prix \"Pau Grand Prix\") on the same day as Parnell took the [Richmond Trophy](/wiki/Glover_Trophy \"Glover Trophy\") at [Goodwood](/wiki/Goodwood_Circuit \"Goodwood Circuit\"). [David Hampshire](/wiki/David_Hampshire \"David Hampshire\") won the [Nottingham Trophy](/wiki/Nottingham_Trophy \"Nottingham Trophy\") later in the year. Fangio also won the [Formula Two](/wiki/Formula_Two \"Formula Two\") [Ramparts Grand Prix](/wiki/Ramparts_Grand_Prix \"Ramparts Grand Prix\"), at [Angoulême](/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme \"Angoulême\"), in a 4CLT chassis fitted with an [A6GCM](/wiki/Maserati_A6 \"Maserati A6\") engine. The [Milano](/wiki/Milano_%28racing_team%29 \"Milano (racing team)\") team modified a 4CLT for use in 1950 and 1951, but without success.", "Also for 1951 B. Bira modified his '49\\-spec 4CLT to accept a more powerful, {{convert\\|4450\\|cc\\|cuin\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}, naturally aspirated [OSCA](/wiki/O.S.C.A. \"O.S.C.A.\") [V12](/wiki/V12_engine \"V12 engine\") engine. This engine developed around {{convert\\|300\\|bhp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.[Parker (2011\\)](/wiki/%23PP11 \"#PP11\"), p. 30 With it Bira won the Goodwood race early in the season, but in its only World Championship appearance, at the [1951 Spanish Grand Prix](/wiki/1951_Spanish_Grand_Prix \"1951 Spanish Grand Prix\"), it retired on the first lap.", "### 4CLT/50", "In late 1949 a number (two or three, depending on source) of the remaining Sanremo cars were converted for use in the [Temporada series](/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Grand_Prix_%28motor_racing%29 \"Buenos Aires Grand Prix (motor racing)\") [Formula Libre](/wiki/Formula_Libre \"Formula Libre\") races in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"), Argentina, in the 1949 to 1950 summer season. This model was referred to as the 4CLT/50; although that name is sometimes also applied to the 1950\\-specification Formula One cars, the Temporada cars are the only ones that were referred to as such by the factory. The modifications were mostly restricted to enlargement of the engine capacity to {{convert\\|1719\\|cc\\|cuin\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}. Despite these improvements the series was dominated by Ferrari, and following the final race the cars were shipped back to Italy and reconverted to Formula One specifications.", "### The Platé 4CLT", "A long term campaigner of Maserati automobiles, [Enrico Platé](/wiki/Enrico_Plat%C3%A9 \"Enrico Platé\") recognised the Maserati's shortcomings as a Formula One vehicle, and converted a 4CLT/48 into the Maserati\\-Platé 4CLT [Formula Two](/wiki/Formula_Two \"Formula Two\") variant. As F2 was for [naturally aspirated](/wiki/Naturally_aspirated \"Naturally aspirated\") cars, the first step was to remove the superchargers. After this, to counteract the resulting loss in performance, the compression ratio was more than doubled and capacity was upped to the class limit of {{convert\\|2\\.0\\|L\\|cuin\\|2\\|abbr\\=on}}. With the lower power output from the revised engine, weight was shed and handling sharpened by reducing the wheelbase.", "### Final race wins", "De Graffenried won the Richmond Trophy, and [Giuseppe Farina](/wiki/Giuseppe_Farina \"Giuseppe Farina\") the [Paris Grand Prix](/wiki/Paris_Grand_Prix \"Paris Grand Prix\"), in 1951, but with the switch to Formula Two rules for the World Championship from {{F1\\|1952}} onwards, the old 4CLT chassis were found to be overweight and underpowered in comparison to their newer rivals. Despite having been the mainstay of top\\-flight racing since the end of the 1930s, the 4CL and 4CLT rapidly fell from favour, as smaller and lighter machines began to emerge from European factories still recovering from the effects of war.", "Today, many 4CL and 4CLT models survive and are regularly campaigned in historic motorsport events, as well as being on static display in museums.", "" ]
Operation --------- A company would report and pay tax at the [company tax rate](/wiki/Australian_corporate_tax_rate "Australian corporate tax rate") in the normal manner. The company would keep track of the company tax it has paid in a **franking account**. If and when the company distributes money to shareholders in the form of [dividends](/wiki/Dividend "Dividend"), it would indicate to shareholders the amount of franking credits it has applied to the dividend, and deduct the amount from its franking account. The franking amount cannot be greater than the company’s tax rate. When the shareholders lodge their tax returns, they include the dividend and the franking amount in their taxable income, but the shareholders are also entitled to claim a tax credit for this franking amount. The shareholders would then pay tax calculated on the basis of their marginal tax rate, which may be higher or lower than the company tax rate.{{cite journal \|last1\=Campbell \|first1\=J. K. \|title\=Australian Financial System \- Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry \|date\=1 September 1981 \|page\=216 \|url\=https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019\-05/Chpt13\-22\_v2\.pdf}} Companies which have paid Australian company tax can declare how much of the tax paid, recorded as franking credit, is to be attached to a dividend. Dividends paid with the maximum franking credit allowable are called fully franked dividends, and [Australian\-resident shareholders](/wiki/Income_tax_in_Australia%23Residency_for_tax_purposes "Income tax in Australia#Residency for tax purposes") who receive them would declare both the dividends and the associated franking credits on their tax returns in addition to all other ordinary income. They are also entitled to claim back a credit for the value of the franking credit. A company may distribute dividends though it has no franking credits (perhaps because it has been making tax losses), which are called an *unfranked dividends*. It may also pay a franked portion and an unfranked portion, known as *partly franked*. An unfranked dividend (or the unfranked portion) is [ordinary income](/wiki/Ordinary_income "Ordinary income") in the hands of the shareholder. For example, if a company makes a profit of $100 and pays company tax of $30 (at 2006 rates), it records the $30 in the franking account. The company now has $70 of retained profit to pay a dividend, either in the same year or later years. When it does so, it may attach a franking credit from its franking account, in proportion to the tax rate. If a $70 dividend is paid to which $30 of franking credits are attached, the franking account is reduced by $30\. An eligible shareholder receiving a franked dividend declares as income the cash received, plus the franking credit. The franking credit is then credited against the tax payable on their income. The effect is as if the tax office reversed the company tax by giving back the $30 to the shareholder and had them treat the original $100 of profit as income, in the shareholder's hands, like the company was merely a conduit. Thus company profits distributed to eligible shareholders are taxed in their entirety at the shareholder's rate. Profits retained by the company or distributed to ineligible shareholders remain taxed at the corporate rate. Non\-resident shareholders are not entitled to claim a tax credit or refund of imputation credits, nor are they required to gross\-up their taxable income. Unfranked dividends received by non\-residents are subject to a [withholding tax](/wiki/Withholding_tax "Withholding tax"), which does not apply to franked dividends. The actual law is complex, the core is in the [Income Tax Assessment Act 1936](/wiki/Income_Tax_Assessment_Act_1936 "Income Tax Assessment Act 1936") and other elements are in the [Income Tax Assessment Act 1997](/wiki/Income_Tax_Assessment_Act_1997 "Income Tax Assessment Act 1997"). Initially, in 1987, excess franking credits over the tax liability were lost, but since 2000, such excess credits have been refundable.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Investing/In\-detail/Investing\-in\-shares/Refunding\-franking\-credits\-\-\-individuals/\|title\=Refunding excess franking credits – individuals\|date\=28 June 2017\|publisher\=Australian Taxation Office}}
[ "Operation\n---------", "A company would report and pay tax at the [company tax rate](/wiki/Australian_corporate_tax_rate \"Australian corporate tax rate\") in the normal manner. The company would keep track of the company tax it has paid in a **franking account**. If and when the company distributes money to shareholders in the form of [dividends](/wiki/Dividend \"Dividend\"), it would indicate to shareholders the amount of franking credits it has applied to the dividend, and deduct the amount from its franking account. The franking amount cannot be greater than the company’s tax rate. When the shareholders lodge their tax returns, they include the dividend and the franking amount in their taxable income, but the shareholders are also entitled to claim a tax credit for this franking amount. The shareholders would then pay tax calculated on the basis of their marginal tax rate, which may be higher or lower than the company tax rate.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Campbell \\|first1\\=J. K. \\|title\\=Australian Financial System \\- Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry \\|date\\=1 September 1981 \\|page\\=216 \\|url\\=https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019\\-05/Chpt13\\-22\\_v2\\.pdf}}", "Companies which have paid Australian company tax can declare how much of the tax paid, recorded as franking credit, is to be attached to a dividend. Dividends paid with the maximum franking credit allowable are called fully franked dividends, and [Australian\\-resident shareholders](/wiki/Income_tax_in_Australia%23Residency_for_tax_purposes \"Income tax in Australia#Residency for tax purposes\") who receive them would declare both the dividends and the associated franking credits on their tax returns in addition to all other ordinary income. They are also entitled to claim back a credit for the value of the franking credit. A company may distribute dividends though it has no franking credits (perhaps because it has been making tax losses), which are called an *unfranked dividends*. It may also pay a franked portion and an unfranked portion, known as *partly franked*. An unfranked dividend (or the unfranked portion) is [ordinary income](/wiki/Ordinary_income \"Ordinary income\") in the hands of the shareholder.", "For example, if a company makes a profit of $100 and pays company tax of $30 (at 2006 rates), it records the $30 in the franking account. The company now has $70 of retained profit to pay a dividend, either in the same year or later years. When it does so, it may attach a franking credit from its franking account, in proportion to the tax rate. If a $70 dividend is paid to which $30 of franking credits are attached, the franking account is reduced by $30\\.", "An eligible shareholder receiving a franked dividend declares as income the cash received, plus the franking credit. The franking credit is then credited against the tax payable on their income. The effect is as if the tax office reversed the company tax by giving back the $30 to the shareholder and had them treat the original $100 of profit as income, in the shareholder's hands, like the company was merely a conduit.", "Thus company profits distributed to eligible shareholders are taxed in their entirety at the shareholder's rate. Profits retained by the company or distributed to ineligible shareholders remain taxed at the corporate rate.", "Non\\-resident shareholders are not entitled to claim a tax credit or refund of imputation credits, nor are they required to gross\\-up their taxable income. Unfranked dividends received by non\\-residents are subject to a [withholding tax](/wiki/Withholding_tax \"Withholding tax\"), which does not apply to franked dividends.", "The actual law is complex, the core is in the [Income Tax Assessment Act 1936](/wiki/Income_Tax_Assessment_Act_1936 \"Income Tax Assessment Act 1936\") and other elements are in the [Income Tax Assessment Act 1997](/wiki/Income_Tax_Assessment_Act_1997 \"Income Tax Assessment Act 1997\").", "Initially, in 1987, excess franking credits over the tax liability were lost, but since 2000, such excess credits have been refundable.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Investing/In\\-detail/Investing\\-in\\-shares/Refunding\\-franking\\-credits\\-\\-\\-individuals/\\|title\\=Refunding excess franking credits – individuals\\|date\\=28 June 2017\\|publisher\\=Australian Taxation Office}}", "" ]
Restrictions on eligibility --------------------------- There are restrictions on who can claim franking credits. Those who cannot claim the credit simply declare as income the cash part of the dividend amount received, and ignore the franking credit on the tax return. The "holding period rule" has applied since 1 July 2000\. Its objective is to prevent traders buying shares on the last cum\-dividend date and selling them the following day ex\-dividend. The typical result would be that the trader would receive the dividend, together with the franking credits, while incurring an equivalent capital loss and qualifying for the franking credit with only overnight risk in holding the shares. An eligible shareholder is one who either: * holds the shares for a continuous period of 45 days or more (not counting purchase and sale days); or 90 days in the case of certain [preference shares](/wiki/Preferred_stock "Preferred stock"). This is the "holding period rule". Shares must be "at risk" for the necessary period, i.e. not with an offsetting [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative_%28finance%29 "Derivative (finance)") position for instance, or * has total franking credits for the tax year of less than $5000 (the "small shareholder exemption") and has not arranged to pass\-on the benefits to someone else (the "related payments rule"). Thus franking credits are not available to short\-term traders, only to longer term holders, but with small holders exempted provided it's for their own benefit. The small shareholder exemption is not a "first $5000", but rather once the $5000 threshold is passed the rule is inoperative and all the shares are under the holding period rule. For the holding period rule, parcels of shares bought and sold at different times are reckoned on a "first in, last out" basis. Each sale is taken to be of the most recently purchased shares. This prevents a taxpayer buying just before a dividend, selling just after, and asserting it was older shares sold (to try to fulfill the holding period). This "first in, last out" reckoning may be contrasted with [capital gains tax](/wiki/Capital_gains_tax "Capital gains tax"). For capital gains the shareholder can nominate what parcel was sold from among those bought at different times.
[ "Restrictions on eligibility\n---------------------------", "There are restrictions on who can claim franking credits. Those who cannot claim the credit simply declare as income the cash part of the dividend amount received, and ignore the franking credit on the tax return. The \"holding period rule\" has applied since 1 July 2000\\. Its objective is to prevent traders buying shares on the last cum\\-dividend date and selling them the following day ex\\-dividend. The typical result would be that the trader would receive the dividend, together with the franking credits, while incurring an equivalent capital loss and qualifying for the franking credit with only overnight risk in holding the shares.", "An eligible shareholder is one who either:", "* holds the shares for a continuous period of 45 days or more (not counting purchase and sale days); or 90 days in the case of certain [preference shares](/wiki/Preferred_stock \"Preferred stock\"). This is the \"holding period rule\". Shares must be \"at risk\" for the necessary period, i.e. not with an offsetting [derivatives](/wiki/Derivative_%28finance%29 \"Derivative (finance)\") position for instance, or\n* has total franking credits for the tax year of less than $5000 (the \"small shareholder exemption\") and has not arranged to pass\\-on the benefits to someone else (the \"related payments rule\").", "Thus franking credits are not available to short\\-term traders, only to longer term holders, but with small holders exempted provided it's for their own benefit.", "The small shareholder exemption is not a \"first $5000\", but rather once the $5000 threshold is passed the rule is inoperative and all the shares are under the holding period rule.", "For the holding period rule, parcels of shares bought and sold at different times are reckoned on a \"first in, last out\" basis. Each sale is taken to be of the most recently purchased shares. This prevents a taxpayer buying just before a dividend, selling just after, and asserting it was older shares sold (to try to fulfill the holding period).", "This \"first in, last out\" reckoning may be contrasted with [capital gains tax](/wiki/Capital_gains_tax \"Capital gains tax\"). For capital gains the shareholder can nominate what parcel was sold from among those bought at different times.", "" ]
Music career ------------ ### 1994–1998 Horan began his professional career in 1994, providing bass and vocals for the Miami rock band Jennifer Culture, with whom he played until 1995\. Later in 1995, he joined the rap/rock band [Darwin's Waiting Room](/wiki/Darwin%27s_Waiting_Room "Darwin's Waiting Room"), in which he performed as bassist and vocalist during 1995\-96\. Darwin's Waiting Room is currently signed to [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records "MCA Records"). In 1997, Horan joined [Vertical Horizon](/wiki/Vertical_Horizon "Vertical Horizon") as bassist and backing vocalist. The band was signed by [RCA](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records"), and Horan played on the demos that led to Vertical Horizon's hit single, "[Everything You Want](/wiki/Everything_You_Want_%28Vertical_Horizon_song%29 "Everything You Want (Vertical Horizon song)")" (the \#1 Billboard song of July, 2000\), but left the band before the song's final recording and release. [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") ### 1998–2001 Horan realized that in order to present his own music to the world, and do so in the most meaningful way, he was going to have to do it alone, at least for a while. So in 1999 he began performing live shows as a solo singer/songwriter, accompanying his voice only with his bass. Key to this goal was building a following on the college circuit, and he made the rounds at numerous New York and Massachusetts, such as the [University at Buffalo](/wiki/University_at_Buffalo "University at Buffalo"), [Medaille College](/wiki/Medaille_College "Medaille College"), [Rochester Institute of Technology](/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology "Rochester Institute of Technology"), [Keuka College](/wiki/Keuka_College "Keuka College"), and [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University"). He released his first solo album, *...this is the session.*, in 2000\. After releasing *...this is the session.*, Horan relocated to [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") in 2001\. He was active on the open\-mic circuit and continued his practice of playing at local colleges and universities, adding [Chapman University](/wiki/Chapman_University "Chapman University"), [Scripps College](/wiki/Scripps_College "Scripps College"), the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California"), and [California Polytechnic University](/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University "California Polytechnic State University") to his roster. He picked up session work as a bassist in between playing shows and self\-producing a five\-song EP, *;torn up;*. Subtitled "Sketches in progress", the EP featured Horan doing triple duty on vocals, bass and drums, and served as a prelude to his next full\-length album. He also became an active member in the Los Angeles chapter of the Just Plain Folks Music Organization in 2001, and in 2003, he received their 2002 Founders Award for Male Artist of the Year. ### 2001–2003 Recording for the new album, to be called *Notwithstanding*, began in late 2001 at the Malgamar Studio House, owned and operated by fellow East\-Coast transplant David Peters. Horan and Peters produced the album along with Vertical Horizon drummer [Ed Toth](/wiki/Ed_Toth "Ed Toth"), with whom Horan had originally played in Jennifer Culture. *Notwithstanding* was released in 2002\. 2002 brought a huge change to Horan's life: he decided to go on tour literally full\-time. He ended up without a permanent address, living mainly in motels, his own van, and the vehicles of other touring musicians, from March 2002 until May 2005\. During this period, Horan played approximately 420 shows and crisscrossed the country from coast to coast at least 29 times, finally settling in [Reno, Nevada](/wiki/Reno%2C_Nevada "Reno, Nevada"). During this period, he widened the scope of his college circuit endeavors still further, including performances at the [University of New Mexico](/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico "University of New Mexico") in [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico "Albuquerque, New Mexico"), [Lewis \& Clark College](/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_College "Lewis & Clark College"), [Wayne State University](/wiki/Wayne_State_University "Wayne State University"), the [University of Dallas](/wiki/University_of_Dallas "University of Dallas"), and [Antioch College](/wiki/Antioch_College "Antioch College"). Lack of a permanent address did not, however, mean the end of Horan's musical creativity. In 2003, he began to experiment with the musical and technical possibilities of [effects pedals](/wiki/Effects_pedals "Effects pedals"), integrating a digital delay/loop pedal into both his songwriting and live performances. He continues to use a [BOSS Corporation](/wiki/BOSS_Corporation "BOSS Corporation") loop station for recording and live shows, to impressive effect. ### 2003–2006 Slightly more than a year into his three\-year tour, Horan was signed by [Benchmark Records](/wiki/Benchmark_Records "Benchmark Records"), an independent label based in [Indianapolis, Indiana](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana "Indianapolis, Indiana"). Through Benchmark, Horan was able to remix and remaster *Notwithstanding* for reissue in late 2003, and in July 2003, he recorded the tracks for his third full\-length album, *Conduit*. Through the end of 2003, several live performances across the country were also recorded, for inclusion in a compilation download available with preorders of the album. *Conduit* was released in 2004, and the pace of Horan's touring increased to support and promote the new album. Along with a full slate of performances on the cross\-country college circuit, he played a number of shows at [Borders Books and Music](/wiki/Borders_Books_and_Music "Borders Books and Music") locations in New York, Kansas and California. Unfortunately, Benchmark closed its doors in December 2004, leaving Horan without a label throughout 2005 and going into the Winter [NAMM Show](/wiki/NAMM_Show "NAMM Show") in January 2006\. For several years, however, numerous musicians played shows in the lobby of the Anaheim Marriott Hotel after the trade show ended each day, and that year, Horan's set was seen by Hans\-Peter Wilfer, head of [Warwick](/wiki/Warwick_%28bass_guitar%29 "Warwick (bass guitar)") bass guitars. In a conversation following the show, Wilfer invited Horan (already a Warwick endorsee to the extent of receiving discounts on gear and special assistance on repairs) to play at the Warwick booth during the Musikmesse trade show in [Frankfurt am Main, Germany](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main%2C_Germany "Frankfurt am Main, Germany") in March 2006\...and offered to build him a custom bass. On the strength of his performances at the Musikmesse, Horan was contracted to be Warwick's first\-ever bass clinician and product demonstrator. After two weeks of intensive training in June 2006 at the Warwick factory in [Markneukirchen](/wiki/Markneukirchen "Markneukirchen"), Germany learning the details of what makes Warwick's instruments special, he began performing and leading bass clinics an average of once a month, both within the US and internationally. Traveling from his base in Reno, Horan has represented Warwick in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Brazil, mainland China, and Australia. Most recently, Horan represented Warwick at the January 2008 NAMM show and March 2008 Musikmesse \- all this while maintaining a significant tour schedule in the US. ### 2006–2009 Also in 2006, Horan was awarded a 2006\-2007 Fellowship by the Nevada Arts Council. This grant helped him record and release his fifth album, the *Happenstance* EP, in early 2007\. Horan released his first DVD, *Between Two Oceans*, in 2008\. The DVD, a collaboration with Los Angeles film editor and independent filmmaker Keith A. Cox, features interviews, conversations, and live performance footage recorded between 2001–2007, and explores the progression of his music through the stages of his life and career. In fact, Cox spent significant time in 2001 and 2002 recording Horan at shows in Los Angeles and on tour, and later provided him a camera to continue the recording process. A project close to Horan's heart is the Three Men on Bass series. Begun in September 2002, the nearly annual series includes performances by Horan and fellow solo singer/songwriter/bassists Gonzalo Silva and Tom Bianchi. The trio is currently scheduled to play four shows in June and July 2008\. Early 2009, Seth started playing a custom built fanned fret 5 string bass by luthier Jared Carpenter (<http://www.jcbasses.com>) of Auburn, CA. The bass was used in the recording of his latest album "Clang \& Chime" due out in October 2009\. ### 2010–2014 Horan spent much of this period stepping back from performance and recording to focus on educational music workshops and private music instruction, though he did begin work on eight songs that would eventually be released through his Patreon page and later releases. ### 2015–present In 2015, Horan began releasing songs to fans who subscribe to his page on Patreon.com — He released 9 songs that year, followed by 7 songs in 2016 and 10 songs in 2017\. Some of the songs also appeared on a limited edition CD release titled “The Mean”, which came out in December 2016\. Horan performs periodic web concerts which are broadcast to patrons and fans, and in May 2017, he began releasing a monthly podcast, which features his own music, as well as interviews with and music from other independent musicians.
[ "Music career\n------------", "### 1994–1998", "Horan began his professional career in 1994, providing bass and vocals for the Miami rock band Jennifer Culture, with whom he played until 1995\\.", "Later in 1995, he joined the rap/rock band [Darwin's Waiting Room](/wiki/Darwin%27s_Waiting_Room \"Darwin's Waiting Room\"), in which he performed as bassist and vocalist during 1995\\-96\\. Darwin's Waiting Room is currently signed to [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records \"MCA Records\").", "In 1997, Horan joined [Vertical Horizon](/wiki/Vertical_Horizon \"Vertical Horizon\") as bassist and backing vocalist. The band was signed by [RCA](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\"), and Horan played on the demos that led to Vertical Horizon's hit single, \"[Everything You Want](/wiki/Everything_You_Want_%28Vertical_Horizon_song%29 \"Everything You Want (Vertical Horizon song)\")\" (the \\#1 Billboard song of July, 2000\\), but left the band before the song's final recording and release. [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\")", "### 1998–2001", "Horan realized that in order to present his own music to the world, and do so in the most meaningful way, he was going to have to do it alone, at least for a while. So in 1999 he began performing live shows as a solo singer/songwriter, accompanying his voice only with his bass. Key to this goal was building a following on the college circuit, and he made the rounds at numerous New York and Massachusetts, such as the [University at Buffalo](/wiki/University_at_Buffalo \"University at Buffalo\"), [Medaille College](/wiki/Medaille_College \"Medaille College\"), [Rochester Institute of Technology](/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology \"Rochester Institute of Technology\"), [Keuka College](/wiki/Keuka_College \"Keuka College\"), and [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\"). He released his first solo album, *...this is the session.*, in 2000\\.", "After releasing *...this is the session.*, Horan relocated to [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") in 2001\\. He was active on the open\\-mic circuit and continued his practice of playing at local colleges and universities, adding [Chapman University](/wiki/Chapman_University \"Chapman University\"), [Scripps College](/wiki/Scripps_College \"Scripps College\"), the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\"), and [California Polytechnic University](/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University \"California Polytechnic State University\") to his roster. He picked up session work as a bassist in between playing shows and self\\-producing a five\\-song EP, *;torn up;*. Subtitled \"Sketches in progress\", the EP featured Horan doing triple duty on vocals, bass and drums, and served as a prelude to his next full\\-length album.", "He also became an active member in the Los Angeles chapter of the Just Plain Folks Music Organization in 2001, and in 2003, he received their 2002 Founders Award for Male Artist of the Year.", "### 2001–2003", "Recording for the new album, to be called *Notwithstanding*, began in late 2001 at the Malgamar Studio House, owned and operated by fellow East\\-Coast transplant David Peters. Horan and Peters produced the album along with Vertical Horizon drummer [Ed Toth](/wiki/Ed_Toth \"Ed Toth\"), with whom Horan had originally played in Jennifer Culture. *Notwithstanding* was released in 2002\\.", "2002 brought a huge change to Horan's life: he decided to go on tour literally full\\-time. He ended up without a permanent address, living mainly in motels, his own van, and the vehicles of other touring musicians, from March 2002 until May 2005\\. During this period, Horan played approximately 420 shows and crisscrossed the country from coast to coast at least 29 times, finally settling in [Reno, Nevada](/wiki/Reno%2C_Nevada \"Reno, Nevada\"). During this period, he widened the scope of his college circuit endeavors still further, including performances at the [University of New Mexico](/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico \"University of New Mexico\") in [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico \"Albuquerque, New Mexico\"), [Lewis \\& Clark College](/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_College \"Lewis & Clark College\"), [Wayne State University](/wiki/Wayne_State_University \"Wayne State University\"), the [University of Dallas](/wiki/University_of_Dallas \"University of Dallas\"), and [Antioch College](/wiki/Antioch_College \"Antioch College\").", "Lack of a permanent address did not, however, mean the end of Horan's musical creativity. In 2003, he began to experiment with the musical and technical possibilities of [effects pedals](/wiki/Effects_pedals \"Effects pedals\"), integrating a digital delay/loop pedal into both his songwriting and live performances. He continues to use a [BOSS Corporation](/wiki/BOSS_Corporation \"BOSS Corporation\") loop station for recording and live shows, to impressive effect.", "### 2003–2006", "Slightly more than a year into his three\\-year tour, Horan was signed by [Benchmark Records](/wiki/Benchmark_Records \"Benchmark Records\"), an independent label based in [Indianapolis, Indiana](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana \"Indianapolis, Indiana\"). Through Benchmark, Horan was able to remix and remaster *Notwithstanding* for reissue in late 2003, and in July 2003, he recorded the tracks for his third full\\-length album, *Conduit*. Through the end of 2003, several live performances across the country were also recorded, for inclusion in a compilation download available with preorders of the album.", "*Conduit* was released in 2004, and the pace of Horan's touring increased to support and promote the new album. Along with a full slate of performances on the cross\\-country college circuit, he played a number of shows at [Borders Books and Music](/wiki/Borders_Books_and_Music \"Borders Books and Music\") locations in New York, Kansas and California.", "Unfortunately, Benchmark closed its doors in December 2004, leaving Horan without a label throughout 2005 and going into the Winter [NAMM Show](/wiki/NAMM_Show \"NAMM Show\") in January 2006\\. For several years, however, numerous musicians played shows in the lobby of the Anaheim Marriott Hotel after the trade show ended each day, and that year, Horan's set was seen by Hans\\-Peter Wilfer, head of [Warwick](/wiki/Warwick_%28bass_guitar%29 \"Warwick (bass guitar)\") bass guitars. In a conversation following the show, Wilfer invited Horan (already a Warwick endorsee to the extent of receiving discounts on gear and special assistance on repairs) to play at the Warwick booth during the Musikmesse trade show in [Frankfurt am Main, Germany](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main%2C_Germany \"Frankfurt am Main, Germany\") in March 2006\\...and offered to build him a custom bass.", "On the strength of his performances at the Musikmesse, Horan was contracted to be Warwick's first\\-ever bass clinician and product demonstrator. After two weeks of intensive training in June 2006 at the Warwick factory in [Markneukirchen](/wiki/Markneukirchen \"Markneukirchen\"), Germany learning the details of what makes Warwick's instruments special, he began performing and leading bass clinics an average of once a month, both within the US and internationally. Traveling from his base in Reno, Horan has represented Warwick in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Brazil, mainland China, and Australia. Most recently, Horan represented Warwick at the January 2008 NAMM show and March 2008 Musikmesse \\- all this while maintaining a significant tour schedule in the US.", "### 2006–2009", "Also in 2006, Horan was awarded a 2006\\-2007 Fellowship by the Nevada Arts Council. This grant helped him record and release his fifth album, the *Happenstance* EP, in early 2007\\.", "Horan released his first DVD, *Between Two Oceans*, in 2008\\. The DVD, a collaboration with Los Angeles film editor and independent filmmaker Keith A. Cox, features interviews, conversations, and live performance footage recorded between 2001–2007, and explores the progression of his music through the stages of his life and career. In fact, Cox spent significant time in 2001 and 2002 recording Horan at shows in Los Angeles and on tour, and later provided him a camera to continue the recording process.", "A project close to Horan's heart is the Three Men on Bass series. Begun in September 2002, the nearly annual series includes performances by Horan and fellow solo singer/songwriter/bassists Gonzalo Silva and Tom Bianchi. The trio is currently scheduled to play four shows in June and July 2008\\.", "Early 2009, Seth started playing a custom built fanned fret 5 string bass by luthier Jared Carpenter (<http://www.jcbasses.com>) of Auburn, CA. The bass was used in the recording of his latest album \"Clang \\& Chime\" due out in October 2009\\.", "### 2010–2014", "Horan spent much of this period stepping back from performance and recording to focus on educational music workshops and private music instruction, though he did begin work on eight songs that would eventually be released through his Patreon page and later releases.", "### 2015–present", "In 2015, Horan began releasing songs to fans who subscribe to his page on Patreon.com — He released 9 songs that year, followed by 7 songs in 2016 and 10 songs in 2017\\. Some of the songs also appeared on a limited edition CD release titled “The Mean”, which came out in December 2016\\.", "Horan performs periodic web concerts which are broadcast to patrons and fans, and in May 2017, he began releasing a monthly podcast, which features his own music, as well as interviews with and music from other independent musicians.", "" ]
History ------- In Greek *Archon* (ἄρχων, pl. Ἄρχοντες) means chief or lord. [thumb\|The Archon fortified church and its two towers](/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_fortifi%C3%A9e_d%27Archon%2C_les_deux_tours.jpg "Église fortifiée d'Archon, les deux tours.jpg") Archon was known as *Archium* in 1124\. It has been found in Mousterian flint carvings and Roman pottery. In the 13th century, the lordship was given to the Abbey Saint\-Remi of Reims and Saint Vincent of Laon and to the Rozoy Chapter. The village has beautiful old houses and barns built of [Wattle and daub](/wiki/Wattle_and_daub "Wattle and daub"). Archon has a restored private castle – the Ogny Castle – built in the 16th/17th centuries. It is a square building flanked by two towers at opposite corners, a square gate, and two square towers. Former mill at Ogny is now a farm. The church of Saint Martin is fortified. The front is protected by two round towers on each side of the door and connected by a bridge with loopholes and a gatehouse. Archon was the homeland for: * Jean d'Ongnies, the Abbot of La Valroy in 1394 * Pierre Antoine Menu (1769\-1844\) who was born in Archon on 2 November 1769: Knight of the Legion of Honour * Marcel Cury (1891\-1984\) local historian, author of the *Glossary of Archon, Rozoy\-sur\-Serre and Parfondeval* Archives The two oldest civil status acts of Archon show baptisms in the church of St. Martin in late October 1660\. The first was a girl, Jeanne Lengrene, the second child of Jacques Cury, brother of Simon Cury and Claude Mennesson. There were baptisms from 1660 to 1668\. Starting from 1668 there were marriages. The first is cited on 3 July 1668 – the marriage of Michel Dugard and Marguerite Lengrene, widower and widow, witnessed by Jean Lengrene and Claude Chollet, labourers, and Louis de Labarre. The last burial was in January 1669\. Antoinette Bouche was buried on 23 January but the precise date of death and age are not known. The witnesses were her children Jacques and François Jumelet which signifies that Antoinette was an adult and the wife of a Jumelet. Death certificates and marriage are sometimes more informative and go back to the beginning of the 17th century and the late 16th century. Thus on 20 February 1670 Jean Robinet aged about 85 years was buried who must have been born around 1585 in the reign of [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_France "Henry III of France"). The study of these documents helps to better trace the history of the population of Archon over 400 years and to better understand the economic and demographic changes in the village. This study is ongoing and relies on the analysis of the following data: a) The evolution of births, marriages and deaths from 1660 to 2010 (there was a very strong population growth in the [First Empire](/wiki/First_French_Empire "First French Empire") then a very sharp drop from 1850 to 1900\) b) The appearance and disappearance of surnames: Grimpret, Cury, Menu, Marchand, Lefevre were present since at least the middle of the 17th century and Vilain since the beginning of the 18th century until today. Lengrene, Mennesson, Foulon, Taute and others have not been seen in Archon for a long time. c) Appearances and disappearances of activities (e.g. weaver, farmer, blacksmith, schoolmaster, baker) Marital status Registers of deeds, 1660–1699, 1700–1749, 1750–1769, 1770–1789, 1790–1800, 1801–1819 (1808 is missing) 1820–1835, 1836–1842 (reconstituted), 1843–1862, 1863–1892 (missing 1873\-1882\), a gap from 1893 to 1918 (except 1913, which is reconstituted), 1919–1956, 1957–1976\. Tables: 1802\-1952 Acts found in late 2010: 1789–1791 acts, 1793 births, Year II, Year III Deaths, Births in Year V, Year VIII Deaths, Year X Births, 2 births in 1807, 1808, 2 deaths in 1819, year 1835\. Population, social economics, Census statistics: Year IV (men over 12 years) from 1836 to 1906, 1926, 1931, 1936, 1954, 1962\.
[ "History\n-------", "In Greek *Archon* (ἄρχων, pl. Ἄρχοντες) means chief or lord.\n[thumb\\|The Archon fortified church and its two towers](/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_fortifi%C3%A9e_d%27Archon%2C_les_deux_tours.jpg \"Église fortifiée d'Archon, les deux tours.jpg\")", "Archon was known as *Archium* in 1124\\. It has been found in Mousterian flint carvings and Roman pottery. In the 13th century, the lordship was given to the Abbey Saint\\-Remi of Reims and Saint Vincent of Laon and to the Rozoy Chapter.", "The village has beautiful old houses and barns built of [Wattle and daub](/wiki/Wattle_and_daub \"Wattle and daub\"). Archon has a restored private castle – the Ogny Castle – built in the 16th/17th centuries. It is a square building flanked by two towers at opposite corners, a square gate, and two square towers. Former mill at Ogny is now a farm. The church of Saint Martin is fortified. The front is protected by two round towers on each side of the door and connected by a bridge with loopholes and a gatehouse.", "Archon was the homeland for:\n* Jean d'Ongnies, the Abbot of La Valroy in 1394\n* Pierre Antoine Menu (1769\\-1844\\) who was born in Archon on 2 November 1769: Knight of the Legion of Honour\n* Marcel Cury (1891\\-1984\\) local historian, author of the *Glossary of Archon, Rozoy\\-sur\\-Serre and Parfondeval*", "Archives\nThe two oldest civil status acts of Archon show baptisms in the church of St. Martin in late October 1660\\. The first was a girl, Jeanne Lengrene, the second child of Jacques Cury, brother of Simon Cury and Claude Mennesson. There were baptisms from 1660 to 1668\\.\nStarting from 1668 there were marriages. The first is cited on 3 July 1668 – the marriage of Michel Dugard and Marguerite Lengrene, widower and widow, witnessed by Jean Lengrene and Claude Chollet, labourers, and Louis de Labarre.", "The last burial was in January 1669\\. Antoinette Bouche was buried on 23 January but the precise date of death and age are not known. The witnesses were her children Jacques and François Jumelet which signifies that Antoinette was an adult and the wife of a Jumelet.", "Death certificates and marriage are sometimes more informative and go back to the beginning of the 17th century and the late 16th century. Thus on 20 February 1670 Jean Robinet aged about 85 years was buried who must have been born around 1585 in the reign of [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_France \"Henry III of France\").", "The study of these documents helps to better trace the history of the population of Archon over 400 years and to better understand the economic and demographic changes in the village. This study is ongoing and relies on the analysis of the following data:", "a) The evolution of births, marriages and deaths from 1660 to 2010 (there was a very strong population growth in the [First Empire](/wiki/First_French_Empire \"First French Empire\") then a very sharp drop from 1850 to 1900\\)", "b) The appearance and disappearance of surnames: Grimpret, Cury, Menu, Marchand, Lefevre were present since at least the middle of the 17th century and Vilain since the beginning of the 18th century until today. Lengrene, Mennesson, Foulon, Taute and others have not been seen in Archon for a long time.", "c) Appearances and disappearances of activities (e.g. weaver, farmer, blacksmith, schoolmaster, baker)", "Marital status\nRegisters of deeds, 1660–1699, 1700–1749, 1750–1769, 1770–1789, 1790–1800, 1801–1819 (1808 is missing) 1820–1835, 1836–1842 (reconstituted), 1843–1862, 1863–1892 (missing 1873\\-1882\\), a gap from 1893 to 1918 (except 1913, which is reconstituted), 1919–1956, 1957–1976\\. Tables: 1802\\-1952\nActs found in late 2010: 1789–1791 acts, 1793 births, Year II, Year III Deaths, Births in Year V, Year VIII Deaths, Year X Births, 2 births in 1807, 1808, 2 deaths in 1819, year 1835\\.", "Population, social economics, Census statistics: Year IV (men over 12 years) from 1836 to 1906, 1926, 1931, 1936, 1954, 1962\\.", "" ]
Episodes -------- {{hatnote\|Episodes are listed in the original production order.}} {{Episode table \|episodes\|background\=812300\|overall\=\|title\=\|director\=\|writer\=\|aux2\=\|aux2T\=Storyboarded by\|airdate\=\|prodcode\=\|episodes\= {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 1 \| Title\_1 \= The Way of the Dave \| Title\_2 \= Beauty and the Zit \| DirectedBy \= \[\[Howy Parkins]] \| WrittenBy\_1 \= \[\[Doug Langdale]] \| WrittenBy\_2 \= John Behnke \& Rob Humphrey \| Aux2\_1 \= \[\[David Feiss]] \& Brad Vandergrift \| Aux2\_2 \= Chong Lee \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|02\|06}} \| ProdCode \= 101 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Candy's quest for an ultra\-trendy antler hat takes her outside of the kingdom and in direct conflict with Chuckles the Silly Piggy. --- Candy demands Oswidge come up with a magic spell to remove a pimple from her face on the night of the Barbarian Ball, but the zit turns into a zit monster and he's bent on taking her back. However, as it turns\-out the monster only wants to be her date to the dance and then the two perform a song that strongly parodies the song Beauty and The Beast. Candy and the Zit's song is called Candy And The Zit. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 2 \| Title\_1 \= Sorcerer Material \| Title\_2 \= Sweep Dreams \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Doug Langdale \| WrittenBy\_2 \= John Behnke \& Rob Humphrey \| Aux2\_1 \= Wendy Grieb \| Aux2\_2 \= \[\[Dave Filoni]] \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|02\|20}} \| ProdCode \= 102 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Uncle Oswidge has the "hiccats" and the gang needs to go to Malsquando's for a cure, only to disccover that Malsquando knew Oswidge way back when. The villainous Malsquando tells Dave and Fang that Uncle Oswidge worked in a cafeteria and never went to sorcery school, hoping to break Oswidge's confidence and clear his path to world domination. --- The rest of the family runs away from the castle to avoid Dave's spring cleaning. Dave uses Dusty, the magical cleaning broom, and sweeps the castle. After months of cleaning, Dave is in need of one more thing, Castle Polish, causing him to be lured into Chuckles' lair without Lula. Chuckles imprisons Dave, Fang, Oswidge, and Faffy, making them clean for him and leaving Candy and Lula as their only shaky hope. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 3 \| Title\_1 \= Pet Threat \| Title\_2 \= Lula's First Barbarian \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= \[\[Tom Minton]] \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Evan Gore \& Heather Lombard \| Aux2\_1 \= Debra Pugh \| Aux2\_2 \= Jim Shellhorn \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|01\|23}} \| ProdCode \= 103 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Faffy is sad because the family forgot to get him anything during Dragon Appreciation Week, so Dave buys Faffy a diseased weasel for a pet. The diseased weasel gets all of Dave's attention, so Faffy runs away. The weasel turns out to be Chuckles The Silly Piggy, who wants to steal a magical fruit hidden in Faffy's room. --- Lula's old owner, Argon The Ageless, comes to town and Lula wants to find some way of getting him to come back to her. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 4 \| Title\_1 \= Civilization \| Title\_2 \= The Terror of Mecha\-Dave \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Kevin Hopps \| WrittenBy\_2 \= \[\[John P. McCann]] \| Aux2\_1 \= Brad Vandergrift \| Aux2\_2 \= Chong Lee \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|01\|30}} \| ProdCode \= 104 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Candy sets her sights on making Fang presentable in high society. --- Dave fears he has been brainwashed to act like a bully by Chuckles the Silly Piggy when he hears rumors about himself ruining towns while on the way to the fabled 'Cliffs of Fabulous Shopping'. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 5 \| Title\_1 \= King for a Day or Two \| Title\_2 \= Slay What? \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Mark Drop \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Ralph Soll \| Aux2\_1 \= Wendy Grieb \| Aux2\_2 \= Dave Filoni \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|01\|23}} \| ProdCode \= 105 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Dave in his capacity as temporary ruler of Udrogoth forces the citizenry to attend his musical production, "Oh, Pastry!", allowing Chuckles the Silly Piggy to invade. --- Fang's barbarian idol, Strom the Slayer, arrives in town to slay an unsuspecting Faffy, so the barbarians must do whatever it takes to keep Faffy safe. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 6 \| Title\_1 \= Here There Be Dragons \| Title\_2 \= Pipe Down! \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Doug Langdale \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Larry Spencer \| Aux2\_1 \= Debra Pugh \| Aux2\_2 \= Dave Schwartz \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|02\|27}} \| ProdCode \= 106 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Faffy's allegiance to his dragon brethren makes it tough for Dave to reverse the unnatural heat wave that has struck Udrogoth. --- Dave's horrendous playing of "the Garglepipes", a bagpipe\-like instrument, is enough to stir Quosmir from his subterranean resting place. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 7 \| Title\_1 \= Termites of Endearment \| Title\_2 \= Thor, Loser \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Kevin Hopps \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Beth Fieger Falkenstein \| Aux2\_1 \= Brad Vandergrift \| Aux2\_2 \= Chong Lee \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|03\|19}} \| ProdCode \= 107 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Vermites (termites that eat anything and everything) destroy Dave's boutique, causing Dave to embark on a quest to defeat them. He reaches the colony's mound, only to find out that they are being controlled by The Dark Lord Chuckles the Silly Piggy. --- Lula tries to impress her sister Molly, who always looked down on her, by making Dave pretend to be a brave hero, dressing Fang up as an elf, etc. However, after Lula tells her sister the truth, Thor comes to reclaim his magical hammer, which turns out to be Molly. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 8 \| Title\_1 \= The Maddening Sprite of the Stump \| Title\_2 \= Shrink Rap \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Mark Drop \| WrittenBy\_2 \= David Warick \& Amy DeBatrolemis \| Aux2\_1 \= Wendy Grieb \| Aux2\_2 \= \[\[Dave Filoni]] \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|01\|23}} \| ProdCode \= 108 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Lula gets stuck in a tree stump during Dave's attempt to guard the Enchanted Forest against a giant man\-eating muffin. When the royal family is unable to free Lula, a tiny, winged sprite establishes himself as the ruler of Udrogoth. --- Dave believes helping others is his whole purpose in life and starts giving out advice as a "psychofloobicologist", later giving advice to Quosmir. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 9 \| Title\_1 \= Beef! \| Title\_2 \= Rite of Pillage \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Brian Palermo \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Evan Gore \& Heather Lombard \| Aux2\_1 \= Dave Schwartz \| Aux2\_2 \= Debra Pugh \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|01\|23}} \| ProdCode \= 109 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Candy seeks instant muscle gratification, but the magic broccoli she eats to strengthen her muscles makes her dumber and wanting to eat more. --- Dave faces a dilemma, where he'll lose his barbarian title and disgrace his family if he cannot pass a pillaging test. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 10 \| Title\_1 \= Band \| Title\_2 \= Web \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Doug Langdale \| WrittenBy\_2 \= John Behnke \& Rob Humphrey \| Aux2\_1 \= Brad Vandergrift \& Jim Shellhorn \| Aux2\_2 \= Chong Lee \& Kenny Thompkins \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|02\|13}} \| ProdCode \= 110 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Fang unknowingly invents rock n' roll, leading to her, along with Dave, Candy, Oswidge, Lula, Faffy and a donkey, forming the wildly successful band "The Barbarian Six \+ Donkey". However, Chuckles the Silly Piggy disguises himself as a music producer and fools the band as part of a plan to destroy them for good. --- Candy has difficulty paying off an expensive spending spree after she discovers that online shopping is possible. She later finds out that Chuckles the SIlly Piggy and the Queen of the Mole People are also in debt for the same reason. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 11 \| Title\_1 \= Girlfriend \| Title\_2 \= Ned Frischman: Man of Tomorrow \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Ralph Soll \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Evan Gore \& Heather Lombard \| Aux2\_1 \= Wendy Grieb \| Aux2\_2 \= Dave Filoni \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|01\|23}} \| ProdCode \= 111 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Dave begins dating Princess Irmaplotz, but breaks up with her when he learns that she is evil. Irmaplotz is upset about the breakup and sends an army of filthy pixies to attack Udrogoth. --- A nerd named Ned Frischman travels back in time and tries to take over the ancient world using video games. When everyone is hooked on the video games, Faffy, Lula, and Twinkle The Marvel Horse (being the only ones without thumbs) must face off against Ned. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 12 \| Title\_1 \= The Princess and the Peabrains \| Title\_2 \= Horders and Sorcery \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Earl Kress \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Billiam Coronel \| Aux2\_1 \= Debra Pugh \| Aux2\_2 \= Dave Schwartz \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|03\|26}} \| ProdCode \= 112 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Candy makes her friends princesses while she leaves to have fun. Meanwhile, Chuckles the Silly Piggy and his dim\-witted but kind nephew Knuckles are planning to take over Udrogoth, despite the fact that Knuckles really wants to be the Harvest Hog. --- Fang tricks Dave into thinking he's going to a hat show, only for him to realize that he's really in warrior boot camp. Fang wants to be a warrior, but she's too small. After he fails tests like sword fights and amoeba wrestling, she lures Malsquando to the Mongrel Hordes Boot Camp with his army of giant potato bugs, in order to show the camp leader her talent for bug\-squashing. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 13 \| Title\_1 \= The Brutish Are Coming \| Title\_2 \= The Lost Race of Reeber \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Kevin Hopps \| WrittenBy\_2 \= John P. McCann \| Aux2\_1 \= Wendy Grieb \| Aux2\_2 \= Dave Filoni \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|04\|30}} \| ProdCode \= 113 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Dave and Fang try to protect Udrogoth from invading monsters by turning Faffy into a monstrous guard dragon using Oswidge's magic, but they didn't specify what Faffy should guard, so he goes on a rampage guarding everyone from everyone else. --- Princess Candy must help the Lost Race of Reeber reclaim its land from Invisigoth invaders. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 14 \| Title\_1 \= \[\[Lederhosen]] of Doom \| Title\_2 \= Floral Derangement \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Ralph Soll \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Earl Kress \| Aux2\_1 \= Debra Pugh \| Aux2\_2 \= Dave Schwartz \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|10\|02}} \| ProdCode \= 114 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Fang gets some pants sent by her parents, but doesn't bother to read the note that came with them. This is problematic, because the note explains that the pants are the evil trouser beast and will take control of anyone who wears them. Fang loves the pants at first because they give her fantastic strength — at last she's as strong as Dave, but soon the pants take her over, using her as a tool to get revenge on their hated foe Oswidge. --- When Fang messes with Dave's life once too often, he threatens to send her to Ms. Bluelung's School for Really Cute Little Girls, an educationally evil punishment which Princess Candy suggested. In order to avoid being sent to Ms. Bluelung's, Fang must promise to stop messing with Dave's life, but she breaks her promise. She swipes some of Oswidge's magic and makes some of Dave's flowers — his prized Purple Winkies — grow huge. The resulting gigantic, ravenous flowers cause a few problems, which Fang struggles to conceal from Dave. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 15 \| Title\_1 \= Fiends and Family \| Title\_2 \= Plunderball \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Doug Langdale \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Evan Gore \& Heather Lombard \| Aux2\_1 \= Debra Pugh \| Aux2\_2 \= Brad Vandergrift \& Dave Schwartz \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2005\|01\|21}} \| ProdCode \= 115 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= When her parents announce that they have to start their quest all over again, Fang is crushed and cheering her up is a Herculean task. Meanwhile, the Dark Lord Chuckles the Silly Piggy disguises himself as Fang's father as part of a plot to steal a magical artifact. --- Dave finds himself coaching Udrogoth's Plunderball team in the big annual game, a job he knows nothing about. Things gets worse when the opposing team's coach is Dave's ex\-girlfriend, Princess Irmaplotz. }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 16 \| Title \= A Pig's Story \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy \= \[\[Paul Rugg]] \& Doug Langdale \| Aux2 \= Wendy Grieb \& Dave Filoni \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|12\|27}} \| ProdCode \= 116 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= The Dark Lord Chuckles the Silly Piggy has a plan that can't fail: he coerces the Storyteller (the series narrator) into reading a script in which Dave loses. Chuckles soon finds himself not only Master of the World, but also the new star of the show, which has been renamed "The Dark Lord Chuckles the Silly Piggy Will Destroy You All Variety Hour". When the Storyteller gets laryngitis, it looks like the winner will be whoever can find the best new narrator. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 17 \| Title\_1 \= Not a Monkey \| Title\_2 \= Happy Glasses \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Evan Gore \& Heather Lombard \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Doug Langdale \| Aux2\_1 \= Wendy Grieb \| Aux2\_2 \= Dave Filoni \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2005\|01\|22}} \| ProdCode \= 117 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Fang gets an illness, so Uncle Oswidge and Dave take her to the doctor. The doctor says that Fang gets the illness that only monkeys get. Fang can only get the cure from the island far far away. The cure is berries. After a long cruise, they reached the island. Fang sets out to find the berries but she is taken away by a pack of monkeys that coincidentally look just like her, and Fang begins to wonder if she actually IS a monkey. They accept her at first but when she eats the berries and isn't cured, Fang realizes she is not a monkey. She is in trouble when she gets chased by monkeys, Dave is chased by gorillas, and Faffy is chased by lemons. Lula, meanwhile, stays at the hotel. --- Chuckles sets to defeat Dave once again, he gives the gang fabled 'rose\-colored' glasses that make whoever is wearing it see the world the way they really want it to be like. Chaos is started when the glasses are worn by Fang, Oswidge, Candy, Faffy, and Dave. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 18 \| Title\_1 \= That Darn Ghost! \| Title\_2 \= The Cow Says Moon \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Evan Gore \& Heather Lombard \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Doug Langdale \| Aux2\_1 \= Chong Lee \| Aux2\_2 \= Brad Vandergrift \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|12\|28}} \| ProdCode \= 118 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Candy discovers that she is the only person in Udrogoth who does not have a ghost haunting her house. Caring for their sister, Dave and Fang go down to the local ghost shop and hire a ghost. The ghost throws a huge ghost party, and everyone's ghost attends. After Candy tries to kick them all out, the ghosts get angry, and chase the gang around Udrogoth. --- Evil Princess Irmaplotz summons forth a cow\-like something to bite Dave, thus a month later when the moon is full, Dave turns into a Were\-Cow. Oswidge tries to cure him by having something else bite him, and various were\-hijinks ensue. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 19 \| Title\_1 \= Night of the Living Plush \| Title\_2 \= I Love Neddy \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Mark Drop \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Evan Gore \& Heather Lombard \| Aux2\_1 \= Brad Vandergrift \& Shane Zalvin \| Aux2\_2 \= Chong Lee \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|12\|29}} \| ProdCode \= 119 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= Candy has bought too many plush animals. When her room explodes from being stuffed with too much fluff, she finally realizes that she needs to buy more. Chuckles discovers that Candy needs plush toys, and disguises himself as a piggy doll. After Candy buys him and takes him home, she immediately leaves to buy more. Chuckles, using his amulet, creates an army of her plushies in an attempt to conquer Udrogoth. --- Ned Frischman returns to the past, attempting to conquer the world using jokes. He becomes the most beloved man in the world, and creates a sitcom called "I Love Neddy". In order to stop Ned's conquest of the planet, Dave and the gang create the world's first reality program, "Real Life Barbarians", which soon becomes more popular than "I Love Neddy". Ned comes to stop Dave and the gang with his jokes. All seems lost when Dave grabs "Convenient Feathers", and tickles Ned back to the future. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 20 \| Title\_1 \= Red Sweater of Courage \| Title\_2 \= Dog of the Titans \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= Brian Palermo \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Evan Gore \& Heather Lombard \| Aux2\_1 \= Brad Vandergrift \| Aux2\_2 \= Chong Lee \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2005\|01\|17}} \| ProdCode \= 120 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= To make Dave brave, Fang makes him wear the Red Sweater of Courage, but Dave becomes so brave that he insults Chuckles, Malsquando, and Quosmir, so the three villains team up to destroy Udragoth. --- Dave feels unappreciated at home, so he goes to Titan Meadows where he becomes the pet of a giant. Dave likes being a pet, so Fang competes against Dave in a pet show so the family can get him back. }} {{Episode list \| NumParts \= 2 \| EpisodeNumber \= 21 \| Title\_1 \= Shake, Rattle, \& Roll Over \| Title\_2 \= Bad Food \| DirectedBy \= Howy Parkins \| WrittenBy\_1 \= John Behnke \& Rob Humphrey \| WrittenBy\_2 \= Thomas Hart \| Aux2\_1 \= Dave Schwartz \| Aux2\_2 \= Debra Pugh \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2004\|12\|30}} \| ProdCode \= 121 \| LineColor \= 812300 \| ShortSummary \= While retrieving the magical Combat Rattle from an ancient temple, Faffy causes a statue to come to life and attack Dave and the others. When Dave decides to get Faffy trained, Chuckles disguises himself as a dragon trainer in order to steal the Combat Rattle. --- Dave gets an ingrown toenail, so he quits being a barbarian and starts a restaurant. When the rest of family tries to ruin Dave's restaurant by stealing his cookbook, Dave starts making recipes from an evil cookbook, causing all of his cooking to come to life and attack. }} }}
[ "Episodes\n--------", "{{hatnote\\|Episodes are listed in the original production order.}}\n{{Episode table \\|episodes\\|background\\=812300\\|overall\\=\\|title\\=\\|director\\=\\|writer\\=\\|aux2\\=\\|aux2T\\=Storyboarded by\\|airdate\\=\\|prodcode\\=\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 1\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= The Way of the Dave \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Beauty and the Zit\n\\| DirectedBy \\= \\[\\[Howy Parkins]]\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= \\[\\[Doug Langdale]] \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= John Behnke \\& Rob Humphrey\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= \\[\\[David Feiss]] \\& Brad Vandergrift \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Chong Lee\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|02\\|06}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 101\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Candy's quest for an ultra\\-trendy antler hat takes her outside of the kingdom and in direct conflict with Chuckles the Silly Piggy.", "---", "Candy demands Oswidge come up with a magic spell to remove a pimple from her face on the night of the Barbarian Ball, but the zit turns into a zit monster and he's bent on taking her back. However, as it turns\\-out the monster only wants to be her date to the dance and then the two perform a song that strongly parodies the song Beauty and The Beast. Candy and the Zit's song is called Candy And The Zit.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 2\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Sorcerer Material \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Sweep Dreams\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Doug Langdale \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= John Behnke \\& Rob Humphrey\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Wendy Grieb \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= \\[\\[Dave Filoni]]\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|02\\|20}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 102\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Uncle Oswidge has the \"hiccats\" and the gang needs to go to Malsquando's for a cure, only to disccover that Malsquando knew Oswidge way back when. The villainous Malsquando tells Dave and Fang that Uncle Oswidge worked in a cafeteria and never went to sorcery school, hoping to break Oswidge's confidence and clear his path to world domination.", "---", "The rest of the family runs away from the castle to avoid Dave's spring cleaning. Dave uses Dusty, the magical cleaning broom, and sweeps the castle. After months of cleaning, Dave is in need of one more thing, Castle Polish, causing him to be lured into Chuckles' lair without Lula. Chuckles imprisons Dave, Fang, Oswidge, and Faffy, making them clean for him and leaving Candy and Lula as their only shaky hope.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 3\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Pet Threat \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Lula's First Barbarian\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= \\[\\[Tom Minton]] \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Evan Gore \\& Heather Lombard\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Debra Pugh \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Jim Shellhorn\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|01\\|23}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 103\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Faffy is sad because the family forgot to get him anything during Dragon Appreciation Week, so Dave buys Faffy a diseased weasel for a pet. The diseased weasel gets all of Dave's attention, so Faffy runs away. The weasel turns out to be Chuckles The Silly Piggy, who wants to steal a magical fruit hidden in Faffy's room.", "---", "Lula's old owner, Argon The Ageless, comes to town and Lula wants to find some way of getting him to come back to her.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 4\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Civilization \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= The Terror of Mecha\\-Dave \n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Kevin Hopps \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= \\[\\[John P. McCann]] \n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Brad Vandergrift \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Chong Lee\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|01\\|30}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 104\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Candy sets her sights on making Fang presentable in high society.", "---", "Dave fears he has been brainwashed to act like a bully by Chuckles the Silly Piggy when he hears rumors about himself ruining towns while on the way to the fabled 'Cliffs of Fabulous Shopping'.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 5\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= King for a Day or Two \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Slay What?\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Mark Drop \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Ralph Soll\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Wendy Grieb \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Dave Filoni\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|01\\|23}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 105\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Dave in his capacity as temporary ruler of Udrogoth forces the citizenry to attend his musical production, \"Oh, Pastry!\", allowing Chuckles the Silly Piggy to invade.", "---", "Fang's barbarian idol, Strom the Slayer, arrives in town to slay an unsuspecting Faffy, so the barbarians must do whatever it takes to keep Faffy safe.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 6\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Here There Be Dragons \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Pipe Down! \n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Doug Langdale \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Larry Spencer\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Debra Pugh \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Dave Schwartz\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|02\\|27}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 106\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Faffy's allegiance to his dragon brethren makes it tough for Dave to reverse the unnatural heat wave that has struck Udrogoth.", "---", "Dave's horrendous playing of \"the Garglepipes\", a bagpipe\\-like instrument, is enough to stir Quosmir from his subterranean resting place.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 7\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Termites of Endearment \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Thor, Loser\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Kevin Hopps \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Beth Fieger Falkenstein\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Brad Vandergrift \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Chong Lee \n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|03\\|19}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 107\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Vermites (termites that eat anything and everything) destroy Dave's boutique, causing Dave to embark on a quest to defeat them. He reaches the colony's mound, only to find out that they are being controlled by The Dark Lord Chuckles the Silly Piggy.", "---", "Lula tries to impress her sister Molly, who always looked down on her, by making Dave pretend to be a brave hero, dressing Fang up as an elf, etc. However, after Lula tells her sister the truth, Thor comes to reclaim his magical hammer, which turns out to be Molly.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 8\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= The Maddening Sprite of the Stump \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Shrink Rap\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Mark Drop \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= David Warick \\& Amy DeBatrolemis\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Wendy Grieb \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= \\[\\[Dave Filoni]]\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|01\\|23}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 108\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Lula gets stuck in a tree stump during Dave's attempt to guard the Enchanted Forest against a giant man\\-eating muffin. When the royal family is unable to free Lula, a tiny, winged sprite establishes himself as the ruler of Udrogoth.", "---", "Dave believes helping others is his whole purpose in life and starts giving out advice as a \"psychofloobicologist\", later giving advice to Quosmir.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 9\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Beef! \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Rite of Pillage\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Brian Palermo \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Evan Gore \\& Heather Lombard\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Dave Schwartz \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Debra Pugh\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|01\\|23}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 109\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Candy seeks instant muscle gratification, but the magic broccoli she eats to strengthen her muscles makes her dumber and wanting to eat more.", "---", "Dave faces a dilemma, where he'll lose his barbarian title and disgrace his family if he cannot pass a pillaging test.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 10\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Band \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Web\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Doug Langdale \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= John Behnke \\& Rob Humphrey\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Brad Vandergrift \\& Jim Shellhorn \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Chong Lee \\& Kenny Thompkins\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|02\\|13}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 110\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Fang unknowingly invents rock n' roll, leading to her, along with Dave, Candy, Oswidge, Lula, Faffy and a donkey, forming the wildly successful band \"The Barbarian Six \\+ Donkey\". However, Chuckles the Silly Piggy disguises himself as a music producer and fools the band as part of a plan to destroy them for good.", "---", "Candy has difficulty paying off an expensive spending spree after she discovers that online shopping is possible. She later finds out that Chuckles the SIlly Piggy and the Queen of the Mole People are also in debt for the same reason.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 11\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Girlfriend \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Ned Frischman: Man of Tomorrow\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ralph Soll \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Evan Gore \\& Heather Lombard\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Wendy Grieb \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Dave Filoni\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|01\\|23}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 111\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Dave begins dating Princess Irmaplotz, but breaks up with her when he learns that she is evil. Irmaplotz is upset about the breakup and sends an army of filthy pixies to attack Udrogoth.", "---", "A nerd named Ned Frischman travels back in time and tries to take over the ancient world using video games. When everyone is hooked on the video games, Faffy, Lula, and Twinkle The Marvel Horse (being the only ones without thumbs) must face off against Ned.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 12\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= The Princess and the Peabrains \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Horders and Sorcery\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Earl Kress \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Billiam Coronel\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Debra Pugh \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Dave Schwartz \n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|03\\|26}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 112\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Candy makes her friends princesses while she leaves to have fun. Meanwhile, Chuckles the Silly Piggy and his dim\\-witted but kind nephew Knuckles are planning to take over Udrogoth, despite the fact that Knuckles really wants to be the Harvest Hog.", "---", "Fang tricks Dave into thinking he's going to a hat show, only for him to realize that he's really in warrior boot camp. Fang wants to be a warrior, but she's too small. After he fails tests like sword fights and amoeba wrestling, she lures Malsquando to the Mongrel Hordes Boot Camp with his army of giant potato bugs, in order to show the camp leader her talent for bug\\-squashing.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 13\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= The Brutish Are Coming \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= The Lost Race of Reeber\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Kevin Hopps \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= John P. McCann\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Wendy Grieb \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Dave Filoni\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|04\\|30}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 113\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Dave and Fang try to protect Udrogoth from invading monsters by turning Faffy into a monstrous guard dragon using Oswidge's magic, but they didn't specify what Faffy should guard, so he goes on a rampage guarding everyone from everyone else.", "---", "Princess Candy must help the Lost Race of Reeber reclaim its land from Invisigoth invaders.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 14\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= \\[\\[Lederhosen]] of Doom \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Floral Derangement\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Ralph Soll \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Earl Kress \n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Debra Pugh \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Dave Schwartz \n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|10\\|02}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 114\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Fang gets some pants sent by her parents, but doesn't bother to read the note that came with them. This is problematic, because the note explains that the pants are the evil trouser beast and will take control of anyone who wears them. Fang loves the pants at first because they give her fantastic strength — at last she's as strong as Dave, but soon the pants take her over, using her as a tool to get revenge on their hated foe Oswidge.", "---", "When Fang messes with Dave's life once too often, he threatens to send her to Ms. Bluelung's School for Really Cute Little Girls, an educationally evil punishment which Princess Candy suggested. In order to avoid being sent to Ms. Bluelung's, Fang must promise to stop messing with Dave's life, but she breaks her promise. She swipes some of Oswidge's magic and makes some of Dave's flowers — his prized Purple Winkies — grow huge. The resulting gigantic, ravenous flowers cause a few problems, which Fang struggles to conceal from Dave.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 15\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Fiends and Family \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Plunderball\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Doug Langdale \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Evan Gore \\& Heather Lombard\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Debra Pugh \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Brad Vandergrift \\& Dave Schwartz\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2005\\|01\\|21}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 115\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= When her parents announce that they have to start their quest all over again, Fang is crushed and cheering her up is a Herculean task. Meanwhile, the Dark Lord Chuckles the Silly Piggy disguises himself as Fang's father as part of a plot to steal a magical artifact.", "---", "Dave finds himself coaching Udrogoth's Plunderball team in the big annual game, a job he knows nothing about. Things gets worse when the opposing team's coach is Dave's ex\\-girlfriend, Princess Irmaplotz.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 16\n\\| Title \\= A Pig's Story\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy \\= \\[\\[Paul Rugg]] \\& Doug Langdale\n\\| Aux2 \\= Wendy Grieb \\& Dave Filoni\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|12\\|27}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 116\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= The Dark Lord Chuckles the Silly Piggy has a plan that can't fail: he coerces the Storyteller (the series narrator) into reading a script in which Dave loses. Chuckles soon finds himself not only Master of the World, but also the new star of the show, which has been renamed \"The Dark Lord Chuckles the Silly Piggy Will Destroy You All Variety Hour\". When the Storyteller gets laryngitis, it looks like the winner will be whoever can find the best new narrator.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 17\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Not a Monkey \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Happy Glasses\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Evan Gore \\& Heather Lombard \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Doug Langdale\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Wendy Grieb \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Dave Filoni \n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2005\\|01\\|22}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 117\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Fang gets an illness, so Uncle Oswidge and Dave take her to the doctor. The doctor says that Fang gets the illness that only monkeys get. Fang can only get the cure from the island far far away. The cure is berries. After a long cruise, they reached the island. Fang sets out to find the berries but she is taken away by a pack of monkeys that coincidentally look just like her, and Fang begins to wonder if she actually IS a monkey. They accept her at first but when she eats the berries and isn't cured, Fang realizes she is not a monkey. She is in trouble when she gets chased by monkeys, Dave is chased by gorillas, and Faffy is chased by lemons. Lula, meanwhile, stays at the hotel.", "---", "Chuckles sets to defeat Dave once again, he gives the gang fabled 'rose\\-colored' glasses that make whoever is wearing it see the world the way they really want it to be like. Chaos is started when the glasses are worn by Fang, Oswidge, Candy, Faffy, and Dave.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 18\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= That Darn Ghost! \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= The Cow Says Moon\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Evan Gore \\& Heather Lombard \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Doug Langdale \n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Chong Lee \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Brad Vandergrift\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|12\\|28}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 118\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Candy discovers that she is the only person in Udrogoth who does not have a ghost haunting her house. Caring for their sister, Dave and Fang go down to the local ghost shop and hire a ghost. The ghost throws a huge ghost party, and everyone's ghost attends. After Candy tries to kick them all out, the ghosts get angry, and chase the gang around Udrogoth.", "---", "Evil Princess Irmaplotz summons forth a cow\\-like something to bite Dave, thus a month later when the moon is full, Dave turns into a Were\\-Cow. Oswidge tries to cure him by having something else bite him, and various were\\-hijinks ensue.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 19\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Night of the Living Plush \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= I Love Neddy\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Mark Drop \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Evan Gore \\& Heather Lombard \n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Brad Vandergrift \\& Shane Zalvin \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Chong Lee \n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|12\\|29}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 119\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Candy has bought too many plush animals. When her room explodes from being stuffed with too much fluff, she finally realizes that she needs to buy more. Chuckles discovers that Candy needs plush toys, and disguises himself as a piggy doll. After Candy buys him and takes him home, she immediately leaves to buy more. Chuckles, using his amulet, creates an army of her plushies in an attempt to conquer Udrogoth.", "---", "Ned Frischman returns to the past, attempting to conquer the world using jokes. He becomes the most beloved man in the world, and creates a sitcom called \"I Love Neddy\". In order to stop Ned's conquest of the planet, Dave and the gang create the world's first reality program, \"Real Life Barbarians\", which soon becomes more popular than \"I Love Neddy\". Ned comes to stop Dave and the gang with his jokes. All seems lost when Dave grabs \"Convenient Feathers\", and tickles Ned back to the future. \n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 20\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Red Sweater of Courage \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Dog of the Titans\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= Brian Palermo \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Evan Gore \\& Heather Lombard\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Brad Vandergrift \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Chong Lee\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2005\\|01\\|17}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 120\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= To make Dave brave, Fang makes him wear the Red Sweater of Courage, but Dave becomes so brave that he insults Chuckles, Malsquando, and Quosmir, so the three villains team up to destroy Udragoth.", "---", "Dave feels unappreciated at home, so he goes to Titan Meadows where he becomes the pet of a giant. Dave likes being a pet, so Fang competes against Dave in a pet show so the family can get him back.\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| NumParts \\= 2\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 21\n\\| Title\\_1 \\= Shake, Rattle, \\& Roll Over \n\\| Title\\_2 \\= Bad Food\n\\| DirectedBy \\= Howy Parkins\n\\| WrittenBy\\_1 \\= John Behnke \\& Rob Humphrey \n\\| WrittenBy\\_2 \\= Thomas Hart\n\\| Aux2\\_1 \\= Dave Schwartz \n\\| Aux2\\_2 \\= Debra Pugh\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2004\\|12\\|30}}\n\\| ProdCode \\= 121\n\\| LineColor \\= 812300\n\\| ShortSummary \\= While retrieving the magical Combat Rattle from an ancient temple, Faffy causes a statue to come to life and attack Dave and the others. When Dave decides to get Faffy trained, Chuckles disguises himself as a dragon trainer in order to steal the Combat Rattle.", "---", "Dave gets an ingrown toenail, so he quits being a barbarian and starts a restaurant. When the rest of family tries to ruin Dave's restaurant by stealing his cookbook, Dave starts making recipes from an evil cookbook, causing all of his cooking to come to life and attack.\n}}\n}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early success with "Last Night" (1961\) The group began as **The Royal Spades** while its members were in high school. They tried to get a record made for the local Satellite Records (the forerunner of Stax), unsuccessfully, even though the label was owned by the mother and uncle of the group's tenor sax player, [Charles "Packy" Axton](/wiki/Packy_Axton "Packy Axton"). When the band eventually made a record, Axton's mother, [Estelle Axton](/wiki/Estelle_Axton "Estelle Axton"), convinced them to change their name, and they became "The Mar\-Keys".{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=XLdsRwpZ9oYC\&q\=%22the\+royal\+spades%22\+%2B\+marquee\&pg\=PA24 \|title\=Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records \- Rob Bowman, Bowman, Robert M. J. (Robert Maxwell James) \- Google Books\|isbn\=9780825672842\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-12\|last1\=Bowman\|first1\=Rob\|year\=1997\|publisher\=Schirmer Books }} However, the live lineup of the Mar\-Keys was not always the same as the band heard on the recordings. Their first and most famous recording was the [organ](/wiki/Organ_%28music%29 "Organ (music)")\- and [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone "Saxophone")\-driven [single](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 "Single (music)") "[Last Night](/wiki/Last_Night_%28Mar-Keys%29 "Last Night (Mar-Keys)")", a number three [hit](/wiki/Hit_record "Hit record") nationally in the US in 1961\.{{cite book\|first\=John\|last\=Tobler\|year\=1992\|title\=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\|edition\=1st\|publisher\=Reed International Books Ltd\|location\=London\|page\=96\|id\=CN 5585}} It sold over one million copies, earning [certification as a gold disc](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification "Music recording sales certification").{{cite book\|first\=Joseph\|last\=Murrells\|year\=1978\|title\=The Book of Golden Discs\|edition\=2nd\|publisher\=Barrie and Jenkins Ltd\|location\=London\|page\= \[https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/137 137]\|isbn\=0\-214\-20512\-6\|url\-access\=registration\|url\= https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/137}} The lineup for this recording included the Royal Spades' [Steve Cropper](/wiki/Steve_Cropper "Steve Cropper") (normally a guitarist, here playing second keyboard; producer [Chips Moman](/wiki/Chips_Moman "Chips Moman") did not want a guitar part on the song), Packy Axton (tenor sax), [Wayne Jackson](/wiki/Wayne_Jackson_%28musician%29 "Wayne Jackson (musician)") (trumpet), and Jerry Lee "Smoochy" Smith (main [keyboards](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument "Keyboard instrument")), augmented by horn players [Floyd Newman](/wiki/Floyd_Newman "Floyd Newman") (baritone sax), Gilbert Caple (tenor sax) and others. The authorship of the song, credited simply to "Mar\-Keys" on the label, is registered with BMI to Axton, Caple, Newman, Smith, and producer Moman. ### Follow\-ups and fragmentation (1961–1966\) Singles and albums continued to appear under the Mar\-Keys name throughout the 1960s, though none anywhere near as successful as "Last Night". The original all\-white band continued to play live dates for a time, but fairly quickly, were largely replaced for studio recordings by session players. This meant that in practice, "The Mar\-Keys" became a *de facto* name for the racially integrated Stax Records house band, which had a floating membership. The most frequent Mar\-Keys studio players during this era, subject to change from session to session, were: * Guitar: [Steve Cropper](/wiki/Steve_Cropper "Steve Cropper") * Bass: [Duck Dunn](/wiki/Duck_Dunn "Duck Dunn"), or occasionally [Lewie Steinberg](/wiki/Lewie_Steinberg "Lewie Steinberg") (until 1964\). * Keyboards: Smoochy Smith (occasionally through 1963\) and/or [Marvell Thomas](/wiki/Marvell_Thomas "Marvell Thomas") (frequently through 1963\); essentially supplanted by [Booker T. Jones](/wiki/Booker_T._Jones "Booker T. Jones") (with increasing frequency from 1962\) and/or [Isaac Hayes](/wiki/Isaac_Hayes "Isaac Hayes") (after mid\-1964\). * Drums: Howard Grimes (1961–62\) or Terry Johnson (occasionally, 1961–62\); supplanted by [Al Jackson Jr.](/wiki/Al_Jackson_Jr. "Al Jackson Jr.") (from mid\-1962\). * Horns: varying combinations of [Wayne Jackson](/wiki/Wayne_Jackson_%28musician%29 "Wayne Jackson (musician)"), [Floyd Newman](/wiki/Floyd_Newman "Floyd Newman"), [Don Nix](/wiki/Don_Nix "Don Nix"), Gilbert Caple, Vinny Trauth (through 1963\), Packy Axton (through 1964\), [Andrew Love](/wiki/Andrew_Love_%28musician%29 "Andrew Love (musician)") (from 1964\). These musicians, in addition to being the studio Mar\-Keys, served as the backing band on singles and albums by dozens of [rock](/wiki/Rock_and_roll "Rock and roll"), [R\&B](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues"), and [soul music](/wiki/Soul_music "Soul music") artists who recorded at the Stax studios, including [Otis Redding](/wiki/Otis_Redding "Otis Redding"), [Carla Thomas](/wiki/Carla_Thomas "Carla Thomas"), [Wilson Pickett](/wiki/Wilson_Pickett "Wilson Pickett"), and many others. While still involved with the Mar\-Keys and Stax studio work, Cropper, Steinberg, Jones and Al Jackson Jr. also began recording as [Booker T. \& the M.G.'s](/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s "Booker T. & the M.G.'s") in 1962\. Consequently, from then through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar\-Keys or Booker T. \& the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar\-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. \& the M.G.'s. Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar\-Keys both live and in the studio for several years. The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time of the 1965 recording "Boot\-Leg", singles credited to Booker T. \& the M.G.'s were far outselling recordings credited to the Mar\-Keys, who had failed to chart in years. Therefore, the decision was made to issue the horn\-driven "Boot\-Leg" (co\-written with Packy Axton and Isaac Hayes) as a track by Booker T. \& the M.G.'s, even though it had been conceived of as a Mar\-Keys track, and Booker T. Jones himself did not actually play on it. With the top 40 chart success of "Boot\-Leg", by the end of 1966 the Mar\-Keys name was no longer appearing on singles. ### The six\-man line\-up (1967–1969\) Although the Mar\-Keys were no longer routinely issuing singles, the name still had a certain amount of marketability, and in the late 1960s the Mar\-Keys name was used whenever horn players Andrew Love and Wayne Jackson (later known as the Memphis Horns) teamed with Booker T. \& the M.G.'s in live performances. The two groups shared billing on a live album in 1967, *Back to Back*, from a concert in Paris. For the 1969 album *Damifiknow!*, the Mar\-Keys were back in the studio, and were explicitly identified in the album credits as the sextet of Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, Booker T. Jones, Al Jackson, Andrew Love, and Wayne Jackson (no relation to Al). The album was not a chart success, and the Mar\-Keys name was essentially retired once again.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} ### Final years (1970–1971\) For the final album credited to the Mar\-Keys, 1971's *Memphis Experience* Stax simply assembled a number of instrumental cuts from various sources, without regard for group continuity. Three of the album's seven cuts were outtakes from sessions by the [Bar\-Kays](/wiki/Bar-Kays "Bar-Kays"), while the other cuts were performed by various uncredited Memphis musicians with no other ties to the Mar\-Keys' past. ### Legacy and recent activity The legacy of the Mar\-Keys is that they were key players in the development of [Southern soul](/wiki/Southern_soul "Southern soul") and [Memphis soul](/wiki/Memphis_soul "Memphis soul"). In 2012, the Mar\-Keys regrouped with a lineup consisting of original members Wayne Jackson, Floyd Newman, Don Nix, Smoochy Smith, Terry Johnson, plus former M.G. [Lewie Steinberg](/wiki/Lewie_Steinberg "Lewie Steinberg"), and original member Packy Axton's son Chuck.{{cite web\|author\=Patrick Montier\|url\=http://staxrecords.free.fr/staxtoday18\.htm\|title\=STAX TODAY 18\|website\=Staxrecords.free.fr\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-12}} Terry Johnson (born James Terry Johnson on April 3, 1943, in Memphis, Tennessee) died on March 19, 2016, after a short illness, at age 72\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.canalefuneraldirectors.com/obituaries/James\-Johnson\-109/\#!/Obituary\|title\=Obituary for Dr. James Terry Johnson\|accessdate\=April 27, 2021\|website\=canalefuneraldirectors.com}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early success with \"Last Night\" (1961\\)", "The group began as **The Royal Spades** while its members were in high school. They tried to get a record made for the local Satellite Records (the forerunner of Stax), unsuccessfully, even though the label was owned by the mother and uncle of the group's tenor sax player, [Charles \"Packy\" Axton](/wiki/Packy_Axton \"Packy Axton\"). When the band eventually made a record, Axton's mother, [Estelle Axton](/wiki/Estelle_Axton \"Estelle Axton\"), convinced them to change their name, and they became \"The Mar\\-Keys\".{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=XLdsRwpZ9oYC\\&q\\=%22the\\+royal\\+spades%22\\+%2B\\+marquee\\&pg\\=PA24 \\|title\\=Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records \\- Rob Bowman, Bowman, Robert M. J. (Robert Maxwell James) \\- Google Books\\|isbn\\=9780825672842\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-12\\|last1\\=Bowman\\|first1\\=Rob\\|year\\=1997\\|publisher\\=Schirmer Books }} However, the live lineup of the Mar\\-Keys was not always the same as the band heard on the recordings.", "Their first and most famous recording was the [organ](/wiki/Organ_%28music%29 \"Organ (music)\")\\- and [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone \"Saxophone\")\\-driven [single](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 \"Single (music)\") \"[Last Night](/wiki/Last_Night_%28Mar-Keys%29 \"Last Night (Mar-Keys)\")\", a number three [hit](/wiki/Hit_record \"Hit record\") nationally in the US in 1961\\.{{cite book\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Tobler\\|year\\=1992\\|title\\=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\\|edition\\=1st\\|publisher\\=Reed International Books Ltd\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=96\\|id\\=CN 5585}} It sold over one million copies, earning [certification as a gold disc](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification \"Music recording sales certification\").{{cite book\\|first\\=Joseph\\|last\\=Murrells\\|year\\=1978\\|title\\=The Book of Golden Discs\\|edition\\=2nd\\|publisher\\=Barrie and Jenkins Ltd\\|location\\=London\\|page\\= \\[https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/137 137]\\|isbn\\=0\\-214\\-20512\\-6\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|url\\= https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/137}} The lineup for this recording included the Royal Spades' [Steve Cropper](/wiki/Steve_Cropper \"Steve Cropper\") (normally a guitarist, here playing second keyboard; producer [Chips Moman](/wiki/Chips_Moman \"Chips Moman\") did not want a guitar part on the song), Packy Axton (tenor sax), [Wayne Jackson](/wiki/Wayne_Jackson_%28musician%29 \"Wayne Jackson (musician)\") (trumpet), and Jerry Lee \"Smoochy\" Smith (main [keyboards](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument \"Keyboard instrument\")), augmented by horn players [Floyd Newman](/wiki/Floyd_Newman \"Floyd Newman\") (baritone sax), Gilbert Caple (tenor sax) and others. The authorship of the song, credited simply to \"Mar\\-Keys\" on the label, is registered with BMI to Axton, Caple, Newman, Smith, and producer Moman.", "### Follow\\-ups and fragmentation (1961–1966\\)", "Singles and albums continued to appear under the Mar\\-Keys name throughout the 1960s, though none anywhere near as successful as \"Last Night\". The original all\\-white band continued to play live dates for a time, but fairly quickly, were largely replaced for studio recordings by session players. This meant that in practice, \"The Mar\\-Keys\" became a *de facto* name for the racially integrated Stax Records house band, which had a floating membership. The most frequent Mar\\-Keys studio players during this era, subject to change from session to session, were:", "* Guitar: [Steve Cropper](/wiki/Steve_Cropper \"Steve Cropper\")\n* Bass: [Duck Dunn](/wiki/Duck_Dunn \"Duck Dunn\"), or occasionally [Lewie Steinberg](/wiki/Lewie_Steinberg \"Lewie Steinberg\") (until 1964\\).\n* Keyboards: Smoochy Smith (occasionally through 1963\\) and/or [Marvell Thomas](/wiki/Marvell_Thomas \"Marvell Thomas\") (frequently through 1963\\); essentially supplanted by [Booker T. Jones](/wiki/Booker_T._Jones \"Booker T. Jones\") (with increasing frequency from 1962\\) and/or [Isaac Hayes](/wiki/Isaac_Hayes \"Isaac Hayes\") (after mid\\-1964\\).\n* Drums: Howard Grimes (1961–62\\) or Terry Johnson (occasionally, 1961–62\\); supplanted by [Al Jackson Jr.](/wiki/Al_Jackson_Jr. \"Al Jackson Jr.\") (from mid\\-1962\\).\n* Horns: varying combinations of [Wayne Jackson](/wiki/Wayne_Jackson_%28musician%29 \"Wayne Jackson (musician)\"), [Floyd Newman](/wiki/Floyd_Newman \"Floyd Newman\"), [Don Nix](/wiki/Don_Nix \"Don Nix\"), Gilbert Caple, Vinny Trauth (through 1963\\), Packy Axton (through 1964\\), [Andrew Love](/wiki/Andrew_Love_%28musician%29 \"Andrew Love (musician)\") (from 1964\\).", "These musicians, in addition to being the studio Mar\\-Keys, served as the backing band on singles and albums by dozens of [rock](/wiki/Rock_and_roll \"Rock and roll\"), [R\\&B](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\"), and [soul music](/wiki/Soul_music \"Soul music\") artists who recorded at the Stax studios, including [Otis Redding](/wiki/Otis_Redding \"Otis Redding\"), [Carla Thomas](/wiki/Carla_Thomas \"Carla Thomas\"), [Wilson Pickett](/wiki/Wilson_Pickett \"Wilson Pickett\"), and many others.", "While still involved with the Mar\\-Keys and Stax studio work, Cropper, Steinberg, Jones and Al Jackson Jr. also began recording as [Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s](/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\") in 1962\\. Consequently, from then through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar\\-Keys or Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar\\-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s.", "Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar\\-Keys both live and in the studio for several years.", "The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time of the 1965 recording \"Boot\\-Leg\", singles credited to Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s were far outselling recordings credited to the Mar\\-Keys, who had failed to chart in years. Therefore, the decision was made to issue the horn\\-driven \"Boot\\-Leg\" (co\\-written with Packy Axton and Isaac Hayes) as a track by Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s, even though it had been conceived of as a Mar\\-Keys track, and Booker T. Jones himself did not actually play on it.", "With the top 40 chart success of \"Boot\\-Leg\", by the end of 1966 the Mar\\-Keys name was no longer appearing on singles.", "### The six\\-man line\\-up (1967–1969\\)", "Although the Mar\\-Keys were no longer routinely issuing singles, the name still had a certain amount of marketability, and in the late 1960s the Mar\\-Keys name was used whenever horn players Andrew Love and Wayne Jackson (later known as the Memphis Horns) teamed with Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s in live performances. The two groups shared billing on a live album in 1967, *Back to Back*, from a concert in Paris.", "For the 1969 album *Damifiknow!*, the Mar\\-Keys were back in the studio, and were explicitly identified in the album credits as the sextet of Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, Booker T. Jones, Al Jackson, Andrew Love, and Wayne Jackson (no relation to Al). The album was not a chart success, and the Mar\\-Keys name was essentially retired once again.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}", "### Final years (1970–1971\\)", "For the final album credited to the Mar\\-Keys, 1971's *Memphis Experience* Stax simply assembled a number of instrumental cuts from various sources, without regard for group continuity. Three of the album's seven cuts were outtakes from sessions by the [Bar\\-Kays](/wiki/Bar-Kays \"Bar-Kays\"), while the other cuts were performed by various uncredited Memphis musicians with no other ties to the Mar\\-Keys' past.", "### Legacy and recent activity", "The legacy of the Mar\\-Keys is that they were key players in the development of [Southern soul](/wiki/Southern_soul \"Southern soul\") and [Memphis soul](/wiki/Memphis_soul \"Memphis soul\").", "In 2012, the Mar\\-Keys regrouped with a lineup consisting of original members Wayne Jackson, Floyd Newman, Don Nix, Smoochy Smith, Terry Johnson, plus former M.G. [Lewie Steinberg](/wiki/Lewie_Steinberg \"Lewie Steinberg\"), and original member Packy Axton's son Chuck.{{cite web\\|author\\=Patrick Montier\\|url\\=http://staxrecords.free.fr/staxtoday18\\.htm\\|title\\=STAX TODAY 18\\|website\\=Staxrecords.free.fr\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-12}}", "Terry Johnson (born James Terry Johnson on April 3, 1943, in Memphis, Tennessee) died on March 19, 2016, after a short illness, at age 72\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.canalefuneraldirectors.com/obituaries/James\\-Johnson\\-109/\\#!/Obituary\\|title\\=Obituary for Dr. James Terry Johnson\\|accessdate\\=April 27, 2021\\|website\\=canalefuneraldirectors.com}}", "" ]
### Follow\-ups and fragmentation (1961–1966\) Singles and albums continued to appear under the Mar\-Keys name throughout the 1960s, though none anywhere near as successful as "Last Night". The original all\-white band continued to play live dates for a time, but fairly quickly, were largely replaced for studio recordings by session players. This meant that in practice, "The Mar\-Keys" became a *de facto* name for the racially integrated Stax Records house band, which had a floating membership. The most frequent Mar\-Keys studio players during this era, subject to change from session to session, were: * Guitar: [Steve Cropper](/wiki/Steve_Cropper "Steve Cropper") * Bass: [Duck Dunn](/wiki/Duck_Dunn "Duck Dunn"), or occasionally [Lewie Steinberg](/wiki/Lewie_Steinberg "Lewie Steinberg") (until 1964\). * Keyboards: Smoochy Smith (occasionally through 1963\) and/or [Marvell Thomas](/wiki/Marvell_Thomas "Marvell Thomas") (frequently through 1963\); essentially supplanted by [Booker T. Jones](/wiki/Booker_T._Jones "Booker T. Jones") (with increasing frequency from 1962\) and/or [Isaac Hayes](/wiki/Isaac_Hayes "Isaac Hayes") (after mid\-1964\). * Drums: Howard Grimes (1961–62\) or Terry Johnson (occasionally, 1961–62\); supplanted by [Al Jackson Jr.](/wiki/Al_Jackson_Jr. "Al Jackson Jr.") (from mid\-1962\). * Horns: varying combinations of [Wayne Jackson](/wiki/Wayne_Jackson_%28musician%29 "Wayne Jackson (musician)"), [Floyd Newman](/wiki/Floyd_Newman "Floyd Newman"), [Don Nix](/wiki/Don_Nix "Don Nix"), Gilbert Caple, Vinny Trauth (through 1963\), Packy Axton (through 1964\), [Andrew Love](/wiki/Andrew_Love_%28musician%29 "Andrew Love (musician)") (from 1964\). These musicians, in addition to being the studio Mar\-Keys, served as the backing band on singles and albums by dozens of [rock](/wiki/Rock_and_roll "Rock and roll"), [R\&B](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues"), and [soul music](/wiki/Soul_music "Soul music") artists who recorded at the Stax studios, including [Otis Redding](/wiki/Otis_Redding "Otis Redding"), [Carla Thomas](/wiki/Carla_Thomas "Carla Thomas"), [Wilson Pickett](/wiki/Wilson_Pickett "Wilson Pickett"), and many others. While still involved with the Mar\-Keys and Stax studio work, Cropper, Steinberg, Jones and Al Jackson Jr. also began recording as [Booker T. \& the M.G.'s](/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s "Booker T. & the M.G.'s") in 1962\. Consequently, from then through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar\-Keys or Booker T. \& the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar\-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. \& the M.G.'s. Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar\-Keys both live and in the studio for several years. The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time of the 1965 recording "Boot\-Leg", singles credited to Booker T. \& the M.G.'s were far outselling recordings credited to the Mar\-Keys, who had failed to chart in years. Therefore, the decision was made to issue the horn\-driven "Boot\-Leg" (co\-written with Packy Axton and Isaac Hayes) as a track by Booker T. \& the M.G.'s, even though it had been conceived of as a Mar\-Keys track, and Booker T. Jones himself did not actually play on it. With the top 40 chart success of "Boot\-Leg", by the end of 1966 the Mar\-Keys name was no longer appearing on singles.
[ "### Follow\\-ups and fragmentation (1961–1966\\)", "Singles and albums continued to appear under the Mar\\-Keys name throughout the 1960s, though none anywhere near as successful as \"Last Night\". The original all\\-white band continued to play live dates for a time, but fairly quickly, were largely replaced for studio recordings by session players. This meant that in practice, \"The Mar\\-Keys\" became a *de facto* name for the racially integrated Stax Records house band, which had a floating membership. The most frequent Mar\\-Keys studio players during this era, subject to change from session to session, were:", "* Guitar: [Steve Cropper](/wiki/Steve_Cropper \"Steve Cropper\")\n* Bass: [Duck Dunn](/wiki/Duck_Dunn \"Duck Dunn\"), or occasionally [Lewie Steinberg](/wiki/Lewie_Steinberg \"Lewie Steinberg\") (until 1964\\).\n* Keyboards: Smoochy Smith (occasionally through 1963\\) and/or [Marvell Thomas](/wiki/Marvell_Thomas \"Marvell Thomas\") (frequently through 1963\\); essentially supplanted by [Booker T. Jones](/wiki/Booker_T._Jones \"Booker T. Jones\") (with increasing frequency from 1962\\) and/or [Isaac Hayes](/wiki/Isaac_Hayes \"Isaac Hayes\") (after mid\\-1964\\).\n* Drums: Howard Grimes (1961–62\\) or Terry Johnson (occasionally, 1961–62\\); supplanted by [Al Jackson Jr.](/wiki/Al_Jackson_Jr. \"Al Jackson Jr.\") (from mid\\-1962\\).\n* Horns: varying combinations of [Wayne Jackson](/wiki/Wayne_Jackson_%28musician%29 \"Wayne Jackson (musician)\"), [Floyd Newman](/wiki/Floyd_Newman \"Floyd Newman\"), [Don Nix](/wiki/Don_Nix \"Don Nix\"), Gilbert Caple, Vinny Trauth (through 1963\\), Packy Axton (through 1964\\), [Andrew Love](/wiki/Andrew_Love_%28musician%29 \"Andrew Love (musician)\") (from 1964\\).", "These musicians, in addition to being the studio Mar\\-Keys, served as the backing band on singles and albums by dozens of [rock](/wiki/Rock_and_roll \"Rock and roll\"), [R\\&B](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\"), and [soul music](/wiki/Soul_music \"Soul music\") artists who recorded at the Stax studios, including [Otis Redding](/wiki/Otis_Redding \"Otis Redding\"), [Carla Thomas](/wiki/Carla_Thomas \"Carla Thomas\"), [Wilson Pickett](/wiki/Wilson_Pickett \"Wilson Pickett\"), and many others.", "While still involved with the Mar\\-Keys and Stax studio work, Cropper, Steinberg, Jones and Al Jackson Jr. also began recording as [Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s](/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\") in 1962\\. Consequently, from then through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar\\-Keys or Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar\\-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s.", "Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar\\-Keys both live and in the studio for several years.", "The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time of the 1965 recording \"Boot\\-Leg\", singles credited to Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s were far outselling recordings credited to the Mar\\-Keys, who had failed to chart in years. Therefore, the decision was made to issue the horn\\-driven \"Boot\\-Leg\" (co\\-written with Packy Axton and Isaac Hayes) as a track by Booker T. \\& the M.G.'s, even though it had been conceived of as a Mar\\-Keys track, and Booker T. Jones himself did not actually play on it.", "With the top 40 chart success of \"Boot\\-Leg\", by the end of 1966 the Mar\\-Keys name was no longer appearing on singles.", "" ]
Clothing -------- [thumb\|A helmet which integrates visor and ear defenders into one unit, a very popular arrangement with chainsaw users.](/wiki/Image:Chainsaw_helmet.jpg "Chainsaw helmet.jpg") ### Helmet The [helmet](/wiki/Helmet "Helmet") offers some protection for the user's head against impact by the cutter bar of the chainsaw, should a 'kickback' occur. Kickback is when the running chainsaw jumps up unexpectedly out of the cut, thus endangering the saw operator. Helmet protection can only be successful if the [chain brake](/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_features%23Chain_brake "Chainsaw safety features#Chain brake") has been operated to stop the saw chain, since a chain running at full speed can easily cut into the helmet. The helmet, and its eye protection guard, also protect against impacts from small falling or flying objects, such as dead twigs and branches from a tree being felled.{{cite web \|title\=Chain Saw Safety Manual \|url\=http://www.stihl.com/p/media/download/uk\-en/STIHL\_Chain\_Saw\_Safety\_Manual.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[Stihl]] \|year\=1999 \|ref\=Stihl, Chain Saw Safety Manual \|page\=6 }} Exposure to the sun causes the plastic of the helmet to weaken over time, so it is recommended that a helmet be replaced every 3–5 years. A helmet normally has a symbol inside that indicates when it was made. Many helmets also now have a sticker on the outside that fades with exposure to light. When the sticker has faded, the helmet should be replaced. Another way of determining if a helmet needs to be changed is to press the two sides of the helmet towards each other. If a cracking noise is heard, the helmet must be replaced. In the [EU](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), a helmet must meet the requirements of EN397\. Helmets, as well as other safety equipment in Germany must have the KWF sign. ### Visor or goggles A [visor](/wiki/Visor "Visor") or [goggles](/wiki/Goggles "Goggles") reduce the chance of chips penetrating the user's eyes. The relatively flimsy mesh visor, with imperfect coverage of the face, is considered acceptable, because the chips produced by well\-maintained chainsaws are of relatively uniform size and speed. Unlike other woodworking tools, a chainsaw with a sharp chain produces little or no sawdust, only chips (which are too large to fit through the visor's mesh). Some chainsaw users prefer conventional safety glasses or goggles. The choice may depend on the environment. The visor provides ventilation for hard work in hot weather, but safety goggles can prevent smaller pieces of debris from getting into the user's eye. Often, both safety goggles and a visor are employed for superior protection. In the [EU](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), a visor must comply with EN1731, or glasses must comply with EN166\. ### Chainsaw safety mitt {{Update\|section\|date\=September 2021}} A leather mitt is for the operator's left hand that is fitted to, but is free to rotate on, the front bar of the chainsaw. The safety mitt ensures that if kickback occurs, the operator's hand remains on the bar of the chainsaw. This means that the kickback is more easily controlled, and the chain brake is more easily engaged. The safety mitt also protects the operator's left hand in the same way as chainsaw safety gloves. The protection on the left hand mitt protects when the chain derails and jumps over the front handle. Most safety mitts have a protection class 0 (up to 16 m/s chain speed, see below), but there are mitts available covering class 1 (20 m/s chain speed). ### Ear defenders [Ear defenders](/wiki/Ear_defenders "Ear defenders") and [ear plugs](/wiki/Ear_plug "Ear plug") [attenuate](/wiki/Attenuation "Attenuation") noise to levels that cause little or no damage to the user's [hearing](/wiki/Hearing_%28sense%29 "Hearing (sense)"). Non\-electric chainsaws are very loud, typically 115 [dB](/wiki/Decibel "Decibel"), which is above the [recommended exposure limit](/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit "Recommended exposure limit") of 85 dB from the [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health").[CDC \- Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention \- Noise Meter Flash](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/noisemeter.html). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In the EU, ear defenders must comply with EN352\-1\. ### Trousers (pants) Special [fabrics](/wiki/Textile "Textile") have been developed for chainsaw clothing, and this development is still ongoing. Conventional fabric is useless as protection against a running chainsaw, as the fabric can be cut through immediately. There have been difficulties developing a fabric that can withstand more violent impact while still being light, flexible and comfortable enough for the user. Clothes which make the user too hot, or which prevent the user moving easily, are a safety problem in themselves. A worker who is unable to move easily or suffering from being too hot is not safe. Extra fabric layers are added to clothing to improve cut resistance, but clothes which cannot be cut at all by a powerful saw are impractical, even with modern fibres. Additionally, saw and chain technology seems to be outstripping fabric technology because it is very difficult to protect against high power saws employing aggressively cutting chains. A classification scheme has been developed in the EU to rate trousers, and fabric in general, for protection against cutting. | \+ Chainsaw Fabric Classification | | --- | | Class | Max chain speed | | 0 | 16 m/s | | 1 | 20 m/s | | 2 | 24 m/s | | 3 | 28 m/s | The chain speed is specified in the manual for a chainsaw. Higher class trousers are more expensive, hotter, and heavier, so there is an advantage to choosing the trousers to match the saw. There are two standard types of [trousers](/wiki/Trousers "Trousers"), **type A** and **type C**. Type A protects only the front of the legs, and can be supplied as [chaps](/wiki/Chaps "Chaps"), worn over conventional work clothes, or as conventional trousers. Type C gives protection all around the legs and are almost always worn as ordinary trousers, not over another garment. Chaps are generally used for occasional, farm or homeowner applications.Type A or Type C chainsaw trousers? Professional chainsaw operators would choose trousers for comfort and ease of movement, with fallers, ground workers and firewood cutters opting for class A trousers, because of the low risk of being cut in the back of the leg. Climbers and tree surgeons would have to wear type C, as they will be cutting from a wider variety of positions. Type C trousers are, of course, highly insulating, and may lead to heat stress if worn for labour\-intensive operations such as firewood cutting. Chainsaw protective fabric works on a number of principles. The outermost layer can be made both tough and slippery, to protect against minor damage which could compromise the filler material. Beneath these, long, loose fibres of polyester, Avertic, [ballistic nylon](/wiki/Ballistic_nylon "Ballistic nylon"), or [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar "Kevlar") is laid in layers. When a saw contacts the trousers, the outer layer is immediately cut through, but the inner is drawn out and wraps around the saw's drive sprocket, locking it solid and halting the chain, limiting damage to the operator's leg. The length of the fabrics and number of layers match the safety class. In case of an accident, the fabric is pulled out of the upper and lower seam and wraps around the sprocket as described above. Trousers should be slightly baggy, so that there is give, to prevent the chain pulling the operator's leg into the chainsaw. Instead, the 'baggy' excess fabric is pulled out and into the chain mechanism, thereby stopping the saw. After stopping a saw, the damaged trousers must be scrapped, having done their job. The saw must be field\-stripped to remove the fibres, and to allow it to run again. If some trousers are washed, the material inside may degrade over time. As a result, these trousers should be replaced, and not washed in hot water too frequently. If the trousers have Avertic as protection, they should be washed regularly to maintain its protective features. Likewise, trousers should be free of rips and tears that may catch on a chain saw or timber when moving through a forest. In case the trousers are damaged, it is permissible to repair them, only as long the inside protective fabric layers are not damaged. If they are damaged, the trousers are no longer safe and they must be discarded, and a new pair obtained. Chainsaw protective trousers in the EU must comply with EN ISO 11393\-2:2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.iso.org/standard/70749\.html\|title\=Iso 11393\-2:2018}} ### Jacket For detailed information on fabric ratings, see the section above on trousers. The logic is much the same \- the protective materials are designed to slow the chain's rate of cutting and clog the mechanism, rather than protect the wearer completely. Chainsaw protective jackets in the EU must comply with EN381\-11\. ### Gloves [thumb\|Chainsaw gloves. Only the back of the left hand glove contains chainsaw protective fabric, and so only that glove carries the chainsaw label.](/wiki/File:Chainsaw_gloves.JPG "Chainsaw gloves.JPG") Chainsaw [gloves](/wiki/Gloves "Gloves") have cut\-proof fabric protection like that for trousers, but only on the back of the left hand. It is especially important that work gloves are flexible, which limits how much padding they can have. Experience has shown that most chainsaw injuries to the hands occur on the back of the left hand. In the EU, chainsaw gloves must comply with EN381\-7\. ### Boots Chainsaw [boots](/wiki/Boot "Boot") are based on ordinary [steel\-toe boots](/wiki/Steel-toe_boot "Steel-toe boot"), but have layers of chainsaw protective fabric on the exposed front surfaces. They are available in lace\-up [leather](/wiki/Leather "Leather") or [rubber](/wiki/Rubber "Rubber") [wellington boot](/wiki/Wellington_boot "Wellington boot") versions. Popular manufacturers of chainsaw boots sold in Europe include Haix, Klima\-Air, Rock Fall, Meindl, and Oregon. Boots protect the operator from cuts to the front and sides of the foot. In the EU, chainsaw boots must comply with EN345\-2\.{{cite web\|last1\=Barnes\|first1\=Sam\|url\=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg317\.pdf\|website\=HSE.gov.uk\|publisher\=HSE\|title\=Chainsaws at work }} These boots must be to the appropriate EN20345 standard for general safety footwear, and must also be distinctively marked as suitable for chainsaw use, according to EN381\-3 Protective chainsaw gaiters to EN381\-9 over general steel\-toe boots are acceptable for occasional users.
[ "Clothing\n--------", "[thumb\\|A helmet which integrates visor and ear defenders into one unit, a very popular arrangement with chainsaw users.](/wiki/Image:Chainsaw_helmet.jpg \"Chainsaw helmet.jpg\")", "### Helmet", "The [helmet](/wiki/Helmet \"Helmet\") offers some protection for the user's head against impact by the cutter bar of the chainsaw, should a 'kickback' occur. Kickback is when the running chainsaw jumps up unexpectedly out of the cut, thus endangering the saw operator. \nHelmet protection can only be successful if the [chain brake](/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_features%23Chain_brake \"Chainsaw safety features#Chain brake\") has been operated to stop the saw chain, since a chain running at full speed can easily cut into the helmet. The helmet, and its eye protection guard, also protect against impacts from small falling or flying objects, such as dead twigs and branches from a tree being felled.{{cite web\n \\|title\\=Chain Saw Safety Manual\n \\|url\\=http://www.stihl.com/p/media/download/uk\\-en/STIHL\\_Chain\\_Saw\\_Safety\\_Manual.pdf\n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Stihl]]\n \\|year\\=1999\n \\|ref\\=Stihl, Chain Saw Safety Manual\n \\|page\\=6\n}}", "Exposure to the sun causes the plastic of the helmet to weaken over time, so it is recommended that a helmet be replaced every 3–5 years. A helmet normally has a symbol inside that indicates when it was made. Many helmets also now have a sticker on the outside that fades with exposure to light. When the sticker has faded, the helmet should be replaced. \nAnother way of determining if a helmet needs to be changed is to press the two sides of the helmet towards each other. If a cracking noise is heard, the helmet must be replaced.", "In the [EU](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), a helmet must meet the requirements of EN397\\. Helmets, as well as other safety equipment in Germany must have the KWF sign.", "### Visor or goggles", "A [visor](/wiki/Visor \"Visor\") or [goggles](/wiki/Goggles \"Goggles\") reduce the chance of chips penetrating the user's eyes.", "The relatively flimsy mesh visor, with imperfect coverage of the face, is considered acceptable, because the chips produced by well\\-maintained chainsaws are of relatively uniform size and speed. Unlike other woodworking tools, a chainsaw with a sharp chain produces little or no sawdust, only chips (which are too large to fit through the visor's mesh).", "Some chainsaw users prefer conventional safety glasses or goggles. The choice may depend on the environment. The visor provides ventilation for hard work in hot weather, but safety goggles can prevent smaller pieces of debris from getting into the user's eye. Often, both safety goggles and a visor are employed for superior protection.", "In the [EU](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), a visor must comply with EN1731, or glasses must comply with EN166\\.", "### Chainsaw safety mitt", "{{Update\\|section\\|date\\=September 2021}}", "A leather mitt is for the operator's left hand that is fitted to, but is free to rotate on, the front bar of the chainsaw.", "The safety mitt ensures that if kickback occurs, the operator's hand remains on the bar of the chainsaw. This means that the kickback is more easily controlled, and the chain brake is more easily engaged. The safety mitt also protects the operator's left hand in the same way as chainsaw safety gloves. The protection on the left hand mitt protects when the chain derails and jumps over the front handle.", "Most safety mitts have a protection class 0 (up to 16 m/s chain speed, see below), but there are mitts available covering class 1 (20 m/s chain speed).", "### Ear defenders", "[Ear defenders](/wiki/Ear_defenders \"Ear defenders\") and [ear plugs](/wiki/Ear_plug \"Ear plug\") [attenuate](/wiki/Attenuation \"Attenuation\") noise to levels that cause little or no damage to the user's [hearing](/wiki/Hearing_%28sense%29 \"Hearing (sense)\"). Non\\-electric chainsaws are very loud, typically 115 [dB](/wiki/Decibel \"Decibel\"), which is above the [recommended exposure limit](/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit \"Recommended exposure limit\") of 85 dB from the [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health \"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health\").[CDC \\- Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention \\- Noise Meter Flash](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/noisemeter.html). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.", "In the EU, ear defenders must comply with EN352\\-1\\.", "### Trousers (pants)", "Special [fabrics](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\") have been developed for chainsaw clothing, and this development is still ongoing. Conventional fabric is useless as protection against a running chainsaw, as the fabric can be cut through immediately.", "There have been difficulties developing a fabric that can withstand more violent impact while still being light, flexible and comfortable enough for the user. Clothes which make the user too hot, or which prevent the user moving easily, are a safety problem in themselves. A worker who is unable to move easily or suffering from being too hot is not safe. \nExtra fabric layers are added to clothing to improve cut resistance, but clothes which cannot be cut at all by a powerful saw are impractical, even with modern fibres. \nAdditionally, saw and chain technology seems to be outstripping fabric technology because it is very difficult to protect against high power saws employing aggressively cutting chains.", "A classification scheme has been developed in the EU to rate trousers, and fabric in general, for protection against cutting.", "| \\+ Chainsaw Fabric Classification |\n| --- |\n| Class | Max chain speed |\n| 0 | 16 m/s |\n| 1 | 20 m/s |\n| 2 | 24 m/s |\n| 3 | 28 m/s |", "The chain speed is specified in the manual for a chainsaw. Higher class trousers are more expensive, hotter, and heavier, so there is an advantage to choosing the trousers to match the saw.", "There are two standard types of [trousers](/wiki/Trousers \"Trousers\"), **type A** and **type C**. Type A protects only the front of the legs, and can be supplied as [chaps](/wiki/Chaps \"Chaps\"), worn over conventional work clothes, or as conventional trousers. Type C gives protection all around the legs and are almost always worn as ordinary trousers, not over another garment. Chaps are generally used for occasional, farm or homeowner applications.Type A or Type C chainsaw trousers? Professional chainsaw operators would choose trousers for comfort and ease of movement, with fallers, ground workers and firewood cutters opting for class A trousers, because of the low risk of being cut in the back of the leg. Climbers and tree surgeons would have to wear type C, as they will be cutting from a wider variety of positions. Type C trousers are, of course, highly insulating, and may lead to heat stress if worn for labour\\-intensive operations such as firewood cutting. \nChainsaw protective fabric works on a number of principles. The outermost layer can be made both tough and slippery, to protect against minor damage which could compromise the filler material. Beneath these, long, loose fibres of polyester, Avertic, [ballistic nylon](/wiki/Ballistic_nylon \"Ballistic nylon\"), or [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar \"Kevlar\") is laid in layers. When a saw contacts the trousers, the outer layer is immediately cut through, but the inner is drawn out and wraps around the saw's drive sprocket, locking it solid and halting the chain, limiting damage to the operator's leg. The length of the fabrics and number of layers match the safety class. In case of an accident, the fabric is pulled out of the upper and lower seam and wraps around the sprocket as described above. Trousers should be slightly baggy, so that there is give, to prevent the chain pulling the operator's leg into the chainsaw. Instead, the 'baggy' excess fabric is pulled out and into the chain mechanism, thereby stopping the saw. After stopping a saw, the damaged trousers must be scrapped, having done their job. \nThe saw must be field\\-stripped to remove the fibres, and to allow it to run again.", "If some trousers are washed, the material inside may degrade over time. As a result, these trousers should be replaced, and not washed in hot water too frequently. If the trousers have Avertic as protection, they should be washed regularly to maintain its protective features. Likewise, trousers should be free of rips and tears that may catch on a chain saw or timber when moving through a forest.", "In case the trousers are damaged, it is permissible to repair them, only as long the inside protective fabric layers are not damaged. If they are damaged, the trousers are no longer safe and they must be discarded, and a new pair obtained.", "Chainsaw protective trousers in the EU must comply with EN ISO 11393\\-2:2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.iso.org/standard/70749\\.html\\|title\\=Iso 11393\\-2:2018}}", "### Jacket", "For detailed information on fabric ratings, see the section above on trousers. The logic is much the same \\- the protective materials are designed to slow the chain's rate of cutting and clog the mechanism, rather than protect the wearer completely.", "Chainsaw protective jackets in the EU must comply with EN381\\-11\\.", "### Gloves", "[thumb\\|Chainsaw gloves. Only the back of the left hand glove contains chainsaw protective fabric, and so only that glove carries the chainsaw label.](/wiki/File:Chainsaw_gloves.JPG \"Chainsaw gloves.JPG\")\nChainsaw [gloves](/wiki/Gloves \"Gloves\") have cut\\-proof fabric protection like that for trousers, but only on the back of the left hand. It is especially important that work gloves are flexible, which limits how much padding they can have. Experience has shown that most chainsaw injuries to the hands occur on the back of the left hand.", "In the EU, chainsaw gloves must comply with EN381\\-7\\.", "### Boots", "Chainsaw [boots](/wiki/Boot \"Boot\") are based on ordinary [steel\\-toe boots](/wiki/Steel-toe_boot \"Steel-toe boot\"), but have layers of chainsaw protective fabric on the exposed front surfaces. They are available in lace\\-up [leather](/wiki/Leather \"Leather\") or [rubber](/wiki/Rubber \"Rubber\") [wellington boot](/wiki/Wellington_boot \"Wellington boot\") versions. Popular manufacturers of chainsaw boots sold in Europe include Haix, Klima\\-Air, Rock Fall, Meindl, and Oregon.", "Boots protect the operator from cuts to the front and sides of the foot.", "In the EU, chainsaw boots must comply with EN345\\-2\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Barnes\\|first1\\=Sam\\|url\\=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg317\\.pdf\\|website\\=HSE.gov.uk\\|publisher\\=HSE\\|title\\=Chainsaws at work\n}} These boots must be to the appropriate EN20345 standard for general safety footwear, and must also be distinctively marked as suitable for chainsaw use, according to EN381\\-3", "Protective chainsaw gaiters to EN381\\-9 over general steel\\-toe boots are acceptable for occasional users.", "" ]
### Trousers (pants) Special [fabrics](/wiki/Textile "Textile") have been developed for chainsaw clothing, and this development is still ongoing. Conventional fabric is useless as protection against a running chainsaw, as the fabric can be cut through immediately. There have been difficulties developing a fabric that can withstand more violent impact while still being light, flexible and comfortable enough for the user. Clothes which make the user too hot, or which prevent the user moving easily, are a safety problem in themselves. A worker who is unable to move easily or suffering from being too hot is not safe. Extra fabric layers are added to clothing to improve cut resistance, but clothes which cannot be cut at all by a powerful saw are impractical, even with modern fibres. Additionally, saw and chain technology seems to be outstripping fabric technology because it is very difficult to protect against high power saws employing aggressively cutting chains. A classification scheme has been developed in the EU to rate trousers, and fabric in general, for protection against cutting. | \+ Chainsaw Fabric Classification | | --- | | Class | Max chain speed | | 0 | 16 m/s | | 1 | 20 m/s | | 2 | 24 m/s | | 3 | 28 m/s | The chain speed is specified in the manual for a chainsaw. Higher class trousers are more expensive, hotter, and heavier, so there is an advantage to choosing the trousers to match the saw. There are two standard types of [trousers](/wiki/Trousers "Trousers"), **type A** and **type C**. Type A protects only the front of the legs, and can be supplied as [chaps](/wiki/Chaps "Chaps"), worn over conventional work clothes, or as conventional trousers. Type C gives protection all around the legs and are almost always worn as ordinary trousers, not over another garment. Chaps are generally used for occasional, farm or homeowner applications.Type A or Type C chainsaw trousers? Professional chainsaw operators would choose trousers for comfort and ease of movement, with fallers, ground workers and firewood cutters opting for class A trousers, because of the low risk of being cut in the back of the leg. Climbers and tree surgeons would have to wear type C, as they will be cutting from a wider variety of positions. Type C trousers are, of course, highly insulating, and may lead to heat stress if worn for labour\-intensive operations such as firewood cutting. Chainsaw protective fabric works on a number of principles. The outermost layer can be made both tough and slippery, to protect against minor damage which could compromise the filler material. Beneath these, long, loose fibres of polyester, Avertic, [ballistic nylon](/wiki/Ballistic_nylon "Ballistic nylon"), or [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar "Kevlar") is laid in layers. When a saw contacts the trousers, the outer layer is immediately cut through, but the inner is drawn out and wraps around the saw's drive sprocket, locking it solid and halting the chain, limiting damage to the operator's leg. The length of the fabrics and number of layers match the safety class. In case of an accident, the fabric is pulled out of the upper and lower seam and wraps around the sprocket as described above. Trousers should be slightly baggy, so that there is give, to prevent the chain pulling the operator's leg into the chainsaw. Instead, the 'baggy' excess fabric is pulled out and into the chain mechanism, thereby stopping the saw. After stopping a saw, the damaged trousers must be scrapped, having done their job. The saw must be field\-stripped to remove the fibres, and to allow it to run again. If some trousers are washed, the material inside may degrade over time. As a result, these trousers should be replaced, and not washed in hot water too frequently. If the trousers have Avertic as protection, they should be washed regularly to maintain its protective features. Likewise, trousers should be free of rips and tears that may catch on a chain saw or timber when moving through a forest. In case the trousers are damaged, it is permissible to repair them, only as long the inside protective fabric layers are not damaged. If they are damaged, the trousers are no longer safe and they must be discarded, and a new pair obtained. Chainsaw protective trousers in the EU must comply with EN ISO 11393\-2:2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.iso.org/standard/70749\.html\|title\=Iso 11393\-2:2018}}
[ "### Trousers (pants)", "Special [fabrics](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\") have been developed for chainsaw clothing, and this development is still ongoing. Conventional fabric is useless as protection against a running chainsaw, as the fabric can be cut through immediately.", "There have been difficulties developing a fabric that can withstand more violent impact while still being light, flexible and comfortable enough for the user. Clothes which make the user too hot, or which prevent the user moving easily, are a safety problem in themselves. A worker who is unable to move easily or suffering from being too hot is not safe. \nExtra fabric layers are added to clothing to improve cut resistance, but clothes which cannot be cut at all by a powerful saw are impractical, even with modern fibres. \nAdditionally, saw and chain technology seems to be outstripping fabric technology because it is very difficult to protect against high power saws employing aggressively cutting chains.", "A classification scheme has been developed in the EU to rate trousers, and fabric in general, for protection against cutting.", "| \\+ Chainsaw Fabric Classification |\n| --- |\n| Class | Max chain speed |\n| 0 | 16 m/s |\n| 1 | 20 m/s |\n| 2 | 24 m/s |\n| 3 | 28 m/s |", "The chain speed is specified in the manual for a chainsaw. Higher class trousers are more expensive, hotter, and heavier, so there is an advantage to choosing the trousers to match the saw.", "There are two standard types of [trousers](/wiki/Trousers \"Trousers\"), **type A** and **type C**. Type A protects only the front of the legs, and can be supplied as [chaps](/wiki/Chaps \"Chaps\"), worn over conventional work clothes, or as conventional trousers. Type C gives protection all around the legs and are almost always worn as ordinary trousers, not over another garment. Chaps are generally used for occasional, farm or homeowner applications.Type A or Type C chainsaw trousers? Professional chainsaw operators would choose trousers for comfort and ease of movement, with fallers, ground workers and firewood cutters opting for class A trousers, because of the low risk of being cut in the back of the leg. Climbers and tree surgeons would have to wear type C, as they will be cutting from a wider variety of positions. Type C trousers are, of course, highly insulating, and may lead to heat stress if worn for labour\\-intensive operations such as firewood cutting. \nChainsaw protective fabric works on a number of principles. The outermost layer can be made both tough and slippery, to protect against minor damage which could compromise the filler material. Beneath these, long, loose fibres of polyester, Avertic, [ballistic nylon](/wiki/Ballistic_nylon \"Ballistic nylon\"), or [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar \"Kevlar\") is laid in layers. When a saw contacts the trousers, the outer layer is immediately cut through, but the inner is drawn out and wraps around the saw's drive sprocket, locking it solid and halting the chain, limiting damage to the operator's leg. The length of the fabrics and number of layers match the safety class. In case of an accident, the fabric is pulled out of the upper and lower seam and wraps around the sprocket as described above. Trousers should be slightly baggy, so that there is give, to prevent the chain pulling the operator's leg into the chainsaw. Instead, the 'baggy' excess fabric is pulled out and into the chain mechanism, thereby stopping the saw. After stopping a saw, the damaged trousers must be scrapped, having done their job. \nThe saw must be field\\-stripped to remove the fibres, and to allow it to run again.", "If some trousers are washed, the material inside may degrade over time. As a result, these trousers should be replaced, and not washed in hot water too frequently. If the trousers have Avertic as protection, they should be washed regularly to maintain its protective features. Likewise, trousers should be free of rips and tears that may catch on a chain saw or timber when moving through a forest.", "In case the trousers are damaged, it is permissible to repair them, only as long the inside protective fabric layers are not damaged. If they are damaged, the trousers are no longer safe and they must be discarded, and a new pair obtained.", "Chainsaw protective trousers in the EU must comply with EN ISO 11393\\-2:2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.iso.org/standard/70749\\.html\\|title\\=Iso 11393\\-2:2018}}", "" ]
Storylines ---------- Gabrielle first appears when former boyfriend [Max Holden](/wiki/Max_Holden_%28One_Life_to_Live%29 "Max Holden (One Life to Live)") ([James DePaiva](/wiki/James_DePaiva "James DePaiva")) visits her native [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina") with his new girlfriend, [Tina Lord](/wiki/Tina_Lord "Tina Lord") ([Andrea Evans](/wiki/Andrea_Evans "Andrea Evans")), in 1987\. Gabrielle's drug lord father, [Dante Medina](/wiki/Dante_Medina "Dante Medina") ([Henry Darrow](/wiki/Henry_Darrow "Henry Darrow")), is killed and Tina is presumed dead after plummeting over the [Iguazu Falls](/wiki/Iguazu_Falls "Iguazu Falls"). She turns up alive as Gabrielle secretly gives birth to Max's son; Gabrielle is soon duped by Tina into letting Tina pass the child off as her own. Gabrielle believes that Tina is raising the child with Max, but Tina actually pretends the child is hers with estranged husband [Cord Roberts](/wiki/Cord_Roberts "Cord Roberts") ([John Loprieno](/wiki/John_Loprieno "John Loprieno")), hoping to reconcile with him. Gabrielle moves to [Llanview](/wiki/Llanview "Llanview") in July 1987, and the truth is eventually revealed, leading her to reunite with her son, [Al](/wiki/Al_Holden "Al Holden"). Max and Gabrielle fight their passionate attraction to one another after she marries his brother, [Steve Holden](/wiki/Steve_Holden_%28One_Life_to_Live%29 "Steve Holden (One Life to Live)"), in 1988\. After Gabrielle and Steve divorce, she orchestrates a baby switch involving Steve's baby with fiancee Brenda McGillis (Brenda Brock) to prevent her friend Michael Grande (Dennis Parlato) from learning that his newborn son actually died; Gabrielle and Michael get engaged, but once the switch is exposed, the relationship ends. Gabrielle goes on trial but is given a slap on the wrist; she and Max reunite and marry in 1990\. In 1991, mob boss [Carlo Hesser](/wiki/Carlo_Hesser "Carlo Hesser") ([Thom Christopher](/wiki/Thom_Christopher "Thom Christopher")) blackmails Gabrielle to aid him in his plot to poison newspaper publisher [Viki Lord Buchanan](/wiki/Victoria_Lord "Victoria Lord") ([Erika Slezak](/wiki/Erika_Slezak "Erika Slezak")). Gabrielle eventually backs out and testifies against Carlo in trial for Viki's attempted murder. She ends up accepting the blame and goes to jail for seven years to protect her young son Al from Carlo's wrath in 1991\. After her stint in Statesville Prison, Gabrielle returns to Llanview in 2001 and marries billionaire [Asa Buchanan](/wiki/Asa_Buchanan "Asa Buchanan") ([Philip Carey](/wiki/Philip_Carey "Philip Carey")) as part of her scheme to destroy Max, with whom she is angry for being a dead\-beat father to Al. Gabrielle and Asa plot to fake Asa's death and frame Max for the "murder," but Gabrielle ends up falling in love with Max again. Asa catches wind of this and, suspecting Gabrielle and Max are plotting to kill him for real, decides to fake his own death without her help and frame both Gabrielle and Max for his "death." The truth is uncovered when Asa's son, [Bo Buchanan](/wiki/Bo_Buchanan "Bo Buchanan") ([Robert S. Woods](/wiki/Robert_S._Woods "Robert S. Woods")), finds him hiding out on St. Blaze's Island. Upon his return to Llanview, Asa divorces Gabrielle, throwing her out of the mansion and leaving her with no clothes, no money, and no home. Angry with his father, Bo invites Gabrielle to live with him in his garret but demands that she find herself a job. Gabrielle overhears information with which she can blackmail [Todd Manning](/wiki/Todd_Manning "Todd Manning") ([Roger Howarth](/wiki/Roger_Howarth "Roger Howarth")) to give her a job as Style Editor of his newspaper, *The Sun*. Bo suspects foul play and demands the truth from Gabrielle. When she finally admits to her crimes, she expects that Bo will throw her out of his home, but he surprises her by asking her to stay. Gabrielle and Bo grow very close while living together, and they eventually fall in love and begin dating seriously, which allows her to become a less vindictive person. When Bo's ex\-wife, [Nora Hanen](/wiki/Nora_Hanen "Nora Hanen") ([Hillary B. Smith](/wiki/Hillary_B._Smith "Hillary B. Smith")), becomes the Assistant District Attorney, Gabrielle becomes jealous and insecure with her relationship with Bo, but he assures her that he and Nora are over. When Gabrielle learns that [Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_Buchanan "Matthew Buchanan") is really Bo's son, she keeps the truth from them both but eventually confesses to Bo. Nora is furious, but Bo forgives Gabrielle and assures her that he doesn't want to break up because of it and that he still wants Gabrielle in his life. After Gabrielle and Bo have a fight one night, she gets drunk and is taken advantage of by [Troy MacIver](/wiki/Troy_MacIver "Troy MacIver") ([Ty Treadway](/wiki/Ty_Treadway "Ty Treadway")). Despite her insistence that it was a mistake, Troy pursues Gabrielle to the point of near stalking her. Their clandestine meetings are caught on video by [Jen Rappaport](/wiki/Jennifer_Rappaport "Jennifer Rappaport") ([Jessica Morris](/wiki/Jessica_Morris "Jessica Morris")), and the footage soon becomes evidence in a possible homicide. Gabrielle destroys the evidence in a panic but promises to make up for it by going undercover to expose Troy's crimes. The plan goes wrong and Troy kidnaps Gabrielle and locks her in a morgue to die. Bo comes to her rescue just in time. Gabrielle's son, Al, soon becomes sick and in need of a liver transplant. Gabrielle offers to give part of her liver to save his life, but Al dies when the procedure fails. Grief\-stricken, Gabrielle breaks off her engagement to Bo and moves out of the apartment. Bo convinces her not to give up on life, and the two resume their engagement after she moves back in. On New Year's Eve of 2003, Gabrielle is murdered by serial killer Dr. [Stephen Haver](/wiki/Stephen_Haver "Stephen Haver") ([Matthew Ashford](/wiki/Matthew_Ashford "Matthew Ashford")). When Bo is shot by Troy at the series finale in 2012, Gabrielle appears to Bo from Heaven, encouraging him to stay with her in the afterlife and "pick up where they left off".
[ "Storylines\n----------", "Gabrielle first appears when former boyfriend [Max Holden](/wiki/Max_Holden_%28One_Life_to_Live%29 \"Max Holden (One Life to Live)\") ([James DePaiva](/wiki/James_DePaiva \"James DePaiva\")) visits her native [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\") with his new girlfriend, [Tina Lord](/wiki/Tina_Lord \"Tina Lord\") ([Andrea Evans](/wiki/Andrea_Evans \"Andrea Evans\")), in 1987\\. Gabrielle's drug lord father, [Dante Medina](/wiki/Dante_Medina \"Dante Medina\") ([Henry Darrow](/wiki/Henry_Darrow \"Henry Darrow\")), is killed and Tina is presumed dead after plummeting over the [Iguazu Falls](/wiki/Iguazu_Falls \"Iguazu Falls\"). She turns up alive as Gabrielle secretly gives birth to Max's son; Gabrielle is soon duped by Tina into letting Tina pass the child off as her own. Gabrielle believes that Tina is raising the child with Max, but Tina actually pretends the child is hers with estranged husband [Cord Roberts](/wiki/Cord_Roberts \"Cord Roberts\") ([John Loprieno](/wiki/John_Loprieno \"John Loprieno\")), hoping to reconcile with him. Gabrielle moves to [Llanview](/wiki/Llanview \"Llanview\") in July 1987, and the truth is eventually revealed, leading her to reunite with her son, [Al](/wiki/Al_Holden \"Al Holden\"). Max and Gabrielle fight their passionate attraction to one another after she marries his brother, [Steve Holden](/wiki/Steve_Holden_%28One_Life_to_Live%29 \"Steve Holden (One Life to Live)\"), in 1988\\.", "After Gabrielle and Steve divorce, she orchestrates a baby switch involving Steve's baby with fiancee Brenda McGillis (Brenda Brock) to prevent her friend Michael Grande (Dennis Parlato) from learning that his newborn son actually died; Gabrielle and Michael get engaged, but once the switch is exposed, the relationship ends. Gabrielle goes on trial but is given a slap on the wrist; she and Max reunite and marry in 1990\\. In 1991, mob boss [Carlo Hesser](/wiki/Carlo_Hesser \"Carlo Hesser\") ([Thom Christopher](/wiki/Thom_Christopher \"Thom Christopher\")) blackmails Gabrielle to aid him in his plot to poison newspaper publisher [Viki Lord Buchanan](/wiki/Victoria_Lord \"Victoria Lord\") ([Erika Slezak](/wiki/Erika_Slezak \"Erika Slezak\")). Gabrielle eventually backs out and testifies against Carlo in trial for Viki's attempted murder. She ends up accepting the blame and goes to jail for seven years to protect her young son Al from Carlo's wrath in 1991\\.", "After her stint in Statesville Prison, Gabrielle returns to Llanview in 2001 and marries billionaire [Asa Buchanan](/wiki/Asa_Buchanan \"Asa Buchanan\") ([Philip Carey](/wiki/Philip_Carey \"Philip Carey\")) as part of her scheme to destroy Max, with whom she is angry for being a dead\\-beat father to Al. Gabrielle and Asa plot to fake Asa's death and frame Max for the \"murder,\" but Gabrielle ends up falling in love with Max again. Asa catches wind of this and, suspecting Gabrielle and Max are plotting to kill him for real, decides to fake his own death without her help and frame both Gabrielle and Max for his \"death.\" The truth is uncovered when Asa's son, [Bo Buchanan](/wiki/Bo_Buchanan \"Bo Buchanan\") ([Robert S. Woods](/wiki/Robert_S._Woods \"Robert S. Woods\")), finds him hiding out on St. Blaze's Island.", "Upon his return to Llanview, Asa divorces Gabrielle, throwing her out of the mansion and leaving her with no clothes, no money, and no home. Angry with his father, Bo invites Gabrielle to live with him in his garret but demands that she find herself a job. Gabrielle overhears information with which she can blackmail [Todd Manning](/wiki/Todd_Manning \"Todd Manning\") ([Roger Howarth](/wiki/Roger_Howarth \"Roger Howarth\")) to give her a job as Style Editor of his newspaper, *The Sun*. Bo suspects foul play and demands the truth from Gabrielle. When she finally admits to her crimes, she expects that Bo will throw her out of his home, but he surprises her by asking her to stay. Gabrielle and Bo grow very close while living together, and they eventually fall in love and begin dating seriously, which allows her to become a less vindictive person.", "When Bo's ex\\-wife, [Nora Hanen](/wiki/Nora_Hanen \"Nora Hanen\") ([Hillary B. Smith](/wiki/Hillary_B._Smith \"Hillary B. Smith\")), becomes the Assistant District Attorney, Gabrielle becomes jealous and insecure with her relationship with Bo, but he assures her that he and Nora are over. When Gabrielle learns that [Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_Buchanan \"Matthew Buchanan\") is really Bo's son, she keeps the truth from them both but eventually confesses to Bo. Nora is furious, but Bo forgives Gabrielle and assures her that he doesn't want to break up because of it and that he still wants Gabrielle in his life.", "After Gabrielle and Bo have a fight one night, she gets drunk and is taken advantage of by [Troy MacIver](/wiki/Troy_MacIver \"Troy MacIver\") ([Ty Treadway](/wiki/Ty_Treadway \"Ty Treadway\")). Despite her insistence that it was a mistake, Troy pursues Gabrielle to the point of near stalking her. Their clandestine meetings are caught on video by [Jen Rappaport](/wiki/Jennifer_Rappaport \"Jennifer Rappaport\") ([Jessica Morris](/wiki/Jessica_Morris \"Jessica Morris\")), and the footage soon becomes evidence in a possible homicide. Gabrielle destroys the evidence in a panic but promises to make up for it by going undercover to expose Troy's crimes. The plan goes wrong and Troy kidnaps Gabrielle and locks her in a morgue to die. Bo comes to her rescue just in time.", "Gabrielle's son, Al, soon becomes sick and in need of a liver transplant. Gabrielle offers to give part of her liver to save his life, but Al dies when the procedure fails. Grief\\-stricken, Gabrielle breaks off her engagement to Bo and moves out of the apartment. Bo convinces her not to give up on life, and the two resume their engagement after she moves back in. On New Year's Eve of 2003, Gabrielle is murdered by serial killer Dr. [Stephen Haver](/wiki/Stephen_Haver \"Stephen Haver\") ([Matthew Ashford](/wiki/Matthew_Ashford \"Matthew Ashford\")).", "When Bo is shot by Troy at the series finale in 2012, Gabrielle appears to Bo from Heaven, encouraging him to stay with her in the afterlife and \"pick up where they left off\".", "" ]
Political career ---------------- Yunus's political career began in 1967, as a [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament%23India "Member of Parliament#India") (MP) for the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress "Indian National Congress") from the [Nalgonda](/wiki/Nalgonda_Lok_Sabha_constituency "Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency") constituency of the [Lok Sabha](/wiki/Lok_Sabha "Lok Sabha"). From 1967\-71 he was Minister of Law, Justice, and Waqf, as well as Deputy Minister of Railways. In 1971 he contested the [Aligarh](/wiki/Aligarh_Lok_Sabha_constituency "Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency") constituency but lost. In 1974 he was elected to the [Rajya Sabha](/wiki/Rajya_Sabha "Rajya Sabha") from [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Andhra_Pradesh "List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh"). When the Congress Party split in the late 1970s he was a member of the Parliamentary Board of Congress (Urs) and as the party localized to [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra") under [Sharad Pawar](/wiki/Sharad_Pawar "Sharad Pawar"), he joined [Choudhary Charan Singh](/wiki/Choudhary_Charan_Singh "Choudhary Charan Singh")'s [Lok Dal](/wiki/Lok_Dal "Lok Dal"). He was the Vice President of [Lok Dal](/wiki/Lok_Dal "Lok Dal") and also a member of its parliamentary board. During the Congress Party's expulsion of [V. P. Singh](/wiki/V._P._Singh "V. P. Singh") in 1987 and the formation of [Jan Morcha](/wiki/Jan_Morcha "Jan Morcha"), he joined the newly formed party. He played a role in bringing the parties together and in the formation of [Janata Dal](/wiki/Janata_Dal "Janata Dal"). In 1990 he became the [Governor of Bihar](/wiki/Governor_of_Bihar "Governor of Bihar"). In 1991 he again became an MP, from the [Katihar](/wiki/Katihar_Lok_Sabha_constituency "Katihar Lok Sabha constituency") constituency. In 1996 he rejoined Congress and remained a member until his death. He died on 14 January 2004, following a brief illness, in his residence in Delhi. He had two daughters Zeba and Shehla, and his son Junaid Abdul Rehman, who lives in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States").
[ "Political career\n----------------", "Yunus's political career began in 1967, as a [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament%23India \"Member of Parliament#India\") (MP) for the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") from the [Nalgonda](/wiki/Nalgonda_Lok_Sabha_constituency \"Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency\") constituency of the [Lok Sabha](/wiki/Lok_Sabha \"Lok Sabha\"). From 1967\\-71 he was Minister of Law, Justice, and Waqf, as well as Deputy Minister of Railways. In 1971 he contested the [Aligarh](/wiki/Aligarh_Lok_Sabha_constituency \"Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency\") constituency but lost. In 1974 he was elected to the [Rajya Sabha](/wiki/Rajya_Sabha \"Rajya Sabha\") from [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Andhra_Pradesh \"List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh\").", "When the Congress Party split in the late 1970s he was a member of the Parliamentary Board of Congress (Urs) and as the party localized to [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\") under [Sharad Pawar](/wiki/Sharad_Pawar \"Sharad Pawar\"), he joined [Choudhary Charan Singh](/wiki/Choudhary_Charan_Singh \"Choudhary Charan Singh\")'s [Lok Dal](/wiki/Lok_Dal \"Lok Dal\"). He was the Vice President of [Lok Dal](/wiki/Lok_Dal \"Lok Dal\") and also a member of its parliamentary board.", "During the Congress Party's expulsion of [V. P. Singh](/wiki/V._P._Singh \"V. P. Singh\") in 1987 and the formation of [Jan Morcha](/wiki/Jan_Morcha \"Jan Morcha\"), he joined the newly formed party. He played a role in bringing the parties together and in the formation of [Janata Dal](/wiki/Janata_Dal \"Janata Dal\").", "In 1990 he became the [Governor of Bihar](/wiki/Governor_of_Bihar \"Governor of Bihar\"). In 1991 he again became an MP, from the [Katihar](/wiki/Katihar_Lok_Sabha_constituency \"Katihar Lok Sabha constituency\") constituency.", "In 1996 he rejoined Congress and remained a member until his death. He died on 14 January 2004, following a brief illness, in his residence in Delhi. He had two daughters Zeba and Shehla, and his son Junaid Abdul Rehman, who lives in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").", "" ]
Geographical coverage --------------------- Each edition has added geographic detail. The [2021 edition](https://www.unesco.org/reports/science/2021/en) of the *UNESCO Science Report* provides data for 193 countries, with contributions from more than 70 authors from 52 countries. Published in June 2021, the seventh report in the series arrives at a crucial juncture, as countries are now one\-third of the way to the 2030 deadline for achieving their [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals "Sustainable Development Goals") (SDGs). It reveals that countries of all income levels share a common agenda for transitioning to [digital](/wiki/Digital_economy "Digital economy") and ['green' economies](/wiki/Green_economy "Green economy"). Themes covered in 2021 include our relationship with advanced technologies and the resources and energy they require, the [Fourth Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution "Fourth Industrial Revolution"), the [effect of Brexit on science and technology](/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology "Brexit and arrangements for science and technology") and the status of [women in science](/wiki/Women_in_science "Women in science") and Industry 4\.0\. For the first time, an analysis of scientific output breaks down the broad field of cross\-cutting strategic technologies into its sub\-fields, such as artificial intelligence and robotics, energy and nanotechnology. The Covid\-19 pandemic has energized knowledge production systems. This dynamic builds on the trend towards greater international scientific collaboration, which bodes well for tackling this and other global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. However, sustainability science is not yet mainstream in academic publishing, according to the report's assessment of output on 56 topics of priority for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals, even though countries are investing more than before in green technologies. The 2021 edition concludes that countries will need to invest more in research and innovation, if they are to succeed in their dual digital and green transition. More than 30 countries have already raised their research spending since 2014, in line with their commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite this progress, eight out of ten countries still devote less than 1% of GDP to research, perpetuating their dependence on foreign technologies. The 2015 edition of the *UNESCO Science Report* provided data on 189 countries and profiles of varying length of 140 countries. It contained three global chapters, 13 regional chapters and 11 chapters on individual countries, namely on: Brazil, Canada, China, India, Iran, Israel, [Malaysia](/wiki/Challenges_for_innovation_in_Malaysia "Challenges for innovation in Malaysia"), Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and United States of America. Themes covered in 2015 include the recent reform of [higher education in Afghanistan](/wiki/Higher_education_in_Afghanistan "Higher education in Afghanistan"), West Africa's first Policy on Science and Technology ([ECOPOST](/wiki/ECOPOST "ECOPOST")), science and technology in individual countries, including [Brazil](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil "Science and technology in Brazil"), [Botswana](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Botswana "Science and technology in Botswana"), [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan "Science and technology in Kazakhstan"), [Malawi](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malawi "Science and technology in Malawi"), [Uganda](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Uganda "Science and technology in Uganda"), the [United Republic of Tanzania](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Tanzania "Science and technology in Tanzania"), [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Zimbabwe "Science and technology in Zimbabwe") and the [Pacific Islands](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pacific_Island_countries "Science and technology in Pacific Island countries"), [biomedical research in the United States](/wiki/Biomedical_research_in_the_United_States "Biomedical research in the United States"), challenges facing [innovation in Malaysia](/wiki/Innovation_in_Malaysia "Innovation in Malaysia"), the anticipated [effect of Brexit on science and technology](/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology "Brexit and arrangements for science and technology"), the [status of female participation in scientific research](/wiki/Women_in_science "Women in science") and the development of South\-South cooperation in science. The *UNESCO Science Report* has evolved over the years, and the report's geographical coverage has expanded. The 2015 edition of the UNESCO Science Report observed that, 'although most research and development is taking place in high\-income countries, innovation is pervasive and is occurring in countries across the full spectrum of income levels'.{{Cite book\|title\=Tracking trends in innovation and mobility. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030\|last\=Korku Ayenyo\|display\-authors\=etal\|first\=Elvis\|publisher\=UNESCO Publishing\|pages\=82}} All the reports in the series are open access. They may be downloaded and purchased in various languages.
[ "Geographical coverage\n---------------------", "Each edition has added geographic detail. The [2021 edition](https://www.unesco.org/reports/science/2021/en) of the *UNESCO Science Report* provides data for 193 countries, with contributions from more than 70 authors from 52 countries. Published in June 2021, the seventh report in the series arrives at a crucial juncture, as countries are now one\\-third of the way to the 2030 deadline for achieving their [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\") (SDGs). It reveals that countries of all income levels share a common agenda for transitioning to [digital](/wiki/Digital_economy \"Digital economy\") and ['green' economies](/wiki/Green_economy \"Green economy\").", "Themes covered in 2021 include our relationship with advanced technologies and the resources and energy they require, the [Fourth Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution \"Fourth Industrial Revolution\"), the [effect of Brexit on science and technology](/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology \"Brexit and arrangements for science and technology\") and the status of [women in science](/wiki/Women_in_science \"Women in science\") and Industry 4\\.0\\. For the first time, an analysis of scientific output breaks down the broad field of cross\\-cutting strategic technologies into its sub\\-fields, such as artificial intelligence and robotics, energy and nanotechnology. The Covid\\-19 pandemic has energized knowledge production systems. This dynamic builds on the trend towards greater international scientific collaboration, which bodes well for tackling this and other global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. However, sustainability science is not yet mainstream in academic publishing, according to the report's assessment of output on 56 topics of priority for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals, even though countries are investing more than before in green technologies.", "The 2021 edition concludes that countries will need to invest more in research and innovation, if they are to succeed in their dual digital and green transition. More than 30 countries have already raised their research spending since 2014, in line with their commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite this progress, eight out of ten countries still devote less than 1% of GDP to research, perpetuating their dependence on foreign technologies.", "The 2015 edition of the *UNESCO Science Report* provided data on 189 countries and profiles of varying length of 140 countries. It contained three global chapters, 13 regional chapters and 11 chapters on individual countries, namely on: Brazil, Canada, China, India, Iran, Israel, [Malaysia](/wiki/Challenges_for_innovation_in_Malaysia \"Challenges for innovation in Malaysia\"), Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and United States of America.", "Themes covered in 2015 include the recent reform of [higher education in Afghanistan](/wiki/Higher_education_in_Afghanistan \"Higher education in Afghanistan\"), West Africa's first Policy on Science and Technology ([ECOPOST](/wiki/ECOPOST \"ECOPOST\")), science and technology in individual countries, including [Brazil](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil \"Science and technology in Brazil\"), [Botswana](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Botswana \"Science and technology in Botswana\"), [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan \"Science and technology in Kazakhstan\"), [Malawi](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malawi \"Science and technology in Malawi\"), [Uganda](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Uganda \"Science and technology in Uganda\"), the [United Republic of Tanzania](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Tanzania \"Science and technology in Tanzania\"), [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Zimbabwe \"Science and technology in Zimbabwe\") and the [Pacific Islands](/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pacific_Island_countries \"Science and technology in Pacific Island countries\"), [biomedical research in the United States](/wiki/Biomedical_research_in_the_United_States \"Biomedical research in the United States\"), challenges facing [innovation in Malaysia](/wiki/Innovation_in_Malaysia \"Innovation in Malaysia\"), the anticipated [effect of Brexit on science and technology](/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology \"Brexit and arrangements for science and technology\"), the [status of female participation in scientific research](/wiki/Women_in_science \"Women in science\") and the development of South\\-South cooperation in science.", "The *UNESCO Science Report* has evolved over the years, and the report's geographical coverage has expanded. The 2015 edition of the UNESCO Science Report observed that, 'although most research and development is taking place in high\\-income countries, innovation is pervasive and is occurring in countries across the full spectrum of income levels'.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Tracking trends in innovation and mobility. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030\\|last\\=Korku Ayenyo\\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|first\\=Elvis\\|publisher\\=UNESCO Publishing\\|pages\\=82}}", "All the reports in the series are open access. They may be downloaded and purchased in various languages.", "" ]
Life ---- Harald Sassak was the son of a bricklayer and an operator. He worked as a plumber and did his military service in the army from 1966 to 1969 in the [Lainz](/wiki/Lainz "Lainz") hospital as an auxiliary. After he suffered from [jaundice](/wiki/Jaundice "Jaundice"), he did not bring his employer medical confirmation and was therefore dismissed. He also gave up his subsequent job as a confectioner. He was described as very friendly and helpful by his family, friends and superiors. He always did very well in school and did not receive any disciplinary sanctions from the army. When one day an elderly woman approached him, asking him if he could repair her gas appliance and then tipped him, he developed an idea he called the "gas trick." Between 31 August 1970 and 12 February 1972, he spent time with elderly people as a servant of the [gasworks](/wiki/Gasworks "Gasworks"), who wanted to check their equipment. As soon as he knew where the covert funds were, he diverted his victim, for example, by asking for a glass of water. If caught in the act, he killed his victim and fled. In some raids, his accomplice Johann Sharaditsch, whom he had met in a liquor room, helped him. Surviving victims said that a chubby, nice man had asked for admission with the words: "The gas man is here!". He was always well dressed and had a seemingly valid identity card and expertise. Only after the victims revealed their money caches did he strike them down and rob them. Except for a single fingerprint, which could not be assigned to any person from the police files, no trace of the offender was left. However, when a neighbour of one of the victims, a graphic designer, had a very accurate facial composite of the perpetrator made by the draftsman of the bureau, the search became more concrete. A waiter of the Reiser hotel recognised the man as Harald Sassak by the facial composite and led the officials to the culprit, who was drinking a glass of wine. One of his victims identified him at the hotel and Sassak was arrested. On the way to the office, he confessed to his crimes. On 22 January 1974, Sassak's trial began, with the reading of the indictment taking more than an hour. He confessed to his crimes, but claimed he did not participate in any murders. The coroner said that 79\-year\-old Richard Langer and 86\-year\-old Josefa Fierlinger died as a direct result of the violence. 69\-year\-old Aloisia Meschnark died of kidney failure 17 days after being hospitalised, 66\-year\-old Rosa Schwarz after seven days of brain soreness, 86\-year\-old Maria Aberle and 85\-year\-old Eleonore Hauer after ten or 38 days of pneumonia. According to the report, there was a connection between the death of women and the use of force. Gabriele Hammer, who died 54 days after being attacked by Sassak, could no longer find evidence of violence. On 7 February 1974, Sassak was convicted of robbing Josefa Fierlinger, the predatory manslaughter of Richard Langer, Aloisia Meschnark, Rosa Schwarz, Maria Aberle and Eleonore Hauer, as well as robbery and theft in nine cases, for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment. His accomplice, Johann Sharaditsch, was guilty of theft, robbery in two cases and theft in two cases and was sentenced to 18 years in prison. Sassak died on 21 August 2013, as a result of prolonged illness in a [Lower Austrian](/wiki/Lower_Austria "Lower Austria") nursing home, after being released from prison shortly after more than 39 years behind bars.
[ "Life\n----", "Harald Sassak was the son of a bricklayer and an operator. He worked as a plumber and did his military service in the army from 1966 to 1969 in the [Lainz](/wiki/Lainz \"Lainz\") hospital as an auxiliary. After he suffered from [jaundice](/wiki/Jaundice \"Jaundice\"), he did not bring his employer medical confirmation and was therefore dismissed. He also gave up his subsequent job as a confectioner. He was described as very friendly and helpful by his family, friends and superiors. He always did very well in school and did not receive any disciplinary sanctions from the army.", "When one day an elderly woman approached him, asking him if he could repair her gas appliance and then tipped him, he developed an idea he called the \"gas trick.\"", "Between 31 August 1970 and 12 February 1972, he spent time with elderly people as a servant of the [gasworks](/wiki/Gasworks \"Gasworks\"), who wanted to check their equipment. As soon as he knew where the covert funds were, he diverted his victim, for example, by asking for a glass of water. If caught in the act, he killed his victim and fled. In some raids, his accomplice Johann Sharaditsch, whom he had met in a liquor room, helped him.", "Surviving victims said that a chubby, nice man had asked for admission with the words: \"The gas man is here!\". He was always well dressed and had a seemingly valid identity card and expertise. Only after the victims revealed their money caches did he strike them down and rob them. Except for a single fingerprint, which could not be assigned to any person from the police files, no trace of the offender was left. However, when a neighbour of one of the victims, a graphic designer, had a very accurate facial composite of the perpetrator made by the draftsman of the bureau, the search became more concrete. A waiter of the Reiser hotel recognised the man as Harald Sassak by the facial composite and led the officials to the culprit, who was drinking a glass of wine. One of his victims identified him at the hotel and Sassak was arrested. On the way to the office, he confessed to his crimes.", "On 22 January 1974, Sassak's trial began, with the reading of the indictment taking more than an hour. He confessed to his crimes, but claimed he did not participate in any murders. The coroner said that 79\\-year\\-old Richard Langer and 86\\-year\\-old Josefa Fierlinger died as a direct result of the violence. 69\\-year\\-old Aloisia Meschnark died of kidney failure 17 days after being hospitalised, 66\\-year\\-old Rosa Schwarz after seven days of brain soreness, 86\\-year\\-old Maria Aberle and 85\\-year\\-old Eleonore Hauer after ten or 38 days of pneumonia. According to the report, there was a connection between the death of women and the use of force. Gabriele Hammer, who died 54 days after being attacked by Sassak, could no longer find evidence of violence.", "On 7 February 1974, Sassak was convicted of robbing Josefa Fierlinger, the predatory manslaughter of Richard Langer, Aloisia Meschnark, Rosa Schwarz, Maria Aberle and Eleonore Hauer, as well as robbery and theft in nine cases, for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment. His accomplice, Johann Sharaditsch, was guilty of theft, robbery in two cases and theft in two cases and was sentenced to 18 years in prison.", "Sassak died on 21 August 2013, as a result of prolonged illness in a [Lower Austrian](/wiki/Lower_Austria \"Lower Austria\") nursing home, after being released from prison shortly after more than 39 years behind bars.", "" ]
Plot ---- Like in many other Monicelli movies, the main theme of *Amici miei* is friendship, seen from a rather bittersweet point of view. It tells the story of four middle\-aged friends in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") who organize together idle pranks (called *zingarate*, "gypsy shenanigans") in a continuous attempt to prolong childhood during their adult life. [thumb\|left\|200px\|Tognazzi (right) attempting to confuse a traffic agent with his "Supercazzola", a trademark prank consisting of a series of meaningless, fast\-spoken phrases](/wiki/File:Amicimieishot.jpg "Amicimieishot.jpg") Count Mascetti ([Ugo Tognazzi](/wiki/Ugo_Tognazzi "Ugo Tognazzi")) is an impoverished noble who has no means to support his family, but does not renounce high living pleasures anyway, and has an underage mistress, Titti ([Silvia Dionisio](/wiki/Silvia_Dionisio "Silvia Dionisio")). Perozzi ([Philippe Noiret](/wiki/Philippe_Noiret "Philippe Noiret")) is an easy\-living journalist harassed by the unceasing disapproval of his wife and his son. Melandri ([Gastone Moschin](/wiki/Gastone_Moschin "Gastone Moschin")) is an architect employed by City Hall (for the preservation and restoration of the City's countless monuments), whose main goal is to find the ideal woman. Necchi ([Duilio Del Prete](/wiki/Duilio_Del_Prete "Duilio Del Prete")) is the owner of a café and pool hall where the friends usually plan their *zingarate*. During the movie, they are joined by a renowned, military\-like surgeon, professor Alfeo Sassaroli ([Adolfo Celi](/wiki/Adolfo_Celi "Adolfo Celi")), in whose clinic they recover after being hospitalized, injured after a mismanaged *zingarata*. Melandri falls in love with Sassaroli's wife, exclaiming "I've seen the [Madonna](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus "Mary, mother of Jesus")!", only to discover she has psychological problems. The plot is mostly composed of elaborate practical jokes organized by the friends, including the creation of a fake mafia mob (actually, from Marseille) in whose "criminal acts" they involve a pensioner, Righi ([Bernard Blier](/wiki/Bernard_Blier "Bernard Blier")), who used to snatch croissants from the cake tray in Necchi's café, and Mascetti's attempts to save his marriage despite his relationship with Titti. The film ends with Perozzi's death, which still does not deprive his friends of their desecrating hijinks, not even in face of their own mortality. Instead, Perozzi's wife is skeptical at first, since she wonders if his death can actually be one of his pranks. Criticized by Melandri for her lack of tears, she comments: "One mourns if somebody dies. But here, nobody died". Mascetti replies: "Well, he wasn't somebody, but I liked him". During the funeral procession, they "pay homage" to their dead friend by telling the wide\-eyed Righi that Perozzi was killed for being a traitor to their mafia. Melandri starts sobbing out of laughter, because Righi believed the hoax, while the other friends also break up. Righi, believing that they are heartbroken, is moved for real.
[ "Plot\n----", "Like in many other Monicelli movies, the main theme of *Amici miei* is friendship, seen from a rather bittersweet point of view. It tells the story of four middle\\-aged friends in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") who organize together idle pranks (called *zingarate*, \"gypsy shenanigans\") in a continuous attempt to prolong childhood during their adult life.\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Tognazzi (right) attempting to confuse a traffic agent with his \"Supercazzola\", a trademark prank consisting of a series of meaningless, fast\\-spoken phrases](/wiki/File:Amicimieishot.jpg \"Amicimieishot.jpg\")\nCount Mascetti ([Ugo Tognazzi](/wiki/Ugo_Tognazzi \"Ugo Tognazzi\")) is an impoverished noble who has no means to support his family, but does not renounce high living pleasures anyway, and has an underage mistress, Titti ([Silvia Dionisio](/wiki/Silvia_Dionisio \"Silvia Dionisio\")). Perozzi ([Philippe Noiret](/wiki/Philippe_Noiret \"Philippe Noiret\")) is an easy\\-living journalist harassed by the unceasing disapproval of his wife and his son. Melandri ([Gastone Moschin](/wiki/Gastone_Moschin \"Gastone Moschin\")) is an architect employed by City Hall (for the preservation and restoration of the City's countless monuments), whose main goal is to find the ideal woman. Necchi ([Duilio Del Prete](/wiki/Duilio_Del_Prete \"Duilio Del Prete\")) is the owner of a café and pool hall where the friends usually plan their *zingarate*.", "During the movie, they are joined by a renowned, military\\-like surgeon, professor Alfeo Sassaroli ([Adolfo Celi](/wiki/Adolfo_Celi \"Adolfo Celi\")), in whose clinic they recover after being hospitalized, injured after a mismanaged *zingarata*. Melandri falls in love with Sassaroli's wife, exclaiming \"I've seen the [Madonna](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus \"Mary, mother of Jesus\")!\", only to discover she has psychological problems.", "The plot is mostly composed of elaborate practical jokes organized by the friends, including the creation of a fake mafia mob (actually, from Marseille) in whose \"criminal acts\" they involve a pensioner, Righi ([Bernard Blier](/wiki/Bernard_Blier \"Bernard Blier\")), who used to snatch croissants from the cake tray in Necchi's café, and Mascetti's attempts to save his marriage despite his relationship with Titti.", "The film ends with Perozzi's death, which still does not deprive his friends of their desecrating hijinks, not even in face of their own mortality. Instead, Perozzi's wife is skeptical at first, since she wonders if his death can actually be one of his pranks. Criticized by Melandri for her lack of tears, she comments: \"One mourns if somebody dies. But here, nobody died\". Mascetti replies: \"Well, he wasn't somebody, but I liked him\".", "During the funeral procession, they \"pay homage\" to their dead friend by telling the wide\\-eyed Righi that Perozzi was killed for being a traitor to their mafia. Melandri starts sobbing out of laughter, because Righi believed the hoax, while the other friends also break up. Righi, believing that they are heartbroken, is moved for real.", "" ]
Design and construction ----------------------- The bodies of the [Siemens Modular Metro](/wiki/Siemens_Modular_Metro "Siemens Modular Metro") trains evolved from the 1993 [DT2 Series](/wiki/VAG_Class_DT2 "VAG Class DT2") used in the [Nuremberg U\-Bahn](/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn "Nuremberg U-Bahn") whose design in turn came from production of the [A Series](/wiki/MVG_Class_A "MVG Class A") built for the nearby [Munich U\-Bahn](/wiki/Munich_U-Bahn "Munich U-Bahn"). The version of Siemens metro train designed for Melbourne included several attributes similar to existing Melbourne suburban electric trains such as being single\-deck and operating in [M\-T\-M](/wiki/Railways_in_Melbourne%23Classification_and_configuration "Railways in Melbourne#Classification and configuration") (motor\-trailer\-motor) sets of three carriages, where the motor cars each have an overhead pantograph, and two of these 3\-car sets are generally coupled together to form a 6\-carriage train when run in revenue service, though a single set may be run when demand does not merit a full train. All were built by [Siemens Transportation Systems](/wiki/Siemens_Mobility "Siemens Mobility"), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") with the final fitout completed at [Newport Workshops](/wiki/Newport_Workshops "Newport Workshops"). There are several notable differences between the Siemens Nexas trains and other trains which operate in Melbourne. These include: * 2\+2 seating. All other trains had 2\+3 seating, however [X'Trapolis 100](/wiki/X%27Trapolis_100 "X'Trapolis 100") trains ordered as part of the 2008 Victorian Government Transport Plans have the same 2\+2 seating configuration, and existing X'Trapolis trains had their seats modified to a 2\+2 configuration as part of the franchise agreement.[Train Franchise Agreement Volume 2](http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Partnership-agreements/Train-Franchise-Agreement-Vol-2-of-2.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301010405/http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Partnership\-agreements/Train\-Franchise\-Agreement\-Vol\-2\-of\-2\.pdf \|date\=1 March 2014 }} Public Transport Victoria * Two doors per carriage per side. Being significantly wider they were theorised to be slightly more efficient in loading and unloading passengers, although this is disputed by some sources,{{cite news\|url\=http://theage.com.au/media/2005/05/29/1117305504770\.html \|work\=The Age \|title\=The Problems: Why trains are late \|date\=29 May 2005 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201045416/http://theage.com.au/media/2005/05/29/1117305504770\.html \|archive\-date\=1 February 2009 }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/05/29/1117305503375\.html?from\=top5\|work\=The Age\|title\=Dissatisfaction – all along the line\|date\=30 May 2005\|access\-date\=19 June 2006\|archive\-date\=21 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021181015/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/05/29/1117305503375\.html?from\=top5\|url\-status\=live}} who believe the fewer doors lead to longer platform dwell times compared to the three smaller doors in other Melbourne trains. * Plug\-type doors – hinged outward and slide along the outside of the vehicle when opening. * Extreme smooth, vertical walls. * Open articulation. Passengers can freely move from carriage to carriage, within a 3\-carriage set, without opening doors, the first such train with this configuration in Melbourne. The Siemens Nexas trains are fitted with a [Passenger information system](/wiki/Passenger_information_system "Passenger information system") produced by the German firm [Annax](/wiki/Annax "Annax"). The system does not announce service details at the commencement of a journey, express running or the end of services. In June 2008, Connex started a program to replace the seat coverings in a number of Siemens Nexas trains, using the same type of fabric as used in the [X'Trapolis 100](/wiki/X%27Trapolis_100 "X'Trapolis 100") trains,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.connexmelbourne.com.au/news.php?newsid\=310 \|title\=News \|date\=24 June 2008 \|work\=Connex Melbourne \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007003302/http://www.connexmelbourne.com.au/news.php?newsid\=310 \|archive\-date\=7 October 2008 }} Metro Trains Melbourne has since put in new seating fabric displaying various stations around the network, to almost half the fleet.
[ "Design and construction\n-----------------------", "The bodies of the [Siemens Modular Metro](/wiki/Siemens_Modular_Metro \"Siemens Modular Metro\") trains evolved from the 1993 [DT2 Series](/wiki/VAG_Class_DT2 \"VAG Class DT2\") used in the [Nuremberg U\\-Bahn](/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn \"Nuremberg U-Bahn\") whose design in turn came from production of the [A Series](/wiki/MVG_Class_A \"MVG Class A\") built for the nearby [Munich U\\-Bahn](/wiki/Munich_U-Bahn \"Munich U-Bahn\").", "The version of Siemens metro train designed for Melbourne included several attributes similar to existing Melbourne suburban electric trains such as being single\\-deck and operating in [M\\-T\\-M](/wiki/Railways_in_Melbourne%23Classification_and_configuration \"Railways in Melbourne#Classification and configuration\") (motor\\-trailer\\-motor) sets of three carriages, where the motor cars each have an overhead pantograph, and two of these 3\\-car sets are generally coupled together to form a 6\\-carriage train when run in revenue service, though a single set may be run when demand does not merit a full train.", "All were built by [Siemens Transportation Systems](/wiki/Siemens_Mobility \"Siemens Mobility\"), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") with the final fitout completed at [Newport Workshops](/wiki/Newport_Workshops \"Newport Workshops\").", "There are several notable differences between the Siemens Nexas trains and other trains which operate in Melbourne. These include:\n* 2\\+2 seating. All other trains had 2\\+3 seating, however [X'Trapolis 100](/wiki/X%27Trapolis_100 \"X'Trapolis 100\") trains ordered as part of the 2008 Victorian Government Transport Plans have the same 2\\+2 seating configuration, and existing X'Trapolis trains had their seats modified to a 2\\+2 configuration as part of the franchise agreement.[Train Franchise Agreement Volume 2](http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Partnership-agreements/Train-Franchise-Agreement-Vol-2-of-2.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301010405/http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/Partnership\\-agreements/Train\\-Franchise\\-Agreement\\-Vol\\-2\\-of\\-2\\.pdf \\|date\\=1 March 2014 }} Public Transport Victoria\n* Two doors per carriage per side. Being significantly wider they were theorised to be slightly more efficient in loading and unloading passengers, although this is disputed by some sources,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://theage.com.au/media/2005/05/29/1117305504770\\.html \\|work\\=The Age \\|title\\=The Problems: Why trains are late \\|date\\=29 May 2005 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201045416/http://theage.com.au/media/2005/05/29/1117305504770\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2009 }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/05/29/1117305503375\\.html?from\\=top5\\|work\\=The Age\\|title\\=Dissatisfaction – all along the line\\|date\\=30 May 2005\\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2006\\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021181015/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/05/29/1117305503375\\.html?from\\=top5\\|url\\-status\\=live}} who believe the fewer doors lead to longer platform dwell times compared to the three smaller doors in other Melbourne trains.\n* Plug\\-type doors – hinged outward and slide along the outside of the vehicle when opening.\n* Extreme smooth, vertical walls.\n* Open articulation. Passengers can freely move from carriage to carriage, within a 3\\-carriage set, without opening doors, the first such train with this configuration in Melbourne.", "The Siemens Nexas trains are fitted with a [Passenger information system](/wiki/Passenger_information_system \"Passenger information system\") produced by the German firm [Annax](/wiki/Annax \"Annax\"). The system does not announce service details at the commencement of a journey, express running or the end of services.", "In June 2008, Connex started a program to replace the seat coverings in a number of Siemens Nexas trains, using the same type of fabric as used in the [X'Trapolis 100](/wiki/X%27Trapolis_100 \"X'Trapolis 100\") trains,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.connexmelbourne.com.au/news.php?newsid\\=310 \\|title\\=News \\|date\\=24 June 2008 \\|work\\=Connex Melbourne \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007003302/http://www.connexmelbourne.com.au/news.php?newsid\\=310 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2008 }} Metro Trains Melbourne has since put in new seating fabric displaying various stations around the network, to almost half the fleet.", "" ]
The Joint Arctic Command from a foreign policy perspective ---------------------------------------------------------- In the past decade, there has been an increased awareness of the effects of climate change on the Arctic region. Due to climate change and the melting of land and sea ice, the Arctic region is becoming increasingly accessible. This has brought with it an increased awareness of the opportunity for extraction of natural resources as well as greater commercial and scientific activity in the Arctic. Such development means that the Arctic is becoming increasingly geographically significant in these years. As much is evident in both the news and in academia.Kidmose, J., Kristensen, K. S. \& Struwe, L. B. (2015\). Maritim sikkerhed i Arktis:  Magtanvendelse og myndighedsudøvelse, Center for Military Studies, University of Copenhagen, 1\-51\.Rahbek\-Clemmensen, J. (2014\). “Arctic\-vism” in Practice: The Challenges Facing Denmark’s Political\-Military Strategy in the High North. In Heininen, L., Exner\-Pirot, H., Plouffe, J. (eds.). Arctic Yearbook 2014: Human Capital in the High North.Wheelersburg, R. P. (2020\). North Atlantic Small State Security 2025: The West Nordic Security Zone. In Brady, A \& Thorhallsson, B. (eds.). The World of Small States: Small States and the New Security Environment. Vol. 7\.Udenrigsministeriet (2011\). Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020\. Copenhagen: Udenrigsministeriet. Climate change is leading to increasing economic and research activity and at the same time has a significant security and defence policy impact. As a result, many actors have in recent years increased their focus on the Arctic. The current situation challenges the government's desire to maintain the Arctic as a stable and secure area without conflict. Therefore, it is the role of the Arctic Command to enforce Danish sovereignty and ensure the safety of residents and visitors. Maritime Security Operations is an essential part of the Navy's tasks in the North Atlantic and the Arctic, where Denmark, by virtue of the [unity of the realm](/wiki/Danish_Realm "Danish Realm"), is co\-responsible for maintaining security and stability. Andreas ØsthagenØsthagen, A. (2015\). Coastguards in peril: A study of Arctic defence collaboration, Defence Studies, 15:2, 143\-160\. has argued that the maritime activity levels are forcing Arctic coastal states to provide increasing presence and more capabilities. This mirrors the call for continued prioritisation of enhanced maritime security that also exists. In February 2021 it was announced that a new agreement was reached that would strengthen the [Armed Forces](/wiki/Danish_Defence "Danish Defence")' capabilities in the Arctic and the North Atlantic. The conciliation group (forligskredsen) decided to grant DKK 1\.5 billion from the defence settlement for 2018\-2023 provide better opportunities to survey Denmark's territories in the North Atlantic and the Arctic.{{Cite web\|title\=Politisk aftale om Arktis Kapacitetspakke til 1,5 mia. kroner\|url\=https://fmn.dk/da/nyheder/2021/politisk\-aftale\-om\-arktis\-kapacitetspakke\-til\-15\-mia.\-kroner/\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-23\|website\=Forsvarsministeriet\|language\=da}} It is largely the expectation of increased activity in the Arctic in the form of transport, tourism, fishing and offshore activities that emphasises the importance of, and need for, maritime security in the form of the Danish navy in the Arctic. The Joint Arctic Command is therefore a significant and necessary tool to have for the Unity of the realm in order to enforce the foreign and domestic policy that the Danish government wishes to.
[ "The Joint Arctic Command from a foreign policy perspective\n----------------------------------------------------------", "In the past decade, there has been an increased awareness of the effects of climate change on the Arctic region. Due to climate change and the melting of land and sea ice, the Arctic region is becoming increasingly accessible. This has brought with it an increased awareness of the opportunity for extraction of natural resources as well as greater commercial and scientific activity in the Arctic. Such development means that the Arctic is becoming increasingly geographically significant in these years. As much is evident in both the news and in academia.Kidmose, J., Kristensen, K. S. \\& Struwe, L. B. (2015\\). Maritim sikkerhed i Arktis:  Magtanvendelse og myndighedsudøvelse, Center for Military Studies, University of Copenhagen, 1\\-51\\.Rahbek\\-Clemmensen, J. (2014\\). “Arctic\\-vism” in Practice: The Challenges Facing Denmark’s Political\\-Military Strategy in the High North. In Heininen, L., Exner\\-Pirot, H., Plouffe, J. (eds.). Arctic Yearbook 2014: Human Capital in the High North.Wheelersburg, R. P. (2020\\). North Atlantic Small State Security 2025: The West Nordic Security Zone. In Brady, A \\& Thorhallsson, B. (eds.). The World of Small States: Small States and the New Security Environment. Vol. 7\\.Udenrigsministeriet (2011\\). Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020\\. Copenhagen: Udenrigsministeriet.", "Climate change is leading to increasing economic and research activity and at the same time has a significant security and defence policy impact. As a result, many actors have in recent years increased their focus on the Arctic. The current situation challenges the government's desire to maintain the Arctic as a stable and secure area without conflict.", "Therefore, it is the role of the Arctic Command to enforce Danish sovereignty and ensure the safety of residents and visitors.", "Maritime Security Operations is an essential part of the Navy's tasks in the North Atlantic and the Arctic, where Denmark, by virtue of the [unity of the realm](/wiki/Danish_Realm \"Danish Realm\"), is co\\-responsible for maintaining security and stability.", "Andreas ØsthagenØsthagen, A. (2015\\). Coastguards in peril: A study of Arctic defence collaboration, Defence Studies, 15:2, 143\\-160\\. has argued that the maritime activity levels are forcing Arctic coastal states to provide increasing presence and more capabilities. This mirrors the call for continued prioritisation of enhanced maritime security that also exists. In February 2021 it was announced that a new agreement was reached that would strengthen the [Armed Forces](/wiki/Danish_Defence \"Danish Defence\")' capabilities in the Arctic and the North Atlantic. The conciliation group (forligskredsen) decided to grant DKK 1\\.5 billion from the defence settlement for 2018\\-2023 provide better opportunities to survey Denmark's territories in the North Atlantic and the Arctic.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Politisk aftale om Arktis Kapacitetspakke til 1,5 mia. kroner\\|url\\=https://fmn.dk/da/nyheder/2021/politisk\\-aftale\\-om\\-arktis\\-kapacitetspakke\\-til\\-15\\-mia.\\-kroner/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-23\\|website\\=Forsvarsministeriet\\|language\\=da}}", "It is largely the expectation of increased activity in the Arctic in the form of transport, tourism, fishing and offshore activities that emphasises the importance of, and need for, maritime security in the form of the Danish navy in the Arctic. The Joint Arctic Command is therefore a significant and necessary tool to have for the Unity of the realm in order to enforce the foreign and domestic policy that the Danish government wishes to.", "" ]
Presidential correspondent -------------------------- [thumb\|Thomas with President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") in the [Oval Office](/wiki/Oval_Office "Oval Office"), June 21, 1966\.](/wiki/File:President_Johnson_Oval_Office_003.jpg "President Johnson Oval Office 003.jpg") In November 1960, Thomas began covering then [President\-elect](/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States "President-elect of the United States") [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy"), taking the initiative to switch from reporting the "women's angle" to reporting the news of the day.{{cite web\|title\=Helen Thomas, Consumer Advocate\|author\=NPR staff\|publisher\=\[\[NPR]] \|date\=July 13, 2000 \|url\=https://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2000/000713\.hthomas.html\|access\-date\=June 11, 2010}} She became a White House correspondent for UPI in January 1961\. Thomas became known as the "Sitting Buddha," and the "First Lady of the Press."{{cite web\|url\=https://realpresidentdonaldtrump.com/helen\-thomas\-message\-americans\-era\-trump \|title\=A Helen Thomas Message to Americans in the Era of Trump \|format\=Transcript\|publisher\=realpresidentdonaldtrump\|date\=March 13, 2019\|access\-date\=March 13, 2019}} It was during Kennedy's administration that she began ending presidential [press conferences](/wiki/News_conference "News conference") with a signature "Thank you, Mr. President,"{{cite news \|title\=Helen Thomas honored \|newspaper\=The Pittsburgh Press \|date\=June 24, 1985 \|access\-date\=June 12, 2010\|author\=Pittsburgh Press staff \|page\=A2 \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=U4McAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5835,5656080\&dq\=helen\-thomas\+thank\-you\-mr\-president\&hl\=en }} reviving a tradition started by UPI's [Albert Merriman Smith](/wiki/Albert_Merriman_Smith "Albert Merriman Smith") during the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt.{{cite web\|title\=Helen Thomas Moving Back After 46 Years Down Front \|publisher\=\[\[Politico (newspaper)\|Politico]] \|date\=February 20, 2007 \|author\=Mike Allen \|url\=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0207/2847\.html\|access\-date\=June 12, 2010}} [thumb\|right\|250px\|Thomas with President [Ford](/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford "Gerald R. Ford") and chief of staff [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney") (left) in 1976](/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_and_Helen_Thomas_-_USNWR.jpg "Gerald Ford and Helen Thomas - USNWR.jpg") In a 2008 article, *[The Christian Science Monitor](/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor "The Christian Science Monitor")* wrote: "Thomas, a fixture in American politics, is outspoken, blunt, demanding, forceful and unrelenting. Not only does she command respect by the highest powers in the US, her reputation is known worldwide."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The\-Vote/2008/0816/helen\-thomas\-featured\-on\-hbo\-special\|title\=Helen Thomas featured on HBO special\|author\=Jimmy Orr\|website\=\[\[The Christian Science Monitor]]\|date\=August 16, 2008\|access\-date\=June 11, 2010}} When Cuban leader [Fidel Castro](/wiki/Fidel_Castro "Fidel Castro") was asked in the early 2000s what was the difference between democracy in [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") and democracy in the United States, Castro reportedly replied, "I don't have to answer questions from Helen Thomas." Thomas considered Castro's reply to be "the height of flattery."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript303\_full.html\|title\=NOW with Bill Moyers\|format\=Transcript\|publisher\=PBS\|date\=January 16, 2004\|access\-date\=June 11, 2010}} In 1962, Thomas convinced President Kennedy not to attend the annual dinners held for the White House correspondents and photographers if they disallowed women from attending. President Kennedy moved for the dinners to be combined into one event, with women allowed to attend. In 1970, UPI named Thomas their chief White House correspondent, making her the first woman to serve in the position. She was named the chief of UPI's White House bureau in 1974\. Thomas was the only female print journalist to accompany President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") during his [1972 visit to China](/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China "1972 Nixon visit to China").{{cite news \|title\=Nixon's China Trip Journalists Chosen \|newspaper\=The Pittsburgh Press\|agency\=UPI\|author\=UPI staff \|date\=February 8, 1972\|page\=8 \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=ZvcbAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5872,2624976\&dq\=helen\-thomas\+nixon\+china\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=June 11, 2010 }} During the [Watergate scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal "Watergate scandal"), [Martha Mitchell](/wiki/Martha_Mitchell "Martha Mitchell"), wife of [United States Attorney General](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") [John N. Mitchell](/wiki/John_N._Mitchell "John N. Mitchell"), frequently called Thomas to discuss how the Nixon administration was using Mitchell as a scapegoat. Thomas circled the globe several times, traveling with every U.S. president from Richard Nixon through [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"). She covered every [Economic Summit](/wiki/Group_of_Six "Group of Six") since [1975](/wiki/1st_G6_summit "1st G6 summit"), working up to the position of UPI's White House Bureau Chief, a post she would hold for over 25 years. While serving as White House Bureau Chief, she authored a regular column for UPI, "Backstairs at the White House."{{cite news \|title\=Backstairs At The White House \|author\=Helen Thomas \|agency\=UPI\|date\=March 11, 1980 \|newspaper\=Nashua Telegraph (New Hampshire) \|page\=7 \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=t58rAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6171,1845216\&dq\=backstairs\-at\-the\-white\-house\+helen\-thomas\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=June 11, 2010 }} The column provided an insider's view of various presidential administrations. In 1975, the Washington Press Corps club, known as the [Gridiron Club](/wiki/Gridiron_Club "Gridiron Club"), admitted Thomas, making her the first woman to become a member. From 1975 through 1976, she served as the first female president of the [White House Correspondents' Association](/wiki/White_House_Correspondents%27_Association "White House Correspondents' Association"). Thomas was the only member of the White House Press Corps to have her own seat in the [White House Briefing Room](/wiki/James_S._Brady_Press_Briefing_Room "James S. Brady Press Briefing Room").{{cite web\|title\=The West Wing\|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/west\-wing\-tour\-booklet.pdf\|page\=18\|date\=November 24, 2009\|via\=\[\[NARA\|National Archives]]\|work\=\[\[whitehouse.gov]]\|quote\=A plaque on each seat displays the name of the news organization to which it is assigned, except for one. Front and center is a chair reserved for Helen Thomas, a matriarch of the White House Press Corps that has covered every President since John F. Kennedy.}} All other seats are assigned to media outlets. In 1979, the [Supersisters](/wiki/Supersisters "Supersisters") trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Thomas's name and picture.{{cite web\|last\=Wulf \|first\=Steve \|url\=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news\-commentary/story/\_/id/12535055/original\-roster \|title\=Supersisters: Original Roster \|publisher\=Espn.go.com \|date\=March 23, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}} ### Departure from UPI On May 17, 2000, the day after it was announced that the [UPI](/wiki/UPI "UPI") had been acquired by [News World Communications Inc.](/wiki/News_World_Communications "News World Communications"), an international media conglomerate founded and controlled by [Unification Church](/wiki/Unification_Church "Unification Church") leader [Reverend Sun Myung Moon](/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon "Sun Myung Moon") which owns *[The Washington Times](/wiki/The_Washington_Times "The Washington Times")* and other news media, Thomas resigned from the UPI after 57 years with the organization.{{cite news \|title\=Helen Thomas, Washington Fixture, Resigns as U.P.I. Reporter \|first\=David \|last\=Stout \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=May 17, 2000 \|access\-date\=March 7, 2008\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/17/us/helen\-thomas\-washington\-fixture\-resigns\-as\-upi\-reporter.html?pagewanted\=1 }} She later described the change in ownership as "a bridge too far."{{cite news \|author \= Greg Winter \| title \= Helen Thomas Is Back as a Columnist With Hearst \|website \= The New York Times\| date \= July 10, 2000 \| url \= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9D0DE2D91538F933A25754C0A9669C8B63 \| access\-date \= April 15, 2008}} Less than two months later, she joined [Hearst Newspapers](/wiki/Hearst_Corporation "Hearst Corporation") as an opinion columnist, writing on national affairs and the White House.{{cite news \|title\=Helen Thomas joins Hearst as a columnist \|agency\=Associated Press\|author\=AP staff\| publisher\=The Free\-Lance Star (Fredericksburg, VA) \|date\=July 6, 2000 \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=iDIzAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4944,1288668\&dq\=helen\-thomas\&hl\=en \|access\-date\=June 12, 2010}} After leaving her job as a reporter at the UPI, Thomas became more likely to air her personal, negative views. In a speech at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), she quipped, "I censored myself for 50 years when I was a reporter. Now I wake up and ask myself, 'Who do I hate today?'"{{cite news\|author\=Susan Stewart\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/arts/television/18hele.html?ref\=arts\|title\=Just a Few More Questions, Ms. Thomas\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=August 17, 2008\|access\-date\=June 12, 2010}} ### George W. Bush administration During President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")'s first term, Thomas reacted to Press Secretary [Ari Fleischer](/wiki/Ari_Fleischer "Ari Fleischer")'s statements about arms shipments to the terrorists by asking: "Where do the Israelis get their arms?" He responded: "There's a difference, Helen, and that is—" "What is the difference?" she asked. He responded: "The targeting of innocents through the use of terror, which is a common enemy for [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat") and for the people of [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), as well as—" She interrupted him, saying: "Palestinian people are fighting for their land." He responded: "I think that the killing of innocents is a category entirely different. Justifying killing of innocents for land is an argument in support of terrorism."{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZZV7BY\-sFbIC\&q\=israel\+%22Helen\+Thomas%22 \|title\=Taking Heat: The President, The Press And My Years In The White House\|publisher\=Harper Collins\|author\=Ari Fleisher\|date\=March 1, 2005 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2010\|isbn\=978\-0\-06\-074762\-6}} In January 2003, following a speech at a [Society of Professional Journalists](/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists "Society of Professional Journalists") banquet, Thomas told an autograph seeker, "I'm covering the worst president in American history." The autograph\-seeker was a sports writer for *[The Daily Breeze](/wiki/The_Daily_Breeze "The Daily Breeze")* and her comments were published. After that she was not called upon during a press conference for the first time in over four decades. She wrote to the President to apologize.{{cite news\|author\=Ann McFeatters\| title \=Thank 'You', Ms. Thomas \| publisher \= \[\[Ms. (magazine)\|Ms. Magazine]] \| date \=Summer 2006 \| url \= http://www.msmagazine.com/summer2006/thankyoumsthomas.asp \| access\-date \=June 12, 2010 }} For many years, Thomas sat in the front row and asked the first question during White House press conferences. However, according to Thomas in a 2006 *[Daily Show](/wiki/The_Daily_Show "The Daily Show")* interview, this ended because she no longer represented a [wire service](/wiki/Wire_service "Wire service").{{Cite episode \| title \= Helen Thomas \| url \=http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue\-june\-27\-2006/helen\-thomas \| access\-date \= April 2, 2012 \| series \= \[\[The Daily Show]] \| network \= Comedy Central \| date \= June 27, 2006 }} During the Bush administration, Thomas was moved to the back row during press conferences; she was called upon at briefings on a daily basis but no longer ended presidential news conferences by saying, "Thank you, Mr. President." When asked why she was seated in the back row, she said, "They didn't like me. . . . I ask too many mean questions."{{cite news \| title \= Five Minutes With: Helen Thomas \| work \= \[\[Campus Progress]] \| publisher \= \[\[Center for American Progress]] \| format \= Interview \| date \= February 28, 2006 \| url \= http://www.campusprogress.org/features/779/five\-minutes\-with\-helen\-thomas \| access\-date \= June 12, 2010 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100613063948/http://campusprogress.org/features/779/five\-minutes\-with\-helen\-thomas \| archive\-date \= June 13, 2010 \| url\-status \= dead }} [thumb\|Thomas in the [James S. Brady Press Briefing Room](/wiki/James_S._Brady_Press_Briefing_Room "James S. Brady Press Briefing Room") half an hour before morning gaggle, 2007](/wiki/File:James_Brady_Press_Briefing_Room_2007_cropped.JPG "James Brady Press Briefing Room 2007 cropped.JPG") On March 21, 2006, Thomas was called upon directly by President Bush for the first time in three years. Thomas asked Bush about the [War in Iraq](/wiki/War_in_Iraq "War in Iraq"): > I'd like to ask you, Mr. President, \[about] your decision to invade Iraq . . . Every reason given, publicly at least, has turned out not to be true. My question is: Why did you really want to go to war? . . . You have said it wasn't oil . . . quest for oil, it hasn't been Israel, or anything else. What was it? Bush responded by discussing the [War on Terror](/wiki/War_on_Terror "War on Terror"), stating as a reason for the invasion that [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein") chose to [deny inspectors](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1441%23Implementation_of_resolution "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441#Implementation of resolution") and not to disclose required information.{{cite web\| title \= Press Conference of the President \| date \=March 21, 2006 \| url \= https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060321\-4\.html \| via \= \[\[NARA\|National Archives]] \| work \= \[\[whitehouse.gov]] \| access\-date \= June 12, 2010}} In July 2006, she told *[The Hill](/wiki/The_Hill_%28newspaper%29 "The Hill (newspaper)")*, "The day [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney") is going to run for president, I'll [kill myself](/wiki/Suicide "Suicide"). All we need is another liar . . . I think he'd like to run, but it would be a sad day for the country if he does."{{cite news\|author\=Albert Eisele \|title\=Reporter: Cheney's Not Presidential Material \|newspaper\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=July 28, 2006 \|url\=http://thehill.com/thehill/export/TheHill/News/UndertheDome/072805\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113124030/http://www.thehill.com/thehill/export/TheHill/News/UndertheDome/072805\.html \|archive\-date\=November 13, 2006 }} At the July 18, 2006, White House press briefing, Thomas remarked: "The United States . . . could have stopped the bombardment of Lebanon. We have that much control with the Israelis . . . we have gone for collective punishment against all of Lebanon and Palestine." Press Secretary [Tony Snow](/wiki/Tony_Snow "Tony Snow") responded: "Thank you for the [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah "Hezbollah") view."{{cite news \| author \= Lynn Sweet \| title \= Tony Snow: On Lebanon\-Not calling for cease fire if it leaves status quo intact \| work \= Lynn Sweet: The scoop from Washington \| publisher \= \[\[Chicago Sun\-Times]] \| date \= July 18, 2006 \| url \= http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2006/07/tony\_snow\_on\_lebanonnot\_callin.html \| access\-date \= June 12, 2010 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20111017032436/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2006/07/tony\_snow\_on\_lebanonnot\_callin.html \| archive\-date \= October 17, 2011 }} In a press conference on November 30, 2007, Thomas questioned White House Press Secretary [Dana Perino](/wiki/Dana_Perino "Dana Perino") as to why Americans should depend on General [David Petraeus](/wiki/David_Petraeus "David Petraeus") in determining when to re\-deploy U.S. troops from Iraq. Perino began to answer, when Thomas interjected with "You mean how many more people we kill?" Perino immediately took offense, responding: > Helen, I find it really unfortunate that you use your front row position, bestowed upon you by your colleagues, to make such statements. This is a...it is an honor and a privilege to be in the briefing room, and to suggest that we, the United States, are killing innocent people is just absurd and very offensive.{{cite news \| title \= Press Briefing by Dana Perino and Mark Dybul, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator \| author \= White House Office of the Press Secretary \| date \=November 30, 2007 \| url \= https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071130\-5\.html \| via \= \[\[NARA\|National Archives]] \| work \= \[\[whitehouse.gov]] \| access\-date \=June 12, 2008}} Refusing to back down, Thomas responded immediately by asking Perino if she knew how many innocent Iraqis had been killed and then questioned the worth of regret when Perino responded that the administration regretted the loss of all innocent Iraqi lives.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301\-500803\_162\-3585995\-500803\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116025858/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301\-500803\_162\-3585995\-500803\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=November 16, 2010 \|title\=When The Press Presses Perino \- Couric \& Co. \|publisher\=CBS News \|date\=December 7, 2007 \|access\-date\=July 21, 2013}} ### Obama administration [thumb\|right\|President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") presenting Thomas cupcakes on her 89th birthdayCook, Dave.; Orr, Jimmy.[Obama shares a birthday and a smooch with Helen Thomas.](http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0804/obama-shares-a-birthday-and-a-smooch-with-helen-thomas) *[The Christian Science Monitor](/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor "The Christian Science Monitor")*. August 4, 2009\.](/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_presents_cupcakes_with_a_candle_to_Hearst_White_House_columnist_Helen_Thomas_in_honor_of_her_birthday_in_the_James_Brady_Briefing_Room.jpg "President Barack Obama presents cupcakes with a candle to Hearst White House columnist Helen Thomas in honor of her birthday in the James Brady Briefing Room.jpg") On February 9, 2009, Thomas was present in the front row for newly elected President [Obama's](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") first news conference. President Obama called on her with the statement, "Helen. I'm excited, this is my inaugural moment,"NBC News, February 9, 2009 seemingly a reference to her long\-term presence in the [White House Press Corps](/wiki/White_House_Press_Corps "White House Press Corps").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/us/politics/10media.html\|title\=New Media Breaks in, but Tradition Lives On\|author\=Jeff Zeleny\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=February 10, 2009}} Thomas asked if he knew of any Middle Eastern country that possessed [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon"), implicitly asking him to confirm or deny Israel's alleged nuclear arsenal, despite Israel's long held stance of "nuclear ambiguity". Obama replied that he did not want to "speculate" on the matter. On July 1, 2009, Thomas commented on the Obama administration's handling of the press, "we have had some control but not this control. I mean I'm amazed, I'm amazed at you people who call for openness and transparency and you have controlled...".{{cite news\|title\=White House Reporters Grill Gibbs Over 'Prepackaged' Questions for Obama\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=fh5vzOAEQ\-A \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/fh5vzOAEQ\-A\| archive\-date\=2021\-12\-12 \|url\-status\=live\|work\=CSPAN\-2\|date\=July 1, 2009 \|access\-date\=July 2, 2009}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news\|author\=Kim LaCapria\|title\=Helen Thomas calls Obama administration out on social media smokescreen\|url\=http://www.inquisitr.com/28013/helen\-thomas\-calls\-obama\-administration\-out\-on\-social\-media\-smokescreen/\|work\=The Inquisitr\|date\=July 2, 2009 \|access\-date\=August 9, 2009}}{{cite news\|author\=Daniela Sicuranza\|author2\=Stephen Clark\|title\=White House Disputes Criticism That Health Care Town Hall Meeting Is Staged\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/07/01/white\-house\-disputes\-criticism\-town\-hall\-meeting\-staged/\|work\=FOX News\|date\=July 1, 2009\|access\-date\=August 9, 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803133345/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/07/01/white\-house\-disputes\-criticism\-town\-hall\-meeting\-staged/\|archive\-date\=August 3, 2009}} On August 4, 2009, Thomas celebrated her 89th birthday. President Obama, whose birthday is on the same day, presented Thomas with birthday cupcakes and sang *Happy Birthday* to her before that day's press conference.Jimmy Orr, [Obama sings Happy Birthday to himself (and Helen Thomas)](http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2009/0804/obama-sings-happy-birthday-to-himself-and-helen-thomas), *The Christian Science Monitor*, August 4, 2009\. ### Comments on Israel Rabbi David Nesenoff of RabbiLive.com, on the White House grounds with his son and a teenage friendRon Kampeas, [Little\-known rabbi brings down Helen Thomas](http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/08/2739500/helen-thomas-enter-the-maverick-exit-the-bigot) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130101038/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/08/2739500/helen\-thomas\-enter\-the\-maverick\-exit\-the\-bigot \|date\=November 30, 2011 }}, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 8, 2010\. for a May 27, 2010, American Jewish Heritage Celebration Day,{{cite news\|author\=AFP staff reporter\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3902922,00\.html\|title\=Hezbollah lauds Helen Thomas\|newspaper\=YNetNews\|access\-date\=June 17, 2010\|date\=June 9, 2010}} interviewed Thomas for an unscheduled short conversation as she was leaving the White House via the [North Lawn](/wiki/North_Lawn "North Lawn") driveway.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/07/2739488/helen\-thomas\-quits\|title\=Helen Thomas quits\|author\=JTA staff\|location\=Washington DC\|date\=June 7, 2010\|publisher\=\[\[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]\|access\-date\=June 11, 2010\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817202507/https://www.jta.org/2010/06/07/united\-states/helen\-thomas\-quits\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|last\=Berger\|first\=Judson\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/10/groups\-consider\-renaming\-helen\-thomas\-awards\-controversy/ \|title\=Groups Consider Renaming 'Helen Thomas' Awards \|publisher\=FOX News\|date\=June 10, 2010 \|access\-date\=February 26, 2015}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.longislandpress.com/2010/06/16/l\-i\-rabbi\-faces\-blowback\-for\-helen\-thomas\-expose/ \|title\=L.I. Rabbi Faces Blowback for Helen Thomas Expose \|author\=Timothy Bolger \|newspaper\=Long Island Press \|date\=June 16, 2010 \|access\-date\=June 17, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619093307/http://www.longislandpress.com/2010/06/16/l\-i\-rabbi\-faces\-blowback\-for\-helen\-thomas\-expose/ \|archive\-date\=June 19, 2010 }}{{cite news \|title\=Helen Thomas quits after Israel remarks \|author\=Sam Youngman \|author2\=Emily Goodin \|newspaper\=The Hill \|date\=June 7, 2010 \|url\=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/101731\-helen\-thomas\-announces\-retirement \|archive\-date\=June 11, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611070914/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/101731\-helen\-thomas\-announces\-retirement \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite video\|url\=https://youtube.com/watch?v\=nc4OeRu7cfs \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/nc4OeRu7cfs\| archive\-date\=2021\-12\-12 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Helen Thomas Complete (original)\|date\=June 7, 2010\|last\=Nesenoff\|first\=David\|type\=Videotape\|publisher\=RabbiLive.com\|others\=Interviewed Helen Thomas\|access\-date\=July 3, 2021}}{{cbignore}} (recorded May 27, 2010\){{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/us\_and\_canada/10259646\.stm\|title\=US reporter Helen Thomas quits over Israel comments\|author\=BBC News staff\|date\=June 7, 2010\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]\|access\-date\=June 7, 2010}}{{cite news\|author\=Jon Ward\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2010/06/11/AR2010061105355\.html \|title\=Why we'll miss Helen Thomas \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=June 13, 2010 \|access\-date\=June 14, 2010}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/04/ari\-fleischer\-fire\-helen\-thomas\_n\_601565\.html\|title\=Ari Fleischer: Fire Helen Thomas\|author\=Sam Stein\|date\=June 4, 2010\|website\=The Huffington Post\|access\-date\=June 5, 2010}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/6/8/veteran\_white\_house\_reporter\_helen\_thomas\|title\=Veteran White House Reporter Helen Thomas Retires After Israel Remarks\|author\=Amy Goodman\|work\=Headlines\|format\=Transcript\|publisher\=\[\[Democracy Now!]]\|date\=June 8, 2010}} When solicited for "any comments on [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel")," she replied, "tell them to get the hell out of [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 "Palestine (region)")" and: "Remember, these people are occupied and it's their land. Not German \[*sic*], it's not Poland." Then he asked: "Where they should go? What do they do?". To which she responded: "They go home." He follows\-up with: "Where's the home?". She replies back with "Poland, .." but in the middle of her answer, he adds to his question: "So the Jews..", she adds: "...Germany." He finishes off: "...should go back to Poland and Germany?" To which she finally responds: "And America and everywhere else. Why push people out of there who have lived there for centuries? See?" An about two\-minutes long full cut of the May 27, 2010, interview was posted on Nesenoff's YouTube channel on June 7\. In a later interview on [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN"), on *[The Joy Behar Show](/wiki/Joy_Behar:Say_Anything%21 "Say Anything!")*, Thomas defended her comments. In response to Behar's question of whether she was an antisemite, Thomas replied: "Hell no! I'm a [Semite](/wiki/Semitic_people "Semitic people"), of Arab background." She then said of Israelis: "They're not Semites."[Helen Thomas: Jews Didn't Have to Leave Europe Following Holocaust](https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1.5124590) Haaretz Service February 18, 2011 In addition, Thomas said in the [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") interview: "Why do they \[Jews] have to go anywhere? They aren't being persecuted! They don't have the right to take other people's land."{{Cite web \| url\=https://mondoweiss.net/2013/07/helen\-thomass\-anti\-zionist\-statements/ \| title\='I'm anti\-Zionist,' Helen Thomas declared, in twilight of long career\|website\=MondoWeiss\| date\=July 21, 2013}} When asked if she regretted the comment, she said: "We have organized lobbyists in favor of Israel, you can't open your mouth. I can call the [president of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") anything in the book, but you say one thing about Israel and you're off limits." Following the controversy, The Executive Committee of the [Society of Professional Journalists](/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists "Society of Professional Journalists") (SPJ) voted to recommend that the organization retire the Helen Thomas Award for Lifetime Achievement, which had been awarded since 2000\. After her initial comments, the committee decided not to act, as it was "a one\-time, spontaneous remark for which she apologized", but acted after she reiterated it.{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.spj.org/news.asp?REF\=1028 \|title \= SPJ executive committee refers Helen Thomas Award decision to full board of directors}}{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.spj.org/a\-hthomas.asp \| title\=Helen Thomas Award for Lifetime Achievement \- Society of Professional Journalists}} On June 4, Thomas posted the following response on her website: "I deeply regret my comments I made last week regarding the Israelis and the Palestinians. They do not reflect my heart\-felt belief that peace will come to the Middle East only when all parties recognize the need for mutual respect and tolerance. May that day come soon."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/jews\-should\-leave\-palestine\-and\-return\-to\-europe\-top\-u\-s\-journalist\-says\-1\.294284/\|title\=Jews should leave Palestine and return to Europe, top U.S. journalist says\|author\=Natasha Mozgovaya\|newspaper\=\[\[Haaretz]]\|date\=June 5, 2010\|access\-date\=June 12, 2010}}{{cite web\|url\=http://helenthomas.org/ \|title\=Helen Thomas \|author\=Helen Thomas \|date\=June 4, 2010 \|access\-date\=June 4, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610214715/http://www.helenthomas.org/ \|archive\-date\=June 10, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} #### Resignation Thomas's agency, Nine Speakers, Inc., immediately dropped her as a client because of her remarks.{{cite news \|title\=Thomas gets dropped by agency \|publisher\=Politico\|date\=June 6, 2010 \|author\=Patrick Gavin \|url\= http://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0610/Thomas\_gets\_dropped\_by\_agency.html\|access\-date\=June 12, 2010 }}{{cite news \|url\= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/hearst\-columnist\-helen\-thomas\-fire\-telling\-jews\-back/story?id\=10842149 \|work\=ABC News \|title\=Columnist Draws Fire for Telling Jews 'Go Home' \|author\=Kristina Wong \|date\=June 6, 2010\|access\-date\=June 12, 2010 }} In a statement, they said "Ms. Thomas has had an esteemed career as a journalist, and she has been a trailblazer for women, helping others in her profession, and beyond. However, in light of recent events, Nine Speakers is no longer able to represent Ms. Thomas, nor can we condone her comments on the Middle East."{{Cite web \| url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Media/hearst\-columnist\-helen\-thomas\-fire\-telling\-jews\-back/story?id\=10842149 \| title\=Columnist Draws Fire for Telling Jews 'Go Home'\| website\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]]}} [Craig Crawford](/wiki/Craig_Crawford "Craig Crawford"), who co\-authored *Listen up, Mr. President*, said "I ... will no longer be working with Helen on our book projects."{{cite news\|url\=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/06/helen\-thomas\-under\-fire\-for\-saying\-jews\-in\-israel\-should\-go\-back\-to\-germany\-poland/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609001653/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/06/helen\-thomas\-under\-fire\-for\-saying\-jews\-in\-israel\-should\-go\-back\-to\-germany\-poland/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 9, 2010 \|title\=Helen Thomas under fire for saying Jews in Israel should go back to Germany, Poland \|publisher\=CNN \|author\=Martina Stewart\|date\=June 6, 2010 \|access\-date\=June 7, 2010}} Her scheduled delivery of a commencement speech at [Walt Whitman High School](/wiki/Walt_Whitman_High_School_%28Bethesda%2C_Maryland%29 "Walt Whitman High School (Bethesda, Maryland)") in [Bethesda](/wiki/Bethesda%2C_Maryland "Bethesda, Maryland"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland"), was canceled by the school.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2010/06/06/AR2010060604269\_pf.html\|title\= Helen Thomas agrees to bow out as commencement speaker at Walt Whitman High \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\= June 7, 2010 \|author\=Martin Weil }} The [White House Correspondents' Association](/wiki/White_House_Correspondents%27_Association "White House Correspondents' Association"), over which she once presided, issued a statement calling her remarks "indefensible".{{cite news \|url\= http://www.whca.net/blogs.htm \|title\=Statement issued by the board of the White House Correspondents' Association\| date\=June 7, 2010}} In January 2011, the [Society of Professional Journalists](/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists "Society of Professional Journalists") voted to retire the Helen Thomas Award for Lifetime Achievement.{{Cite news \|author\= Steele, Micki \|title\= Journalism group shelves Helen Thomas award \|url\= http://detnews.com/article/20110114/METRO/101140457/1409/metro \|work\= \[\[The Detroit News]] \|date\= January 14, 2011 \|access\-date\= January 19, 2011}} On June 7, Thomas abruptly tendered her resignation from Hearst Newspapers. The next day, in an interview on [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC")'s *[Today Show](/wiki/Today_%28NBC_program%29 "Today (NBC program)")*, President Obama called her remarks "offensive" and "out of line" and said her retirement was "the right decision." He remarked that it was a "shame" her celebrated career had to end in such controversy, and at the same time he recognized her long service covering U.S. presidents, calling her "a real institution in Washington".{{cite news \|url\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2010/06/obama\-calls\-helen\-thomas\-comments\-offensive/1 \|title\=Obama calls Helen Thomas' comments "offensive" \|author\=Mimi Hall \|date\=June 8, 2010 \|website\=USA Today \|access\-date\=June 12, 2010}} Her comments also garnered rebukes from numerous others, including White House Press Secretary [Robert Gibbs](/wiki/Robert_Gibbs "Robert Gibbs"), former White House Press Secretary [Ari Fleischer](/wiki/Ari_Fleischer "Ari Fleischer"), former special counsel to and White House spokesman for President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"), [Lanny Davis](/wiki/Lanny_Davis "Lanny Davis"), former Arkansas Gov. [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee "Mike Huckabee") and Hoover Institution senior fellow [Victor Davis Hanson](/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson "Victor Davis Hanson").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/06/ari\-fleischer\-helen\-thomas\-fired/\|title\=Ex\-Spokesmen Lead Charge for White House Reporter Helen Thomas to Be Fired\|author\=Fox News staff\|publisher\=Fox News \|date\=June 6, 2010 \|access\-date\=June 6, 2010}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0610/Gibbs\_rebukes\_Thomas.html?showall \|title\=Gibbs rebukes Thomas \|date\=June 7, 2010 \|publisher\=Politico \|author\=Patrick Gavin \|access\-date\= January 9, 2011}}{{cite news\|last\=Times \|first\=Arkansas \|url\=http://www.arktimes.com/arkansas/smart\-talk\-june\-17/Content?oid\=1205627 \|title\=Smart Talk \|newspaper\=Arkansas Times\|date\=June 17, 2010 \|access\-date\=June 17, 2010}}{{cite magazine \|author\=Victor Davis Hanson \|url\=http://article.nationalreview.com/436085/helen\-thomas\-turkey\-and\-the\-liberation\-of\-israel/victor\-davis\-hanson \|title\=Helen Thomas, Turkey, and the Liberation of Israel \|magazine\=National Review \|format\=Opinion \|access\-date\=June 17, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614103517/http://article.nationalreview.com/436085/helen\-thomas\-turkey\-and\-the\-liberation\-of\-israel/victor\-davis\-hanson \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2010 }} Thomas did have defenders who felt she was being attacked too harshly, including former presidential candidate [Ralph Nader](/wiki/Ralph_Nader "Ralph Nader"), [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") contributor [Ellen Ratner](/wiki/Ellen_Ratner "Ellen Ratner"), former UPI managing editor Michael Freedman and *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation "The Nation")* editor and publisher [Katrina vanden Heuvel](/wiki/Katrina_vanden_Heuvel "Katrina vanden Heuvel"). Nader said there was a "double standard" where one "off\-hand 'ill\-conceived remark'" (quoting [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR") ombudsman [Alicia Shepard](/wiki/Alicia_Shepard "Alicia Shepard")) ended Helen Thomas' career while "[ultra\-right wing radio](/wiki/Shock_jock "Shock jock") and [cable](/wiki/Opinion_journalism "Opinion journalism") ranters" engaged in "[bigotry, stereotypes and falsehoods directed wholesale against Muslims](/wiki/Islamophobia "Islamophobia"), including a blatant [antisemitism against Arabs](/wiki/Anti-Arabism "Anti-Arabism")" keep getting rewarded with "enhanced careers and fat lecture fees."{{Cite news\|last\=Nader\|first\=Ralph\|author\-link\=Ralph Nader\|date\=June 16, 2010\|title\=The Scourging of Helen Thomas\|work\=\[\[CounterPunch]]\|url\=https://counterpunch.org/2010/06/16/the\-scourging\-of\-helen\-thomas\|access\-date\=July 3, 2021}} In an October 2010 radio interview with Scott Spears of [WMRN](/wiki/WMRN_%28AM%29 "WMRN (AM)"), Thomas said she realized soon after making the comments that she would be fired, stating, "I hit the [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail_%28politics%29 "Third rail (politics)"). You cannot criticize Israel in this country and survive." She added that she issued an apology because people were upset, but that ultimately, she still "had the same feelings about [Israel's aggression and brutality](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel%23Human_rights_in_the_occupied_territories "Human rights in Israel#Human rights in the occupied territories")."{{Cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/details/ScottSpearsWmrn\-am\-InterviewsHelenThomas\|title \= Scott Spears interviews Helen Thomas WMRN 1490 AM}}{{cite news \|title\=Helen Thomas on being antisemitic: 'Baloney!' \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=October 12, 2010 \|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hrzSPl26rYhOVbdFZ6x94gFhc8aAD9IQ8CQ81?docId\=D9IQ8CQ81\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015044414/http://www.google.com:80/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hrzSPl26rYhOVbdFZ6x94gFhc8aAD9IQ8CQ81\|archive\-date\=October 15, 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}
[ "Presidential correspondent\n--------------------------", "[thumb\\|Thomas with President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") in the [Oval Office](/wiki/Oval_Office \"Oval Office\"), June 21, 1966\\.](/wiki/File:President_Johnson_Oval_Office_003.jpg \"President Johnson Oval Office 003.jpg\")\nIn November 1960, Thomas began covering then [President\\-elect](/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States \"President-elect of the United States\") [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\"), taking the initiative to switch from reporting the \"women's angle\" to reporting the news of the day.{{cite web\\|title\\=Helen Thomas, Consumer Advocate\\|author\\=NPR staff\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NPR]] \\|date\\=July 13, 2000 \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2000/000713\\.hthomas.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2010}} She became a White House correspondent for UPI in January 1961\\. Thomas became known as the \"Sitting Buddha,\" and the \"First Lady of the Press.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://realpresidentdonaldtrump.com/helen\\-thomas\\-message\\-americans\\-era\\-trump \\|title\\=A Helen Thomas Message to Americans in the Era of Trump \\|format\\=Transcript\\|publisher\\=realpresidentdonaldtrump\\|date\\=March 13, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2019}} It was during Kennedy's administration that she began ending presidential [press conferences](/wiki/News_conference \"News conference\") with a signature \"Thank you, Mr. President,\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Helen Thomas honored \\|newspaper\\=The Pittsburgh Press \\|date\\=June 24, 1985 \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2010\\|author\\=Pittsburgh Press staff \\|page\\=A2 \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=U4McAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5835,5656080\\&dq\\=helen\\-thomas\\+thank\\-you\\-mr\\-president\\&hl\\=en }} reviving a tradition started by UPI's [Albert Merriman Smith](/wiki/Albert_Merriman_Smith \"Albert Merriman Smith\") during the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt.{{cite web\\|title\\=Helen Thomas Moving Back After 46 Years Down Front \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Politico (newspaper)\\|Politico]] \\|date\\=February 20, 2007 \\|author\\=Mike Allen \\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0207/2847\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2010}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Thomas with President [Ford](/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford \"Gerald R. Ford\") and \nchief of staff [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney \"Dick Cheney\") (left) in 1976](/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_and_Helen_Thomas_-_USNWR.jpg \"Gerald Ford and Helen Thomas - USNWR.jpg\")\nIn a 2008 article, *[The Christian Science Monitor](/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor \"The Christian Science Monitor\")* wrote: \"Thomas, a fixture in American politics, is outspoken, blunt, demanding, forceful and unrelenting. Not only does she command respect by the highest powers in the US, her reputation is known worldwide.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The\\-Vote/2008/0816/helen\\-thomas\\-featured\\-on\\-hbo\\-special\\|title\\=Helen Thomas featured on HBO special\\|author\\=Jimmy Orr\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Christian Science Monitor]]\\|date\\=August 16, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2010}} When Cuban leader [Fidel Castro](/wiki/Fidel_Castro \"Fidel Castro\") was asked in the early 2000s what was the difference between democracy in [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") and democracy in the United States, Castro reportedly replied, \"I don't have to answer questions from Helen Thomas.\" Thomas considered Castro's reply to be \"the height of flattery.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript303\\_full.html\\|title\\=NOW with Bill Moyers\\|format\\=Transcript\\|publisher\\=PBS\\|date\\=January 16, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2010}}", "In 1962, Thomas convinced President Kennedy not to attend the annual dinners held for the White House correspondents and photographers if they disallowed women from attending. President Kennedy moved for the dinners to be combined into one event, with women allowed to attend. In 1970, UPI named Thomas their chief White House correspondent, making her the first woman to serve in the position. She was named the chief of UPI's White House bureau in 1974\\.", "Thomas was the only female print journalist to accompany President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") during his [1972 visit to China](/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China \"1972 Nixon visit to China\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Nixon's China Trip Journalists Chosen \\|newspaper\\=The Pittsburgh Press\\|agency\\=UPI\\|author\\=UPI staff \\|date\\=February 8, 1972\\|page\\=8 \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=ZvcbAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5872,2624976\\&dq\\=helen\\-thomas\\+nixon\\+china\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2010 }} During the [Watergate scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal \"Watergate scandal\"), [Martha Mitchell](/wiki/Martha_Mitchell \"Martha Mitchell\"), wife of [United States Attorney General](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General \"United States Attorney General\") [John N. Mitchell](/wiki/John_N._Mitchell \"John N. Mitchell\"), frequently called Thomas to discuss how the Nixon administration was using Mitchell as a scapegoat.", "Thomas circled the globe several times, traveling with every U.S. president from Richard Nixon through [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"). She covered every [Economic Summit](/wiki/Group_of_Six \"Group of Six\") since [1975](/wiki/1st_G6_summit \"1st G6 summit\"), working up to the position of UPI's White House Bureau Chief, a post she would hold for over 25 years. While serving as White House Bureau Chief, she authored a regular column for UPI, \"Backstairs at the White House.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Backstairs At The White House \\|author\\=Helen Thomas \\|agency\\=UPI\\|date\\=March 11, 1980 \\|newspaper\\=Nashua Telegraph (New Hampshire) \\|page\\=7 \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=t58rAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6171,1845216\\&dq\\=backstairs\\-at\\-the\\-white\\-house\\+helen\\-thomas\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2010 }} The column provided an insider's view of various presidential administrations.", "In 1975, the Washington Press Corps club, known as the [Gridiron Club](/wiki/Gridiron_Club \"Gridiron Club\"), admitted Thomas, making her the first woman to become a member. From 1975 through 1976, she served as the first female president of the [White House Correspondents' Association](/wiki/White_House_Correspondents%27_Association \"White House Correspondents' Association\").", "Thomas was the only member of the White House Press Corps to have her own seat in the [White House Briefing Room](/wiki/James_S._Brady_Press_Briefing_Room \"James S. Brady Press Briefing Room\").{{cite web\\|title\\=The West Wing\\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/west\\-wing\\-tour\\-booklet.pdf\\|page\\=18\\|date\\=November 24, 2009\\|via\\=\\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[whitehouse.gov]]\\|quote\\=A plaque on each seat displays the name of the news organization to which it is assigned, except for one. Front and center is a chair reserved for Helen Thomas, a matriarch of the White House Press Corps that has covered every President since John F. Kennedy.}} All other seats are assigned to media outlets.", "In 1979, the [Supersisters](/wiki/Supersisters \"Supersisters\") trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Thomas's name and picture.{{cite web\\|last\\=Wulf \\|first\\=Steve \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news\\-commentary/story/\\_/id/12535055/original\\-roster \\|title\\=Supersisters: Original Roster \\|publisher\\=Espn.go.com \\|date\\=March 23, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}", "### Departure from UPI", "On May 17, 2000, the day after it was announced that the [UPI](/wiki/UPI \"UPI\") had been acquired by [News World Communications Inc.](/wiki/News_World_Communications \"News World Communications\"), an international media conglomerate founded and controlled by [Unification Church](/wiki/Unification_Church \"Unification Church\") leader [Reverend Sun Myung Moon](/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon \"Sun Myung Moon\") which owns *[The Washington Times](/wiki/The_Washington_Times \"The Washington Times\")* and other news media, Thomas resigned from the UPI after 57 years with the organization.{{cite news \\|title\\=Helen Thomas, Washington Fixture, Resigns as U.P.I. Reporter \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Stout \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=May 17, 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=March 7, 2008\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/17/us/helen\\-thomas\\-washington\\-fixture\\-resigns\\-as\\-upi\\-reporter.html?pagewanted\\=1 }} She later described the change in ownership as \"a bridge too far.\"{{cite news \\|author \\= Greg Winter \\| title \\= Helen Thomas Is Back as a Columnist With Hearst \\|website \\= The New York Times\\| date \\= July 10, 2000 \\| url \\= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9D0DE2D91538F933A25754C0A9669C8B63 \\| access\\-date \\= April 15, 2008}} Less than two months later, she joined [Hearst Newspapers](/wiki/Hearst_Corporation \"Hearst Corporation\") as an opinion columnist, writing on national affairs and the White House.{{cite news \\|title\\=Helen Thomas joins Hearst as a columnist \\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|author\\=AP staff\\| publisher\\=The Free\\-Lance Star (Fredericksburg, VA) \\|date\\=July 6, 2000 \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=iDIzAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4944,1288668\\&dq\\=helen\\-thomas\\&hl\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2010}}", "After leaving her job as a reporter at the UPI, Thomas became more likely to air her personal, negative views. In a speech at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\"), she quipped, \"I censored myself for 50 years when I was a reporter. Now I wake up and ask myself, 'Who do I hate today?'\"{{cite news\\|author\\=Susan Stewart\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/arts/television/18hele.html?ref\\=arts\\|title\\=Just a Few More Questions, Ms. Thomas\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=August 17, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2010}}", "### George W. Bush administration", "During President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\")'s first term, Thomas reacted to Press Secretary [Ari Fleischer](/wiki/Ari_Fleischer \"Ari Fleischer\")'s statements about arms shipments to the terrorists by asking: \"Where do the Israelis get their arms?\"", "He responded: \"There's a difference, Helen, and that is—\"", "\"What is the difference?\" she asked.", "He responded: \"The targeting of innocents through the use of terror, which is a common enemy for [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat \"Yasser Arafat\") and for the people of [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), as well as—\"", "She interrupted him, saying: \"Palestinian people are fighting for their land.\"", "He responded: \"I think that the killing of innocents is a category entirely different. Justifying killing of innocents for land is an argument in support of terrorism.\"{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZZV7BY\\-sFbIC\\&q\\=israel\\+%22Helen\\+Thomas%22 \\|title\\=Taking Heat: The President, The Press And My Years In The White House\\|publisher\\=Harper Collins\\|author\\=Ari Fleisher\\|date\\=March 1, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-06\\-074762\\-6}}", "In January 2003, following a speech at a [Society of Professional Journalists](/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists \"Society of Professional Journalists\") banquet, Thomas told an autograph seeker, \"I'm covering the worst president in American history.\" The autograph\\-seeker was a sports writer for *[The Daily Breeze](/wiki/The_Daily_Breeze \"The Daily Breeze\")* and her comments were published. After that she was not called upon during a press conference for the first time in over four decades. She wrote to the President to apologize.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ann McFeatters\\| title \\=Thank 'You', Ms. Thomas \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Ms. (magazine)\\|Ms. Magazine]] \\| date \\=Summer 2006 \\| url \\= http://www.msmagazine.com/summer2006/thankyoumsthomas.asp \\| access\\-date \\=June 12, 2010 }}", "For many years, Thomas sat in the front row and asked the first question during White House press conferences. However, according to Thomas in a 2006 *[Daily Show](/wiki/The_Daily_Show \"The Daily Show\")* interview, this ended because she no longer represented a [wire service](/wiki/Wire_service \"Wire service\").{{Cite episode\n \\| title \\= Helen Thomas\n \\| url \\=http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue\\-june\\-27\\-2006/helen\\-thomas\n \\| access\\-date \\= April 2, 2012\n\\| series \\= \\[\\[The Daily Show]]\n \\| network \\= Comedy Central\n \\| date \\= June 27, 2006\n}} During the Bush administration, Thomas was moved to the back row during press conferences; she was called upon at briefings on a daily basis but no longer ended presidential news conferences by saying, \"Thank you, Mr. President.\" When asked why she was seated in the back row, she said, \"They didn't like me. . . . I ask too many mean questions.\"{{cite news \\| title \\= Five Minutes With: Helen Thomas \\| work \\= \\[\\[Campus Progress]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Center for American Progress]] \\| format \\= Interview \\| date \\= February 28, 2006 \\| url \\= http://www.campusprogress.org/features/779/five\\-minutes\\-with\\-helen\\-thomas \\| access\\-date \\= June 12, 2010 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100613063948/http://campusprogress.org/features/779/five\\-minutes\\-with\\-helen\\-thomas \\| archive\\-date \\= June 13, 2010 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}", "[thumb\\|Thomas in the [James S. Brady Press Briefing Room](/wiki/James_S._Brady_Press_Briefing_Room \"James S. Brady Press Briefing Room\") half an hour before morning gaggle, 2007](/wiki/File:James_Brady_Press_Briefing_Room_2007_cropped.JPG \"James Brady Press Briefing Room 2007 cropped.JPG\")\nOn March 21, 2006, Thomas was called upon directly by President Bush for the first time in three years. Thomas asked Bush about the [War in Iraq](/wiki/War_in_Iraq \"War in Iraq\"):", "> I'd like to ask you, Mr. President, \\[about] your decision to invade Iraq . . . Every reason given, publicly at least, has turned out not to be true. My question is: Why did you really want to go to war? . . . You have said it wasn't oil . . . quest for oil, it hasn't been Israel, or anything else. What was it?", "", "Bush responded by discussing the [War on Terror](/wiki/War_on_Terror \"War on Terror\"), stating as a reason for the invasion that [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\") chose to [deny inspectors](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1441%23Implementation_of_resolution \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441#Implementation of resolution\") and not to disclose required information.{{cite web\\| title \\= Press Conference of the President \\| date \\=March 21, 2006 \\| url \\= https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060321\\-4\\.html \\| via \\= \\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]] \\| work \\= \\[\\[whitehouse.gov]] \\| access\\-date \\= June 12, 2010}}", "In July 2006, she told *[The Hill](/wiki/The_Hill_%28newspaper%29 \"The Hill (newspaper)\")*, \"The day [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney \"Dick Cheney\") is going to run for president, I'll [kill myself](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\"). All we need is another liar . . . I think he'd like to run, but it would be a sad day for the country if he does.\"{{cite news\\|author\\=Albert Eisele \\|title\\=Reporter: Cheney's Not Presidential Material \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=July 28, 2006 \\|url\\=http://thehill.com/thehill/export/TheHill/News/UndertheDome/072805\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113124030/http://www.thehill.com/thehill/export/TheHill/News/UndertheDome/072805\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=November 13, 2006 }}", "At the July 18, 2006, White House press briefing, Thomas remarked: \"The United States . . . could have stopped the bombardment of Lebanon. We have that much control with the Israelis . . . we have gone for collective punishment against all of Lebanon and Palestine.\" Press Secretary [Tony Snow](/wiki/Tony_Snow \"Tony Snow\") responded: \"Thank you for the [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah \"Hezbollah\") view.\"{{cite news \\| author \\= Lynn Sweet \\| title \\= Tony Snow: On Lebanon\\-Not calling for cease fire if it leaves status quo intact \\| work \\= Lynn Sweet: The scoop from Washington \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Chicago Sun\\-Times]] \\| date \\= July 18, 2006 \\| url \\= http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2006/07/tony\\_snow\\_on\\_lebanonnot\\_callin.html \\| access\\-date \\= June 12, 2010 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111017032436/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2006/07/tony\\_snow\\_on\\_lebanonnot\\_callin.html \\| archive\\-date \\= October 17, 2011 }}", "In a press conference on November 30, 2007, Thomas questioned White House Press Secretary [Dana Perino](/wiki/Dana_Perino \"Dana Perino\") as to why Americans should depend on General [David Petraeus](/wiki/David_Petraeus \"David Petraeus\") in determining when to re\\-deploy U.S. troops from Iraq. Perino began to answer, when Thomas interjected with \"You mean how many more people we kill?\" Perino immediately took offense, responding:", "> Helen, I find it really unfortunate that you use your front row position, bestowed upon you by your colleagues, to make such statements. This is a...it is an honor and a privilege to be in the briefing room, and to suggest that we, the United States, are killing innocent people is just absurd and very offensive.{{cite news \\| title \\= Press Briefing by Dana Perino and Mark Dybul, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator \\| author \\= White House Office of the Press Secretary \\| date \\=November 30, 2007 \\| url \\= https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071130\\-5\\.html \\| via \\= \\[\\[NARA\\|National Archives]] \\| work \\= \\[\\[whitehouse.gov]] \\| access\\-date \\=June 12, 2008}}", "Refusing to back down, Thomas responded immediately by asking Perino if she knew how many innocent Iraqis had been killed and then questioned the worth of regret when Perino responded that the administration regretted the loss of all innocent Iraqi lives.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301\\-500803\\_162\\-3585995\\-500803\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116025858/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301\\-500803\\_162\\-3585995\\-500803\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2010 \\|title\\=When The Press Presses Perino \\- Couric \\& Co. \\|publisher\\=CBS News \\|date\\=December 7, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2013}}", "### Obama administration", "[thumb\\|right\\|President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") presenting Thomas cupcakes on her 89th birthdayCook, Dave.; Orr, Jimmy.[Obama shares a birthday and a smooch with Helen Thomas.](http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0804/obama-shares-a-birthday-and-a-smooch-with-helen-thomas) *[The Christian Science Monitor](/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor \"The Christian Science Monitor\")*. August 4, 2009\\.](/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_presents_cupcakes_with_a_candle_to_Hearst_White_House_columnist_Helen_Thomas_in_honor_of_her_birthday_in_the_James_Brady_Briefing_Room.jpg \"President Barack Obama presents cupcakes with a candle to Hearst White House columnist Helen Thomas in honor of her birthday in the James Brady Briefing Room.jpg\")\nOn February 9, 2009, Thomas was present in the front row for newly elected President [Obama's](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") first news conference. President Obama called on her with the statement, \"Helen. I'm excited, this is my inaugural moment,\"NBC News, February 9, 2009 seemingly a reference to her long\\-term presence in the [White House Press Corps](/wiki/White_House_Press_Corps \"White House Press Corps\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/us/politics/10media.html\\|title\\=New Media Breaks in, but Tradition Lives On\\|author\\=Jeff Zeleny\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=February 10, 2009}} Thomas asked if he knew of any Middle Eastern country that possessed [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon \"Nuclear weapon\"), implicitly asking him to confirm or deny Israel's alleged nuclear arsenal, despite Israel's long held stance of \"nuclear ambiguity\". Obama replied that he did not want to \"speculate\" on the matter.", "On July 1, 2009, Thomas commented on the Obama administration's handling of the press, \"we have had some control but not this control. I mean I'm amazed, I'm amazed at you people who call for openness and transparency and you have controlled...\".{{cite news\\|title\\=White House Reporters Grill Gibbs Over 'Prepackaged' Questions for Obama\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=fh5vzOAEQ\\-A \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/fh5vzOAEQ\\-A\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|work\\=CSPAN\\-2\\|date\\=July 1, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2009}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Kim LaCapria\\|title\\=Helen Thomas calls Obama administration out on social media smokescreen\\|url\\=http://www.inquisitr.com/28013/helen\\-thomas\\-calls\\-obama\\-administration\\-out\\-on\\-social\\-media\\-smokescreen/\\|work\\=The Inquisitr\\|date\\=July 2, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2009}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Daniela Sicuranza\\|author2\\=Stephen Clark\\|title\\=White House Disputes Criticism That Health Care Town Hall Meeting Is Staged\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/07/01/white\\-house\\-disputes\\-criticism\\-town\\-hall\\-meeting\\-staged/\\|work\\=FOX News\\|date\\=July 1, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803133345/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/07/01/white\\-house\\-disputes\\-criticism\\-town\\-hall\\-meeting\\-staged/\\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2009}}", "On August 4, 2009, Thomas celebrated her 89th birthday. President Obama, whose birthday is on the same day, presented Thomas with birthday cupcakes and sang *Happy Birthday* to her before that day's press conference.Jimmy Orr, [Obama sings Happy Birthday to himself (and Helen Thomas)](http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2009/0804/obama-sings-happy-birthday-to-himself-and-helen-thomas), *The Christian Science Monitor*, August 4, 2009\\.", "### Comments on Israel", "Rabbi David Nesenoff of RabbiLive.com, on the White House grounds with his son and a teenage friendRon Kampeas, [Little\\-known rabbi brings down Helen Thomas](http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/08/2739500/helen-thomas-enter-the-maverick-exit-the-bigot) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130101038/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/08/2739500/helen\\-thomas\\-enter\\-the\\-maverick\\-exit\\-the\\-bigot \\|date\\=November 30, 2011 }}, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 8, 2010\\. for a May 27, 2010, American Jewish Heritage Celebration Day,{{cite news\\|author\\=AFP staff reporter\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3902922,00\\.html\\|title\\=Hezbollah lauds Helen Thomas\\|newspaper\\=YNetNews\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2010\\|date\\=June 9, 2010}} interviewed Thomas for an unscheduled short conversation as she was leaving the White House via the [North Lawn](/wiki/North_Lawn \"North Lawn\") driveway.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/06/07/2739488/helen\\-thomas\\-quits\\|title\\=Helen Thomas quits\\|author\\=JTA staff\\|location\\=Washington DC\\|date\\=June 7, 2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817202507/https://www.jta.org/2010/06/07/united\\-states/helen\\-thomas\\-quits\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Berger\\|first\\=Judson\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/10/groups\\-consider\\-renaming\\-helen\\-thomas\\-awards\\-controversy/ \\|title\\=Groups Consider Renaming 'Helen Thomas' Awards \\|publisher\\=FOX News\\|date\\=June 10, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2015}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.longislandpress.com/2010/06/16/l\\-i\\-rabbi\\-faces\\-blowback\\-for\\-helen\\-thomas\\-expose/ \\|title\\=L.I. Rabbi Faces Blowback for Helen Thomas Expose \\|author\\=Timothy Bolger \\|newspaper\\=Long Island Press \\|date\\=June 16, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619093307/http://www.longislandpress.com/2010/06/16/l\\-i\\-rabbi\\-faces\\-blowback\\-for\\-helen\\-thomas\\-expose/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2010 }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Helen Thomas quits after Israel remarks \\|author\\=Sam Youngman \\|author2\\=Emily Goodin \\|newspaper\\=The Hill \\|date\\=June 7, 2010 \\|url\\=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/101731\\-helen\\-thomas\\-announces\\-retirement \\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611070914/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/101731\\-helen\\-thomas\\-announces\\-retirement \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite video\\|url\\=https://youtube.com/watch?v\\=nc4OeRu7cfs \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/nc4OeRu7cfs\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Helen Thomas Complete (original)\\|date\\=June 7, 2010\\|last\\=Nesenoff\\|first\\=David\\|type\\=Videotape\\|publisher\\=RabbiLive.com\\|others\\=Interviewed Helen Thomas\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2021}}{{cbignore}} (recorded May 27, 2010\\){{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/us\\_and\\_canada/10259646\\.stm\\|title\\=US reporter Helen Thomas quits over Israel comments\\|author\\=BBC News staff\\|date\\=June 7, 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2010}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Jon Ward\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2010/06/11/AR2010061105355\\.html \\|title\\=Why we'll miss Helen Thomas \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=June 13, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2010}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/04/ari\\-fleischer\\-fire\\-helen\\-thomas\\_n\\_601565\\.html\\|title\\=Ari Fleischer: Fire Helen Thomas\\|author\\=Sam Stein\\|date\\=June 4, 2010\\|website\\=The Huffington Post\\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2010}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/6/8/veteran\\_white\\_house\\_reporter\\_helen\\_thomas\\|title\\=Veteran White House Reporter Helen Thomas Retires After Israel Remarks\\|author\\=Amy Goodman\\|work\\=Headlines\\|format\\=Transcript\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Democracy Now!]]\\|date\\=June 8, 2010}} When solicited for \"any comments on [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"),\" she replied, \"tell them to get the hell out of [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\")\" and: \"Remember, these people are occupied and it's their land. Not German \\[*sic*], it's not Poland.\" Then he asked: \"Where they should go? What do they do?\". To which she responded: \"They go home.\" He follows\\-up with: \"Where's the home?\". She replies back with \"Poland, ..\" but in the middle of her answer, he adds to his question: \"So the Jews..\", she adds: \"...Germany.\" He finishes off: \"...should go back to Poland and Germany?\" To which she finally responds: \"And America and everywhere else. Why push people out of there who have lived there for centuries? See?\" An about two\\-minutes long full cut of the May 27, 2010, interview was posted on Nesenoff's YouTube channel on June 7\\.", "In a later interview on [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"), on *[The Joy Behar Show](/wiki/Joy_Behar:Say_Anything%21 \"Say Anything!\")*, Thomas defended her comments. In response to Behar's question of whether she was an antisemite, Thomas replied: \"Hell no! I'm a [Semite](/wiki/Semitic_people \"Semitic people\"), of Arab background.\" She then said of Israelis: \"They're not Semites.\"[Helen Thomas: Jews Didn't Have to Leave Europe Following Holocaust](https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1.5124590) Haaretz Service February 18, 2011", "In addition, Thomas said in the [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") interview: \"Why do they \\[Jews] have to go anywhere? They aren't being persecuted! They don't have the right to take other people's land.\"{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://mondoweiss.net/2013/07/helen\\-thomass\\-anti\\-zionist\\-statements/ \\| title\\='I'm anti\\-Zionist,' Helen Thomas declared, in twilight of long career\\|website\\=MondoWeiss\\| date\\=July 21, 2013}} When asked if she regretted the comment, she said: \"We have organized lobbyists in favor of Israel, you can't open your mouth. I can call the [president of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") anything in the book, but you say one thing about Israel and you're off limits.\"", "Following the controversy, The Executive Committee of the [Society of Professional Journalists](/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists \"Society of Professional Journalists\") (SPJ) voted to recommend that the organization retire the Helen Thomas Award for Lifetime Achievement, which had been awarded since 2000\\. After her initial comments, the committee decided not to act, as it was \"a one\\-time, spontaneous remark for which she apologized\", but acted after she reiterated it.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.spj.org/news.asp?REF\\=1028 \\|title \\= SPJ executive committee refers Helen Thomas Award decision to full board of directors}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.spj.org/a\\-hthomas.asp \\| title\\=Helen Thomas Award for Lifetime Achievement \\- Society of Professional Journalists}}", "On June 4, Thomas posted the following response on her website: \"I deeply regret my comments I made last week regarding the Israelis and the Palestinians. They do not reflect my heart\\-felt belief that peace will come to the Middle East only when all parties recognize the need for mutual respect and tolerance. May that day come soon.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/jews\\-should\\-leave\\-palestine\\-and\\-return\\-to\\-europe\\-top\\-u\\-s\\-journalist\\-says\\-1\\.294284/\\|title\\=Jews should leave Palestine and return to Europe, top U.S. journalist says\\|author\\=Natasha Mozgovaya\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]]\\|date\\=June 5, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2010}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://helenthomas.org/ \\|title\\=Helen Thomas \\|author\\=Helen Thomas \\|date\\=June 4, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610214715/http://www.helenthomas.org/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "#### Resignation", "Thomas's agency, Nine Speakers, Inc., immediately dropped her as a client because of her remarks.{{cite news \\|title\\=Thomas gets dropped by agency \\|publisher\\=Politico\\|date\\=June 6, 2010 \\|author\\=Patrick Gavin \\|url\\= http://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0610/Thomas\\_gets\\_dropped\\_by\\_agency.html\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2010 }}{{cite news \\|url\\= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/hearst\\-columnist\\-helen\\-thomas\\-fire\\-telling\\-jews\\-back/story?id\\=10842149 \\|work\\=ABC News \\|title\\=Columnist Draws Fire for Telling Jews 'Go Home' \\|author\\=Kristina Wong \\|date\\=June 6, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2010 }} In a statement, they said \"Ms. Thomas has had an esteemed career as a journalist, and she has been a trailblazer for women, helping others in her profession, and beyond. However, in light of recent events, Nine Speakers is no longer able to represent Ms. Thomas, nor can we condone her comments on the Middle East.\"{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Media/hearst\\-columnist\\-helen\\-thomas\\-fire\\-telling\\-jews\\-back/story?id\\=10842149 \\| title\\=Columnist Draws Fire for Telling Jews 'Go Home'\\| website\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]]}} [Craig Crawford](/wiki/Craig_Crawford \"Craig Crawford\"), who co\\-authored *Listen up, Mr. President*, said \"I ... will no longer be working with Helen on our book projects.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/06/helen\\-thomas\\-under\\-fire\\-for\\-saying\\-jews\\-in\\-israel\\-should\\-go\\-back\\-to\\-germany\\-poland/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609001653/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/06/helen\\-thomas\\-under\\-fire\\-for\\-saying\\-jews\\-in\\-israel\\-should\\-go\\-back\\-to\\-germany\\-poland/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2010 \\|title\\=Helen Thomas under fire for saying Jews in Israel should go back to Germany, Poland \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|author\\=Martina Stewart\\|date\\=June 6, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2010}} Her scheduled delivery of a commencement speech at [Walt Whitman High School](/wiki/Walt_Whitman_High_School_%28Bethesda%2C_Maryland%29 \"Walt Whitman High School (Bethesda, Maryland)\") in [Bethesda](/wiki/Bethesda%2C_Maryland \"Bethesda, Maryland\"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\"), was canceled by the school.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2010/06/06/AR2010060604269\\_pf.html\\|title\\= Helen Thomas agrees to bow out as commencement speaker at Walt Whitman High \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\= June 7, 2010 \\|author\\=Martin Weil }} The [White House Correspondents' Association](/wiki/White_House_Correspondents%27_Association \"White House Correspondents' Association\"), over which she once presided, issued a statement calling her remarks \"indefensible\".{{cite news \\|url\\= http://www.whca.net/blogs.htm \\|title\\=Statement issued by the board of the White House Correspondents' Association\\| date\\=June 7, 2010}} In January 2011, the [Society of Professional Journalists](/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists \"Society of Professional Journalists\") voted to retire the Helen Thomas Award for Lifetime Achievement.{{Cite news \\|author\\= Steele, Micki \\|title\\= Journalism group shelves Helen Thomas award \\|url\\= http://detnews.com/article/20110114/METRO/101140457/1409/metro \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Detroit News]] \\|date\\= January 14, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\= January 19, 2011}}", "On June 7, Thomas abruptly tendered her resignation from Hearst Newspapers. The next day, in an interview on [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")'s *[Today Show](/wiki/Today_%28NBC_program%29 \"Today (NBC program)\")*, President Obama called her remarks \"offensive\" and \"out of line\" and said her retirement was \"the right decision.\" He remarked that it was a \"shame\" her celebrated career had to end in such controversy, and at the same time he recognized her long service covering U.S. presidents, calling her \"a real institution in Washington\".{{cite news \\|url\\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2010/06/obama\\-calls\\-helen\\-thomas\\-comments\\-offensive/1 \\|title\\=Obama calls Helen Thomas' comments \"offensive\" \\|author\\=Mimi Hall \\|date\\=June 8, 2010 \\|website\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2010}} Her comments also garnered rebukes from numerous others, including White House Press Secretary [Robert Gibbs](/wiki/Robert_Gibbs \"Robert Gibbs\"), former White House Press Secretary [Ari Fleischer](/wiki/Ari_Fleischer \"Ari Fleischer\"), former special counsel to and White House spokesman for President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), [Lanny Davis](/wiki/Lanny_Davis \"Lanny Davis\"), former Arkansas Gov. [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee \"Mike Huckabee\") and Hoover Institution senior fellow [Victor Davis Hanson](/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson \"Victor Davis Hanson\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/06/ari\\-fleischer\\-helen\\-thomas\\-fired/\\|title\\=Ex\\-Spokesmen Lead Charge for White House Reporter Helen Thomas to Be Fired\\|author\\=Fox News staff\\|publisher\\=Fox News \\|date\\=June 6, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2010}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0610/Gibbs\\_rebukes\\_Thomas.html?showall \\|title\\=Gibbs rebukes Thomas \\|date\\=June 7, 2010 \\|publisher\\=Politico \\|author\\=Patrick Gavin \\|access\\-date\\= January 9, 2011}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Times \\|first\\=Arkansas \\|url\\=http://www.arktimes.com/arkansas/smart\\-talk\\-june\\-17/Content?oid\\=1205627 \\|title\\=Smart Talk \\|newspaper\\=Arkansas Times\\|date\\=June 17, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2010}}{{cite magazine \\|author\\=Victor Davis Hanson \\|url\\=http://article.nationalreview.com/436085/helen\\-thomas\\-turkey\\-and\\-the\\-liberation\\-of\\-israel/victor\\-davis\\-hanson \\|title\\=Helen Thomas, Turkey, and the Liberation of Israel \\|magazine\\=National Review \\|format\\=Opinion \\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614103517/http://article.nationalreview.com/436085/helen\\-thomas\\-turkey\\-and\\-the\\-liberation\\-of\\-israel/victor\\-davis\\-hanson \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2010 }}", "Thomas did have defenders who felt she was being attacked too harshly, including former presidential candidate [Ralph Nader](/wiki/Ralph_Nader \"Ralph Nader\"), [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\") contributor [Ellen Ratner](/wiki/Ellen_Ratner \"Ellen Ratner\"), former UPI managing editor Michael Freedman and *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation \"The Nation\")* editor and publisher [Katrina vanden Heuvel](/wiki/Katrina_vanden_Heuvel \"Katrina vanden Heuvel\"). Nader said there was a \"double standard\" where one \"off\\-hand 'ill\\-conceived remark'\" (quoting [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\") ombudsman [Alicia Shepard](/wiki/Alicia_Shepard \"Alicia Shepard\")) ended Helen Thomas' career while \"[ultra\\-right wing radio](/wiki/Shock_jock \"Shock jock\") and [cable](/wiki/Opinion_journalism \"Opinion journalism\") ranters\" engaged in \"[bigotry, stereotypes and falsehoods directed wholesale against Muslims](/wiki/Islamophobia \"Islamophobia\"), including a blatant [antisemitism against Arabs](/wiki/Anti-Arabism \"Anti-Arabism\")\" keep getting rewarded with \"enhanced careers and fat lecture fees.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Nader\\|first\\=Ralph\\|author\\-link\\=Ralph Nader\\|date\\=June 16, 2010\\|title\\=The Scourging of Helen Thomas\\|work\\=\\[\\[CounterPunch]]\\|url\\=https://counterpunch.org/2010/06/16/the\\-scourging\\-of\\-helen\\-thomas\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2021}}", "In an October 2010 radio interview with Scott Spears of [WMRN](/wiki/WMRN_%28AM%29 \"WMRN (AM)\"), Thomas said she realized soon after making the comments that she would be fired, stating, \"I hit the [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail_%28politics%29 \"Third rail (politics)\"). You cannot criticize Israel in this country and survive.\" She added that she issued an apology because people were upset, but that ultimately, she still \"had the same feelings about [Israel's aggression and brutality](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel%23Human_rights_in_the_occupied_territories \"Human rights in Israel#Human rights in the occupied territories\").\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ScottSpearsWmrn\\-am\\-InterviewsHelenThomas\\|title \\= Scott Spears interviews Helen Thomas WMRN 1490 AM}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Helen Thomas on being antisemitic: 'Baloney!' \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=October 12, 2010 \\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hrzSPl26rYhOVbdFZ6x94gFhc8aAD9IQ8CQ81?docId\\=D9IQ8CQ81\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015044414/http://www.google.com:80/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hrzSPl26rYhOVbdFZ6x94gFhc8aAD9IQ8CQ81\\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "" ]
Overview -------- The **RVU Protocol** was defined to solve the problem of how to provide a consistent television [user interface](/wiki/User_interface "User interface") throughout the home, without requiring the use of a dedicated set\-top box for each television. The **RVU Protocol** is a communications protocol which runs on a media server device and multiple client devices. RVU uses open standards (including DLNA and UPnP) which are already in use in the consumer electronics field. The clients can consist of various manufacturer\-branded [TVs](/wiki/TV "TV"), [Blu\-ray](/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") players or other client devices. The server generates the user guide and other data and sends this for the client to display. In this way the clients can be low complexity or "thin" client devices, while still providing a full user interface experience to the user. Once an RVU compliant device is connected to an RVU server, the TV viewer can watch the same or different content from any room of the home. Viewers can access the same prerecorded or live content from the server via the client device as if a set\-top box were present, with the same user guide experience. RVU supports networking on existing home infrastructure, but is agnostic to the transport mechanism and can work on [wireless](/wiki/Wireless "Wireless") technologies such as [802\.11](/wiki/802.11 "802.11") or wired technologies such as [Ethernet](/wiki/Ethernet "Ethernet") or [MoCA](/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance "Multimedia over Coax Alliance"). RVU supports a [Remote User Interface](/wiki/Remote_User_Interface "Remote User Interface") (RUI) that allows user interactions such as trick play (e.g., pause and rewind) and the running of interactive applications. As such, the device can render the interface even though the media center specific software (or the plug\-ins) might not be installed there. However, the media files are streamed over a different [protocol](/wiki/Communications_protocol "Communications protocol"). To render the media, the Extender needs to have an implementation of the [codec](/wiki/Codec "Codec") used to package the media locally installed on the client which works as an [extender](/wiki/Windows_Media_Center_Extender "Windows Media Center Extender"); having the codec on the host computer is not enough. Alternatively media can be trans\-coded on the fly by the host computer to a codec that is supported by the client.
[ "Overview\n--------", "The **RVU Protocol** was defined to solve the problem of how to provide a consistent television [user interface](/wiki/User_interface \"User interface\") throughout the home, without requiring the use of a dedicated set\\-top box for each television. The **RVU Protocol** is a communications protocol which runs on a media server device and multiple client devices. RVU uses open standards (including DLNA and UPnP) which are already in use in the consumer electronics field.", "The clients can consist of various manufacturer\\-branded [TVs](/wiki/TV \"TV\"), [Blu\\-ray](/wiki/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") players or other client devices. The server generates the user guide and other data and sends this for the client to display. In this way the clients can be low complexity or \"thin\" client devices, while still providing a full user interface experience to the user. Once an RVU compliant device is connected to an RVU server, the TV viewer can watch the same or different content from any room of the home. Viewers can access the same prerecorded or live content from the server via the client device as if a set\\-top box were present, with the same user guide experience.", "RVU supports networking on existing home infrastructure, but is agnostic to the transport mechanism and can work on [wireless](/wiki/Wireless \"Wireless\") technologies such as [802\\.11](/wiki/802.11 \"802.11\") or wired technologies such as [Ethernet](/wiki/Ethernet \"Ethernet\") or [MoCA](/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance \"Multimedia over Coax Alliance\").", "RVU supports a [Remote User Interface](/wiki/Remote_User_Interface \"Remote User Interface\") (RUI) that allows user interactions such as trick play (e.g., pause and rewind) and the running of interactive applications.", "As such, the device can render the interface even though the media center specific software (or the plug\\-ins) might not be installed there. However, the media files are streamed over a different [protocol](/wiki/Communications_protocol \"Communications protocol\"). To render the media, the Extender needs to have an implementation of the [codec](/wiki/Codec \"Codec\") used to package the media locally installed on the client which works as an [extender](/wiki/Windows_Media_Center_Extender \"Windows Media Center Extender\"); having the codec on the host computer is not enough. Alternatively media can be trans\\-coded on the fly by the host computer to a codec that is supported by the client.", "" ]
Impacts ------- Filling Temperance Flat Reservoir above an elevation of {{convert\|1100\|ft\|m}} would inundate several hydroelectric plants of the [Big Creek Hydroelectric Project](/wiki/Big_Creek_Hydroelectric_Project "Big Creek Hydroelectric Project"), that have a total capacity of 313 MW and generate 1,125 million KWh annually. Thus, the Temperance Flat Dam project would cause a net loss of hydroelectric generation, in lieu of massive reconstruction of upstream facilities. Additionally, 240 foot tall embankment cofferdams would be built on streams surrounding the area in order to divert flows. In their most recent draft, the Bureau of Reclamation deleted measures to construct temperature control devices on [Friant Dam](/wiki/Friant_Dam "Friant Dam"), which are known to improve habitat quality for salmon. They additionally deleted a measure which would have increased water quality downstream of Millerton Lake. The Bureau of Reclamation notes that construction of the dam and reservoir will have "unavoidable and/or disproportionately high and adverse" impacts on the following: air quality, fisheries, aquatic ecosystems, botanical and wetland resources, wildlife, climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, cultural resources, agricultural resources, noise and vibration, and visual resources. As the Temperance Flat Dam would flood both historic Kerckhoff powerhouses, the hydroelectric generating capacity of Kerckhoff Reservoir would be entirely removed. The proposed Temperance flat power system would only be able to replace between 81% and 91% of that power. An additional 15\.7–15\.8 GWh of power could be generated by maximizing output at Friant Dam, but this still results in a net loss of hydroelectric power generation, or only a very slight increase, depending on the alternative specified. A dam of similar size, [New Bullards Bar Dam](/wiki/New_Bullards_Bar_Dam "New Bullards Bar Dam"), has an annual power generation of nearly 16 times that of the proposed Temperance Flat Dam, even discounting the reduction in power generation from the loss of the Kerckhoff powerhouses.[http://www.ycwa\-relicensing.com/Project%20Maps%20Schematics%20and%20Fact%20Sheets/YCWA%20Relicensing%20Fact%20Sheet%20and%20Flow%20Schematic.pdf](http://www.ycwa-relicensing.com/Project%20Maps%20Schematics%20and%20Fact%20Sheets/YCWA%20Relicensing%20Fact%20Sheet%20and%20Flow%20Schematic.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} Some environmental groups such as Friends of the River have questioned the effectiveness of the Temperance Flat project on increasing surface water supplies in California, calling it "an expensive and ineffective solution to the state's water needs".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename\=FORCalRiversSanJoaquin \|title\=California Rivers: San Joaquin River \|publisher\=Friends of the River \|accessdate\=2012\-03\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015625/http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename\=FORCalRiversSanJoaquin \|archivedate\=2015\-09\-24 }} In addition, the placement of the Temperance Flat Dam at RM 274 would reduce the capacity of Millerton Lake by 75,000 acre feet, a capacity greater than 150 of California's current reservoirs. Local Native American tribes have identified 30 sensitive sites within the Temperance Flat study area, one of which was defined by the Native American Heritage Commission as sacred. The proposed reservoir would inundate {{convert\|18\|mi\|km}} of the San Joaquin River, which includes scenic canyons, whitewater rapids and historic and cultural sites, as well as reducing the water flow to sensitive habitat in the [Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta](/wiki/Sacramento-San_Joaquin_Delta "Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bay.org/rivers\-and\-delta/reconnecting\-rivers\-to\-the\-bay/san\-joaquin\-river/temperance\-flat \|title\=Temperance Flat \|publisher\=The Bay Institute \|accessdate\=2012\-03\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319100511/http://www.bay.org/rivers\-and\-delta/reconnecting\-rivers\-to\-the\-bay/san\-joaquin\-river/temperance\-flat \|archivedate\=2011\-03\-19 }} Reduction of spring flood flows, via capture by Temperance Flat dam, could reduce rearing habitat for spawning salmonids downstream. Bald eagles, several special\-status bat species, ringtails, American badgers, and San Joaquin pocket mice are found in the Temperance Flat study area. Western pond turtles, which are a California Species of Special Concern, occur regularly at several sites along the proposed flooded area. Additionally, the California tiger salamander, is federally listed as vulnerable in this area and has designated critical habitat nearby.
[ "Impacts\n-------", "Filling Temperance Flat Reservoir above an elevation of {{convert\\|1100\\|ft\\|m}} would inundate several hydroelectric plants of the [Big Creek Hydroelectric Project](/wiki/Big_Creek_Hydroelectric_Project \"Big Creek Hydroelectric Project\"), that have a total capacity of 313 MW and generate 1,125 million KWh annually. Thus, the Temperance Flat Dam project would cause a net loss of hydroelectric generation, in lieu of massive reconstruction of upstream facilities. Additionally, 240 foot tall embankment cofferdams would be built on streams surrounding the area in order to divert flows. In their most recent draft, the Bureau of Reclamation deleted measures to construct temperature control devices on [Friant Dam](/wiki/Friant_Dam \"Friant Dam\"), which are known to improve habitat quality for salmon. They additionally deleted a measure which would have increased water quality downstream of Millerton Lake.", "The Bureau of Reclamation notes that construction of the dam and reservoir will have \"unavoidable and/or disproportionately high and adverse\" impacts on the following: air quality, fisheries, aquatic ecosystems, botanical and wetland resources, wildlife, climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, cultural resources, agricultural resources, noise and vibration, and visual resources.", "As the Temperance Flat Dam would flood both historic Kerckhoff powerhouses, the hydroelectric generating capacity of Kerckhoff Reservoir would be entirely removed. The proposed Temperance flat power system would only be able to replace between 81% and 91% of that power. An additional 15\\.7–15\\.8 GWh of power could be generated by maximizing output at Friant Dam, but this still results in a net loss of hydroelectric power generation, or only a very slight increase, depending on the alternative specified. A dam of similar size, [New Bullards Bar Dam](/wiki/New_Bullards_Bar_Dam \"New Bullards Bar Dam\"), has an annual power generation of nearly 16 times that of the proposed Temperance Flat Dam, even discounting the reduction in power generation from the loss of the Kerckhoff powerhouses.[http://www.ycwa\\-relicensing.com/Project%20Maps%20Schematics%20and%20Fact%20Sheets/YCWA%20Relicensing%20Fact%20Sheet%20and%20Flow%20Schematic.pdf](http://www.ycwa-relicensing.com/Project%20Maps%20Schematics%20and%20Fact%20Sheets/YCWA%20Relicensing%20Fact%20Sheet%20and%20Flow%20Schematic.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}}", "Some environmental groups such as Friends of the River have questioned the effectiveness of the Temperance Flat project on increasing surface water supplies in California, calling it \"an expensive and ineffective solution to the state's water needs\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename\\=FORCalRiversSanJoaquin \\|title\\=California Rivers: San Joaquin River \\|publisher\\=Friends of the River \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-03\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015625/http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename\\=FORCalRiversSanJoaquin \\|archivedate\\=2015\\-09\\-24 }} In addition, the placement of the Temperance Flat Dam at RM 274 would reduce the capacity of Millerton Lake by 75,000 acre feet, a capacity greater than 150 of California's current reservoirs.", "Local Native American tribes have identified 30 sensitive sites within the Temperance Flat study area, one of which was defined by the Native American Heritage Commission as sacred.", "The proposed reservoir would inundate {{convert\\|18\\|mi\\|km}} of the San Joaquin River, which includes scenic canyons, whitewater rapids and historic and cultural sites, as well as reducing the water flow to sensitive habitat in the [Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta](/wiki/Sacramento-San_Joaquin_Delta \"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bay.org/rivers\\-and\\-delta/reconnecting\\-rivers\\-to\\-the\\-bay/san\\-joaquin\\-river/temperance\\-flat \\|title\\=Temperance Flat \\|publisher\\=The Bay Institute \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-03\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319100511/http://www.bay.org/rivers\\-and\\-delta/reconnecting\\-rivers\\-to\\-the\\-bay/san\\-joaquin\\-river/temperance\\-flat \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-03\\-19 }} Reduction of spring flood flows, via capture by Temperance Flat dam, could reduce rearing habitat for spawning salmonids downstream. Bald eagles, several special\\-status bat species, ringtails, American badgers, and San Joaquin pocket mice are found in the Temperance Flat study area. Western pond turtles, which are a California Species of Special Concern, occur regularly at several sites along the proposed flooded area. Additionally, the California tiger salamander, is federally listed as vulnerable in this area and has designated critical habitat nearby.", "" ]
Plot ---- An American and British research team from the firm Subzero are drilling samples atop [Korvatunturi](/wiki/Korvatunturi "Korvatunturi") (Ear Fell) in the Finnish region of [Lapland](/wiki/Lapland_%28Finland%29 "Lapland (Finland)"). Team leader Riley believes that the [fell](/wiki/Fell "Fell") is an ancient [burial mound](/wiki/Burial_mound "Burial mound") built by the [Sámi](/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people "Sámi people") and plans to plunder it. Two local boys, Juuso and Pietari, spy on the team at work and learn their plans. Pietari tells Juuso that Santa Claus is real, tortures bad children, and is watching them, as the team begins to excavate the fell using explosives. Local reindeer hunters find hundreds of reindeer carcasses that they believe were killed by wolves, and head to Korvatunturi to demand reparations from the Subzero company, whom they believe are responsible for the reindeer. Instead, they find a deep pit and no trace of the Subzero personnel. On the morning of Christmas Eve, a wolf trap built by Pietari's father, Rauno, has killed a skinny, naked old man. Pietari and Rauno learn that potato sacks, heaters, and a hair dryer have gone missing from houses in the area. Pietari finds a straw effigy in Juuso's bed and no sign of Juuso. Piiparinen, a neighbor, and Rauno bring the corpse into Rauno's reindeer slaughterhouse but discover he is still alive. Piiparinen, Rauno, and Aimo, another colleague, discuss their plans and tie the old man up, while Pietari calls around and finds that all his friends have gone missing. Piiparinen has his ear bitten off by the old man, and Pietari asks his father to spank him for his bad deeds, as he fears that sneaking up to the Fell makes him a bad boy and he will be taken by Santa. Rauno's group dresses the old man in Piiparinen's Santa costume and message Subzero that they want to sell them Santa to compensate for the loss of income from the reindeer. They take the old man to an airbase in a cage, where they meet Riley arriving by helicopter. Riley warns that the caged man is not Santa but one of his elves, and that they must be quiet and smile. Many elves appear and kill Riley and his pilot. The men and Pietari run to a hangar where they find a horned being \- Santa \- in an enormous block of ice being melted by the missing heaters. Next to the ice are sacks containing the crying stolen children, including Juuso. Pietari takes control and hatches a plan. Piiparinen comes out of the hangar and distracts the elves by throwing gingerbread at them to reach the helicopter. Rauno and Aimo make a net, which Pietari climbs on as the helicopter picks up the sacks of children to lure the elves to the reindeer pen. The other men place explosives all over Santa Claus' ice block and cut off his horns before leaving. Pietari jumps off the helicopter net into the reindoor pen to open the gate as the horde of elves runs toward him. Rauno and Aimo detonate the explosives, killing Santa and causing the elves to stop in the reindeer pen before they can hurt Pietari. Afterwards, the group of men and Pietari train the 198 captured elves to become mall Santas and export them to cities around the world.
[ "Plot\n----", "An American and British research team from the firm Subzero are drilling samples atop [Korvatunturi](/wiki/Korvatunturi \"Korvatunturi\") (Ear Fell) in the Finnish region of [Lapland](/wiki/Lapland_%28Finland%29 \"Lapland (Finland)\"). Team leader Riley believes that the [fell](/wiki/Fell \"Fell\") is an ancient [burial mound](/wiki/Burial_mound \"Burial mound\") built by the [Sámi](/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people \"Sámi people\") and plans to plunder it. Two local boys, Juuso and Pietari, spy on the team at work and learn their plans. Pietari tells Juuso that Santa Claus is real, tortures bad children, and is watching them, as the team begins to excavate the fell using explosives.", "Local reindeer hunters find hundreds of reindeer carcasses that they believe were killed by wolves, and head to Korvatunturi to demand reparations from the Subzero company, whom they believe are responsible for the reindeer. Instead, they find a deep pit and no trace of the Subzero personnel.", "On the morning of Christmas Eve, a wolf trap built by Pietari's father, Rauno, has killed a skinny, naked old man. Pietari and Rauno learn that potato sacks, heaters, and a hair dryer have gone missing from houses in the area. Pietari finds a straw effigy in Juuso's bed and no sign of Juuso.", "Piiparinen, a neighbor, and Rauno bring the corpse into Rauno's reindeer slaughterhouse but discover he is still alive. Piiparinen, Rauno, and Aimo, another colleague, discuss their plans and tie the old man up, while Pietari calls around and finds that all his friends have gone missing. Piiparinen has his ear bitten off by the old man, and Pietari asks his father to spank him for his bad deeds, as he fears that sneaking up to the Fell makes him a bad boy and he will be taken by Santa.", "Rauno's group dresses the old man in Piiparinen's Santa costume and message Subzero that they want to sell them Santa to compensate for the loss of income from the reindeer. They take the old man to an airbase in a cage, where they meet Riley arriving by helicopter. Riley warns that the caged man is not Santa but one of his elves, and that they must be quiet and smile. Many elves appear and kill Riley and his pilot. The men and Pietari run to a hangar where they find a horned being \\- Santa \\- in an enormous block of ice being melted by the missing heaters. Next to the ice are sacks containing the crying stolen children, including Juuso.", "Pietari takes control and hatches a plan. Piiparinen comes out of the hangar and distracts the elves by throwing gingerbread at them to reach the helicopter. Rauno and Aimo make a net, which Pietari climbs on as the helicopter picks up the sacks of children to lure the elves to the reindeer pen. The other men place explosives all over Santa Claus' ice block and cut off his horns before leaving. Pietari jumps off the helicopter net into the reindoor pen to open the gate as the horde of elves runs toward him. Rauno and Aimo detonate the explosives, killing Santa and causing the elves to stop in the reindeer pen before they can hurt Pietari. Afterwards, the group of men and Pietari train the 198 captured elves to become mall Santas and export them to cities around the world.", "" ]
Lunar New Year Fair in different cities --------------------------------------- ### Hong Kong In [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), fairs are held in various locations, notably [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Hong_Kong "Victoria Park, Hong Kong") and [Fa Hui Park](/wiki/Fa_Hui_Park "Fa Hui Park"). These fairs gather hundreds of stalls for various goods. Half of the area sells auspicious flowering plants like [narcissus](/wiki/Narcissus_%28genus%29 "Narcissus (genus)"), [peony](/wiki/Peony "Peony"), [chrysanthemum](/wiki/Chrysanthemum "Chrysanthemum"), [peach](/wiki/Peach "Peach") and fruit plants like [mandarin](/wiki/Mandarin_orange "Mandarin orange"). The other half sells dry goods for [Chinese New Year](/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year"). The fairs draw many visitors as part of the custom of *hang nin siu* (行年宵, literally: walk the year night) or *hang fa shi* (行花市, literally: walk the flower market). The crowd peaks at a few hours before and after midnight of New Year's Day. Stall tenders try to sell off all their stocks in these few hours before the fair closes, because surplus flowers are normally destroyed (or left to charitable organisations). In the 2000s youths from various youth organisations, secondary schools and universities increasingly began operating stalls of their own. For example, in 2007, students from various schools set up stalls to sell many special products which are related to the pig, for example Pig Tissue Holder, Fatty Pork Chop Scarf, etc. Traditionally, the [Governor of Hong Kong](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong "Governor of Hong Kong") visited the fair annually, usually in Victoria Park. The [Chief Executive of Hong Kong](/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong "Chief Executive of Hong Kong") continues this tradition. #### Locations in 2006 In 2006, fairs were held in: * [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Hong_Kong "Victoria Park, Hong Kong"), Causeway Bay * [Fa Hui Park](/wiki/Fa_Hui_Park "Fa Hui Park"), Sham Shui Po * Cheung Sha Wan Playground, Sham Shui Po * Kai Tak East Playground, Wong Tai Sin * Kwun Tong Recreation Ground, Kwun Tong * Sha Tsui Road Playground, Tsuen Wan * Kwai Chung Sports Ground, Kwai Tsing * Shek Pai Tau Playground, Tuen Mun * Pedestrian Mall Opposite Yuen Long Public Swimming Pool and On Hing Playground, Yuen Long * Shek Wu Hui Playground, North District * Tin Hau Temple Fung Shui Square, Tai Po * Yuen Wo Playground, Sha Tin * Man Yee Playground, Sai Kung * Po Hong Park, Tseung Kwan O #### Locations in 2007 In 2007, fairs were held in:[Fair stall auctions set for November 13](http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/healthandcommunity/061027/html/061027en05005.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024106/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/healthandcommunity/061027/html/061027en05005\.htm \|date\=30 September 2007 }} news.gov.hk:Health and Community * Victoria Park on Hong Kong Island * Fa Hui Park, Cheung Sha Wan Playground, [Morse Park](/wiki/Morse_Park "Morse Park") and Kwun Tong Recreation Ground in Kowloon * Sha Tsui Road Playground in Tsuen Wan * Kwai Chung Sports Ground * the open space at the Tin Hau Temple in Tuen Mun * Tung Tau Industrial Area Playground in Yuen Long * Shek Wu Hui Playground in North District * Tin Hau Temple Fung Shui Square in Tai Po * Yuen Wo Playground in Sha Tin * Man Yee Playground in Sai Kung * Po Hong Park in Tseung Kwan O ### Guangzhou [thumb\|A stall in the Yue Xiu New Years Fair in Canton, 2010](/wiki/File:CNY_Fair_Canton_2010.jpg "CNY Fair Canton 2010.jpg") Guangzhou is said to be the source of the Lunar New Year Fair. During the rule of the PRC, the Lunar New Year Fair was interrupted only once, for a few years during the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution "Cultural Revolution"). Guangzhou's fair is held 3 days before Lunar New Year's Eve. It sells [New Year Trees](/wiki/New_Year_Tree "New Year Tree") and other goods. In [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"), there is at least one fair in each [district](/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Guangzhou "List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou"), which became a custom since the 1960s. The origin of such fairs can be traced back to the [Ming Dynasty](/wiki/Ming_Dynasty "Ming Dynasty"), although official records of the Lunar New Year Fairs in Canton are found first in the 1920s, when the city was under the rule of the [Republic of China](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 "Republic of China (1912–1949)"). The official name for the fair in Guangzhou is "flower market" ({{lang\|zh\|花市}}); however, the locals tend to use the term **flower street** ({{lang\|zh\|花街}}), referring to the fact that the fairs in Guangzhou are held on streets that are available for vehicles on normal days but turned into pedestrian zones during the days of the fair.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/cn\_focus/2007\-02/07/content\_92412\_2\.htm \|title\=春节专题 \|accessdate\=19 September 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929091613/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/cn\_focus/2007\-02/07/content\_92412\_2\.htm \|archivedate\=29 September 2012 }}
[ "Lunar New Year Fair in different cities\n---------------------------------------", "### Hong Kong", "In [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), fairs are held in various locations, notably [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Hong_Kong \"Victoria Park, Hong Kong\") and [Fa Hui Park](/wiki/Fa_Hui_Park \"Fa Hui Park\"). These fairs gather hundreds of stalls for various goods. Half of the area sells auspicious flowering plants like [narcissus](/wiki/Narcissus_%28genus%29 \"Narcissus (genus)\"), [peony](/wiki/Peony \"Peony\"), [chrysanthemum](/wiki/Chrysanthemum \"Chrysanthemum\"), [peach](/wiki/Peach \"Peach\") and fruit plants like [mandarin](/wiki/Mandarin_orange \"Mandarin orange\"). The other half sells dry goods for [Chinese New Year](/wiki/Chinese_New_Year \"Chinese New Year\").", "The fairs draw many visitors as part of the custom of *hang nin siu* (行年宵, literally: walk the year night) or *hang fa shi* (行花市, literally: walk the flower market). The crowd peaks at a few hours before and after midnight of New Year's Day. Stall tenders try to sell off all their stocks in these few hours before the fair closes, because surplus flowers are normally destroyed (or left to charitable organisations).", "In the 2000s youths from various youth organisations, secondary schools and universities increasingly began operating stalls of their own.\nFor example, in 2007, students from various schools set up stalls to sell many special products which are related to the pig, for example Pig Tissue Holder, Fatty Pork Chop Scarf, etc.", "Traditionally, the [Governor of Hong Kong](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong \"Governor of Hong Kong\") visited the fair annually, usually in Victoria Park. The [Chief Executive of Hong Kong](/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong \"Chief Executive of Hong Kong\") continues this tradition.", "#### Locations in 2006", "In 2006, fairs were held in:\n* [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Hong_Kong \"Victoria Park, Hong Kong\"), Causeway Bay\n* [Fa Hui Park](/wiki/Fa_Hui_Park \"Fa Hui Park\"), Sham Shui Po\n* Cheung Sha Wan Playground, Sham Shui Po\n* Kai Tak East Playground, Wong Tai Sin\n* Kwun Tong Recreation Ground, Kwun Tong\n* Sha Tsui Road Playground, Tsuen Wan\n* Kwai Chung Sports Ground, Kwai Tsing\n* Shek Pai Tau Playground, Tuen Mun\n* Pedestrian Mall Opposite Yuen Long Public Swimming Pool and On Hing Playground, Yuen Long\n* Shek Wu Hui Playground, North District\n* Tin Hau Temple Fung Shui Square, Tai Po\n* Yuen Wo Playground, Sha Tin\n* Man Yee Playground, Sai Kung\n* Po Hong Park, Tseung Kwan O", "#### Locations in 2007", "In 2007, fairs were held in:[Fair stall auctions set for November 13](http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/healthandcommunity/061027/html/061027en05005.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024106/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/healthandcommunity/061027/html/061027en05005\\.htm \\|date\\=30 September 2007 }} news.gov.hk:Health and Community\n* Victoria Park on Hong Kong Island\n* Fa Hui Park, Cheung Sha Wan Playground, [Morse Park](/wiki/Morse_Park \"Morse Park\") and Kwun Tong Recreation Ground in Kowloon\n* Sha Tsui Road Playground in Tsuen Wan\n* Kwai Chung Sports Ground\n* the open space at the Tin Hau Temple in Tuen Mun\n* Tung Tau Industrial Area Playground in Yuen Long\n* Shek Wu Hui Playground in North District\n* Tin Hau Temple Fung Shui Square in Tai Po\n* Yuen Wo Playground in Sha Tin\n* Man Yee Playground in Sai Kung\n* Po Hong Park in Tseung Kwan O", "### Guangzhou", "[thumb\\|A stall in the Yue Xiu New Years Fair in Canton, 2010](/wiki/File:CNY_Fair_Canton_2010.jpg \"CNY Fair Canton 2010.jpg\")", "Guangzhou is said to be the source of the Lunar New Year Fair. During the rule of the PRC, the Lunar New Year Fair was interrupted only once, for a few years during the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution \"Cultural Revolution\"). Guangzhou's fair is held 3 days before Lunar New Year's Eve. It sells [New Year Trees](/wiki/New_Year_Tree \"New Year Tree\") and other goods.", "In [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"), there is at least one fair in each [district](/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Guangzhou \"List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou\"), which became a custom since the 1960s. The origin of such fairs can be traced back to the [Ming Dynasty](/wiki/Ming_Dynasty \"Ming Dynasty\"), although official records of the Lunar New Year Fairs in Canton are found first in the 1920s, when the city was under the rule of the [Republic of China](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 \"Republic of China (1912–1949)\").", "The official name for the fair in Guangzhou is \"flower market\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|花市}}); however, the locals tend to use the term **flower street** ({{lang\\|zh\\|花街}}), referring to the fact that the fairs in Guangzhou are held on streets that are available for vehicles on normal days but turned into pedestrian zones during the days of the fair.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/cn\\_focus/2007\\-02/07/content\\_92412\\_2\\.htm \\|title\\=春节专题 \\|accessdate\\=19 September 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929091613/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/cn\\_focus/2007\\-02/07/content\\_92412\\_2\\.htm \\|archivedate\\=29 September 2012 }}", "" ]
Plot ---- The Duchess [Alice Fleming](/wiki/Alice_Fleming "Alice Fleming"), living in Las Vegas, Nevada promises to help the local schoolteacher Ann Carter *([Peggy Stewart](/wiki/Peggy_Stewart_%28actress%29 "Peggy Stewart (actress)"))* with her “wild” boyfriend, Tom Blackwell *([Jay Kirby](/wiki/Jay_Kirby "Jay Kirby"))*. [Red Ryder](/wiki/Red_Ryder "Red Ryder") is asked to lend a hand by the Duchess but when he does, he discovers Tom drunk in the saloon owned by Dan Sedley *([William Haade](/wiki/William_Haade "William Haade"))*. Red is interrupted however, by an attempted bank robbery. He foils the heist and retrieves the money, which he returns to Arthur Stanton *([Selmer Jackson](/wiki/Selmer_Jackson "Selmer Jackson"))*, the bank president. What Red doesn’t know is that Stanton has embezzled over $40,000 from his bank and afterwards, had his bank robbed to cover the crime. In the meantime, Tom Blackwell’s father, Judge Homer Blackwell *([John Hamilton](/wiki/John_Hamilton_%28actor%29 "John Hamilton (actor)"))* says that he’s tired of his son’s behavior and will cut him out of his will. He asks Stanton to bring a list of his securities to his office that he might reconcile his books. To protect himself, Sedley slips into the Judge’s office and kills him. Red Ryder, who has been appointed Sheriff, is compelled to arrest Tom who had threatened his father. Meanwhile, Red has a newspaper story printed stating that he has discovered evidence that vindicates Tom. The worried Stanton orders his crime partner, Sedley, to stir up a lynch mob. He wants to takeover Stanton’s large estate to cover the embezzled funds. In order to protect Tom from the gathering lynch mob, Red hands him over to the Duchess but then tells Stanton that Tom is hiding in Ann’s schoolhouse. Red’s suspicions of Stanton are confirmed when the illicit banker sends Sedley to the schoolhouse to kill Tom. In the process, Sedley is mortally wounded by Red but before dying, confesses to the Judge’s murder. Ryder sets a trap for Stanton by sending Tom to Stanton’s office seeking help. Stanton, sensing an opportunity, pulls a gun on Tom but is captured by Red Ryder before he can kill Tom. Sedley is later convicted and imprisoned. Tom reforms and is ready to settle down with Ann, even vowing to use some of his inheritance to elect Red to the office of territorial governor. This proves to be too much for the red\-headed cowboy who is last seen on the screen, riding off in the distance with Little Beaver *([Robert Blake](/wiki/Robert_Blake_%28actor%29 "Robert Blake (actor)"))*.[Vigilantes of Dodge City *(Overview)*, Turner Classic Movies](http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/94798/Vigilantes-of-Dodge-City/)Drew, Bernard A.; Red Ryder and Little Beaver: *Painted Valley Troubleshooters*. BearManor Media, Albany, Georgia, 2013, pp. 81\-92\. ASIN: B00YDJDO6G.[Sheriff of Las Vegas *(Overview)*](http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89902/Sheriff-of-Las-Vegas/)
[ "Plot\n----", "The Duchess [Alice Fleming](/wiki/Alice_Fleming \"Alice Fleming\"), living in Las Vegas, Nevada promises to help the local schoolteacher Ann Carter *([Peggy Stewart](/wiki/Peggy_Stewart_%28actress%29 \"Peggy Stewart (actress)\"))* with her “wild” boyfriend, Tom Blackwell *([Jay Kirby](/wiki/Jay_Kirby \"Jay Kirby\"))*. [Red Ryder](/wiki/Red_Ryder \"Red Ryder\") is asked to lend a hand by the Duchess but when he does, he discovers Tom drunk in the saloon owned by Dan Sedley *([William Haade](/wiki/William_Haade \"William Haade\"))*. Red is interrupted however, by an attempted bank robbery. He foils the heist and retrieves the money, which he returns to Arthur Stanton *([Selmer Jackson](/wiki/Selmer_Jackson \"Selmer Jackson\"))*, the bank president. What Red doesn’t know is that Stanton has embezzled over $40,000 from his bank and afterwards, had his bank robbed to cover the crime.", "In the meantime, Tom Blackwell’s father, Judge Homer Blackwell *([John Hamilton](/wiki/John_Hamilton_%28actor%29 \"John Hamilton (actor)\"))* says that he’s tired of his son’s behavior and will cut him out of his will. He asks Stanton to bring a list of his securities to his office that he might reconcile his books. To protect himself, Sedley slips into the Judge’s office and kills him.", "Red Ryder, who has been appointed Sheriff, is compelled to arrest Tom who had threatened his father. Meanwhile, Red has a newspaper story printed stating that he has discovered evidence that vindicates Tom. The worried Stanton orders his crime partner, Sedley, to stir up a lynch mob. He wants to takeover Stanton’s large estate to cover the embezzled funds.", "In order to protect Tom from the gathering lynch mob, Red hands him over to the Duchess but then tells Stanton that Tom is hiding in Ann’s schoolhouse. Red’s suspicions of Stanton are confirmed when the illicit banker sends Sedley to the schoolhouse to kill Tom. In the process, Sedley is mortally wounded by Red but before dying, confesses to the Judge’s murder.", "Ryder sets a trap for Stanton by sending Tom to Stanton’s office seeking help. Stanton, sensing an opportunity, pulls a gun on Tom but is captured by Red Ryder before he can kill Tom. Sedley is later convicted and imprisoned.", "Tom reforms and is ready to settle down with Ann, even vowing to use some of his inheritance to elect Red to the office of territorial governor. This proves to be too much for the red\\-headed cowboy who is last seen on the screen, riding off in the distance with Little Beaver *([Robert Blake](/wiki/Robert_Blake_%28actor%29 \"Robert Blake (actor)\"))*.[Vigilantes of Dodge City *(Overview)*, Turner Classic Movies](http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/94798/Vigilantes-of-Dodge-City/)Drew, Bernard A.; Red Ryder and Little Beaver: *Painted Valley Troubleshooters*. BearManor Media, Albany, Georgia, 2013, pp. 81\\-92\\. ASIN: B00YDJDO6G.[Sheriff of Las Vegas *(Overview)*](http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89902/Sheriff-of-Las-Vegas/)", "" ]
Arrival in Europe ----------------- [thumb\|450px\|The migration of the Romani people through the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") and [Northern Africa](/wiki/Northern_Africa "Northern Africa") to Europe. The key shows the century of arrival in that area, e.g., *S.XII* is the 12th century.](/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg "Movimiento gitano.jpg") Romani people first arrived in Europe from north India, through [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran"), [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia "Armenia"), and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/04/roma\-in\-europe\-11\-things\-you\-always\-wanted\-to\-know\-but\-were\-afraid\-to\-ask/\|title\=The Roma in Europe: 11 things you always wanted to know but were afraid to ask\|date\=23 April 2015 }} In 1323, [Simon Simeonis](/wiki/Simon_Simeonis "Simon Simeonis"), an Irish Franciscan friar, described people in likeness to the "atsingani" living in [Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"): "We also saw outside this city \[[Candia](/wiki/Heraklion "Heraklion")] a tribe of people, who worship according to the [Greek rite](/wiki/Byzantine_Rite "Byzantine Rite"), and assert themselves to be of the race of [Cain](/wiki/Cain "Cain"). These people rarely or never stop in one place for more than thirty days, but always, as if cursed by God, are nomad and outcast. After the thirtieth day they wander from field to field with small, oblong, black, and low tents, like those of the [Arabs](/wiki/Arabs "Arabs"), and from cave to cave, because the place inhabited by them becomes after the term of thirty days so full of [vermin](/wiki/Vermin "Vermin") and other filth that it is impossible to live in their neighbourhood."{{cite web \|url\=https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T300002\-001/index.html \|title\=The Journey of Symon Semeonis from Ireland to the Holy Land \|website\=Corpus of Electronic Texts \|publisher\=University College Cork \|date\=2017}} In 1350, [Ludolf von Sudheim](/wiki/Ludolf_von_Sudheim "Ludolf von Sudheim") mentioned a similar people with a unique language, whom he called *Mandapolos*, a word that some theorize was possibly derived from the Greek word *Mantipolos – Μαντιπόλος*{{cite web \|first\=Mark \|last\=Harris \|url\=http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies\-msg.html\|title\=Gypsies\-msg\|work\=Stefan's Florilegium\|access\-date\=24 December 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824232640/http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies\-msg.html\|archive\-date\=24 August 2007\|url\-status\=dead}} "[frenzied](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*m%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dmantipo%2Flos)" from *mantis – μάντις* (meaning "[prophet](/wiki/Prophet "Prophet"), [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune_teller "Fortune teller")") and *poleo – πολέω*. Around 1360, a [fiefdom](/wiki/Fiefdom "Fiefdom") (called the *[Feudum Acinganorum](/wiki/Feudum_Acinganorum "Feudum Acinganorum")*) was established in [Corfu](/wiki/Corfu "Corfu"). It mainly used Romani serfs, and the Romanis on the island were subservient.{{sfn\|Fraser\|1995\|pp\=50\-51}}{{Cite book \|title\=Bright Balkan morning: Romani lives \& the power of music in Greek Macedonia \|first1\=Charles \|last1\=Keil \|first2\=Dick \|last2\=Blau \|first3\=Anjeliki V. \|last3\=Kiel \|first4\=Steven \|last4\=Feld \|date\=2002 \|page\=108 \|publisher\=Wesleyan University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-8195\-6488\-7}} By the 14th century, the Romanis had reached the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans "Balkans") and [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia"); by the 15th century, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal; and by the 16th century, Russia, Denmark, Scotland, and Sweden. (although DNA evidence from mid\-11th century skeletons in [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich "Norwich") suggest that at least a few individuals may have arrived earlier, perhaps due to [Viking](/wiki/Viking "Viking") enslavement of Romani from the eastern [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean"), or liaisons with the [Varangians](/wiki/Varangians "Varangians"){{Cite journal \|last\=Pitts \|first\=M. \|date\=2006 \|title\=DNA Surprise: Romani in England 440 years too early \|journal\=British Archaeology \|volume\=89 \|issue\=9}}). Some Romanis migrated from Persia through [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa"),{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3X4ZAQAAIAAJ\&q\=gypsies\+persia\+north\+africa\|title\=Racial and Ethnic Relations in America: Ethnic entrepreneurship\|first\=Carl Leon\|last\=Bankston\|date\=16 March 2019\|publisher\=Salem Press\|via\=Google Books\|isbn\=9780893566340}} reaching Europe via Spain in the 15th century.{{cite book\|url\=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetanda00john\|url\-access\=registration\|quote\=gypsies reached spain 15th century.\|title\=Andalucia\|first1\=John\|last1\=Noble\|first2\=Susan\|last2\=Forsyth\|date\=2001\|publisher\=Lonely Planet\|via\=Internet Archive\|isbn\=978\-1\-86450\-191\-9}} Romanis began immigrating to the United States in colonial times, with small groups in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") and [French Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana_%28New_France%29 "Louisiana (New France)").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=OBKTDAAAQBAJ\&q\=gypsies\+virginia\+french\+louisiana\+united\+states\&pg\=PT104\|title\=Only Horses from Wild\|first\=David James\|last\=Smith\|date\=2016\|publisher\=Lulu Press\|via\=Google Books\|isbn\=978\-1\-365\-19773\-4}} Larger\-scale immigration began in the 1860s, with groups of [Romnichal](/wiki/Romnichal "Romnichal") from Britain. The largest number immigrated in the early 20th century, mainly from the Vlax group of [Kalderash](/wiki/Kalderash "Kalderash"). Many Romanis also settled in [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.errc.org/roma\-rights\-journal/emerging\-romani\-voices\-from\-latin\-america \|title\=Emerging Romani Voices from Latin America \|work\=European Roma Rights Centre \|first\=Druzhemira \|last\=Tchileva \|date\=27 May 2004}} According to historian [Norman Davies](/wiki/Norman_Davies "Norman Davies"), a 1378 law passed by the governor of [Nauplion](/wiki/Nauplion "Nauplion") in the Greek [Peloponnese](/wiki/Peloponnese "Peloponnese"), confirming privileges for the "atsingani", is "the first documented record of Romany Gypsies in Europe". Similar documents, again representing the Romanis as a group that had been exiled from Egypt, record them reaching [Braşov](/wiki/Bra%C5%9Fov "Braşov"), [Transylvania](/wiki/Transylvania "Transylvania"), in 1416; [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"), in 1418; and Paris in 1427\. A chronicler for a Parisian journal described them as dressed in a manner that the Parisians considered shabby and reported that the Church had them leave town because they practiced [palm\-reading](/wiki/Chiromancy "Chiromancy") and fortune\-telling.{{cite book\|first\=Norman \|last\=Davies\|author\-link\=Norman Davies\|title\=Europe: A History\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vD7SWb5lXBAC\&pg\=PA387\|access\-date\=16 December 2014\|edition\=2nd\|year\=1997\|publisher\=Random House\|isbn\=978\-1\-4070\-9179\-2\|pages\=387–388\|chapter\=Christendom in crisis}} Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia"), they were issued safe conduct by [Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor") of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire") in 1417\. Romanis were ordered expelled from the [Meissen](/wiki/Meissen "Meissen") region of Germany in 1416, [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") in 1471, [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") in 1493, France in 1504, [Aragon](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon "Kingdom of Aragon") in 1512, Sweden in 1525, [England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") in 1530 (see [Egyptians Act 1530](/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530 "Egyptians Act 1530")), and Denmark in 1536\. In 1510, any Romani found in Switzerland was ordered to be executed, and in 1554, a statute was passed in England that mandated all Romani in the country leave or face execution. Similar legislation was passed in numerous European nations, including Denmark in 1589, Sweden in 1637, whereas Portugal began deportations of Romanis to its colonies in 1538\. Later, a 1596 English statute, however, gave Romanis special privileges that other wanderers lacked; France passed a similar law in 1683\. [Catherine the Great of Russia](/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia "Catherine II of Russia") declared the Romanis "crown slaves" (a status superior to [serfs](/wiki/Serfs "Serfs")) but also kept them out of certain parts of [the capital](/wiki/St._Petersburg%2C_Russia "St. Petersburg, Russia"). In 1595, [Ştefan Răzvan](/wiki/%C5%9Etefan_R%C4%83zvan "Ştefan Răzvan") overcame his birth into slavery and became the [Voivode](/wiki/Voivode "Voivode") [(Prince) of Moldavia](/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers "List of Moldavian rulers"). In [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia"), Transylvania, and [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia"), Romanis were enslaved for five centuries, until [abolition](/wiki/Abolitionism "Abolitionism") in the mid\-19th century.[Wallachia and Moldavia](https://rm.coe.int/wallachia-and-moldavia-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b19be) In the late 19th century, the Romani culture inspired in their neighbors a wealth of artistic works. Among the most notable works are *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_%28novella%29 "Carmen (novella)")* and *[La Vie de Bohème](/wiki/La_Vie_de_Boh%C3%A8me "La Vie de Bohème")*. ### Ottoman Empire In the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"), [Muslim Romani people](/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people "Muslim Romani people") were preferred, in contrast to Christian Roma. Muslim Roma were settled in [Rumelia](/wiki/Rumelia "Rumelia") (Balkans) from Anatolia, such as the [Arlije](/wiki/Arlije "Arlije"), or Cyprus, like the [Gurbeti](/wiki/Gurbeti "Gurbeti"). There were also conversions to Islam in order to achieve better living conditions under Ottoman rule. The [Sanjak of the Çingene](/wiki/Sanjak "Sanjak") was established for Muslim Roma in Rumelia, lasting from 1520 until the end of the Ottoman Empire. Muslim Roma were able to migrate from one part of the country to another within the Ottoman Empire. The [Zargari tribe](/wiki/Zargari_tribe "Zargari tribe") migrated to the Persian Empire.{{cite web\|url\=https://rm.coe.int/ottoman\-empire\-factsheets\-on\-romani\-history/16808b193d\|title\=Ottoman Empire. Factsheets on Romani History\|website\=rm.coe.int\|access\-date\=4 December 2023}} ### Forced assimilation In 1758, [Maria Theresa of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria "Maria Theresa of Austria") began a program of assimilation to turn Romanis into *ujmagyar* (new Hungarians). The government built permanent huts to replace mobile tents, forbade travel, and forcefully removed children from their parents to be fostered by non\-Romani. By 1894, the majority of Romanis counted in a Hungarian national census were sedentary. In 1830, Romani children in [Nordhausen](/wiki/Nordhausen%2C_Thuringia "Nordhausen, Thuringia") were taken from their families to be fostered by Germans. Russia also encouraged settlement of all nomads in 1783, and the Polish introduced a settlement law in 1791\. Bulgaria and Serbia banned nomadism in the 1880s. In 1783, racial legislation against Romanis was repealed in the United Kingdom, and a specific "Turnpike Act" was established in 1822 to prevent nomads from camping on the roadside, strengthened in the Highways Act of 1835\. ### Persecution {{Main\|Anti\-Romani sentiment}} In 1530, England issued the [Egyptians Act](/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530 "Egyptians Act 1530"), which banned Romani from entering the country and required those living in the country to leave within 16 days. Failure to do so could result in the confiscation of property, imprisonment, and deportation. The act was amended with the [Egyptians Act 1554](/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1554 "Egyptians Act 1554"), which ordered the Romani to leave the country within a month. Non\-complying Romanis were executed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/bfhng/docs/Sep10%20A%20Gypsy%20in%20the%20Family.htm \|title\=A Gypsy in the Family \|first\=Geof \|last\=Lee \|work\=Milton Keynes Heritage Association \|date\=September 2010 \|access\-date\=24 December 2014}} In 1538, the first anti\-ziganist (anti\-Romani) legislation was issued in [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia") and [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia"), which were under [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg "Habsburg") rule. Three years later, after a series of fires in Prague that were blamed on the Romani, [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor") ordered them to be expelled. In 1545, the [Diet of Augsburg](/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg "Diet of Augsburg") declared that "whoever kills a Gypsy will be guilty of no murder". The massive killing spree that resulted prompted the government to eventually step in and "forbid the drowning of Romani women and children".{{Sfn\|Crowe\|2004\|p\=35}} In 1660, Romanis were prohibited from residence in France by [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV"). In 1685, Portugal deported Romani people to [Brasil](/wiki/Brasil "Brasil"). In 1710, [Joseph I](/wiki/Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor") issued a [decree declaring the extermination of Romani](/wiki/Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%23Extermination_of_Romani "Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor#Extermination of Romani"), ordering that "all adult males were to be hanged without trial, whereas women and young males were to be flogged and banished forever". In addition, they were to have their right ears cut off in the kingdom of Bohemia and their left ear in Moravia.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.romahistory.com/en/2\-5\-4\.htm\|title\=The History of the Roma: 2\.5\.4: 1647 to 1714\|work\=Die Geschichte der Roma \|first\=Marko D.\|last\=Knudsen\|access\-date\=24 December 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017082735/http://www.romahistory.com/en/2\-5\-4\.htm\|archive\-date\=17 October 2013}} In 1721, [Charles VI](/wiki/Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor"), Joseph's brother and successor, amended the decree to include the execution of adult female Romani, while children were "to be put in hospitals for education".{{Sfn\|Crowe\|2004\|pp\=XI, 36\-37}} ### Pre\-war organization In 1879, a national meeting of Romanis was held in the Hungarian town of [Kisfalu](/wiki/Kisfalu "Kisfalu") (now [Pordašinci](/wiki/Porda%C5%A1inci "Pordašinci"), Slovenia). Romanis in Bulgaria held a conference in 1919, in an attempt to demand that they be given the right to vote, and a Romani journal, *Istiqbal* ("future"), was founded in 1923\. In the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), the All\-Russian Union of Gypsies was organized in 1925 and a journal, *Romani Zorya* ("Romani dawn"), was published two years later. The *Romengiro Lav* ("Romani word") writer's circle encouraged works by authors like Nikolay Aleksandrovich Pankov and [Nina Dudarova](/wiki/Nina_Dudarova "Nina Dudarova"). A General Association of the Gypsies of Romania was established in 1933 with the holding of a national conference and the publication of two journals, *Neamul Țiganesc* ("Gypsy nation") and *Timpul* "time"). An "international" conference was organized in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest") the following year. In Yugoslavia, the publication of the Romani journal *Romano Lil* was started in 1935\. ### Porajmos {{main\|Romani genocide}} During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and [the Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust "The Holocaust"), the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") murdered 220,000 to 500,000 Romanies in a genocide referred to as the *[Porajmos](/wiki/Romani_genocide "Romani genocide")*. Like the Jews, they were segregated and forced to move into [ghettos](/wiki/Nazi_ghettos "Nazi ghettos") before they were sent to [concentration](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps "Nazi concentration camps") or [extermination camps](/wiki/Extermination_camp "Extermination camp"). They were frequently killed on sight by the [Einsatzgruppen](/wiki/Einsatzgruppen "Einsatzgruppen"), especially on the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)"). 25% of European Roma died in the genocide.{{cite web \|first\=Symi \|last\=Rom\-Rymer \|date\=2011 \|url\=https://momentmag.com/roma\-in\-the\-holocaust/ \|title\=Roma in the Holocaust \|work\=\[\[Moment (magazine)\|Moment]]}} ### Post\-war history In [Communist](/wiki/Communism "Communism") [Central](/wiki/Central_Europe "Central Europe") and [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe"), the Romanis experienced assimilation schemes and restrictions on their cultural freedom. In public, the speaking of the Romani language and playing of Romani music were both banned in Bulgaria. In Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of Romanis from Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania were re\-settled in the border areas of the Czech lands, and their nomadic lifestyle was forbidden. In Czechoslovakia, where they were considered a "socially degraded stratum", Romani women [were sterilized](/wiki/Sterilization_of_Romani_women "Sterilization of Romani women") as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, threats to withhold future social welfare payments, misinformation, and [involuntary sterilization](/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization "Compulsory sterilization").{{cite journal \|last1\=Silverman \|first1\=Carol \|title\=Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of Eastern Europe \|journal\=Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine \|date\=June 1995 \|url\=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural\-survival\-quarterly/persecution\-and\-politicization\-roma\-gypsies\-eastern\-europe \|volume\=19 \|issue\=2}}{{cite book \|title\=Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's Endangered Gypsies \|year\=1992 \|journal\=Human Rights Watch \|isbn\=978\-1\-56432\-078\-0 \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/report/1992/08/01/struggling\-ethnic\-identity/czechoslovakias\-endangered\-gypsies }}{{page needed\|date\=December 2020}} In the early 1990s, Germany deported tens of thousands of migrants to Central and Eastern Europe. Sixty percent of some 100,000 Romanian nationals who were deported under a 1992 treaty were Romani.{{Cite news \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/25/world/germany\-and\-romania\-in\-deportation\-pact.html \|title\=Germany and Romania in Deportation Pact \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208222214/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/25/world/germany\-and\-romania\-in\-deportation\-pact.html \|archive\-date\=8 February 2011 \|date\=24 September 1992}} In 2005, the [Decade of Roma Inclusion](/wiki/Decade_of_Roma_Inclusion "Decade of Roma Inclusion") was launched in nine Central and [Southeastern European](/wiki/Southeastern_Europe "Southeastern Europe") countries, in an attempt to improve the socio\-economic status and increase the social inclusion of the Romani minority across the region.{{cite news\|title\=The Decade of Roma Inclusion: Addressing Racial Discrimination Through Development \|url\=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/decade\-roma\-inclusion\-addressing\-racial\-discrimination\-through\-development\#:\~:text\=The%20initiative%20was%20launched%20on,with%20the%20commitment%20to%20%22work \|website\=un.org \|access\-date\=23 November 2023}} The project initiated important processes for Roma inclusion in Europe and provided the impetus for an EU\-led effort to cover similar subject matter, the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020 (EU Framework).{{Cite report \|publisher\=European Commission \|url\=http://eur\-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri\=COM:2011:0173:FIN:EN:PDF \|title\=An EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020 \|id\=COM(2011\)173 \|date\=4 May 2011}}
[ "Arrival in Europe\n-----------------", "[thumb\\|450px\\|The migration of the Romani people through the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") and [Northern Africa](/wiki/Northern_Africa \"Northern Africa\") to Europe. The key shows the century of arrival in that area, e.g., *S.XII* is the 12th century.](/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg \"Movimiento gitano.jpg\")", "Romani people first arrived in Europe from north India, through [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"), [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\"), and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/04/roma\\-in\\-europe\\-11\\-things\\-you\\-always\\-wanted\\-to\\-know\\-but\\-were\\-afraid\\-to\\-ask/\\|title\\=The Roma in Europe: 11 things you always wanted to know but were afraid to ask\\|date\\=23 April 2015 }}", "In 1323, [Simon Simeonis](/wiki/Simon_Simeonis \"Simon Simeonis\"), an Irish Franciscan friar, described people in likeness to the \"atsingani\" living in [Crete](/wiki/Crete \"Crete\"): \"We also saw outside this city \\[[Candia](/wiki/Heraklion \"Heraklion\")] a tribe of people, who worship according to the [Greek rite](/wiki/Byzantine_Rite \"Byzantine Rite\"), and assert themselves to be of the race of [Cain](/wiki/Cain \"Cain\"). These people rarely or never stop in one place for more than thirty days, but always, as if cursed by God, are nomad and outcast. After the thirtieth day they wander from field to field with small, oblong, black, and low tents, like those of the [Arabs](/wiki/Arabs \"Arabs\"), and from cave to cave, because the place inhabited by them becomes after the term of thirty days so full of [vermin](/wiki/Vermin \"Vermin\") and other filth that it is impossible to live in their neighbourhood.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T300002\\-001/index.html \\|title\\=The Journey of Symon Semeonis from Ireland to the Holy Land \\|website\\=Corpus of Electronic Texts \\|publisher\\=University College Cork \\|date\\=2017}}", "In 1350, [Ludolf von Sudheim](/wiki/Ludolf_von_Sudheim \"Ludolf von Sudheim\") mentioned a similar people with a unique language, whom he called *Mandapolos*, a word that some theorize was possibly derived from the Greek word *Mantipolos – Μαντιπόλος*{{cite web \\|first\\=Mark \\|last\\=Harris \\|url\\=http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies\\-msg.html\\|title\\=Gypsies\\-msg\\|work\\=Stefan's Florilegium\\|access\\-date\\=24 December 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824232640/http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies\\-msg.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 August 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \"[frenzied](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*m%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dmantipo%2Flos)\" from *mantis – μάντις* (meaning \"[prophet](/wiki/Prophet \"Prophet\"), [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune_teller \"Fortune teller\")\") and *poleo – πολέω*.", "Around 1360, a [fiefdom](/wiki/Fiefdom \"Fiefdom\") (called the *[Feudum Acinganorum](/wiki/Feudum_Acinganorum \"Feudum Acinganorum\")*) was established in [Corfu](/wiki/Corfu \"Corfu\"). It mainly used Romani serfs, and the Romanis on the island were subservient.{{sfn\\|Fraser\\|1995\\|pp\\=50\\-51}}{{Cite book \\|title\\=Bright Balkan morning: Romani lives \\& the power of music in Greek Macedonia \\|first1\\=Charles \\|last1\\=Keil \\|first2\\=Dick \\|last2\\=Blau \\|first3\\=Anjeliki V. \\|last3\\=Kiel \\|first4\\=Steven \\|last4\\=Feld \\|date\\=2002 \\|page\\=108 \\|publisher\\=Wesleyan University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8195\\-6488\\-7}}", "By the 14th century, the Romanis had reached the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans \"Balkans\") and [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia \"Bohemia\"); by the 15th century, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal; and by the 16th century, Russia, Denmark, Scotland, and Sweden. (although DNA evidence from mid\\-11th century skeletons in [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich \"Norwich\") suggest that at least a few individuals may have arrived earlier, perhaps due to [Viking](/wiki/Viking \"Viking\") enslavement of Romani from the eastern [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\"), or liaisons with the [Varangians](/wiki/Varangians \"Varangians\"){{Cite journal \\|last\\=Pitts \\|first\\=M. \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=DNA Surprise: Romani in England 440 years too early \\|journal\\=British Archaeology \\|volume\\=89 \\|issue\\=9}}).", "Some Romanis migrated from Persia through [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\"),{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3X4ZAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=gypsies\\+persia\\+north\\+africa\\|title\\=Racial and Ethnic Relations in America: Ethnic entrepreneurship\\|first\\=Carl Leon\\|last\\=Bankston\\|date\\=16 March 2019\\|publisher\\=Salem Press\\|via\\=Google Books\\|isbn\\=9780893566340}} reaching Europe via Spain in the 15th century.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetanda00john\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|quote\\=gypsies reached spain 15th century.\\|title\\=Andalucia\\|first1\\=John\\|last1\\=Noble\\|first2\\=Susan\\|last2\\=Forsyth\\|date\\=2001\\|publisher\\=Lonely Planet\\|via\\=Internet Archive\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-86450\\-191\\-9}} Romanis began immigrating to the United States in colonial times, with small groups in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") and [French Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana_%28New_France%29 \"Louisiana (New France)\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OBKTDAAAQBAJ\\&q\\=gypsies\\+virginia\\+french\\+louisiana\\+united\\+states\\&pg\\=PT104\\|title\\=Only Horses from Wild\\|first\\=David James\\|last\\=Smith\\|date\\=2016\\|publisher\\=Lulu Press\\|via\\=Google Books\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-365\\-19773\\-4}} Larger\\-scale immigration began in the 1860s, with groups of [Romnichal](/wiki/Romnichal \"Romnichal\") from Britain. The largest number immigrated in the early 20th century, mainly from the Vlax group of [Kalderash](/wiki/Kalderash \"Kalderash\"). Many Romanis also settled in [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.errc.org/roma\\-rights\\-journal/emerging\\-romani\\-voices\\-from\\-latin\\-america \\|title\\=Emerging Romani Voices from Latin America \\|work\\=European Roma Rights Centre \\|first\\=Druzhemira \\|last\\=Tchileva \\|date\\=27 May 2004}}", "According to historian [Norman Davies](/wiki/Norman_Davies \"Norman Davies\"), a 1378 law passed by the governor of [Nauplion](/wiki/Nauplion \"Nauplion\") in the Greek [Peloponnese](/wiki/Peloponnese \"Peloponnese\"), confirming privileges for the \"atsingani\", is \"the first documented record of Romany Gypsies in Europe\". Similar documents, again representing the Romanis as a group that had been exiled from Egypt, record them reaching [Braşov](/wiki/Bra%C5%9Fov \"Braşov\"), [Transylvania](/wiki/Transylvania \"Transylvania\"), in 1416; [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"), [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\"), in 1418; and Paris in 1427\\. A chronicler for a Parisian journal described them as dressed in a manner that the Parisians considered shabby and reported that the Church had them leave town because they practiced [palm\\-reading](/wiki/Chiromancy \"Chiromancy\") and fortune\\-telling.{{cite book\\|first\\=Norman \\|last\\=Davies\\|author\\-link\\=Norman Davies\\|title\\=Europe: A History\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vD7SWb5lXBAC\\&pg\\=PA387\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2014\\|edition\\=2nd\\|year\\=1997\\|publisher\\=Random House\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4070\\-9179\\-2\\|pages\\=387–388\\|chapter\\=Christendom in crisis}}", "Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia \"Wallachia\"), they were issued safe conduct by [Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor\") of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\") in 1417\\. Romanis were ordered expelled from the [Meissen](/wiki/Meissen \"Meissen\") region of Germany in 1416, [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\") in 1471, [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") in 1493, France in 1504, [Aragon](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon \"Kingdom of Aragon\") in 1512, Sweden in 1525, [England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\") in 1530 (see [Egyptians Act 1530](/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530 \"Egyptians Act 1530\")), and Denmark in 1536\\. In 1510, any Romani found in Switzerland was ordered to be executed, and in 1554, a statute was passed in England that mandated all Romani in the country leave or face execution. Similar legislation was passed in numerous European nations, including Denmark in 1589, Sweden in 1637, whereas Portugal began deportations of Romanis to its colonies in 1538\\.", "Later, a 1596 English statute, however, gave Romanis special privileges that other wanderers lacked; France passed a similar law in 1683\\. [Catherine the Great of Russia](/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia \"Catherine II of Russia\") declared the Romanis \"crown slaves\" (a status superior to [serfs](/wiki/Serfs \"Serfs\")) but also kept them out of certain parts of [the capital](/wiki/St._Petersburg%2C_Russia \"St. Petersburg, Russia\"). In 1595, [Ştefan Răzvan](/wiki/%C5%9Etefan_R%C4%83zvan \"Ştefan Răzvan\") overcame his birth into slavery and became the [Voivode](/wiki/Voivode \"Voivode\") [(Prince) of Moldavia](/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers \"List of Moldavian rulers\").", "In [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia \"Wallachia\"), Transylvania, and [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia \"Moldavia\"), Romanis were enslaved for five centuries, until [abolition](/wiki/Abolitionism \"Abolitionism\") in the mid\\-19th century.[Wallachia and Moldavia](https://rm.coe.int/wallachia-and-moldavia-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b19be)", "In the late 19th century, the Romani culture inspired in their neighbors a wealth of artistic works. Among the most notable works are *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_%28novella%29 \"Carmen (novella)\")* and *[La Vie de Bohème](/wiki/La_Vie_de_Boh%C3%A8me \"La Vie de Bohème\")*.", "### Ottoman Empire", "In the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"), [Muslim Romani people](/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people \"Muslim Romani people\") were preferred, in contrast to Christian Roma. Muslim Roma were settled in [Rumelia](/wiki/Rumelia \"Rumelia\") (Balkans) from Anatolia, such as the [Arlije](/wiki/Arlije \"Arlije\"), or Cyprus, like the [Gurbeti](/wiki/Gurbeti \"Gurbeti\"). There were also conversions to Islam in order to achieve better living conditions under Ottoman rule. The [Sanjak of the Çingene](/wiki/Sanjak \"Sanjak\") was established for Muslim Roma in Rumelia, lasting from 1520 until the end of the Ottoman Empire. Muslim Roma were able to migrate from one part of the country to another within the Ottoman Empire. The [Zargari tribe](/wiki/Zargari_tribe \"Zargari tribe\") migrated to the Persian Empire.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://rm.coe.int/ottoman\\-empire\\-factsheets\\-on\\-romani\\-history/16808b193d\\|title\\=Ottoman Empire. Factsheets on Romani History\\|website\\=rm.coe.int\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2023}}", "### Forced assimilation", "In 1758, [Maria Theresa of Austria](/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria \"Maria Theresa of Austria\") began a program of assimilation to turn Romanis into *ujmagyar* (new Hungarians). The government built permanent huts to replace mobile tents, forbade travel, and forcefully removed children from their parents to be fostered by non\\-Romani. By 1894, the majority of Romanis counted in a Hungarian national census were sedentary. In 1830, Romani children in [Nordhausen](/wiki/Nordhausen%2C_Thuringia \"Nordhausen, Thuringia\") were taken from their families to be fostered by Germans.", "Russia also encouraged settlement of all nomads in 1783, and the Polish introduced a settlement law in 1791\\. Bulgaria and Serbia banned nomadism in the 1880s.", "In 1783, racial legislation against Romanis was repealed in the United Kingdom, and a specific \"Turnpike Act\" was established in 1822 to prevent nomads from camping on the roadside, strengthened in the Highways Act of 1835\\.", "### Persecution", "{{Main\\|Anti\\-Romani sentiment}}", "In 1530, England issued the [Egyptians Act](/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530 \"Egyptians Act 1530\"), which banned Romani from entering the country and required those living in the country to leave within 16 days. Failure to do so could result in the confiscation of property, imprisonment, and deportation. The act was amended with the [Egyptians Act 1554](/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1554 \"Egyptians Act 1554\"), which ordered the Romani to leave the country within a month. Non\\-complying Romanis were executed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/bfhng/docs/Sep10%20A%20Gypsy%20in%20the%20Family.htm \\|title\\=A Gypsy in the Family \\|first\\=Geof \\|last\\=Lee \\|work\\=Milton Keynes Heritage Association \\|date\\=September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=24 December 2014}}", "In 1538, the first anti\\-ziganist (anti\\-Romani) legislation was issued in [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia \"Moravia\") and [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia \"Bohemia\"), which were under [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg \"Habsburg\") rule. Three years later, after a series of fires in Prague that were blamed on the Romani, [Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor\") ordered them to be expelled. In 1545, the [Diet of Augsburg](/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg \"Diet of Augsburg\") declared that \"whoever kills a Gypsy will be guilty of no murder\". The massive killing spree that resulted prompted the government to eventually step in and \"forbid the drowning of Romani women and children\".{{Sfn\\|Crowe\\|2004\\|p\\=35}}", "In 1660, Romanis were prohibited from residence in France by [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV \"Louis XIV\").", "In 1685, Portugal deported Romani people to [Brasil](/wiki/Brasil \"Brasil\").", "In 1710, [Joseph I](/wiki/Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor\") issued a [decree declaring the extermination of Romani](/wiki/Joseph_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%23Extermination_of_Romani \"Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor#Extermination of Romani\"), ordering that \"all adult males were to be hanged without trial, whereas women and young males were to be flogged and banished forever\". In addition, they were to have their right ears cut off in the kingdom of Bohemia and their left ear in Moravia.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.romahistory.com/en/2\\-5\\-4\\.htm\\|title\\=The History of the Roma: 2\\.5\\.4: 1647 to 1714\\|work\\=Die Geschichte der Roma \\|first\\=Marko D.\\|last\\=Knudsen\\|access\\-date\\=24 December 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017082735/http://www.romahistory.com/en/2\\-5\\-4\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2013}} In 1721, [Charles VI](/wiki/Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor\"), Joseph's brother and successor, amended the decree to include the execution of adult female Romani, while children were \"to be put in hospitals for education\".{{Sfn\\|Crowe\\|2004\\|pp\\=XI, 36\\-37}}", "### Pre\\-war organization", "In 1879, a national meeting of Romanis was held in the Hungarian town of [Kisfalu](/wiki/Kisfalu \"Kisfalu\") (now [Pordašinci](/wiki/Porda%C5%A1inci \"Pordašinci\"), Slovenia). Romanis in Bulgaria held a conference in 1919, in an attempt to demand that they be given the right to vote, and a Romani journal, *Istiqbal* (\"future\"), was founded in 1923\\.", "In the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), the All\\-Russian Union of Gypsies was organized in 1925 and a journal, *Romani Zorya* (\"Romani dawn\"), was published two years later. The *Romengiro Lav* (\"Romani word\") writer's circle encouraged works by authors like Nikolay Aleksandrovich Pankov and [Nina Dudarova](/wiki/Nina_Dudarova \"Nina Dudarova\").", "A General Association of the Gypsies of Romania was established in 1933 with the holding of a national conference and the publication of two journals, *Neamul Țiganesc* (\"Gypsy nation\") and *Timpul* \"time\"). An \"international\" conference was organized in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\") the following year.", "In Yugoslavia, the publication of the Romani journal *Romano Lil* was started in 1935\\.", "### Porajmos", "{{main\\|Romani genocide}}", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and [the Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\"), the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\") murdered 220,000 to 500,000 Romanies in a genocide referred to as the *[Porajmos](/wiki/Romani_genocide \"Romani genocide\")*. Like the Jews, they were segregated and forced to move into [ghettos](/wiki/Nazi_ghettos \"Nazi ghettos\") before they were sent to [concentration](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps \"Nazi concentration camps\") or [extermination camps](/wiki/Extermination_camp \"Extermination camp\"). They were frequently killed on sight by the [Einsatzgruppen](/wiki/Einsatzgruppen \"Einsatzgruppen\"), especially on the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"). 25% of European Roma died in the genocide.{{cite web \\|first\\=Symi \\|last\\=Rom\\-Rymer \\|date\\=2011 \\|url\\=https://momentmag.com/roma\\-in\\-the\\-holocaust/ \\|title\\=Roma in the Holocaust \\|work\\=\\[\\[Moment (magazine)\\|Moment]]}}", "### Post\\-war history", "In [Communist](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") [Central](/wiki/Central_Europe \"Central Europe\") and [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\"), the Romanis experienced assimilation schemes and restrictions on their cultural freedom. In public, the speaking of the Romani language and playing of Romani music were both banned in Bulgaria. In Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of Romanis from Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania were re\\-settled in the border areas of the Czech lands, and their nomadic lifestyle was forbidden. In Czechoslovakia, where they were considered a \"socially degraded stratum\", Romani women [were sterilized](/wiki/Sterilization_of_Romani_women \"Sterilization of Romani women\") as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, threats to withhold future social welfare payments, misinformation, and [involuntary sterilization](/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization \"Compulsory sterilization\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Silverman \\|first1\\=Carol \\|title\\=Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of Eastern Europe \\|journal\\=Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine \\|date\\=June 1995 \\|url\\=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural\\-survival\\-quarterly/persecution\\-and\\-politicization\\-roma\\-gypsies\\-eastern\\-europe \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=2}}{{cite book \\|title\\=Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's Endangered Gypsies \\|year\\=1992 \\|journal\\=Human Rights Watch \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-56432\\-078\\-0 \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/report/1992/08/01/struggling\\-ethnic\\-identity/czechoslovakias\\-endangered\\-gypsies }}{{page needed\\|date\\=December 2020}}", "In the early 1990s, Germany deported tens of thousands of migrants to Central and Eastern Europe. Sixty percent of some 100,000 Romanian nationals who were deported under a 1992 treaty were Romani.{{Cite news \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/25/world/germany\\-and\\-romania\\-in\\-deportation\\-pact.html \\|title\\=Germany and Romania in Deportation Pact \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208222214/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/25/world/germany\\-and\\-romania\\-in\\-deportation\\-pact.html \\|archive\\-date\\=8 February 2011 \\|date\\=24 September 1992}}", "In 2005, the [Decade of Roma Inclusion](/wiki/Decade_of_Roma_Inclusion \"Decade of Roma Inclusion\") was launched in nine Central and [Southeastern European](/wiki/Southeastern_Europe \"Southeastern Europe\") countries, in an attempt to improve the socio\\-economic status and increase the social inclusion of the Romani minority across the region.{{cite news\\|title\\=The Decade of Roma Inclusion: Addressing Racial Discrimination Through Development \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/decade\\-roma\\-inclusion\\-addressing\\-racial\\-discrimination\\-through\\-development\\#:\\~:text\\=The%20initiative%20was%20launched%20on,with%20the%20commitment%20to%20%22work \\|website\\=un.org \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2023}} The project initiated important processes for Roma inclusion in Europe and provided the impetus for an EU\\-led effort to cover similar subject matter, the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020 (EU Framework).{{Cite report \\|publisher\\=European Commission \\|url\\=http://eur\\-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri\\=COM:2011:0173:FIN:EN:PDF \\|title\\=An EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020 \\|id\\=COM(2011\\)173 \\|date\\=4 May 2011}}", "" ]
History ------- The present\-day San Yu Adventist School in Singapore is the result of a merger between two schools: the Seventh\-day Adventist School and San Yu High School. The histories of these two educational institutions are closely linked to the development of the Seventh\-day Adventist Church in Singapore. SYAS has a long history of welcoming students from other countries and continues to have a diverse student population. In the past students were mainly from [ASEAN](/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations "Association of Southeast Asian Nations") countries. Since the merger, non\-ASEAN countries represented over the years include [China](/wiki/China "China"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), [India](/wiki/India "India"), [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"), [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago"), [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") and [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia").{{cite news\|title\=Edvantage \- Going native for a good cause\|url\=http://www.edvantage.com.sg/edvantage/news/schoolnews/431104/Going\_native\_for\_a\_good\_cause.html\|publisher\=\[\[AsiaOne]]\|date\=11 August 2010}} ### Seventh\-day Adventist School Seventh\-day Adventist School (SDAS) traces its origins to the "Eastern Training School" founded in 1907 by the former Malaya Mission (which encompassed the former [British Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya")). It was originally located on Mount Pleasant Road near [Dhoby Ghaut](/wiki/Dhoby_Ghaut "Dhoby Ghaut"). It moved to Serangoon and then renamed Singapore Training School not long after. In 1916, it moved to 273 Upper Serangoon Road not far from the current [Woodleigh MRT station](/wiki/Woodleigh_MRT_station "Woodleigh MRT station"). During the [Japanese Occupation](/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Singapore "Japanese Occupation of Singapore") the school was closed as were many other fellow Christian schools and institutions and reopened after the Japanese surrendered and left the island. After the war the primary and secondary section opened to its first students. In 1952 the school was renamed "Southeast Asia Union College" (SAUC). Due to government regulations, the primary and secondary section was split from the college and named "Seventh\-day Adventist School" but remained on the same campus as the college. SDAS mainly catered to local students or children of college faculty and staff as it used the local curriculum (English medium) while expatriate missionary children attended Far Eastern Academy (FEA). The compound along Upper Serangoon was a hub for the Seventh\-day Adventist Church in Singapore as the [Southeast Asia Union Mission](http://www.saum.org.sg/) headquarters and neighboring Youngberg Adventist Hospital{{cite web\|title\=Youngberg Wellness Centre: About Us\|url\=http://www.youngbergwellness.com.sg/aboutUs.html\|publisher\=Youngberg Wellness Centre\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817105710/http://www.youngbergwellness.com.sg/aboutUs.html\|archive\-date\=2016\-08\-17\|url\-status\=dead}} were located there, in addition to SAUC and SDAS. FEA was founded in 1926 in [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai") before war and political instability forced it to relocate to various places, finally setting in Singapore when [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") ended.{{cite web\|title\=Chronology of Seventh\-day Adventist Education: Century of Adventist Education 1872 – 1972\|url\=http://education.gc.adventist.org/documents/Chronology%20of%20Seventh\-day%20Adventist%20Education%201872\-1972%20Brown.pdf\|publisher\=\[\[General Conference of Seventh\-day Adventists]] Department of Education}} Located at 800 Thomson Road, it used the North American curriculum and catered to the missionary community, most of whom were from North America, in Southeast Asia. It was closed in the 1980s and most of the land was sold to be developed into a condominium. The remaining land owned by the church was redesignated 798 Thomson Road and is home to the SAUM headquarters. ### San Yu High School San Yu High School (三育中学) was founded at the current [Thomson Road](/wiki/Thomson_Road%2C_Singapore "Thomson Road, Singapore") premises by the West Malaysia\-Singapore Mission in 1958\. It was a Chinese medium school founded with 167 students and seven teachers.{{cite book\|title\=Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, Volume 153, Part 1\|publisher\=\[\[Review and Herald Publishing Association\|Review and Herald]]\|date\=1976\|page\=308}} In 1962 the [Seventh\-day Adventist Chinese Church](http://sdachinesechurch.org.sg/) located next to the school took over operations. For a period it offered both ["O"](/wiki/O_Levels "O Levels") and ["A" Levels](/wiki/GCE_A_Levels "GCE A Levels"). Pre\-university courses (A Levels) were discontinued in 1995 in line with the government's policy of centralising A Level education at junior colleges. ### Merger In 1996, backed by the [MOE](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 "Ministry of Education (Singapore)"), the church voted for a merger of SDAS and San Yu High. The government had notified the church that the area along Upper Serangoon Road near Potong Pasir, which includes the church\-owned compound and [Bidadari Cemetery](/wiki/Bidadari_Cemetery "Bidadari Cemetery") across the road, was to be acquired for the building of the [North East MRT line](/wiki/North_East_MRT_line "North East MRT line") and for redevelopment. In 1997 the schools were merged and renamed "San Yu Adventist School" and the former San Yu High's existing campus at Thomson Road was renovated to prepare for the increase in students, a result of the merger. While the Thomson Road campus was being renovated, staff and students from the former San Yu High moved to Upper Serangoon Road. By 1999 compound at Upper Serangoon closed for good as SAUC graduated its last batch of students, SYAS moved to its newly renovated campus and the SAUM headquarters moved to 798 Thomson Road.[History](http://www.syas.edu.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=12) The former site at Upper Serangoon Road is now occupied by condominiums and [Stamford American International School](/wiki/Stamford_American_International_School "Stamford American International School") while SAUC's assets were transferred to Mission College (now [Asia\-Pacific International University](/wiki/Asia-Pacific_International_University "Asia-Pacific International University")) in Thailand and other remaining property was moved to Thomson Road campus.
[ "History\n-------", "The present\\-day San Yu Adventist School in Singapore is the result of a merger between two schools: the Seventh\\-day Adventist School and San Yu High School. The histories of these two educational institutions are closely linked to the development of the Seventh\\-day Adventist Church in Singapore.", "SYAS has a long history of welcoming students from other countries and continues to have a diverse student population. In the past students were mainly from [ASEAN](/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations \"Association of Southeast Asian Nations\") countries. Since the merger, non\\-ASEAN countries represented over the years include [China](/wiki/China \"China\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"), [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Trinidad and Tobago\"), [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\") and [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Edvantage \\- Going native for a good cause\\|url\\=http://www.edvantage.com.sg/edvantage/news/schoolnews/431104/Going\\_native\\_for\\_a\\_good\\_cause.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AsiaOne]]\\|date\\=11 August 2010}}", "### Seventh\\-day Adventist School", "Seventh\\-day Adventist School (SDAS) traces its origins to the \"Eastern Training School\" founded in 1907 by the former Malaya Mission (which encompassed the former [British Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya \"British Malaya\")). It was originally located on Mount Pleasant Road near [Dhoby Ghaut](/wiki/Dhoby_Ghaut \"Dhoby Ghaut\"). It moved to Serangoon and then renamed Singapore Training School not long after. In 1916, it moved to 273 Upper Serangoon Road not far from the current [Woodleigh MRT station](/wiki/Woodleigh_MRT_station \"Woodleigh MRT station\"). During the [Japanese Occupation](/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Singapore \"Japanese Occupation of Singapore\") the school was closed as were many other fellow Christian schools and institutions and reopened after the Japanese surrendered and left the island. After the war the primary and secondary section opened to its first students. In 1952 the school was renamed \"Southeast Asia Union College\" (SAUC). Due to government regulations, the primary and secondary section was split from the college and named \"Seventh\\-day Adventist School\" but remained on the same campus as the college. SDAS mainly catered to local students or children of college faculty and staff as it used the local curriculum (English medium) while expatriate missionary children attended Far Eastern Academy (FEA). The compound along Upper Serangoon was a hub for the Seventh\\-day Adventist Church in Singapore as the [Southeast Asia Union Mission](http://www.saum.org.sg/) headquarters and neighboring Youngberg Adventist Hospital{{cite web\\|title\\=Youngberg Wellness Centre: About Us\\|url\\=http://www.youngbergwellness.com.sg/aboutUs.html\\|publisher\\=Youngberg Wellness Centre\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817105710/http://www.youngbergwellness.com.sg/aboutUs.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-17\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} were located there, in addition to SAUC and SDAS.", "FEA was founded in 1926 in [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai \"Shanghai\") before war and political instability forced it to relocate to various places, finally setting in Singapore when [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") ended.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chronology of Seventh\\-day Adventist Education: Century of Adventist Education 1872 – 1972\\|url\\=http://education.gc.adventist.org/documents/Chronology%20of%20Seventh\\-day%20Adventist%20Education%201872\\-1972%20Brown.pdf\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Conference of Seventh\\-day Adventists]] Department of Education}} Located at 800 Thomson Road, it used the North American curriculum and catered to the missionary community, most of whom were from North America, in Southeast Asia. It was closed in the 1980s and most of the land was sold to be developed into a condominium. The remaining land owned by the church was redesignated 798 Thomson Road and is home to the SAUM headquarters.", "### San Yu High School", "San Yu High School (三育中学) was founded at the current [Thomson Road](/wiki/Thomson_Road%2C_Singapore \"Thomson Road, Singapore\") premises by the West Malaysia\\-Singapore Mission in 1958\\. It was a Chinese medium school founded with 167 students and seven teachers.{{cite book\\|title\\=Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, Volume 153, Part 1\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Review and Herald Publishing Association\\|Review and Herald]]\\|date\\=1976\\|page\\=308}} In 1962 the [Seventh\\-day Adventist Chinese Church](http://sdachinesechurch.org.sg/) located next to the school took over operations. For a period it offered both [\"O\"](/wiki/O_Levels \"O Levels\") and [\"A\" Levels](/wiki/GCE_A_Levels \"GCE A Levels\"). Pre\\-university courses (A Levels) were discontinued in 1995 in line with the government's policy of centralising A Level education at junior colleges.", "### Merger", "In 1996, backed by the [MOE](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Education (Singapore)\"), the church voted for a merger of SDAS and San Yu High. The government had notified the church that the area along Upper Serangoon Road near Potong Pasir, which includes the church\\-owned compound and [Bidadari Cemetery](/wiki/Bidadari_Cemetery \"Bidadari Cemetery\") across the road, was to be acquired for the building of the [North East MRT line](/wiki/North_East_MRT_line \"North East MRT line\") and for redevelopment. In 1997 the schools were merged and renamed \"San Yu Adventist School\" and the former San Yu High's existing campus at Thomson Road was renovated to prepare for the increase in students, a result of the merger. While the Thomson Road campus was being renovated, staff and students from the former San Yu High moved to Upper Serangoon Road. By 1999 compound at Upper Serangoon closed for good as SAUC graduated its last batch of students, SYAS moved to its newly renovated campus and the SAUM headquarters moved to 798 Thomson Road.[History](http://www.syas.edu.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=12)", "The former site at Upper Serangoon Road is now occupied by condominiums and [Stamford American International School](/wiki/Stamford_American_International_School \"Stamford American International School\") while SAUC's assets were transferred to Mission College (now [Asia\\-Pacific International University](/wiki/Asia-Pacific_International_University \"Asia-Pacific International University\")) in Thailand and other remaining property was moved to Thomson Road campus.", "" ]
Open competitions ----------------- EU open competitions are published in the *C* series of the Official Journal (OJ) of the European Union. ### Specific conditions The OJ gives the specific conditions and requirements for each published competition, along with an indication of the number of posts available. A third level diploma is normally required, and EU citizenship. Candidates must have at least two EU languages: both a 'main language', which can be any of the 24 EU languages, and a 'second language', which must be English, German, or French. The concours tests both languages. There are usually 3 stages to each competition. * Pre\-selection Tests * Written Tests * Interview The pre\-selection tests normally cover * EU knowledge\- extensive subject matter knowledge can be required * Verbal reasoning * Numerical reasoning * Specific knowledge related to the particular field of the competition applied for (e.g.: scientific/ human resources/ law etc.) The candidate normally has to take the pre selection test in the second language. It usually consists of multiple choice questions. Written tests involve essay\-type exams and candidates may have to write something based on analysis of information provided. The first and second language may be required. The interview may test both languages. Examination centres are frequently set up in each member state – sometimes more than one centre in larger countries – but the interviews are generally held in Brussels or Luxembourg.
[ "Open competitions\n-----------------", "EU open competitions are published in the *C* series of the Official Journal (OJ) of the European Union.", "### Specific conditions", "The OJ gives the specific conditions and requirements for each published competition, along with an indication of the number of posts available.", "A third level diploma is normally required, and EU citizenship. Candidates must have at least two EU languages: both a 'main language', which can be any of the 24 EU languages, and a 'second language', which must be English, German, or French. The concours tests both languages.", "There are usually 3 stages to each competition.", "* Pre\\-selection Tests\n* Written Tests\n* Interview", "The pre\\-selection tests normally cover", "* EU knowledge\\- extensive subject matter knowledge can be required\n* Verbal reasoning\n* Numerical reasoning\n* Specific knowledge related to the particular field of the competition applied for (e.g.: scientific/ human resources/ law etc.)", "The candidate normally has to take the pre selection test in the second language. It usually consists of multiple choice questions.", "Written tests involve essay\\-type exams and candidates may have to write something based on analysis of information provided. The first and second language may be required.", "The interview may test both languages.", "Examination centres are frequently set up in each member state – sometimes more than one centre in larger countries – but the interviews are generally held in Brussels or Luxembourg.", "" ]
### Specific conditions The OJ gives the specific conditions and requirements for each published competition, along with an indication of the number of posts available. A third level diploma is normally required, and EU citizenship. Candidates must have at least two EU languages: both a 'main language', which can be any of the 24 EU languages, and a 'second language', which must be English, German, or French. The concours tests both languages. There are usually 3 stages to each competition. * Pre\-selection Tests * Written Tests * Interview The pre\-selection tests normally cover * EU knowledge\- extensive subject matter knowledge can be required * Verbal reasoning * Numerical reasoning * Specific knowledge related to the particular field of the competition applied for (e.g.: scientific/ human resources/ law etc.) The candidate normally has to take the pre selection test in the second language. It usually consists of multiple choice questions. Written tests involve essay\-type exams and candidates may have to write something based on analysis of information provided. The first and second language may be required. The interview may test both languages. Examination centres are frequently set up in each member state – sometimes more than one centre in larger countries – but the interviews are generally held in Brussels or Luxembourg.
[ "### Specific conditions", "The OJ gives the specific conditions and requirements for each published competition, along with an indication of the number of posts available.", "A third level diploma is normally required, and EU citizenship. Candidates must have at least two EU languages: both a 'main language', which can be any of the 24 EU languages, and a 'second language', which must be English, German, or French. The concours tests both languages.", "There are usually 3 stages to each competition.", "* Pre\\-selection Tests\n* Written Tests\n* Interview", "The pre\\-selection tests normally cover", "* EU knowledge\\- extensive subject matter knowledge can be required\n* Verbal reasoning\n* Numerical reasoning\n* Specific knowledge related to the particular field of the competition applied for (e.g.: scientific/ human resources/ law etc.)", "The candidate normally has to take the pre selection test in the second language. It usually consists of multiple choice questions.", "Written tests involve essay\\-type exams and candidates may have to write something based on analysis of information provided. The first and second language may be required.", "The interview may test both languages.", "Examination centres are frequently set up in each member state – sometimes more than one centre in larger countries – but the interviews are generally held in Brussels or Luxembourg.", "" ]
Content ------- The story begins at the conclusion of the [Winklevoss' lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuits_involving_Meta_Platforms "Lawsuits involving Meta Platforms") with [Mark Zuckerberg](/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg") in 2008\. Both parties agree to a settlement, the twins receiving $20 million in cash and $45 million in [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") stock. Neither is satisfied with the outcome. With their new liquid capital, the twins found [Winklevoss Capital Management](/wiki/Winklevoss_Capital_Management "Winklevoss Capital Management"), with the goal of investing in tech startups. After promising meetings, they discover they are considered pariahs. Silicon Valley startups, fearing reprisals from Facebook, don't want to be associated with them. In summer 2012, during a party in [Ibiza](/wiki/Ibiza "Ibiza"), the twins are approached by David Azar, a friend of [Charlie Shrem](/wiki/Charlie_Shrem "Charlie Shrem")'s, who tells them about a new method of [online payment](/wiki/Online_payment "Online payment") with better privacy and transaction speed: [bitcoin](/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin"). After meeting Shrem in Brooklyn, the twins become the largest investors in his bitcoin exchange, BitInstant. They acquire over $2 million in bitcoin or roughly 1% of all bitcoins in existence. The twins become ambassadors for bitcoin, attempting to reverse stigma due to its initial association with [Silk Road](/wiki/Silk_Road_%28marketplace%29 "Silk Road (marketplace)"). This culminates in them delivering the keynote at the 2013 Bitcoin conference. As CEO of BitInstant, Shrem becomes a crypto celebrity, travelling with the twins and giving presentations to potential investors and interviews to media. Shrem is torn between the influence of [Roger Ver](/wiki/Roger_Ver "Roger Ver"), another early investor in BitInstant with strong [libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian "Libertarian") views, and the twins' insistence to adhere to government regulations. Shrem's work declines as he descends into partying and drugs and he is eventually arrested at JFK airport. The twins are subpoenaed by the [United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York "United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York"), to speak at a public hearing on the future of cryptocurrency. Parts of the book center on isolated moments related to bitcoin, such as describing the lengths the Winklevosses went to securing their bitcoins, described as a "reverse heist", and the [2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis](/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis "2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis").
[ "Content\n-------", "The story begins at the conclusion of the [Winklevoss' lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuits_involving_Meta_Platforms \"Lawsuits involving Meta Platforms\") with [Mark Zuckerberg](/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg \"Mark Zuckerberg\") in 2008\\. Both parties agree to a settlement, the twins receiving $20 million in cash and $45 million in [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") stock. Neither is satisfied with the outcome.", "With their new liquid capital, the twins found [Winklevoss Capital Management](/wiki/Winklevoss_Capital_Management \"Winklevoss Capital Management\"), with the goal of investing in tech startups. After promising meetings, they discover they are considered pariahs. Silicon Valley startups, fearing reprisals from Facebook, don't want to be associated with them.", "In summer 2012, during a party in [Ibiza](/wiki/Ibiza \"Ibiza\"), the twins are approached by David Azar, a friend of [Charlie Shrem](/wiki/Charlie_Shrem \"Charlie Shrem\")'s, who tells them about a new method of [online payment](/wiki/Online_payment \"Online payment\") with better privacy and transaction speed: [bitcoin](/wiki/Bitcoin \"Bitcoin\").", "After meeting Shrem in Brooklyn, the twins become the largest investors in his bitcoin exchange, BitInstant. They acquire over $2 million in bitcoin or roughly 1% of all bitcoins in existence. The twins become ambassadors for bitcoin, attempting to reverse stigma due to its initial association with [Silk Road](/wiki/Silk_Road_%28marketplace%29 \"Silk Road (marketplace)\"). This culminates in them delivering the keynote at the 2013 Bitcoin conference.", "As CEO of BitInstant, Shrem becomes a crypto celebrity, travelling with the twins and giving presentations to potential investors and interviews to media. Shrem is torn between the influence of [Roger Ver](/wiki/Roger_Ver \"Roger Ver\"), another early investor in BitInstant with strong [libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian \"Libertarian\") views, and the twins' insistence to adhere to government regulations. Shrem's work declines as he descends into partying and drugs and he is eventually arrested at JFK airport. The twins are subpoenaed by the [United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York \"United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York\"), to speak at a public hearing on the future of cryptocurrency.", "Parts of the book center on isolated moments related to bitcoin, such as describing the lengths the Winklevosses went to securing their bitcoins, described as a \"reverse heist\", and the [2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis](/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis \"2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis\").", "" ]
Origins of the term ------------------- The concept of a natural landscape was first developed in connection with [landscape painting](/wiki/Landscape_painting "Landscape painting"), though the actual term itself was first used in relation to [landscape gardening](/wiki/Landscape_gardening "Landscape gardening"). In both cases it was used to contrast a formal style with a more natural one, that is closer to nature. Chunglin Kwa suggests, "that a seventeenth\-century or early\-eighteenth\-century pen could experience natural scenery 'just like on a painting,’ and so, with or without the use of the word itself, designate it as a landscape."Chunglin Kwa, "Alexander von Humboldt's invention of the natural landscape", *The European Legacy*, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 149–162, 2005 With regard to landscape gardening John Aikin, commented in 1794: "Whatever, therefore, there be of *novelty* in the singular scenery of an artificial garden, it is soon exhausted, whereas the infinite diversity of a natural landscape presents an inexhaustible flore of new forms".J. Aikin, M.D., *Letters from a Father to His Son, on Various Topics, Relative to Literature and the Conduct of Life. Written in the Years 1792 and 1793*, (Philadelphia: Samuel Harrison Smith), p. 148\. Writing in 1844 the prominent American landscape gardener [Andrew Jackson Downing](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Downing "Andrew Jackson Downing") comments: "straight canals, round or oblong pieces of water, and all the regular forms of the geometric mode ... would evidently be in violent opposition to the whole character and expression of natural landscape".*A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening Adapted to North America*. In his extensive travels in South America, [Alexander von Humboldt](/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt "Alexander von Humboldt") became the first to conceptualize a natural landscape separate from the cultural landscape, though he does not actually use these terms.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/qnct310\.txt \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=29 March 2015 \|archive\-date\=25 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225152927/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/qnct310\.txt \|url\-status\=dead }}[Chunglin Kwa, Alexander von Humboldt's invention of the natural landscape, The European Legacy, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 149–162, 2005](http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cele/2005/00000010/00000002/art00002){{refn \|group \= note\|"The description of nature in its manifold richness of form, as a distinct branch of poetic literature, was wholly unknown to the Greeks. The landscape appears among them merely as the basil\-ground of the picture of which human figures constitute the main subject. Passions, breaking forth into action, riveted their attention almost exclusively."Alexander von Humboldt ''\[\[Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe]]'' (translation 1804\), Volume 2, Part I, Paragraph 5, Chapter I. http://www.avhumboldt.net/humboldt/publications/paragraph/did/35/vid/38/cid/244/tid/7698/text/The\-description\-of\-nature\-in\-its\-manifold\-richness\-of\-form\-as\-a\-distinct\-branch\-of\-poetic\-literat}} Andrew Jackson Downing was aware of, and sympathetic to, Humboldt's ideas, which therefore influenced American landscape gardening.See *Horticulturist*, vol.4, no.2, August 1849, which Downing edited. Subsequently, the [geographer](/wiki/Geographer "Geographer") [Otto Schlüter](/wiki/Otto_Schl%C3%BCter "Otto Schlüter"), in 1908, argued that by defining [geography](/wiki/Geography "Geography") as a *Landschaftskunde* (landscape science) would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline.James, P.E \& Martin, G (1981\) *All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas.* John Wiley \& Sons. New York, p.177\.Elkins, T.H (1989\) *Human and Regional Geography in the German\-speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century*. Entriken, J. Nicholas \& Brunn, Stanley D (Eds) *Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The nature of geography*. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC., p. 27\. He defined two forms of landscape: the *Urlandschaft* (original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the *Kulturlandschaft* (cultural landscape) a landscape created by human culture. Schlüter argued that the major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes. The term natural landscape is sometimes used as a synonym for [wilderness](/wiki/Wilderness "Wilderness"), but for geographers natural landscape is a scientific term which refers to the [biological](/wiki/Biological "Biological"), [geological](/wiki/Geological "Geological"), [climatological](/wiki/Climatology "Climatology") and other aspects of a landscape, not the cultural values that are implied by the word wilderness."The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature". William Cronon, ed., *Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature*. (New York: W. W. Norton \& Co., 1995\), pp. 69–90\. ### The natural and conservation Matters are complicated by the fact that the words nature and natural have more than one meaning. On the one hand there is the main dictionary meaning for nature: "The phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations.""Nature", *New Oxford American Dictionary* On the other hand, there is the growing awareness, especially since [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin "Charles Darwin"), of humanities biological affinity with nature.["Animals That Share Human DNA Sequences", Seattlepi.com](http://education.seattlepi.com/animals-share-human-dna-sequences-6693.html) The [dualism](/wiki/Dualism_%28philosophy_of_mind%29 "Dualism (philosophy of mind)") of the first definition has its roots is an "ancient concept", because early people viewed "nature, or the nonhuman world \[…] as a divine *Other*, godlike in its separation from humans."Gregory H. Aplett and David N. Cole, "The Trouble with Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Goals" in *Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Stewardshio in an Era of Rapid Change* (Washington, DC.: Island Press, 2010\), p. 14\. They cite William Conron's 1995 essay "The Trouble with Wilderness: or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature". In the [West](/wiki/Western_culture "Western culture"), Christianity's myth of [the fall](/wiki/The_fall_of_man "The fall of man"), that is the expulsion of humankind from the [Garden of Eden](/wiki/Garden_of_Eden "Garden of Eden"), where all creation lived in harmony, into an imperfect world, has been the major influence.Joanne Vining, Melinda Merrick and Emily Price, "The Distinction between Humans and Nature". *Human Ecology Review*, vol.15, no. 1, 2008, p. 1 [Cartesian dualism](/wiki/Cartesian_dualism "Cartesian dualism"), from the seventeenth century on, further reinforced this dualistic thinking about nature.Vining, Merrick and Price, p. 1\. With this [dualism](/wiki/Dualism_%28philosophy_of_mind%29 "Dualism (philosophy of mind)") goes value judgement as to [the superiority of the natural over the artificial](/wiki/Appeal_to_nature "Appeal to nature"). Modern science, however, is moving towards a [holistic](/wiki/Holistic "Holistic") view of nature.Maria Kaika, *City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City*. (New York: Routledge, 2005\), p. 4\. #### America What is meant by natural, within the American [conservation movement](/wiki/Conservation_movement "Conservation movement"), has been changing over the last century and a half. In the mid\-nineteenth century American began to realize that the land was becoming more and more domesticated and wildlife was disappearing. This led to the creation of [American National Parks](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service") and other conservation sites.Gregory H. Aplett and David N. Cole, "The Trouble with Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Goals" in *Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Stewardshio in an Era of Rapid Change* (Washington, DC.: Island Press, 2010\), pp. 14\-15\. Initially it was believed that all that was needed to do was to separate what was seen as natural landscape and "avoid disturbances such as logging, grazing, fire and insect outbreaks."Aplett and Cole, p. 15\. This, and subsequent environmental policy, until recently, was influenced by ideas of the wilderness.William Cronon, pp. 72\-77 However, this policy was not consistently applied, and in [Yellowstone Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_Park "Yellowstone Park"), to take one example, the existing ecology was altered, firstly by the exclusion of Native Americans and later with the virtual extermination of the wolf population.\<ref name\="dow"\>{{cite web \|title\=Defenders of Wildlife \|work\=A Yellowstone Chronology \|url\=http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/wolf/ynpchro.html \|access\-date\=2007\-03\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607214843/http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/wolf/ynpchro.html \|archive\-date\=7 June 2007}}\</ref{{cite book \|last\=Merchant \|first\=Carolyn \|title\=The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History \|publisher\=Columbia University Press \|year\=2002 \|isbn\=978\-0\-231\-11232\-1 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=QQQximQsxSgC \|page\=148}}\</ref\> A century later, in the mid\-twentieth century, it began to be believed that the earlier policy of "protection from disturbance was inadequate to preserve park values", and that is that direct human intervention was necessary to restore the landscape of National Parks to its ‘'natural'’ condition. In 1963 the [Leopold Report](/wiki/Leopold_Report "Leopold Report") argued that "A national park should represent a vignette of primitive America".Aplett and Cole, p. 16\. This policy change eventually led to the restoration of [wolves in Yellowstone Park](/wiki/History_of_wolves_in_Yellowstone "History of wolves in Yellowstone") in the 1990s. However, recent research in various disciplines indicates that a pristine natural or "primitive" landscape is a myth, and it now realised that people have been changing the natural into a cultural landscape for a long while, and that there are few places untouched in some way from human influence.Aplett and Cole, p. 18 The earlier conservation policies were now seen as cultural interventions. The idea of what is natural and what artificial or cultural, and how to maintain the natural elements in a landscape, has been further complicated by the discovery of [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming") and how it is changing natural landscapes.Aplett and Cole, p. 24 Also important is a reaction recently amongst scholars against dualistic thinking about nature and culture. Maria Kaika comments: "Nowadays, we are beginning to see nature and culture as intertwined once again – not [ontologically](/wiki/Ontologically "Ontologically") separated anymore \[…].What I used to perceive as a compartmentalized world, consisting of neatly and tightly sealed, autonomous 'space envelopes' (the home, the city, and nature) was, in fact, a messy socio\-spatial continuum".*City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City*. (New York: Routledge, 2005\), p. 4\. And William Cronon argues against the idea of wilderness because it "involves a dualistic vision in which the human is entirely outside the natural"Cronon, p. 78\. and affirms that "wildness (as opposed to wilderness) can be found anywhere" even "in the cracks of a Manhattan sidewalk."Cronon, p. 85\. According to Cronon we have to "abandon the dualism that sees the tree in the garden as artificial \[…] and the tree in the wilderness as natural \[…] Both in some ultimate sense are wild." Here he bends somewhat the regular dictionary meaning of wild, to emphasise that nothing natural, even in a garden, is fully under human control. #### Europe The landscape of Europe has considerably altered by people and even in an area, like the [Cairngorm Mountains](/wiki/Cairngorm_Mountains "Cairngorm Mountains") of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), with a low population density, only " the high summits of the [Cairngorm Mountains](/wiki/Cairngorm_Mountains "Cairngorm Mountains"), consist entirely of natural elements.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.snh.gov.uk/about\-scotlands\-nature/scotlands\-landscapes/what\-is\-landscape/ \|title\=What is landscape? \|website\=\[\[Scottish Natural Heritage]] \|access\-date\=25 October 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201902/http://www.snh.gov.uk/about\-scotlands\-nature/scotlands\-landscapes/what\-is\-landscape/ \|archive\-date\=29 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} These *high summits* are of course only part of the Cairngorms, and there are no longer wolves, bears, wild boar or lynx in Scotland's wilderness.Murray (1973\){{cite web \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north\_east/6155172\.stm \| title \= Extinct Island Pig Spotted Again \| work \= BBC News \| date \= 17 November 2006 \| access\-date \=1 January 2007}}Fraser Darling and Boyd (1969\) p. 64 The [Scots pine](/wiki/Scots_pine "Scots pine") in the form of the [Caledonian forest](/wiki/Caledonian_forest "Caledonian forest") also covered much more of the Scottish landscape than today.Steven, H. M. \& Carlisle, A. (1959\). *The Native Pinewoods of Scotland*. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh The [Swiss National Park](/wiki/Swiss_National_Park "Swiss National Park"), however, represent a more natural landscape. It was founded in 1914, and is one of the earliest national parks in Europe. Visitors are not allowed to leave the motor road, or paths through the park, make fire or camp. The only building within the park is Chamanna Cluozza, [mountain hut](/wiki/Mountain_hut "Mountain hut"). It is also forbidden to disturb the animals or the plants, or to take home anything found in the park. Dogs are not allowed. Due to these strict rules, the Swiss National Park is the only park in the Alps who has been categorized by the [IUCN](/wiki/IUCN "IUCN") as a [strict nature reserve](/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve "Strict nature reserve"), which is the highest protection level.[Parc Suisse Biosphere Reserve](http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=SWI+01&mode=all)
[ "Origins of the term\n-------------------", "The concept of a natural landscape was first developed in connection with [landscape painting](/wiki/Landscape_painting \"Landscape painting\"), though the actual term itself was first used in relation to [landscape gardening](/wiki/Landscape_gardening \"Landscape gardening\"). In both cases it was used to contrast a formal style with a more natural one, that is closer to nature. Chunglin Kwa suggests, \"that a seventeenth\\-century or early\\-eighteenth\\-century pen could experience natural scenery 'just like on a painting,’ and so, with or without the use of the word itself, designate it as a landscape.\"Chunglin Kwa, \"Alexander von Humboldt's invention of the natural landscape\", *The European Legacy*, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 149–162, 2005 With regard to landscape gardening John Aikin, commented in 1794: \"Whatever, therefore, there be of *novelty* in the singular scenery of an artificial garden, it is soon exhausted, whereas the infinite diversity of a natural landscape presents an inexhaustible flore of new forms\".J. Aikin, M.D., *Letters from a Father to His Son, on Various Topics, Relative to Literature and the Conduct of Life. Written in the Years 1792 and 1793*, (Philadelphia: Samuel Harrison Smith), p. 148\\. Writing in 1844 the prominent American landscape gardener [Andrew Jackson Downing](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Downing \"Andrew Jackson Downing\") comments: \"straight canals, round or oblong pieces of water, and all the regular forms of the geometric mode ... would evidently be in violent opposition to the whole character and expression of natural landscape\".*A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening Adapted to North America*.", "In his extensive travels in South America, [Alexander von Humboldt](/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt \"Alexander von Humboldt\") became the first to conceptualize a natural landscape separate from the cultural landscape, though he does not actually use these terms.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/qnct310\\.txt \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225152927/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/qnct310\\.txt \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[Chunglin Kwa, Alexander von Humboldt's invention of the natural landscape, The European Legacy, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 149–162, 2005](http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cele/2005/00000010/00000002/art00002){{refn \\|group \\= note\\|\"The description of nature in its manifold richness of form, as a distinct branch of poetic literature, was wholly unknown to the Greeks. The landscape appears among them merely as the basil\\-ground of the picture of which human figures constitute the main subject. Passions, breaking forth into action, riveted their attention almost exclusively.\"Alexander von Humboldt ''\\[\\[Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe]]'' (translation 1804\\), Volume 2, Part I, Paragraph 5, Chapter I. http://www.avhumboldt.net/humboldt/publications/paragraph/did/35/vid/38/cid/244/tid/7698/text/The\\-description\\-of\\-nature\\-in\\-its\\-manifold\\-richness\\-of\\-form\\-as\\-a\\-distinct\\-branch\\-of\\-poetic\\-literat}} Andrew Jackson Downing was aware of, and sympathetic to, Humboldt's ideas, which therefore influenced American landscape gardening.See *Horticulturist*, vol.4, no.2, August 1849, which Downing edited.", "Subsequently, the [geographer](/wiki/Geographer \"Geographer\") [Otto Schlüter](/wiki/Otto_Schl%C3%BCter \"Otto Schlüter\"), in 1908, argued that by defining [geography](/wiki/Geography \"Geography\") as a *Landschaftskunde* (landscape science) would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline.James, P.E \\& Martin, G (1981\\) *All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas.* John Wiley \\& Sons. New York, p.177\\.Elkins, T.H (1989\\) *Human and Regional Geography in the German\\-speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century*. Entriken, J. Nicholas \\& Brunn, Stanley D (Eds) *Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The nature of geography*. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC., p. 27\\. He defined two forms of landscape: the *Urlandschaft* (original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the *Kulturlandschaft* (cultural landscape) a landscape created by human culture. Schlüter argued that the major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes.", "The term natural landscape is sometimes used as a synonym for [wilderness](/wiki/Wilderness \"Wilderness\"), but for geographers natural landscape is a scientific term which refers to the [biological](/wiki/Biological \"Biological\"), [geological](/wiki/Geological \"Geological\"), [climatological](/wiki/Climatology \"Climatology\") and other aspects of a landscape, not the cultural values that are implied by the word wilderness.\"The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature\". William Cronon, ed., *Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature*. (New York: W. W. Norton \\& Co., 1995\\), pp. 69–90\\.", "### The natural and conservation", "Matters are complicated by the fact that the words nature and natural have more than one meaning. On the one hand there is the main dictionary meaning for nature: \"The phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations.\"\"Nature\", *New Oxford American Dictionary* On the other hand, there is the growing awareness, especially since [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin \"Charles Darwin\"), of humanities biological affinity with nature.[\"Animals That Share Human DNA Sequences\", Seattlepi.com](http://education.seattlepi.com/animals-share-human-dna-sequences-6693.html)", "The [dualism](/wiki/Dualism_%28philosophy_of_mind%29 \"Dualism (philosophy of mind)\") of the first definition has its roots is an \"ancient concept\", because early people viewed \"nature, or the nonhuman world \\[…] as a divine *Other*, godlike in its separation from humans.\"Gregory H. Aplett and David N. Cole, \"The Trouble with Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Goals\" in *Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Stewardshio in an Era of Rapid Change* (Washington, DC.: Island Press, 2010\\), p. 14\\. They cite William Conron's 1995 essay \"The Trouble with Wilderness: or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature\". In the [West](/wiki/Western_culture \"Western culture\"), Christianity's myth of [the fall](/wiki/The_fall_of_man \"The fall of man\"), that is the expulsion of humankind from the [Garden of Eden](/wiki/Garden_of_Eden \"Garden of Eden\"), where all creation lived in harmony, into an imperfect world, has been the major influence.Joanne Vining, Melinda Merrick and Emily Price, \"The Distinction between Humans and Nature\". *Human Ecology Review*, vol.15, no. 1, 2008, p. 1 [Cartesian dualism](/wiki/Cartesian_dualism \"Cartesian dualism\"), from the seventeenth century on, further reinforced this dualistic thinking about nature.Vining, Merrick and Price, p. 1\\. \nWith this [dualism](/wiki/Dualism_%28philosophy_of_mind%29 \"Dualism (philosophy of mind)\") goes value judgement as to [the superiority of the natural over the artificial](/wiki/Appeal_to_nature \"Appeal to nature\"). Modern science, however, is moving towards a [holistic](/wiki/Holistic \"Holistic\") view of nature.Maria Kaika, *City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City*. (New York: Routledge, 2005\\), p. 4\\.", "#### America", "What is meant by natural, within the American [conservation movement](/wiki/Conservation_movement \"Conservation movement\"), has been changing over the last century and a half.", "In the mid\\-nineteenth century American began to realize that the land was becoming more and more domesticated and wildlife was disappearing. This led to the creation of [American National Parks](/wiki/National_Park_Service \"National Park Service\") and other conservation sites.Gregory H. Aplett and David N. Cole, \"The Trouble with Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Goals\" in *Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Stewardshio in an Era of Rapid Change* (Washington, DC.: Island Press, 2010\\), pp. 14\\-15\\. Initially it was believed that all that was needed to do was to separate what was seen as natural landscape and \"avoid disturbances such as logging, grazing, fire and insect outbreaks.\"Aplett and Cole, p. 15\\. This, and subsequent environmental policy, until recently, was influenced by ideas of the wilderness.William Cronon, pp. 72\\-77 However, this policy was not consistently applied, and in [Yellowstone Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_Park \"Yellowstone Park\"), to take one example, the existing ecology was altered, firstly by the exclusion of Native Americans and later with the virtual extermination of the wolf population.\\<ref name\\=\"dow\"\\>{{cite web \\|title\\=Defenders of Wildlife \\|work\\=A Yellowstone Chronology \\|url\\=http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/wolf/ynpchro.html \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607214843/http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/wolf/ynpchro.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2007}}\\</ref{{cite book \\|last\\=Merchant \\|first\\=Carolyn \\|title\\=The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History \\|publisher\\=Columbia University Press \\|year\\=2002 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-231\\-11232\\-1 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QQQximQsxSgC \\|page\\=148}}\\</ref\\>", "A century later, in the mid\\-twentieth century, it began to be believed that the earlier policy of \"protection from disturbance was inadequate to preserve park values\", and that is that direct human intervention was necessary to restore the landscape of National Parks to its ‘'natural'’ condition. In 1963 the [Leopold Report](/wiki/Leopold_Report \"Leopold Report\") argued that \"A national park should represent a vignette of primitive America\".Aplett and Cole, p. 16\\. This policy change eventually led to the restoration of [wolves in Yellowstone Park](/wiki/History_of_wolves_in_Yellowstone \"History of wolves in Yellowstone\") in the 1990s.", "However, recent research in various disciplines indicates that a pristine natural or \"primitive\" landscape is a myth, and it now realised that people have been changing the natural into a cultural landscape for a long while, and that there are few places untouched in some way from human influence.Aplett and Cole, p. 18 The earlier conservation policies were now seen as cultural interventions. The idea of what is natural and what artificial or cultural, and how to maintain the natural elements in a landscape, has been further complicated by the discovery of [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming \"Global warming\") and how it is changing natural landscapes.Aplett and Cole, p. 24", "Also important is a reaction recently amongst scholars against dualistic thinking about nature and culture. Maria Kaika comments: \"Nowadays, we are beginning to see nature and culture as intertwined once again – not [ontologically](/wiki/Ontologically \"Ontologically\") separated anymore \\[…].What I used to perceive as a compartmentalized world, consisting of neatly and tightly sealed, autonomous 'space envelopes' (the home, the city, and nature) was, in fact, a messy socio\\-spatial continuum\".*City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City*. (New York: Routledge, 2005\\), p. 4\\. And William Cronon argues against the idea of wilderness because it \"involves a dualistic vision in which the human is entirely outside the natural\"Cronon, p. 78\\. and affirms that \"wildness (as opposed to wilderness) can be found anywhere\" even \"in the cracks of a Manhattan sidewalk.\"Cronon, p. 85\\. According to Cronon we have to \"abandon the dualism that sees the tree in the garden as artificial \\[…] and the tree in the wilderness as natural \\[…] Both in some ultimate sense are wild.\" Here he bends somewhat the regular dictionary meaning of wild, to emphasise that nothing natural, even in a garden, is fully under human control.", "#### Europe", "The landscape of Europe has considerably altered by people and even in an area, like the [Cairngorm Mountains](/wiki/Cairngorm_Mountains \"Cairngorm Mountains\") of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), with a low population density, only \" the high summits of the [Cairngorm Mountains](/wiki/Cairngorm_Mountains \"Cairngorm Mountains\"), consist entirely of natural elements.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.snh.gov.uk/about\\-scotlands\\-nature/scotlands\\-landscapes/what\\-is\\-landscape/ \\|title\\=What is landscape? \\|website\\=\\[\\[Scottish Natural Heritage]] \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201902/http://www.snh.gov.uk/about\\-scotlands\\-nature/scotlands\\-landscapes/what\\-is\\-landscape/ \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} These *high summits* are of course only part of the Cairngorms, and there are no longer wolves, bears, wild boar or lynx in Scotland's wilderness.Murray (1973\\){{cite web \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north\\_east/6155172\\.stm \\| title \\= Extinct Island Pig Spotted Again \\| work \\= BBC News \\| date \\= 17 November 2006 \\| access\\-date \\=1 January 2007}}Fraser Darling and Boyd (1969\\) p. 64 The [Scots pine](/wiki/Scots_pine \"Scots pine\") in the form of the [Caledonian forest](/wiki/Caledonian_forest \"Caledonian forest\") also covered much more of the Scottish landscape than today.Steven, H. M. \\& Carlisle, A. (1959\\). *The Native Pinewoods of Scotland*. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh", "The [Swiss National Park](/wiki/Swiss_National_Park \"Swiss National Park\"), however, represent a more natural landscape. It was founded in 1914, and is one of the earliest national parks in Europe.\nVisitors are not allowed to leave the motor road, or paths through the park, make fire or camp. The only building within the park is Chamanna Cluozza, [mountain hut](/wiki/Mountain_hut \"Mountain hut\"). It is also forbidden to disturb the animals or the plants, or to take home anything found in the park. Dogs are not allowed. Due to these strict rules, the Swiss National Park is the only park in the Alps who has been categorized by the [IUCN](/wiki/IUCN \"IUCN\") as a [strict nature reserve](/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve \"Strict nature reserve\"), which is the highest protection level.[Parc Suisse Biosphere Reserve](http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=SWI+01&mode=all)", "" ]
History ------- The charity was founded in 2001 "to improve the lives of people in Wales with an autistic spectrum disorder and their families" by influencing major policy change, research and practice through education and training, research, awareness raising and collaborative efforts with other organizations. Start\-up funding for the organization was provided by Dame [Stephanie Shirley](/wiki/Stephanie_Shirley "Stephanie Shirley")'s [The Shirley Foundation](/wiki/The_Shirley_Foundation "The Shirley Foundation"). It was this charity which first created the concept of a government led national autism strategy, presenting the concept to Ministers in the Welsh Government in 2001\. The Minister for Health and Social Services in Wales then announced on 4 December 2002 that the Welsh Government would develop the world's first national autism strategy in partnership with Autism Cymru. The CEO of Autism Cymru, Hugh Morgan OBE, chaired the development of the national autism strategy in Wales between 2003 and 2007\. They then partnered with the [Welsh Assembly Government](/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government "Welsh Assembly Government") to have it implemented, with Hugh Morgan seconded from the Charity to 'drive forward the implementation' from 2008 to 2011\.[*Europe can learn from Wales in dealing with autism.*](http://www.greens-efa.eu/europe-can-learn-from-wales-in-dealing-with-autism-6956.html) The Greens \| European Free Alliance. Retrieved 17 September 2012\.[*Leading Wales Award*](https://archive.today/20130127201351/http://www.leadingwalesawards.com/finalistprofile_hmorgan.aspx) Leading Wales Award Retrieved 17 September 2012 It also initiated and brought together the partnership including Autistica, the Welsh Government and Autism Initiatives to about the [Cardiff University](/wiki/Cardiff_University "Cardiff University") department of psychology's [Wales Autism Research Centre (WARC)](/wiki/Wales_Autism_Research_Centre_%28WARC%29 "Wales Autism Research Centre (WARC)") with the first named professorial chair in autism in Britain and the development of the Wales Autism Research Centre. Another first, Autism Cymru created the world's first national web\-based information service[*Wales spearheads autism research*](http://www.newswales.co.uk/index.cfm?section=Health&F=1&id=16218) WalesOnline.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\.[*New autism study centre for Wales*](http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/11/12/new-autism-study-centre-for-wales-91466-20094966/) WalesOnline.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\. of AWARES.org for autistic people and their families. Since then, Autism Cymru's innovative approach to strategically influencing government been a model for charities in other countries, especially in Northern Ireland and Scotland where national autism strategies have also been developed recently. As a founder member of the Celtic Nations Autism Partnership, it worked closely with its partner organizations, including Scottish Autism, Autism Northern Ireland, and the Irish Society for Autism.[*Autism charity proving a big success*](http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/content_objectid=13570638_method=full_siteid=50082_headline=-Autism-charity-proving-a-big-success-name_page.html#ixzz26XTzs61S) WalesOnline.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\. On a larger scale, Autism Cymru worked with organizations outside of the UK such as Autisme\-Europe[*Plaid MEP gives Autism Cymru a European platform*](http://jillevans.net/jill_evans_press_health_autism_cymru_120417.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103084054/http://www.jillevans.net/jill\_evans\_press\_health\_autism\_cymru\_120417\.html \|date\=2013\-01\-03 }} Jill Evans MEP Plaid Cymru Retrieved 15 September 2012\. and ICare4Autism in the USA. On 6 November 2012, Autism Cymru spearheaded a major event and call in the European Parliament for the development of a European Strategy for Autism, alongside members of the Celtic Nations Autism Partnership and Autisme\-Europe hosted by Welsh MEP, Dr Kay Swinburne. Most of the £9 million in additional Welsh Government funding since 2008\-9 gained for autism through the Welsh autism strategy (derived from the original concept by Autism Cymru) has gone to fund local infrastructure for service delivery and research programmes largely in the public sector. Autism Cymru had held the Wales Autism International Conference in [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff "Cardiff") 2004;["Autism is 'positive' for Welsh painter"](http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/content_objectid=13989914_method=full_siteid=50082_headline=-Autism-is---positive--for-Welsh--painter-name_page.html) WalesOnline.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\. speakers have included Dr [Tony Attwood](/wiki/Tony_Attwood "Tony Attwood"), Professor [Christopher Gillberg](/wiki/Christopher_Gillberg "Christopher Gillberg"), Professor [Rita Jordan](/wiki/Rita_Jordan "Rita Jordan"), Dr Temple Grandin, Dr Lorna Wing and Professor [Digby Tantam](/wiki/Digby_Tantam "Digby Tantam").[*Autism Cymru*](https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20120601132512mp_/http://www.asdinfowales.co.uk/index.cfm?articleid%3D5518%26splashpage%3Dfalse) ASDinfoWales.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\. Past speakers also include Elizabeth Attfield, Mark Barrett, [Danny Beath](/wiki/Danny_Beath "Danny Beath"), Autism Cymru's Deputy Chief Executive Maggie Bowen, Colette Drift, Lynn Plimley, Hilary Kanaris, and Ros Blackburn.[*Autism Cymru education conference in Wrexham*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/article/autism-cymru-education-conference-in-wrexham) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601130508/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\-formers/autism\-cymru/article/autism\-cymru\-education\-conference\-in\-wrexham \|date\=1 June 2013 }} Politics.co.uk Retrieved on 15 September 2012 The charity had sponsored the annual AWARES on\-line conference for autism since 2006\. The Attention Card programme was developed with Welsh emergency services and is being used by the police forces in Wales and during 2012 has been extended to other emergency services including a national approach to the Welsh Ambulance Services Trust. Autism Cymru was made Channel S4C's "Charity of the Year"; in 2003 was runner up in the UK Charity Awards for Children and Young People and in 2004 was Highly Commended in the Charity Awards.
[ "History\n-------", "The charity was founded in 2001 \"to improve the lives of people in Wales with an autistic spectrum disorder and their families\" by influencing major policy change, research and practice through education and training, research, awareness raising and collaborative efforts with other organizations. Start\\-up funding for the organization was provided by Dame [Stephanie Shirley](/wiki/Stephanie_Shirley \"Stephanie Shirley\")'s [The Shirley Foundation](/wiki/The_Shirley_Foundation \"The Shirley Foundation\").", "It was this charity which first created the concept of a government led national autism strategy, presenting the concept to Ministers in the Welsh Government in 2001\\. The Minister for Health and Social Services in Wales then announced on 4 December 2002 that the Welsh Government would develop the world's first national autism strategy in partnership with Autism Cymru. The CEO of Autism Cymru, Hugh Morgan OBE, chaired the development of the national autism strategy in Wales between 2003 and 2007\\. They then partnered with the [Welsh Assembly Government](/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government \"Welsh Assembly Government\") to have it implemented, with Hugh Morgan seconded from the Charity to 'drive forward the implementation' from 2008 to 2011\\.[*Europe can learn from Wales in dealing with autism.*](http://www.greens-efa.eu/europe-can-learn-from-wales-in-dealing-with-autism-6956.html) The Greens \\| European Free Alliance. Retrieved 17 September 2012\\.[*Leading Wales Award*](https://archive.today/20130127201351/http://www.leadingwalesawards.com/finalistprofile_hmorgan.aspx) Leading Wales Award Retrieved 17 September 2012 It also initiated and brought together the partnership including Autistica, the Welsh Government and Autism Initiatives to about the [Cardiff University](/wiki/Cardiff_University \"Cardiff University\") department of psychology's [Wales Autism Research Centre (WARC)](/wiki/Wales_Autism_Research_Centre_%28WARC%29 \"Wales Autism Research Centre (WARC)\") with the first named professorial chair in autism in Britain and the development of the Wales Autism Research Centre. Another first, Autism Cymru created the world's first national web\\-based information service[*Wales spearheads autism research*](http://www.newswales.co.uk/index.cfm?section=Health&F=1&id=16218) WalesOnline.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\\.[*New autism study centre for Wales*](http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/11/12/new-autism-study-centre-for-wales-91466-20094966/) WalesOnline.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\\. of AWARES.org for autistic people and their families. Since then, Autism Cymru's innovative approach to strategically influencing government been a model for charities in other countries, especially in Northern Ireland and Scotland where national autism strategies have also been developed recently.", "As a founder member of the Celtic Nations Autism Partnership, it worked closely with its partner organizations, including Scottish Autism, Autism Northern Ireland, and the Irish Society for Autism.[*Autism charity proving a big success*](http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/content_objectid=13570638_method=full_siteid=50082_headline=-Autism-charity-proving-a-big-success-name_page.html#ixzz26XTzs61S) WalesOnline.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\\. On a larger scale, Autism Cymru worked with organizations outside of the UK such as Autisme\\-Europe[*Plaid MEP gives Autism Cymru a European platform*](http://jillevans.net/jill_evans_press_health_autism_cymru_120417.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103084054/http://www.jillevans.net/jill\\_evans\\_press\\_health\\_autism\\_cymru\\_120417\\.html \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-03 }} Jill Evans MEP Plaid Cymru Retrieved 15 September 2012\\. and ICare4Autism in the USA. On 6 November 2012, Autism Cymru spearheaded a major event and call in the European Parliament for the development of a European Strategy for Autism, alongside members of the Celtic Nations Autism Partnership and Autisme\\-Europe hosted by Welsh MEP, Dr Kay Swinburne.", "Most of the £9 million in additional Welsh Government funding since 2008\\-9 gained for autism through the Welsh autism strategy (derived from the original concept by Autism Cymru) has gone to fund local infrastructure for service delivery and research programmes largely in the public sector.", "Autism Cymru had held the Wales Autism International Conference in [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") 2004;[\"Autism is 'positive' for Welsh painter\"](http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/content_objectid=13989914_method=full_siteid=50082_headline=-Autism-is---positive--for-Welsh--painter-name_page.html) WalesOnline.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\\. speakers have included Dr [Tony Attwood](/wiki/Tony_Attwood \"Tony Attwood\"), Professor [Christopher Gillberg](/wiki/Christopher_Gillberg \"Christopher Gillberg\"), Professor [Rita Jordan](/wiki/Rita_Jordan \"Rita Jordan\"), Dr Temple Grandin, Dr Lorna Wing and Professor [Digby Tantam](/wiki/Digby_Tantam \"Digby Tantam\").[*Autism Cymru*](https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20120601132512mp_/http://www.asdinfowales.co.uk/index.cfm?articleid%3D5518%26splashpage%3Dfalse) ASDinfoWales.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012\\. Past speakers also include Elizabeth Attfield, Mark Barrett, [Danny Beath](/wiki/Danny_Beath \"Danny Beath\"), Autism Cymru's Deputy Chief Executive Maggie Bowen, Colette Drift, Lynn Plimley, Hilary Kanaris, and Ros Blackburn.[*Autism Cymru education conference in Wrexham*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/article/autism-cymru-education-conference-in-wrexham) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601130508/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\\-formers/autism\\-cymru/article/autism\\-cymru\\-education\\-conference\\-in\\-wrexham \\|date\\=1 June 2013 }} Politics.co.uk Retrieved on 15 September 2012 The charity had sponsored the annual AWARES on\\-line conference for autism since 2006\\. The Attention Card programme was developed with Welsh emergency services and is being used by the police forces in Wales and during 2012 has been extended to other emergency services including a national approach to the Welsh Ambulance Services Trust.", "Autism Cymru was made Channel S4C's \"Charity of the Year\"; in 2003 was runner up in the UK Charity Awards for Children and Young People and in 2004 was Highly Commended in the Charity Awards.", "" ]
Autism Cymru activities ----------------------- Autism Cymru's activities included awareness development, collaboration with other organizations to realize their vision, participation in research and enhancement of educational opportunities. It worked with partners, such as Autism Initiatives and Wales Autism Research Centre (WARC), who had congruent objectives regarding training, awareness building, service and research. ### Awareness It sponsored Holly's Ball and Emily's Ball, events set up by the Holly and Emily's mothers to raise awareness about autism. It also sought to raise funds for the [National Autistic Society](/wiki/National_Autistic_Society "National Autistic Society") and Autism Cymru, while celebrating [World Autism Awareness Day](/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day "World Autism Awareness Day").[Holly's Ball](http://www.hollysball.co.uk/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223221518/http://www.hollysball.co.uk/ \|date\=2012\-12\-23 }} Retrieved 7 September 2012\.[Emily's Ball](http://www.emilysball.co.uk/) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106150022/http://www.emilysball.co.uk/ \|date\=6 January 2013 }} Retrieved 7 September 2012\. ### Other organizations Autism Cymru was a founder member of the Celtic Nations Autism Partnership, which was launched in collaboration with Autism Northern Ireland, Irish Society for Autism and the Scottish Autism in 2006/7; was a member of Autisme\-Europe and had collaborations with others including Autism Initiatives and with Mudiad Ysgolian Meithrin.[*Autism Cymru's Activities*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/autism-cymru-s-activities) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230235/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\-formers/autism\-cymru/autism\-cymru\-s\-activities \|date\=4 October 2012 }}. Autism Cymru. Retrieved 14 September 2012\. ### Governmental and justice organizations Governmental and justice organizations that Autism Cymru collaborated with included: local health boards and authorities, all four Welsh Police Forces, and the Wales Ambulance Service Trust on the Emergency Services ASD Attention Card Scheme and training, and most powerfully, work with the Welsh Assembly Government. Their national AWARES website, when launched in 2002 was believed to have been "the first national resource website of its kind in the world".[*Autism website 'first of its kind'.*](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2541231.stm) BBC. 4 December 2002\. Retrieved 14 September 2012\. ### Research Research activities included founding the partnership with Cardiff University and Autistica to create the Wales Autism Research Centre; and collaborations with [Bro Morgannwg NHS Trust](/wiki/Bro_Morgannwg_NHS_Trust "Bro Morgannwg NHS Trust"), [S4C](/wiki/S4C "S4C") and other benefactors and Welsh universities. In 2004, Autism Cymru commenced conducting on\-line international conferences on autism featuring many of the leading world figures on autism. ### Education Autistic Cymru set up the website for AWARES \- the All Wales Autism Resource, which provides information for Welsh and English speaking autistic people in Wales and also ran annual world on\-line conference.[*AWARES \- the All Wales Autism Resource.*](http://www.awares.org/) Website managed by Autism Cymru. Retrieved 14 September 2012\. Hugh Morgan was quoted in 2002 by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") as having said: "AWARES is the start of a journey to create the largest online autism community in the country." The inclusive schools and autism training and research programme received also endorsement from education minister [Jane Davidson](/wiki/Jane_Davidson "Jane Davidson") of the Welsh Assembly Government in 2006; over 500 schools across Wales participated in the programme since 2006\. Autism Cymru also ran national schools forums in Wales since 2004\. ### Training and employment Autism Cymru collaborated with The Irish Society for Autism on the 2009\-12 European\-funded Deis Cyfle, a project that received some of its monies from the European Regional Development Fund. The project was launched on Monday 10 May 2010 and provided opportunities for people with autism in education and employment. It served over 5,700 people across Wales and Ireland.[Autism Cymru: *Launch of Deis Cyfle*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/article/autism-cymru-launch-of-deis-cyfle) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230337/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\-formers/autism\-cymru/article/autism\-cymru\-launch\-of\-deis\-cyfle \|date\=4 October 2012 }} Politics.co.uk Retrieved 16 September 2012 ### Seminars Adam Feinstein from AWARES ran a series of monthly one\-day online seminars with leading figures from the world of autism. The online conferences were hosted by Autism Cymru.Dan Goodley, Bill Hughes and Lennard J. Davis. *Disability and Social Theory: New Developments and Directions.* Palgrave Macmillan, 2012\. {{ISBN\|9780230243255}}Adam Feinstein, *A History of Autism: Conversations with the Pioneers*, John Wiley \& Sons, 2011\. p. xv, 1\. {{ISBN\|1444351672}} Note: Foreword by Dame Stephanie Shirley. The seminars helped raise awareness of autism by inviting noted guest speakers and experts to address issues and answer questions. Guests included [Carol Gray](/wiki/Carol_Gray "Carol Gray"), President of The Gray Center for Social Learning and Understanding, and Professor [Gary B. Mesibov](/wiki/Gary_B._Mesibov "Gary B. Mesibov"), one of the world's leading authorities on topics related to autistic children and adults' education issues.[*Autism Cymru: Professor Gary Mesibov comes to Wales.*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/article/autism-cymru-professor-gary-mesibov-comes-to-wales) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230325/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\-formers/autism\-cymru/article/autism\-cymru\-professor\-gary\-mesibov\-comes\-to\-wales \|date\=4 October 2012 }} Polictics.oc.uk Retrieved 16 September 2012 Autism Cymru ran a series of seminars on various locations with guest speakers addressing autism issues. Past speakers included [Donna Williams](/wiki/Donna_Williams "Donna Williams"), a person diagnosed with autism, a sociologist and qualified teacher and the author of nine published books.[*Autism Cymru: Autism seminar in Treforest*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/article/autism-cymru-autism-seminar-in-treforest) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230301/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\-formers/autism\-cymru/article/autism\-cymru\-autism\-seminar\-in\-treforest \|date\=4 October 2012 }} Politics.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012 ### Publications They also produced 'award\-winning' book publications.
[ "Autism Cymru activities\n-----------------------", "Autism Cymru's activities included awareness development, collaboration with other organizations to realize their vision, participation in research and enhancement of educational opportunities. It worked with partners, such as Autism Initiatives and Wales Autism Research Centre (WARC), who had congruent objectives regarding training, awareness building, service and research.", "### Awareness", "It sponsored Holly's Ball and Emily's Ball, events set up by the Holly and Emily's mothers to raise awareness about autism. It also sought to raise funds for the [National Autistic Society](/wiki/National_Autistic_Society \"National Autistic Society\") and Autism Cymru, while celebrating [World Autism Awareness Day](/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day \"World Autism Awareness Day\").[Holly's Ball](http://www.hollysball.co.uk/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223221518/http://www.hollysball.co.uk/ \\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-23 }} Retrieved 7 September 2012\\.[Emily's Ball](http://www.emilysball.co.uk/) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106150022/http://www.emilysball.co.uk/ \\|date\\=6 January 2013 }} Retrieved 7 September 2012\\.", "### Other organizations", "Autism Cymru was a founder member of the Celtic Nations Autism Partnership, which was launched in collaboration with Autism Northern Ireland, Irish Society for Autism and the Scottish Autism in 2006/7; was a member of Autisme\\-Europe and had collaborations with others including Autism Initiatives and with Mudiad Ysgolian Meithrin.[*Autism Cymru's Activities*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/autism-cymru-s-activities) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230235/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\\-formers/autism\\-cymru/autism\\-cymru\\-s\\-activities \\|date\\=4 October 2012 }}. Autism Cymru. Retrieved 14 September 2012\\.", "### Governmental and justice organizations", "Governmental and justice organizations that Autism Cymru collaborated with included: local health boards and authorities, all four Welsh Police Forces, and the Wales Ambulance Service Trust on the Emergency Services ASD Attention Card Scheme and training, and most powerfully, work with the Welsh Assembly Government. Their national AWARES website, when launched in 2002 was believed to have been \"the first national resource website of its kind in the world\".[*Autism website 'first of its kind'.*](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2541231.stm) BBC. 4 December 2002\\. Retrieved 14 September 2012\\.", "### Research", "Research activities included founding the partnership with Cardiff University and Autistica to create the Wales Autism Research Centre; and collaborations with [Bro Morgannwg NHS Trust](/wiki/Bro_Morgannwg_NHS_Trust \"Bro Morgannwg NHS Trust\"), [S4C](/wiki/S4C \"S4C\") and other benefactors and Welsh universities. In 2004, Autism Cymru commenced conducting on\\-line international conferences on autism featuring many of the leading world figures on autism.", "### Education", "Autistic Cymru set up the website for AWARES \\- the All Wales Autism Resource, which provides information for Welsh and English speaking autistic people in Wales and also ran annual world on\\-line conference.[*AWARES \\- the All Wales Autism Resource.*](http://www.awares.org/) Website managed by Autism Cymru. Retrieved 14 September 2012\\. Hugh Morgan was quoted in 2002 by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") as having said: \"AWARES is the start of a journey to create the largest online autism community in the country.\" The inclusive schools and autism training and research programme received also endorsement from education minister [Jane Davidson](/wiki/Jane_Davidson \"Jane Davidson\") of the Welsh Assembly Government in 2006; over 500 schools across Wales participated in the programme since 2006\\. Autism Cymru also ran national schools forums in Wales since 2004\\.", "### Training and employment", "Autism Cymru collaborated with The Irish Society for Autism on the 2009\\-12 European\\-funded Deis Cyfle, a project that received some of its monies from the European Regional Development Fund. The project was launched on Monday 10 May 2010 and provided opportunities for people with autism in education and employment. It served over 5,700 people across Wales and Ireland.[Autism Cymru: *Launch of Deis Cyfle*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/article/autism-cymru-launch-of-deis-cyfle) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230337/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\\-formers/autism\\-cymru/article/autism\\-cymru\\-launch\\-of\\-deis\\-cyfle \\|date\\=4 October 2012 }} Politics.co.uk Retrieved 16 September 2012", "### Seminars", "Adam Feinstein from AWARES ran a series of monthly one\\-day online seminars with leading figures from the world of autism. The online conferences were hosted by Autism Cymru.Dan Goodley, Bill Hughes and Lennard J. Davis. *Disability and Social Theory: New Developments and Directions.* Palgrave Macmillan, 2012\\. {{ISBN\\|9780230243255}}Adam Feinstein, *A History of Autism: Conversations with the Pioneers*, John Wiley \\& Sons, 2011\\. p. xv, 1\\. {{ISBN\\|1444351672}} Note: Foreword by Dame Stephanie Shirley. The seminars helped raise awareness of autism by inviting noted guest speakers and experts to address issues and answer questions. Guests included [Carol Gray](/wiki/Carol_Gray \"Carol Gray\"), President of The Gray Center for Social Learning and Understanding, and Professor [Gary B. Mesibov](/wiki/Gary_B._Mesibov \"Gary B. Mesibov\"), one of the world's leading authorities on topics related to autistic children and adults' education issues.[*Autism Cymru: Professor Gary Mesibov comes to Wales.*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/article/autism-cymru-professor-gary-mesibov-comes-to-wales) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230325/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\\-formers/autism\\-cymru/article/autism\\-cymru\\-professor\\-gary\\-mesibov\\-comes\\-to\\-wales \\|date\\=4 October 2012 }} Polictics.oc.uk Retrieved 16 September 2012", "Autism Cymru ran a series of seminars on various locations with guest speakers addressing autism issues. Past speakers included [Donna Williams](/wiki/Donna_Williams \"Donna Williams\"), a person diagnosed with autism, a sociologist and qualified teacher and the author of nine published books.[*Autism Cymru: Autism seminar in Treforest*](http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-formers/autism-cymru/article/autism-cymru-autism-seminar-in-treforest) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004230301/http://www.politics.co.uk/opinion\\-formers/autism\\-cymru/article/autism\\-cymru\\-autism\\-seminar\\-in\\-treforest \\|date\\=4 October 2012 }} Politics.co.uk Retrieved 15 September 2012", "### Publications", "They also produced 'award\\-winning' book publications.", "" ]
Gilot's work ------------ Gilot was introduced to art at a young age by her mother and grandmother. Her grandmother had held a party when Françoise was about five years old. A certain man caught Gilot's eye as being interesting, and she asked her grandmother who the man was. He turned out to be a painter, Emile Mairet.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1991\-03\-06\-vw\-83\-story.html \| title\=A Place of Her Own : Culture: Francoise Gilot, Picasso's former lover and Jonas Salk's wife, wants to be known not as the companion of great men, but as their equal\|work\=Los Angeles Times\| date\=6 March 1991\|last\=Lacher\|first\=Irene\| url\-status\=live \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107114605/http://articles.latimes.com/1991\-03\-06/news/vw\-83\_1\_francoise\-gilot \| archive\-date\=7 November 2012 }} Gilot's father became close friends with the painter, and Françoise would often tag along to visit his studio. At age six, Françoise's mother began teaching her art, with the exception of drawing. Her mother believed artists become too dependent on erasers and instead taught Françoise in watercolor and India ink. If she made a mistake, she would have to make it intentional to her work. By the age of 13, she began to study with Mlle. Meuge, which continued for six years. At the age of 14, she was introduced to ceramics and a year later, she studied with the [Post\-Impressionist](/wiki/Post-Impressionist "Post-Impressionist") painter Jacques Beurdeley. At the age of 21, she met Picasso. Although Picasso had influenced Gilot's work as a [cubist](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism") painter, she developed her own style. She avoided the sharp edges and angular forms that Picasso sometimes used. Instead, she used organic figures. During World War II, Gilot's father attempted to save the most valuable household belongings by moving them, but the truck was bombed by the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazis "Nazis"), leading to the loss of Gilot's drawings and watercolors. Gilot was active in the post\-War milieu of artists who redefined the European artistic scene. Gilot had her first important exhibition in Paris in 1943, after which Gilot signed a contract with the renowned art dealer [Daniel\-Henri Kahnweiler](/wiki/Daniel-Henry_Kahnweiler "Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler"). She was one of only two female artists to ever be signed by him.{{Cite web \|last\=Ho \|first\=Gigi \|date\=9 November 2021 \|title\=Christie's and HomeArt Proudly Present: FRANÇOISE GILOT: A CELEBRATION \|url\=https://www.christies.com/about\-us/press\-archive/details?PressReleaseID\=10282 \|website\=Christies.com}} Her first exhibit with Kahnweiler's famed Galerie [Louise Leiris](/wiki/Galerie_Louise_Leiris "Galerie Louise Leiris") took place in 1952 in Paris, which became a critical moment in her life and career. Her provocative 1946 work *Adam Forcing Eve to Eat an Apple* re\-examined the Biblical tale taking a fresh look at temptation, punishment and the blaming of women.{{Cite news \|last\=Hessel \|first\=Katy \|date\=2023\-06\-12 \|title\='Blatant sexism': why is a great painter who lived to 101 still defined by a man she left in the 1950s? \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/jun/12/blatant\-sexism\-great\-painter\-francoise\-gilot \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|issn\=0261\-3077}} The "Labyrinth Series" (1961–1963\) is one of Gilot's most original and important sequences. In these paintings, she draws upon Greek mythology, personal mythologic, and circus motifs. Gilot's paintings pulse with dynamic rhythm, overthrowing conventions to let her impulses discover intense pictorial equivalences of mythical storytelling. Concurrent with creating the "Labyrinth Series" of paintings, Gilot was also writing the text for her well\-known best seller*, Life with Picasso*, exploring her ten\-year relationship with Pablo Picasso. Her stature as an artist and the value of her work has increased over the years. In 2021 her painting *Paloma à la Guitare,* a 1965 portrait of her daughter, sold for $1\.3 million at [Sotheby's](/wiki/Sotheby%27s "Sotheby's") in London. As of January 2022, her work has been on exhibit in multiple leading museums, including the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art"), the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), and the [Centre Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Pompidou "Centre Pompidou").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/19/style/francoise\-gilot\-it\-girl.html\|title\=Françoise Gilot: 'It Girl' at 100\|last\=La Ferla\|first\=Ruth\|date\=19 January 2022\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=22 January 2022}} At [Christie's in Hong Kong](https://www.christies.com/locations/salerooms/hong-kong/), her artwork entitled "[Living Forest](https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5789090)," , an abstract canvas created in 1977, also sold for $1\.3 million. Francoise Gilot's career lasted eight decades, amassing a body of work comprising 1,600 paintings and 3,600 works on paper. Gilot explained, ""I always knew what I wanted to say, it was how to say it." .{{Cite news \|last\=Brockes \|first\=Emma \|date\=2016\-06\-10 \|title\='It was not a sentimental love': Françoise Gilot on her years with Picasso \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jun/10/francoise\-gilot\-artist\-love\-picasso \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-07 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
[ "Gilot's work\n------------", "Gilot was introduced to art at a young age by her mother and grandmother. Her grandmother had held a party when Françoise was about five years old. A certain man caught Gilot's eye as being interesting, and she asked her grandmother who the man was. He turned out to be a painter, Emile Mairet.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1991\\-03\\-06\\-vw\\-83\\-story.html \\| title\\=A Place of Her Own : Culture: Francoise Gilot, Picasso's former lover and Jonas Salk's wife, wants to be known not as the companion of great men, but as their equal\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\| date\\=6 March 1991\\|last\\=Lacher\\|first\\=Irene\\| url\\-status\\=live \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107114605/http://articles.latimes.com/1991\\-03\\-06/news/vw\\-83\\_1\\_francoise\\-gilot \\| archive\\-date\\=7 November 2012 }} Gilot's father became close friends with the painter, and Françoise would often tag along to visit his studio. At age six, Françoise's mother began teaching her art, with the exception of drawing. Her mother believed artists become too dependent on erasers and instead taught Françoise in watercolor and India ink. If she made a mistake, she would have to make it intentional to her work. By the age of 13, she began to study with Mlle. Meuge, which continued for six years. At the age of 14, she was introduced to ceramics and a year later, she studied with the [Post\\-Impressionist](/wiki/Post-Impressionist \"Post-Impressionist\") painter Jacques Beurdeley. At the age of 21, she met Picasso. Although Picasso had influenced Gilot's work as a [cubist](/wiki/Cubism \"Cubism\") painter, she developed her own style. She avoided the sharp edges and angular forms that Picasso sometimes used. Instead, she used organic figures. During World War II, Gilot's father attempted to save the most valuable household belongings by moving them, but the truck was bombed by the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazis \"Nazis\"), leading to the loss of Gilot's drawings and watercolors.", "Gilot was active in the post\\-War milieu of artists who redefined the European artistic scene. Gilot had her first important exhibition in Paris in 1943, after which Gilot signed a contract with the renowned art dealer [Daniel\\-Henri Kahnweiler](/wiki/Daniel-Henry_Kahnweiler \"Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler\"). She was one of only two female artists to ever be signed by him.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ho \\|first\\=Gigi \\|date\\=9 November 2021 \\|title\\=Christie's and HomeArt Proudly Present: FRANÇOISE GILOT: A CELEBRATION \\|url\\=https://www.christies.com/about\\-us/press\\-archive/details?PressReleaseID\\=10282 \\|website\\=Christies.com}} Her first exhibit with Kahnweiler's famed Galerie [Louise Leiris](/wiki/Galerie_Louise_Leiris \"Galerie Louise Leiris\") took place in 1952 in Paris, which became a critical moment in her life and career.", "Her provocative 1946 work *Adam Forcing Eve to Eat an Apple* re\\-examined the Biblical tale taking a fresh look at temptation, punishment and the blaming of women.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hessel \\|first\\=Katy \\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-12 \\|title\\='Blatant sexism': why is a great painter who lived to 101 still defined by a man she left in the 1950s? \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/jun/12/blatant\\-sexism\\-great\\-painter\\-francoise\\-gilot \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}", "The \"Labyrinth Series\" (1961–1963\\) is one of Gilot's most original and important sequences. In these paintings, she draws upon Greek mythology, personal mythologic, and circus motifs. Gilot's paintings pulse with dynamic rhythm, overthrowing conventions to let her impulses discover intense pictorial equivalences of mythical storytelling.", "Concurrent with creating the \"Labyrinth Series\" of paintings, Gilot was also writing the text for her well\\-known best seller*, Life with Picasso*, exploring her ten\\-year relationship with Pablo Picasso.", "Her stature as an artist and the value of her work has increased over the years. In 2021 her painting *Paloma à la Guitare,* a 1965 portrait of her daughter, sold for $1\\.3 million at [Sotheby's](/wiki/Sotheby%27s \"Sotheby's\") in London. As of January 2022, her work has been on exhibit in multiple leading museums, including the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art \"Metropolitan Museum of Art\"), the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\"), and the [Centre Pompidou](/wiki/Centre_Pompidou \"Centre Pompidou\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/19/style/francoise\\-gilot\\-it\\-girl.html\\|title\\=Françoise Gilot: 'It Girl' at 100\\|last\\=La Ferla\\|first\\=Ruth\\|date\\=19 January 2022\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2022}} At [Christie's in Hong Kong](https://www.christies.com/locations/salerooms/hong-kong/), her artwork entitled \"[Living Forest](https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5789090),\" , an abstract canvas created in 1977, also sold for $1\\.3 million.", "Francoise Gilot's career lasted eight decades, amassing a body of work comprising 1,600 paintings and 3,600 works on paper. Gilot explained, \"\"I always knew what I wanted to say, it was how to say it.\" .{{Cite news \\|last\\=Brockes \\|first\\=Emma \\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\='It was not a sentimental love': Françoise Gilot on her years with Picasso \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jun/10/francoise\\-gilot\\-artist\\-love\\-picasso \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}", "" ]
Green initiatives ----------------- Philadelphia Water Department developed some green initiatives, including "Biogas Cogeneration," "Green City, Clean Waters," and "Green Stormwater Infrastructure." ### Biogas cogeneration The technology for [biogas cogeneration](/wiki/Cogeneration "Cogeneration") has been endorsed by the [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency") and allows for electricity and heat to be produced by the [methane gas](/wiki/Methane_gas "Methane gas") given off during [sewage treatment](/wiki/Sewage_treatment "Sewage treatment"). In December 2011, in alignment with the city's Greenworks Philadelphia initiative, Philadelphia Water signed an agreement to incorporate biogas cogeneration into their Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant, as one of the first adopters in the nation of this system.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.phila.gov/water/PDF/Biogas.pdf \|title\=Biogas Cogeneration Facility \|website\=Phila.gov \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} The project cost $47\.5 million and was financed by [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America "Bank of America"), the company which technically owns the facility though the city is leasing it for 16 years. In order to complete the project the city partnered with Ameresco Inc., a company based in Massachusetts that specializes in energy efficiency and infrastructure upgrades for North American facilities. The plant's renovations were completed in 2014\. Currently, the Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant is able to meet 85% of its electrical requirements for plant operations using biogas cogeneration.{{cite web\|url\=http://articles.philly.com/2014\-01\-22/news/46416615\_1\_sewage\-plant\-electricity \|title\=New use for sewage: producing heat and electricity – philly\-archives \|publisher\=Articles.philly.com \|date\=2014\-01\-22 \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} In this process, sludge digesters at the plant fuel the [decomposition](/wiki/Decomposition "Decomposition") of [organic materials](/wiki/Organic_materials "Organic materials") to produce [biogas](/wiki/Biogas "Biogas") by removing [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor "Water vapor"), [hydrogen sulfide](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide "Hydrogen sulfide"), and siloxane gas. The process captures more than 80 percent of all of the available energy for heat and electricity and ultimately results in about 43 million kWh of electricity per year. The plant has been praised for its on\-site production of electricity from waste, which allows for the avoidance of the electricity losses that would otherwise take place from transmission. ### Green City, Clean Waters Green City, Clean Waters is a 25\-year plan to protect and enhance watersheds through stormwater management and green stormwater infrastructure (GSI). Philadelphia Water developed Green City, Clean Waters to confront environmental, demographic and financial challenges. Green City, Clean Waters confronts a number of challenges Philadelphia faces with aging infrastructure and the [impact of climate change](/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change "Effects of climate change") on human health{{cite web\|url\=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120606/philadelphia\-storm\-water\-runoff/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610040745/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120606/philadelphia\-storm\-water\-runoff \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 10, 2012 \|title\=Philadelphia Cleans Up Storm Water With Innovative Program \|publisher\=News.nationalgeographic.com \|date\= 2012\-06\-07\|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gridphilly.com/grid\-magazine/2011/11/1/go\-with\-the\-flow\-the\-philadelphia\-water\-departments\-green\-ci.html \|title\=Go With the Flow: The Philadelphia Water Department's Green City, Clean Waters plan gushes with possibilities — Grid Magazine \|publisher\=Gridphilly.com \|date\=2011\-11\-01 \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} but the program's driving factor is the reduction of combined sewer overflows (CSOs). By capturing and infiltrating stormwater using green stormwater infrastructure such as rain gardens, swales, and stormwater tree trenches the system works to mitigate flooding and erosion in Philadelphia's rivers and streams. On October 21, 2014, the Green City, Clean Waters program was awarded the [American Planning Association](/wiki/American_Planning_Association "American Planning Association") (APA) [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") Chapter's Planning excellence Award in Implementation.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.phillywatersheds.org/green\-city\-clean\-waters\-wins\-planning\-excellence\-award \|title\=Green City, Clean Waters Wins Planning Excellence Award \| Philadelphia Water Department \|publisher\=Phillywatersheds.org \|date\= \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} The following year on March 31, 2015, Green City, Clean Waters won the APA National Planning Excellence Award for Implementation. The award recognized the positive changes that have taken place in the city as a result of the program's planning efforts. Green City, Clean Waters completed 113 projects that implemented green stormwater infrastructure in the time leading up to this award and were in the process of designing 187 more.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.phillywatersheds.org/we\-won\-green\-city\-clean\-waters\-wins\-national\-apa\-planning\-excellence\-award \|title\=We Won! Green City, Clean Waters Wins the National APA Planning Excellence Award \| Philadelphia Water Department \|publisher\=Phillywatersheds.org \|date\= \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} Certain studies have shown that green infrastructure may significantly reduce crime in areas they are implemented over time.{{cite web\|url\=http://phillywatersheds.org/study\-shows\-evidence\-%E2%80%9Ctriple\-bottom\-line%E2%80%9D\-effects\-green\-stormwater\-infrastructure \|title\=Study Shows Evidence of "Triple Bottom Line" Effects of Green Stormwater Infrastructure \| Philadelphia Water Department \|publisher\=Phillywatersheds.org \|date\=2015\-03\-05 \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} 'The Impact of Green Stormwater Infrastructure Installation on Surrounding Health and Safety' was published in the [American Journal of Public Health](/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health "American Journal of Public Health") in March 2015\. The 12\-year study showed a significant correlation between the drop in crime rates in certain areas and the implementation of green stormwater infrastructure.{{Cite journal\|title\=The Impact of Green Stormwater Infrastructure Installation on Surrounding Health and Safety\|journal\=American Journal of Public Health\|volume\=105\|issue\=3\|pages\=e114–e121\|doi\=10\.2105/AJPH.2014\.302314\|pmid\=25602887\|pmc\=4330869\|year \= 2015\|last1 \= Kondo\|first1 \= Michelle C.\|last2\=Low\|first2\=Sarah C.\|last3\=Henning\|first3\=Jason\|last4\=Branas\|first4\=Charles C.\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.683\.9970}} ### Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) One of the environmentally\-friendly initiatives of Philadelphia Water is incorporating [green stormwater infrastructure](/wiki/Green_stormwater_infrastructure "Green stormwater infrastructure") around the city as a part of its Green City, Clean Waters initiative.{{cite web\|url\=http://articles.philly.com/2011\-06\-02/news/29613320\_1\_storm\-water\-plan\-storm\-water\-water\-waste \|title\=Philadelphia moves ahead with 25\-year water\-management plan – philly\-archives \|publisher\=Articles.philly.com \|date\=2011\-06\-02 \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} [thumb\|right\|A picture summary of how CSO works](/wiki/File:Water_urban_cycel.jpg "Water urban cycel.jpg") On April 12, 2012, the [EPA](/wiki/EPA "EPA") joined the Mayor of Philadelphia, Mayor [Michael Nutter](/wiki/Michael_Nutter "Michael Nutter"), to announce a federal endorsement of Philadelphia Water's plan to use GSI toward its goal of becoming America's greenest city.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.phila.gov/green/PDFs/Greenworksprogressreport.pdf \|title\=Greenworks Philadelphia 2015 Progress Report \|website\=Phila.gov \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}}{{cite web\|author\=Posted April 10, 2012 \|url\=http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/llevine/today\_marks\_a\_milestone\_for.html \|title\=EPA, Philadelphia Announce Agreement to Advance Green Infrastructure for Clean Water \| Larry Levine's Blog \| Switchboard, from NRDC \|publisher\=Switchboard.nrdc.org \|date\=2012\-04\-10 \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} More than a hundred years ago, Philadelphia built its sewers so that sewage, stormwater runoff, and [gray water](/wiki/Gray_water "Gray water") would all flow underground into the same pipe. When a high level of water threatened the pipes' integrity, they structured these pipes to overflow into the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers in an event called a combined sewer overflow (CSO). In these circumstances, the sewage content in these pipes and pollution from the streets jeopardizes the cleanliness of these rivers. The department has been focusing on how to use green infrastructure that stores stormwater and releases it into the sewers gradually in order to minimize these events. Philadelphia Water aims to protect the watershed with Green Stormwater Infrastructure and create a more environmentally friendly city.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what\_were\_doing/green\_infrastructure\|title\=Green Stormwater Infrastructure\|publisher\=\|accessdate\=February 20, 2016}} Green City, Clean Waters involves the installment of various soil\-water\-plant systems that will filter contaminants out of stormwater, returning some of it to the ground, releasing some to the air, and some slowly back into the sewer system. This process targets impervious city surfaces such as streets and the roofs of buildings. The increased land development leads to more impervious surfaces and causes an increase in stormwater runoff and consequently combined sewer overflows. CSOs endanger the quality of Philadelphia's watersheds because they result in the pollution of rivers and streams. ### Energy efficiency Another part of this initiative is to effectively utilize wastewater for energy and nutrients. A Philadelphia\-based company called NovaThermal Energy partnered with Philadelphia Water on a project that warms a building with heat derived from sewage. This building is the {{vanchor\|Southeast Water Pollution Control Facility}} in Philadelphia. A sewage channel adjacent to the building transfers heat into a 1 million [BTU](/wiki/BTU "BTU")/hour unit located in the building's basement. This [geothermal](/wiki/Geothermal_heating "Geothermal heating") system utilizes a water source heat pump complete with a filtration device to transfer heat energy from the sewage channels that are already in the ground, unlike costly geothermal wells which must be dug for a similar heating process.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericagies/2012/04/12/hot\-poop\-sewage\-heat\-to\-warm\-building/ \|title\=Hot Poop! Sewage Heat to Warm Building \|work\=Forbes \|date\= \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}}
[ "Green initiatives\n-----------------", "Philadelphia Water Department developed some green initiatives, including \"Biogas Cogeneration,\" \"Green City, Clean Waters,\" and \"Green Stormwater Infrastructure.\"", "### Biogas cogeneration", "The technology for [biogas cogeneration](/wiki/Cogeneration \"Cogeneration\") has been endorsed by the [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency \"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\") and allows for electricity and heat to be produced by the [methane gas](/wiki/Methane_gas \"Methane gas\") given off during [sewage treatment](/wiki/Sewage_treatment \"Sewage treatment\").", "In December 2011, in alignment with the city's Greenworks Philadelphia initiative, Philadelphia Water signed an agreement to incorporate biogas cogeneration into their Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant, as one of the first adopters in the nation of this system.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.phila.gov/water/PDF/Biogas.pdf \\|title\\=Biogas Cogeneration Facility \\|website\\=Phila.gov \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}} The project cost $47\\.5 million and was financed by [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\"), the company which technically owns the facility though the city is leasing it for 16 years.", "In order to complete the project the city partnered with Ameresco Inc., a company based in Massachusetts that specializes in energy efficiency and infrastructure upgrades for North American facilities. The plant's renovations were completed in 2014\\.", "Currently, the Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant is able to meet 85% of its electrical requirements for plant operations using biogas cogeneration.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://articles.philly.com/2014\\-01\\-22/news/46416615\\_1\\_sewage\\-plant\\-electricity \\|title\\=New use for sewage: producing heat and electricity – philly\\-archives \\|publisher\\=Articles.philly.com \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-22 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}} In this process, sludge digesters at the plant fuel the [decomposition](/wiki/Decomposition \"Decomposition\") of [organic materials](/wiki/Organic_materials \"Organic materials\") to produce [biogas](/wiki/Biogas \"Biogas\") by removing [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor \"Water vapor\"), [hydrogen sulfide](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide \"Hydrogen sulfide\"), and siloxane gas. The process captures more than 80 percent of all of the available energy for heat and electricity and ultimately results in about 43 million kWh of electricity per year.", "The plant has been praised for its on\\-site production of electricity from waste, which allows for the avoidance of the electricity losses that would otherwise take place from transmission.", "### Green City, Clean Waters", "Green City, Clean Waters is a 25\\-year plan to protect and enhance watersheds through stormwater management and green stormwater infrastructure (GSI). Philadelphia Water developed Green City, Clean Waters to confront environmental, demographic and financial challenges. Green City, Clean Waters confronts a number of challenges Philadelphia faces with aging infrastructure and the [impact of climate change](/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change \"Effects of climate change\") on human health{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120606/philadelphia\\-storm\\-water\\-runoff/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610040745/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120606/philadelphia\\-storm\\-water\\-runoff \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2012 \\|title\\=Philadelphia Cleans Up Storm Water With Innovative Program \\|publisher\\=News.nationalgeographic.com \\|date\\= 2012\\-06\\-07\\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gridphilly.com/grid\\-magazine/2011/11/1/go\\-with\\-the\\-flow\\-the\\-philadelphia\\-water\\-departments\\-green\\-ci.html \\|title\\=Go With the Flow: The Philadelphia Water Department's Green City, Clean Waters plan gushes with possibilities — Grid Magazine \\|publisher\\=Gridphilly.com \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-01 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}} but the program's driving factor is the reduction of combined sewer overflows (CSOs). By capturing and infiltrating stormwater using green stormwater infrastructure such as rain gardens, swales, and stormwater tree trenches the system works to mitigate flooding and erosion in Philadelphia's rivers and streams.", "On October 21, 2014, the Green City, Clean Waters program was awarded the [American Planning Association](/wiki/American_Planning_Association \"American Planning Association\") (APA) [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") Chapter's Planning excellence Award in Implementation.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.phillywatersheds.org/green\\-city\\-clean\\-waters\\-wins\\-planning\\-excellence\\-award \\|title\\=Green City, Clean Waters Wins Planning Excellence Award \\| Philadelphia Water Department \\|publisher\\=Phillywatersheds.org \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}} The following year on March 31, 2015, Green City, Clean Waters won the APA National Planning Excellence Award for Implementation. The award recognized the positive changes that have taken place in the city as a result of the program's planning efforts. Green City, Clean Waters completed 113 projects that implemented green stormwater infrastructure in the time leading up to this award and were in the process of designing 187 more.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.phillywatersheds.org/we\\-won\\-green\\-city\\-clean\\-waters\\-wins\\-national\\-apa\\-planning\\-excellence\\-award \\|title\\=We Won! Green City, Clean Waters Wins the National APA Planning Excellence Award \\| Philadelphia Water Department \\|publisher\\=Phillywatersheds.org \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}}", "Certain studies have shown that green infrastructure may significantly reduce crime in areas they are implemented over time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://phillywatersheds.org/study\\-shows\\-evidence\\-%E2%80%9Ctriple\\-bottom\\-line%E2%80%9D\\-effects\\-green\\-stormwater\\-infrastructure \\|title\\=Study Shows Evidence of \"Triple Bottom Line\" Effects of Green Stormwater Infrastructure \\| Philadelphia Water Department \\|publisher\\=Phillywatersheds.org \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-05 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}} 'The Impact of Green Stormwater Infrastructure Installation on Surrounding Health and Safety' was published in the [American Journal of Public Health](/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health \"American Journal of Public Health\") in March 2015\\. The 12\\-year study showed a significant correlation between the drop in crime rates in certain areas and the implementation of green stormwater infrastructure.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=The Impact of Green Stormwater Infrastructure Installation on Surrounding Health and Safety\\|journal\\=American Journal of Public Health\\|volume\\=105\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=e114–e121\\|doi\\=10\\.2105/AJPH.2014\\.302314\\|pmid\\=25602887\\|pmc\\=4330869\\|year \\= 2015\\|last1 \\= Kondo\\|first1 \\= Michelle C.\\|last2\\=Low\\|first2\\=Sarah C.\\|last3\\=Henning\\|first3\\=Jason\\|last4\\=Branas\\|first4\\=Charles C.\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.683\\.9970}}", "### Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI)", "One of the environmentally\\-friendly initiatives of Philadelphia Water is incorporating [green stormwater infrastructure](/wiki/Green_stormwater_infrastructure \"Green stormwater infrastructure\") around the city as a part of its Green City, Clean Waters initiative.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://articles.philly.com/2011\\-06\\-02/news/29613320\\_1\\_storm\\-water\\-plan\\-storm\\-water\\-water\\-waste \\|title\\=Philadelphia moves ahead with 25\\-year water\\-management plan – philly\\-archives \\|publisher\\=Articles.philly.com \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-02 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|A picture summary of how CSO works](/wiki/File:Water_urban_cycel.jpg \"Water urban cycel.jpg\")\nOn April 12, 2012, the [EPA](/wiki/EPA \"EPA\") joined the Mayor of Philadelphia, Mayor [Michael Nutter](/wiki/Michael_Nutter \"Michael Nutter\"), to announce a federal endorsement of Philadelphia Water's plan to use GSI toward its goal of becoming America's greenest city.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.phila.gov/green/PDFs/Greenworksprogressreport.pdf \\|title\\=Greenworks Philadelphia 2015 Progress Report \\|website\\=Phila.gov \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}}{{cite web\\|author\\=Posted April 10, 2012 \\|url\\=http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/llevine/today\\_marks\\_a\\_milestone\\_for.html \\|title\\=EPA, Philadelphia Announce Agreement to Advance Green Infrastructure for Clean Water \\| Larry Levine's Blog \\| Switchboard, from NRDC \\|publisher\\=Switchboard.nrdc.org \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-10 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}}", "More than a hundred years ago, Philadelphia built its sewers so that sewage, stormwater runoff, and [gray water](/wiki/Gray_water \"Gray water\") would all flow underground into the same pipe. When a high level of water threatened the pipes' integrity, they structured these pipes to overflow into the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers in an event called a combined sewer overflow (CSO). In these circumstances, the sewage content in these pipes and pollution from the streets jeopardizes the cleanliness of these rivers. The department has been focusing on how to use green infrastructure that stores stormwater and releases it into the sewers gradually in order to minimize these events. Philadelphia Water aims to protect the watershed with Green Stormwater Infrastructure and create a more environmentally friendly city.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what\\_were\\_doing/green\\_infrastructure\\|title\\=Green Stormwater Infrastructure\\|publisher\\=\\|accessdate\\=February 20, 2016}}", "Green City, Clean Waters involves the installment of various soil\\-water\\-plant systems that will filter contaminants out of stormwater, returning some of it to the ground, releasing some to the air, and some slowly back into the sewer system. This process targets impervious city surfaces such as streets and the roofs of buildings. The increased land development leads to more impervious surfaces and causes an increase in stormwater runoff and consequently combined sewer overflows. CSOs endanger the quality of Philadelphia's watersheds because they result in the pollution of rivers and streams.", "### Energy efficiency", "Another part of this initiative is to effectively utilize wastewater for energy and nutrients. A Philadelphia\\-based company called NovaThermal Energy partnered with Philadelphia Water on a project that warms a building with heat derived from sewage. This building is the {{vanchor\\|Southeast Water Pollution Control Facility}} in Philadelphia. A sewage channel adjacent to the building transfers heat into a 1 million [BTU](/wiki/BTU \"BTU\")/hour unit located in the building's basement. This [geothermal](/wiki/Geothermal_heating \"Geothermal heating\") system utilizes a water source heat pump complete with a filtration device to transfer heat energy from the sewage channels that are already in the ground, unlike costly geothermal wells which must be dug for a similar heating process.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericagies/2012/04/12/hot\\-poop\\-sewage\\-heat\\-to\\-warm\\-building/ \\|title\\=Hot Poop! Sewage Heat to Warm Building \\|work\\=Forbes \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}}", "" ]
### Biogas cogeneration The technology for [biogas cogeneration](/wiki/Cogeneration "Cogeneration") has been endorsed by the [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency") and allows for electricity and heat to be produced by the [methane gas](/wiki/Methane_gas "Methane gas") given off during [sewage treatment](/wiki/Sewage_treatment "Sewage treatment"). In December 2011, in alignment with the city's Greenworks Philadelphia initiative, Philadelphia Water signed an agreement to incorporate biogas cogeneration into their Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant, as one of the first adopters in the nation of this system.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.phila.gov/water/PDF/Biogas.pdf \|title\=Biogas Cogeneration Facility \|website\=Phila.gov \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} The project cost $47\.5 million and was financed by [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America "Bank of America"), the company which technically owns the facility though the city is leasing it for 16 years. In order to complete the project the city partnered with Ameresco Inc., a company based in Massachusetts that specializes in energy efficiency and infrastructure upgrades for North American facilities. The plant's renovations were completed in 2014\. Currently, the Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant is able to meet 85% of its electrical requirements for plant operations using biogas cogeneration.{{cite web\|url\=http://articles.philly.com/2014\-01\-22/news/46416615\_1\_sewage\-plant\-electricity \|title\=New use for sewage: producing heat and electricity – philly\-archives \|publisher\=Articles.philly.com \|date\=2014\-01\-22 \|accessdate\=2016\-02\-20}} In this process, sludge digesters at the plant fuel the [decomposition](/wiki/Decomposition "Decomposition") of [organic materials](/wiki/Organic_materials "Organic materials") to produce [biogas](/wiki/Biogas "Biogas") by removing [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor "Water vapor"), [hydrogen sulfide](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide "Hydrogen sulfide"), and siloxane gas. The process captures more than 80 percent of all of the available energy for heat and electricity and ultimately results in about 43 million kWh of electricity per year. The plant has been praised for its on\-site production of electricity from waste, which allows for the avoidance of the electricity losses that would otherwise take place from transmission.
[ "### Biogas cogeneration", "The technology for [biogas cogeneration](/wiki/Cogeneration \"Cogeneration\") has been endorsed by the [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency \"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\") and allows for electricity and heat to be produced by the [methane gas](/wiki/Methane_gas \"Methane gas\") given off during [sewage treatment](/wiki/Sewage_treatment \"Sewage treatment\").", "In December 2011, in alignment with the city's Greenworks Philadelphia initiative, Philadelphia Water signed an agreement to incorporate biogas cogeneration into their Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant, as one of the first adopters in the nation of this system.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.phila.gov/water/PDF/Biogas.pdf \\|title\\=Biogas Cogeneration Facility \\|website\\=Phila.gov \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}} The project cost $47\\.5 million and was financed by [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\"), the company which technically owns the facility though the city is leasing it for 16 years.", "In order to complete the project the city partnered with Ameresco Inc., a company based in Massachusetts that specializes in energy efficiency and infrastructure upgrades for North American facilities. The plant's renovations were completed in 2014\\.", "Currently, the Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant is able to meet 85% of its electrical requirements for plant operations using biogas cogeneration.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://articles.philly.com/2014\\-01\\-22/news/46416615\\_1\\_sewage\\-plant\\-electricity \\|title\\=New use for sewage: producing heat and electricity – philly\\-archives \\|publisher\\=Articles.philly.com \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-22 \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-02\\-20}} In this process, sludge digesters at the plant fuel the [decomposition](/wiki/Decomposition \"Decomposition\") of [organic materials](/wiki/Organic_materials \"Organic materials\") to produce [biogas](/wiki/Biogas \"Biogas\") by removing [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor \"Water vapor\"), [hydrogen sulfide](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide \"Hydrogen sulfide\"), and siloxane gas. The process captures more than 80 percent of all of the available energy for heat and electricity and ultimately results in about 43 million kWh of electricity per year.", "The plant has been praised for its on\\-site production of electricity from waste, which allows for the avoidance of the electricity losses that would otherwise take place from transmission.", "" ]
Review ------ ### July–September The promotion of [Ray Harford](/wiki/Ray_Harford "Ray Harford") to manager ensured a sense of continuity was maintained at [Kenilworth Road](/wiki/Kenilworth_Road "Kenilworth Road"), as Harford had been assistant to [John Moore](/wiki/John_Moore_%28footballer_born_1943%29 "John Moore (footballer born 1943)") the previous season. [Danny Wilson](/wiki/Danny_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 "Danny Wilson (footballer, born 1960)") arrived from [Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.") during July in a £150,000 deal, as the club looked to build on their seventh\-place finish the year before. Luton made a dismal start to the [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division "Football League First Division") season, not winning their first game of the campaign until the sixth time of asking with a 5–2 victory over [Oxford United](/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C. "Oxford United F.C.") at the [Manor Ground](/wiki/Manor_Ground%2C_Oxford "Manor Ground, Oxford"). A second victory followed the next week, as Luton beat [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C.") 2–1\. Meanwhile, Harford continued to dabble in the transfer market – Scottish [winger](/wiki/Midfielder%23Winger "Midfielder#Winger") [Mickey Weir](/wiki/Mickey_Weir "Mickey Weir") arrived from [Hibernian](/wiki/Hibernian_F.C. "Hibernian F.C.") for £230,000, while [Robert Wilson](/wiki/Robert_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 "Robert Wilson (footballer, born 1961)") and [Stacey North](/wiki/Stacey_North "Stacey North") were sold to [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") and [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") respectively. Days after the Weir transfer, [Mike Newell](/wiki/Mike_Newell_%28footballer%29 "Mike Newell (footballer)") was sold to [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") \- perhaps a surprising move as Newell had been Luton's top scorer the previous season and even scored a hat\-trick against defending double winners [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C."). Two league defeats followed, at [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.") and [Queens Park Rangers](/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C. "Queens Park Rangers F.C.") – but in between there was a winning start in the [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup") as Luton beat [Wigan Athletic](/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C. "Wigan Athletic F.C.") 1–0 at [Springfield Park](/wiki/Springfield_Park_%28Wigan%29 "Springfield Park (Wigan)"), courtesy of a goal from new signing Weir. ### October–December A [Mick Harford](/wiki/Mick_Harford "Mick Harford") goal was enough to secure a 1–1 draw against [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") at [Kenilworth Road](/wiki/Kenilworth_Road "Kenilworth Road"), and Harford bagged a [hat\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick "Hat-trick") three days later as Luton trounced Wigan 4–2 in the second leg of the League Cup fixture. Harford scored a penalty at [Fratton Park](/wiki/Fratton_Park "Fratton Park") on the 10th, but it wasn't enough to prevent a 3–1 victory for [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C."). [Ian Allinson](/wiki/Ian_Allinson "Ian Allinson") signed from [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. "Stoke City F.C.") for £10,000, and made his debut a week later as Luton beat [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C. "Wimbledon F.C.") 2–0\. The impact of a 1–0 home defeat to [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") was softened by subsequent success in the League Cup, as [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.") were routed 3–1 at [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.")'s [Filbert Street](/wiki/Filbert_Street "Filbert Street"). Three comfortable league victories followed, Luton keeping a clean sheet in every one, and the League Cup run continued with a 1–0 win at [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C."). Defeat at [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") was followed by the [derby match](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C._and_Watford_F.C._rivalry "Luton Town F.C. and Watford F.C. rivalry") at [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.") – [Steve Foster](/wiki/Steve_Foster "Steve Foster")'s goal gave Luton a 1–0 victory. A draw and a loss followed, before Luton rounded off the calendar year with a 1–0 home win over [Charlton](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C."). ### January–March New Year's Day saw a 3–0 home win over [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.") – indeed, Luton went through the month unbeaten. The start of the club's [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") run saw victory at [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C. "Hartlepool United F.C."), while a draw and a victory in the league kept Luton comfortably in mid\-table. The League Cup success continued, as [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. "Bradford City A.F.C.") were beaten 2–0 at [Kenilworth Road](/wiki/Kenilworth_Road "Kenilworth Road"). [Oxford United](/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C. "Oxford United F.C.") then visited Kenilworth Road for one of the more remarkable fixtures of the year – Luton beat Oxford 7–4, as [Mark Stein](/wiki/Mark_Stein_%28footballer%29 "Mark Stein (footballer)") scored a [hat\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick "Hat-trick"). Luton travelled to Oxford four days later for the League Cup semi\-final first leg, and came out of the match with a 1–1 draw. [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") beat Luton 2–1 at [Highbury](/wiki/Arsenal_Stadium "Arsenal Stadium"), before [Mickey Weir](/wiki/Mickey_Weir "Mickey Weir"), who had just signed from [Hibernian](/wiki/Hibernian_F.C. "Hibernian F.C.") months before, returned to Hibernian on the 14th in a £200,000 move. Luton achieved victory over [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C.") in the [Full Members' Cup](/wiki/Full_Members%27_Cup "Full Members' Cup"), and it then took a replay to knock [Queens Park Rangers](/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C. "Queens Park Rangers F.C.") out of the FA Cup. The second leg in the League Cup against Oxford saw Luton run out 2–0 victors, with a place in the final against Arsenal as their prize. No English league team had yet won more than one domestic cup competition in the same season, but Luton were now in serious contention to win three domestic cups in the same season. March saw Luton win two successive matches in the Full Members' Cup, but also lose twice in a row in the league. The end of the month saw the Full Members' Cup final against [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division "Football League Second Division") [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C.") – Luton were defeated 4–1 at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 "Wembley Stadium (1923)"). Consolation was taken from a 4–1 victory over [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C.") two days later. This left them with two cups to play for. ### April–June Luton lost the [FA Cup semi\-final](/wiki/FA_Cup_semi-final "FA Cup semi-final") 2–1 to [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C. "Wimbledon F.C."), and Luton only won once in the league during April. The [League Cup Final](/wiki/1988_Football_League_Cup_Final "1988 Football League Cup Final") against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") came on the 24th, and Luton took an early lead through [Brian Stein](/wiki/Brian_Stein "Brian Stein"). Luton were overhauled by the opposition during the second half, and trailed 1–2 before a penalty was awarded to Arsenal with ten minutes left. [Andy Dibble](/wiki/Andy_Dibble "Andy Dibble"), a young goalkeeper standing in for the more experienced [Les Sealey](/wiki/Les_Sealey "Les Sealey"), saved [Nigel Winterburn](/wiki/Nigel_Winterburn "Nigel Winterburn")'s shot, and the Luton team rallied to equalise soon after through [Danny Wilson](/wiki/Danny_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 "Danny Wilson (footballer, born 1960)"). Stein scored the winner with the last kick of the game to bring the first ever piece of major silverware to [Luton](/wiki/Luton "Luton"). Following the League Cup victory, Luton drew at [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") before beating [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.") 2–1 at home to complete a double over their rivals. [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.") beat Luton 2–1 at [White Hart Lane](/wiki/White_Hart_Lane "White Hart Lane"), before Luton finished the season with four consecutive 1–1 draws with [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. "Southampton F.C."), [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") and [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. "Nottingham Forest F.C.") (twice). Luton achieved a ninth\-place finish, to go with their cup achievements – an FA Cup semi\-final place, a League Cup victory, and a Full Members' Cup final. At the end of the season, long\-serving striker Brian Stein left for French club [SM Caen](/wiki/SM_Caen "SM Caen") on a [free transfer](/wiki/Free_transfer_%28football%29 "Free transfer (football)"), while [Emeka Nwajiobi](/wiki/Emeka_Nwajiobi "Emeka Nwajiobi") retired due to injury. Defender [John Dreyer](/wiki/John_Dreyer_%28footballer%29 "John Dreyer (footballer)") signed from [Oxford United](/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C. "Oxford United F.C.") on 27 June for £140,000\.
[ "Review\n------", "### July–September", "The promotion of [Ray Harford](/wiki/Ray_Harford \"Ray Harford\") to manager ensured a sense of continuity was maintained at [Kenilworth Road](/wiki/Kenilworth_Road \"Kenilworth Road\"), as Harford had been assistant to [John Moore](/wiki/John_Moore_%28footballer_born_1943%29 \"John Moore (footballer born 1943)\") the previous season. [Danny Wilson](/wiki/Danny_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 \"Danny Wilson (footballer, born 1960)\") arrived from [Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\") during July in a £150,000 deal, as the club looked to build on their seventh\\-place finish the year before.", "Luton made a dismal start to the [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\") season, not winning their first game of the campaign until the sixth time of asking with a 5–2 victory over [Oxford United](/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C. \"Oxford United F.C.\") at the [Manor Ground](/wiki/Manor_Ground%2C_Oxford \"Manor Ground, Oxford\"). A second victory followed the next week, as Luton beat [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\") 2–1\\. Meanwhile, Harford continued to dabble in the transfer market – Scottish [winger](/wiki/Midfielder%23Winger \"Midfielder#Winger\") [Mickey Weir](/wiki/Mickey_Weir \"Mickey Weir\") arrived from [Hibernian](/wiki/Hibernian_F.C. \"Hibernian F.C.\") for £230,000, while [Robert Wilson](/wiki/Robert_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1961%29 \"Robert Wilson (footballer, born 1961)\") and [Stacey North](/wiki/Stacey_North \"Stacey North\") were sold to [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") and [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") respectively. Days after the Weir transfer, [Mike Newell](/wiki/Mike_Newell_%28footballer%29 \"Mike Newell (footballer)\") was sold to [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") \\- perhaps a surprising move as Newell had been Luton's top scorer the previous season and even scored a hat\\-trick against defending double winners [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\"). Two league defeats followed, at [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\") and [Queens Park Rangers](/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C. \"Queens Park Rangers F.C.\") – but in between there was a winning start in the [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\") as Luton beat [Wigan Athletic](/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C. \"Wigan Athletic F.C.\") 1–0 at [Springfield Park](/wiki/Springfield_Park_%28Wigan%29 \"Springfield Park (Wigan)\"), courtesy of a goal from new signing Weir.", "### October–December", "A [Mick Harford](/wiki/Mick_Harford \"Mick Harford\") goal was enough to secure a 1–1 draw against [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") at [Kenilworth Road](/wiki/Kenilworth_Road \"Kenilworth Road\"), and Harford bagged a [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick \"Hat-trick\") three days later as Luton trounced Wigan 4–2 in the second leg of the League Cup fixture. Harford scored a penalty at [Fratton Park](/wiki/Fratton_Park \"Fratton Park\") on the 10th, but it wasn't enough to prevent a 3–1 victory for [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\"). [Ian Allinson](/wiki/Ian_Allinson \"Ian Allinson\") signed from [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\") for £10,000, and made his debut a week later as Luton beat [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C. \"Wimbledon F.C.\") 2–0\\.", "The impact of a 1–0 home defeat to [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") was softened by subsequent success in the League Cup, as [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\") were routed 3–1 at [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\")'s [Filbert Street](/wiki/Filbert_Street \"Filbert Street\"). Three comfortable league victories followed, Luton keeping a clean sheet in every one, and the League Cup run continued with a 1–0 win at [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\"). Defeat at [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") was followed by the [derby match](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C._and_Watford_F.C._rivalry \"Luton Town F.C. and Watford F.C. rivalry\") at [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\") – [Steve Foster](/wiki/Steve_Foster \"Steve Foster\")'s goal gave Luton a 1–0 victory. A draw and a loss followed, before Luton rounded off the calendar year with a 1–0 home win over [Charlton](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\").", "### January–March", "New Year's Day saw a 3–0 home win over [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") – indeed, Luton went through the month unbeaten. The start of the club's [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") run saw victory at [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C. \"Hartlepool United F.C.\"), while a draw and a victory in the league kept Luton comfortably in mid\\-table. The League Cup success continued, as [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. \"Bradford City A.F.C.\") were beaten 2–0 at [Kenilworth Road](/wiki/Kenilworth_Road \"Kenilworth Road\").", "[Oxford United](/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C. \"Oxford United F.C.\") then visited Kenilworth Road for one of the more remarkable fixtures of the year – Luton beat Oxford 7–4, as [Mark Stein](/wiki/Mark_Stein_%28footballer%29 \"Mark Stein (footballer)\") scored a [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick \"Hat-trick\"). Luton travelled to Oxford four days later for the League Cup semi\\-final first leg, and came out of the match with a 1–1 draw. [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") beat Luton 2–1 at [Highbury](/wiki/Arsenal_Stadium \"Arsenal Stadium\"), before [Mickey Weir](/wiki/Mickey_Weir \"Mickey Weir\"), who had just signed from [Hibernian](/wiki/Hibernian_F.C. \"Hibernian F.C.\") months before, returned to Hibernian on the 14th in a £200,000 move.", "Luton achieved victory over [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\") in the [Full Members' Cup](/wiki/Full_Members%27_Cup \"Full Members' Cup\"), and it then took a replay to knock [Queens Park Rangers](/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C. \"Queens Park Rangers F.C.\") out of the FA Cup. The second leg in the League Cup against Oxford saw Luton run out 2–0 victors, with a place in the final against Arsenal as their prize.", "No English league team had yet won more than one domestic cup competition in the same season, but Luton were now in serious contention to win three domestic cups in the same season.", "March saw Luton win two successive matches in the Full Members' Cup, but also lose twice in a row in the league. The end of the month saw the Full Members' Cup final against [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division \"Football League Second Division\") [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\") – Luton were defeated 4–1 at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 \"Wembley Stadium (1923)\"). Consolation was taken from a 4–1 victory over [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\") two days later. This left them with two cups to play for.", "### April–June", "Luton lost the [FA Cup semi\\-final](/wiki/FA_Cup_semi-final \"FA Cup semi-final\") 2–1 to [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C. \"Wimbledon F.C.\"), and Luton only won once in the league during April.", "The [League Cup Final](/wiki/1988_Football_League_Cup_Final \"1988 Football League Cup Final\") against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") came on the 24th, and Luton took an early lead through [Brian Stein](/wiki/Brian_Stein \"Brian Stein\"). Luton were overhauled by the opposition during the second half, and trailed 1–2 before a penalty was awarded to Arsenal with ten minutes left. [Andy Dibble](/wiki/Andy_Dibble \"Andy Dibble\"), a young goalkeeper standing in for the more experienced [Les Sealey](/wiki/Les_Sealey \"Les Sealey\"), saved [Nigel Winterburn](/wiki/Nigel_Winterburn \"Nigel Winterburn\")'s shot, and the Luton team rallied to equalise soon after through [Danny Wilson](/wiki/Danny_Wilson_%28footballer%2C_born_1960%29 \"Danny Wilson (footballer, born 1960)\"). Stein scored the winner with the last kick of the game to bring the first ever piece of major silverware to [Luton](/wiki/Luton \"Luton\").", "Following the League Cup victory, Luton drew at [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") before beating [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\") 2–1 at home to complete a double over their rivals. [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\") beat Luton 2–1 at [White Hart Lane](/wiki/White_Hart_Lane \"White Hart Lane\"), before Luton finished the season with four consecutive 1–1 draws with [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. \"Southampton F.C.\"), [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") and [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. \"Nottingham Forest F.C.\") (twice). Luton achieved a ninth\\-place finish, to go with their cup achievements – an FA Cup semi\\-final place, a League Cup victory, and a Full Members' Cup final.", "At the end of the season, long\\-serving striker Brian Stein left for French club [SM Caen](/wiki/SM_Caen \"SM Caen\") on a [free transfer](/wiki/Free_transfer_%28football%29 \"Free transfer (football)\"), while [Emeka Nwajiobi](/wiki/Emeka_Nwajiobi \"Emeka Nwajiobi\") retired due to injury. Defender [John Dreyer](/wiki/John_Dreyer_%28footballer%29 \"John Dreyer (footballer)\") signed from [Oxford United](/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C. \"Oxford United F.C.\") on 27 June for £140,000\\.", "" ]
Product history --------------- Early versions of the software were called Clementine and were Unix\-based. The first version was released on Jun 9th 1994, after Beta testing at 6 customer sites. Clementine was originally developed by a UK company named Integral Solutions Limited (ISL), in Collaboration with [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") researchers at the [University of Sussex](/wiki/University_of_Sussex "University of Sussex"). The original Clementine was implemented in [Poplog](/wiki/Poplog "Poplog"), which ISL marketed for that University. Clementine mainly used the Poplog languages, [Pop\-11](/wiki/Pop-11 "Pop-11"), with some parts written in [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 "C (programming language)") for speed (such as the neural network engine), along with additional tools provided as part of [Solaris](/wiki/Oracle_Solaris "Oracle Solaris"), [VMS](/wiki/OpenVMS "OpenVMS") and various versions of [Unix](/wiki/Unix "Unix"). The tool quickly garnered the attention of the data mining community (at that time in its infancy). In order to reach a larger market, ISL then Ported Poplog to [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") using the NutCracker package, later named [MKS Toolkit](/wiki/MKS_Toolkit "MKS Toolkit") to provide the Unix graphical facilities. Original in many respects, Clementine was the first data mining tool to use an icon based [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") rather than requiring users to write in a [programming language](/wiki/Programming_language "Programming language"), though that option remained available for expert users. In 1998 ISL was acquired by [SPSS Inc.](/wiki/SPSS_Inc. "SPSS Inc."), who saw the potential for extended development as a commercial data mining tool. In early 2000, the software was developed into a [client–server model](/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model "Client–server model") architecture, and shortly afterward, the client front\-end interface component was rewritten fully and replaced with a new [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 "Java (programming language)") front\-end, which allowed deeper integration with the other tools provided by SPSS. SPSS Clementine version 7\.0: The client front\-end runs under Windows. The server back\-end [Unix](/wiki/Unix "Unix") variants ([SunOS](/wiki/SunOS "SunOS"), [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX"), [AIX](/wiki/AIX "AIX")), [Linux](/wiki/Linux "Linux"), and [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows"). The [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") is written in Java. IBM SPSS Modeler 14\.0 was the first release of Modeler by IBM. IBM SPSS Modeler 15, released in June 2012, introduced significant new functions for *social network analysis* and *entity analytics*.
[ "Product history\n---------------", "Early versions of the software were called Clementine and were Unix\\-based. The first version was released on Jun 9th 1994, after Beta testing at 6 customer sites. Clementine was originally developed by a UK company named Integral Solutions Limited (ISL), in Collaboration with [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") researchers at the [University of Sussex](/wiki/University_of_Sussex \"University of Sussex\"). The original Clementine was implemented in [Poplog](/wiki/Poplog \"Poplog\"), which ISL marketed for that University.", "Clementine mainly used the Poplog languages, [Pop\\-11](/wiki/Pop-11 \"Pop-11\"), with some parts written in [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 \"C (programming language)\") for speed (such as the neural network engine), along with additional tools provided as part of [Solaris](/wiki/Oracle_Solaris \"Oracle Solaris\"), [VMS](/wiki/OpenVMS \"OpenVMS\") and various versions of [Unix](/wiki/Unix \"Unix\"). The tool quickly garnered the attention of the data mining community (at that time in its infancy).", "In order to reach a larger market, ISL then Ported Poplog to [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") using the NutCracker package, later named [MKS Toolkit](/wiki/MKS_Toolkit \"MKS Toolkit\") to provide the Unix graphical facilities. Original in many respects, Clementine was the first data mining tool to use an icon based [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface \"Graphical user interface\") rather than requiring users to write in a [programming language](/wiki/Programming_language \"Programming language\"), though that option remained available for expert users.", "In 1998 ISL was acquired by [SPSS Inc.](/wiki/SPSS_Inc. \"SPSS Inc.\"), who saw the potential for extended development as a commercial data mining tool. In early 2000, the software was developed into a [client–server model](/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model \"Client–server model\") architecture, and shortly afterward, the client front\\-end interface component was rewritten fully and replaced with a new [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 \"Java (programming language)\") front\\-end, which allowed deeper integration with the other tools provided by SPSS.", "SPSS Clementine version 7\\.0: The client front\\-end runs under Windows. The server back\\-end [Unix](/wiki/Unix \"Unix\") variants ([SunOS](/wiki/SunOS \"SunOS\"), [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\"), [AIX](/wiki/AIX \"AIX\")), [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\"), and [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\"). The [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface \"Graphical user interface\") is written in Java.", "IBM SPSS Modeler 14\\.0 was the first release of Modeler by IBM.", "IBM SPSS Modeler 15, released in June 2012, introduced significant new functions for *social network analysis* and *entity analytics*.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1920\= 227 \|1930\= 233 \|1940\= 210 \|1950\= 211 \|1960\= 159 \|1970\= 123 \|1980\= 101 \|1990\= 63 \|2000\= 42 \|2010\= 30 \|2020\= 15 \|estyear\=2022 \|estimate\=16 \|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\-series/demo/popest/2020s\-total\-cities\-and\-towns.html \|date\=December 26, 2023\|title\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\-2022\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=December 26, 2023}} \|align\-fn\=center \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=February 15, 2014}} 2020 Census }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2010, there were 30 people, 17 households, and 8 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|32\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 33 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|35\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"). There were 17 households, of which 11\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, and 52\.9% were non\-families. 35\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\.76 and the average family size was 2\.13\. The median age in the city was 57 years. 6\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 46\.7% were from 45 to 64; and 20% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\.0% male and 50\.0% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 42 people, 24 households, and 10 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|45\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 38 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|41\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\.62% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.38% from two or more races. There were 24 households, out of which 12\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54\.2% were non\-families. 54\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 29\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\.75 and the average family size was 2\.64\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 14\.3% under the age of 18, 2\.4% from 18 to 24, 14\.3% from 25 to 44, 40\.5% from 45 to 64, and 28\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $14,375, and the median income for a family was $16,875\. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $26,875 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $13,752\. There were 22\.2% of families and 21\.4% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including no under eighteens and 30\.0% of those over 64\.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1920\\= 227\n\\|1930\\= 233\n\\|1940\\= 210\n\\|1950\\= 211\n\\|1960\\= 159\n\\|1970\\= 123\n\\|1980\\= 101\n\\|1990\\= 63\n\\|2000\\= 42\n\\|2010\\= 30\n\\|2020\\= 15\n\\|estyear\\=2022\n\\|estimate\\=16\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\\-series/demo/popest/2020s\\-total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html \\|date\\=December 26, 2023\\|title\\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\\-2022\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=December 26, 2023}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=February 15, 2014}} \n2020 Census\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 30 people, 17 households, and 8 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|32\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 33 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|35\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").", "There were 17 households, of which 11\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, and 52\\.9% were non\\-families. 35\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\\.76 and the average family size was 2\\.13\\.", "The median age in the city was 57 years. 6\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 46\\.7% were from 45 to 64; and 20% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\\.0% male and 50\\.0% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 42 people, 24 households, and 10 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|45\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 38 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|41\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.62% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.38% from two or more races.", "There were 24 households, out of which 12\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54\\.2% were non\\-families. 54\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 29\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\\.75 and the average family size was 2\\.64\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 14\\.3% under the age of 18, 2\\.4% from 18 to 24, 14\\.3% from 25 to 44, 40\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 28\\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\\.5 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $14,375, and the median income for a family was $16,875\\. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $26,875 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $13,752\\. There were 22\\.2% of families and 21\\.4% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including no under eighteens and 30\\.0% of those over 64\\.", "" ]
Career ------ ### National Ballet of Canada At sixteen, Greta Hodgkinson joined The [National Ballet of Canada](/wiki/National_Ballet_of_Canada "National Ballet of Canada")’s Corps de Ballet (1990 – 1993\). She was promoted to Second Soloist (1993\-1995\), then First Soloist (1995\-1996\) and, shortly before her 17th birthday, reached the highest rank of [Principal Dancer](/wiki/Principal_Dancer "Principal Dancer") (1996\-2020\). During her career, she has danced virtually every role in the repertoire, such as the title role in *[Giselle](/wiki/Giselle "Giselle")*, Sugar Plum Fairy in *[The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker "The Nutcracker")* and Juliet in [*Romeo and Juliet*](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_%28Prokofiev%29 "Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)"), as well as contemporary works by choreographers such as [Jiří Kylián](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kyli%C3%A1n "Jiří Kylián"), [Christopher Wheeldon](/wiki/Christopher_Wheeldon "Christopher Wheeldon"), [Wayne McGregor](/wiki/Wayne_McGregor "Wayne McGregor") and [James Kudelka](/wiki/James_Kudelka "James Kudelka"). During 2019/20, her final season at the National Ballet of Canada, Greta Hodgkinson appeared in Jiry Kilian's *[Petite Mort](/wiki/Petite_Mort_%28ballet%29 "Petite Mort (ballet)")* and danced one of her signature roles, *Giselle,* whom she never portrayed as a naive, love\-struck weakling, making the mad scene chilling in its intensity. Throughout her career, critics raved about her performances: “The ballerina performing the compelling title character has to go from a tremulously innocent girl, to madwoman, to unearthly spirit, and Greta Hodgkinson is among the best in the world in the role.” (Paula Citron, *The Globe and Mail*) {{Cite news \|date\=2012\-12\-07 \|title\=Review: Giselle: A perfect ballet that never grows tired \|language\=en\-CA \|work\=The Globe and Mail \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre\-and\-performance/theatre\-reviews/giselle\-a\-perfect\-ballet\-that\-never\-grows\-tired/article6061425/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04}} "Hodgkinson joins the great Giselles of our time." (Gary Smith, *The Hamilton Spectator*) {{Cite news \|date\=2012\-12\-08 \|title\=She's one of the great Giselles \|language\=en \|work\=The Hamilton Spectator \|url\=https://www.thespec.com/entertainment/shes\-one\-of\-the\-great\-giselles/article\_504e2aad\-528b\-5b70\-8fcb\-98f44af1595a.html \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04 \|issn\=1189\-9417}} “In the demanding title role, Greta Hodgkinson is a wonder, both as dancer and actress.” (Bob Clark, *Calgary Herald*) Bob Clark, [Calgary Herald, September 2007](https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/ballet-review-national-ballet-of-canadas-giselle), “Her breezy jumps paint her as a confident, yet trusting woman, who initially has no reason to doubt her man. She is also a technical dynamo, nailing every slow, sustained balance and complex turning sequence*.*” (*National Post*) [National Ballet of Canada's Giselle creates the perfect compound](https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/dance-review-national-ballet-of-canadas-giselle-creates-the-perfect-compound), National Post, Dec 06, 2012 Scheduled a few days before the pandemic shut down theatres throughout the world, her final performance was in the role of Marguerite in Frederick Ashton's  *[Marguerite and Armand](/wiki/Marguerite_and_Armand "Marguerite and Armand")*, partnered by [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 "Guillaume Côté"). The ballet was acquired in her honour by Karen Kain and the National Ballet,{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-09\-19 \|title\=Greta Hodgkinson receives a special gift from The National Ballet of Canada on her retirement \|url\=https://www.gramilano.com/2019/09/greta\-hodgkinson\-receives\-a\-special\-gift\-from\-the\-national\-ballet\-of\-canada\-on\-her\-retirement/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04 \|website\=www.gramilano.com \|language\=en\-GB}} as Greta Hodgkinson had expressed the desire to dance a new role rather than reprise a past one. ### International Guest Artist As an International Guest Artist, Greta Hodgkinson performed in over 72 cities and 16 countries. She was invited to dance with the top major ballet companies, including the [Mariinsky Ballet](/wiki/Mariinsky_Ballet "Mariinsky Ballet"), [Teatro alla Scala](/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala "Teatro alla Scala"), [The Royal Ballet](/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet "The Royal Ballet"), [Stuttgart Ballet](/wiki/Stuttgart_Ballet "Stuttgart Ballet"), [The Australian Ballet](/wiki/The_Australian_Ballet "The Australian Ballet"), Munich Ballet and [Teatro Comunale di Firenze](/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_di_Firenze "Teatro Comunale di Firenze"). She has also appeared in many international galas in America, Asia and Europe including the Opening Gala of the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House") (London), the [State Kremlin Palace](/wiki/State_Kremlin_Palace "State Kremlin Palace") (Moscow), Gala des Etoiles (Montreal), Stars of the 21st Century (Paris and Toronto) and the Opening Gala of Teatro alla Scala (Milan). In 2003, Ms. Hodgkinson appeared at The 10th World Ballet Festival in Tokyo, Japan, the world’s largest and most prestigious dance festival, where she performed with frequent partner [Roberto Bolle](/wiki/Roberto_Bolle "Roberto Bolle"),{{cite web \|title\=Greta Hodgkinson, O.Ont. \|url\=https://national.ballet.ca/Meet/Dancers/Principals/Greta\-Hodgkinson \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426144921/https://national.ballet.ca/Meet/Dancers/Principals/Greta\-Hodgkinson \|archive\-date\=26 April 2020 \|website\=National Ballet of Canada}} considered one of the greatest male dancers of his generation. Over their careers, they danced together in more than 26 cities worldwide and developed a much\-celebrated partnership. The famed Japanese dancer from the Royal Ballet, [Tetsuya Kumakawa](/wiki/Tetsuya_Kumakawa "Tetsuya Kumakawa"), invited Ms. Hodgkinson to tour Japan dancing *[Swan Lake](/wiki/Swan_Lake "Swan Lake")* with him and his company, K\-Ballet where they performed to critical acclaim. Apart from Mr. Bolle and Mr. Kumakawa, Ms. Hodgkinson was sought after by many renowned artists including [Carlos Acosta](/wiki/Carlos_Acosta "Carlos Acosta"), [Marcelo Gomes](/wiki/Marcelo_Gomes_%28dancer%29 "Marcelo Gomes (dancer)"), [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 "Guillaume Côté"), Massimo Murru, [Laurent Hilaire](/wiki/Laurent_Hilaire "Laurent Hilaire"), [Federico Bonelli](/wiki/Federico_Bonelli "Federico Bonelli"), [Robert Tewsley](/wiki/Robert_Tewsley "Robert Tewsley"), [Zdenek Konvalina](/wiki/Zdenek_Konvalina "Zdenek Konvalina"), Jason Reilly, [Evan McKie](/wiki/Evan_McKie "Evan McKie"), [Steven McRae](/wiki/Steven_McRae "Steven McRae") and [Matthew Golding](/wiki/Matthew_Golding_%28dancer%29 "Matthew Golding (dancer)"). [thumb\|Dancer and choreographer Guillaume Côté and his Muse, *prima ballerina* Greta Hodgkinson, at the chat following the premiere of Guillaume Côté's *Crypto* at Festival des Arts de Saint\-Sauveur on July 31, 2019\.](/wiki/File:FASS_2019-07-31_Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Greta_Hodgkinson_after_Crypto.jpg "FASS 2019-07-31 Guillaume Côté Greta Hodgkinson after Crypto.jpg") ### Muse Greta Hodgkinson has had numerous roles created for her by the most influential choreographers of the 20th and 21st century. She enjoyed a "close creative symbiosis" Article on Greta Hodgkinson by Penelope Reed Doob, Encyclopedia of Dance in Canada pp 273\-274, Dance Collection Danse Press, 2000\. with choreographer and former Artistic Director of The National Ballet of Canada, [James Kudelka](/wiki/James_Kudelka "James Kudelka"). He created the sensuous summer section of his 1997 abstract ballet, *The Four Seasons*, expressly for Hodgkinson, and considered her a muse.*[Greta Hodgkinson. Class act](https://nuvomagazine.com/magazine/summer-2011/greta-hodgkinson)*., by Deirdre Kelly, NUVO magazine, 2011 As such, she helped create many of the lead roles in works that are now a part of The National Ballet of Canada's permanent repertoire, among them *Swan Lake*, *The Nutcracker*, and *The Firebird*. Hodgkinson also worked closely with such icons as [William Forsythe](/wiki/William_Forsythe_%28choreographer%29 "William Forsythe (choreographer)"), [Jiri Kylian](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kyli%C3%A1n "Jiří Kylián"), [Glen Tetley](/wiki/Glen_Tetley "Glen Tetley"), [John Neumeier](/wiki/John_Neumeier "John Neumeier"), [Wayne McGregor](/wiki/Wayne_McGregor "Wayne McGregor"), [Christopher Wheeldon](/wiki/Christopher_Wheeldon "Christopher Wheeldon"), [Crystal Pite](/wiki/Crystal_Pite "Crystal Pite") and [Alexei Ratmansky](/wiki/Alexei_Ratmansky "Alexei Ratmansky"). She also collaborated with such noted Canadian choreographers as Jean\-Pierre Perreault, [John Alleyne](/wiki/John_Alleyne_%28dancer%29 "John Alleyne (dancer)"), [Robert Desrosiers](/wiki/Robert_Desrosiers "Robert Desrosiers") and Jean Grand\-Maitre as well as emerging young Canadian choreographers Dominique Dumais, [Sabrina Matthews](/wiki/Sabrina_Matthews "Sabrina Matthews"), Matjash Mrozewski and [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 "Guillaume Côté"). Over her 30\-year career, Hodgkinson developed strong chemistry with frequent partners [Rex Harrington](/wiki/Rex_Harrington "Rex Harrington"), Aleksandar Antonijevic, Roberto Bolle and Guillaume Côté, "each one being wonderful in his own way".{{Cite web \|title\=Ballerina Greta Hodgkinson reflects on 30\-year career {{!}} Watch News Videos Online \|url\=https://globalnews.ca/video/6568440/ballerina\-greta\-hodgkinson\-reflects\-on\-30\-year\-career/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04 \|website\=Global News \|language\=en\-US}} She continues a prolific creative collaboration with dancer and choreographer [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 "Guillaume Côté") as a Muse, Creative Assistant and Rehearsal Director. She created and toured in *Crypto* (2019\-2022\), a full evening multimedia work. She performed *Hamlet*’s mother in the Guillaume Côté\-[Robert Lepage](/wiki/Robert_Lepage "Robert Lepage") adaptation of Shakespear’s play, which premiered at Festival des arts de Saint\-Sauveur in July 2023 to critical acclaim. In 2019, Ballet Kelowna launched its 17th season with Guillaume Côté’s *Bolero* with Greta Hodgkinson as Guest Artist. The company's arftistic director, Simone Orlando, reflects on the experience: "She is really a superstar. She helped teach *Bolero* as well as offered so much to our dancers. She is fearless. The lifts in this piece are sort of death\-defying. I’m sitting there, just holding my breath, hoping my dancers are going to catch her!”{{Cite web \|last\=SQUIRE \|first\=JP \|date\=2019\-10\-29 \|title\=Ballet Kelowna aims high \|url\=https://www.pentictonherald.ca/entertainment/article\_1c323482\-fa6a\-11e9\-b8a9\-ff2b542eb352\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04 \|website\=Penticton Herald \|language\=en}} ### Body of work > Greta Hodgkinson possesses "a rare daring and an ability to devour space with aplomb and intelligence."{{Cite web \|last\=Herod \|first\=Kena \|date\=2004\-06\-01 \|title\=A Perfect Fit \|url\=http://maisonneuve.org/article/2004/06/1/perfect\-fit/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04 \|website\=Maisonneuve \|language\=en}} Known for her formidable technique, delicate physicality and articulate characterization, Greta Hodgkinson has performed every leading role in the classical repertoire as well as contemporary works, leaving a legacy of memorable performances.Article on Greta Hodgkinson by Penelope Reed Doob, Encyclopedia of Dance in Canada pp 273\-274, Dance Collection Danse Press, 2000 "Being true to herself in an art form that values conformity is what has enabled Hodgkinson to stand out from the tutu\-clad pack. She is a ballerina who dances to her own beat, a maverick with a killer work ethic and a heart of gold." (Deirdre Kelly, NUVO) {{Cite web \|title\=Greta Hodgkinson \|url\=https://nuvomagazine.com/magazine/summer\-2011/greta\-hodgkinson \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04 \|website\=NUVO \|language\=en\-US}} **Lead roles:** * Alice (Glen Tetley) * A Month in the Country (Sir Frederick Ashton) * Apollo (George Balanchine) * Carmen (Davide Bombana) * Concerto Barocco (George Balanchine) * Divertimento \#15 (George Balanchine) * Don Quixote (after Marius Petipa) * Dream Dances (Jiří Kylían) * Dying Swan (Michel Fokine) * Etudes (Harald Lander) * Excelsior (Luigi Manzotti) * Forgotten Land (Jiří Kylían) * Giselle (Sir Peter Wright) * Grand Pas Classique (Victor Gsovsky) * Herman Schmerman (William Forsythe) * In The Middle, Somewhat Elevated (William Forsythe) * In The Night (Jerome Robbins) * Jewels (George Balanchine) * La Bayadère (Marius Petipa) * La Fille mal gardée (Sir Frederick Ashton) * La Ronde (Glen Tetley) * The Leaves are Fading (Antony Tudor) * Manon (Kenneth MacMillan) * Marguerite and Armand (Frederick Ashton) * Monotones (Kenneth MacMillan) * Mozartiana (George Balanchine) * Musings (James Kudelka) * No. 24 (Guillaume Côté) * Nuages (Jiří Kylian) * Onegin (John Cranko) * Opus 19/The Dreamer (Jerome Robbins) * Other Dances (Jerome Robbins) * Pastorale (James Kudelka) * Paquita (Natalia Makarova) * Petite Mort (Jiří Kylían) * Romeo and Juliet (John Cranko) * Serenade (George Balanchine) * Symphony in C (George Balanchine) * Sphinx (Glen Tetley) * Spring Waters (Asat Messerer) * Split House Geometric (John Alleyne) * Stravinsky Violin Concerto (George Balanchine) * Swan Lake (Erik Bruhn) * Tagore (Glen Tetley) * Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux (George Balanchine) * The Four Temperaments (George Balanchine) * The Merry Widow (Ronald Hynd) * The Nutcracker (Celia Franca/Derek Deane/James Kudelka) * The Sleeping Beauty (Rudolf Nureyev) * The Taming of the Shrew (John Cranko) * Theme and Variations (George Balanchine) * Voluntaries (Glen Tetley) **Created Roles / World Premieres** * A Delicate Battle (Matjash Mrozewski, 2001\) * An Italian Straw Hat (James Kudelka, 2005\) * Being \& Nothingness (Guillaume Côté, 2013 \+ 2015\) * Bolero (Guillaume Côté, 2012\) * Cinderella (James Kudelka, 2004\) * Crypto (Guillaume Côté, 2019\) * Emergence (Crystal Pite, 2009\) * Frames of Mind (Jean Grand\-Maître, 1993\) * Hamlet (Guillaume Côté, 2018\) * Interrogating Slam (John Alleyne, 1991\) * Now and Then (John Neumeier, 1993\) * one hundred words for snow (Dominque Dumais, 1999\) * Oracle (Glen Tetley, 1994\) * Romeo and Juliet (Alexei Ratmansky, 2011\) * Rooster (Christopher Bruce, 2008\) * Septet (John Alleyne, 1999\) * Swan Lake (James Kudelka, 1999\) * The Comforts of Solitude (Jean\-Pierre Perrault, 2001\) * The Firebird (James Kudelka, 2000\) * The Four Seasons (James Kudelka, 1997\) * The Nutcracker (James Kudelka, 1995\) * the weight of absence (Dominque Dumais, 1998\) * Tristan and Isolde (John Alleyne, 2003\) * Vittoria (James Kudelka, 1993\) **National Ballet of Canada Premieres** * Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Christopher Wheeldon) * Approximate Sonata 2016 (William Forsythe) * Chroma (Wayne McGregor) * clearing (Sabrina Matthews) * Company B (Paul Taylor) * Cruel World (James Kudelka) * Daphnis and Chloe (Glen Tetley) * Désir (James Kudelka) * Episodes (George Balanchine) * In The Upper Room (Twyla Tharp) * Polyphonia (Christopher Wheeldon) * Rooster (Christopher Bruce) * Russian Seasons (Alexei Ratmansky) * Tales of the Arabian Nights: The Story of Abdallah (August Bournonville) * Terra Firma (James Kudelka) * The Concert (Jerome Robbins) * The Concert (Jerome Robbins) * The Rite of Spring (Glen Tetley) * The Seagull (John Neumeier) * the second detail (William Forsythe) * Waltz pas de deux * West Side Story Suite (Jerome Robbins)
[ "Career\n------", "### National Ballet of Canada", "At sixteen, Greta Hodgkinson joined The [National Ballet of Canada](/wiki/National_Ballet_of_Canada \"National Ballet of Canada\")’s Corps de Ballet (1990 – 1993\\). She was promoted to Second Soloist (1993\\-1995\\), then First Soloist (1995\\-1996\\) and, shortly before her 17th birthday, reached the highest rank of [Principal Dancer](/wiki/Principal_Dancer \"Principal Dancer\") (1996\\-2020\\). During her career, she has danced virtually every role in the repertoire, such as the title role in *[Giselle](/wiki/Giselle \"Giselle\")*, Sugar Plum Fairy in *[The Nutcracker](/wiki/The_Nutcracker \"The Nutcracker\")* and Juliet in [*Romeo and Juliet*](/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_%28Prokofiev%29 \"Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)\"), as well as contemporary works by choreographers such as [Jiří Kylián](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kyli%C3%A1n \"Jiří Kylián\"), [Christopher Wheeldon](/wiki/Christopher_Wheeldon \"Christopher Wheeldon\"), [Wayne McGregor](/wiki/Wayne_McGregor \"Wayne McGregor\") and [James Kudelka](/wiki/James_Kudelka \"James Kudelka\").", "During 2019/20, her final season at the National Ballet of Canada, Greta Hodgkinson appeared in Jiry Kilian's *[Petite Mort](/wiki/Petite_Mort_%28ballet%29 \"Petite Mort (ballet)\")* and danced one of her signature roles, *Giselle,* whom she never portrayed as a naive, love\\-struck weakling, making the mad scene chilling in its intensity. Throughout her career, critics raved about her performances: “The ballerina performing the compelling title character has to go from a tremulously innocent girl, to madwoman, to unearthly spirit, and Greta Hodgkinson is among the best in the world in the role.” (Paula Citron, *The Globe and Mail*) {{Cite news \\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-07 \\|title\\=Review: Giselle: A perfect ballet that never grows tired \\|language\\=en\\-CA \\|work\\=The Globe and Mail \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre\\-and\\-performance/theatre\\-reviews/giselle\\-a\\-perfect\\-ballet\\-that\\-never\\-grows\\-tired/article6061425/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04}} \"Hodgkinson joins the great Giselles of our time.\" (Gary Smith, *The Hamilton Spectator*) {{Cite news \\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-08 \\|title\\=She's one of the great Giselles \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=The Hamilton Spectator \\|url\\=https://www.thespec.com/entertainment/shes\\-one\\-of\\-the\\-great\\-giselles/article\\_504e2aad\\-528b\\-5b70\\-8fcb\\-98f44af1595a.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04 \\|issn\\=1189\\-9417}} “In the demanding title role, Greta Hodgkinson is a wonder, both as dancer and actress.” (Bob Clark, *Calgary Herald*) Bob Clark, [Calgary Herald, September 2007](https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/ballet-review-national-ballet-of-canadas-giselle), “Her breezy jumps paint her as a confident, yet trusting woman, who initially has no reason to doubt her man. She is also a technical dynamo, nailing every slow, sustained balance and complex turning sequence*.*” (*National Post*) [National Ballet of Canada's Giselle creates the perfect compound](https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/dance-review-national-ballet-of-canadas-giselle-creates-the-perfect-compound), National Post, Dec 06, 2012", "Scheduled a few days before the pandemic shut down theatres throughout the world, her final performance was in the role of Marguerite in Frederick Ashton's  *[Marguerite and Armand](/wiki/Marguerite_and_Armand \"Marguerite and Armand\")*, partnered by [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 \"Guillaume Côté\"). The ballet was acquired in her honour by Karen Kain and the National Ballet,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-19 \\|title\\=Greta Hodgkinson receives a special gift from The National Ballet of Canada on her retirement \\|url\\=https://www.gramilano.com/2019/09/greta\\-hodgkinson\\-receives\\-a\\-special\\-gift\\-from\\-the\\-national\\-ballet\\-of\\-canada\\-on\\-her\\-retirement/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04 \\|website\\=www.gramilano.com \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} as Greta Hodgkinson had expressed the desire to dance a new role rather than reprise a past one.", "### International Guest Artist", "As an International Guest Artist, Greta Hodgkinson performed in over 72 cities and 16 countries. She was invited to dance with the top major ballet companies, including the [Mariinsky Ballet](/wiki/Mariinsky_Ballet \"Mariinsky Ballet\"), [Teatro alla Scala](/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala \"Teatro alla Scala\"), [The Royal Ballet](/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet \"The Royal Ballet\"), [Stuttgart Ballet](/wiki/Stuttgart_Ballet \"Stuttgart Ballet\"), [The Australian Ballet](/wiki/The_Australian_Ballet \"The Australian Ballet\"), Munich Ballet and [Teatro Comunale di Firenze](/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_di_Firenze \"Teatro Comunale di Firenze\"). She has also appeared in many international galas in America, Asia and Europe including the Opening Gala of the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\") (London), the [State Kremlin Palace](/wiki/State_Kremlin_Palace \"State Kremlin Palace\") (Moscow), Gala des Etoiles (Montreal), Stars of the 21st Century (Paris and Toronto) and the Opening Gala of Teatro alla Scala (Milan).", "In 2003, Ms. Hodgkinson appeared at The 10th World Ballet Festival in Tokyo, Japan, the world’s largest and most prestigious dance festival, where she performed with frequent partner [Roberto Bolle](/wiki/Roberto_Bolle \"Roberto Bolle\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=Greta Hodgkinson, O.Ont. \\|url\\=https://national.ballet.ca/Meet/Dancers/Principals/Greta\\-Hodgkinson \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426144921/https://national.ballet.ca/Meet/Dancers/Principals/Greta\\-Hodgkinson \\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2020 \\|website\\=National Ballet of Canada}} considered one of the greatest male dancers of his generation. Over their careers, they danced together in more than 26 cities worldwide and developed a much\\-celebrated partnership. The famed Japanese dancer from the Royal Ballet, [Tetsuya Kumakawa](/wiki/Tetsuya_Kumakawa \"Tetsuya Kumakawa\"), invited Ms. Hodgkinson to tour Japan dancing *[Swan Lake](/wiki/Swan_Lake \"Swan Lake\")* with him and his company, K\\-Ballet where they performed to critical acclaim. Apart from Mr. Bolle and Mr. Kumakawa, Ms. Hodgkinson was sought after by many renowned artists including [Carlos Acosta](/wiki/Carlos_Acosta \"Carlos Acosta\"), [Marcelo Gomes](/wiki/Marcelo_Gomes_%28dancer%29 \"Marcelo Gomes (dancer)\"), [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 \"Guillaume Côté\"), Massimo Murru, [Laurent Hilaire](/wiki/Laurent_Hilaire \"Laurent Hilaire\"), [Federico Bonelli](/wiki/Federico_Bonelli \"Federico Bonelli\"), [Robert Tewsley](/wiki/Robert_Tewsley \"Robert Tewsley\"), [Zdenek Konvalina](/wiki/Zdenek_Konvalina \"Zdenek Konvalina\"), Jason Reilly, [Evan McKie](/wiki/Evan_McKie \"Evan McKie\"), [Steven McRae](/wiki/Steven_McRae \"Steven McRae\") and [Matthew Golding](/wiki/Matthew_Golding_%28dancer%29 \"Matthew Golding (dancer)\").\n[thumb\\|Dancer and choreographer Guillaume Côté and his Muse, *prima ballerina* Greta Hodgkinson, at the chat following the premiere of Guillaume Côté's *Crypto* at Festival des Arts de Saint\\-Sauveur on July 31, 2019\\.](/wiki/File:FASS_2019-07-31_Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Greta_Hodgkinson_after_Crypto.jpg \"FASS 2019-07-31 Guillaume Côté Greta Hodgkinson after Crypto.jpg\")", "### Muse", "Greta Hodgkinson has had numerous roles created for her by the most influential choreographers of the 20th and 21st century. She enjoyed a \"close creative symbiosis\" Article on Greta Hodgkinson by Penelope Reed Doob, Encyclopedia of Dance in Canada pp 273\\-274, Dance Collection Danse Press, 2000\\. with choreographer and former Artistic Director of The National Ballet of Canada, [James Kudelka](/wiki/James_Kudelka \"James Kudelka\"). He created the sensuous summer section of his 1997 abstract ballet, *The Four Seasons*, expressly for Hodgkinson, and considered her a muse.*[Greta Hodgkinson. Class act](https://nuvomagazine.com/magazine/summer-2011/greta-hodgkinson)*., by Deirdre Kelly, NUVO magazine, 2011 As such, she helped create many of the lead roles in works that are now a part of The National Ballet of Canada's permanent repertoire, among them *Swan Lake*, *The Nutcracker*, and *The Firebird*.", "Hodgkinson also worked closely with such icons as [William Forsythe](/wiki/William_Forsythe_%28choreographer%29 \"William Forsythe (choreographer)\"), [Jiri Kylian](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kyli%C3%A1n \"Jiří Kylián\"), [Glen Tetley](/wiki/Glen_Tetley \"Glen Tetley\"), [John Neumeier](/wiki/John_Neumeier \"John Neumeier\"), [Wayne McGregor](/wiki/Wayne_McGregor \"Wayne McGregor\"), [Christopher Wheeldon](/wiki/Christopher_Wheeldon \"Christopher Wheeldon\"), [Crystal Pite](/wiki/Crystal_Pite \"Crystal Pite\") and [Alexei Ratmansky](/wiki/Alexei_Ratmansky \"Alexei Ratmansky\"). She also collaborated with such noted Canadian choreographers as Jean\\-Pierre Perreault, [John Alleyne](/wiki/John_Alleyne_%28dancer%29 \"John Alleyne (dancer)\"), [Robert Desrosiers](/wiki/Robert_Desrosiers \"Robert Desrosiers\") and Jean Grand\\-Maitre as well as emerging young Canadian choreographers Dominique Dumais, [Sabrina Matthews](/wiki/Sabrina_Matthews \"Sabrina Matthews\"), Matjash Mrozewski and [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 \"Guillaume Côté\").", "Over her 30\\-year career, Hodgkinson developed strong chemistry with frequent partners [Rex Harrington](/wiki/Rex_Harrington \"Rex Harrington\"), Aleksandar Antonijevic, Roberto Bolle and Guillaume Côté, \"each one being wonderful in his own way\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ballerina Greta Hodgkinson reflects on 30\\-year career {{!}} Watch News Videos Online \\|url\\=https://globalnews.ca/video/6568440/ballerina\\-greta\\-hodgkinson\\-reflects\\-on\\-30\\-year\\-career/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04 \\|website\\=Global News \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "She continues a prolific creative collaboration with dancer and choreographer [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 \"Guillaume Côté\") as a Muse, Creative Assistant and Rehearsal Director. She created and toured in *Crypto* (2019\\-2022\\), a full evening multimedia work. She performed *Hamlet*’s mother in the Guillaume Côté\\-[Robert Lepage](/wiki/Robert_Lepage \"Robert Lepage\") adaptation of Shakespear’s play, which premiered at Festival des arts de Saint\\-Sauveur in July 2023 to critical acclaim. In 2019, Ballet Kelowna launched its 17th season with Guillaume Côté’s *Bolero* with Greta Hodgkinson as Guest Artist. The company's arftistic director, Simone Orlando, reflects on the experience: \"She is really a superstar. She helped teach *Bolero* as well as offered so much to our dancers. She is fearless. The lifts in this piece are sort of death\\-defying. I’m sitting there, just holding my breath, hoping my dancers are going to catch her!”{{Cite web \\|last\\=SQUIRE \\|first\\=JP \\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-29 \\|title\\=Ballet Kelowna aims high \\|url\\=https://www.pentictonherald.ca/entertainment/article\\_1c323482\\-fa6a\\-11e9\\-b8a9\\-ff2b542eb352\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04 \\|website\\=Penticton Herald \\|language\\=en}}", "### Body of work", "", "> Greta Hodgkinson possesses \"a rare daring and an ability to devour space with aplomb and intelligence.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Herod \\|first\\=Kena \\|date\\=2004\\-06\\-01 \\|title\\=A Perfect Fit \\|url\\=http://maisonneuve.org/article/2004/06/1/perfect\\-fit/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04 \\|website\\=Maisonneuve \\|language\\=en}}", "Known for her formidable technique, delicate physicality and articulate characterization, Greta Hodgkinson has performed every leading role in the classical repertoire as well as contemporary works, leaving a legacy of memorable performances.Article on Greta Hodgkinson by Penelope Reed Doob, Encyclopedia of Dance in Canada pp 273\\-274, Dance Collection Danse Press, 2000 \"Being true to herself in an art form that values conformity is what has enabled Hodgkinson to stand out from the tutu\\-clad pack. She is a ballerina who dances to her own beat, a maverick with a killer work ethic and a heart of gold.\" (Deirdre Kelly, NUVO) {{Cite web \\|title\\=Greta Hodgkinson \\|url\\=https://nuvomagazine.com/magazine/summer\\-2011/greta\\-hodgkinson \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04 \\|website\\=NUVO \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "**Lead roles:**", "* Alice (Glen Tetley)\n* A Month in the Country (Sir Frederick Ashton)\n* Apollo (George Balanchine)\n* Carmen (Davide Bombana)\n* Concerto Barocco (George Balanchine)\n* Divertimento \\#15 (George Balanchine)\n* Don Quixote (after Marius Petipa)\n* Dream Dances (Jiří Kylían)\n* Dying Swan (Michel Fokine)\n* Etudes (Harald Lander)\n* Excelsior (Luigi Manzotti)\n* Forgotten Land (Jiří Kylían)\n* Giselle (Sir Peter Wright)\n* Grand Pas Classique (Victor Gsovsky)\n* Herman Schmerman (William Forsythe)\n* In The Middle, Somewhat Elevated (William Forsythe)\n* In The Night (Jerome Robbins)\n* Jewels (George Balanchine)\n* La Bayadère (Marius Petipa)\n* La Fille mal gardée (Sir Frederick Ashton)\n* La Ronde (Glen Tetley)\n* The Leaves are Fading (Antony Tudor)\n* Manon (Kenneth MacMillan)\n* Marguerite and Armand (Frederick Ashton)\n* Monotones (Kenneth MacMillan)\n* Mozartiana (George Balanchine)\n* Musings (James Kudelka)\n* No. 24 (Guillaume Côté)\n* Nuages (Jiří Kylian)\n* Onegin (John Cranko)\n* Opus 19/The Dreamer (Jerome Robbins)\n* Other Dances (Jerome Robbins)\n* Pastorale (James Kudelka)\n* Paquita (Natalia Makarova)\n* Petite Mort (Jiří Kylían)\n* Romeo and Juliet (John Cranko)\n* Serenade (George Balanchine)\n* Symphony in C (George Balanchine)\n* Sphinx (Glen Tetley)\n* Spring Waters (Asat Messerer)\n* Split House Geometric (John Alleyne)\n* Stravinsky Violin Concerto (George Balanchine)\n* Swan Lake (Erik Bruhn)\n* Tagore (Glen Tetley)\n* Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux (George Balanchine)\n* The Four Temperaments (George Balanchine)\n* The Merry Widow (Ronald Hynd)\n* The Nutcracker (Celia Franca/Derek Deane/James Kudelka)\n* The Sleeping Beauty (Rudolf Nureyev)\n* The Taming of the Shrew (John Cranko)\n* Theme and Variations (George Balanchine)\n* Voluntaries (Glen Tetley)", "**Created Roles / World Premieres**", "* A Delicate Battle (Matjash Mrozewski, 2001\\)\n* An Italian Straw Hat (James Kudelka, 2005\\)\n* Being \\& Nothingness (Guillaume Côté, 2013 \\+ 2015\\)\n* Bolero (Guillaume Côté, 2012\\)\n* Cinderella (James Kudelka, 2004\\)\n* Crypto (Guillaume Côté, 2019\\)\n* Emergence (Crystal Pite, 2009\\)\n* Frames of Mind (Jean Grand\\-Maître, 1993\\)\n* Hamlet (Guillaume Côté, 2018\\)\n* Interrogating Slam (John Alleyne, 1991\\)\n* Now and Then (John Neumeier, 1993\\)\n* one hundred words for snow (Dominque Dumais, 1999\\)\n* Oracle (Glen Tetley, 1994\\)\n* Romeo and Juliet (Alexei Ratmansky, 2011\\)\n* Rooster (Christopher Bruce, 2008\\)\n* Septet (John Alleyne, 1999\\)\n* Swan Lake (James Kudelka, 1999\\)\n* The Comforts of Solitude (Jean\\-Pierre Perrault, 2001\\)\n* The Firebird (James Kudelka, 2000\\)\n* The Four Seasons (James Kudelka, 1997\\)\n* The Nutcracker (James Kudelka, 1995\\)\n* the weight of absence (Dominque Dumais, 1998\\)\n* Tristan and Isolde (John Alleyne, 2003\\)\n* Vittoria (James Kudelka, 1993\\)", "**National Ballet of Canada Premieres**", "* Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Christopher Wheeldon)\n* Approximate Sonata 2016 (William Forsythe)\n* Chroma (Wayne McGregor)\n* clearing (Sabrina Matthews)\n* Company B (Paul Taylor)\n* Cruel World (James Kudelka)\n* Daphnis and Chloe (Glen Tetley)\n* Désir (James Kudelka)\n* Episodes (George Balanchine)\n* In The Upper Room (Twyla Tharp)\n* Polyphonia (Christopher Wheeldon)\n* Rooster (Christopher Bruce)\n* Russian Seasons (Alexei Ratmansky)\n* Tales of the Arabian Nights: The Story of Abdallah (August Bournonville)\n* Terra Firma (James Kudelka)\n* The Concert (Jerome Robbins)\n* The Concert (Jerome Robbins)\n* The Rite of Spring (Glen Tetley)\n* The Seagull (John Neumeier)\n* the second detail (William Forsythe)\n* Waltz pas de deux\n* West Side Story Suite (Jerome Robbins)" ]
Teaching and Mentoring ---------------------- Greta Hodgkinson has assumed the role of Artist\-in\-Residence with the National Ballet of Canada since the company’s 2020\-21 season, teaching and coaching the company’s next generation of dancers in its extensive repertoire.{{Cite web \|title\=The National Ballet of Canada \|url\=https://national.ballet.ca/Meet/Leadership\-and\-Artistic\-Staff/Creative/Greta\-Hodgkinson \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-04 \|website\=national.ballet.ca \|language\=en}} In 2017, she was invited by world renowned choreographer [Alexei Ratmansky](/wiki/Alexei_Ratmansky "Alexei Ratmansky") to stage his version of *Romeo and Juliet* for the famed [Bolshoi](/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre "Bolshoi Theatre") Ballet in Moscow, Russia. She was also Stager, Rehearsal Director and Creative Assistant on *Frame by Frame,* choreographed by [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 "Guillaume Côté"), directed by [Robert Lepage](/wiki/Robert_Lepage "Robert Lepage"). ### Mentoring In 2021, she founded [Dance Mentoring by Greta](https://www.dancementoringbygreta.com/), a unique and comprehensive mentorship program for dancers that addresses the challenges and demands artists face today. Providing dancers with the tools, inspiration, opportunities and feed\-back, Greta hopes to help them realize their goals and aspirations and enjoy a long and successful career. Hodgkinson is a sought\-after judge for international dance competitions worldwide, such as [Youth America Grand Prix](/wiki/Youth_America_Grand_Prix "Youth America Grand Prix") (Toronto and Indianapolis, 2023\). She has served as a peer assessor for Professional Grants Programs. She is a frequent guest speaker for organizations such as Canada’s National Academy of Dance Education Educator’s Conference, the [Armenian Relief Society](/wiki/Armenian_Relief_Society "Armenian Relief Society")’s INSPIRE women’s event and Providence Healthcare Foundation’s Evening of Inspiration. ### Teaching Ms. Hodgkinson is passionate about empowering young artists and is committed to passing on her extensive knowledge and expertise. She is extensively engaged in community outreach, teaching master classes within the community at the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") and in Regent Park as well as across the country and throughout the United States. She is a member of the guest faculty at [Toronto Metropolitan University](/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University "Toronto Metropolitan University"). Recent engagements as guest teacher include OnDance (Milan, Italy, 2020\), The School of Cadence Ballet (Toronto, Canada, 2020\), Ocean State Ballet (Providence, USA, 2022\), Ballet RI (Providence, USA, 2023 also: artistic coach), Ocean State Ballet (Providence, USA, 2023\), The School of Cadence Ballet (Toronto, Canada, 2023\), The National Ballet of Canada (Toronto, Canada, 2023\).
[ "Teaching and Mentoring\n----------------------", "Greta Hodgkinson has assumed the role of Artist\\-in\\-Residence with the National Ballet of Canada since the company’s 2020\\-21 season, teaching and coaching the company’s next generation of dancers in its extensive repertoire.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The National Ballet of Canada \\|url\\=https://national.ballet.ca/Meet/Leadership\\-and\\-Artistic\\-Staff/Creative/Greta\\-Hodgkinson \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-04 \\|website\\=national.ballet.ca \\|language\\=en}}", "In 2017, she was invited by world renowned choreographer [Alexei Ratmansky](/wiki/Alexei_Ratmansky \"Alexei Ratmansky\") to stage his version of *Romeo and Juliet* for the famed [Bolshoi](/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre \"Bolshoi Theatre\") Ballet in Moscow, Russia. She was also Stager, Rehearsal Director and Creative Assistant on *Frame by Frame,* choreographed by [Guillaume Côté](/wiki/Guillaume_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9 \"Guillaume Côté\"), directed by [Robert Lepage](/wiki/Robert_Lepage \"Robert Lepage\").", "### Mentoring", "In 2021, she founded [Dance Mentoring by Greta](https://www.dancementoringbygreta.com/), a unique and comprehensive mentorship program for dancers that addresses the challenges and demands artists face today. Providing dancers with the tools, inspiration, opportunities and feed\\-back, Greta hopes to help them realize their goals and aspirations and enjoy a long and successful career.", "Hodgkinson is a sought\\-after judge for international dance competitions worldwide, such as [Youth America Grand Prix](/wiki/Youth_America_Grand_Prix \"Youth America Grand Prix\") (Toronto and Indianapolis, 2023\\). She has served as a peer assessor for Professional Grants Programs. She is a frequent guest speaker for organizations such as Canada’s National Academy of Dance Education Educator’s Conference, the [Armenian Relief Society](/wiki/Armenian_Relief_Society \"Armenian Relief Society\")’s INSPIRE women’s event and Providence Healthcare Foundation’s Evening of Inspiration.", "### Teaching", "Ms. Hodgkinson is passionate about empowering young artists and is committed to passing on her extensive knowledge and expertise. She is extensively engaged in community outreach, teaching master classes within the community at the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto \"University of Toronto\") and in Regent Park as well as across the country and throughout the United States. She is a member of the guest faculty at [Toronto Metropolitan University](/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University \"Toronto Metropolitan University\").", "Recent engagements as guest teacher include OnDance (Milan, Italy, 2020\\), The School of Cadence Ballet (Toronto, Canada, 2020\\), Ocean State Ballet (Providence, USA, 2022\\), Ballet RI (Providence, USA, 2023 also: artistic coach), Ocean State Ballet (Providence, USA, 2023\\), The School of Cadence Ballet (Toronto, Canada, 2023\\), The National Ballet of Canada (Toronto, Canada, 2023\\).", "" ]
History ------- The [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League "Midwest League") came to [Fort Wayne](/wiki/Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana "Fort Wayne, Indiana") in {{baseball year\|1993}}. The franchise is the oldest in the Midwest League and dates back to the league's beginning as the [Illinois State League](/wiki/Illinois_State_League "Illinois State League"), starting in {{baseball year\|1947}} in [Mattoon, Illinois](/wiki/Mattoon%2C_Illinois "Mattoon, Illinois") as the [Mattoon Indians](/wiki/Mattoon_Indians "Mattoon Indians"). In {{baseball year\|1958}} the team moved to [Keokuk, Iowa](/wiki/Keokuk%2C_Iowa "Keokuk, Iowa"), where it spent five seasons as the [Keokuk Cardinals](/wiki/Keokuk_Cardinals "Keokuk Cardinals"); it was then based in [Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin_Rapids%2C_Wisconsin "Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin") ({{baseball year\|1963}}–{{baseball year\|1983}}) and [Kenosha](/wiki/Kenosha%2C_Wisconsin "Kenosha, Wisconsin"), Wisconsin ({{baseball year\|1984}}–{{baseball year\|1992}}) before moving to Fort Wayne. The team was a [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") farm team before they affiliated with the Padres in {{baseball year\|1999}}. When the team moved to Fort Wayne in 1993, it adopted a new name, the Wizards. The name TinCaps was chosen following the 2008 season, alluding to John Chapman, better known as [Johnny Appleseed](/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed "Johnny Appleseed") (1774–1845\).["Fort Wayne no longer the Wizards."](http://braves.scout.com/a.z?s=248&p=2&c=797033) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195257/http://braves.scout.com/a.z?s\=248\&p\=2\&c\=797033 \|date\=October 29, 2013 }} Scout.com. 2 October 2008\. Retrieved on 10 August 2009\. The Tin Cap refers to the story (dating back to the 19th century), that Johnny Appleseed wore a tin cooking pot as a hat, though this depiction has been disputed by historians.{{Cite web\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8XwUAAAAYAAJ\&q\=tin\+utensil\+\&pg\=PA34\|title\=A History of the Pioneer and Modern Times of Ashland County: From the Earliest to the Present Date\|first\=Horace S.\|last\=Knapp\|date\=July 7, 1863\|publisher\=J.B. Lippincott \& Company\|via\=Google Books}} Chapman spent his final years in Fort Wayne and is buried in the city.{{Cite web \|url\=http://fwnextweb1\.fortwayne.com/ns/ns\_pdf/nspg1\.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-02 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232851/http://fwnextweb1\.fortwayne.com/ns/ns\_pdf/nspg1\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2008\-10\-29 \|url\-status\=dead }} The team's home park was [Memorial Stadium](/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_%28Fort_Wayne%29 "Memorial Stadium (Fort Wayne)"), opened in 1993; a franchise attendance record of 318,506 was also set that year. As part of the [Harrison Square](/wiki/Harrison_Square "Harrison Square") revitalization project, [Parkview Field](/wiki/Parkview_Field "Parkview Field") became the official home of the TinCaps at the start of the 2009 season.Leininger, Kevin, *[2007's top local stories](http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080101/NEWS/801010314)*, *[Fort Wayne News\-Sentinel](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_News-Sentinel "Fort Wayne News-Sentinel")*, January 1, 2008\. Retrieved 2008\-01\-27\. To coincide with the new ballpark, the team held a contest to determine a new name for the Wizards once that new ballpark opened, and "TinCaps" was the result.*[Fort Wayne Wizards to Hold Re\-Naming Contest](http://www.harrisonsquarefortwayne.com/news/default/1/1/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618205447/http://harrisonsquarefortwayne.com/news/default/1/1/ \|date\=2008\-06\-18 }}*, *HarrisonSquareFortWayne.com*, June 15, 2008\. Retrieved 2008\-06\-19\. The mascot of the TinCaps is Johnny TinCap. Previously, for the Wizards, it was Dinger the Dragon and prior to that, the Wizards were represented by Wayne the Wizard. The team won the [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League "Midwest League") 2009 championship by sweeping the [Burlington Bees](/wiki/Burlington_Bees "Burlington Bees"), 3–0\. The first two games were played at Parkview Field and the final, decisive game was played in [Burlington, Iowa](/wiki/Burlington%2C_Iowa "Burlington, Iowa"). The team and its staff were honored at Parkview Field in a special victory rally on September 18, 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tincaps.com/news/default/2/\|title\=Fort Wayne TinCaps\|website\=MiLB.com}} In addition to winning a franchise record\-setting 94 games in their new home, fans shattered the previous attendance record for the season, with 378,529 coming through the turnstiles.Watson, Dan, *["TinCaps Rewrite Franchise Record Book"](http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091007&content_id=7378948&vkey=pr_t584&fext=.jsp&sid=t584){{Dead link\|date\=September 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}*, *tincaps.com*, September 9, 2009\. Retrieved 2010\-05\-26\. The TinCaps also clinched playoff spots in every season of Parkview Field's existence with the exception of 2016\. In conjunction with [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball")'s restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the TinCaps were organized into the [High\-A Central](/wiki/High-A_Central "High-A Central").{{cite web\|last\=Mayo\|first\=Jonathan\|title\=MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/new\-minor\-league\-baseball\-structure\|website\=Major League Baseball\|date\=February 12, 2021\|access\-date\=February 12, 2021}} In 2022, the High\-A Central became known as the Midwest League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.milb.com/news/minor\-league\-baseball\-historical\-league\-names\-to\-return\-in\-2022\|title\=Historical League Names to Return in 2022\|website\=Minor League Baseball\|date\=March 16, 2022\|access\-date\=March 16, 2022}}
[ "History\n-------", "The [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League \"Midwest League\") came to [Fort Wayne](/wiki/Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana \"Fort Wayne, Indiana\") in {{baseball year\\|1993}}. The franchise is the oldest in the Midwest League and dates back to the league's beginning as the [Illinois State League](/wiki/Illinois_State_League \"Illinois State League\"), starting in {{baseball year\\|1947}} in [Mattoon, Illinois](/wiki/Mattoon%2C_Illinois \"Mattoon, Illinois\") as the [Mattoon Indians](/wiki/Mattoon_Indians \"Mattoon Indians\"). In {{baseball year\\|1958}} the team moved to [Keokuk, Iowa](/wiki/Keokuk%2C_Iowa \"Keokuk, Iowa\"), where it spent five seasons as the [Keokuk Cardinals](/wiki/Keokuk_Cardinals \"Keokuk Cardinals\"); it was then based in [Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin_Rapids%2C_Wisconsin \"Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin\") ({{baseball year\\|1963}}–{{baseball year\\|1983}}) and [Kenosha](/wiki/Kenosha%2C_Wisconsin \"Kenosha, Wisconsin\"), Wisconsin ({{baseball year\\|1984}}–{{baseball year\\|1992}}) before moving to Fort Wayne. The team was a [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") farm team before they affiliated with the Padres in {{baseball year\\|1999}}. When the team moved to Fort Wayne in 1993, it adopted a new name, the Wizards.", "The name TinCaps was chosen following the 2008 season, alluding to John Chapman, better known as [Johnny Appleseed](/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed \"Johnny Appleseed\") (1774–1845\\).[\"Fort Wayne no longer the Wizards.\"](http://braves.scout.com/a.z?s=248&p=2&c=797033) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195257/http://braves.scout.com/a.z?s\\=248\\&p\\=2\\&c\\=797033 \\|date\\=October 29, 2013 }} Scout.com. 2 October 2008\\. Retrieved on 10 August 2009\\. The Tin Cap refers to the story (dating back to the 19th century), that Johnny Appleseed wore a tin cooking pot as a hat, though this depiction has been disputed by historians.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8XwUAAAAYAAJ\\&q\\=tin\\+utensil\\+\\&pg\\=PA34\\|title\\=A History of the Pioneer and Modern Times of Ashland County: From the Earliest to the Present Date\\|first\\=Horace S.\\|last\\=Knapp\\|date\\=July 7, 1863\\|publisher\\=J.B. Lippincott \\& Company\\|via\\=Google Books}} Chapman spent his final years in Fort Wayne and is buried in the city.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://fwnextweb1\\.fortwayne.com/ns/ns\\_pdf/nspg1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-02 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232851/http://fwnextweb1\\.fortwayne.com/ns/ns\\_pdf/nspg1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The team's home park was [Memorial Stadium](/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_%28Fort_Wayne%29 \"Memorial Stadium (Fort Wayne)\"), opened in 1993; a franchise attendance record of 318,506 was also set that year. As part of the [Harrison Square](/wiki/Harrison_Square \"Harrison Square\") revitalization project, [Parkview Field](/wiki/Parkview_Field \"Parkview Field\") became the official home of the TinCaps at the start of the 2009 season.Leininger, Kevin, *[2007's top local stories](http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080101/NEWS/801010314)*, *[Fort Wayne News\\-Sentinel](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_News-Sentinel \"Fort Wayne News-Sentinel\")*, January 1, 2008\\. Retrieved 2008\\-01\\-27\\. To coincide with the new ballpark, the team held a contest to determine a new name for the Wizards once that new ballpark opened, and \"TinCaps\" was the result.*[Fort Wayne Wizards to Hold Re\\-Naming Contest](http://www.harrisonsquarefortwayne.com/news/default/1/1/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618205447/http://harrisonsquarefortwayne.com/news/default/1/1/ \\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-18 }}*, *HarrisonSquareFortWayne.com*, June 15, 2008\\. Retrieved 2008\\-06\\-19\\.", "The mascot of the TinCaps is Johnny TinCap. Previously, for the Wizards, it was Dinger the Dragon and prior to that, the Wizards were represented by Wayne the Wizard.", "The team won the [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League \"Midwest League\") 2009 championship by sweeping the [Burlington Bees](/wiki/Burlington_Bees \"Burlington Bees\"), 3–0\\. The first two games were played at Parkview Field and the final, decisive game was played in [Burlington, Iowa](/wiki/Burlington%2C_Iowa \"Burlington, Iowa\"). The team and its staff were honored at Parkview Field in a special victory rally on September 18, 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tincaps.com/news/default/2/\\|title\\=Fort Wayne TinCaps\\|website\\=MiLB.com}} In addition to winning a franchise record\\-setting 94 games in their new home, fans shattered the previous attendance record for the season, with 378,529 coming through the turnstiles.Watson, Dan, *[\"TinCaps Rewrite Franchise Record Book\"](http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091007&content_id=7378948&vkey=pr_t584&fext=.jsp&sid=t584){{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}*, *tincaps.com*, September 9, 2009\\. Retrieved 2010\\-05\\-26\\.", "The TinCaps also clinched playoff spots in every season of Parkview Field's existence with the exception of 2016\\.", "In conjunction with [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\")'s restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the TinCaps were organized into the [High\\-A Central](/wiki/High-A_Central \"High-A Central\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Mayo\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|title\\=MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/new\\-minor\\-league\\-baseball\\-structure\\|website\\=Major League Baseball\\|date\\=February 12, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2021}} In 2022, the High\\-A Central became known as the Midwest League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.milb.com/news/minor\\-league\\-baseball\\-historical\\-league\\-names\\-to\\-return\\-in\\-2022\\|title\\=Historical League Names to Return in 2022\\|website\\=Minor League Baseball\\|date\\=March 16, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2022}}", "" ]
National League Championship Series ----------------------------------- {{Main article\|2000 National League Championship Series}} ### (2\) St. Louis Cardinals vs. (4\) New York Mets {{MLB Playoff Summary \| summary \= \| winner \= New York \| score \= 4–1 \| score1 \= '''\[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]]''' – 6, \[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 2 \| date1 \= October 11 \| loc1 \= \[\[Busch Memorial Stadium\|Busch Stadium (II)]] \| time1 \= 3:08 \| att1 \= 52,255 \| ref1 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10110SLN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 1 \- New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} \| score2 \= '''\[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]]''' – 6, \[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 5 \| date2 \= October 12 \| loc2 \= \[\[Busch Memorial Stadium\|Busch Stadium (II)]] \| time2 \= 3:59 \| att2 \= 52,250 \| ref2 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10120SLN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 2 \- New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} \| score3 \= '''\[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]]''' – 8, \[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]] – 2 \| date3 \= October 14 \| loc3 \= \[\[Shea Stadium]] \| time3 \= 3:23 \| att3 \= 55,693 \| ref3 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10140NYN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 3 \- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} \| score4 \= \[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 6, '''\[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]]''' – 10 \| date4 \= October 15 \| loc4 \= \[\[Shea Stadium]] \| time4 \= 3:14 \| att4 \= 55,665 \| ref4 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10150NYN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 4 \- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} \| score5 \= \[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 0, '''\[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]]''' – 7 \| date5 \= October 16 \| loc5 \= \[\[Shea Stadium]] \| time5 \= 3:17 \| att5 \= 55,695 \| ref5 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10160NYN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 5 \- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} }} This was the first postseason meeting between the Mets and Cardinals. The Mets defeated the Cardinals in five games to return to the World Series for the first time since [1986](/wiki/1986_World_Series "1986 World Series"). The Mets stole Games 1 and 2 in St. Louis to go up 2\-0 in the series heading back to Queens. In Game 3, the Cardinals blew out the Mets to avoid a sweep. However, the Mets responded by winning Game 4 by a 10\-6 score, and then blew out the Cardinals in a 7\-0 shutout to secure the pennant. This was the second edition of the postseason where both teams from [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") appeared in the LCS. This phenomenon occurred [the previous year](/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_postseason "1999 Major League Baseball postseason"), and would occur once more in [2024](/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_postseason "2024 Major League Baseball postseason"). The Cardinals returned to the NLCS in [2002](/wiki/2002_NLCS "2002 NLCS"), but they fell to the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") in five games. They would win their next NL pennant in [2004](/wiki/2004_NLCS "2004 NLCS"), against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") in seven games. This was the last time the Mets won the NL pennant until [2015](/wiki/2015_NLCS "2015 NLCS"), where they swept the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") before falling in the World Series. Both teams would meet again in the [2006 NLCS](/wiki/2006_NLCS "2006 NLCS"), which the Cardinals won in seven games en route to a World Series title.
[ "National League Championship Series\n-----------------------------------", "{{Main article\\|2000 National League Championship Series}}", "### (2\\) St. Louis Cardinals vs. (4\\) New York Mets", "{{MLB Playoff Summary\n\\| summary \\=\n\\| winner \\= New York\n\\| score \\= 4–1\n\\| score1 \\= '''\\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]]''' – 6, \\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 2\n\\| date1 \\= October 11\n\\| loc1 \\= \\[\\[Busch Memorial Stadium\\|Busch Stadium (II)]]\n\\| time1 \\= 3:08\n\\| att1 \\= 52,255\n\\| ref1 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10110SLN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 1 \\- New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}", "\\| score2 \\= '''\\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]]''' – 6, \\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 5\n\\| date2 \\= October 12\n\\| loc2 \\= \\[\\[Busch Memorial Stadium\\|Busch Stadium (II)]]\n\\| time2 \\= 3:59\n\\| att2 \\= 52,250\n\\| ref2 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10120SLN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 2 \\- New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}", "\\| score3 \\= '''\\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]]''' – 8, \\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]] – 2\n\\| date3 \\= October 14\n\\| loc3 \\= \\[\\[Shea Stadium]]\n\\| time3 \\= 3:23\n\\| att3 \\= 55,693\n\\| ref3 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10140NYN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 3 \\- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}", "\\| score4 \\= \\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 6, '''\\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]]''' – 10\n\\| date4 \\= October 15\n\\| loc4 \\= \\[\\[Shea Stadium]]\n\\| time4 \\= 3:14\n\\| att4 \\= 55,665\n\\| ref4 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10150NYN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 4 \\- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}", "\\| score5 \\= \\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 0, '''\\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]]''' – 7\n\\| date5 \\= October 16\n\\| loc5 \\= \\[\\[Shea Stadium]]\n\\| time5 \\= 3:17\n\\| att5 \\= 55,695\n\\| ref5 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10160NYN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 5 \\- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}\n}}", "This was the first postseason meeting between the Mets and Cardinals. The Mets defeated the Cardinals in five games to return to the World Series for the first time since [1986](/wiki/1986_World_Series \"1986 World Series\").", "The Mets stole Games 1 and 2 in St. Louis to go up 2\\-0 in the series heading back to Queens. In Game 3, the Cardinals blew out the Mets to avoid a sweep. However, the Mets responded by winning Game 4 by a 10\\-6 score, and then blew out the Cardinals in a 7\\-0 shutout to secure the pennant.", "This was the second edition of the postseason where both teams from [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") appeared in the LCS. This phenomenon occurred [the previous year](/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_postseason \"1999 Major League Baseball postseason\"), and would occur once more in [2024](/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_postseason \"2024 Major League Baseball postseason\").", "The Cardinals returned to the NLCS in [2002](/wiki/2002_NLCS \"2002 NLCS\"), but they fell to the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") in five games. They would win their next NL pennant in [2004](/wiki/2004_NLCS \"2004 NLCS\"), against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") in seven games. This was the last time the Mets won the NL pennant until [2015](/wiki/2015_NLCS \"2015 NLCS\"), where they swept the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") before falling in the World Series.", "Both teams would meet again in the [2006 NLCS](/wiki/2006_NLCS \"2006 NLCS\"), which the Cardinals won in seven games en route to a World Series title.", "" ]
### (2\) St. Louis Cardinals vs. (4\) New York Mets {{MLB Playoff Summary \| summary \= \| winner \= New York \| score \= 4–1 \| score1 \= '''\[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]]''' – 6, \[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 2 \| date1 \= October 11 \| loc1 \= \[\[Busch Memorial Stadium\|Busch Stadium (II)]] \| time1 \= 3:08 \| att1 \= 52,255 \| ref1 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10110SLN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 1 \- New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} \| score2 \= '''\[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]]''' – 6, \[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 5 \| date2 \= October 12 \| loc2 \= \[\[Busch Memorial Stadium\|Busch Stadium (II)]] \| time2 \= 3:59 \| att2 \= 52,250 \| ref2 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10120SLN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 2 \- New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} \| score3 \= '''\[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]]''' – 8, \[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]] – 2 \| date3 \= October 14 \| loc3 \= \[\[Shea Stadium]] \| time3 \= 3:23 \| att3 \= 55,693 \| ref3 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10140NYN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 3 \- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} \| score4 \= \[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 6, '''\[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]]''' – 10 \| date4 \= October 15 \| loc4 \= \[\[Shea Stadium]] \| time4 \= 3:14 \| att4 \= 55,665 \| ref4 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10150NYN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 4 \- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} \| score5 \= \[\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 0, '''\[\[2000 New York Mets season\|New York Mets]]''' – 7 \| date5 \= October 16 \| loc5 \= \[\[Shea Stadium]] \| time5 \= 3:17 \| att5 \= 55,695 \| ref5 \= {{cite web\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10160NYN2000\.htm\|title\=2000 NLCS Game 5 \- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\|access\-date\=12 July 2022\|publisher\=Retrosheet}} }} This was the first postseason meeting between the Mets and Cardinals. The Mets defeated the Cardinals in five games to return to the World Series for the first time since [1986](/wiki/1986_World_Series "1986 World Series"). The Mets stole Games 1 and 2 in St. Louis to go up 2\-0 in the series heading back to Queens. In Game 3, the Cardinals blew out the Mets to avoid a sweep. However, the Mets responded by winning Game 4 by a 10\-6 score, and then blew out the Cardinals in a 7\-0 shutout to secure the pennant. This was the second edition of the postseason where both teams from [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") appeared in the LCS. This phenomenon occurred [the previous year](/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_postseason "1999 Major League Baseball postseason"), and would occur once more in [2024](/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_postseason "2024 Major League Baseball postseason"). The Cardinals returned to the NLCS in [2002](/wiki/2002_NLCS "2002 NLCS"), but they fell to the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") in five games. They would win their next NL pennant in [2004](/wiki/2004_NLCS "2004 NLCS"), against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") in seven games. This was the last time the Mets won the NL pennant until [2015](/wiki/2015_NLCS "2015 NLCS"), where they swept the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") before falling in the World Series. Both teams would meet again in the [2006 NLCS](/wiki/2006_NLCS "2006 NLCS"), which the Cardinals won in seven games en route to a World Series title.
[ "### (2\\) St. Louis Cardinals vs. (4\\) New York Mets", "{{MLB Playoff Summary\n\\| summary \\=\n\\| winner \\= New York\n\\| score \\= 4–1\n\\| score1 \\= '''\\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]]''' – 6, \\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 2\n\\| date1 \\= October 11\n\\| loc1 \\= \\[\\[Busch Memorial Stadium\\|Busch Stadium (II)]]\n\\| time1 \\= 3:08\n\\| att1 \\= 52,255\n\\| ref1 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10110SLN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 1 \\- New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}", "\\| score2 \\= '''\\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]]''' – 6, \\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 5\n\\| date2 \\= October 12\n\\| loc2 \\= \\[\\[Busch Memorial Stadium\\|Busch Stadium (II)]]\n\\| time2 \\= 3:59\n\\| att2 \\= 52,250\n\\| ref2 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10120SLN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 2 \\- New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}", "\\| score3 \\= '''\\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]]''' – 8, \\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]] – 2\n\\| date3 \\= October 14\n\\| loc3 \\= \\[\\[Shea Stadium]]\n\\| time3 \\= 3:23\n\\| att3 \\= 55,693\n\\| ref3 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10140NYN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 3 \\- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}", "\\| score4 \\= \\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 6, '''\\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]]''' – 10\n\\| date4 \\= October 15\n\\| loc4 \\= \\[\\[Shea Stadium]]\n\\| time4 \\= 3:14\n\\| att4 \\= 55,665\n\\| ref4 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10150NYN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 4 \\- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}", "\\| score5 \\= \\[\\[2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\\|St. Louis Cardinals]] – 0, '''\\[\\[2000 New York Mets season\\|New York Mets]]''' – 7\n\\| date5 \\= October 16\n\\| loc5 \\= \\[\\[Shea Stadium]]\n\\| time5 \\= 3:17\n\\| att5 \\= 55,695\n\\| ref5 \\= {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2000/B10160NYN2000\\.htm\\|title\\=2000 NLCS Game 5 \\- St. Louis Cardinals vs. New York Mets\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022\\|publisher\\=Retrosheet}}\n}}", "This was the first postseason meeting between the Mets and Cardinals. The Mets defeated the Cardinals in five games to return to the World Series for the first time since [1986](/wiki/1986_World_Series \"1986 World Series\").", "The Mets stole Games 1 and 2 in St. Louis to go up 2\\-0 in the series heading back to Queens. In Game 3, the Cardinals blew out the Mets to avoid a sweep. However, the Mets responded by winning Game 4 by a 10\\-6 score, and then blew out the Cardinals in a 7\\-0 shutout to secure the pennant.", "This was the second edition of the postseason where both teams from [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") appeared in the LCS. This phenomenon occurred [the previous year](/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_postseason \"1999 Major League Baseball postseason\"), and would occur once more in [2024](/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_postseason \"2024 Major League Baseball postseason\").", "The Cardinals returned to the NLCS in [2002](/wiki/2002_NLCS \"2002 NLCS\"), but they fell to the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") in five games. They would win their next NL pennant in [2004](/wiki/2004_NLCS \"2004 NLCS\"), against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") in seven games. This was the last time the Mets won the NL pennant until [2015](/wiki/2015_NLCS \"2015 NLCS\"), where they swept the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") before falling in the World Series.", "Both teams would meet again in the [2006 NLCS](/wiki/2006_NLCS \"2006 NLCS\"), which the Cardinals won in seven games en route to a World Series title.", "" ]
History ------- Rayonier was founded in 1926 as the **Rainier Pulp and Paper Company** in [Shelton, Washington](/wiki/Shelton%2C_Washington "Shelton, Washington"), with a headquarters office in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), [California](/wiki/California "California"). Its name was inspired by [Mount Rainier](/wiki/Mount_Rainier "Mount Rainier") in Washington state. Its first mill opened the next year in Shelton [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)"), on the [Olympic Peninsula](/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula "Olympic Peninsula"). The mill used *[Tsuga heterophylla](/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla "Tsuga heterophylla")* (western hemlock) trees to create a premium bleached paper pulp. In September 1930, Rainier Pulp and Paper began working with the [DuPont](/wiki/DuPont "DuPont") chemical company to produce [hemlock](/wiki/Tsuga "Tsuga") pulp for the manufacture of [rayon](/wiki/Rayon "Rayon").Rayonier History, B.B. Thomas, 17 April 1968 Two additional pulp mills were constructed and began operation in the state of [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)") at [Hoquiam, Washington](/wiki/Hoquiam%2C_Washington "Hoquiam, Washington") and [Port Angeles, Washington](/wiki/Port_Angeles%2C_Washington "Port Angeles, Washington"). Rainier Pulp and Paper changed its name to Rayonier, a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of the words *rayon* and *Rainier*, in 1937, when it became a publicly traded company. The following year, the company acquired timber stands in the southeastern United States, and began construction of a [Fernandina Beach, Florida](/wiki/Fernandina_Beach%2C_Florida "Fernandina Beach, Florida"), pulp mill, which began production in 1939\.{{cite book \|last1\=Erickson \|first1\=Russell \|title\=The Story of Rayonier Incorporated \|date\=1 January 1963 \|publisher\=Newcomen Press}} In 1944, the company moved its offices to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). As World War II ended, Rayonier began making large land purchases in the Pacific Northwest. The Rayonier Foundation was created in 1952 to provide assistance to charitable, civic and education organizations in the communities where Rayonier did business.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2017}} Rayonier opened international sales offices in Europe and Asia during 1954\. That same year, another pulp mill in the southeast was constructed at [Jesup, Georgia](/wiki/Jesup%2C_Georgia "Jesup, Georgia"). High demand prompted the facility to double its capacity by 1957\.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2017}} [ITT](/wiki/ITT_Corporation "ITT Corporation") purchased the company in 1968 and the name changed to ITT Rayonier.{{Cite news \|last\=Cole \|first\=Robert J. \|date\=1981\-09\-15 \|title\=I.T.T. HOLDS RAYONIE SALES TALKS \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/15/business/itt\-holds\-rayonie\-sales\-talks.html \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-24 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} The Jesup mill grew larger in 1974, becoming the largest pulp mill on earth.{{Cite news \|last\=Metha \|first\=Guatama \|date\= \|title\=Georgia pulp mill accused of polluting Altamaha River. How is the state responding? \|work\=Macon.com \|url\=https://www.macon.com/news/article267105876\.html}} Company headquarters were moved again in 1978; this time to [Stamford, Connecticut](/wiki/Stamford%2C_Connecticut "Stamford, Connecticut"). Diplomatic relations with [China](/wiki/China "China") were restored in 1979\. The following year, Rayonier received orders for pulp and logs. It took almost five years to receive permission to open an office in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") in 1985\.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} A log\-trading office was opened in New Zealand during 1988\. The New Zealand government sold Rayonier {{convert\|250000\|acre\|km2}} of timberland in 1992\.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} The company was spun off from ITT in 1994 with the company name reverting to Rayonier and shares again traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Rayonier purchased {{convert\|969000\|acre\|km2}} of timberland in Florida, Georgia and Alabama in 1999, then relocated the corporate offices to [Jacksonville, Florida](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida "Jacksonville, Florida"), to be closer to company employees and properties.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.floridatrend.com/print\_article.asp?aID\=49568\|title\=Fla. Companies With Promise\|website\=FloridaTrend.com\|access\-date\=July 9, 2017}} Rayonier converted to a [real estate investment trust](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust "Real estate investment trust") (REIT) on January 1, 2004\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rayonier.com/History.aspx\|title\=Rayonier, Inc. History\|website\=Rayonier.com\|access\-date\=July 9, 2017}} TerraPointe LLC was established in 2005 to manage properties with development potential.{{Cite book \|last\=Gordon \|first\=Mark \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=o5IThLJzX2UC\&dq\=terrapointe\+llc\+2005\&pg\=PA222 \|title\=The Complete Guide to Investing in REITs, Real Estate Investment Trusts: How to Earn High Rates of Return Safely \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=Atlantic Publishing Company \|isbn\=978\-1\-60138\-256\-6 \|pages\=222 \|language\=en}} The 2006 purchase of {{convert\|228000\|acre\|km2}} in six states brought the company's total of land owned, leased or managed to {{convert\|2600000\|acre\|km2}} in the U.S. and New Zealand. In March 2008, the company purchased {{convert\|56300\|acre\|km2}} for $215 million in southwest Washington state from Sierra Pacific {{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/rayonier\-land\-idUSWNAS458720080312\|title\=Rayonier to buy timberlands for $215 mln\|date\=March 12, 2008\|access\-date\=July 9, 2017\|newspaper\=Reuters}} In March 2013, the company sold its wood products division, including its mills in Baxley, Swainsboro, and Eatonton, [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)"), to [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia")\-based [International Forest Products](/wiki/International_Forest_Products "International Forest Products") (Interfor) for $80 million.{{cite web\|title\=Interfor buys three Georgia sawmills from Rayonier for $80 million\|url\=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/business\-news/interfor\-buys\-three\-georgia\-sawmills\-from\-rayonier\-for\-80\-million/\|publisher\=Canadian Business\|access\-date\=March 6, 2013}} In April 2013, the company increased its shareholding in the joint venture *Matariki Forestry Group in New Zealand from 26% to 65% for $140 million.* In May 2014, Rayonier named David L. Nunes as post\-separation president and CEO for Rayonier.{{cite web\|url\=http://phx.corporate\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\=91500\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=1929740\|title\=Rayonier \- Investor Relations \- Press Release\|website\=phx.Corporate\-IR.net\|access\-date\=July 9, 2017}} A [class action](/wiki/Class_action "Class action") against members of the former management team by certain shareholders was launched for the period from October 26, 2010, to November 7, 2014, claiming over\-harvesting while communicating publicly harvesting below a sustainable rate.{{cite web \|url\=https://rayoniersecuritiessettlement.com/Content/Documents/Complaint.pdf\|title\=IN RE RAYONIER INC. SECURITIES LITIGATION \|publisher\=SAXENA WHITE P.A.\|date\=September 25, 2015 \|access\-date\=July 5, 2017}} On October 5, 2017, the court entered orders approving the settlement and a plan of distribution terminating these class actions. In June 2014, Rayonier spun off its performance fibers business into an independent, publicly traded company, [Rayonier Advanced Materials](/wiki/Rayonier_Advanced_Materials "Rayonier Advanced Materials") Inc. (NYSE: RYAM).{{cite web \|url\=http://phx.corporate\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\=91500\&p\=irol\-presentations\|title\=Separation of Performance Fibers \|publisher\=Rayonier\|date\=January 27, 2014 \|format\=PDF\|access\-date\=April 23, 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://phx.corporate\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\=91500\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=1929740\&highlight\=\|title\=Rayonier Names David Nunes Post\-Separation CEO for Rayonier \|publisher\=Rayonier\|date\=May 12, 2014 \|format\=PDF\|access\-date\=May 21, 2014}} Shareholders of Rayonier received one share of the new Rayonier Advanced Materials company for every three shares of Rayonier on June 27, 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://phx.corporate\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\=91500\&p\=RssLanding\&cat\=news\&id\=1934709\|title\=Rayonier \- Investor Relations \- RSS Content\|website\=phx.Corporate\-IR.net\|access\-date\=July 9, 2017}} In August 2015, Rayonier announced its ownership in the New Zealand joint venture will increase from 65% to approximately 77%, as part of an anticipated recapitalization of the JV.{{cite web\|url\=http://phx.corporate\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\=91500\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=2076192\|title\=Rayonier \- Investor Relations \- Press Release\|website\=phx.Corporate\-IR.net\|access\-date\=July 9, 2017}} In May 2016, Rayonier announced upgrades to it Pacific Northwest timberland portfolio through the acquisition of 61,000 acres of timberlands in western Oregon for $263 million, and a disposition of 55,000 acres comprising predominantly pre\-merchantable timber in Washington state for $130 million.{{cite web \| url\=https://ir.rayonier.com/static\-files/38bed8eb\-4275\-45dc\-b787\-aa1e62c022c3 \| title\=Rayonier Upgrades Pacific Northwest Timberland Portfolio Through Acquisition of 61,000 acres and Disposition of 55,000 acres \| publisher\=Rayonier \| date\=May 2, 2016 \| access\-date\=November 10, 2018}} In August 2017, Rayonier consolidated its corporate headquarters, real estate, and forest resources offices into a newly constructed, state\-of\-the\-art building in Wildlight, Florida.{{Cite web \|date\=2017\-11\-06 \|title\=Rayonier officially moves headquarters to Nassau County \|url\=https://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/news/2017/nov/06/rayonier\-officially\-moves\-headquarters\-to\-nassau\-county/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-24 \|website\=Jax Daily Record \|language\=en}} The company is currently constructing a 23,600 acre development in Wildlight.{{Cite web \|last\=Scanlan \|first\=Dan \|title\=Nassau's county attorney resigns after State Attorney's Office findings that he 'committed criminal acts' \|url\=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/courts/2022/03/15/nassaus\-county\-attorney\-resigns\-after\-rayonier\-investigation\-in\-florida/7002968001/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-24 \|website\=The Florida Times\-Union \|language\=en\-US}} It began work on phase two of the project in 2022, developing 15,000 acres of land.{{Cite web \|last\=Godwin \|first\=Brent \|title\=Rayonier beginning work on 15,000 acres for second phase of Wildlight \|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/jacksonville/news/2022/01/25/rayonier\-beginning\-work\-on\-15\-000\-acres\-for\-second.html \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-24 \|website\=www.bizjournals.com}} In May 2020, Rayonier acquired Pope Resources'' in the Pacific Northwest.
[ "History\n-------", "Rayonier was founded in 1926 as the **Rainier Pulp and Paper Company** in [Shelton, Washington](/wiki/Shelton%2C_Washington \"Shelton, Washington\"), with a headquarters office in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). Its name was inspired by [Mount Rainier](/wiki/Mount_Rainier \"Mount Rainier\") in Washington state. Its first mill opened the next year in Shelton [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\"), on the [Olympic Peninsula](/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula \"Olympic Peninsula\"). The mill used *[Tsuga heterophylla](/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla \"Tsuga heterophylla\")* (western hemlock) trees to create a premium bleached paper pulp.", "In September 1930, Rainier Pulp and Paper began working with the [DuPont](/wiki/DuPont \"DuPont\") chemical company to produce [hemlock](/wiki/Tsuga \"Tsuga\") pulp for the manufacture of [rayon](/wiki/Rayon \"Rayon\").Rayonier History, B.B. Thomas, 17 April 1968 Two additional pulp mills were constructed and began operation in the state of [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\") at [Hoquiam, Washington](/wiki/Hoquiam%2C_Washington \"Hoquiam, Washington\") and [Port Angeles, Washington](/wiki/Port_Angeles%2C_Washington \"Port Angeles, Washington\").", "Rainier Pulp and Paper changed its name to Rayonier, a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") of the words *rayon* and *Rainier*, in 1937, when it became a publicly traded company. The following year, the company acquired timber stands in the southeastern United States, and began construction of a [Fernandina Beach, Florida](/wiki/Fernandina_Beach%2C_Florida \"Fernandina Beach, Florida\"), pulp mill, which began production in 1939\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Erickson \\|first1\\=Russell \\|title\\=The Story of Rayonier Incorporated \\|date\\=1 January 1963 \\|publisher\\=Newcomen Press}}", "In 1944, the company moved its offices to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). As World War II ended, Rayonier began making large land purchases in the Pacific Northwest. The Rayonier Foundation was created in 1952 to provide assistance to charitable, civic and education organizations in the communities where Rayonier did business.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2017}}", "Rayonier opened international sales offices in Europe and Asia during 1954\\. That same year, another pulp mill in the southeast was constructed at [Jesup, Georgia](/wiki/Jesup%2C_Georgia \"Jesup, Georgia\"). High demand prompted the facility to double its capacity by 1957\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2017}}", "[ITT](/wiki/ITT_Corporation \"ITT Corporation\") purchased the company in 1968 and the name changed to ITT Rayonier.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Cole \\|first\\=Robert J. \\|date\\=1981\\-09\\-15 \\|title\\=I.T.T. HOLDS RAYONIE SALES TALKS \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/15/business/itt\\-holds\\-rayonie\\-sales\\-talks.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-24 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "The Jesup mill grew larger in 1974, becoming the largest pulp mill on earth.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Metha \\|first\\=Guatama \\|date\\= \\|title\\=Georgia pulp mill accused of polluting Altamaha River. How is the state responding? \\|work\\=Macon.com \\|url\\=https://www.macon.com/news/article267105876\\.html}}", "Company headquarters were moved again in 1978; this time to [Stamford, Connecticut](/wiki/Stamford%2C_Connecticut \"Stamford, Connecticut\").", "Diplomatic relations with [China](/wiki/China \"China\") were restored in 1979\\. The following year, Rayonier received orders for pulp and logs. It took almost five years to receive permission to open an office in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\") in 1985\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}", "A log\\-trading office was opened in New Zealand during 1988\\. The New Zealand government sold Rayonier {{convert\\|250000\\|acre\\|km2}} of timberland in 1992\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}", "The company was spun off from ITT in 1994 with the company name reverting to Rayonier and shares again traded on the New York Stock Exchange.", "Rayonier purchased {{convert\\|969000\\|acre\\|km2}} of timberland in Florida, Georgia and Alabama in 1999, then relocated the corporate offices to [Jacksonville, Florida](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida \"Jacksonville, Florida\"), to be closer to company employees and properties.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.floridatrend.com/print\\_article.asp?aID\\=49568\\|title\\=Fla. Companies With Promise\\|website\\=FloridaTrend.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2017}}", "Rayonier converted to a [real estate investment trust](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust \"Real estate investment trust\") (REIT) on January 1, 2004\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rayonier.com/History.aspx\\|title\\=Rayonier, Inc. History\\|website\\=Rayonier.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2017}}\nTerraPointe LLC was established in 2005 to manage properties with development potential.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gordon \\|first\\=Mark \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=o5IThLJzX2UC\\&dq\\=terrapointe\\+llc\\+2005\\&pg\\=PA222 \\|title\\=The Complete Guide to Investing in REITs, Real Estate Investment Trusts: How to Earn High Rates of Return Safely \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Atlantic Publishing Company \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-60138\\-256\\-6 \\|pages\\=222 \\|language\\=en}}", "The 2006 purchase of {{convert\\|228000\\|acre\\|km2}} in six states brought the company's total of land owned, leased or managed to {{convert\\|2600000\\|acre\\|km2}} in the U.S. and New Zealand.", "In March 2008, the company purchased {{convert\\|56300\\|acre\\|km2}} for $215 million in southwest Washington state from Sierra Pacific {{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/rayonier\\-land\\-idUSWNAS458720080312\\|title\\=Rayonier to buy timberlands for $215 mln\\|date\\=March 12, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2017\\|newspaper\\=Reuters}}", "In March 2013, the company sold its wood products division, including its mills in Baxley, Swainsboro, and Eatonton, [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\"), to [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\")\\-based [International Forest Products](/wiki/International_Forest_Products \"International Forest Products\") (Interfor) for $80 million.{{cite web\\|title\\=Interfor buys three Georgia sawmills from Rayonier for $80 million\\|url\\=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/business\\-news/interfor\\-buys\\-three\\-georgia\\-sawmills\\-from\\-rayonier\\-for\\-80\\-million/\\|publisher\\=Canadian Business\\|access\\-date\\=March 6, 2013}}", "In April 2013, the company increased its shareholding in the joint venture *Matariki Forestry Group in New Zealand from 26% to 65% for $140 million.*", "In May 2014, Rayonier named David L. Nunes as post\\-separation president and CEO for Rayonier.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://phx.corporate\\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=91500\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=1929740\\|title\\=Rayonier \\- Investor Relations \\- Press Release\\|website\\=phx.Corporate\\-IR.net\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2017}}\nA [class action](/wiki/Class_action \"Class action\") against members of the former management team by certain shareholders was launched for the period from October 26, 2010, to November 7, 2014, claiming over\\-harvesting while communicating publicly harvesting below a sustainable rate.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://rayoniersecuritiessettlement.com/Content/Documents/Complaint.pdf\\|title\\=IN RE RAYONIER INC. SECURITIES LITIGATION \\|publisher\\=SAXENA WHITE P.A.\\|date\\=September 25, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2017}}\nOn October 5, 2017, the court entered orders approving the settlement and a plan of distribution terminating these class actions.\nIn June 2014, Rayonier spun off its performance fibers business into an independent, publicly traded company, [Rayonier Advanced Materials](/wiki/Rayonier_Advanced_Materials \"Rayonier Advanced Materials\") Inc. (NYSE: RYAM).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://phx.corporate\\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=91500\\&p\\=irol\\-presentations\\|title\\=Separation of Performance Fibers \\|publisher\\=Rayonier\\|date\\=January 27, 2014 \\|format\\=PDF\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://phx.corporate\\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=91500\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=1929740\\&highlight\\=\\|title\\=Rayonier Names David Nunes Post\\-Separation CEO for Rayonier \\|publisher\\=Rayonier\\|date\\=May 12, 2014 \\|format\\=PDF\\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2014}} Shareholders of Rayonier received one share of the new Rayonier Advanced Materials company for every three shares of Rayonier on June 27, 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://phx.corporate\\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=91500\\&p\\=RssLanding\\&cat\\=news\\&id\\=1934709\\|title\\=Rayonier \\- Investor Relations \\- RSS Content\\|website\\=phx.Corporate\\-IR.net\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2017}}\nIn August 2015, Rayonier announced its ownership in the New Zealand joint venture will increase from 65% to approximately 77%, as part of an anticipated recapitalization of the JV.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://phx.corporate\\-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=91500\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=2076192\\|title\\=Rayonier \\- Investor Relations \\- Press Release\\|website\\=phx.Corporate\\-IR.net\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2017}}\nIn May 2016, Rayonier announced upgrades to it Pacific Northwest timberland portfolio through the acquisition of 61,000 acres of timberlands in western Oregon for $263 million, and a disposition of 55,000 acres comprising predominantly pre\\-merchantable timber in Washington state for $130 million.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://ir.rayonier.com/static\\-files/38bed8eb\\-4275\\-45dc\\-b787\\-aa1e62c022c3 \\| title\\=Rayonier Upgrades Pacific Northwest Timberland Portfolio Through Acquisition of 61,000 acres and Disposition of 55,000 acres \\| publisher\\=Rayonier \\| date\\=May 2, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=November 10, 2018}}\nIn August 2017, Rayonier consolidated its corporate headquarters, real estate, and forest resources offices into a newly constructed, state\\-of\\-the\\-art building in Wildlight, Florida.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-06 \\|title\\=Rayonier officially moves headquarters to Nassau County \\|url\\=https://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/news/2017/nov/06/rayonier\\-officially\\-moves\\-headquarters\\-to\\-nassau\\-county/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-24 \\|website\\=Jax Daily Record \\|language\\=en}} The company is currently constructing a 23,600 acre development in Wildlight.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Scanlan \\|first\\=Dan \\|title\\=Nassau's county attorney resigns after State Attorney's Office findings that he 'committed criminal acts' \\|url\\=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/courts/2022/03/15/nassaus\\-county\\-attorney\\-resigns\\-after\\-rayonier\\-investigation\\-in\\-florida/7002968001/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-24 \\|website\\=The Florida Times\\-Union \\|language\\=en\\-US}} It began work on phase two of the project in 2022, developing 15,000 acres of land.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Godwin \\|first\\=Brent \\|title\\=Rayonier beginning work on 15,000 acres for second phase of Wildlight \\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/jacksonville/news/2022/01/25/rayonier\\-beginning\\-work\\-on\\-15\\-000\\-acres\\-for\\-second.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-24 \\|website\\=www.bizjournals.com}}\nIn May 2020, Rayonier acquired Pope Resources'' in the Pacific Northwest.", "" ]
Levitation Austin ----------------- The inaugural Austin Psych Fest was held on Saturday 8 March 2008 at The Red Barn in north [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas "Austin, Texas"), featuring performances by The Black Angels, [Ringo Deathstarr](/wiki/Ringo_Deathstarr "Ringo Deathstarr") Horse \+ Donkey among others. In 2009, the festival was extended to three days and was held from March 13–15 at the Radio Room, a short lived venue on [Sixth Street](/wiki/Sixth_Street_%28Austin%2C_Texas%29 "Sixth Street (Austin, Texas)"). [The Seeds](/wiki/The_Seeds "The Seeds")' Sky Saxon performed with Shapes Have Fangs as his backing band and Austin psychedelic legends [The Golden Dawn](/wiki/The_Golden_Dawn_%28American_band%29 "The Golden Dawn (American band)") performed their 1968 album "Power Plant" in its entirety. The lineup included modern psychedelic heavies [Dead Meadow](/wiki/Dead_Meadow "Dead Meadow"), [A Place to Bury Strangers](/wiki/A_Place_to_Bury_Strangers "A Place to Bury Strangers"), [Wooden Shjips](/wiki/Wooden_Shjips "Wooden Shjips"), [The Warlocks](/wiki/The_Warlocks "The Warlocks"), and The Black Angels. The third Austin Psych Fest was held April 23–25, 2010 at The Mohawk, a multi\-stage venue on Red River. 41 acts performed, among them, [The Raveonettes](/wiki/The_Raveonettes "The Raveonettes"), [Warpaint](/wiki/Warpaint_%28band%29 "Warpaint (band)"), [The Gaslamp Killer](/wiki/The_Gaslamp_Killer "The Gaslamp Killer"), The Black Angels and 1960s legends [Silver Apples](/wiki/Silver_Apples "Silver Apples"). The 2011 festival was held on April 29\-May 1 at the 1950s [art deco](/wiki/Art_deco "Art deco") [Seaholm Power Plant](/wiki/Seaholm_Power_Plant "Seaholm Power Plant"), a decommissioned steam power plant on the banks of [Lady Bird Lake](/wiki/Lady_Bird_Lake "Lady Bird Lake") in downtown Austin that had been made temporarily available for events. Due to changes in city ordinances and construction plans, the festival changed venues 3 times before landing back at its originally intended location, The [Seaholm Power Plant](/wiki/Seaholm_Power_Plant "Seaholm Power Plant"), and the festival would be the last concert held within the plant's walls. The 63 band bill was topped by [Roky Erickson](/wiki/Roky_Erickson "Roky Erickson") of [The 13th Floor Elevators](/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators "The 13th Floor Elevators"), [Spacemen 3](/wiki/Spacemen_3 "Spacemen 3") offshoot Spectrum, Omar A Rodriguez group playing as [The Mars Volta](/wiki/The_Mars_Volta "The Mars Volta") lineup, [Crystal Stilts](/wiki/Crystal_Stilts "Crystal Stilts"), the first performance from [Black Moth Super Rainbow](/wiki/Black_Moth_Super_Rainbow "Black Moth Super Rainbow") in several years, and The Black Angels. Austin Psych Fest 2012 was held April 27–29 at the east\-side location of legendary music venue [Emo's](/wiki/Emo%27s "Emo's") in conjunction with the Beauty Ballroom. The 5th annual festival featured a 61 band lineup including [The Brian Jonestown Massacre](/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre "The Brian Jonestown Massacre"), The Black Angels, and the [Black Lips](/wiki/Black_Lips "Black Lips") along with [Meat Puppets](/wiki/Meat_Puppets "Meat Puppets"), [The Olivia Tremor Control](/wiki/The_Olivia_Tremor_Control "The Olivia Tremor Control"), [Thee Oh Sees](/wiki/Thee_Oh_Sees "Thee Oh Sees"), and [Bombino](/wiki/Bombino_%28musician%29 "Bombino (musician)"), among others. The 2013 and 2014 festivals were held at Carson Creek Ranch in Austin, Texas, located on the [Colorado River (Texas)](/wiki/Colorado_River_%28Texas%29 "Colorado River (Texas)"). The 2013 festival, the 6th annual festival, held April 26–28, was the first year for the festival to be held at a completely outdoor venue, as well as the first year to have 3 stages of music, camping, and a poster series featuring US and international artists. The seventh annual festival, held May 2–4, 2014, included 1960s legends [The Zombies](/wiki/The_Zombies "The Zombies"), as well as [Panda Bear](/wiki/Panda_Bear_%28musician%29 "Panda Bear (musician)"), [The Horrors](/wiki/The_Horrors "The Horrors"), [Loop](/wiki/Loop_%28band%29 "Loop (band)"), [The Brian Jonestown Massacre](/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre "The Brian Jonestown Massacre"), [of Montreal](/wiki/Of_Montreal "Of Montreal"), [The Dandy Warhols](/wiki/The_Dandy_Warhols "The Dandy Warhols"), The Black Angels and many more. In late 2014 [The Reverberation Appreciation Society](/wiki/The_Reverberation_Appreciation_Society "The Reverberation Appreciation Society") changed the festival's name from Austin Psych Fest to Levitation, titled after a track by Austin [psychedelic](/wiki/Psychedelic_music "Psychedelic music") legends [The 13th Floor Elevators](/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators "The 13th Floor Elevators").{{cite news\|last\=Barlow\|first\=Eve\|title\=Levitation: the past, present and future of psychedelic music\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/11/levitation\-past\-present\-future\-psychedelic\-music\|access\-date\=13 May 2015\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=2015\-05\-11}} The 2015 festival was held May 8–10 at Carson Creek Ranch. The lineup included [The Flaming Lips](/wiki/The_Flaming_Lips "The Flaming Lips"), [The Jesus and Mary Chain](/wiki/The_Jesus_and_Mary_Chain "The Jesus and Mary Chain"), [Primal Scream](/wiki/Primal_Scream "Primal Scream"), [Spiritualized](/wiki/Spiritualized "Spiritualized"), [Tame Impala](/wiki/Tame_Impala "Tame Impala") as well as a reunion performance by [The 13th Floor Elevators](/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators "The 13th Floor Elevators"), the band's first performance in 45 years.{{cite news\|last\=Blackstock\|first\=Peter\|title\=13th Floor Elevators reunion a revelation at Levitation\|url\=http://music.blog.austin360\.com/2015/05/11/13th\-floor\-elevators\-reunion\-a\-revelation\-at\-levitation/\|access\-date\=13 May 2015\|newspaper\=Austin360\|date\=2015\-05\-11}} The dates for the 2016 festival were April 29 \- May 1, 2016, and the lineup featured Brian Wilson performing Pet Sounds, Ween, Animal Collective, Caribou, Flying Lotus, Slowdive, Courtney Barnett, Sleep, The Arcs, Brian Jonestown Massacre and many more.{{Cite news\|url\=https://consequenceofsound.net/2016/04/top\-10\-music\-festivals\-spring\-2016\-power\-rankings/\|title\=Top 10 Music Festivals: Spring 2016 Power Rankings\|date\=2016\-04\-04\|work\=Consequence of Sound\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-18\|language\=en\-US}} The 2016 festival at Carson Creek Ranch was cancelled due to severe weather which caused significant damage to the festival grounds and infrastructure. In response over 20 concerts were organized in downtown Austin hosting the lineup and attendees.{{Cite web\|url\=https://noisey.vice.com/en\_us/article/levitation\-2016\-photo\-essay\|title\=Salvaging a Good Time from the Wreckage of Levitation 2016\|website\=Noisey\|language\=en\-us\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-18}} In November 2016, festival organizers announced that the festival would not be held in 2017, but would return in 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/austinpsychfest/photos/a.306659636848\.145888\.163213341848/10154206026301849/?type\=3\&theater\|title\=LEVITATION\|website\=www.facebook.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-18}} Owing to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), the festival went on hiatus in 2020\. The next year saw the hiatus extended by a year.{{cite web\|url\=https://levitation\-austin.com/\|title\=LEVITATION\|website\=www.levitation\-austin.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-22}} Levitation resumed with its anticipated 2022 lineup. [https://www.brooklynvegan.com/levitation\-announces\-full\-2022\-lineup\-and\-schedule/](https://www.brooklynvegan.com/levitation-announces-full-2022-lineup-and-schedule/) Levitation hosted [Kikagaku Moyo](/wiki/Kikagaku_Moyo "Kikagaku Moyo") for their last tour in the USA.
[ "Levitation Austin\n-----------------", "The inaugural Austin Psych Fest was held on Saturday 8 March 2008 at The Red Barn in north [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\"), featuring performances by The Black Angels, [Ringo Deathstarr](/wiki/Ringo_Deathstarr \"Ringo Deathstarr\") Horse \\+ Donkey among others.", "In 2009, the festival was extended to three days and was held from March 13–15 at the Radio Room, a short lived venue on [Sixth Street](/wiki/Sixth_Street_%28Austin%2C_Texas%29 \"Sixth Street (Austin, Texas)\"). [The Seeds](/wiki/The_Seeds \"The Seeds\")' Sky Saxon performed with Shapes Have Fangs as his backing band and Austin psychedelic legends [The Golden Dawn](/wiki/The_Golden_Dawn_%28American_band%29 \"The Golden Dawn (American band)\") performed their 1968 album \"Power Plant\" in its entirety. The lineup included modern psychedelic heavies [Dead Meadow](/wiki/Dead_Meadow \"Dead Meadow\"), [A Place to Bury Strangers](/wiki/A_Place_to_Bury_Strangers \"A Place to Bury Strangers\"), [Wooden Shjips](/wiki/Wooden_Shjips \"Wooden Shjips\"), [The Warlocks](/wiki/The_Warlocks \"The Warlocks\"), and The Black Angels.", "The third Austin Psych Fest was held April 23–25, 2010 at The Mohawk, a multi\\-stage venue on Red River. 41 acts performed, among them, [The Raveonettes](/wiki/The_Raveonettes \"The Raveonettes\"), [Warpaint](/wiki/Warpaint_%28band%29 \"Warpaint (band)\"), [The Gaslamp Killer](/wiki/The_Gaslamp_Killer \"The Gaslamp Killer\"), The Black Angels and 1960s legends [Silver Apples](/wiki/Silver_Apples \"Silver Apples\").", "The 2011 festival was held on April 29\\-May 1 at the 1950s [art deco](/wiki/Art_deco \"Art deco\") [Seaholm Power Plant](/wiki/Seaholm_Power_Plant \"Seaholm Power Plant\"), a decommissioned steam power plant on the banks of [Lady Bird Lake](/wiki/Lady_Bird_Lake \"Lady Bird Lake\") in downtown Austin that had been made temporarily available for events. Due to changes in city ordinances and construction plans, the festival changed venues 3 times before landing back at its originally intended location, The [Seaholm Power Plant](/wiki/Seaholm_Power_Plant \"Seaholm Power Plant\"), and the festival would be the last concert held within the plant's walls. The 63 band bill was topped by [Roky Erickson](/wiki/Roky_Erickson \"Roky Erickson\") of [The 13th Floor Elevators](/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators \"The 13th Floor Elevators\"), [Spacemen 3](/wiki/Spacemen_3 \"Spacemen 3\") offshoot Spectrum, Omar A Rodriguez group playing as [The Mars Volta](/wiki/The_Mars_Volta \"The Mars Volta\") lineup, [Crystal Stilts](/wiki/Crystal_Stilts \"Crystal Stilts\"), the first performance from [Black Moth Super Rainbow](/wiki/Black_Moth_Super_Rainbow \"Black Moth Super Rainbow\") in several years, and The Black Angels.", "Austin Psych Fest 2012 was held April 27–29 at the east\\-side location of legendary music venue [Emo's](/wiki/Emo%27s \"Emo's\") in conjunction with the Beauty Ballroom. The 5th annual festival featured a 61 band lineup including [The Brian Jonestown Massacre](/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre \"The Brian Jonestown Massacre\"), The Black Angels, and the [Black Lips](/wiki/Black_Lips \"Black Lips\") along with [Meat Puppets](/wiki/Meat_Puppets \"Meat Puppets\"), [The Olivia Tremor Control](/wiki/The_Olivia_Tremor_Control \"The Olivia Tremor Control\"), [Thee Oh Sees](/wiki/Thee_Oh_Sees \"Thee Oh Sees\"), and [Bombino](/wiki/Bombino_%28musician%29 \"Bombino (musician)\"), among others.", "The 2013 and 2014 festivals were held at Carson Creek Ranch in Austin, Texas, located on the [Colorado River (Texas)](/wiki/Colorado_River_%28Texas%29 \"Colorado River (Texas)\"). The 2013 festival, the 6th annual festival, held April 26–28, was the first year for the festival to be held at a completely outdoor venue, as well as the first year to have 3 stages of music, camping, and a poster series featuring US and international artists. The seventh annual festival, held May 2–4, 2014, included 1960s legends [The Zombies](/wiki/The_Zombies \"The Zombies\"), as well as [Panda Bear](/wiki/Panda_Bear_%28musician%29 \"Panda Bear (musician)\"), [The Horrors](/wiki/The_Horrors \"The Horrors\"), [Loop](/wiki/Loop_%28band%29 \"Loop (band)\"), [The Brian Jonestown Massacre](/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre \"The Brian Jonestown Massacre\"), [of Montreal](/wiki/Of_Montreal \"Of Montreal\"), [The Dandy Warhols](/wiki/The_Dandy_Warhols \"The Dandy Warhols\"), The Black Angels and many more.", "In late 2014 [The Reverberation Appreciation Society](/wiki/The_Reverberation_Appreciation_Society \"The Reverberation Appreciation Society\") changed the festival's name from Austin Psych Fest to Levitation, titled after a track by Austin [psychedelic](/wiki/Psychedelic_music \"Psychedelic music\") legends [The 13th Floor Elevators](/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators \"The 13th Floor Elevators\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Barlow\\|first\\=Eve\\|title\\=Levitation: the past, present and future of psychedelic music\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/11/levitation\\-past\\-present\\-future\\-psychedelic\\-music\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2015\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-11}}", "The 2015 festival was held May 8–10 at Carson Creek Ranch. The lineup included [The Flaming Lips](/wiki/The_Flaming_Lips \"The Flaming Lips\"), [The Jesus and Mary Chain](/wiki/The_Jesus_and_Mary_Chain \"The Jesus and Mary Chain\"), [Primal Scream](/wiki/Primal_Scream \"Primal Scream\"), [Spiritualized](/wiki/Spiritualized \"Spiritualized\"), [Tame Impala](/wiki/Tame_Impala \"Tame Impala\") as well as a reunion performance by [The 13th Floor Elevators](/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators \"The 13th Floor Elevators\"), the band's first performance in 45 years.{{cite news\\|last\\=Blackstock\\|first\\=Peter\\|title\\=13th Floor Elevators reunion a revelation at Levitation\\|url\\=http://music.blog.austin360\\.com/2015/05/11/13th\\-floor\\-elevators\\-reunion\\-a\\-revelation\\-at\\-levitation/\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2015\\|newspaper\\=Austin360\\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-11}}", "The dates for the 2016 festival were April 29 \\- May 1, 2016, and the lineup featured Brian Wilson performing Pet Sounds, Ween, Animal Collective, Caribou, Flying Lotus, Slowdive, Courtney Barnett, Sleep, The Arcs, Brian Jonestown Massacre and many more.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://consequenceofsound.net/2016/04/top\\-10\\-music\\-festivals\\-spring\\-2016\\-power\\-rankings/\\|title\\=Top 10 Music Festivals: Spring 2016 Power Rankings\\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-04\\|work\\=Consequence of Sound\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-18\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The 2016 festival at Carson Creek Ranch was cancelled due to severe weather which caused significant damage to the festival grounds and infrastructure. In response over 20 concerts were organized in downtown Austin hosting the lineup and attendees.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://noisey.vice.com/en\\_us/article/levitation\\-2016\\-photo\\-essay\\|title\\=Salvaging a Good Time from the Wreckage of Levitation 2016\\|website\\=Noisey\\|language\\=en\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-18}}", "In November 2016, festival organizers announced that the festival would not be held in 2017, but would return in 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/austinpsychfest/photos/a.306659636848\\.145888\\.163213341848/10154206026301849/?type\\=3\\&theater\\|title\\=LEVITATION\\|website\\=www.facebook.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-18}}", "Owing to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), the festival went on hiatus in 2020\\. The next year saw the hiatus extended by a year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://levitation\\-austin.com/\\|title\\=LEVITATION\\|website\\=www.levitation\\-austin.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-22}} Levitation resumed with its anticipated 2022 lineup. [https://www.brooklynvegan.com/levitation\\-announces\\-full\\-2022\\-lineup\\-and\\-schedule/](https://www.brooklynvegan.com/levitation-announces-full-2022-lineup-and-schedule/)", "Levitation hosted [Kikagaku Moyo](/wiki/Kikagaku_Moyo \"Kikagaku Moyo\") for their last tour in the USA.", "" ]
History ------- March Shed was built by the [Great Eastern Railway](/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway "Great Eastern Railway") (GER) as part of the redevelopment of local railway facilities in the mid\-1880s when the construction of a new, larger station at March had meant that the earlier engine shed had had to be demolished. Construction of the new shed included realigning the branch line to [Wisbech](/wiki/Wisbech "Wisbech") further west and replacing a level crossing at Norwood Road with a bridge.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/march/railway.html\| title\=March's railway history\| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123144331/http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/march/railway.html\| archivedate\=23 November 2010}} The new shed was a brick\-built 6\-track straight shed with a triple gable style slate roof. It was provided with the two northerly roads as through and the other 4 roads as dead\-ended on the west side. In 1900 a turntable was provided on the north side of the shed yard; this was enlarged to 70 feet in 1925 when a corrugated asbestos\-cladded 4\-track straight through shed was added along the north side of the original structure. The 1923 [Grouping](/wiki/Grouping_Act "Grouping Act") incorporated GER into the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway "London and North Eastern Railway") (LNER). The LNER then built a new locomotive shed on Hundred Road with a Mitchell Conveyor and Transporter Co. mechanical coaling plant for the engines, with an associated electricity generating plant.{{cite book \|title\=Great Eastern Railway Engine Sheds \|last1\=Hawkins\| first1\=Chris\| first2\=George\| last2\=Reeve \|year\=1986\| publisher\=Wild Swan Publications \|isbn\=0\-906867\-40\-1 \|pages\=117–147}} The former GER engine shed was retained to undertake heavy repairs. A brick\-built 5\-track straight through washout shed was added in 1933\.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.steamsheds.co.uk/sheds.php\| website\=Engine Sheds and Locomotive Depots of Britain\| title\=March\| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618212415/http://www.steamsheds.co.uk/sheds.php\| archivedate\=18 June 2010}} A water softener with a capacity of 11,700 gallons per hour was added in 1939 at a cost of over £12,000\. ### World War II During [WWII](/wiki/WWII "WWII"), March Shed was considered of strategic importance at both operational and national levels. Some of the LNER's diesel shunters were delivered new to March; these featured a large switching board at the rear of their cab to enable them to be used as mobile power stations in the event of bomb damage, which affected local supplies. Due to locomotive examination problems caused by the wartime [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%28wartime%29 "Blackout (wartime)"), the shed was provided with an illuminated locomotive inspection pit, generally referred to as the Light Tunnel; this contained six rows of tube lights, two on either wall and one on either side of the pit. This remained in use until the end of steam. A number of [US Army Class S160](/wiki/USATC_S160_Class "USATC S160 Class") 2\-8\-0s were allocated to the shed during 1943 and 1944 in the run\-up to the invasion of Europe.{{cite journal\| last\=Fry\| first\=Eric\| title\=USA Class S16 2\-80 locomotives on the Great Eastern 1943 and 1944\| journal\=Great Eastern Railway Society Journal\| date\=January 2009\| volume\=137}}{{page needed\|date\=March 2021}} ### Dieselisation With the arrival of diesel shunters, roads 1 and 2 were dedicated to their exclusive use. As more diesel locomotives entered service the first 4 roads were partitioned off, with all diesel maintenance and repairs taking place there. A total of forty [Brush Type 2 diesels](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_31 "British Rail Class 31") were based at the depot by the early 1960s. By that date, diesel locomotives were still fuelled at the old steam shed which lacked the spillage trays; this was changed in 1962 when a steel\-framed diesel depot was built on the site of the original shed, complete with spillage trays and oil drainage facilities. In 1987, the 4 track extension to the original shed was also replaced by a purpose\-built diesel facility. The depot was closed in 1992 when the remaining [Speedlink](/wiki/Speedlink "Speedlink") (wagon\-load traffic) services were withdrawn, which left the facility with no work. [thumb\|right\|The new March Depot in 2008, with [Class 66s](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_66 "British Rail Class 66") stabled](/wiki/File:March_diesel_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1007149.jpg "March diesel depot - geograph.org.uk - 1007149.jpg") However, after the neighbouring Whitemoor yard's re\-opening in 2003, on 18 April 2008 [GB Railfreight](/wiki/GB_Railfreight "GB Railfreight") (a [freight operating company](/wiki/Freight_operating_company "Freight operating company") and part of [FirstGroup](/wiki/FirstGroup "FirstGroup")) officially opened their new depot in March. This is located in the former goods shed in the former Down yard to the east of [March station](/wiki/March_station "March station") and was opened by Ian Coucher, then chairman of [Network Rail](/wiki/Network_Rail "Network Rail"). {{cite web\| url\=http://www.phantasrail.co.uk/gbrf\_march.htm\| url\-status\=dead\| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223705/http://www.phantasrail.co.uk/gbrf\_march.htm\| archivedate\=3 March 2016\| title\=GBRf March Depot\| accessdate\=21 October 2012}}
[ "History\n-------", "March Shed was built by the [Great Eastern Railway](/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway \"Great Eastern Railway\") (GER) as part of the redevelopment of local railway facilities in the mid\\-1880s when the construction of a new, larger station at March had meant that the earlier engine shed had had to be demolished. Construction of the new shed included realigning the branch line to [Wisbech](/wiki/Wisbech \"Wisbech\") further west and replacing a level crossing at Norwood Road with a bridge.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/march/railway.html\\| title\\=March's railway history\\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123144331/http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/march/railway.html\\| archivedate\\=23 November 2010}} The new shed was a brick\\-built 6\\-track straight shed with a triple gable style slate roof. It was provided with the two northerly roads as through and the other 4 roads as dead\\-ended on the west side. In 1900 a turntable was provided on the north side of the shed yard; this was enlarged to 70 feet in 1925 when a corrugated asbestos\\-cladded 4\\-track straight through shed was added along the north side of the original structure.", "The 1923 [Grouping](/wiki/Grouping_Act \"Grouping Act\") incorporated GER into the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway \"London and North Eastern Railway\") (LNER). The LNER then built a new locomotive shed on Hundred Road with a Mitchell Conveyor and Transporter Co. mechanical coaling plant for the engines, with an associated electricity generating plant.{{cite book \\|title\\=Great Eastern Railway Engine Sheds \\|last1\\=Hawkins\\| first1\\=Chris\\| first2\\=George\\| last2\\=Reeve \\|year\\=1986\\| publisher\\=Wild Swan Publications \\|isbn\\=0\\-906867\\-40\\-1 \\|pages\\=117–147}} The former GER engine shed was retained to undertake heavy repairs. A brick\\-built 5\\-track straight through washout shed was added in 1933\\.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.steamsheds.co.uk/sheds.php\\| website\\=Engine Sheds and Locomotive Depots of Britain\\| title\\=March\\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618212415/http://www.steamsheds.co.uk/sheds.php\\| archivedate\\=18 June 2010}} A water softener with a capacity of 11,700 gallons per hour was added in 1939 at a cost of over £12,000\\.", "### World War II", "During [WWII](/wiki/WWII \"WWII\"), March Shed was considered of strategic importance at both operational and national levels. Some of the LNER's diesel shunters were delivered new to March; these featured a large switching board at the rear of their cab to enable them to be used as mobile power stations in the event of bomb damage, which affected local supplies. Due to locomotive examination problems caused by the wartime [blackout](/wiki/Blackout_%28wartime%29 \"Blackout (wartime)\"), the shed was provided with an illuminated locomotive inspection pit, generally referred to as the Light Tunnel; this contained six rows of tube lights, two on either wall and one on either side of the pit. This remained in use until the end of steam.", "A number of [US Army Class S160](/wiki/USATC_S160_Class \"USATC S160 Class\") 2\\-8\\-0s were allocated to the shed during 1943 and 1944 in the run\\-up to the invasion of Europe.{{cite journal\\| last\\=Fry\\| first\\=Eric\\| title\\=USA Class S16 2\\-80 locomotives on the Great Eastern 1943 and 1944\\| journal\\=Great Eastern Railway Society Journal\\| date\\=January 2009\\| volume\\=137}}{{page needed\\|date\\=March 2021}}", "### Dieselisation", "With the arrival of diesel shunters, roads 1 and 2 were dedicated to their exclusive use. As more diesel locomotives entered service the first 4 roads were partitioned off, with all diesel maintenance and repairs taking place there. A total of forty [Brush Type 2 diesels](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_31 \"British Rail Class 31\") were based at the depot by the early 1960s. By that date, diesel locomotives were still fuelled at the old steam shed which lacked the spillage trays; this was changed in 1962 when a steel\\-framed diesel depot was built on the site of the original shed, complete with spillage trays and oil drainage facilities. In 1987, the 4 track extension to the original shed was also replaced by a purpose\\-built diesel facility.", "The depot was closed in 1992 when the remaining [Speedlink](/wiki/Speedlink \"Speedlink\") (wagon\\-load traffic) services were withdrawn, which left the facility with no work.", "[thumb\\|right\\|The new March Depot in 2008, with [Class 66s](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_66 \"British Rail Class 66\") stabled](/wiki/File:March_diesel_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1007149.jpg \"March diesel depot - geograph.org.uk - 1007149.jpg\")\nHowever, after the neighbouring Whitemoor yard's re\\-opening in 2003, on 18 April 2008 [GB Railfreight](/wiki/GB_Railfreight \"GB Railfreight\") (a [freight operating company](/wiki/Freight_operating_company \"Freight operating company\") and part of [FirstGroup](/wiki/FirstGroup \"FirstGroup\")) officially opened their new depot in March. This is located in the former goods shed in the former Down yard to the east of [March station](/wiki/March_station \"March station\") and was opened by Ian Coucher, then chairman of [Network Rail](/wiki/Network_Rail \"Network Rail\").\n{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.phantasrail.co.uk/gbrf\\_march.htm\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223705/http://www.phantasrail.co.uk/gbrf\\_march.htm\\| archivedate\\=3 March 2016\\| title\\=GBRf March Depot\\| accessdate\\=21 October 2012}}", "" ]
Participants ------------ The Show initiated with contestants divided into two groups \- Champions and Challengers. The Champions were participants who have been crowned winners of their respective singing competitions and Challengers were hopefuls who reached close to the coveted title but lost. | **Champions** | | --- | **Aneek Dhar** This Bengali boy has a melodious voice and has been a winner all the way. He won the regional music show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla as well as the [Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007](/wiki/Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_Challenge_2007 "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007"). His first solo album "Khwaishein" in 2008 won him many fans and the Kalakar Award in the Best Music Album category. Aneek is a popular playback singer in Bengali films and his foray into Hindi films was with the animation movie "Bal Ganesh" where he sang with Shankar Mahadevan. In 2008 Aneek entertained music lovers with his brilliant performances in the show Ek Se Badhkar Ek. He also played host for some singing shows in Bengali. Last seen on Music ka Maha Muqaabla (2009\), Aneek was one of the strong contenders in Shreya Ghoshal's team. **Akanksha Sharma** A 15\-year\-old girl from Jaipur, Akanksha has always aspired of being a successful playback singer. Her biggest dream in life is to meet Lata Mangeshkar. She has already taken a step towards fulfilling her dreams by winning the Amul Chhote Ustaad title. Basking in its glory, she even wishes to try her hand at acting. The first song that she ever sang was "Shirdi Wale" which she learnt from her father. Studying in class X, Akanksha loves to keep up with the latest trends in style and fashion and has a flair for dancing too. She is very excited to take up new and interesting projects. 2nd Runner Up of JJWS 2\. **Sanchita Bhattacharya** [Sanchita](/wiki/Sanchita_Bhattacharya "Sanchita Bhattacharya") was declared winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs at age 14\. This makes her the oldest winner in the history of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs as well as the first female winner through public voting. She was also a participant of the show Ek Se Badhkar Ek. Sanchita has lent her voice for playback in a few Bengali films, with "Bal Ganesh" being her debut in Hindi film music. She has been training in music since 1996 and is a very versatile singer. She tries to sing songs from various genres and aspires to become a successful playback singer in the future. **Sreeram** Sreeram is a professional singer and the winner of Indian Idol 2010\. Located in Hyderabad, he made his playback debut in Telugu films. Despite his non\-musical background, Sreeram had a passion towards singing that was nurtured during his school and college days. He started performing shows at the age of 8 and has done about 80 stage shows including classical and film music. He has had the opportunity to sing in the magnum opus The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader which released in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu, alongside its English version. It is a mighty accomplishment, as he is not only the first\-ever Hyderabadi to have a song featured in a Hollywood film but also the only artist from Asia collaborating with Fox. He is even the first south Indian who won Indian Idol and he is also the Runner Up of JJWS 2\. **Hemant Brijwasi** Hemant is the youngest singer of the lot who began at the age of 9 and has won rave reviews ever since. This Mathura boy not only made it to the final 12 but went on to emerge as the winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs in 2009\. Since then, there has been no looking back for the small wonder. An ace in Sufi and Classical singing, he gained acclaim from music maestros like Wadali brothers, Asha bhonsle, Anandji and Suresh Wadkar. Hemant's latest commercial work is a jingle for Fevicol. He is working on gaining versatility in singing by learning other genres of music. He aspires to follow his dream of making it big in the music industry. **Vaishali Mhade** 27 year old Vaishali from Maharashtra is the winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 and the Marathi version of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa in 2008\. Her life revolves around being a singer, wife and mother with equal enthusiasm. A versatile and consistent singer, she says her husband has been a great support in her singing career. She has sung the title track of the Marathi daily soap called "Kulvadhu" and also lent her voice for Shridhar Phadke's album. She made her Bollywood singing debut with a song in the movie Damadamm. | **Challengers** | | --- | **Mohammed Irfan** * [Mohammed Irfan](https://web.archive.org/web/20150703010336/http://www.mohammedirfan.com/) is a fitting example for the phrase 'looks can be deceptive'. This soft\-spoken, shy and timid boy sets the stage on fire when he performs. was a contestant of Star Voice of India \- Season One and has come a long way since then. He is from Hyderabad. He has had the opportunity to sing for the film Raavan that had music by A. R. Rehman. He has also lent his voice to the famous romantic song Phir Mohabbat in Murder 2\. He is the winner of JJWS 2\.[Small town's big hope on Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar 2!](http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/jo-jeeta-wohi-superstar-2-small-town-big-hope-060412.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104082121/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/jo\-jeeta\-wohi\-superstar\-2\-small\-town\-big\-hope\-060412\.html \|date\=4 November 2013 }} entertainment.oneindia.in **Rehman Ali** A 27 year old Thumri and Gazal singer from Jaipur, Rehman Ali had never thought he would sing Bollywood numbers one day. Music runs in his blood as he has inherited this art from his grandfather Ustad Banne Khan who is a singer himself. Rehman is very passionate about singing and has not lost hope for it even the worst financial circumstances. He has given several stage performances and was very proud to be a part of Shreya Ghoshal's team in Music Ka Maha Muqaabla. He is also associated with a cultural{{cite web \| url\=http://www.vidjin.com/jo\-jeeta\-wohi\-superstar\-2\-sharib.html \| title\=Owh联盟外投 }} society in Jaipur called "Saaz or Awaaz". **Sharib Sabri** Delhi based Sharib Sabri is born to a family of musicians. His father is associated with Indian classical music while his younger brother Toshi Sabri is a singer and music director. Toshi was a contestant in Amul STAR Voice of India and Sharib was a finalist on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005\. Sharib was also a contestant at Music Ka Maha Muqqabla (2009\) in Shankar Mahadevan's team. He and his brother have been music directors for several movies namely 'Jashn' 'Phirr' and 'Jail'. He has also been a playback singer for some of these films. Talented and dynamic he likes to experiment with different genres of music. **Shivamm Pathak** A boy from Lakhimpur, a small district in U.P., Shivamm has proved himself as a performer through the various rounds of Indian Idol. He handles various styles ranging from classical to contemporary with equal ease. He came to Mumbai for his networking course but also pursued his passion for music from Ajivasan, Mumbai. Sonu Nigam is his idol and he wishes to be a playback singer just like him. He has also been a playback singer for the film MOD. **Anweshaa** Anweshaa, an 18\-year\-old from Kolkota was the runner up of Chotte Ustad in 2007\. She was also a participant in Music Ka Maha Muqaabla. At the age of 4, Anweshaa started her training under Shri Jayanta Sarkar, a leading personality in Indian classical music. She is guided by her mother in light music. Anweshaa is dedicated to her music and performs 4 hours of riyaz daily. She has been a playback singer for some Bengali and Tamil films and her Bollywood debut was with a song from Golmal Returns. **Sonia Sharma** This little bundle of melody was a participant in Amul Star Voice of India – Chhote Ustaad and also won a Special Jury Award in the show. She is a multi\-talented girl and wanted to become a doctor before she finally realised her dream of becoming a singer. She loves playing the harmonium, guitar, tabla, and sitar and is a talented dancer. She had the privilege to perform in Ravindra Natya Mandir, Mumbai on the occasion of Lata Mangeshkar's 80th birthday celebration in 2009\. Her fan following continues to grow with every live performance because of her vivacity and interaction with the audience. **Torsha Sarkar** A finalist on an Indian music reality show, Torsha maintains that she is the opposite of what her name really means\- 'a turbulent river' although she would like to alter her shyness towards the camera if given a chance. Music is her passion and she has been learning semi classical music since she was 8\. Torsha regards her mother, who is also a good singer, a great support and Shreya Ghoshal as her inspiration to sing. She likes reading fiction and surfing the internet. Alka Yagnik, Shreya Ghoshal and Kailash Kher are among her favourite singers. **Nihira Joshi** Nihira Joshi was a finalist in the Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 and mega final winner of Aao Jhoomein Gaayen on SAB TV (2001\). A B.A. student from Mithibai College, Mumbai she is a popular voice on Indian television. She has sung the title song of the Ekta Kapoor serial Kasamh Se on Zee TV and the Radio City theme song with Shaan. Several sequence songs for popular Hindi daily soaps and title tracks for a few Marathi serials have also been sung by her. She was nominated for Best Title Singer in Indian Telly Awards 2006 for her title song in Balaji Telefilms' Kasamh Se. She has had an opportunity to sing in the Hindi film industry with artists like Sunidhi Chauhan and Udit Narayan in Bunty aur Babli, and also had a solo soundtrack. Nihira is fond of learning languages and is learning Spanish. **Harpreet Deol** Harpreet was amongst the finalists in a reality music show in 2007\. His favourite personalities are Shaheed Bhagat Singh and Mohammed Rafi. A student of Punjab University, Harpreet loves singing and sleeping. He has gained popularity in Punjab and has performed at numerous stage shows. He is working on a new album. He is very excited to be on the 'Challengers' team and hopes to give his best on 'Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar'. **Rajdeep Chatterjee** Rajdeep Chatterjee from Jamshedpur has been learning music from the age of two. He enjoys classical music and can play the tabla. His moment of pride was when he performed and shared the stage with music directors Shankar\-Ehsaan\-Loy. Rajdeep has participated in various competitions and even won the title of the Jharkhand Idol.
[ "Participants\n------------", "The Show initiated with contestants divided into two groups \\- Champions and Challengers. The Champions were participants who have been crowned winners of their respective singing competitions and Challengers were hopefuls who reached close to the coveted title but lost.", "", "| **Champions** |\n| --- |", "**Aneek Dhar**", "This Bengali boy has a melodious voice and has been a winner all the way. He won the regional music show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla as well as the [Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007](/wiki/Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_Challenge_2007 \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007\"). His first solo album \"Khwaishein\" in 2008 won him many fans and the Kalakar Award in the Best Music Album category. Aneek is a popular playback singer in Bengali films and his foray into Hindi films was with the animation movie \"Bal Ganesh\" where he sang with Shankar Mahadevan. In 2008 Aneek entertained music lovers with his brilliant performances in the show Ek Se Badhkar Ek. He also played host for some singing shows in Bengali. Last seen on Music ka Maha Muqaabla (2009\\), Aneek was one of the strong contenders in Shreya Ghoshal's team.", "**Akanksha Sharma**", "A 15\\-year\\-old girl from Jaipur, Akanksha has always aspired of being a successful playback singer. Her biggest dream in life is to meet Lata Mangeshkar. She has already taken a step towards fulfilling her dreams by winning the Amul Chhote Ustaad title. Basking in its glory, she even wishes to try her hand at acting. The first song that she ever sang was \"Shirdi Wale\" which she learnt from her father. Studying in class X, Akanksha loves to keep up with the latest trends in style and fashion and has a flair for dancing too. She is very excited to take up new and interesting projects. 2nd Runner Up of JJWS 2\\.", "**Sanchita Bhattacharya**", "[Sanchita](/wiki/Sanchita_Bhattacharya \"Sanchita Bhattacharya\") was declared winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs at age 14\\. This makes her the oldest winner in the history of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs as well as the first female winner through public voting. She was also a participant of the show Ek Se Badhkar Ek. Sanchita has lent her voice for playback in a few Bengali films, with \"Bal Ganesh\" being her debut in Hindi film music. She has been training in music since 1996 and is a very versatile singer. She tries to sing songs from various genres and aspires to become a successful playback singer in the future.", "**Sreeram**", "Sreeram is a professional singer and the winner of Indian Idol 2010\\. Located in Hyderabad, he made his playback debut in Telugu films. Despite his non\\-musical background, Sreeram had a passion towards singing that was nurtured during his school and college days. He started performing shows at the age of 8 and has done about 80 stage shows including classical and film music. He has had the opportunity to sing in the magnum opus The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader which released in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu, alongside its English version. It is a mighty accomplishment, as he is not only the first\\-ever Hyderabadi to have a song featured in a Hollywood film but also the only artist from Asia collaborating with Fox. He is even the first south Indian who won Indian Idol and he is also the Runner Up of JJWS 2\\.", "**Hemant Brijwasi**", "Hemant is the youngest singer of the lot who began at the age of 9 and has won rave reviews ever since. This Mathura boy not only made it to the final 12 but went on to emerge as the winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs in 2009\\. Since then, there has been no looking back for the small wonder. An ace in Sufi and Classical singing, he gained acclaim from music maestros like Wadali brothers, Asha bhonsle, Anandji and Suresh Wadkar. Hemant's latest commercial work is a jingle for Fevicol. He is working on gaining versatility in singing by learning other genres of music. He aspires to follow his dream of making it big in the music industry.", "**Vaishali Mhade**", "27 year old Vaishali from Maharashtra is the winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 and the Marathi version of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa in 2008\\. Her life revolves around being a singer, wife and mother with equal enthusiasm. A versatile and consistent singer, she says her husband has been a great support in her singing career. She has sung the title track of the Marathi daily soap called \"Kulvadhu\" and also lent her voice for Shridhar Phadke's album. She made her Bollywood singing debut with a song in the movie Damadamm.", "", "| **Challengers** |\n| --- |", "**Mohammed Irfan**\n* [Mohammed Irfan](https://web.archive.org/web/20150703010336/http://www.mohammedirfan.com/) is a fitting example for the phrase 'looks can be deceptive'. This soft\\-spoken, shy and timid boy sets the stage on fire when he performs. was a contestant of Star Voice of India \\- Season One and has come a long way since then. He is from Hyderabad. He has had the opportunity to sing for the film Raavan that had music by A. R. Rehman. He has also lent his voice to the famous romantic song Phir Mohabbat in Murder 2\\. He is the winner of JJWS 2\\.[Small town's big hope on Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar 2!](http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/jo-jeeta-wohi-superstar-2-small-town-big-hope-060412.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104082121/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/jo\\-jeeta\\-wohi\\-superstar\\-2\\-small\\-town\\-big\\-hope\\-060412\\.html \\|date\\=4 November 2013 }} entertainment.oneindia.in", "**Rehman Ali**", "A 27 year old Thumri and Gazal singer from Jaipur, Rehman Ali had never thought he would sing Bollywood numbers one day. Music runs in his blood as he has inherited this art from his grandfather Ustad Banne Khan who is a singer himself. Rehman is very passionate about singing and has not lost hope for it even the worst financial circumstances. He has given several stage performances and was very proud to be a part of Shreya Ghoshal's team in Music Ka Maha Muqaabla. He is also associated with a cultural{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.vidjin.com/jo\\-jeeta\\-wohi\\-superstar\\-2\\-sharib.html \\| title\\=Owh联盟外投 }} society in Jaipur called \"Saaz or Awaaz\".", "**Sharib Sabri**", "Delhi based Sharib Sabri is born to a family of musicians. His father is associated with Indian classical music while his younger brother Toshi Sabri is a singer and music director. Toshi was a contestant in Amul STAR Voice of India and Sharib was a finalist on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005\\. Sharib was also a contestant at Music Ka Maha Muqqabla (2009\\) in Shankar Mahadevan's team. He and his brother have been music directors for several movies namely 'Jashn' 'Phirr' and 'Jail'. He has also been a playback singer for some of these films. Talented and dynamic he likes to experiment with different genres of music.", "**Shivamm Pathak**", "A boy from Lakhimpur, a small district in U.P., Shivamm has proved himself as a performer through the various rounds of Indian Idol. He handles various styles ranging from classical to contemporary with equal ease. He came to Mumbai for his networking course but also pursued his passion for music from Ajivasan, Mumbai. Sonu Nigam is his idol and he wishes to be a playback singer just like him. He has also been a playback singer for the film MOD.", "**Anweshaa**", "Anweshaa, an 18\\-year\\-old from Kolkota was the runner up of Chotte Ustad in 2007\\. She was also a participant in Music Ka Maha Muqaabla. At the age of 4, Anweshaa started her training under Shri Jayanta Sarkar, a leading personality in Indian classical music. She is guided by her mother in light music. Anweshaa is dedicated to her music and performs 4 hours of riyaz daily. She has been a playback singer for some Bengali and Tamil films and her Bollywood debut was with a song from Golmal Returns.", "**Sonia Sharma**", "This little bundle of melody was a participant in Amul Star Voice of India – Chhote Ustaad and also won a Special Jury Award in the show. She is a multi\\-talented girl and wanted to become a doctor before she finally realised her dream of becoming a singer. She loves playing the harmonium, guitar, tabla, and sitar and is a talented dancer. She had the privilege to perform in Ravindra Natya Mandir, Mumbai on the occasion of Lata Mangeshkar's 80th birthday celebration in 2009\\. Her fan following continues to grow with every live performance because of her vivacity and interaction with the audience.", "**Torsha Sarkar**", "A finalist on an Indian music reality show, Torsha maintains that she is the opposite of what her name really means\\- 'a turbulent river' although she would like to alter her shyness towards the camera if given a chance. Music is her passion and she has been learning semi classical music since she was 8\\. Torsha regards her mother, who is also a good singer, a great support and Shreya Ghoshal as her inspiration to sing. She likes reading fiction and surfing the internet. Alka Yagnik, Shreya Ghoshal and Kailash Kher are among her favourite singers.", "**Nihira Joshi**", "Nihira Joshi was a finalist in the Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 and mega final winner of Aao Jhoomein Gaayen on SAB TV (2001\\). A B.A. student from Mithibai College, Mumbai she is a popular voice on Indian television. She has sung the title song of the Ekta Kapoor serial Kasamh Se on Zee TV and the Radio City theme song with Shaan. Several sequence songs for popular Hindi daily soaps and title tracks for a few Marathi serials have also been sung by her. She was nominated for Best Title Singer in Indian Telly Awards 2006 for her title song in Balaji Telefilms' Kasamh Se. She has had an opportunity to sing in the Hindi film industry with artists like Sunidhi Chauhan and Udit Narayan in Bunty aur Babli, and also had a solo soundtrack. Nihira is fond of learning languages and is learning Spanish.", "**Harpreet Deol**", "Harpreet was amongst the finalists in a reality music show in 2007\\. His favourite personalities are Shaheed Bhagat Singh and Mohammed Rafi. A student of Punjab University, Harpreet loves singing and sleeping. He has gained popularity in Punjab and has performed at numerous stage shows. He is working on a new album. He is very excited to be on the 'Challengers' team and hopes to give his best on 'Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar'.", "**Rajdeep Chatterjee**", "Rajdeep Chatterjee from Jamshedpur has been learning music from the age of two. He enjoys classical music and can play the tabla. His moment of pride was when he performed and shared the stage with music directors Shankar\\-Ehsaan\\-Loy. Rajdeep has participated in various competitions and even won the title of the Jharkhand Idol.", "" ]
Career ------ The group considers itself to have officially formed in January 2006, when its first lineup came together.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.asiaarts.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid\=59583 \| title \= Fanning the Flames \| first \= Larry \| last \= Kao \| work \= Asia Pacific Arts \| publisher \= UCLA Asia Institute \| date \= 2006\-12\-20 \| accessdate \= 2008\-07\-01 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070218044747/http://www.asiaarts.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid\=59583 \| archivedate \= 2007\-02\-18 }} Vocalist Ann Yu and drummer/keyboardist David Farrell, who had previously played together in several bands, were preparing to relocate to [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") because, according to Yu, "it's a lot easier to find other musicians that are serious about making a career out of \[music]" there.{{cite news \| url \= http://media.www.dailytrojan.com/media/storage/paper679/news/2007/10/08/Lifestyle/Fiery.San.Francisco.Band.Is.Worth.Loving\-3016641\.shtml \| title \= Fiery San Francisco band is worth loving \| first \= Philiana \| last \= Ng \| date \= 2007\-10\-08 \| work \= \[\[Daily Trojan]] \| accessdate \= 2008\-05\-07 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080224075448/http://media.www.dailytrojan.com/media/storage/paper679/news/2007/10/08/Lifestyle/Fiery.San.Francisco.Band.Is.Worth.Loving\-3016641\.shtml \| archivedate \= 2008\-02\-24 }} The move was abruptly canceled as the band began to form. Bassist and friend Jesse Hayes became available when his [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock") band [Time in Malta](/wiki/Time_in_Malta_%28band%29 "Time in Malta (band)") split up; then, in January, Yu and Farrell met guitarist Ted Parker through a [Craigslist](/wiki/Craigslist "Craigslist") [classified advertisement](/wiki/Classified_advertisement "Classified advertisement").{{cite web \| url \= http://woxy.lala.com/music/loungeacts/index.php?id\=167 \| title \= LoveLikeFire \| publisher \= \[\[WOXY.com]] \| date \= 2007\-03\-03 \| accessdate \= 2008\-05\-07 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://archive.today/20070326235222/http://woxy.lala.com/music/loungeacts/index.php?id\=167 \| archivedate \= 2007\-03\-26 }} A few weeks later, the band played its first gig in Los Angeles. The group released its first recording on August 15, 2006,{{cite web \| url \= https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000QZU0KE \| title \= Bed of Gold by LoveLikeFire \| website \= Amazon \| accessdate \= 2008\-07\-01 }} only seven months after having formed. According to Yu, the six\-track EP *[Bed of Gold](/wiki/Bed_of_Gold "Bed of Gold")* was recorded before LoveLikeFire had "fully developed its identity as a band." Nevertheless, the album received critical praise from *[The A.V. Club](/wiki/The_A.V._Club "The A.V. Club")* San Francisco,{{cite web \| url \= http://www.lovelikefire.com/press.php \| title \= Press \| work \= LoveLikeFire.com \| accessdate \= 2008\-05\-07 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512001547/http://www.lovelikefire.com/press.php \| archivedate \= 2008\-05\-12 }} *[LA Weekly](/wiki/LA_Weekly "LA Weekly")*,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.laweekly.com/music/music/rock\-picks/16360/ \|title\=Rock Picks \|date\=2007\-05\-09 \|work\=\[\[LA Weekly]] \|first\=Libby \|last\=Molyneaux \|accessdate\=2008\-05\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922032707/http://www.laweekly.com/music/music/rock\-picks/16360/ \|archivedate\=2007\-09\-22 }} and the *[East Bay Express](/wiki/East_Bay_Express "East Bay Express")*.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.eastbayexpress.com/music/critic\_s\_choice\_for\_the\_week\_of\_september\_13\_19\_\_2006/Content?oid\=291423 \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20120728125036/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/music/critic\_s\_choice\_for\_the\_week\_of\_september\_13\_19\_\_2006/Content?oid\=291423 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 2012\-07\-28 \| title \= Critic's Choice for the week of September 13–19, 2006: Jungle screaming, country guitar, and hieroglyphic jazz \| first \= j. \| last \= poet \| author2 \= David Downs \| author3 \= Kathleen Richards \| author4 \= Jesse Varela \| author5 \= Larry Kelp \| date \= 2006\-09\-13 \| accessdate \= 2008\-05\-07 \| work \= \[\[East Bay Express]] }} The group continued touring, performing alongside bands such as [Morningwood](/wiki/Morningwood "Morningwood"), [The Brian Jonestown Massacre](/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre "The Brian Jonestown Massacre"),{{cite news\|url\=http://www.performermag.com/wcp.recordedreviews.0701\.php \|title\=LoveLikeFire \- Bed of Gold \|first\=Michael \|last\=Fortes \|date\=January 2007 \|work\=Performer Mag: West Coast Performer \|accessdate\=2008\-07\-01 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015182101/http://www.performermag.com/wcp.recordedreviews.0701\.php \|archivedate\=October 15, 2007 }} and [Favourite Sons](/wiki/Favourite_Sons "Favourite Sons"). [thumb\|left\|LoveLikeFire live in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), March 27, 2008\.](/wiki/File:LoveLikeFire_live_2008-03-27.jpg "LoveLikeFire live 2008-03-27.jpg") The band followed its debut album with the seven\-track sophomore effort *[An Ocean in the Air](/wiki/An_Ocean_in_the_Air "An Ocean in the Air")*, which was released on August 28, 2007\.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000VFS330 \| title \= An Ocean in the Air by LoveLikeFire \| website \= Amazon \| accessdate \= 2008\-07\-01 }} The record brought further critical praise from publications such as *[Spin](/wiki/Spin_%28magazine%29 "Spin (magazine)")* and *[SF Weekly](/wiki/SF_Weekly "SF Weekly")*, and made several best\-of\-2007 album or single lists, including associate producer Andrew Ross Rowe at [MTV News](/wiki/MTV_News "MTV News"){{cite web \| url \= http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575533/20071130/west\_kanye.jhtml \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071207064358/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575533/20071130/west\_kanye.jhtml \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= December 7, 2007 \| title \= Kanye West, Radiohead, LCD Soundsystem Shine On MTV News Staffers' Top Albums Lists: Members of the news team pick their 10 (or 11 or seven) favorite albums of 2007 \| date \= 2007\-12\-03 \| work \= \[\[MTV News]] \| accessdate \= 2008\-07\-02 }} and Muhammad Asranur at *Ground Control Mag*.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.groundcontrolmag.com/detail/1/729/1 \| title \= Features: 2007 Year\-End Mix Tape \| work \= Ground Control Mag \| date \= 2007\-12\-11 \| accessdate \= 2008\-07\-02 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080524093455/http://www.groundcontrolmag.com/detail/1/729/1 \| archivedate \= 2008\-05\-24 }} The band recorded [music videos](/wiki/Music_video "Music video") for three of the album's tracks, "Wish You Dead,"{{cite web \| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Gu\-IiiVdCGs \| title \= lovelikefire "wish you dead" \| date \= 2007\-12\-18 \| publisher \= \[\[YouTube]] \| accessdate \= 2008\-07\-02 }} "From a Tower,"{{cite web \| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=XRTc0KLB1jQ \| title \= From A Tower \| date \= 2007\-10\-04 \| publisher \= \[\[YouTube]] \| accessdate \= 2008\-07\-02 }} and "I Will".{{cite web \| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=iyaH0pk6Y\_0 \| title \= Love Like Fire "I Will" \| date \= 2007\-11\-02 \| publisher \= \[\[YouTube]] \| accessdate \= 2008\-07\-02 }} The latter, a [carnival](/wiki/Carnival "Carnival")\-themed music video shot on [16 mm film](/wiki/16_mm_film "16 mm film") and produced by Thomas Barndt and Samara St. Croix (Tom and Samara), was chosen as an Official Selection of SXSW 2008 Film Festival. Robert Kissinger replaced original bassist Jesse Hayes in mid\-2007\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.performermag.com/wcp.spot03\.0802\.php \|title\=LoveLikeFire \|first\=Jackie \|last\=Miehls \|work\=Performer Mag \|accessdate\=2008\-07\-01 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015925/http://www.performermag.com/wcp.spot03\.0802\.php \|archivedate\=December 5, 2008 }}{{cite news \| author \= LoveLikeFire \| title \= Blog: LA Weekly Rock Picks \| date \= 2007\-05\-19 \| publisher \= \[\[MySpace]] }}{{cite news \| author \= LoveLikeFire \| title \= Blog: Review of our New York show \| date \= 2007\-11\-06 \| publisher \= \[\[MySpace]] }} The group followed up the release of *An Ocean in the Air* with a self\-organized and self\-financed national tour.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.lovelikefire.com/bio.php \| title \= Bio \| work \= LoveLikeFire.com \| accessdate \= 2009\-04\-19 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://archive.today/20071021032534/http://www.lovelikefire.com/bio.php \| archivedate \= 2007\-10\-21 }} In October 2008, Kissinger and guitarist Ted Parker were replaced by Eric Amerman and Marty Mattern, respectively. The band released a full\-length album *[Tear Ourselves Away](/wiki/Tear_Ourselves_Away "Tear Ourselves Away")* on August 10, 2009 on [Heist Or Hit Records](/wiki/Heist_Or_Hit_Records "Heist Or Hit Records") ([The Answering Machine](/wiki/The_Answering_Machine "The Answering Machine"), [Pomegranates](/wiki/Pomegranates_%28band%29 "Pomegranates (band)")) in the UK to some good press Two rough demos, "Signs" and "William", were released in May 2008 on the band's [MySpace](/wiki/MySpace "MySpace") profile as an indication of "songs we'll be working on for the full length".{{cite news \| title \= Blog: New Demos!!! \| author \= LoveLikeFire \| publisher \= \[\[MySpace]] \| date \= 2008\-05\-31 }} A single for the song "William" was released on April 6, 2009 in the UK. Following this the tracks Stand In Your Shoes and Boredom were released in the UK. The band have toured twice in the UK playing all over the country. The latest album was promoted on another nationwide tour.{{cite web \| url \= http://lovelikefire.com/ \| title \= News: Until We Meet Again \| date \= 2008\-06\-22 \| publisher \= LoveLikeFire.com \| quote \= We'll be at Tiny Telephone Studios for 36 days beginning August 1st with our most awesome producer Bill Racine... When we are done, we'll have our debut full length for you and we'll be hitting the road hard beginning in September. \| accessdate \= 2008\-06\-27 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080709052018/http://lovelikefire.com/ \| archivedate \= 2008\-07\-09 }} The album was released in America in early 2010 {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/EarBud/archives/2010/03/10/lovelikefire\-new\-album\-play\-show\-tomorrow\-night \|title\=LoveLikeFire New Album Launch Show March 10, 2010 \|access\-date\=September 21, 2010 \|archive\-date\=March 13, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313033223/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/EarBud/archives/2010/03/10/lovelikefire\-new\-album\-play\-show\-tomorrow\-night \|url\-status\=dead }} and promoted with a full tour.
[ "Career\n------", "The group considers itself to have officially formed in January 2006, when its first lineup came together.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.asiaarts.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid\\=59583 \\| title \\= Fanning the Flames \\| first \\= Larry \\| last \\= Kao \\| work \\= Asia Pacific Arts \\| publisher \\= UCLA Asia Institute \\| date \\= 2006\\-12\\-20 \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-07\\-01 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070218044747/http://www.asiaarts.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid\\=59583 \\| archivedate \\= 2007\\-02\\-18 }} Vocalist Ann Yu and drummer/keyboardist David Farrell, who had previously played together in several bands, were preparing to relocate to [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") because, according to Yu, \"it's a lot easier to find other musicians that are serious about making a career out of \\[music]\" there.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://media.www.dailytrojan.com/media/storage/paper679/news/2007/10/08/Lifestyle/Fiery.San.Francisco.Band.Is.Worth.Loving\\-3016641\\.shtml \\| title \\= Fiery San Francisco band is worth loving \\| first \\= Philiana \\| last \\= Ng \\| date \\= 2007\\-10\\-08 \\| work \\= \\[\\[Daily Trojan]] \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-05\\-07 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080224075448/http://media.www.dailytrojan.com/media/storage/paper679/news/2007/10/08/Lifestyle/Fiery.San.Francisco.Band.Is.Worth.Loving\\-3016641\\.shtml \\| archivedate \\= 2008\\-02\\-24 }} The move was abruptly canceled as the band began to form. Bassist and friend Jesse Hayes became available when his [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") band [Time in Malta](/wiki/Time_in_Malta_%28band%29 \"Time in Malta (band)\") split up; then, in January, Yu and Farrell met guitarist Ted Parker through a [Craigslist](/wiki/Craigslist \"Craigslist\") [classified advertisement](/wiki/Classified_advertisement \"Classified advertisement\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://woxy.lala.com/music/loungeacts/index.php?id\\=167 \\| title \\= LoveLikeFire \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[WOXY.com]] \\| date \\= 2007\\-03\\-03 \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-05\\-07 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://archive.today/20070326235222/http://woxy.lala.com/music/loungeacts/index.php?id\\=167 \\| archivedate \\= 2007\\-03\\-26 }} A few weeks later, the band played its first gig in Los Angeles.", "The group released its first recording on August 15, 2006,{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000QZU0KE \\| title \\= Bed of Gold by LoveLikeFire \\| website \\= Amazon \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-07\\-01 }} only seven months after having formed. According to Yu, the six\\-track EP *[Bed of Gold](/wiki/Bed_of_Gold \"Bed of Gold\")* was recorded before LoveLikeFire had \"fully developed its identity as a band.\" Nevertheless, the album received critical praise from *[The A.V. Club](/wiki/The_A.V._Club \"The A.V. Club\")* San Francisco,{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.lovelikefire.com/press.php \\| title \\= Press \\| work \\= LoveLikeFire.com \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-05\\-07 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512001547/http://www.lovelikefire.com/press.php \\| archivedate \\= 2008\\-05\\-12 }} *[LA Weekly](/wiki/LA_Weekly \"LA Weekly\")*,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.laweekly.com/music/music/rock\\-picks/16360/ \\|title\\=Rock Picks \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-09 \\|work\\=\\[\\[LA Weekly]] \\|first\\=Libby \\|last\\=Molyneaux \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-05\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922032707/http://www.laweekly.com/music/music/rock\\-picks/16360/ \\|archivedate\\=2007\\-09\\-22 }} and the *[East Bay Express](/wiki/East_Bay_Express \"East Bay Express\")*.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.eastbayexpress.com/music/critic\\_s\\_choice\\_for\\_the\\_week\\_of\\_september\\_13\\_19\\_\\_2006/Content?oid\\=291423 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20120728125036/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/music/critic\\_s\\_choice\\_for\\_the\\_week\\_of\\_september\\_13\\_19\\_\\_2006/Content?oid\\=291423 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 2012\\-07\\-28 \\| title \\= Critic's Choice for the week of September 13–19, 2006: Jungle screaming, country guitar, and hieroglyphic jazz \\| first \\= j. \\| last \\= poet \\| author2 \\= David Downs \\| author3 \\= Kathleen Richards \\| author4 \\= Jesse Varela \\| author5 \\= Larry Kelp \\| date \\= 2006\\-09\\-13 \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-05\\-07 \\| work \\= \\[\\[East Bay Express]] }} The group continued touring, performing alongside bands such as [Morningwood](/wiki/Morningwood \"Morningwood\"), [The Brian Jonestown Massacre](/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre \"The Brian Jonestown Massacre\"),{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.performermag.com/wcp.recordedreviews.0701\\.php \\|title\\=LoveLikeFire \\- Bed of Gold \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=Fortes \\|date\\=January 2007 \\|work\\=Performer Mag: West Coast Performer \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-07\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015182101/http://www.performermag.com/wcp.recordedreviews.0701\\.php \\|archivedate\\=October 15, 2007 }} and [Favourite Sons](/wiki/Favourite_Sons \"Favourite Sons\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|LoveLikeFire live in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), March 27, 2008\\.](/wiki/File:LoveLikeFire_live_2008-03-27.jpg \"LoveLikeFire live 2008-03-27.jpg\")", "The band followed its debut album with the seven\\-track sophomore effort *[An Ocean in the Air](/wiki/An_Ocean_in_the_Air \"An Ocean in the Air\")*, which was released on August 28, 2007\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000VFS330 \\| title \\= An Ocean in the Air by LoveLikeFire \\| website \\= Amazon \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-07\\-01 }} The record brought further critical praise from publications such as *[Spin](/wiki/Spin_%28magazine%29 \"Spin (magazine)\")* and *[SF Weekly](/wiki/SF_Weekly \"SF Weekly\")*, and made several best\\-of\\-2007 album or single lists, including associate producer Andrew Ross Rowe at [MTV News](/wiki/MTV_News \"MTV News\"){{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575533/20071130/west\\_kanye.jhtml \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071207064358/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575533/20071130/west\\_kanye.jhtml \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= December 7, 2007 \\| title \\= Kanye West, Radiohead, LCD Soundsystem Shine On MTV News Staffers' Top Albums Lists: Members of the news team pick their 10 (or 11 or seven) favorite albums of 2007 \\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-03 \\| work \\= \\[\\[MTV News]] \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-07\\-02 }} and Muhammad Asranur at *Ground Control Mag*.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.groundcontrolmag.com/detail/1/729/1 \\| title \\= Features: 2007 Year\\-End Mix Tape \\| work \\= Ground Control Mag \\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-11 \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-07\\-02 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080524093455/http://www.groundcontrolmag.com/detail/1/729/1 \\| archivedate \\= 2008\\-05\\-24 }} The band recorded [music videos](/wiki/Music_video \"Music video\") for three of the album's tracks, \"Wish You Dead,\"{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Gu\\-IiiVdCGs \\| title \\= lovelikefire \"wish you dead\" \\| date \\= 2007\\-12\\-18 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[YouTube]] \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-07\\-02 }} \"From a Tower,\"{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=XRTc0KLB1jQ \\| title \\= From A Tower \\| date \\= 2007\\-10\\-04 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[YouTube]] \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-07\\-02 }} and \"I Will\".{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=iyaH0pk6Y\\_0 \\| title \\= Love Like Fire \"I Will\" \\| date \\= 2007\\-11\\-02 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[YouTube]] \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-07\\-02 }} The latter, a [carnival](/wiki/Carnival \"Carnival\")\\-themed music video shot on [16 mm film](/wiki/16_mm_film \"16 mm film\") and produced by Thomas Barndt and Samara St. Croix (Tom and Samara), was chosen as an Official Selection of SXSW 2008 Film Festival.", "Robert Kissinger replaced original bassist Jesse Hayes in mid\\-2007\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.performermag.com/wcp.spot03\\.0802\\.php \\|title\\=LoveLikeFire \\|first\\=Jackie \\|last\\=Miehls \\|work\\=Performer Mag \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-07\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015925/http://www.performermag.com/wcp.spot03\\.0802\\.php \\|archivedate\\=December 5, 2008 }}{{cite news \\| author \\= LoveLikeFire \\| title \\= Blog: LA Weekly Rock Picks \\| date \\= 2007\\-05\\-19 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[MySpace]] }}{{cite news \\| author \\= LoveLikeFire \\| title \\= Blog: Review of our New York show \\| date \\= 2007\\-11\\-06 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[MySpace]] }} The group followed up the release of *An Ocean in the Air* with a self\\-organized and self\\-financed national tour.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.lovelikefire.com/bio.php \\| title \\= Bio \\| work \\= LoveLikeFire.com \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-04\\-19 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://archive.today/20071021032534/http://www.lovelikefire.com/bio.php \\| archivedate \\= 2007\\-10\\-21 }} In October 2008, Kissinger and guitarist Ted Parker were replaced by Eric Amerman and Marty Mattern, respectively.", "The band released a full\\-length album *[Tear Ourselves Away](/wiki/Tear_Ourselves_Away \"Tear Ourselves Away\")* on August 10, 2009 on [Heist Or Hit Records](/wiki/Heist_Or_Hit_Records \"Heist Or Hit Records\") ([The Answering Machine](/wiki/The_Answering_Machine \"The Answering Machine\"), [Pomegranates](/wiki/Pomegranates_%28band%29 \"Pomegranates (band)\")) in the UK to some good press Two rough demos, \"Signs\" and \"William\", were released in May 2008 on the band's [MySpace](/wiki/MySpace \"MySpace\") profile as an indication of \"songs we'll be working on for the full length\".{{cite news \\| title \\= Blog: New Demos!!! \\| author \\= LoveLikeFire \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[MySpace]] \\| date \\= 2008\\-05\\-31 }} A single for the song \"William\" was released on April 6, 2009 in the UK. Following this the tracks Stand In Your Shoes and Boredom were released in the UK. The band have toured twice in the UK playing all over the country. The latest album was promoted on another nationwide tour.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://lovelikefire.com/ \\| title \\= News: Until We Meet Again \\| date \\= 2008\\-06\\-22 \\| publisher \\= LoveLikeFire.com \\| quote \\= We'll be at Tiny Telephone Studios for 36 days beginning August 1st with our most awesome producer Bill Racine... When we are done, we'll have our debut full length for you and we'll be hitting the road hard beginning in September. \\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-06\\-27 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080709052018/http://lovelikefire.com/ \\| archivedate \\= 2008\\-07\\-09 }} The album was released in America in early 2010 {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/EarBud/archives/2010/03/10/lovelikefire\\-new\\-album\\-play\\-show\\-tomorrow\\-night \\|title\\=LoveLikeFire New Album Launch Show March 10, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=September 21, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313033223/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/EarBud/archives/2010/03/10/lovelikefire\\-new\\-album\\-play\\-show\\-tomorrow\\-night \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and promoted with a full tour.", "" ]
Environmental protection ------------------------ In June 2011, the entire mountain range, which has been preserved as an important nature reserve, outstanding in their geology and forest cover and harboring a diversity of plant and animal species, away from rapid urbanization, was listed as a [World Heritage Site](/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site "UNESCO World Heritage Site") by [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO"). The UNESCO introductory statement refers to: > *The Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana located on a sheer\-sided mountain range parallel to the north\-western coast of the island of Mallorca. Millennia of agriculture in an environment with scarce resources has transformed the terrain and displays an articulated network of devices for the management of water revolving around farming units of feudal origins. The landscape is marked by agricultural terraces and inter\-connected water works \- including water mills \- as well as dry stone constructions and farms*.[UNESCO statement](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1371) ### Biodiversity The Serra de Tramuntana hosts an impressive diversity of plant and animal life, including 25 [endemic](/wiki/Endemic_%28epidemiology%29 "Endemic (epidemiology)") botanical species and 7 species exclusively native to Majorca. Notable plant species of the Serra range from the hardy Balearic oak to the delicate flowers of the rock violet. Other components of this botanical mosaic include [rosemary](/wiki/Rosemary "Rosemary"), broom, everlastings, strawberry tree, garrigue, rowan, yew, [maple](/wiki/Maple "Maple"), [boxwood](/wiki/Boxwood "Boxwood"), rockrose, [lavender](/wiki/Lavandula "Lavandula"), and [thyme](/wiki/Thyme "Thyme"). Terrestrial fauna is equally diverse. Noteworthy vertebrates include the [pine marten](/wiki/European_pine_marten "European pine marten"), [weasel](/wiki/Weasel "Weasel"), genet, and [hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog "Hedgehog"). [Amphibians](/wiki/Amphibian "Amphibian") and [reptiles](/wiki/Reptile "Reptile"), despite being less numerous, are represented by such unique species as the Balearic midwife toad and the Ferreret toad. The skies of the Serra de Tramuntana are traversed by a variety of birds, from the majestic osprey and the [booted eagle](/wiki/Booted_eagle "Booted eagle") to the [Eleonora's falcon](/wiki/Eleonora%27s_falcon "Eleonora's falcon"), the [black vulture](/wiki/Black_vulture "Black vulture"), the [barn owl](/wiki/Barn_owl "Barn owl"), and the [scops owl](/wiki/Scops_owl "Scops owl"). The region also serves as a home to colonies of seabirds, such as the common gull and the cormorant. ### Sustainable Tourism The Serra de Tramuntana attracts numerous visitors annually due to its unique [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity") and attractive landscapes. In response to this influx, a [sustainable tourism](/wiki/Sustainable_tourism "Sustainable tourism") approach has been developed to minimize [environmental impact](/wiki/Environmental_impact "Environmental impact") and preserve the unique nature of the region. Estates and rural hotels in the area collaborate in organizing activities that promote this type of tourism, such as [hiking](/wiki/Hiking "Hiking"), [cycling](/wiki/Cycling "Cycling"), and [birdwatching](/wiki/Birdwatching "Birdwatching"), in addition to cultural visits with special attention to respect for the natural and cultural environment.{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=2023\-06\-20 \|title\=Serra De Tramuntana: World Heritage Site {{!}} Ca'n Beneït \|url\=https://fincacanbeneit.com/en/sierra\-de\-tramuntana\-world\-heritage\-site/ \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-28 \|language\=en\-US}} Environmental education is a constant in a visit to the Serra, underlining the importance of conservation.
[ "Environmental protection\n------------------------", "In June 2011, the entire mountain range, which has been preserved as an important nature reserve, outstanding in their geology and forest cover and harboring a diversity of plant and animal species, away from rapid urbanization, was listed as a [World Heritage Site](/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site \"UNESCO World Heritage Site\") by [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\"). The UNESCO introductory statement refers to:", "", "> *The Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana located on a sheer\\-sided mountain range parallel to the north\\-western coast of the island of Mallorca. Millennia of agriculture in an environment with scarce resources has transformed the terrain and displays an articulated network of devices for the management of water revolving around farming units of feudal origins. The landscape is marked by agricultural terraces and inter\\-connected water works \\- including water mills \\- as well as dry stone constructions and farms*.[UNESCO statement](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1371)", "### Biodiversity", "The Serra de Tramuntana hosts an impressive diversity of plant and animal life, including 25 [endemic](/wiki/Endemic_%28epidemiology%29 \"Endemic (epidemiology)\") botanical species and 7 species exclusively native to Majorca.", "Notable plant species of the Serra range from the hardy Balearic oak to the delicate flowers of the rock violet. Other components of this botanical mosaic include [rosemary](/wiki/Rosemary \"Rosemary\"), broom, everlastings, strawberry tree, garrigue, rowan, yew, [maple](/wiki/Maple \"Maple\"), [boxwood](/wiki/Boxwood \"Boxwood\"), rockrose, [lavender](/wiki/Lavandula \"Lavandula\"), and [thyme](/wiki/Thyme \"Thyme\").", "Terrestrial fauna is equally diverse. Noteworthy vertebrates include the [pine marten](/wiki/European_pine_marten \"European pine marten\"), [weasel](/wiki/Weasel \"Weasel\"), genet, and [hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog \"Hedgehog\"). [Amphibians](/wiki/Amphibian \"Amphibian\") and [reptiles](/wiki/Reptile \"Reptile\"), despite being less numerous, are represented by such unique species as the Balearic midwife toad and the Ferreret toad.", "The skies of the Serra de Tramuntana are traversed by a variety of birds, from the majestic osprey and the [booted eagle](/wiki/Booted_eagle \"Booted eagle\") to the [Eleonora's falcon](/wiki/Eleonora%27s_falcon \"Eleonora's falcon\"), the [black vulture](/wiki/Black_vulture \"Black vulture\"), the [barn owl](/wiki/Barn_owl \"Barn owl\"), and the [scops owl](/wiki/Scops_owl \"Scops owl\"). The region also serves as a home to colonies of seabirds, such as the common gull and the cormorant.", "### Sustainable Tourism", "The Serra de Tramuntana attracts numerous visitors annually due to its unique [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity \"Biodiversity\") and attractive landscapes. In response to this influx, a [sustainable tourism](/wiki/Sustainable_tourism \"Sustainable tourism\") approach has been developed to minimize [environmental impact](/wiki/Environmental_impact \"Environmental impact\") and preserve the unique nature of the region.", "Estates and rural hotels in the area collaborate in organizing activities that promote this type of tourism, such as [hiking](/wiki/Hiking \"Hiking\"), [cycling](/wiki/Cycling \"Cycling\"), and [birdwatching](/wiki/Birdwatching \"Birdwatching\"), in addition to cultural visits with special attention to respect for the natural and cultural environment.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-20 \\|title\\=Serra De Tramuntana: World Heritage Site {{!}} Ca'n Beneït \\|url\\=https://fincacanbeneit.com/en/sierra\\-de\\-tramuntana\\-world\\-heritage\\-site/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-28 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Environmental education is a constant in a visit to the Serra, underlining the importance of conservation.", "" ]
Biographical overview --------------------- Maxime came from a family of several doctors: his maternal grandfather, Louis Bidault, received the 7th place in the 1842 [Paris hospital internship](/wiki/Paris_hospital_internship "Paris hospital internship") rankings, and his great\-uncle, Jacques Daviel, was the inventor of the [cataract](/wiki/Cataract "Cataract") operation by extraction.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/histoire5\.htm \|title\=Cf. Alain Ségal \& Alain Lellouch, bibliographie \|access\-date\=2019\-01\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181011/http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/histoire5\.htm \|archive\-date\=2019\-01\-07 \|url\-status\=dead }} After high school in Évreux, where he won the general competition in history and natural history, he began studying medicine in Paris and became a pupil of [Joseph Babinski](/wiki/Joseph_Babinski "Joseph Babinski"). He was interested in [neuroanatomy](/wiki/Neuroanatomy "Neuroanatomy"), [neurology](/wiki/Neurology "Neurology"), [criminology](/wiki/Criminology "Criminology"), and [psychiatry](/wiki/Psychiatry "Psychiatry"). He was also devoted to the study of the [history of medicine](/wiki/History_of_medicine "History of medicine"). Laignel\-Lavastine supported the initiative of his pupil, [Isidore Simon](/wiki/Isidore_Simon "Isidore Simon"), when he founded the Society of the History of Jewish Medicine [On the founding of the society and the journal and the support of Maxime Laignel\-Lavastine](http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1986x020x002/HSMx1986x020x002x0133.pdf) and he agreed to become honorary president.Isidore Simon (dir.), special issue devoted to M. Laignel\-Lavastine. *Journal of the History of Jewish Medicine*, 1954, n{{0}} 21, 57\-120\. At [Sainte\-Anne Hospital Center](/wiki/Sainte-Anne_Hospital_Center "Sainte-Anne Hospital Center") in Paris, he obtained the Chair of the History of Medicine in 1931 and the Chair of Mental Illness in 1939, succeeding [Henri Claude](/wiki/Henri_Claude "Henri Claude"), who was chair of Mental Illness from 1922 to 1939\. (In 1942, he was succeeded in this position by [Joseph Lévy\-Valensi](/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9vy-Valensi "Joseph Lévy-Valensi"), who served until 1943\.) His main and innovative activity was his teaching at the [Institute of Criminology and Penal Law in Paris](/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University "Panthéon-Assas University"). He was also a member of the Medico\-Psychological Society,The Medico\-Psychological Society is a society of psychiatry, founded in 1852 and member of the French Federation of Psychiatry. the School of Anthropology and the International Society of Criminology.The International Society of Criminology was founded in 1938 in Rome, Italy. He was a member of the International Academy of the History of Science.[Laignel\-Lavastine.Maxime](http://www.aihs-iahs.org/en/node/1315). He co\-authored a psychiatry textbook and, with V. Vanciu and Étienne De Greeff, published a criminology text. He also wrote a preface to a book by [Alfred Adler](/wiki/Alfred_Adler "Alfred Adler"), *La Sens de la vie* (Payot: {{ISBN\|2\-228\-89531\-8}}) (originally published in German as *Der Sinn des Lebens*, and published in its English translations variously as *Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind* and *Social Interest: Adler's Key to the Meaning of Life*). The [psychoanalysts](/wiki/Psychoanalyst "Psychoanalyst") [Maurice Bouvet](/wiki/Maurice_Bouvet_%28psychoanalyst%29 "Maurice Bouvet (psychoanalyst)") and [René Held](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Held "René Held") were among his pupils in [psychiatry](/wiki/Psychiatry "Psychiatry"). In 1933, he founded the journal *Hippocrate* with Professor [Maurice Klippel](/wiki/Maurice_Klippel "Maurice Klippel").
[ "Biographical overview\n---------------------", "Maxime came from a family of several doctors: his maternal grandfather, Louis Bidault, received the 7th place in the 1842 [Paris hospital internship](/wiki/Paris_hospital_internship \"Paris hospital internship\") rankings, and his great\\-uncle, Jacques Daviel, was the inventor of the [cataract](/wiki/Cataract \"Cataract\") operation by extraction.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/histoire5\\.htm \\|title\\=Cf. Alain Ségal \\& Alain Lellouch, bibliographie \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181011/http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/histoire5\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} After high school in Évreux, where he won the general competition in history and natural history, he began studying medicine in Paris and became a pupil of [Joseph Babinski](/wiki/Joseph_Babinski \"Joseph Babinski\").", "He was interested in [neuroanatomy](/wiki/Neuroanatomy \"Neuroanatomy\"), [neurology](/wiki/Neurology \"Neurology\"), [criminology](/wiki/Criminology \"Criminology\"), and [psychiatry](/wiki/Psychiatry \"Psychiatry\"). He was also devoted to the study of the [history of medicine](/wiki/History_of_medicine \"History of medicine\"). Laignel\\-Lavastine supported the initiative of his pupil, [Isidore Simon](/wiki/Isidore_Simon \"Isidore Simon\"), when he founded the Society of the History of Jewish Medicine [On the founding of the society and the journal and the support of Maxime Laignel\\-Lavastine](http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1986x020x002/HSMx1986x020x002x0133.pdf) and he agreed to become honorary president.Isidore Simon (dir.), special issue devoted to M. Laignel\\-Lavastine. *Journal of the History of Jewish Medicine*, 1954, n{{0}} 21, 57\\-120\\.", "At [Sainte\\-Anne Hospital Center](/wiki/Sainte-Anne_Hospital_Center \"Sainte-Anne Hospital Center\") in Paris, he obtained the Chair of the History of Medicine in 1931 and the Chair of Mental Illness in 1939, succeeding [Henri Claude](/wiki/Henri_Claude \"Henri Claude\"), who was chair of Mental Illness from 1922 to 1939\\. (In 1942, he was succeeded in this position by [Joseph Lévy\\-Valensi](/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9vy-Valensi \"Joseph Lévy-Valensi\"), who served until 1943\\.) His main and innovative activity was his teaching at the [Institute of Criminology and Penal Law in Paris](/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University \"Panthéon-Assas University\"). He was also a member of the Medico\\-Psychological Society,The Medico\\-Psychological Society is a society of psychiatry, founded in 1852 and member of the French Federation of Psychiatry. the School of Anthropology and the International Society of Criminology.The International Society of Criminology was founded in 1938 in Rome, Italy. He was a member of the International Academy of the History of Science.[Laignel\\-Lavastine.Maxime](http://www.aihs-iahs.org/en/node/1315).", "He co\\-authored a psychiatry textbook and, with V. Vanciu and Étienne De Greeff, published a criminology text. He also wrote a preface to a book by [Alfred Adler](/wiki/Alfred_Adler \"Alfred Adler\"), *La Sens de la vie* (Payot: {{ISBN\\|2\\-228\\-89531\\-8}}) (originally published in German as *Der Sinn des Lebens*, and published in its English translations variously as *Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind* and *Social Interest: Adler's Key to the Meaning of Life*). The [psychoanalysts](/wiki/Psychoanalyst \"Psychoanalyst\") [Maurice Bouvet](/wiki/Maurice_Bouvet_%28psychoanalyst%29 \"Maurice Bouvet (psychoanalyst)\") and [René Held](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Held \"René Held\") were among his pupils in [psychiatry](/wiki/Psychiatry \"Psychiatry\").", "In 1933, he founded the journal *Hippocrate* with Professor [Maurice Klippel](/wiki/Maurice_Klippel \"Maurice Klippel\").", "" ]
Traditions and legends ---------------------- In Jewish and [Christian tradition](/wiki/Christian_tradition "Christian tradition"), Nimrod is considered the leader of those who built the Tower of Babel in the land of Shinar,{{cite magazine \|last \= Menner \|first \= Robert J. \|year \= 1938 \|title \= Nimrod and the Wolf in the Old English 'Solomon and Saturn' \|magazine \= \[\[Journal of English and Germanic Philology]] \|volume \= 37 \|issue \= 3 \|pages \= 332–84 \|jstor \= 27704407 }} although the Bible never states this. Nimrod's kingdom included the cities of Babel, Uruk, Akkad, and perhaps Calneh, in Shinar (Gen 10:10\).Depending on how the text is read, "Calneh" may be the fourth city name in this enumeration, or it may be part of an expression meaning "all of them in Shinar". {{harv\|Van der Toorn\|Van der Horst\|1990\|p\=1}}. [Josephus](/wiki/Josephus "Josephus") believed that it was likely under his direction that the building of Babel and its tower began; in addition to Josephus, this is also the view found in the [Talmud](/wiki/Talmud "Talmud") (*[Hullin](/wiki/Hullin "Hullin")* 89a, *[Pesahim](/wiki/Pesahim "Pesahim")* 94b, *[Erubin](/wiki/Erubin "Erubin")* 53a, *[Avodah Zarah](/wiki/Avodah_Zarah "Avodah Zarah")* 53b), and later *[midrash](/wiki/Midrash "Midrash")* such as *[Genesis Rabba](/wiki/Genesis_Rabba "Genesis Rabba")*. Several of these early Judaic sources also assert that the king [Amraphel](/wiki/Amraphel "Amraphel"), who wars with Abraham later in Genesis, is none other than Nimrod himself. Josephus wrote:{{cite web \|last1\=Josephus \|first1\=Flavius \|title\=Antiquities of the Jews — Book I \|url\=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant\-1\.html \|website\=Penelope {{!}} James Eason \|publisher\=University of Chicago \|access\-date\=7 July 2024}} {{quote\|Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God, as if it were through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into tyranny, seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence on his power. He also said he would be revenged on God, if He should have a mind to drown the world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters to reach. And that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their forefathers. Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod, and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God; and they built a tower, neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work: and, by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it, it grew very high, sooner than any one could expect; but the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was. It was built of burnt brick, cemented together with mortar, made of bitumen, that it might not be liable to admit water. When God saw that they acted so madly, He did not resolve to destroy them utterly, since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners; but He caused a tumult among them, by producing in them diverse languages, and causing that, through the multitude of those languages, they should not be able to understand one another. The place wherein they built the tower is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before; for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel, confusion ...}} Since Akkad was destroyed and lost with the [collapse of the Akkadian Empire](/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia "Gutian rule in Mesopotamia") in the period 2200–2154 BC ([long chronology](/wiki/Long_chronology "Long chronology")), the stories mentioning Nimrod seem to recall the late [Early Bronze Age](/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age "Early Bronze Age"). The association with Erech (Babylonian [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk "Uruk")), a city that lost its prime importance around [2000 BCE](/wiki/2000_BCE "2000 BCE") as a result of struggles between [Isin](/wiki/Isin "Isin"), [Larsa](/wiki/Larsa "Larsa") and [Elam](/wiki/Elam "Elam"), also attests the early provenance of the stories of Nimrod. According to some modern\-day theorists, their placement in the Bible suggests a Babylonian origin—possibly inserted during the [Babylonian captivity](/wiki/Babylonian_captivity "Babylonian captivity"). Judaic interpreters as early as [Philo](/wiki/Philo "Philo") and [Yohanan ben Zakkai](/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai "Yohanan ben Zakkai") in the [1st century](/wiki/1st_century "1st century") interpreted "a mighty hunter *before* the Lord" ({{lang\|he\|גבר ציד לפני יהוה}} *gibbor\-ṣayiḏ lip̄nē Yahweh*, lit. "in the face of [Yahweh](/wiki/Yahweh "Yahweh")") as signifying "*in opposition to* the Lord"; a similar interpretation is found in [Pseudo\-Philo](/wiki/Pseudo-Philo "Pseudo-Philo"), as well as later in [Symmachus](/wiki/Symmachus_%28translator%29 "Symmachus (translator)"). Some rabbinic commentators have also connected the name *Nimrod* with a Hebrew word meaning 'rebel'. In [Pseudo\-Philo](/wiki/Pseudo-Philo "Pseudo-Philo") (dated c. 70 CE), Nimrod is made leader of the Hamites, while [Joktan](/wiki/Joktan "Joktan") as leader of the Semites, and Fenech as leader of the Japhethites, are also associated with the building of the Tower.{{cite book \|first \= James \|last \= Kugel \|title \= Traditions of the Bible \|year \= 1998 \|page \= 230 }}{{full citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} Versions of this story are again picked up in later works such as *[Apocalypse of Pseudo\-Methodius](/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius "Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius")* (7th century). The [Book of Jubilees](/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees "Book of Jubilees") mentions the name of "Nebrod" (the Greek form of Nimrod) only as being the father of [Azurad](/wiki/Azurad "Azurad"), the wife of [Eber](/wiki/Eber "Eber") and mother of [Peleg](/wiki/Peleg "Peleg") (8:7\). This account would thus make Nimrod an ancestor of Abraham, and hence of all [Hebrews](/wiki/Hebrews "Hebrews"). [thumb\|*Nimrod* by [Yitzhak Danziger](/wiki/Yitzhak_Danziger "Yitzhak Danziger")](/wiki/File:Danziger%2C_Itzhak%2C_Nimrod%2C_1939.jpg "Danziger, Itzhak, Nimrod, 1939.jpg") The [Babylonian Talmud](/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud "Babylonian Talmud") ([Gittin](/wiki/Gittin "Gittin") 56b) attributes [Titus](/wiki/Titus "Titus")'s death to an insect that flew into his nose and picked at his brain for seven years in a repetition of another legend referring to the biblical King Nimrod.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sefaria.org.il/Gittin.56b.13?lang\=bi\&with\=all\&lang2\=en\|title\=Tractate Gittin 56b\|website\=www.sefaria.org.il}}Rosner, Fred. *Medicine in the Bible and Talmud*. p.76\. Pub. 1995, KTAV Publishing House, {{ISBN\|0\-88125\-506\-8}}. Extract viewable at ([https://books.google.com/books?id\=SL34EWxAJfYC\&pg\=PA76](https://books.google.com/books?id=SL34EWxAJfYC&pg=PA76))[Wikisource:Page:Legends of Old Testament Characters.djvu/178](/wiki/Wikisource:Page:Legends_of_Old_Testament_Characters.djvu/178 "Page:Legends of Old Testament Characters.djvu/178") An early [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") work known as [*Kitab al\-Magall* or the *Book of Rolls*](/wiki/Arabic_Apocalypse_of_Peter "Arabic Apocalypse of Peter") (part of [Clementine literature](/wiki/Clementine_literature "Clementine literature")) states that Nimrod built the towns of Hadāniūn, [Ellasar](/wiki/Ellasar "Ellasar"), [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia "Seleucia"), [Ctesiphon](/wiki/Ctesiphon "Ctesiphon"), Rūhīn, [Atrapatene](/wiki/Atrapatene "Atrapatene"), Telalān, and others, that he began his reign as king over earth when [Reu](/wiki/Reu "Reu") was 163, and that he reigned for 69 years, building [Nisibis](/wiki/Nisibis "Nisibis"), Raha ([Edessa](/wiki/Edessa%2C_Mesopotamia "Edessa, Mesopotamia")) and [Harran](/wiki/Harran "Harran") when [Peleg](/wiki/Peleg "Peleg") was 50\. It further adds that Nimrod "saw in the sky a piece of black cloth and a crown". He called upon Sasan the weaver and commanded him to make him a crown like it, which he set jewels on and wore. He was allegedly the first king to wear a crown. "For this reason people who knew nothing about it, said that a crown came down to him from [heaven](/wiki/Heaven "Heaven")." Later, the book describes how Nimrod established fire worship and idolatry, then received instruction in divination for three years from Bouniter, the [fourth son of Noah](/wiki/Fourth_son_of_Noah "Fourth son of Noah").{{cite web \|url \= http://www.sacred\-texts.com/chr/aa/aa2\.htm \|title \= the ''Kitab al\-Magall'' \|publisher \= Sacred\-texts.com \|access\-date \= 5 April 2012 }} In the *Recognitions* (R 4\.29\), one version of the Clementines, Nimrod is equated with the legendary Assyrian king [Ninus](/wiki/Ninus "Ninus"), who first appears in the [Greek](/wiki/Greek_people "Greek people") historian [Ctesias](/wiki/Ctesias "Ctesias") as the founder of Nineveh. However, in another version, the *Homilies* (H 9:4–6\), Nimrod is made to be the same as [Zoroaster](/wiki/Zoroaster "Zoroaster"). The [Syriac](/wiki/Syriac_language "Syriac language") *[Cave of Treasures](/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures "Cave of Treasures")* (c. 350\) contains an account of Nimrod very similar to that in the *Kitab al\-Magall*, except that Nisibis, Edessa and Harran are said to be built by Nimrod when Reu was 50, and that he began his reign as the first king when Reu was 130\. In this version, the weaver is called *Sisan*, and the fourth son of Noah is called *Yonton*. [Jerome](/wiki/Jerome "Jerome"), writing c. 390, explains in *Hebrew Questions on Genesis* that after Nimrod reigned in Babel, "he also reigned in Arach \[Erech], that is, in Edissa; and in Achad \[Accad], which is now called Nisibis; and in Chalanne \[Calneh], which was later called Seleucia after King Seleucus when its name had been changed, and which is now in actual fact called Ctesiphon." However, this traditional identification of the cities built by Nimrod in Genesis is no longer accepted by modern scholars, who consider them to be located in [Sumer](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer"), not [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"). The [Ge'ez](/wiki/Ge%27ez "Ge'ez") *[Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan](/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan "Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan")* (c. 5th century) also contains a version similar to that in the *Cave of Treasures*, but the crown maker is called *Santal*, and the name of Noah's fourth son who instructs Nimrod is *Barvin*. However, [Ephrem the Syrian](/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian "Ephrem the Syrian") (306–373\) relates a contradictory view, that Nimrod was righteous and opposed the builders of the Tower. Similarly, *[Targum Pseudo\-Jonathan](/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan "Targum Pseudo-Jonathan")* (date uncertain) mentions a Jewish tradition that Nimrod left Shinar in southern Mesopotamia and fled to Assyria in northern Mesopotamia, because he refused to take part in building the Tower—for which God rewarded him with the four cities in Assyria, to substitute for the ones in Babel. *[Pirke De\-Rabbi Eliezer](/wiki/Pirke_De-Rabbi_Eliezer "Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer")* (c. 833\) relates the Jewish traditions that Nimrod inherited the garments of Adam and Eve from his father Cush, and that these made him invincible. Nimrod's party then defeated the Japhethites to assume universal rulership. Later, [Esau](/wiki/Esau "Esau") (grandson of [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham "Abraham")), ambushed, beheaded, and robbed Nimrod. These stories later reappear in other sources including the 16th century *[Sefer haYashar](/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_%28midrash%29 "Sefer haYashar (midrash)")*, which adds that Nimrod had a son named *Mardon* who was even more wicked.See Louis Ginsberg *Legends of the Jews* Vol I, and the footnotes volume. In the *[History of the Prophets and Kings](/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings_%28book%29 "History of the Prophets and Kings (book)")* by the 9th century [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim") historian [al\-Tabari](/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari "Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari"), Nimrod has the tower built in Babil, [God](/wiki/God_in_Islam "God in Islam") destroys it, and the language of mankind, formerly [Syriac](/wiki/Syriac_language "Syriac language"), is then confused into 72 languages. Another Muslim historian of the 13th century, [Abu al\-Fida](/wiki/Abu_al-Fida "Abu al-Fida"), relates the same story, adding that the patriarch [Eber](/wiki/Eber "Eber") (an ancestor of Abraham) was allowed to keep the original tongue, Hebrew in this case, because he would not partake in the building. The 10th\-century Muslim historian [Masudi](/wiki/Masudi "Masudi") recounts a legend making the Nimrod who built the tower to be the son of Mash, the son of [Aram, son of Shem](/wiki/Aram%2C_son_of_Shem "Aram, son of Shem"), adding that he reigned 500 years over the [Nabateans](/wiki/Nabateans "Nabateans"). Later, Masudi lists Nimrod as the first king of Babylon, and states that he dug great canals and reigned 60 years. Still elsewhere, he mentions another king Nimrod, son of [Canaan](/wiki/Canaan_%28biblical_figure%29 "Canaan (biblical figure)"), as the one who introduced astrology and attempted to kill Abraham. In [Armenian](/wiki/Armenia "Armenia") legend, the ancestor of the Armenian people, [Hayk](/wiki/Hayk "Hayk"), defeated Nimrod (sometimes equated with [Bel](/wiki/Bel_%28god%29 "Bel (god)")) in a battle near Lake Van. In the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_people "Hungarian people") legend of the Enchanted Stag (more commonly known as the [White Stag](/wiki/Csodaszarvas "Csodaszarvas") \[*Fehér Szarvas*] or Silver Stag), King Nimród (*Ménrót*), often described as "Nimród the Giant" or "the giant Nimród", descendant of Noah, is the first person referred to as forefather of the Hungarians. He, along with his entire nation, is also the giant responsible for the building of the Tower of Babel—construction of which was supposedly started by him 201 years after the biblical event of the [Great Flood](/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark "Noah's Ark"). After the catastrophic failure of that most ambitious endeavour and in the midst of the [confusion of tongues](/wiki/Confusion_of_tongues "Confusion of tongues"), Nimród the giant moved to the land of *Evilát*, where his wife, *Enéh* gave birth to twin brothers *Hunor* and *Magyar* (aka *Magor*). Father and sons were, all three of them, prodigious hunters, but Nimród especially is the archetypal, consummate, legendary hunter and archer. Hungarian legends held that twin sons of King Nimród, [Hunor and Magor](/wiki/Hunor_and_Magor "Hunor and Magor") were the ancestors of the [Huns](/wiki/Huns "Huns") and the [Magyars](/wiki/Magyars "Magyars") (Hungarians) respectively, siring their children through the two daughters of King Dul of the [Alans](/wiki/Alans "Alans"), whom they kidnapped after losing track of the silver stag whilst hunting.*Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians* (ch. 1\.4–5\), pp. 13–17\. Both the Huns' and Magyars' historically attested skill with the recurve bow and arrow are attributed to Nimród. ([Simon Kézai](/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za "Simon of Kéza"), personal "court priest" of King [Ladislaus the Cuman](/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary "Ladislaus IV of Hungary"), in his *Gesta Hungarorum*, 1282–1285\. This tradition can also be found in over twenty other medieval Hungarian chronicles, as well as a German one, according to Dr Antal Endrey in an article published in 1979\). The 16th\-century Hungarian prelate [Nicolaus Olahus](/wiki/Nicolaus_Olahus "Nicolaus Olahus") claimed that [Attila](/wiki/Attila "Attila") took for himself the title of *Descendant of the Great Nimrod*.{{cite web \|last1 \= Herbert \|first1 \= William \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=XJ44AAAAMAAJ\&q\=nicolas\+olaus\+attila\+engaddi\&pg\=PA49 \| title \= Attila, King of the Huns \|website \= Google Books \|year \= 1838 \| access\-date \= 12 September 2019 \|page \= 49 }} The hunter god or spirit [Nyyrikki](/wiki/Nyyrikki "Nyyrikki"), figuring in the Finnish *[Kalevala](/wiki/Kalevala "Kalevala")* as a helper of [Lemminkäinen](/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen "Lemminkäinen"), is associated with Nimrod by some researchers and linguists.*Kalevala*. Das finnische Epos des Elias Lönnroth. Mit einem Kommentar von Hans Fromm, Stuttgart: Reclam 1985\. (Commentary of Hans Fromm to Elias Lönnroth's *Kalevala*) The [Nimrod Fortress](/wiki/Nimrod_Fortress "Nimrod Fortress") (Qal'at Namrud in Arabic) on the [Golan Heights](/wiki/Golan_Heights "Golan Heights"){{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=EPFDU8POrXIC\&pg\=PA59\|title\=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae: B v. 1 (Handbook of Oriental Studies)\|first1\=Moshe\|last1\=Sharon \|author\-link\= Moshe Sharon\|edition\=Hardcover\|publisher\=Brill Publishers\|year\=1999\|isbn\=90\-04\-11083\-6\|page\= \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=EPFDU8POrXIC\&pg\=PA59 59] }} \- actually built during the [Crusades](/wiki/Crusades "Crusades") by [Al\-Aziz Uthman](/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman "Al-Aziz Uthman"), the younger son of [Saladin](/wiki/Saladin "Saladin") \- was anachronistically attributed to Nimrod by later inhabitants of the area. There is a very brief mention of Nimrod in the [Book of Mormon](/wiki/Book_of_Mormon "Book of Mormon"): "(and the name of the valley was Nimrod, being called after the mighty hunter)".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/scriptures/bofm/ether/2\|title\=Ether 2\|website\=www.churchofjesuschrist.org}} ### Nimrod vs. Abraham {{See\|Ninus}} [thumb\|upright\|Abraham sacrificing his son, [Ishmael](/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam "Ishmael in Islam"). [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham "Abraham") cast into fire by Nimrod. From *Zubdat\-al Tawarikh*, a 1583 [Ottoman Turkish](/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language "Ottoman Turkish language") manuscript.](/wiki/File:Abraham_ready_to_sacrifice_his_son%2C_Ishmael_%28top%29%3B_Abraham_cast_into_fire_by_Nimrod_%28bottom%29.jpg "Abraham ready to sacrifice his son, Ishmael (top); Abraham cast into fire by Nimrod (bottom).jpg") In Jewish and Islamic traditions, a confrontation between Nimrod and [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham "Abraham") is said to have taken place. Some stories bring them both together in a cataclysmic collision, seen as a symbol of the confrontation between Good and Evil, or as a symbol of [monotheism](/wiki/Monotheism "Monotheism") against [polytheism](/wiki/Polytheism "Polytheism"). Some Jewish traditions say only that the two men met and had a discussion. According to K. van der Toorn and P. W. van der Horst, this tradition is first attested in the writings of [Pseudo\-Philo](/wiki/Pseudo-Philo "Pseudo-Philo").{{harvp\|Van der Toorn\|Van der Horst\|1990\|p\= 19\|ps\=.}} The story is also found in the [Talmud](/wiki/Talmud "Talmud"), and in rabbinical writings in the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages").{{Daat enc\|he\-title\=נמרוד\|id1\=1058}} In some versions, such as [Flavius Josephus](/wiki/Flavius_Josephus "Flavius Josephus"), Nimrod is a man who sets his will against that of God. In others, he proclaims himself a god and is worshipped as such by his subjects, sometimes with his consort [Semiramis](/wiki/Semiramis "Semiramis") worshipped as a goddess at his side.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} A [portent](/wiki/Portent_%28divination%29 "Portent (divination)") in the stars tells Nimrod and his astrologers of the impending birth of Abraham, who would put an end to [idolatry](/wiki/Idolatry "Idolatry"). Nimrod therefore orders the killing of all newborn babies. However, Abraham's mother escapes into the fields and gives birth secretly. At a young age, Abraham recognizes God and starts worshipping him. He confronts Nimrod and tells him face\-to\-face to [cease his idolatry](/wiki/Abraham_and_the_Idol_Shop "Abraham and the Idol Shop"), whereupon Nimrod orders him burned at the stake. In some versions, Nimrod has his subjects gather wood for four whole years, so as to burn Abraham in the biggest bonfire the world had ever seen. Yet when the fire is lit, Abraham walks out unscathed.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} In some versions, Nimrod then challenges Abraham to battle. When Nimrod appears at the head of enormous armies, Abraham produces an army of [gnats](/wiki/Gnat "Gnat") which destroys Nimrod's army. Some accounts have a gnat or mosquito enter Nimrod's brain and drive him out of his mind (a divine retribution which Jewish tradition also assigned to the Roman Emperor [Titus](/wiki/Titus "Titus"), destroyer of the [Temple in Jerusalem](/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem "Temple in Jerusalem")).{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} In some versions, Nimrod repents and accepts God, offering numerous sacrifices that God rejects (as with [Cain](/wiki/Cain "Cain")). Other versions have Nimrod give to Abraham, as a conciliatory gift, the giant slave [Eliezer](/wiki/Eliezer "Eliezer"), whom some accounts describe as Nimrod's own son (the Bible also mentions Eliezer as Abraham's [majordomo](/wiki/Majordomo "Majordomo"), though not making any connection between him and Nimrod; Genesis 15:2\). Still other versions have Nimrod persisting in his rebellion against God, or resuming it. Indeed, Abraham's crucial act of leaving [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia") and settling in [Canaan](/wiki/Canaan "Canaan") is sometimes interpreted as an escape from Nimrod's revenge. Accounts considered canonical place the building of the Tower many generations before Abraham's birth (as in the Bible, also *[Jubilees](/wiki/Jubilees "Jubilees")*); however in others, it is a later rebellion after Nimrod failed in his confrontation with Abraham. In still other versions, Nimrod does not give up after the Tower fails, but goes on to try storming Heaven in person, in a chariot driven by birds.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} The story attributes to Abraham elements from the story of [Moses](/wiki/Moses "Moses")' birth (the cruel king killing innocent babies, with the midwives ordered to kill them) and from the careers of [Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego](/wiki/Shadrach%2C_Meshach%2C_and_Abednego "Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego") who emerged unscathed from the fire. Nimrod is thus given attributes of two archetypal cruel and persecuting kings – [Nebuchadnezzar](/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar "Nebuchadnezzar") and [Pharaoh](/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus "Pharaoh of the Exodus").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} Some Jewish traditions also identified him with [Cyrus](/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great "Cyrus the Great"), whose birth according to [Herodotus](/wiki/Herodotus "Herodotus") was accompanied by portents, which made his grandfather try to kill him.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} A confrontation is also found in the [Quran](/wiki/Quran "Quran"), between a king, not mentioned by name, and [Ibrahim](/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam "Abraham in Islam") (Arabic for "Abraham"). Some Muslim commentators assign Nimrod as the king. In the quranic narrative Ibrahim has a discussion with the king, the former argues that God is the one who gives life and causes death, whereas the unnamed king replies that he gives life and causes death.{{Cite web\|url\=https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter\=2\&verse\=258\|title\=The Quranic Arabic Corpus \- Translation\|website\=corpus.quran.com}} Ibrahim refutes him by stating that God brings the Sun up from the East, and so he asks the king to bring it from the West. The king is then perplexed and angered. The commentaries on this [Surah](/wiki/Surah "Surah") offer a wide variety of embellishments of this narrative, one of which by [Ibn Kathir](/wiki/Ibn_Kathir "Ibn Kathir"), a 14th\-century scholar, adding that Nimrod showed his rule over life and death by killing a prisoner and freeing another.{{Cite web\|url\=https://quranx.com/tafsirs/2\.258\|title\=QuranX.com The most complete Quran / Hadith / Tafsir collection available!\|website\=quranx.com}} Whether or not conceived as having ultimately repented, Nimrod remained in Jewish and Islamic tradition an emblematic evil person, an archetype of an idolater and a tyrannical king. In rabbinical writings up to the present, he is almost invariably referred to as "Nimrod the Evil" ({{lang\-he\|נמרוד הרשע}}).{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} Nimrod is mentioned by name in several places in the [Baháʼí scriptures](/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature "Baháʼí literature"), including the [Kitáb\-i\-Íqán](/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n "Kitáb-i-Íqán"), the primary theological work of the [Baháʼí Faith](/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith "Baháʼí Faith"). There it is said that Nimrod "dreamed a dream" which his soothsayers interpreted as signifying the birth of a new star in heaven. A herald is then said to have appeared in the land announcing "the coming of Abraham".["The Kitáb\-i\-Íqán"](http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-2.html) *Baháʼí Reference Library*. pp 41–80\. Retrieved 10 September 2014\. Nimrod is also mentioned in one of the earliest writings of the [Báb](/wiki/B%C3%A1b "Báb") (the herald of the Baháʼí Faith). Citing examples of God's power, he asks: "Has He not, in past days, caused Abraham, in spite of His seeming helplessness, to triumph over the forces of Nimrod?"{{cite web \|last1 \= Effendi \|first1 \= Shoghi \|title \= The Dawn\-Breakers \|url \= http://bahai\-library.com/books/dawnbreakers/chapters/3\.html\#94 \|website \= bahai\-library.com \|publisher \= Baháʼí Publishing Trust \|access\-date \= 23 February 2016 \|page \= 94 }} The story of Abraham's confrontation with Nimrod did not remain within the confines of learned writings and religious treatises, but also conspicuously influenced popular culture. A notable example is "*[Quando el Rey Nimrod](/wiki/Quando_el_Rey_Nimrod "Quando el Rey Nimrod")*" ("When King Nimrod"), one of the most well\-known folksongs in [Ladino](/wiki/Ladino_language "Ladino language") (the Judeo\-Spanish language), apparently written during the reign of King [Alfonso X](/wiki/Alfonso_X "Alfonso X") of [Castile](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile "Kingdom of Castile"). Beginning with the words: "When King Nimrod went out to the fields/ Looked at the heavens and at the stars/He saw a holy light in the Jewish quarter/A sign that Abraham, our father, was about to be born", the song gives a poetic account of the persecutions perpetrated by the cruel Nimrod and the miraculous birth and deeds of the savior Abraham.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.hebrewsongs.com/song\-hamelechnimrod.htm \|title \= CUANDO ELREY NIMROD \|work \= hebrewsongs.com }}{{cite web \|url \= http://zemerl.com/cgi\-bin//show.pl?title\=Cuando\+El\+Rey\+Nimrod\+(When\+King\+Nimrod) \|title \= Cuando El Rey Nimrod \|trans\-title \= When King Nimrod \|work \= zemerl.com \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090106094702/http://zemerl.com/cgi\-bin/show.pl?title\=Cuando\+El\+Rey\+Nimrod\+(When\+King\+Nimrod) \|archive\-date \= 6 January 2009 }} ### Islamic narrative The [Quran](/wiki/Quran "Quran") states, "Have you not considered him who had an argument with Abraham about his Lord, because God had given him the kingdom (i.e. he was prideful)?"{{Cite web \|title \= Surat Al\-Baqarah \[2:258] \- The Noble Qur'an \- القرآن الكريم \|url \= http://legacy.quran.com/2/258 \|website \= legacy.quran.com \|access\-date \= 16 November 2015 }} Abraham says, "My Lord is He Who gives life and causes death." The king answers, "I give life and cause death". At this point some commentaries add new narratives like Nimrod bringing forth two men, who were sentenced to death previously. He orders the execution of one while freeing the other one.{{Cite web \|title \= Mosque: Prophet Ibrahim \|url \= http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ibrahim.htm \|website \= www.islamicity.com \|access\-date \= 16 November 2015 }} Then Abraham says, "Indeed, God brings up the sun from the east, so bring it up from the west." This causes the king to exile him, and he leaves for the [Levant](/wiki/Levant "Levant").{{Cite web \|title \= Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham (pbuh) \|url \= http://www.islamawareness.net/Prophets/ibrahim.html \|website \= www.islamawareness.net \|access\-date \= 16 November 2015 }} Although Nimrod's name is not specifically stated in the Quran, Islamic scholars hold that the "king" mentioned was him. Other traditional stories also exist around Nimrod, which have resulted in him being referenced as a tyrant in Muslim cultures.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.alim.org//history/prophet\-stories/6/16/\|title\=Stories of the Prophets \| Alim.org\|website\=www.alim.org}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://islamicstories.com/story/93\|title\=Ibrahim and Namrud\|website\=islamicstories.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.al\-islam.org/islamic\-stories/prophet\-ibrahim\-and\-idol\-worship\|title\=Prophet Ibrahim and the Idol Worship\|date\=22 January 2013\|website\=www.al\-islam.org}} According to [Mujahid ibn Jabr](/wiki/Mujahid_ibn_Jabr "Mujahid ibn Jabr"), "Four people gained control over the Earth, east and west, two believers and two disbelievers. The two believers were [Solomon](/wiki/Solomon "Solomon") ([Sulayman](/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam "Solomon in Islam") in Islamic texts) and [Dhul Qarnayn](/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn "Dhul-Qarnayn"), and the two disbelievers were [Nebuchadnezzar II](/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II "Nebuchadnezzar II") and Nimrod. No one but they gained power over it."Ibn Kathir, *Qasas Ul Ambiya (Stories of the Prophets)*, Muassisa Al\-nur Lil nashr wal I'laan, 1978, p. 183, [Archive.org](https://archive.org/details/iqraaEBook54/page/n182/mode/1up?view=theater) ### Midrash Rabba version The following version of the confrontation between Abraham and Nimrod appears in the [Midrash Rabba](/wiki/Midrash_Rabba "Midrash Rabba"), a major compilation of Jewish Scriptural [exegesis](/wiki/Exegesis "Exegesis"). The part in which this appears, the [Genesis Rabbah](/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah "Genesis Rabbah") (Chapter 38, 13\), is considered to date from the sixth century. | נטלו ומסרו לנמרוד. אמר לו: עבוד לאש. אמר לו אברהם: ואעבוד למים, שמכבים את האש? אמר לו נמרוד: עבוד למים! אמר לו: אם כך, אעבוד לענן, שנושא את המים? אמר לו: עבוד לענן! אמר לו: אם כך, אעבוד לרוח, שמפזרת עננים? אמר לו: עבוד לרוח! אמר לו: ונעבוד לבן אדם, שסובל הרוחות? אמר לו: מילים אתה מכביר, אני איני משתחוה אלא לאוּר \- הרי אני משליכך בתוכו, ויבא אלוה שאתה משתחוה לו ויצילך הימנו! היה שם הרן עומד. אמר: מה נפשך, אם ינצח אברהם \- אומַר 'משל אברהם אני', ואם ינצח נמרוד \- אומַר 'משל נמרוד אני'. כיון שירד אברהם לכבשן האש וניצול, אמרו לו: משל מי אתה? אמר להם: משל אברהם אני! נטלוהו והשליכוהו לאור, ונחמרו בני מעיו ויצא ומת על פני תרח אביו. וכך נאמר: וימת הרן על פני תרח אביו. (בראשית רבה ל"ח, יג) | (...) He \[Abraham] was given over to Nimrod. \[Nimrod] told him: Worship the Fire! Abraham said to him: Shall I then worship the water, which puts off the fire! Nimrod told him: Worship the water! \[Abraham] said to him: If so, shall I worship the cloud, which carries the water? \[Nimrod] told him: Worship the cloud! \[Abraham] said to him: If so, shall I worship the wind, which scatters the clouds? \[Nimrod] said to him: Worship the wind! \[Abraham] said to him: And shall we worship the human, who withstands the wind? Said \[Nimrod] to him: You pile words upon words, I bow to none but the fire—in it shall I throw you, and let the God to whom you bow come and save you from it! Haran \[Abraham's brother] was standing there. He said \[to himself]: what shall I do? If Abraham wins, I shall say: "I am of Abraham's \[followers]", if Nimrod wins I shall say "I am of Nimrod's \[followers]". When Abraham went into the furnace and survived, Haran was asked: "Whose \[follower] are you?" and he answered: "I am Abraham's!". \[Then] they took him and threw him into the furnace, and his belly opened and he died and predeceased Terach, his father. \[The [Bible](/wiki/Bible "Bible"), [Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis "Book of Genesis") 11:28, mentions Haran predeceasing Terach, but gives no details.]\|— |
[ "Traditions and legends\n----------------------", "In Jewish and [Christian tradition](/wiki/Christian_tradition \"Christian tradition\"), Nimrod is considered the leader of those who built the Tower of Babel in the land of Shinar,{{cite magazine \\|last \\= Menner \\|first \\= Robert J. \\|year \\= 1938 \\|title \\= Nimrod and the Wolf in the Old English 'Solomon and Saturn' \\|magazine \\= \\[\\[Journal of English and Germanic Philology]] \\|volume \\= 37 \\|issue \\= 3 \\|pages \\= 332–84 \\|jstor \\= 27704407 }} although the Bible never states this. Nimrod's kingdom included the cities of Babel, Uruk, Akkad, and perhaps Calneh, in Shinar (Gen 10:10\\).Depending on how the text is read, \"Calneh\" may be the fourth city name in this enumeration, or it may be part of an expression meaning \"all of them in Shinar\". {{harv\\|Van der Toorn\\|Van der Horst\\|1990\\|p\\=1}}. [Josephus](/wiki/Josephus \"Josephus\") believed that it was likely under his direction that the building of Babel and its tower began; in addition to Josephus, this is also the view found in the [Talmud](/wiki/Talmud \"Talmud\") (*[Hullin](/wiki/Hullin \"Hullin\")* 89a, *[Pesahim](/wiki/Pesahim \"Pesahim\")* 94b, *[Erubin](/wiki/Erubin \"Erubin\")* 53a, *[Avodah Zarah](/wiki/Avodah_Zarah \"Avodah Zarah\")* 53b), and later *[midrash](/wiki/Midrash \"Midrash\")* such as *[Genesis Rabba](/wiki/Genesis_Rabba \"Genesis Rabba\")*. Several of these early Judaic sources also assert that the king [Amraphel](/wiki/Amraphel \"Amraphel\"), who wars with Abraham later in Genesis, is none other than Nimrod himself.", "Josephus wrote:{{cite web \\|last1\\=Josephus \\|first1\\=Flavius \\|title\\=Antiquities of the Jews — Book I \\|url\\=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant\\-1\\.html \\|website\\=Penelope {{!}} James Eason \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2024}}\n{{quote\\|Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God, as if it were through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into tyranny, seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence on his power. He also said he would be revenged on God, if He should have a mind to drown the world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters to reach. And that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their forefathers.", "Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod, and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God; and they built a tower, neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work: and, by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it, it grew very high, sooner than any one could expect; but the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was. It was built of burnt brick, cemented together with mortar, made of bitumen, that it might not be liable to admit water. When God saw that they acted so madly, He did not resolve to destroy them utterly, since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners; but He caused a tumult among them, by producing in them diverse languages, and causing that, through the multitude of those languages, they should not be able to understand one another. The place wherein they built the tower is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before; for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel, confusion ...}}", "Since Akkad was destroyed and lost with the [collapse of the Akkadian Empire](/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia \"Gutian rule in Mesopotamia\") in the period 2200–2154 BC ([long chronology](/wiki/Long_chronology \"Long chronology\")), the stories mentioning Nimrod seem to recall the late [Early Bronze Age](/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age \"Early Bronze Age\"). The association with Erech (Babylonian [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk \"Uruk\")), a city that lost its prime importance around [2000 BCE](/wiki/2000_BCE \"2000 BCE\") as a result of struggles between [Isin](/wiki/Isin \"Isin\"), [Larsa](/wiki/Larsa \"Larsa\") and [Elam](/wiki/Elam \"Elam\"), also attests the early provenance of the stories of Nimrod. According to some modern\\-day theorists, their placement in the Bible suggests a Babylonian origin—possibly inserted during the [Babylonian captivity](/wiki/Babylonian_captivity \"Babylonian captivity\").", "Judaic interpreters as early as [Philo](/wiki/Philo \"Philo\") and [Yohanan ben Zakkai](/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai \"Yohanan ben Zakkai\") in the [1st century](/wiki/1st_century \"1st century\") interpreted \"a mighty hunter *before* the Lord\" ({{lang\\|he\\|גבר ציד לפני יהוה}} *gibbor\\-ṣayiḏ lip̄nē Yahweh*, lit. \"in the face of [Yahweh](/wiki/Yahweh \"Yahweh\")\") as signifying \"*in opposition to* the Lord\"; a similar interpretation is found in [Pseudo\\-Philo](/wiki/Pseudo-Philo \"Pseudo-Philo\"), as well as later in [Symmachus](/wiki/Symmachus_%28translator%29 \"Symmachus (translator)\"). Some rabbinic commentators have also connected the name *Nimrod* with a Hebrew word meaning 'rebel'. In [Pseudo\\-Philo](/wiki/Pseudo-Philo \"Pseudo-Philo\") (dated c. 70 CE), Nimrod is made leader of the Hamites, while [Joktan](/wiki/Joktan \"Joktan\") as leader of the Semites, and Fenech as leader of the Japhethites, are also associated with the building of the Tower.{{cite book \\|first \\= James \\|last \\= Kugel \\|title \\= Traditions of the Bible \\|year \\= 1998 \\|page \\= 230 }}{{full citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} Versions of this story are again picked up in later works such as *[Apocalypse of Pseudo\\-Methodius](/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius \"Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius\")* (7th century).", "The [Book of Jubilees](/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees \"Book of Jubilees\") mentions the name of \"Nebrod\" (the Greek form of Nimrod) only as being the father of [Azurad](/wiki/Azurad \"Azurad\"), the wife of [Eber](/wiki/Eber \"Eber\") and mother of [Peleg](/wiki/Peleg \"Peleg\") (8:7\\). This account would thus make Nimrod an ancestor of Abraham, and hence of all [Hebrews](/wiki/Hebrews \"Hebrews\").", "[thumb\\|*Nimrod* by [Yitzhak Danziger](/wiki/Yitzhak_Danziger \"Yitzhak Danziger\")](/wiki/File:Danziger%2C_Itzhak%2C_Nimrod%2C_1939.jpg \"Danziger, Itzhak, Nimrod, 1939.jpg\")", "The [Babylonian Talmud](/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud \"Babylonian Talmud\") ([Gittin](/wiki/Gittin \"Gittin\") 56b) attributes [Titus](/wiki/Titus \"Titus\")'s death to an insect that flew into his nose and picked at his brain for seven years in a repetition of another legend referring to the biblical King Nimrod.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sefaria.org.il/Gittin.56b.13?lang\\=bi\\&with\\=all\\&lang2\\=en\\|title\\=Tractate Gittin 56b\\|website\\=www.sefaria.org.il}}Rosner, Fred. *Medicine in the Bible and Talmud*. p.76\\. Pub. 1995, KTAV Publishing House, {{ISBN\\|0\\-88125\\-506\\-8}}. Extract viewable at ([https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SL34EWxAJfYC\\&pg\\=PA76](https://books.google.com/books?id=SL34EWxAJfYC&pg=PA76))[Wikisource:Page:Legends of Old Testament Characters.djvu/178](/wiki/Wikisource:Page:Legends_of_Old_Testament_Characters.djvu/178 \"Page:Legends of Old Testament Characters.djvu/178\")", "An early [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") work known as [*Kitab al\\-Magall* or the *Book of Rolls*](/wiki/Arabic_Apocalypse_of_Peter \"Arabic Apocalypse of Peter\") (part of [Clementine literature](/wiki/Clementine_literature \"Clementine literature\")) states that Nimrod built the towns of Hadāniūn, [Ellasar](/wiki/Ellasar \"Ellasar\"), [Seleucia](/wiki/Seleucia \"Seleucia\"), [Ctesiphon](/wiki/Ctesiphon \"Ctesiphon\"), Rūhīn, [Atrapatene](/wiki/Atrapatene \"Atrapatene\"), Telalān, and others, that he began his reign as king over earth when [Reu](/wiki/Reu \"Reu\") was 163, and that he reigned for 69 years, building [Nisibis](/wiki/Nisibis \"Nisibis\"), Raha ([Edessa](/wiki/Edessa%2C_Mesopotamia \"Edessa, Mesopotamia\")) and [Harran](/wiki/Harran \"Harran\") when [Peleg](/wiki/Peleg \"Peleg\") was 50\\. It further adds that Nimrod \"saw in the sky a piece of black cloth and a crown\". He called upon Sasan the weaver and commanded him to make him a crown like it, which he set jewels on and wore. He was allegedly the first king to wear a crown. \"For this reason people who knew nothing about it, said that a crown came down to him from [heaven](/wiki/Heaven \"Heaven\").\" Later, the book describes how Nimrod established fire worship and idolatry, then received instruction in divination for three years from Bouniter, the [fourth son of Noah](/wiki/Fourth_son_of_Noah \"Fourth son of Noah\").{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.sacred\\-texts.com/chr/aa/aa2\\.htm \\|title \\= the ''Kitab al\\-Magall'' \\|publisher \\= Sacred\\-texts.com \\|access\\-date \\= 5 April 2012 }}", "In the *Recognitions* (R 4\\.29\\), one version of the Clementines, Nimrod is equated with the legendary Assyrian king [Ninus](/wiki/Ninus \"Ninus\"), who first appears in the [Greek](/wiki/Greek_people \"Greek people\") historian [Ctesias](/wiki/Ctesias \"Ctesias\") as the founder of Nineveh. However, in another version, the *Homilies* (H 9:4–6\\), Nimrod is made to be the same as [Zoroaster](/wiki/Zoroaster \"Zoroaster\").", "The [Syriac](/wiki/Syriac_language \"Syriac language\") *[Cave of Treasures](/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures \"Cave of Treasures\")* (c. 350\\) contains an account of Nimrod very similar to that in the *Kitab al\\-Magall*, except that Nisibis, Edessa and Harran are said to be built by Nimrod when Reu was 50, and that he began his reign as the first king when Reu was 130\\. In this version, the weaver is called *Sisan*, and the fourth son of Noah is called *Yonton*.", "[Jerome](/wiki/Jerome \"Jerome\"), writing c. 390, explains in *Hebrew Questions on Genesis* that after Nimrod reigned in Babel, \"he also reigned in Arach \\[Erech], that is, in Edissa; and in Achad \\[Accad], which is now called Nisibis; and in Chalanne \\[Calneh], which was later called Seleucia after King Seleucus when its name had been changed, and which is now in actual fact called Ctesiphon.\" However, this traditional identification of the cities built by Nimrod in Genesis is no longer accepted by modern scholars, who consider them to be located in [Sumer](/wiki/Sumer \"Sumer\"), not [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\").", "The [Ge'ez](/wiki/Ge%27ez \"Ge'ez\") *[Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan](/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan \"Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan\")* (c. 5th century) also contains a version similar to that in the *Cave of Treasures*, but the crown maker is called *Santal*, and the name of Noah's fourth son who instructs Nimrod is *Barvin*.", "However, [Ephrem the Syrian](/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian \"Ephrem the Syrian\") (306–373\\) relates a contradictory view, that Nimrod was righteous and opposed the builders of the Tower. Similarly, *[Targum Pseudo\\-Jonathan](/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan \"Targum Pseudo-Jonathan\")* (date uncertain) mentions a Jewish tradition that Nimrod left Shinar in southern Mesopotamia and fled to Assyria in northern Mesopotamia, because he refused to take part in building the Tower—for which God rewarded him with the four cities in Assyria, to substitute for the ones in Babel.", "*[Pirke De\\-Rabbi Eliezer](/wiki/Pirke_De-Rabbi_Eliezer \"Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer\")* (c. 833\\) relates the Jewish traditions that Nimrod inherited the garments of Adam and Eve from his father Cush, and that these made him invincible. Nimrod's party then defeated the Japhethites to assume universal rulership. Later, [Esau](/wiki/Esau \"Esau\") (grandson of [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham \"Abraham\")), ambushed, beheaded, and robbed Nimrod. These stories later reappear in other sources including the 16th century *[Sefer haYashar](/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_%28midrash%29 \"Sefer haYashar (midrash)\")*, which adds that Nimrod had a son named *Mardon* who was even more wicked.See Louis Ginsberg *Legends of the Jews* Vol I, and the footnotes volume.", "In the *[History of the Prophets and Kings](/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings_%28book%29 \"History of the Prophets and Kings (book)\")* by the 9th century [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\") historian [al\\-Tabari](/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari \"Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari\"), Nimrod has the tower built in Babil, [God](/wiki/God_in_Islam \"God in Islam\") destroys it, and the language of mankind, formerly [Syriac](/wiki/Syriac_language \"Syriac language\"), is then confused into 72 languages. Another Muslim historian of the 13th century, [Abu al\\-Fida](/wiki/Abu_al-Fida \"Abu al-Fida\"), relates the same story, adding that the patriarch [Eber](/wiki/Eber \"Eber\") (an ancestor of Abraham) was allowed to keep the original tongue, Hebrew in this case, because he would not partake in the building. The 10th\\-century Muslim historian [Masudi](/wiki/Masudi \"Masudi\") recounts a legend making the Nimrod who built the tower to be the son of Mash, the son of [Aram, son of Shem](/wiki/Aram%2C_son_of_Shem \"Aram, son of Shem\"), adding that he reigned 500 years over the [Nabateans](/wiki/Nabateans \"Nabateans\"). Later, Masudi lists Nimrod as the first king of Babylon, and states that he dug great canals and reigned 60 years. Still elsewhere, he mentions another king Nimrod, son of [Canaan](/wiki/Canaan_%28biblical_figure%29 \"Canaan (biblical figure)\"), as the one who introduced astrology and attempted to kill Abraham.", "In [Armenian](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\") legend, the ancestor of the Armenian people, [Hayk](/wiki/Hayk \"Hayk\"), defeated Nimrod (sometimes equated with [Bel](/wiki/Bel_%28god%29 \"Bel (god)\")) in a battle near Lake Van.", "In the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_people \"Hungarian people\") legend of the Enchanted Stag (more commonly known as the [White Stag](/wiki/Csodaszarvas \"Csodaszarvas\") \\[*Fehér Szarvas*] or Silver Stag), King Nimród (*Ménrót*), often described as \"Nimród the Giant\" or \"the giant Nimród\", descendant of Noah, is the first person referred to as forefather of the Hungarians. He, along with his entire nation, is also the giant responsible for the building of the Tower of Babel—construction of which was supposedly started by him 201 years after the biblical event of the [Great Flood](/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark \"Noah's Ark\"). After the catastrophic failure of that most ambitious endeavour and in the midst of the [confusion of tongues](/wiki/Confusion_of_tongues \"Confusion of tongues\"), Nimród the giant moved to the land of *Evilát*, where his wife, *Enéh* gave birth to twin brothers *Hunor* and *Magyar* (aka *Magor*). Father and sons were, all three of them, prodigious hunters, but Nimród especially is the archetypal, consummate, legendary hunter and archer. Hungarian legends held that twin sons of King Nimród, [Hunor and Magor](/wiki/Hunor_and_Magor \"Hunor and Magor\") were the ancestors of the [Huns](/wiki/Huns \"Huns\") and the [Magyars](/wiki/Magyars \"Magyars\") (Hungarians) respectively, siring their children through the two daughters of King Dul of the [Alans](/wiki/Alans \"Alans\"), whom they kidnapped after losing track of the silver stag whilst hunting.*Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians* (ch. 1\\.4–5\\), pp. 13–17\\. Both the Huns' and Magyars' historically attested skill with the recurve bow and arrow are attributed to Nimród. ([Simon Kézai](/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za \"Simon of Kéza\"), personal \"court priest\" of King [Ladislaus the Cuman](/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary \"Ladislaus IV of Hungary\"), in his *Gesta Hungarorum*, 1282–1285\\. This tradition can also be found in over twenty other medieval Hungarian chronicles, as well as a German one, according to Dr Antal Endrey in an article published in 1979\\). The 16th\\-century Hungarian prelate [Nicolaus Olahus](/wiki/Nicolaus_Olahus \"Nicolaus Olahus\") claimed that [Attila](/wiki/Attila \"Attila\") took for himself the title of *Descendant of the Great Nimrod*.{{cite web \\|last1 \\= Herbert \\|first1 \\= William \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=XJ44AAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=nicolas\\+olaus\\+attila\\+engaddi\\&pg\\=PA49 \\| title \\= Attila, King of the Huns \\|website \\= Google Books \\|year \\= 1838 \\| access\\-date \\= 12 September 2019 \\|page \\= 49 }}", "The hunter god or spirit [Nyyrikki](/wiki/Nyyrikki \"Nyyrikki\"), figuring in the Finnish *[Kalevala](/wiki/Kalevala \"Kalevala\")* as a helper of [Lemminkäinen](/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen \"Lemminkäinen\"), is associated with Nimrod by some researchers and linguists.*Kalevala*. Das finnische Epos des Elias Lönnroth. Mit einem Kommentar von Hans Fromm, Stuttgart: Reclam 1985\\. (Commentary of Hans Fromm to Elias Lönnroth's *Kalevala*)", "The [Nimrod Fortress](/wiki/Nimrod_Fortress \"Nimrod Fortress\") (Qal'at Namrud in Arabic) on the [Golan Heights](/wiki/Golan_Heights \"Golan Heights\"){{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=EPFDU8POrXIC\\&pg\\=PA59\\|title\\=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae: B v. 1 (Handbook of Oriental Studies)\\|first1\\=Moshe\\|last1\\=Sharon \\|author\\-link\\= Moshe Sharon\\|edition\\=Hardcover\\|publisher\\=Brill Publishers\\|year\\=1999\\|isbn\\=90\\-04\\-11083\\-6\\|page\\= \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=EPFDU8POrXIC\\&pg\\=PA59 59] }} \\- actually built during the [Crusades](/wiki/Crusades \"Crusades\") by [Al\\-Aziz Uthman](/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman \"Al-Aziz Uthman\"), the younger son of [Saladin](/wiki/Saladin \"Saladin\") \\- was anachronistically attributed to Nimrod by later inhabitants of the area.", "There is a very brief mention of Nimrod in the [Book of Mormon](/wiki/Book_of_Mormon \"Book of Mormon\"): \"(and the name of the valley was Nimrod, being called after the mighty hunter)\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/scriptures/bofm/ether/2\\|title\\=Ether 2\\|website\\=www.churchofjesuschrist.org}}", "### Nimrod vs. Abraham", "{{See\\|Ninus}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Abraham sacrificing his son, [Ishmael](/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam \"Ishmael in Islam\"). [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham \"Abraham\") cast into fire by Nimrod. From *Zubdat\\-al Tawarikh*, a 1583 [Ottoman Turkish](/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language \"Ottoman Turkish language\") manuscript.](/wiki/File:Abraham_ready_to_sacrifice_his_son%2C_Ishmael_%28top%29%3B_Abraham_cast_into_fire_by_Nimrod_%28bottom%29.jpg \"Abraham ready to sacrifice his son, Ishmael (top); Abraham cast into fire by Nimrod (bottom).jpg\")\nIn Jewish and Islamic traditions, a confrontation between Nimrod and [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham \"Abraham\") is said to have taken place. Some stories bring them both together in a cataclysmic collision, seen as a symbol of the confrontation between Good and Evil, or as a symbol of [monotheism](/wiki/Monotheism \"Monotheism\") against [polytheism](/wiki/Polytheism \"Polytheism\"). Some Jewish traditions say only that the two men met and had a discussion. According to K. van der Toorn and P. W. van der Horst, this tradition is first attested in the writings of [Pseudo\\-Philo](/wiki/Pseudo-Philo \"Pseudo-Philo\").{{harvp\\|Van der Toorn\\|Van der Horst\\|1990\\|p\\= 19\\|ps\\=.}} The story is also found in the [Talmud](/wiki/Talmud \"Talmud\"), and in rabbinical writings in the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\").{{Daat enc\\|he\\-title\\=נמרוד\\|id1\\=1058}}", "In some versions, such as [Flavius Josephus](/wiki/Flavius_Josephus \"Flavius Josephus\"), Nimrod is a man who sets his will against that of God. In others, he proclaims himself a god and is worshipped as such by his subjects, sometimes with his consort [Semiramis](/wiki/Semiramis \"Semiramis\") worshipped as a goddess at his side.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "A [portent](/wiki/Portent_%28divination%29 \"Portent (divination)\") in the stars tells Nimrod and his astrologers of the impending birth of Abraham, who would put an end to [idolatry](/wiki/Idolatry \"Idolatry\"). Nimrod therefore orders the killing of all newborn babies. However, Abraham's mother escapes into the fields and gives birth secretly. At a young age, Abraham recognizes God and starts worshipping him. He confronts Nimrod and tells him face\\-to\\-face to [cease his idolatry](/wiki/Abraham_and_the_Idol_Shop \"Abraham and the Idol Shop\"), whereupon Nimrod orders him burned at the stake. In some versions, Nimrod has his subjects gather wood for four whole years, so as to burn Abraham in the biggest bonfire the world had ever seen. Yet when the fire is lit, Abraham walks out unscathed.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "In some versions, Nimrod then challenges Abraham to battle. When Nimrod appears at the head of enormous armies, Abraham produces an army of [gnats](/wiki/Gnat \"Gnat\") which destroys Nimrod's army. Some accounts have a gnat or mosquito enter Nimrod's brain and drive him out of his mind (a divine retribution which Jewish tradition also assigned to the Roman Emperor [Titus](/wiki/Titus \"Titus\"), destroyer of the [Temple in Jerusalem](/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem \"Temple in Jerusalem\")).{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "In some versions, Nimrod repents and accepts God, offering numerous sacrifices that God rejects (as with [Cain](/wiki/Cain \"Cain\")). Other versions have Nimrod give to Abraham, as a conciliatory gift, the giant slave [Eliezer](/wiki/Eliezer \"Eliezer\"), whom some accounts describe as Nimrod's own son (the Bible also mentions Eliezer as Abraham's [majordomo](/wiki/Majordomo \"Majordomo\"), though not making any connection between him and Nimrod; Genesis 15:2\\).", "Still other versions have Nimrod persisting in his rebellion against God, or resuming it. Indeed, Abraham's crucial act of leaving [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") and settling in [Canaan](/wiki/Canaan \"Canaan\") is sometimes interpreted as an escape from Nimrod's revenge. Accounts considered canonical place the building of the Tower many generations before Abraham's birth (as in the Bible, also *[Jubilees](/wiki/Jubilees \"Jubilees\")*); however in others, it is a later rebellion after Nimrod failed in his confrontation with Abraham. In still other versions, Nimrod does not give up after the Tower fails, but goes on to try storming Heaven in person, in a chariot driven by birds.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "The story attributes to Abraham elements from the story of [Moses](/wiki/Moses \"Moses\")' birth (the cruel king killing innocent babies, with the midwives ordered to kill them) and from the careers of [Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego](/wiki/Shadrach%2C_Meshach%2C_and_Abednego \"Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego\") who emerged unscathed from the fire. Nimrod is thus given attributes of two archetypal cruel and persecuting kings – [Nebuchadnezzar](/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar \"Nebuchadnezzar\") and [Pharaoh](/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus \"Pharaoh of the Exodus\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}} Some Jewish traditions also identified him with [Cyrus](/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great \"Cyrus the Great\"), whose birth according to [Herodotus](/wiki/Herodotus \"Herodotus\") was accompanied by portents, which made his grandfather try to kill him.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "A confrontation is also found in the [Quran](/wiki/Quran \"Quran\"), between a king, not mentioned by name, and [Ibrahim](/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam \"Abraham in Islam\") (Arabic for \"Abraham\"). Some Muslim commentators assign Nimrod as the king. In the quranic narrative Ibrahim has a discussion with the king, the former argues that God is the one who gives life and causes death, whereas the unnamed king replies that he gives life and causes death.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter\\=2\\&verse\\=258\\|title\\=The Quranic Arabic Corpus \\- Translation\\|website\\=corpus.quran.com}} Ibrahim refutes him by stating that God brings the Sun up from the East, and so he asks the king to bring it from the West. The king is then perplexed and angered. The commentaries on this [Surah](/wiki/Surah \"Surah\") offer a wide variety of embellishments of this narrative, one of which by [Ibn Kathir](/wiki/Ibn_Kathir \"Ibn Kathir\"), a 14th\\-century scholar, adding that Nimrod showed his rule over life and death by killing a prisoner and freeing another.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://quranx.com/tafsirs/2\\.258\\|title\\=QuranX.com The most complete Quran / Hadith / Tafsir collection available!\\|website\\=quranx.com}}", "Whether or not conceived as having ultimately repented, Nimrod remained in Jewish and Islamic tradition an emblematic evil person, an archetype of an idolater and a tyrannical king. In rabbinical writings up to the present, he is almost invariably referred to as \"Nimrod the Evil\" ({{lang\\-he\\|נמרוד הרשע}}).{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "Nimrod is mentioned by name in several places in the [Baháʼí scriptures](/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature \"Baháʼí literature\"), including the [Kitáb\\-i\\-Íqán](/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n \"Kitáb-i-Íqán\"), the primary theological work of the [Baháʼí Faith](/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith \"Baháʼí Faith\"). There it is said that Nimrod \"dreamed a dream\" which his soothsayers interpreted as signifying the birth of a new star in heaven. A herald is then said to have appeared in the land announcing \"the coming of Abraham\".[\"The Kitáb\\-i\\-Íqán\"](http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-2.html) *Baháʼí Reference Library*. pp 41–80\\. Retrieved 10 September 2014\\. Nimrod is also mentioned in one of the earliest writings of the [Báb](/wiki/B%C3%A1b \"Báb\") (the herald of the Baháʼí Faith). Citing examples of God's power, he asks: \"Has He not, in past days, caused Abraham, in spite of His seeming helplessness, to triumph over the forces of Nimrod?\"{{cite web \\|last1 \\= Effendi \\|first1 \\= Shoghi \\|title \\= The Dawn\\-Breakers \\|url \\= http://bahai\\-library.com/books/dawnbreakers/chapters/3\\.html\\#94 \\|website \\= bahai\\-library.com \\|publisher \\= Baháʼí Publishing Trust \\|access\\-date \\= 23 February 2016 \\|page \\= 94 }}", "The story of Abraham's confrontation with Nimrod did not remain within the confines of learned writings and religious treatises, but also conspicuously influenced popular culture. A notable example is \"*[Quando el Rey Nimrod](/wiki/Quando_el_Rey_Nimrod \"Quando el Rey Nimrod\")*\" (\"When King Nimrod\"), one of the most well\\-known folksongs in [Ladino](/wiki/Ladino_language \"Ladino language\") (the Judeo\\-Spanish language), apparently written during the reign of King [Alfonso X](/wiki/Alfonso_X \"Alfonso X\") of [Castile](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile \"Kingdom of Castile\"). Beginning with the words: \"When King Nimrod went out to the fields/ Looked at the heavens and at the stars/He saw a holy light in the Jewish quarter/A sign that Abraham, our father, was about to be born\", the song gives a poetic account of the persecutions perpetrated by the cruel Nimrod and the miraculous birth and deeds of the savior Abraham.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.hebrewsongs.com/song\\-hamelechnimrod.htm \\|title \\= CUANDO ELREY NIMROD \\|work \\= hebrewsongs.com }}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://zemerl.com/cgi\\-bin//show.pl?title\\=Cuando\\+El\\+Rey\\+Nimrod\\+(When\\+King\\+Nimrod) \\|title \\= Cuando El Rey Nimrod \\|trans\\-title \\= When King Nimrod \\|work \\= zemerl.com \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090106094702/http://zemerl.com/cgi\\-bin/show.pl?title\\=Cuando\\+El\\+Rey\\+Nimrod\\+(When\\+King\\+Nimrod) \\|archive\\-date \\= 6 January 2009 }}", "### Islamic narrative", "The [Quran](/wiki/Quran \"Quran\") states, \"Have you not considered him who had an argument with Abraham about his Lord, because God had given him the kingdom (i.e. he was prideful)?\"{{Cite web \\|title \\= Surat Al\\-Baqarah \\[2:258] \\- The Noble Qur'an \\- القرآن الكريم \\|url \\= http://legacy.quran.com/2/258 \\|website \\= legacy.quran.com \\|access\\-date \\= 16 November 2015 }} Abraham says, \"My Lord is He Who gives life and causes death.\" The king answers, \"I give life and cause death\". At this point some commentaries add new narratives like Nimrod bringing forth two men, who were sentenced to death previously. He orders the execution of one while freeing the other one.{{Cite web \\|title \\= Mosque: Prophet Ibrahim \\|url \\= http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ibrahim.htm \\|website \\= www.islamicity.com \\|access\\-date \\= 16 November 2015 }} Then Abraham says, \"Indeed, God brings up the sun from the east, so bring it up from the west.\" This causes the king to exile him, and he leaves for the [Levant](/wiki/Levant \"Levant\").{{Cite web \\|title \\= Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham (pbuh) \\|url \\= http://www.islamawareness.net/Prophets/ibrahim.html \\|website \\= www.islamawareness.net \\|access\\-date \\= 16 November 2015 }}", "Although Nimrod's name is not specifically stated in the Quran, Islamic scholars hold that the \"king\" mentioned was him. Other traditional stories also exist around Nimrod, which have resulted in him being referenced as a tyrant in Muslim cultures.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.alim.org//history/prophet\\-stories/6/16/\\|title\\=Stories of the Prophets \\| Alim.org\\|website\\=www.alim.org}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://islamicstories.com/story/93\\|title\\=Ibrahim and Namrud\\|website\\=islamicstories.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.al\\-islam.org/islamic\\-stories/prophet\\-ibrahim\\-and\\-idol\\-worship\\|title\\=Prophet Ibrahim and the Idol Worship\\|date\\=22 January 2013\\|website\\=www.al\\-islam.org}}", "According to [Mujahid ibn Jabr](/wiki/Mujahid_ibn_Jabr \"Mujahid ibn Jabr\"), \"Four people gained control over the Earth, east and west, two believers and two disbelievers. The two believers were [Solomon](/wiki/Solomon \"Solomon\") ([Sulayman](/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam \"Solomon in Islam\") in Islamic texts) and [Dhul Qarnayn](/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn \"Dhul-Qarnayn\"), and the two disbelievers were [Nebuchadnezzar II](/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II \"Nebuchadnezzar II\") and Nimrod. No one but they gained power over it.\"Ibn Kathir, *Qasas Ul Ambiya (Stories of the Prophets)*, Muassisa Al\\-nur Lil nashr wal I'laan, 1978, p. 183, [Archive.org](https://archive.org/details/iqraaEBook54/page/n182/mode/1up?view=theater)", "### Midrash Rabba version", "The following version of the confrontation between Abraham and Nimrod appears in the [Midrash Rabba](/wiki/Midrash_Rabba \"Midrash Rabba\"), a major compilation of Jewish Scriptural [exegesis](/wiki/Exegesis \"Exegesis\"). The part in which this appears, the [Genesis Rabbah](/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah \"Genesis Rabbah\") (Chapter 38, 13\\), is considered to date from the sixth century.", "", "| נטלו ומסרו לנמרוד. אמר לו: עבוד לאש. אמר לו אברהם: ואעבוד למים, שמכבים את האש? אמר לו נמרוד: עבוד למים! אמר לו: אם כך, אעבוד לענן, שנושא את המים? אמר לו: עבוד לענן! אמר לו: אם כך, אעבוד לרוח, שמפזרת עננים? אמר לו: עבוד לרוח! אמר לו: ונעבוד לבן אדם, שסובל הרוחות? אמר לו: מילים אתה מכביר, אני איני משתחוה אלא לאוּר \\- הרי אני משליכך בתוכו, ויבא אלוה שאתה משתחוה לו ויצילך הימנו! היה שם הרן עומד. אמר: מה נפשך, אם ינצח אברהם \\- אומַר 'משל אברהם אני', ואם ינצח נמרוד \\- אומַר 'משל נמרוד אני'. כיון שירד אברהם לכבשן האש וניצול, אמרו לו: משל מי אתה? אמר להם: משל אברהם אני! נטלוהו והשליכוהו לאור, ונחמרו בני מעיו ויצא ומת על פני תרח אביו. וכך נאמר: וימת הרן על פני תרח אביו. (בראשית רבה ל\"ח, יג) | (...) He \\[Abraham] was given over to Nimrod. \\[Nimrod] told him: Worship the Fire! Abraham said to him: Shall I then worship the water, which puts off the fire! Nimrod told him: Worship the water! \\[Abraham] said to him: If so, shall I worship the cloud, which carries the water? \\[Nimrod] told him: Worship the cloud! \\[Abraham] said to him: If so, shall I worship the wind, which scatters the clouds? \\[Nimrod] said to him: Worship the wind! \\[Abraham] said to him: And shall we worship the human, who withstands the wind? Said \\[Nimrod] to him: You pile words upon words, I bow to none but the fire—in it shall I throw you, and let the God to whom you bow come and save you from it! Haran \\[Abraham's brother] was standing there. He said \\[to himself]: what shall I do? If Abraham wins, I shall say: \"I am of Abraham's \\[followers]\", if Nimrod wins I shall say \"I am of Nimrod's \\[followers]\". When Abraham went into the furnace and survived, Haran was asked: \"Whose \\[follower] are you?\" and he answered: \"I am Abraham's!\". \\[Then] they took him and threw him into the furnace, and his belly opened and he died and predeceased Terach, his father. \\[The [Bible](/wiki/Bible \"Bible\"), [Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis \"Book of Genesis\") 11:28, mentions Haran predeceasing Terach, but gives no details.]\\|— |", "" ]
Historical interpretations -------------------------- [thumb\|200px\|right\|Inscription of Naram Sin found at the city of [Marad](/wiki/Marad "Marad")](/wiki/File:Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg "Naram-Sin inscription AO6782 stitched.jpg") Historians, [Orientalists](/wiki/Orientalists "Orientalists"), [Assyriologists](/wiki/Assyriologists "Assyriologists") and [mythographers](/wiki/Mythographers "Mythographers") have long tried to find links between the Nimrod of biblical texts and real historically attested figures in Mesopotamia. No king named Nimrod or with a similar name appears anywhere on any pre\-biblical, extra\-biblical or historic [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer"), [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire "Akkadian Empire"), [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria") or [Babylonian](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon") king list, nor does the name Nimrod appear in any other writings from Mesopotamia itself or its neighbours in any context whatsoever during the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age"), [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") or pre\-Christian [Classical Age](/wiki/Classical_Age "Classical Age"). Since the city of [Akkad](/wiki/Akkad_%28city%29 "Akkad (city)") was destroyed and lost with the destruction of its Empire in the period 2200–2154 BC ([long chronology](/wiki/Long_chronology "Long chronology")), the much later biblical stories mentioning Nimrod seem to recall the late Early [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age"). The association with [Erech](/wiki/Erech "Erech") ([Sumero\-Akkadian](/wiki/Sumero-Akkadian "Sumero-Akkadian") [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk "Uruk")), a city that lost its prime importance around 2000 BC as a result of struggles between [Isin](/wiki/Isin "Isin"), [Ur](/wiki/Ur "Ur"), [Larsa](/wiki/Larsa "Larsa") and [Elam](/wiki/Elam "Elam"), also attests the early provenance of the stories of Nimrod.{{harvp\|Van der Toorn\|Van der Horst\|1990\|ps\=.}} Several [Mesopotamian](/wiki/Mesopotamian "Mesopotamian") ruins were given Nimrod's name by invading 8th\-century AD Muslim [Arabs](/wiki/Arabs "Arabs"), including the ruins of the [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyrian_people "Assyrian people") city of [Kalhu](/wiki/Kalhu "Kalhu") (the biblical [Calah](/wiki/Calah "Calah")), which contrary to biblical claims was in reality built by [Shalmaneser I](/wiki/Shalmaneser_I "Shalmaneser I") (1274–1244 BC){{cite book \|author\-link\=Stephen L Harris \|last\=Harris \|first\=Stephen L. \|title\=Understanding the Bible \|location\=Palo Alto \|publisher\=Mayfield \|year\=1985}} A number of attempts to connect him with historical figures have been made without any success. The Christian Bishop [Eusebius of Caesarea](/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea "Eusebius of Caesarea") as early as the early 4th century, noting that the [Babylonian](/wiki/Babylonia "Babylonia") historian [Berossus](/wiki/Berossus "Berossus") in the 3rd century BC had stated that the first king after the flood was *Euechoios* of Chaldea (in reality Chaldea was a small state historically not founded until the late 9th century BC), identified him with Nimrod. [George Syncellus](/wiki/George_Syncellus "George Syncellus") (c. 800\) also had access to Berossus, and he too identified the also historically unattested *Euechoios* with the biblical Nimrod. More recently, Sumerologists have suggested additionally connecting both this *Euechoios*, and the king of Babylon and grandfather of [Gilgamos](/wiki/Gilgamesh "Gilgamesh") who appears in the oldest copies of [Aelian](/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus "Claudius Aelianus") (c. 200 AD) as *Euechoros*, with the name of the founder of Uruk known from cuneiform sources as [Enmerkar](/wiki/Enmerkar "Enmerkar").{{cite book \|last\=Henkelman \|first\=Wouter F. M. \|chapter\=The Birth of Gilgamesh \|title\=Altertum und Mittelmeerraum: die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante \|page\=819}}{{full citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} In 1920, [J. D. Prince](/wiki/J._D._Prince "J. D. Prince") also suggested a possible link between the Lord (Ni) of [Marad](/wiki/Marad "Marad") and Nimrod. He mentioned how Dr. Kraeling was now inclined to connect Nimrod historically with [Lugal\-Banda](/wiki/Lugal-Banda "Lugal-Banda"), a mythological Sumerian king mentioned in Poebel, *Historical Texts*, 1914, whose seat was at the city Marad.{{cite magazine \|last\=Prince \|first\=J.D. \|year\=1920 \|title\=A Possible Sumerian Original of the Name Nimrod \|journal\=Journal of the American Oriental Society}}{{full citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} According to [Ronald Hendel](/wiki/Ronald_Hendel "Ronald Hendel") the name Nimrod is probably a much later polemical distortion of the Semitic Assyrian god [Ninurta](/wiki/Ninurta "Ninurta"), a prominent god in [Mesopotamian religion](/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion "Mesopotamian religion") who had cult centers in a number of [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria") cities such as [Kalhu](/wiki/Kalhu "Kalhu"), and also in [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon"), and was a patron god of a number of [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria") kings, and that 'Cush' is a mistranslation of Kish, a Mesopotamian city.{{cite book \|title\=Oxford Guide to the Bible \|page\=557 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=1993 \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-534095\-2}} Nimrod's imperial ventures described in Genesis may be based on the conquests of the [Assyrian king](/wiki/Kings_of_Assyria "Kings of Assyria") [Tukulti\-Ninurta I](/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I "Tukulti-Ninurta I").Dalley et al., 1998, p. 67\. [Julian Jaynes](/wiki/Julian_Jaynes "Julian Jaynes") also indicates [Tukulti\-Ninurta I](/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I "Tukulti-Ninurta I") (a powerful king of the [Middle Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire "Middle Assyrian Empire")) as the inspiration for Nimrod.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3eQd\-x\-cxPwC\&pg\=PP1 \|last\=Jaynes \|first\=Julian \|title\=The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind \|publisher\=Mariner Books \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=9780547527543 \|access\-date\=16 June 2013}} [Alexander Hislop](/wiki/Alexander_Hislop "Alexander Hislop"), in his tract *[The Two Babylons](/wiki/The_Two_Babylons "The Two Babylons")* (1853\), identified Nimrod with [Ninus](/wiki/Ninus "Ninus") (also unattested anywhere in Mesopotamian king lists), who according to [Greek mythology](/wiki/Greek_mythology "Greek mythology") was a [Mesopotamian](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia") king and husband of Queen [Semiramis](/wiki/Semiramis "Semiramis"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/743/\|title\=Sammu\-Ramat and Semiramis: The Inspiration and the Myth\|website\=\[\[World History Encyclopedia]]\|access\-date\=2016\-04\-13}} with a whole host of deities throughout the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean") world, and with the [Persian](/wiki/Persians "Persians") [Zoroaster](/wiki/Zoroaster "Zoroaster"). The identification with [Ninus](/wiki/Ninus "Ninus") follows that of the *Clementine Recognitions*; the one with Zoroaster, that of the *Clementine Homilies*, both works part of [Clementine literature](/wiki/Clementine_literature "Clementine literature").{{cite web \|url\=http://ccel.org/fathers2/ANF\-08/anf08\-53\.htm \|title\=Homily IX \|publisher\=Ccel.org \|date\=1 June 2005 \|access\-date\=5 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120629045848/http://ccel.org/fathers2/ANF\-08/anf08\-53\.htm \|archive\-date\=29 June 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} Hislop attributed to Semiramis and Nimrod the invention of [polytheism](/wiki/Polytheism "Polytheism") and, with it, [goddess worship](/wiki/Mother_goddess "Mother goddess"), and that their incestuous male offering was [Tammuz](/wiki/Tammuz_%28mythology%29 "Tammuz (mythology)").{{cite web \|first\=Alexander \|last\=Hislop \|url\=http://philologos.org/\_\_eb\-ttb/default.htm \|title\=The Two Babylons \|publisher\=Philologos.org \|access\-date\=4 January 2013 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328052108/http://philologos.org/\_\_eb\-ttb/default.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} He also claimed that the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") was a millennia\-old secret [conspiracy](/wiki/New_World_Order_%28conspiracy%29 "New World Order (conspiracy)"), founded by Semiramis and Nimrod to propagate the [pagan](/wiki/Pagan "Pagan") religion of ancient [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon"). Grabbe and others have rejected the book's arguments as based on a flawed understanding of the texts,{{cite book\|last\=Grabbe\|first\=Lester L.\|author\-link\=Lester L. Grabbe\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=K2hIY\_E\_ngYC\&pg\=PA28\|title\=Can a 'History of Israel' Be Written?\|editor1\-last\=Mein\|editor1\-first\=Andrew\|editor2\-last\=Camp\|editor2\-first\=Claudia V.\|pages\=27–28\|date\=1997\|location\=London, England\|publisher\=Continuum International Publishing Group\|isbn\=978\-0567043207}}{{cite book\|last1\=Mcllhenny\|first1\=Albert M.\|title\=This Is the Sun?: Zeitgeist and Religion (Volume I: Comparative Religion)\|date\=2011\|isbn\=978\-1\-105\-33967\-7\|page\=60\|publisher\=Lulu.com \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KymmAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA7}} but variations of them are accepted among some groups of [evangelical](/wiki/Evangelicalism "Evangelicalism") Protestants. There was a historical Assyrian queen [Shammuramat](/wiki/Shammuramat "Shammuramat") in the 9th century BC, in reality the wife of [Shamshi\-Adad V](/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V "Shamshi-Adad V"), whom Assyriologists have identified with Semiramis, while others make her a later namesake of a much earlier (again, historically unattested) Semiramis. In [David Rohl](/wiki/David_Rohl "David Rohl")'s theory, [Enmerkar](/wiki/Enmerkar "Enmerkar"), the [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer") founder of [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk "Uruk"), was the original inspiration for Nimrod, because the story of *[Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta](/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta")*{{cite web \|url\=http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1823\.htm \|title\=Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: translation \|publisher\=Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk \|access\-date\=12 November 2009}} bears a few similarities to the legend of Nimrod and the Tower of Babel, and because the \-KAR in Enmerkar means "hunter". Additionally, Enmerkar is said to have had [ziggurats](/wiki/Ziggurat "Ziggurat") built in both [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk "Uruk") and [Eridu](/wiki/Eridu "Eridu"), which Rohl postulates was the site of the original Babel. Others have attempted to conflate Nimrod with [Amraphel](/wiki/Amraphel "Amraphel"), a supposed king in Mesopotamia, but yet again, one who is himself historically unattested in Mesopotamian records. [George Rawlinson](/wiki/George_Rawlinson "George Rawlinson") believed Nimrod was [Belus](/wiki/Belus_%28Babylonian%29 "Belus (Babylonian)"), based on the fact Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions bear the names *Bel\-{{sic\|hide\=y\|Nibru}}*.{{cite book \|title\=The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World \|volume\=1 \|pages\=347–350}}{{full citation needed\|date\=March 2017}} The word *Nibru* in the East Semitic [Akkadian language](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language") of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia comes from a root meaning to 'pursue' or to make 'one flee', and as Rawlinson pointed out not only does this closely resemble Nimrod's name but it also perfectly fits the description of Nimrod in Genesis 10:9 as a great hunter. The Belus\-Nimrod equation or link is also found in many old works such as [Moses of Chorene](/wiki/Moses_of_Chorene "Moses of Chorene") and the *[Book of the Bee](/wiki/Book_of_the_Bee "Book of the Bee")*.Mos. Choren. 1\. 6; 9; *Book of the Bee*, 22 [Nibru](/wiki/Nibru "Nibru"), in the [Sumerian language](/wiki/Sumerian_language "Sumerian language"), was the original name of the city of [Nippur](/wiki/Nippur "Nippur"). [Joseph Poplicha](/wiki/Joseph_Poplicha "Joseph Poplicha") wrote in 1929 about the identification of Nimrod in the first dynasty or Uruk.{{cite journal \|first\=Joseph \|last\=Poplicha \|jstor\=593008 \|title\=The Biblical Nimrod and the Kingdom of Eanna \|journal\=Journal of the American Oriental Society \|volume\=49 \|year\=1929 \|pages\=303–317 \|doi\=10\.2307/593008}} More recently, [Yigal Levin](/wiki/Yigal_Levin "Yigal Levin") (2002\) suggests that the fictional Nimrod was a recollection of [Sargon of Akkad](/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad "Sargon of Akkad") and also of his grandson [Naram\-Sin](/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad "Naram-Sin of Akkad"), with the name "Nimrod" derived from the latter. He argues that: {{blockquote\|The biblical Nimrod, then, is not a total counterpart of any one historical character. He is rather the later composite \[\[Hebrew]] equivalent of the \[\[Sargonid dynasty]]: the first, mighty king to rule after the flood. Later influence modified the legend in the Mesopotamian tradition, adding such details as the hero's name, his territory and some of his deeds, and most important his title, "King of \[\[Kish (Sumer)\|Kish]]". The much later editors of the Book of Genesis dropped much of the original story and mistakenly misidentified and mistranslated the Mesopotamian \[\[Kish (Bible)\|Kish]] with the "Hamitic" Cush, there being no ancient geographical, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, genetic or historical connection between Cush (in modern northern Sudan) and Mesopotamia.{{cite magazine \|first\=Yigal \|last\=Levin \|title\=Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad \|magazine\=Vetus Testamentum \|volume\=52 \|year\=2002 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=350–356 \|doi\=10\.1163/156853302760197494}}}}
[ "Historical interpretations\n--------------------------", "[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|Inscription of Naram Sin found at the city of [Marad](/wiki/Marad \"Marad\")](/wiki/File:Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg \"Naram-Sin inscription AO6782 stitched.jpg\")\nHistorians, [Orientalists](/wiki/Orientalists \"Orientalists\"), [Assyriologists](/wiki/Assyriologists \"Assyriologists\") and [mythographers](/wiki/Mythographers \"Mythographers\") have long tried to find links between the Nimrod of biblical texts and real historically attested figures in Mesopotamia. No king named Nimrod or with a similar name appears anywhere on any pre\\-biblical, extra\\-biblical or historic [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumer \"Sumer\"), [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire \"Akkadian Empire\"), [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyria \"Assyria\") or [Babylonian](/wiki/Babylon \"Babylon\") king list, nor does the name Nimrod appear in any other writings from Mesopotamia itself or its neighbours in any context whatsoever during the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\"), [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") or pre\\-Christian [Classical Age](/wiki/Classical_Age \"Classical Age\").", "Since the city of [Akkad](/wiki/Akkad_%28city%29 \"Akkad (city)\") was destroyed and lost with the destruction of its Empire in the period 2200–2154 BC ([long chronology](/wiki/Long_chronology \"Long chronology\")), the much later biblical stories mentioning Nimrod seem to recall the late Early [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\"). The association with [Erech](/wiki/Erech \"Erech\") ([Sumero\\-Akkadian](/wiki/Sumero-Akkadian \"Sumero-Akkadian\") [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk \"Uruk\")), a city that lost its prime importance around 2000 BC as a result of struggles between [Isin](/wiki/Isin \"Isin\"), [Ur](/wiki/Ur \"Ur\"), [Larsa](/wiki/Larsa \"Larsa\") and [Elam](/wiki/Elam \"Elam\"), also attests the early provenance of the stories of Nimrod.{{harvp\\|Van der Toorn\\|Van der Horst\\|1990\\|ps\\=.}} Several [Mesopotamian](/wiki/Mesopotamian \"Mesopotamian\") ruins were given Nimrod's name by invading 8th\\-century AD Muslim [Arabs](/wiki/Arabs \"Arabs\"), including the ruins of the [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyrian_people \"Assyrian people\") city of [Kalhu](/wiki/Kalhu \"Kalhu\") (the biblical [Calah](/wiki/Calah \"Calah\")), which contrary to biblical claims was in reality built by [Shalmaneser I](/wiki/Shalmaneser_I \"Shalmaneser I\") (1274–1244 BC){{cite book \\|author\\-link\\=Stephen L Harris \\|last\\=Harris \\|first\\=Stephen L. \\|title\\=Understanding the Bible \\|location\\=Palo Alto \\|publisher\\=Mayfield \\|year\\=1985}}", "A number of attempts to connect him with historical figures have been made without any success.", "The Christian Bishop [Eusebius of Caesarea](/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea \"Eusebius of Caesarea\") as early as the early 4th century, noting that the [Babylonian](/wiki/Babylonia \"Babylonia\") historian [Berossus](/wiki/Berossus \"Berossus\") in the 3rd century BC had stated that the first king after the flood was *Euechoios* of Chaldea (in reality Chaldea was a small state historically not founded until the late 9th century BC), identified him with Nimrod. [George Syncellus](/wiki/George_Syncellus \"George Syncellus\") (c. 800\\) also had access to Berossus, and he too identified the also historically unattested *Euechoios* with the biblical Nimrod.", "More recently, Sumerologists have suggested additionally connecting both this *Euechoios*, and the king of Babylon and grandfather of [Gilgamos](/wiki/Gilgamesh \"Gilgamesh\") who appears in the oldest copies of [Aelian](/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus \"Claudius Aelianus\") (c. 200 AD) as *Euechoros*, with the name of the founder of Uruk known from cuneiform sources as [Enmerkar](/wiki/Enmerkar \"Enmerkar\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Henkelman \\|first\\=Wouter F. M. \\|chapter\\=The Birth of Gilgamesh \\|title\\=Altertum und Mittelmeerraum: die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante \\|page\\=819}}{{full citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}}", "In 1920, [J. D. Prince](/wiki/J._D._Prince \"J. D. Prince\") also suggested a possible link between the Lord (Ni) of [Marad](/wiki/Marad \"Marad\") and Nimrod. He mentioned how Dr. Kraeling was now inclined to connect Nimrod historically with [Lugal\\-Banda](/wiki/Lugal-Banda \"Lugal-Banda\"), a mythological Sumerian king mentioned in Poebel, *Historical Texts*, 1914, whose seat was at the city Marad.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Prince \\|first\\=J.D. \\|year\\=1920 \\|title\\=A Possible Sumerian Original of the Name Nimrod \\|journal\\=Journal of the American Oriental Society}}{{full citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}}", "According to [Ronald Hendel](/wiki/Ronald_Hendel \"Ronald Hendel\") the name Nimrod is probably a much later polemical distortion of the Semitic Assyrian god [Ninurta](/wiki/Ninurta \"Ninurta\"), a prominent god in [Mesopotamian religion](/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion \"Mesopotamian religion\") who had cult centers in a number of [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyria \"Assyria\") cities such as [Kalhu](/wiki/Kalhu \"Kalhu\"), and also in [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon \"Babylon\"), and was a patron god of a number of [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyria \"Assyria\") kings, and that 'Cush' is a mistranslation of Kish, a Mesopotamian city.{{cite book \\|title\\=Oxford Guide to the Bible \\|page\\=557 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=1993 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-534095\\-2}} Nimrod's imperial ventures described in Genesis may be based on the conquests of the [Assyrian king](/wiki/Kings_of_Assyria \"Kings of Assyria\") [Tukulti\\-Ninurta I](/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I \"Tukulti-Ninurta I\").Dalley et al., 1998, p. 67\\.", "[Julian Jaynes](/wiki/Julian_Jaynes \"Julian Jaynes\") also indicates [Tukulti\\-Ninurta I](/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I \"Tukulti-Ninurta I\") (a powerful king of the [Middle Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire \"Middle Assyrian Empire\")) as the inspiration for Nimrod.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3eQd\\-x\\-cxPwC\\&pg\\=PP1 \\|last\\=Jaynes \\|first\\=Julian \\|title\\=The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind \\|publisher\\=Mariner Books \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=9780547527543 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2013}}", "[Alexander Hislop](/wiki/Alexander_Hislop \"Alexander Hislop\"), in his tract *[The Two Babylons](/wiki/The_Two_Babylons \"The Two Babylons\")* (1853\\), identified Nimrod with [Ninus](/wiki/Ninus \"Ninus\") (also unattested anywhere in Mesopotamian king lists), who according to [Greek mythology](/wiki/Greek_mythology \"Greek mythology\") was a [Mesopotamian](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") king and husband of Queen [Semiramis](/wiki/Semiramis \"Semiramis\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/743/\\|title\\=Sammu\\-Ramat and Semiramis: The Inspiration and the Myth\\|website\\=\\[\\[World History Encyclopedia]]\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-13}} with a whole host of deities throughout the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\") world, and with the [Persian](/wiki/Persians \"Persians\") [Zoroaster](/wiki/Zoroaster \"Zoroaster\"). The identification with [Ninus](/wiki/Ninus \"Ninus\") follows that of the *Clementine Recognitions*; the one with Zoroaster, that of the *Clementine Homilies*, both works part of [Clementine literature](/wiki/Clementine_literature \"Clementine literature\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ccel.org/fathers2/ANF\\-08/anf08\\-53\\.htm \\|title\\=Homily IX \\|publisher\\=Ccel.org \\|date\\=1 June 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120629045848/http://ccel.org/fathers2/ANF\\-08/anf08\\-53\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Hislop attributed to Semiramis and Nimrod the invention of [polytheism](/wiki/Polytheism \"Polytheism\") and, with it, [goddess worship](/wiki/Mother_goddess \"Mother goddess\"), and that their incestuous male offering was [Tammuz](/wiki/Tammuz_%28mythology%29 \"Tammuz (mythology)\").{{cite web \\|first\\=Alexander \\|last\\=Hislop \\|url\\=http://philologos.org/\\_\\_eb\\-ttb/default.htm \\|title\\=The Two Babylons \\|publisher\\=Philologos.org \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328052108/http://philologos.org/\\_\\_eb\\-ttb/default.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He also claimed that the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") was a millennia\\-old secret [conspiracy](/wiki/New_World_Order_%28conspiracy%29 \"New World Order (conspiracy)\"), founded by Semiramis and Nimrod to propagate the [pagan](/wiki/Pagan \"Pagan\") religion of ancient [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon \"Babylon\"). Grabbe and others have rejected the book's arguments as based on a flawed understanding of the texts,{{cite book\\|last\\=Grabbe\\|first\\=Lester L.\\|author\\-link\\=Lester L. Grabbe\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=K2hIY\\_E\\_ngYC\\&pg\\=PA28\\|title\\=Can a 'History of Israel' Be Written?\\|editor1\\-last\\=Mein\\|editor1\\-first\\=Andrew\\|editor2\\-last\\=Camp\\|editor2\\-first\\=Claudia V.\\|pages\\=27–28\\|date\\=1997\\|location\\=London, England\\|publisher\\=Continuum International Publishing Group\\|isbn\\=978\\-0567043207}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Mcllhenny\\|first1\\=Albert M.\\|title\\=This Is the Sun?: Zeitgeist and Religion (Volume I: Comparative Religion)\\|date\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-105\\-33967\\-7\\|page\\=60\\|publisher\\=Lulu.com \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KymmAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA7}} but variations of them are accepted among some groups of [evangelical](/wiki/Evangelicalism \"Evangelicalism\") Protestants.", "There was a historical Assyrian queen [Shammuramat](/wiki/Shammuramat \"Shammuramat\") in the 9th century BC, in reality the wife of [Shamshi\\-Adad V](/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V \"Shamshi-Adad V\"), whom Assyriologists have identified with Semiramis, while others make her a later namesake of a much earlier (again, historically unattested) Semiramis.", "In [David Rohl](/wiki/David_Rohl \"David Rohl\")'s theory, [Enmerkar](/wiki/Enmerkar \"Enmerkar\"), the [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumer \"Sumer\") founder of [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk \"Uruk\"), was the original inspiration for Nimrod, because the story of *[Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta](/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta \"Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta\")*{{cite web \\|url\\=http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1823\\.htm \\|title\\=Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: translation \\|publisher\\=Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2009}} bears a few similarities to the legend of Nimrod and the Tower of Babel, and because the \\-KAR in Enmerkar means \"hunter\". Additionally, Enmerkar is said to have had [ziggurats](/wiki/Ziggurat \"Ziggurat\") built in both [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk \"Uruk\") and [Eridu](/wiki/Eridu \"Eridu\"), which Rohl postulates was the site of the original Babel.", "Others have attempted to conflate Nimrod with [Amraphel](/wiki/Amraphel \"Amraphel\"), a supposed king in Mesopotamia, but yet again, one who is himself historically unattested in Mesopotamian records.", "[George Rawlinson](/wiki/George_Rawlinson \"George Rawlinson\") believed Nimrod was [Belus](/wiki/Belus_%28Babylonian%29 \"Belus (Babylonian)\"), based on the fact Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions bear the names *Bel\\-{{sic\\|hide\\=y\\|Nibru}}*.{{cite book \\|title\\=The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World \\|volume\\=1 \\|pages\\=347–350}}{{full citation needed\\|date\\=March 2017}} The word *Nibru* in the East Semitic [Akkadian language](/wiki/Akkadian_language \"Akkadian language\") of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia comes from a root meaning to 'pursue' or to make 'one flee', and as Rawlinson pointed out not only does this closely resemble Nimrod's name but it also perfectly fits the description of Nimrod in Genesis 10:9 as a great hunter. The Belus\\-Nimrod equation or link is also found in many old works such as [Moses of Chorene](/wiki/Moses_of_Chorene \"Moses of Chorene\") and the *[Book of the Bee](/wiki/Book_of_the_Bee \"Book of the Bee\")*.Mos. Choren. 1\\. 6; 9; *Book of the Bee*, 22 [Nibru](/wiki/Nibru \"Nibru\"), in the [Sumerian language](/wiki/Sumerian_language \"Sumerian language\"), was the original name of the city of [Nippur](/wiki/Nippur \"Nippur\").", "[Joseph Poplicha](/wiki/Joseph_Poplicha \"Joseph Poplicha\") wrote in 1929 about the identification of Nimrod in the first dynasty or Uruk.{{cite journal \\|first\\=Joseph \\|last\\=Poplicha \\|jstor\\=593008 \\|title\\=The Biblical Nimrod and the Kingdom of Eanna \\|journal\\=Journal of the American Oriental Society \\|volume\\=49 \\|year\\=1929 \\|pages\\=303–317 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/593008}}", "More recently, [Yigal Levin](/wiki/Yigal_Levin \"Yigal Levin\") (2002\\) suggests that the fictional Nimrod was a recollection of [Sargon of Akkad](/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad \"Sargon of Akkad\") and also of his grandson [Naram\\-Sin](/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad \"Naram-Sin of Akkad\"), with the name \"Nimrod\" derived from the latter. He argues that:\n{{blockquote\\|The biblical Nimrod, then, is not a total counterpart of any one historical character. He is rather the later composite \\[\\[Hebrew]] equivalent of the \\[\\[Sargonid dynasty]]: the first, mighty king to rule after the flood. Later influence modified the legend in the Mesopotamian tradition, adding such details as the hero's name, his territory and some of his deeds, and most important his title, \"King of \\[\\[Kish (Sumer)\\|Kish]]\". The much later editors of the Book of Genesis dropped much of the original story and mistakenly misidentified and mistranslated the Mesopotamian \\[\\[Kish (Bible)\\|Kish]] with the \"Hamitic\" Cush, there being no ancient geographical, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, genetic or historical connection between Cush (in modern northern Sudan) and Mesopotamia.{{cite magazine \\|first\\=Yigal \\|last\\=Levin \\|title\\=Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad \\|magazine\\=Vetus Testamentum \\|volume\\=52 \\|year\\=2002 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=350–356 \\|doi\\=10\\.1163/156853302760197494}}}}", "" ]
Biography --------- His parents were Joaquín Schwalb Ramos and María López\-Aldana Hugues. He studied at the Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta (1923–1932\). His higher studies were carried out at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Law, and at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, where he received a law degree (November 27, 1940\). In 1933 he joined the diplomatic service, going through various auxiliary jobs until he became second secretary, being assigned to the United States embassy in 1944\. He was a member of the Peruvian delegation accredited to the brand new United Nations, in 1946\. Al the following year he was promoted to first secretary. In 1948 he was elevated to Minister Counselor, but resigned from the diplomatic service after the coup d'état of General Manuel A. Odría. He returned to Peru, where he devoted himself to the exercise of his profession and alternately collaborated in the press. He was one of the organizers of the Popular Action Party, of which he was Secretary General since 1960\. He was elected Senator of the Republic in the period 1963–1968, under the first government of the architect Fernando Belaunde Terry, who also appointed him Minister of Foreign Relations ( from July 28, 1963 to September 15, 1965\), in his first ministerial cabinet, chaired by Óscar Trelles. Censored this, Schwalb replaced him in the presidency of the Council of Ministers (from December 31, 1963 to September 15, 1965\), maintaining the portfolio of Foreign Relations. He was also President of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (1966–1968\). After the coup by the Armed Forces commanded by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, he left the country (1968\). Abroad he exercised trustworthy functions in international credit organizations. He supported his Popular Action party in the campaign in favor of democratic restoration and ran for the first vice presidency in the formula headed by Belaunde, who triumphed for the second time in the general elections of 1980\. Shortly after the inauguration of this second Belaundista government, he passed to be ambassador of Peru in the United States of America. Faced with the resignation of the cabinet chaired by Manuel Ulloa Elías, motivated by attrition, Schwalb was summoned to preside over the Council of Ministers and assume the Foreign Relations portfolio (from January 3, 1983 to April 10, 1984\). Later, he was ambassador on a special mission to the United States and Canada, as a result of the border conflict between Peru and Ecuador in 1995\. He was also, that same year, president of the Foreign Relations committee.
[ "Biography\n---------", "His parents were Joaquín Schwalb Ramos and María López\\-Aldana Hugues. He studied at the Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta (1923–1932\\). His higher studies were carried out at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Law, and at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, where he received a law degree (November 27, 1940\\).", "In 1933 he joined the diplomatic service, going through various auxiliary jobs until he became second secretary, being assigned to the United States embassy in 1944\\. He was a member of the Peruvian delegation accredited to the brand new United Nations, in 1946\\. Al the following year he was promoted to first secretary. In 1948 he was elevated to Minister Counselor, but resigned from the diplomatic service after the coup d'état of General Manuel A. Odría.", "He returned to Peru, where he devoted himself to the exercise of his profession and alternately collaborated in the press.", "He was one of the organizers of the Popular Action Party, of which he was Secretary General since 1960\\. He was elected Senator of the Republic in the period 1963–1968, under the first government of the architect Fernando Belaunde Terry, who also appointed him Minister of Foreign Relations ( from July 28, 1963 to September 15, 1965\\), in his first ministerial cabinet, chaired by Óscar Trelles. Censored this, Schwalb replaced him in the presidency of the Council of Ministers (from December 31, 1963 to September 15, 1965\\), maintaining the portfolio of Foreign Relations. He was also President of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (1966–1968\\).", "After the coup by the Armed Forces commanded by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, he left the country (1968\\). Abroad he exercised trustworthy functions in international credit organizations.", "He supported his Popular Action party in the campaign in favor of democratic restoration and ran for the first vice presidency in the formula headed by Belaunde, who triumphed for the second time in the general elections of 1980\\. Shortly after the inauguration of this second Belaundista government, he passed to be ambassador of Peru in the United States of America.", "Faced with the resignation of the cabinet chaired by Manuel Ulloa Elías, motivated by attrition, Schwalb was summoned to preside over the Council of Ministers and assume the Foreign Relations portfolio (from January 3, 1983 to April 10, 1984\\).", "Later, he was ambassador on a special mission to the United States and Canada, as a result of the border conflict between Peru and Ecuador in 1995\\. He was also, that same year, president of the Foreign Relations committee.", "" ]
Features often mistaken for Easter eggs --------------------------------------- {{See also\|Undocumented feature}}The following are not Easter Eggs, but rather features unexpected by many users of Microsoft products. ### Microsoft Word Every version of [Microsoft Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word "Microsoft Word") from 97 to 2016 (Windows) or 2004 to 2011 (Mac) contain functions to create [filler text](/wiki/Filler_text "Filler text"). On older versions, typing `=rand()` in a Word document and hitting "Enter" results in 3 paragraphs of 5 repetitions of the [pangram](/wiki/Pangram "Pangram") "[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog](/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")". Typing `=rand(X,Y)` (with numbers for X and Y) results in X paragraphs of Y repetitions of the sentence. For example, `=rand(10,10)` will produce ten paragraphs, each with ten repetitions. Microsoft has officially described this as a feature and not an Easter Egg.{{cite web \|url\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/kb/212251 \|title\=How To Insert Sample Text Into A Document In Word \|date\=2011\-09\-18 \|publisher\=Microsoft \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803081727/https://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/kb/212251 \|archive\-date\=2015\-08\-03 \|url\-status\=deviated}}{{cite web \|url\=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q180685/ \|title\=WD98: How To Insert Sample Text Into A Document \|date\=2013\-10\-26 \|publisher\=Microsoft \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062222/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/180685 \|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-03 \|url\-status\=dead}} In [Microsoft Word 2007](/wiki/Microsoft_Word_2007 "Microsoft Word 2007") and 2010, the repeated sentence is replaced with a longer text: {{quotation\|On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template.}} In Microsoft Word 2013, the text was replaced again with{{cite web \|url\=https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/30417\.microsoft\-word\-membuat\-contoh\-teks\-atau\-kalimat\-id\-id.aspx \|title\=Microsoft Word: Membuat Contoh Teks atau Kalimat (id\-ID) \|last\=Lesmana \|first\=Aris \|date\=2015\-03\-23 \|website\=TechNet Wiki \|publisher\=Microsoft \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|language\=id \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206075016/https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/30417\.microsoft\-word\-membuat\-contoh\-teks\-atau\-kalimat\-id\-id.aspx \|url\-status\=live }} {{quotation\|Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. When you click on Online Video, you can paste in the embed code for the video you want to add. You can also type a keyword to search online for the video that best fits your document. To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching cover page, header, and sidebar. Click the Insert tab and then choose the elements you want from the different galleries. Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click on Design and choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme. Save time in Word with new buttons that show up where you need them. To change the way a picture fits in your document, click it and a button for layout options appears next to it. When you work on a table, click where you want to add a row or a column, and then click the plus sign tab. Reading is easier, too, in the new Reading view. You can collapse parts of the document and focus on the text you want. If you need to stop reading before you reach the end, Word remembers where you left off \- even on another device.}} When `=rand(1,1)` is written, only a simple sentence is shown: in English, it is "On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document."{{r\|MSKBQ212251}} In Word 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019 and online, the pangram "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" text is available by typing the command `=rand.old()` and pressing enter.{{r\|MSKBQ212251}} Additionally, typing `=lorem()` gives the following text:{{r\|MSKBQ212251}} > [Lorem ipsum](/wiki/Lorem_ipsum "Lorem ipsum") dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue massa. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies, purus lectus malesuada libero, sit amet commodo magna eros quis urna. Nunc viverra imperdiet enim. Fusce est. Vivamus a tellus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci. Typing `=lorem(N)` will produce "N" (where N is an integer) lines of lorem ipsum text. When "N" is larger than 27, the function begins to repeat itself. All of these features will be disabled when "Replace text as you type" is turned off.{{r\|MSKBQ212251}} [thumb\|alt\=The two icons are shown side\-by\-side for comparison\|Microsoft Word insert pictures icon: light vs. dark mode](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Word_Insert_Picture_Dark_Mode.png "Microsoft Word Insert Picture Dark Mode.png") In Microsoft Word 2021, when dark mode is enabled, the picture icon in the insert tab replaces the sun with a moon. ### Microsoft Windows * In Microsoft Windows, it is not possible to create or rename a file or folder called `CON` (case insensitive). This has been subject to a hoax that claims Microsoft is unable to explain why.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hoax\-slayer.com/con\-folder\-name.shtml \|title\=Cannot Create Windows Folder Named Con \|publisher\=Hoax\-slayer.com \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-28 \|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107164123/http://www.hoax\-slayer.com/con\-folder\-name.shtml \|url\-status\=dead }} In reality, `CON` along with `PRN`, `AUX`, `COM#` (where \# is a digit) and `NUL`, are [reserved device names](/wiki/DOS%23Reserved_device_names "DOS#Reserved device names").{{Cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=bC6tngl0PTI \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bC6tngl0PTI \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Why You Can't Name A File CON In Windows\|date\=2020\-04\-20\|last\=Scott\|first\=Tom\|type\=video\|author\-link\=Tom Scott (entertainer)\|via\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} * There were features that needed to be turned on while Windows 95 was beta tested. Some of the desktop features, including full window drag and anti\-aliased fonts, could be turned on by placing the line `ILOVEBUNNY32=1` under the `Windows` section in `win.ini`. The features were later sold in the [Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95](/wiki/Microsoft_Plus%21%23Microsoft_Plus%21_for_Windows_95 "Microsoft Plus!#Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95") add\-on. {{cite web \| title\=Easter Eggs \- but not the chocolate kind \| url\=http://www.ubelly.com/2011/04/easter\-eggs\-but\-not\-the\-chocolate\-kind/ \| access\-date\=November 20, 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213061549/http://www.ubelly.com/2011/04/easter\-eggs\-but\-not\-the\-chocolate\-kind/ \| archive\-date\=December 13, 2013 \| url\-status\=dead \| df\=mdy\-all }} * DeskBar was a feature Microsoft planned to introduce in Windows 98\. This would allow users to download desktop toolbars (deskbars) from their favorite websites. These mini\-toolbars could update themselves automatically at predefined times, supplying the latest information from the websites without the need to launch a web browser. Microsoft did implement this feature in Windows 98 beta builds, but webmasters showed little interest and the feature was subsequently hidden in the Windows 98 RTM version.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.askvg.com/did\-you\-know\-hidden\-secret\-deskbar\-options\-tab\-in\-windows\-98\-taskbar\-properties/ \|title\=Hidden Secret "DeskBar Options" Tab in Windows 98 Taskbar Properties \|publisher\=AskVG \|date\=2013\-10\-17 \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-28 \|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226135843/http://www.askvg.com/did\-you\-know\-hidden\-secret\-deskbar\-options\-tab\-in\-windows\-98\-taskbar\-properties/ \|url\-status\=live }} * {{anchor\|mid}} Windows includes a number of MIDI files for troubleshooting purposes. In Windows 3\.1, PASSPORT.MID and CANYON.MID (by George Stone) can be found in the directory \<drive\>:\\Windows\\Media, with some .WAV and .RMI files. Windows 95 contains CLOUDS.MID (by [Brian Orr](/wiki/Brian_Orr "Brian Orr")), which plays in a hidden credits sequence. In Windows ME and later versions, these were replaced by ONESTOP.MID (composed by David Yackley), FLOURISH.MID, and TOWN.MID (both by Nathan Grigg). These files allows for product support technicians to diagnose problems with MIDI playback without requiring the user to go to a Web page and download a known\-good MIDI file.{{cite web \|url\=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20130212\-00/?p\=5263 \|title\=What's the story of the onestop.mid file in the Media directory? \|publisher\=MSDN \|date\=2013\-02\-12 \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-28 \|archive\-date\=2014\-02\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201191529/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2013/02/12/10392805\.aspx \|url\-status\=live }} FLOURISH.MID was also used by [DirectX Diagnostic Tool](/wiki/DxDiag "DxDiag") 9\.0 (included in dxdiagn.dll and replaced DXDIAG.MID which was included in older DirectX versions) to test [DirectMusic](/wiki/DirectMusic "DirectMusic"). CSSAMP1\.MID can also appear if Canon drivers are installed. * In Windows XP, a music file titled `title.wma` (an environmental mix by Stan LePard.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.vgmpf.com/Wiki/index.php?title\=Windows\_XP\_(W32\) \|title\= Windows XP (W32\) \|website\= Video Game Music Preservation Foundation Wiki \|access\-date\= 2019\-10\-12 \|archive\-date\= 2019\-11\-22 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20191122231336/http://www.vgmpf.com/Wiki/index.php?title\=Windows\_XP\_(W32\) \|url\-status\= live }}) is found in *`\WINDOWS\system32\oobe\images`* folder. (OOBE stands for [Out\-of\-box experience](/wiki/Out-of-box_experience "Out-of-box experience").) The file metadata calls it "Windows Welcome Music By Microsoft". This is the background music played during the initial configuration wizard used to perform tasks such as setting up user accounts the first time that a new installation of Windows XP is used. In Windows Server 2003 and some builds of [Longhorn](/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista "Development of Windows Vista"), `title.wma` is instead replaced by the song [No Hay Problema](/wiki/Sympathique%23Track_listing "Sympathique#Track listing"), produced by Oregon\-based band [Pink Martini](/wiki/Pink_Martini "Pink Martini"). The original Windows XP version was believed to be composed by [Stan LePard](/wiki/Stan_LePard "Stan LePard"). It was previously used in [Internet Starter Kit](/wiki/Internet_Starter_Kit "Internet Starter Kit") 3 and [Encarta](/wiki/Encarta "Encarta") Virtual Globe 1998 Edition.{{cite web\|url\=https://soundcloud.com/stanlepard/windows\-98\-velkommen\|title\=Windows 98 \- Velkommen\|website\=SoundCloud\|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22\|archive\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527222745/https://soundcloud.com/stanlepard/windows\-98\-velkommen\|url\-status\=live}} * Since Windows 95, a utility called "Phone Dialer" is available that allows one to place a call through one's phone port, provided they have one on their computer. There are no Start menu shortcuts for it and one must run its executable file (`dialer.exe`) directly. This was only documented in Windows 95 and Windows 98\.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2022}} * In the [Pinball](/wiki/Full_Tilt%21_Pinball "Full Tilt! Pinball") game included with Windows, typing "hidden test" when the game is active starts test mode. In this mode, the user can drag the ball with the mouse cursor, and can type "H" to instantly get a high score, type "R" to increase rank, type "M" to display system memory, and/or type "Y" to show frame rate. Typing "1max" at the start of a new ball awards an extra ball. Similarly, the user can type "gmax" to activate the gravity well, type "rmax" to go up a rank, and type "bmax" for unlimited balls (this last one results in an endless game, thereby precluding activation of the other cheats until the game is restarted).{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2010}} * In the early versions of the [Minesweeper](/wiki/Minesweeper_%28Windows%29 "Minesweeper (Windows)") game, if the user starts the game, types "[xyzzy](/wiki/Xyzzy_%28magic_word%29 "Xyzzy (magic word)")", and presses {{Key press\|Right Shift\|Enter}} simultaneously, the top left\-most pixel of the monitor (not the window) will be white or black when the mouse is hovered above a square, indicating that the square is either safe or mined, respectively.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/562694\-minesweeper/cheats \|title\=Minesweeper Cheats, Codes, And Secrets For PC \|publisher\=GameFAQs \|date\=1992\-04\-06 \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-28 \|archive\-date\=2014\-02\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203015313/http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/562694\-minesweeper/cheats \|url\-status\=live }} The first click anywhere in Minesweeper is never a mine. A click on a 'black' square, as first click, moves that mine away. * Starting with Windows Vista, the [Windows Master Control Panel shortcut](/wiki/Windows_Master_Control_Panel_shortcut "Windows Master Control Panel shortcut"), colloquially known as "God Mode", is commonly mistaken for an Easter Egg. Creating a folder that references a specific global unique identifier allows for the creation of a shortcut to a location; in the case of "God Mode" (`GodMode.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C`) it creates a Control Panel applet with all control panel items view (more than 200\) enabled.{{Cite web\|last\=August 2021\|first\=Avram Piltch 31\|date\=2021\-08\-31\|title\=How to Enable God Mode in Windows 11 or 10\|url\=https://www.tomshardware.com/how\-to/enable\-god\-mode\-windows\-11\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-18\|website\=Tom's Hardware\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=2021\-09\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918222228/https://www.tomshardware.com/how\-to/enable\-god\-mode\-windows\-11\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Features often mistaken for Easter eggs\n---------------------------------------", "{{See also\\|Undocumented feature}}The following are not Easter Eggs, but rather features unexpected by many users of Microsoft products.\n### Microsoft Word", "Every version of [Microsoft Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word \"Microsoft Word\") from 97 to 2016 (Windows) or 2004 to 2011 (Mac) contain functions to create [filler text](/wiki/Filler_text \"Filler text\"). On older versions, typing `=rand()` in a Word document and hitting \"Enter\" results in 3 paragraphs of 5 repetitions of the [pangram](/wiki/Pangram \"Pangram\") \"[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog](/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\")\". Typing `=rand(X,Y)` (with numbers for X and Y) results in X paragraphs of Y repetitions of the sentence. For example, `=rand(10,10)` will produce ten paragraphs, each with ten repetitions. Microsoft has officially described this as a feature and not an Easter Egg.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/kb/212251 \\|title\\=How To Insert Sample Text Into A Document In Word \\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-18 \\|publisher\\=Microsoft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803081727/https://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/kb/212251 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-08\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=deviated}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q180685/ \\|title\\=WD98: How To Insert Sample Text Into A Document \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-26 \\|publisher\\=Microsoft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062222/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/180685 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nIn [Microsoft Word 2007](/wiki/Microsoft_Word_2007 \"Microsoft Word 2007\") and 2010, the repeated sentence is replaced with a longer text:", "{{quotation\\|On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look.", "You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.", "To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template.}}", "In Microsoft Word 2013, the text was replaced again with{{cite web \\|url\\=https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/30417\\.microsoft\\-word\\-membuat\\-contoh\\-teks\\-atau\\-kalimat\\-id\\-id.aspx \\|title\\=Microsoft Word: Membuat Contoh Teks atau Kalimat (id\\-ID) \\|last\\=Lesmana \\|first\\=Aris \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-23 \\|website\\=TechNet Wiki \\|publisher\\=Microsoft \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|language\\=id \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206075016/https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/30417\\.microsoft\\-word\\-membuat\\-contoh\\-teks\\-atau\\-kalimat\\-id\\-id.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "{{quotation\\|Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. When you click on Online Video, you can paste in the embed code for the video you want to add. You can also type a keyword to search online for the video that best fits your document.", "To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching cover page, header, and sidebar. Click the Insert tab and then choose the elements you want from the different galleries.", "Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click on Design and choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme.", "Save time in Word with new buttons that show up where you need them. To change the way a picture fits in your document, click it and a button for layout options appears next to it. When you work on a table, click where you want to add a row or a column, and then click the plus sign tab.", "Reading is easier, too, in the new Reading view. You can collapse parts of the document and focus on the text you want. If you need to stop reading before you reach the end, Word remembers where you left off \\- even on another device.}}", "When `=rand(1,1)` is written, only a simple sentence is shown: in English, it is \"On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document.\"{{r\\|MSKBQ212251}}", "In Word 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019 and online, the pangram \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" text is available by typing the command `=rand.old()` and pressing enter.{{r\\|MSKBQ212251}}", "Additionally, typing `=lorem()` gives the following text:{{r\\|MSKBQ212251}}", "", "> [Lorem ipsum](/wiki/Lorem_ipsum \"Lorem ipsum\") dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue massa. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies, purus lectus malesuada libero, sit amet commodo magna eros quis urna. Nunc viverra imperdiet enim. Fusce est. Vivamus a tellus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci.", "Typing `=lorem(N)` will produce \"N\" (where N is an integer) lines of lorem ipsum text. When \"N\" is larger than 27, the function begins to repeat itself.", "All of these features will be disabled when \"Replace text as you type\" is turned off.{{r\\|MSKBQ212251}}", "[thumb\\|alt\\=The two icons are shown side\\-by\\-side for comparison\\|Microsoft Word insert pictures icon: light vs. dark mode](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Word_Insert_Picture_Dark_Mode.png \"Microsoft Word Insert Picture Dark Mode.png\")\nIn Microsoft Word 2021, when dark mode is enabled, the picture icon in the insert tab replaces the sun with a moon.", "### Microsoft Windows", "* In Microsoft Windows, it is not possible to create or rename a file or folder called `CON` (case insensitive). This has been subject to a hoax that claims Microsoft is unable to explain why.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hoax\\-slayer.com/con\\-folder\\-name.shtml \\|title\\=Cannot Create Windows Folder Named Con \\|publisher\\=Hoax\\-slayer.com \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107164123/http://www.hoax\\-slayer.com/con\\-folder\\-name.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In reality, `CON` along with `PRN`, `AUX`, `COM#` (where \\# is a digit) and `NUL`, are [reserved device names](/wiki/DOS%23Reserved_device_names \"DOS#Reserved device names\").{{Cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=bC6tngl0PTI \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bC6tngl0PTI \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Why You Can't Name A File CON In Windows\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-20\\|last\\=Scott\\|first\\=Tom\\|type\\=video\\|author\\-link\\=Tom Scott (entertainer)\\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}\n* There were features that needed to be turned on while Windows 95 was beta tested. Some of the desktop features, including full window drag and anti\\-aliased fonts, could be turned on by placing the line `ILOVEBUNNY32=1` under the `Windows` section in `win.ini`. The features were later sold in the [Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95](/wiki/Microsoft_Plus%21%23Microsoft_Plus%21_for_Windows_95 \"Microsoft Plus!#Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95\") add\\-on. {{cite web \\| title\\=Easter Eggs \\- but not the chocolate kind \\| url\\=http://www.ubelly.com/2011/04/easter\\-eggs\\-but\\-not\\-the\\-chocolate\\-kind/ \\| access\\-date\\=November 20, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213061549/http://www.ubelly.com/2011/04/easter\\-eggs\\-but\\-not\\-the\\-chocolate\\-kind/ \\| archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2013 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| df\\=mdy\\-all }}\n* DeskBar was a feature Microsoft planned to introduce in Windows 98\\. This would allow users to download desktop toolbars (deskbars) from their favorite websites. These mini\\-toolbars could update themselves automatically at predefined times, supplying the latest information from the websites without the need to launch a web browser. Microsoft did implement this feature in Windows 98 beta builds, but webmasters showed little interest and the feature was subsequently hidden in the Windows 98 RTM version.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.askvg.com/did\\-you\\-know\\-hidden\\-secret\\-deskbar\\-options\\-tab\\-in\\-windows\\-98\\-taskbar\\-properties/ \\|title\\=Hidden Secret \"DeskBar Options\" Tab in Windows 98 Taskbar Properties \\|publisher\\=AskVG \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226135843/http://www.askvg.com/did\\-you\\-know\\-hidden\\-secret\\-deskbar\\-options\\-tab\\-in\\-windows\\-98\\-taskbar\\-properties/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n* {{anchor\\|mid}} Windows includes a number of MIDI files for troubleshooting purposes. In Windows 3\\.1, PASSPORT.MID and CANYON.MID (by George Stone) can be found in the directory \\<drive\\>:\\\\Windows\\\\Media, with some .WAV and .RMI files. Windows 95 contains CLOUDS.MID (by [Brian Orr](/wiki/Brian_Orr \"Brian Orr\")), which plays in a hidden credits sequence. In Windows ME and later versions, these were replaced by ONESTOP.MID (composed by David Yackley), FLOURISH.MID, and TOWN.MID (both by Nathan Grigg). These files allows for product support technicians to diagnose problems with MIDI playback without requiring the user to go to a Web page and download a known\\-good MIDI file.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20130212\\-00/?p\\=5263 \\|title\\=What's the story of the onestop.mid file in the Media directory? \\|publisher\\=MSDN \\|date\\=2013\\-02\\-12 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-02\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201191529/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2013/02/12/10392805\\.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }} FLOURISH.MID was also used by [DirectX Diagnostic Tool](/wiki/DxDiag \"DxDiag\") 9\\.0 (included in dxdiagn.dll and replaced DXDIAG.MID which was included in older DirectX versions) to test [DirectMusic](/wiki/DirectMusic \"DirectMusic\"). CSSAMP1\\.MID can also appear if Canon drivers are installed.\n* In Windows XP, a music file titled `title.wma` (an environmental mix by Stan LePard.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.vgmpf.com/Wiki/index.php?title\\=Windows\\_XP\\_(W32\\) \\|title\\= Windows XP (W32\\) \\|website\\= Video Game Music Preservation Foundation Wiki \\|access\\-date\\= 2019\\-10\\-12 \\|archive\\-date\\= 2019\\-11\\-22 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20191122231336/http://www.vgmpf.com/Wiki/index.php?title\\=Windows\\_XP\\_(W32\\) \\|url\\-status\\= live }}) is found in *`\\WINDOWS\\system32\\oobe\\images`* folder. (OOBE stands for [Out\\-of\\-box experience](/wiki/Out-of-box_experience \"Out-of-box experience\").) The file metadata calls it \"Windows Welcome Music By Microsoft\". This is the background music played during the initial configuration wizard used to perform tasks such as setting up user accounts the first time that a new installation of Windows XP is used. In Windows Server 2003 and some builds of [Longhorn](/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista \"Development of Windows Vista\"), `title.wma` is instead replaced by the song [No Hay Problema](/wiki/Sympathique%23Track_listing \"Sympathique#Track listing\"), produced by Oregon\\-based band [Pink Martini](/wiki/Pink_Martini \"Pink Martini\"). The original Windows XP version was believed to be composed by [Stan LePard](/wiki/Stan_LePard \"Stan LePard\"). It was previously used in [Internet Starter Kit](/wiki/Internet_Starter_Kit \"Internet Starter Kit\") 3 and [Encarta](/wiki/Encarta \"Encarta\") Virtual Globe 1998 Edition.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://soundcloud.com/stanlepard/windows\\-98\\-velkommen\\|title\\=Windows 98 \\- Velkommen\\|website\\=SoundCloud\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527222745/https://soundcloud.com/stanlepard/windows\\-98\\-velkommen\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* Since Windows 95, a utility called \"Phone Dialer\" is available that allows one to place a call through one's phone port, provided they have one on their computer. There are no Start menu shortcuts for it and one must run its executable file (`dialer.exe`) directly. This was only documented in Windows 95 and Windows 98\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2022}}\n* In the [Pinball](/wiki/Full_Tilt%21_Pinball \"Full Tilt! Pinball\") game included with Windows, typing \"hidden test\" when the game is active starts test mode. In this mode, the user can drag the ball with the mouse cursor, and can type \"H\" to instantly get a high score, type \"R\" to increase rank, type \"M\" to display system memory, and/or type \"Y\" to show frame rate. Typing \"1max\" at the start of a new ball awards an extra ball. Similarly, the user can type \"gmax\" to activate the gravity well, type \"rmax\" to go up a rank, and type \"bmax\" for unlimited balls (this last one results in an endless game, thereby precluding activation of the other cheats until the game is restarted).{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2010}}\n* In the early versions of the [Minesweeper](/wiki/Minesweeper_%28Windows%29 \"Minesweeper (Windows)\") game, if the user starts the game, types \"[xyzzy](/wiki/Xyzzy_%28magic_word%29 \"Xyzzy (magic word)\")\", and presses {{Key press\\|Right Shift\\|Enter}} simultaneously, the top left\\-most pixel of the monitor (not the window) will be white or black when the mouse is hovered above a square, indicating that the square is either safe or mined, respectively.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/562694\\-minesweeper/cheats \\|title\\=Minesweeper Cheats, Codes, And Secrets For PC \\|publisher\\=GameFAQs \\|date\\=1992\\-04\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-02\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203015313/http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/562694\\-minesweeper/cheats \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The first click anywhere in Minesweeper is never a mine. A click on a 'black' square, as first click, moves that mine away.\n* Starting with Windows Vista, the [Windows Master Control Panel shortcut](/wiki/Windows_Master_Control_Panel_shortcut \"Windows Master Control Panel shortcut\"), colloquially known as \"God Mode\", is commonly mistaken for an Easter Egg. Creating a folder that references a specific global unique identifier allows for the creation of a shortcut to a location; in the case of \"God Mode\" (`GodMode.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C`) it creates a Control Panel applet with all control panel items view (more than 200\\) enabled.{{Cite web\\|last\\=August 2021\\|first\\=Avram Piltch 31\\|date\\=2021\\-08\\-31\\|title\\=How to Enable God Mode in Windows 11 or 10\\|url\\=https://www.tomshardware.com/how\\-to/enable\\-god\\-mode\\-windows\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-18\\|website\\=Tom's Hardware\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918222228/https://www.tomshardware.com/how\\-to/enable\\-god\\-mode\\-windows\\-11\\|url\\-status\\=live}}" ]
### Microsoft Word Every version of [Microsoft Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word "Microsoft Word") from 97 to 2016 (Windows) or 2004 to 2011 (Mac) contain functions to create [filler text](/wiki/Filler_text "Filler text"). On older versions, typing `=rand()` in a Word document and hitting "Enter" results in 3 paragraphs of 5 repetitions of the [pangram](/wiki/Pangram "Pangram") "[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog](/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")". Typing `=rand(X,Y)` (with numbers for X and Y) results in X paragraphs of Y repetitions of the sentence. For example, `=rand(10,10)` will produce ten paragraphs, each with ten repetitions. Microsoft has officially described this as a feature and not an Easter Egg.{{cite web \|url\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/kb/212251 \|title\=How To Insert Sample Text Into A Document In Word \|date\=2011\-09\-18 \|publisher\=Microsoft \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803081727/https://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/kb/212251 \|archive\-date\=2015\-08\-03 \|url\-status\=deviated}}{{cite web \|url\=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q180685/ \|title\=WD98: How To Insert Sample Text Into A Document \|date\=2013\-10\-26 \|publisher\=Microsoft \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062222/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/180685 \|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-03 \|url\-status\=dead}} In [Microsoft Word 2007](/wiki/Microsoft_Word_2007 "Microsoft Word 2007") and 2010, the repeated sentence is replaced with a longer text: {{quotation\|On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template.}} In Microsoft Word 2013, the text was replaced again with{{cite web \|url\=https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/30417\.microsoft\-word\-membuat\-contoh\-teks\-atau\-kalimat\-id\-id.aspx \|title\=Microsoft Word: Membuat Contoh Teks atau Kalimat (id\-ID) \|last\=Lesmana \|first\=Aris \|date\=2015\-03\-23 \|website\=TechNet Wiki \|publisher\=Microsoft \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|language\=id \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206075016/https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/30417\.microsoft\-word\-membuat\-contoh\-teks\-atau\-kalimat\-id\-id.aspx \|url\-status\=live }} {{quotation\|Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. When you click on Online Video, you can paste in the embed code for the video you want to add. You can also type a keyword to search online for the video that best fits your document. To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching cover page, header, and sidebar. Click the Insert tab and then choose the elements you want from the different galleries. Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click on Design and choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme. Save time in Word with new buttons that show up where you need them. To change the way a picture fits in your document, click it and a button for layout options appears next to it. When you work on a table, click where you want to add a row or a column, and then click the plus sign tab. Reading is easier, too, in the new Reading view. You can collapse parts of the document and focus on the text you want. If you need to stop reading before you reach the end, Word remembers where you left off \- even on another device.}} When `=rand(1,1)` is written, only a simple sentence is shown: in English, it is "On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document."{{r\|MSKBQ212251}} In Word 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019 and online, the pangram "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" text is available by typing the command `=rand.old()` and pressing enter.{{r\|MSKBQ212251}} Additionally, typing `=lorem()` gives the following text:{{r\|MSKBQ212251}} > [Lorem ipsum](/wiki/Lorem_ipsum "Lorem ipsum") dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue massa. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies, purus lectus malesuada libero, sit amet commodo magna eros quis urna. Nunc viverra imperdiet enim. Fusce est. Vivamus a tellus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci. Typing `=lorem(N)` will produce "N" (where N is an integer) lines of lorem ipsum text. When "N" is larger than 27, the function begins to repeat itself. All of these features will be disabled when "Replace text as you type" is turned off.{{r\|MSKBQ212251}} [thumb\|alt\=The two icons are shown side\-by\-side for comparison\|Microsoft Word insert pictures icon: light vs. dark mode](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Word_Insert_Picture_Dark_Mode.png "Microsoft Word Insert Picture Dark Mode.png") In Microsoft Word 2021, when dark mode is enabled, the picture icon in the insert tab replaces the sun with a moon.
[ "### Microsoft Word", "Every version of [Microsoft Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word \"Microsoft Word\") from 97 to 2016 (Windows) or 2004 to 2011 (Mac) contain functions to create [filler text](/wiki/Filler_text \"Filler text\"). On older versions, typing `=rand()` in a Word document and hitting \"Enter\" results in 3 paragraphs of 5 repetitions of the [pangram](/wiki/Pangram \"Pangram\") \"[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog](/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\")\". Typing `=rand(X,Y)` (with numbers for X and Y) results in X paragraphs of Y repetitions of the sentence. For example, `=rand(10,10)` will produce ten paragraphs, each with ten repetitions. Microsoft has officially described this as a feature and not an Easter Egg.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/kb/212251 \\|title\\=How To Insert Sample Text Into A Document In Word \\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-18 \\|publisher\\=Microsoft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803081727/https://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/kb/212251 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-08\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=deviated}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q180685/ \\|title\\=WD98: How To Insert Sample Text Into A Document \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-26 \\|publisher\\=Microsoft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062222/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/180685 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nIn [Microsoft Word 2007](/wiki/Microsoft_Word_2007 \"Microsoft Word 2007\") and 2010, the repeated sentence is replaced with a longer text:", "{{quotation\\|On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look.", "You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.", "To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template.}}", "In Microsoft Word 2013, the text was replaced again with{{cite web \\|url\\=https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/30417\\.microsoft\\-word\\-membuat\\-contoh\\-teks\\-atau\\-kalimat\\-id\\-id.aspx \\|title\\=Microsoft Word: Membuat Contoh Teks atau Kalimat (id\\-ID) \\|last\\=Lesmana \\|first\\=Aris \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-23 \\|website\\=TechNet Wiki \\|publisher\\=Microsoft \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|language\\=id \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206075016/https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/30417\\.microsoft\\-word\\-membuat\\-contoh\\-teks\\-atau\\-kalimat\\-id\\-id.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "{{quotation\\|Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. When you click on Online Video, you can paste in the embed code for the video you want to add. You can also type a keyword to search online for the video that best fits your document.", "To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching cover page, header, and sidebar. Click the Insert tab and then choose the elements you want from the different galleries.", "Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click on Design and choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme.", "Save time in Word with new buttons that show up where you need them. To change the way a picture fits in your document, click it and a button for layout options appears next to it. When you work on a table, click where you want to add a row or a column, and then click the plus sign tab.", "Reading is easier, too, in the new Reading view. You can collapse parts of the document and focus on the text you want. If you need to stop reading before you reach the end, Word remembers where you left off \\- even on another device.}}", "When `=rand(1,1)` is written, only a simple sentence is shown: in English, it is \"On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document.\"{{r\\|MSKBQ212251}}", "In Word 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019 and online, the pangram \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" text is available by typing the command `=rand.old()` and pressing enter.{{r\\|MSKBQ212251}}", "Additionally, typing `=lorem()` gives the following text:{{r\\|MSKBQ212251}}", "", "> [Lorem ipsum](/wiki/Lorem_ipsum \"Lorem ipsum\") dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue massa. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies, purus lectus malesuada libero, sit amet commodo magna eros quis urna. Nunc viverra imperdiet enim. Fusce est. Vivamus a tellus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci.", "Typing `=lorem(N)` will produce \"N\" (where N is an integer) lines of lorem ipsum text. When \"N\" is larger than 27, the function begins to repeat itself.", "All of these features will be disabled when \"Replace text as you type\" is turned off.{{r\\|MSKBQ212251}}", "[thumb\\|alt\\=The two icons are shown side\\-by\\-side for comparison\\|Microsoft Word insert pictures icon: light vs. dark mode](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Word_Insert_Picture_Dark_Mode.png \"Microsoft Word Insert Picture Dark Mode.png\")\nIn Microsoft Word 2021, when dark mode is enabled, the picture icon in the insert tab replaces the sun with a moon.", "" ]
Plot ---- {{long plot\|date\=March 2023}} The plot starts with the protagonist in a coma and on life support. The film, from the beginning, tells two stories of the same person, one in colour and the other in black and white. A detective from the Mumbai crime branch starts investigating the incident that caused the protagonist's ([Siddharth](/wiki/Siddharth_%28actor%29 "Siddharth (actor)")) current state. The detective, going through his belongings, stumbles upon some scribbled notes and a mysterious pill. Meanwhile, police capture two suspects and interrogate them for information. The story starts with Vicky who is from a village and working as an Usher in a movie theatre owned by Durai (Aadukalam Naren). Vicky suffers from insomnia. On one of his sleepless nights, Vicky is contacted by a drug dealer who gives him Lucia pills as a solution to his insomnia. This drug is said to have the capability to help one dream the life they want but has the side\-effect, that upon discontinuation the same dreams shall turn into nightmares. With the help of the Lucia pills, Vicky starts seeing himself as a successful actor called Vignesh surrounded by people he knows in the real world. Film actor, Vignesh's life is depicted in black\-and\-white. Durai, the theatre owner where Vicky works, had directed a film in his youth produced by a thug, who now wants Durai to sign off his theatre for his debt. In the black\-and\-white life, Vignesh and Durai get a number of death threats from a person. More events from the dream are followed by similar events in reality as Vicky falls in love with Divya (Deepa Sannidhi) who is a model in the dream and a waitress in reality. In the dream, Vignesh and Divya hit it off easily at the beginning but later friction arises when Vignesh expresses his discontent with Divya working in the film industry. Meanwhile, in reality, Vicky struggles to win Divya's heart, who rejects him first due to his low salary and falls later for his humble character. Divya's attempts to get Vicky educated and lead him to get a better\-paying job turn out to be futile and result in the death of Durai at the hands of goons. Frustrated, Vicky chooses to leave Divya and continue to work in the theatre, despite the threats. Vicky and his foreign friends redecorate the theatre and release Durai's film. He later reconciles with Divya, who agrees to marry him. In the dream, Durai is kidnapped, and Vignesh rescues him with the help of the police. In the process, all of the goons are either arrested or killed except for the contract killer. Vignesh feels Durai is not safe with him and decides to fire him. Vignesh breaks up with Divya and sends away his entourage so as to be alone. Later, a visually disturbed Vignesh finds himself in a trashed room. Vignesh gets hold of the torch and through its light sees the "torch\-shiner" Vicky inspecting the screen of the theatre. Divya misses Vignesh and tries to get back with him but Vignesh is in his own shell and shuts out everyone from his life. Divya receives an unexpected call from Vignesh some days later and he asks her to meet him. He tells her that he cannot decide if the present moment is a dream or reality but he is ultimately happy. He says that he should not confuse his dreams and real life. Asking Divya to close her eyes, Vignesh jumps off the roof to the disbelief of everyone present, including the contract killer waiting to kill him. In the present, the detective with the help of the suspects performs a sting operation on the drug dealer and learns more about Lucia's pills. Meanwhile, Divya is caught in an attempt to kill Vignesh by taking him off life support. During her interrogation, the whole investigating team along with Divya watches a re\-run of an interview with the film star Vignesh. In the interview, Vignesh expresses his dissatisfaction with stardom and reveals that he is actually colour blind from an accident in his childhood. He tells the interviewer that he dreams of being a normal person and in fact, in one of his dreams, he is a "torch\-shiner" who gets no attention from people and is happily in love with the dream of his life. The detective is now convinced that Vignesh is living in his own version of reality and chose to be in his dream over the real world by attempting suicide. Divya cries near a comatose Vignesh in the hospital and simultaneously Vicky is shown happily married to Divya and has a daughter. Vignesh's health begins to deteriorate and the doctors attempt to defibrillate him. Simultaneously, Vicky, aware and alive in his dream finds everything disappearing around him and is killed by a shot to the head. Vignesh wakes up from his coma to see the astonished doctors and Divya and Durai's relieved faces, implying that it was actor Vignesh who was real, and Vicky was his illusion.
[ "Plot\n----", "{{long plot\\|date\\=March 2023}} \nThe plot starts with the protagonist in a coma and on life support. The film, from the beginning, tells two stories of the same person, one in colour and the other in black and white.", "A detective from the Mumbai crime branch starts investigating the incident that caused the protagonist's ([Siddharth](/wiki/Siddharth_%28actor%29 \"Siddharth (actor)\")) current state. The detective, going through his belongings, stumbles upon some scribbled notes and a mysterious pill. Meanwhile, police capture two suspects and interrogate them for information.", "The story starts with Vicky who is from a village and working as an Usher in a movie theatre owned by Durai (Aadukalam Naren). Vicky suffers from insomnia. On one of his sleepless nights, Vicky is contacted by a drug dealer who gives him Lucia pills as a solution to his insomnia. This drug is said to have the capability to help one dream the life they want but has the side\\-effect, that upon discontinuation the same dreams shall turn into nightmares.", "With the help of the Lucia pills, Vicky starts seeing himself as a successful actor called Vignesh surrounded by people he knows in the real world. Film actor, Vignesh's life is depicted in black\\-and\\-white. Durai, the theatre owner where Vicky works, had directed a film in his youth produced by a thug, who now wants Durai to sign off his theatre for his debt. In the black\\-and\\-white life, Vignesh and Durai get a number of death threats from a person. More events from the dream are followed by similar events in reality as Vicky falls in love with Divya (Deepa Sannidhi) who is a model in the dream and a waitress in reality.", "In the dream, Vignesh and Divya hit it off easily at the beginning but later friction arises when Vignesh expresses his discontent with Divya working in the film industry. Meanwhile, in reality, Vicky struggles to win Divya's heart, who rejects him first due to his low salary and falls later for his humble character. Divya's attempts to get Vicky educated and lead him to get a better\\-paying job turn out to be futile and result in the death of Durai at the hands of goons. Frustrated, Vicky chooses to leave Divya and continue to work in the theatre, despite the threats. Vicky and his foreign friends redecorate the theatre and release Durai's film. He later reconciles with Divya, who agrees to marry him.", "In the dream, Durai is kidnapped, and Vignesh rescues him with the help of the police. In the process, all of the goons are either arrested or killed except for the contract killer. Vignesh feels Durai is not safe with him and decides to fire him. Vignesh breaks up with Divya and sends away his entourage so as to be alone. Later, a visually disturbed Vignesh finds himself in a trashed room. Vignesh gets hold of the torch and through its light sees the \"torch\\-shiner\" Vicky inspecting the screen of the theatre.", "Divya misses Vignesh and tries to get back with him but Vignesh is in his own shell and shuts out everyone from his life. Divya receives an unexpected call from Vignesh some days later and he asks her to meet him. He tells her that he cannot decide if the present moment is a dream or reality but he is ultimately happy. He says that he should not confuse his dreams and real life. Asking Divya to close her eyes, Vignesh jumps off the roof to the disbelief of everyone present, including the contract killer waiting to kill him.", "In the present, the detective with the help of the suspects performs a sting operation on the drug dealer and learns more about Lucia's pills. Meanwhile, Divya is caught in an attempt to kill Vignesh by taking him off life support. During her interrogation, the whole investigating team along with Divya watches a re\\-run of an interview with the film star Vignesh. In the interview, Vignesh expresses his dissatisfaction with stardom and reveals that he is actually colour blind from an accident in his childhood. He tells the interviewer that he dreams of being a normal person and in fact, in one of his dreams, he is a \"torch\\-shiner\" who gets no attention from people and is happily in love with the dream of his life.", "The detective is now convinced that Vignesh is living in his own version of reality and chose to be in his dream over the real world by attempting suicide. Divya cries near a comatose Vignesh in the hospital and simultaneously Vicky is shown happily married to Divya and has a daughter. Vignesh's health begins to deteriorate and the doctors attempt to defibrillate him. Simultaneously, Vicky, aware and alive in his dream finds everything disappearing around him and is killed by a shot to the head. Vignesh wakes up from his coma to see the astonished doctors and Divya and Durai's relieved faces, implying that it was actor Vignesh who was real, and Vicky was his illusion.", "" ]
Before the season ----------------- ### 2012 recruits Lamar signed 21 players on national letter of intent day. Four additional college recruits signed on previously, in December 2011, to bring the recruiting class to 25\-members strong. On May 11, Lamar gained another player from Tyler Jr. College to bring the squad up to 26 new members. In June Lamar gained 4 transfers, 2 from Oklahoma State and 2 from various junior colleges. Because 3 of the 4 redshirted last season and the fourth was a JC transfer, all 4 will be eligible to play in the 2012 season. It brings the Lamar recruiting class up t 30 for 2012\. Recruits are listed here. Player profiles for each recruit are available at the signing day link below.{{cite web\|title\=2012 Lamar Football Recruiting Class\|url\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/2011\-12/misc\_non\_event/Signeepdf020112\.pdf\|publisher\=Lamar Sports\|accessdate\=February 1, 2012\|archive\-date\=September 15, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915210844/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/2011\-12/misc\_non\_event/Signeepdf020112\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} {{College Athlete Recruit Start\|40\=no\|collapse\=yes\|year\=2012}} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Jacory Augustine \| position \= DB \| hometown \= Lake Charles, LA \| highschool \= \[\[LaGrange High School (Louisiana)\|LaGrange]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 3 \| weight \= 190 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Alex Ball \| position \= K \| hometown \= Westlake Village, CA \| highschool \= Westlake Village \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 3 \| weight \= 210 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \=Garrett Baxley \| position \= OL \| hometown \= Kingwood, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Kingwood Park High School\|Kingwood Park]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 5 \| weight \= 245 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Matthew Bergeron \| position \= QB \| hometown \= Mandeville, LA \| highschool \= \[\[Mandeville High School\|Mandeville]] \| feet \= 5 \| inches \= 11 \| weight \= 175 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Xavier Bethany \| position \= DB \| hometown \= Burton, TX \| highschool \= Burton \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 1 \| weight \= 185 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Jermaine Bowman \| position \= OL \| hometown \= Beaumont, TX \| highschool \= \[\[West Brook Senior High School\|West Brook]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 1 \| weight \= 300 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Luke Campbell \| position \= OL \| hometown \= Rusk, TX \| highschool \= Rusk \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 5 \| weight \= 285 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Corbin Carr \| position \= DL \| hometown \= Nederland, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Nederland High School\|Nederland]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 3 \| weight \= 235 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Garrett Drake \| position \= WR \| hometown \= Silsbee, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Silsbee High School\|Silsbee]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 2 \| weight \= 185 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Gratlin Gladney \| position \= WR \| hometown \= Houston, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Cypress Falls High School\|Cypress Falls]] \| feet \= 5 \| inches \= 10 \| weight \= 180 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Michael Handy \| position \= Ath \| hometown \= Conroe, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Oak Ridge High School (Montgomery County, Texas)\|Oak Ridge]] \| feet \= 5 \| inches \= 11 \| weight \= 190 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Mike Hargis \| position \= DL \| hometown \= Austin, TX \| highschool \= Manor \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 3 \| weight \= 220 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= David Hollyfield \| position \= DL \| hometown \= Silsbee, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Silsbee High School\|Silsbee]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 2 \| weight \= 230 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Ronnie Jones, Jr. \| position \= LB \| hometown \= Hempstead, TX \| highschool \= Hempstead \| feet \= 5 \| inches \= 11 \| weight \= 220 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Jayce Nelson \| position \= WR \| hometown \= Port Neches, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Port Neches\-Groves High School\|Port Neches\-Groves]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 2 \| weight \= 170 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Joe Persohn \| position \= OL \| hometown \= Sour Lake, TX \| highschool \= Hardin\-Jefferson \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 3 \| weight \= 220 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Desmond Richards \| position \= RB \| hometown \= Montgomery, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Magnolia West High School\|Magnolia West]] \| feet \= 5 \| inches \= 10 \| weight \= 180 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Courtlin Thompson \| position \= DB \| hometown \= Lancaster, CA \| highschool \= Antelope Valley Christian \[\[Saddleback College\|Saddleback CC]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 1 \| weight \= 225 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Bret Treadway \| position \= OL \| hometown \= Silsbee, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Silsbee High School\|Silsbee]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 2 \| weight \= 245 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Cam Washington \| position \= RB \| hometown \= Corsicana, TX \| highschool \= Corsicana \| feet \= 5 \| inches \= 11 \| weight \= 190 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Darryl Waters \| position \= LB \| hometown \= Norfolk, VA \| highschool \= \[\[Matthew Fontaine Maury High School\|Maury]] \[\[Hargrave Military Academy]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 3 \| weight \= 230 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Nashon Davis \| position \= DB \| hometown \= Katy, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Morton Ranch High School\|Morton Ranch]] \[\[Blinn College]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 3 \| weight \= 203 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Jermaine Longino \| position \= LB \| hometown \= Houston, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Hightower High School\|Hightower]] \[\[Trinity Valley Community College\|Trinity Valley CC]] \| feet \= 5 \| inches \= 10 \| weight \= 220 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Tyrus McGlothen \| position \= DB \| hometown \= Grand Prairie, TX \| highschool \= \[\[South Grand Prairie High School\|South Grand Prairie]] \[\[Cisco College\|Cisco CC]] \| feet \= 5 \| inches \= 8 \| weight \= 180 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Ryan Mossakowski \| position \= QB \| hometown \= Frisco, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Frisco Centennial High School\|Centennial]] \[\[Northwest Mississippi Community College\|Northwest Mississippi CC]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 4 \| weight \= 225 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Brock Wempa \| position \= OL \| hometown \= Royse City, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Royse City High School\|Royse City]] \[\[Tyler Junior College\|Tyler]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 2 \| weight \= 310 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= \| scout stars \= \| rivals stars \= \| espn grade \= }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Kevin Johnson \| position \= WR \| hometown \= Houston, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Cypress Ridge High School\|Cypress Ridge]] \[\[Oklahoma State University\|Oklahoma State]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 1 \| weight \= 195 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= June 5, 2012 \| scout stars \= 3 \| rivals stars \= 3 \| espn grade \= TR }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Joe Okafor \| position \= DL \| hometown \= Bellaire, TX \| highschool \= \[\[Bellaire High School (Bellaire, Texas)\|Bellaire]] \[\[Oklahoma State University\|Oklahoma State]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 6 \| weight \= 295 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= June 5, 2012 \| scout stars \= 3 \| rivals stars \= 3 \| espn grade \= TR }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Oluwajimi (B.J.) Oyefeso \| position \= WR \| hometown \= Pasadena, CA \| highschool \= \[\[John A. Roland High School\|Roland]] \[\[Citrus College\|Citrus]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 3 \| weight \= 205 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= June 19, 2012 \| scout stars \= NR \| rivals stars \= NR \| espn grade \= JC }} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit \= Dillon Barrett \| position \= QB \| hometown \= Dry Prong, LA \| highschool \= Grant \[\[Fort Scott Community College\|Fort Scott]] \| feet \= 6 \| inches \= 5 \| weight \= 220 \| 40 \= \| commitdate \= June 19, 2012 \| scout stars \= NR \| rivals stars \= NR \| espn grade \= JC }} {{College Athlete Recruit End \| 40 \= no \| year \= 2012 \| rivals ref title \= \| scout ref title \= \| espn ref title \= 2012 Player Commitments \- Lamar \| rivals school \= \| scout s \= \| espn schoolid \= 2320 \| scout overall \= Not Ranked \| rivals overall \= Not Ranked \| espn overall \= Not Ranked \| accessdate \= \| bball \= no }} ### 2nd Crawfish Bowl The 2nd Annual Red\-White Crayfish Bowl was held Saturday, May 17 at 7 PM. The team was divided into a red and white team, and 4 12\-minute quarters were played. {{AFB game box start \|Title\= 2012 Crawfish Bowl \|Visitor\=Red \|V1\= 0\|V2\= 0\|V3\= 0\|V4\= 0 \|VOT\= 0 \|Host\='''White''' \|H1\= 0\|H2\= 0\|H3\= 0\|H4\= 0 \|HOT\= 7 \|Date\= April 17 \|Location\= \[\[Provost Umphrey Stadium]] \[\[Beaumont, Texas\|Beaumont, TX]] \|StartTime\= 7:00 PM \|TimeZone\= CST \|ElapsedTime\= 2:20 \|Attendance\= \|Weather\= \|Referee\= \|TVAnnouncers\= \|TVStation\= }}Sources:{{cite web\|title\=Crawfish Bowl II\|url\=http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/041712aac.html\|publisher\=Lamar Sports\|accessdate\=April 17, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130127154915/http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/041712aac.html\|archive\-date\=January 27, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=mdy\-all}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|FirstEntry\=yes \|Quarter\=OT \|Time\=0:00 \|Team\=White \|Event\=Zach Sonnier 6\-yard touchdown pass from Ry Mossakowski (Justin Stout kick) \|Score\= White 7\-0 \|LastEntry\=yes}} {{AFB game box end}} The Crawfish Bowl would need overtime to decide the winner. Both the red and white teams struggled to move the ball in different ways. The Red team only netted 6 yards rushing on 18 attempts. The white team pounded out 58\-yards rushing with just one person, the returning medical redshirted DePauldrick Garrett. On the other hand, the white team owned the skies as they outgained the red team 155 to 79\. Due to an imbalance in the number of quarterbacks, Caleb Berry would play for both teams. He would leave the game as the leading passer going 15\-for\-25 for 138 yards. Counterpart Jeremy Johnson would go 7\-for\-17 for 55 yards, but he also had 1 interception. Mossakowski had the fewest passing yards, with only 41 yards passing, but he also had the only touchdown. The Red team had a chance to even the game up, but Mike Venson fumbled the ball on second down to secure the win for the white squad. Defense dominated the game on both sides of the ball. Joe Viator, of the white team, led all players with 8 tackles. James Washington had five tackles and one sack for the white team, and Marcus Malbrough wasn't far behind with 4 tackles, 1 sack, 1\.5 tackles for loss, and a quarterback hurry. For the red squad Adren Dorsey led the team with two sacks. Keinon Peterson had six tackles, and Eric Arnold and Mark Murrill each had a sack. There was only one scoring opportunity prior to the fourth quarter. Berry completed a pair of passes to Payton Ploch and one to Kyle hildreth to move the ball to the white teams 23\-yard line. After the drive stalled Juventino Sanchez would try a 43\-yard field goal which ended short. The red\-team again drove deep into white territory on the final drive of regulation, but Sanchez missed a 42\-yard field goal to end regulation. Perhaps the highlight of the night came from Punter Kolin Kahler played for both teams and was on the field 13 times. He averaged 42\.4 yards per punt for the white team and 40\-yards per punt for the red\-team. His longest punt came in at 56 yards, and 3 of the punts forced the opposing team to start inside the 20\. {{Clear}} ---
[ "Before the season\n-----------------", "### 2012 recruits", "Lamar signed 21 players on national letter of intent day. Four additional college recruits signed on previously, in December 2011, to bring the recruiting class to 25\\-members strong. On May 11, Lamar gained another player from Tyler Jr. College to bring the squad up to 26 new members. In June Lamar gained 4 transfers, 2 from Oklahoma State and 2 from various junior colleges. Because 3 of the 4 redshirted last season and the fourth was a JC transfer, all 4 will be eligible to play in the 2012 season. It brings the Lamar recruiting class up t 30 for 2012\\. Recruits are listed here. Player profiles for each recruit are available at the signing day link below.{{cite web\\|title\\=2012 Lamar Football Recruiting Class\\|url\\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/2011\\-12/misc\\_non\\_event/Signeepdf020112\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=Lamar Sports\\|accessdate\\=February 1, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=September 15, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915210844/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/2011\\-12/misc\\_non\\_event/Signeepdf020112\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "{{College Athlete Recruit Start\\|40\\=no\\|collapse\\=yes\\|year\\=2012}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Jacory Augustine\n\\| position \\= DB\n\\| hometown \\= Lake Charles, LA\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[LaGrange High School (Louisiana)\\|LaGrange]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 190\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Alex Ball\n\\| position \\= K\n\\| hometown \\= Westlake Village, CA\n\\| highschool \\= Westlake Village\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 210\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\=Garrett Baxley\n\\| position \\= OL\n\\| hometown \\= Kingwood, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Kingwood Park High School\\|Kingwood Park]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 5\n\\| weight \\= 245\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Matthew Bergeron\n\\| position \\= QB\n\\| hometown \\= Mandeville, LA\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Mandeville High School\\|Mandeville]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 11\n\\| weight \\= 175\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Xavier Bethany\n\\| position \\= DB\n\\| hometown \\= Burton, TX\n\\| highschool \\= Burton\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 1\n\\| weight \\= 185\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Jermaine Bowman\n\\| position \\= OL\n\\| hometown \\= Beaumont, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[West Brook Senior High School\\|West Brook]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 1\n\\| weight \\= 300\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Luke Campbell\n\\| position \\= OL\n\\| hometown \\= Rusk, TX\n\\| highschool \\= Rusk\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 5\n\\| weight \\= 285\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Corbin Carr\n\\| position \\= DL\n\\| hometown \\= Nederland, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Nederland High School\\|Nederland]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 235\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Garrett Drake\n\\| position \\= WR\n\\| hometown \\= Silsbee, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Silsbee High School\\|Silsbee]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\n\\| weight \\= 185\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Gratlin Gladney\n\\| position \\= WR\n\\| hometown \\= Houston, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Cypress Falls High School\\|Cypress Falls]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 10\n\\| weight \\= 180\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Michael Handy\n\\| position \\= Ath\n\\| hometown \\= Conroe, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Oak Ridge High School (Montgomery County, Texas)\\|Oak Ridge]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 11\n\\| weight \\= 190\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Mike Hargis\n\\| position \\= DL\n\\| hometown \\= Austin, TX\n\\| highschool \\= Manor\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 220\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= David Hollyfield\n\\| position \\= DL\n\\| hometown \\= Silsbee, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Silsbee High School\\|Silsbee]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\n\\| weight \\= 230\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Ronnie Jones, Jr.\n\\| position \\= LB\n\\| hometown \\= Hempstead, TX\n\\| highschool \\= Hempstead\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 11\n\\| weight \\= 220\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Jayce Nelson\n\\| position \\= WR\n\\| hometown \\= Port Neches, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Port Neches\\-Groves High School\\|Port Neches\\-Groves]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\n\\| weight \\= 170\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Joe Persohn\n\\| position \\= OL\n\\| hometown \\= Sour Lake, TX\n\\| highschool \\= Hardin\\-Jefferson\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 220\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Desmond Richards\n\\| position \\= RB\n\\| hometown \\= Montgomery, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Magnolia West High School\\|Magnolia West]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 10\n\\| weight \\= 180\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Courtlin Thompson\n\\| position \\= DB\n\\| hometown \\= Lancaster, CA\n\\| highschool \\= Antelope Valley Christian \n \\[\\[Saddleback College\\|Saddleback CC]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 1\n\\| weight \\= 225\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Bret Treadway\n\\| position \\= OL\n\\| hometown \\= Silsbee, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Silsbee High School\\|Silsbee]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\n\\| weight \\= 245\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Cam Washington\n\\| position \\= RB\n\\| hometown \\= Corsicana, TX\n\\| highschool \\= Corsicana\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 11\n\\| weight \\= 190\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Darryl Waters\n\\| position \\= LB\n\\| hometown \\= Norfolk, VA\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Matthew Fontaine Maury High School\\|Maury]] \n \\[\\[Hargrave Military Academy]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 230\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Nashon Davis\n\\| position \\= DB\n\\| hometown \\= Katy, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Morton Ranch High School\\|Morton Ranch]] \n \\[\\[Blinn College]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 203\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Jermaine Longino\n\\| position \\= LB\n\\| hometown \\= Houston, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Hightower High School\\|Hightower]] \n \\[\\[Trinity Valley Community College\\|Trinity Valley CC]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 10\n\\| weight \\= 220\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Tyrus McGlothen\n\\| position \\= DB\n\\| hometown \\= Grand Prairie, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[South Grand Prairie High School\\|South Grand Prairie]] \n \\[\\[Cisco College\\|Cisco CC]]\n\\| feet \\= 5\n\\| inches \\= 8\n\\| weight \\= 180\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Ryan Mossakowski\n\\| position \\= QB\n\\| hometown \\= Frisco, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Frisco Centennial High School\\|Centennial]] \n \\[\\[Northwest Mississippi Community College\\|Northwest Mississippi CC]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 4\n\\| weight \\= 225\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Brock Wempa\n\\| position \\= OL\n\\| hometown \\= Royse City, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Royse City High School\\|Royse City]] \n \\[\\[Tyler Junior College\\|Tyler]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 2\n\\| weight \\= 310\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= \n\\| scout stars \\= \n\\| rivals stars \\= \n\\| espn grade \\= \n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Kevin Johnson\n\\| position \\= WR\n\\| hometown \\= Houston, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Cypress Ridge High School\\|Cypress Ridge]] \n \\[\\[Oklahoma State University\\|Oklahoma State]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 1\n\\| weight \\= 195\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= June 5, 2012\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= TR\n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Joe Okafor\n\\| position \\= DL\n\\| hometown \\= Bellaire, TX\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[Bellaire High School (Bellaire, Texas)\\|Bellaire]] \n \\[\\[Oklahoma State University\\|Oklahoma State]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 6\n\\| weight \\= 295\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= June 5, 2012\n\\| scout stars \\= 3\n\\| rivals stars \\= 3\n\\| espn grade \\= TR\n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Oluwajimi (B.J.) Oyefeso\n\\| position \\= WR\n\\| hometown \\= Pasadena, CA\n\\| highschool \\= \\[\\[John A. Roland High School\\|Roland]] \n \\[\\[Citrus College\\|Citrus]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 3\n\\| weight \\= 205\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= June 19, 2012\n\\| scout stars \\= NR\n\\| rivals stars \\= NR\n\\| espn grade \\= JC\n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit Entry\n\\| recruit \\= Dillon Barrett\n\\| position \\= QB\n\\| hometown \\= Dry Prong, LA\n\\| highschool \\= Grant \n \\[\\[Fort Scott Community College\\|Fort Scott]]\n\\| feet \\= 6\n\\| inches \\= 5\n\\| weight \\= 220\n\\| 40 \\= \n\\| commitdate \\= June 19, 2012\n\\| scout stars \\= NR\n\\| rivals stars \\= NR\n\\| espn grade \\= JC\n}}\n{{College Athlete Recruit End\n\\| 40 \\= no\n\\| year \\= 2012\n\\| rivals ref title \\= \n\\| scout ref title \\= \n\\| espn ref title \\= 2012 Player Commitments \\- Lamar\n\\| rivals school \\= \n\\| scout s \\= \n\\| espn schoolid \\= 2320\n\\| scout overall \\= Not Ranked\n\\| rivals overall \\= Not Ranked\n\\| espn overall \\= Not Ranked\n\\| accessdate \\= \n\\| bball \\= no\n}}", "### 2nd Crawfish Bowl", "The 2nd Annual Red\\-White Crayfish Bowl was held Saturday, May 17 at 7 PM. The team was divided into a red and white team, and 4 12\\-minute quarters were played.", "{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\= 2012 Crawfish Bowl\n\\|Visitor\\=Red\n\\|V1\\= 0\\|V2\\= 0\\|V3\\= 0\\|V4\\= 0 \\|VOT\\= 0\n\\|Host\\='''White'''\n\\|H1\\= 0\\|H2\\= 0\\|H3\\= 0\\|H4\\= 0 \\|HOT\\= 7\n\\|Date\\= April 17\n\\|Location\\= \\[\\[Provost Umphrey Stadium]] \n \\[\\[Beaumont, Texas\\|Beaumont, TX]]\n\\|StartTime\\= 7:00 PM\n\\|TimeZone\\= CST\n\\|ElapsedTime\\= 2:20\n\\|Attendance\\= \n\\|Weather\\= \n\\|Referee\\= \n\\|TVAnnouncers\\=\n\\|TVStation\\= \n}}Sources:{{cite web\\|title\\=Crawfish Bowl II\\|url\\=http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/041712aac.html\\|publisher\\=Lamar Sports\\|accessdate\\=April 17, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130127154915/http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/041712aac.html\\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} \n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \\|FirstEntry\\=yes \\|Quarter\\=OT \\|Time\\=0:00 \\|Team\\=White \\|Event\\=Zach Sonnier 6\\-yard touchdown pass from Ry Mossakowski (Justin Stout kick) \\|Score\\= White 7\\-0 \\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}", "The Crawfish Bowl would need overtime to decide the winner. Both the red and white teams struggled to move the ball in different ways. The Red team only netted 6 yards rushing on 18 attempts. The white team pounded out 58\\-yards rushing with just one person, the returning medical redshirted DePauldrick Garrett. On the other hand, the white team owned the skies as they outgained the red team 155 to 79\\. Due to an imbalance in the number of quarterbacks, Caleb Berry would play for both teams. He would leave the game as the leading passer going 15\\-for\\-25 for 138 yards. Counterpart Jeremy Johnson would go 7\\-for\\-17 for 55 yards, but he also had 1 interception. Mossakowski had the fewest passing yards, with only 41 yards passing, but he also had the only touchdown.", "The Red team had a chance to even the game up, but Mike Venson fumbled the ball on second down to secure the win for the white squad.", "Defense dominated the game on both sides of the ball. Joe Viator, of the white team, led all players with 8 tackles. James Washington had five tackles and one sack for the white team, and Marcus Malbrough wasn't far behind with 4 tackles, 1 sack, 1\\.5 tackles for loss, and a quarterback hurry.", "For the red squad Adren Dorsey led the team with two sacks. Keinon Peterson had six tackles, and Eric Arnold and Mark Murrill each had a sack.", "There was only one scoring opportunity prior to the fourth quarter. Berry completed a pair of passes to Payton Ploch and one to Kyle hildreth to move the ball to the white teams 23\\-yard line. After the drive stalled Juventino Sanchez would try a 43\\-yard field goal which ended short. The red\\-team again drove deep into white territory on the final drive of regulation, but Sanchez missed a 42\\-yard field goal to end regulation.", "Perhaps the highlight of the night came from Punter Kolin Kahler played for both teams and was on the field 13 times. He averaged 42\\.4 yards per punt for the white team and 40\\-yards per punt for the red\\-team. His longest punt came in at 56 yards, and 3 of the punts forced the opposing team to start inside the 20\\.", "{{Clear}}", "---", "", "" ]
### 2nd Crawfish Bowl The 2nd Annual Red\-White Crayfish Bowl was held Saturday, May 17 at 7 PM. The team was divided into a red and white team, and 4 12\-minute quarters were played. {{AFB game box start \|Title\= 2012 Crawfish Bowl \|Visitor\=Red \|V1\= 0\|V2\= 0\|V3\= 0\|V4\= 0 \|VOT\= 0 \|Host\='''White''' \|H1\= 0\|H2\= 0\|H3\= 0\|H4\= 0 \|HOT\= 7 \|Date\= April 17 \|Location\= \[\[Provost Umphrey Stadium]] \[\[Beaumont, Texas\|Beaumont, TX]] \|StartTime\= 7:00 PM \|TimeZone\= CST \|ElapsedTime\= 2:20 \|Attendance\= \|Weather\= \|Referee\= \|TVAnnouncers\= \|TVStation\= }}Sources:{{cite web\|title\=Crawfish Bowl II\|url\=http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/041712aac.html\|publisher\=Lamar Sports\|accessdate\=April 17, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130127154915/http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m\-footbl/spec\-rel/041712aac.html\|archive\-date\=January 27, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=mdy\-all}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|FirstEntry\=yes \|Quarter\=OT \|Time\=0:00 \|Team\=White \|Event\=Zach Sonnier 6\-yard touchdown pass from Ry Mossakowski (Justin Stout kick) \|Score\= White 7\-0 \|LastEntry\=yes}} {{AFB game box end}} The Crawfish Bowl would need overtime to decide the winner. Both the red and white teams struggled to move the ball in different ways. The Red team only netted 6 yards rushing on 18 attempts. The white team pounded out 58\-yards rushing with just one person, the returning medical redshirted DePauldrick Garrett. On the other hand, the white team owned the skies as they outgained the red team 155 to 79\. Due to an imbalance in the number of quarterbacks, Caleb Berry would play for both teams. He would leave the game as the leading passer going 15\-for\-25 for 138 yards. Counterpart Jeremy Johnson would go 7\-for\-17 for 55 yards, but he also had 1 interception. Mossakowski had the fewest passing yards, with only 41 yards passing, but he also had the only touchdown. The Red team had a chance to even the game up, but Mike Venson fumbled the ball on second down to secure the win for the white squad. Defense dominated the game on both sides of the ball. Joe Viator, of the white team, led all players with 8 tackles. James Washington had five tackles and one sack for the white team, and Marcus Malbrough wasn't far behind with 4 tackles, 1 sack, 1\.5 tackles for loss, and a quarterback hurry. For the red squad Adren Dorsey led the team with two sacks. Keinon Peterson had six tackles, and Eric Arnold and Mark Murrill each had a sack. There was only one scoring opportunity prior to the fourth quarter. Berry completed a pair of passes to Payton Ploch and one to Kyle hildreth to move the ball to the white teams 23\-yard line. After the drive stalled Juventino Sanchez would try a 43\-yard field goal which ended short. The red\-team again drove deep into white territory on the final drive of regulation, but Sanchez missed a 42\-yard field goal to end regulation. Perhaps the highlight of the night came from Punter Kolin Kahler played for both teams and was on the field 13 times. He averaged 42\.4 yards per punt for the white team and 40\-yards per punt for the red\-team. His longest punt came in at 56 yards, and 3 of the punts forced the opposing team to start inside the 20\. {{Clear}} ---
[ "### 2nd Crawfish Bowl", "The 2nd Annual Red\\-White Crayfish Bowl was held Saturday, May 17 at 7 PM. The team was divided into a red and white team, and 4 12\\-minute quarters were played.", "{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\= 2012 Crawfish Bowl\n\\|Visitor\\=Red\n\\|V1\\= 0\\|V2\\= 0\\|V3\\= 0\\|V4\\= 0 \\|VOT\\= 0\n\\|Host\\='''White'''\n\\|H1\\= 0\\|H2\\= 0\\|H3\\= 0\\|H4\\= 0 \\|HOT\\= 7\n\\|Date\\= April 17\n\\|Location\\= \\[\\[Provost Umphrey Stadium]] \n \\[\\[Beaumont, Texas\\|Beaumont, TX]]\n\\|StartTime\\= 7:00 PM\n\\|TimeZone\\= CST\n\\|ElapsedTime\\= 2:20\n\\|Attendance\\= \n\\|Weather\\= \n\\|Referee\\= \n\\|TVAnnouncers\\=\n\\|TVStation\\= \n}}Sources:{{cite web\\|title\\=Crawfish Bowl II\\|url\\=http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/041712aac.html\\|publisher\\=Lamar Sports\\|accessdate\\=April 17, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130127154915/http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m\\-footbl/spec\\-rel/041712aac.html\\|archive\\-date\\=January 27, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} \n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \\|FirstEntry\\=yes \\|Quarter\\=OT \\|Time\\=0:00 \\|Team\\=White \\|Event\\=Zach Sonnier 6\\-yard touchdown pass from Ry Mossakowski (Justin Stout kick) \\|Score\\= White 7\\-0 \\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}", "The Crawfish Bowl would need overtime to decide the winner. Both the red and white teams struggled to move the ball in different ways. The Red team only netted 6 yards rushing on 18 attempts. The white team pounded out 58\\-yards rushing with just one person, the returning medical redshirted DePauldrick Garrett. On the other hand, the white team owned the skies as they outgained the red team 155 to 79\\. Due to an imbalance in the number of quarterbacks, Caleb Berry would play for both teams. He would leave the game as the leading passer going 15\\-for\\-25 for 138 yards. Counterpart Jeremy Johnson would go 7\\-for\\-17 for 55 yards, but he also had 1 interception. Mossakowski had the fewest passing yards, with only 41 yards passing, but he also had the only touchdown.", "The Red team had a chance to even the game up, but Mike Venson fumbled the ball on second down to secure the win for the white squad.", "Defense dominated the game on both sides of the ball. Joe Viator, of the white team, led all players with 8 tackles. James Washington had five tackles and one sack for the white team, and Marcus Malbrough wasn't far behind with 4 tackles, 1 sack, 1\\.5 tackles for loss, and a quarterback hurry.", "For the red squad Adren Dorsey led the team with two sacks. Keinon Peterson had six tackles, and Eric Arnold and Mark Murrill each had a sack.", "There was only one scoring opportunity prior to the fourth quarter. Berry completed a pair of passes to Payton Ploch and one to Kyle hildreth to move the ball to the white teams 23\\-yard line. After the drive stalled Juventino Sanchez would try a 43\\-yard field goal which ended short. The red\\-team again drove deep into white territory on the final drive of regulation, but Sanchez missed a 42\\-yard field goal to end regulation.", "Perhaps the highlight of the night came from Punter Kolin Kahler played for both teams and was on the field 13 times. He averaged 42\\.4 yards per punt for the white team and 40\\-yards per punt for the red\\-team. His longest punt came in at 56 yards, and 3 of the punts forced the opposing team to start inside the 20\\.", "{{Clear}}", "---", "", "" ]
Biography --------- Born on 14 June 1929 in [Leningrad](/wiki/Leningrad "Leningrad") in a family of actors Varvara Rozalion\-Soshalskaya and Boris Feodosyev. He made his debut on the stage of the young Soshalsky accident: sparkle behind the scenes of the theater, went to the scene right at the time the play by [Ibsen](/wiki/Ibsen "Ibsen")'s [Ghosts](/wiki/Ghosts_%28play%29 "Ghosts (play)").[Владимир Сошальский. Биография](http://www.rusactors.ru/s/soshalsky/) Vladimir felt the magic of the scene and decided to become an actor. Even before graduating from high school he entered the studio of the [Bryantsev Youth Theatre](/wiki/Bryantsev_Youth_Theatre "Bryantsev Youth Theatre"). It was at the Youth Theatre Vladimir Soshalsky played his first starring role [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo "Romeo"). Soon the fame reached the [Russian Army Theatre](/wiki/Russian_Army_Theatre "Russian Army Theatre"). Enrolling to the service in 1951, Vladimir has not parted with the theater until his death. The film debuted in 1949 in the film *Academician Ivan Pavlov*.[Владимир Сошальский](http://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/205638/) ([КиноПоиск](/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA "КиноПоиск")) ### Personal life The actor has been married five times. His wives were actresses [Olga Aroseva](/wiki/Olga_Aroseva "Olga Aroseva"), Alina Pokrovskaya, [Nonna Mordyukova](/wiki/Nonna_Mordyukova "Nonna Mordyukova"), Nelly Podgornaya, Nina Olkhina. ### Death Since the end of August 2007 the actor was in a [hospice](/wiki/Hospice "Hospice") – he was diagnosed with [prostate cancer](/wiki/Prostate_cancer "Prostate cancer"), and relatives could not provide adequate care for the sick. Vladimir Borisovich Soshalsky died on 10 October 2007\.{{Cite web \|title\=Брак Владимира Сошальского с дочкой бойфренда Сергея Есенина разрушила армия \|url\=https://www.eg.ru/culture/894105\-brak\-vladimira\-soshalskogo\-s\-dochkoy\-boyfrenda\-sergeya\-esenina\-razrushila\-armiya\-055741/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-08 \|website\=EG.RU \|language\=ru}} He was buried at the [Troyekurovskoye Cemetery](/wiki/Troyekurovskoye_Cemetery "Troyekurovskoye Cemetery") in Moscow, next to his mother (section No.3\).
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born on 14 June 1929 in [Leningrad](/wiki/Leningrad \"Leningrad\") in a family of actors Varvara Rozalion\\-Soshalskaya and Boris Feodosyev. He made his debut on the stage of the young Soshalsky accident: sparkle behind the scenes of the theater, went to the scene right at the time the play by [Ibsen](/wiki/Ibsen \"Ibsen\")'s [Ghosts](/wiki/Ghosts_%28play%29 \"Ghosts (play)\").[Владимир Сошальский. Биография](http://www.rusactors.ru/s/soshalsky/) Vladimir felt the magic of the scene and decided to become an actor. Even before graduating from high school he entered the studio of the [Bryantsev Youth Theatre](/wiki/Bryantsev_Youth_Theatre \"Bryantsev Youth Theatre\"). It was at the Youth Theatre Vladimir Soshalsky played his first starring role [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo \"Romeo\").", "Soon the fame reached the [Russian Army Theatre](/wiki/Russian_Army_Theatre \"Russian Army Theatre\"). Enrolling to the service in 1951, Vladimir has not parted with the theater until his death.", "The film debuted in 1949 in the film *Academician Ivan Pavlov*.[Владимир Сошальский](http://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/205638/) ([КиноПоиск](/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA \"КиноПоиск\"))", "### Personal life", "The actor has been married five times. His wives were actresses [Olga Aroseva](/wiki/Olga_Aroseva \"Olga Aroseva\"), Alina Pokrovskaya, [Nonna Mordyukova](/wiki/Nonna_Mordyukova \"Nonna Mordyukova\"), Nelly Podgornaya, Nina Olkhina.", "### Death", "Since the end of August 2007 the actor was in a [hospice](/wiki/Hospice \"Hospice\") – he was diagnosed with [prostate cancer](/wiki/Prostate_cancer \"Prostate cancer\"), and relatives could not provide adequate care for the sick.", "Vladimir Borisovich Soshalsky died on 10 October 2007\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Брак Владимира Сошальского с дочкой бойфренда Сергея Есенина разрушила армия \\|url\\=https://www.eg.ru/culture/894105\\-brak\\-vladimira\\-soshalskogo\\-s\\-dochkoy\\-boyfrenda\\-sergeya\\-esenina\\-razrushila\\-armiya\\-055741/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-08 \\|website\\=EG.RU \\|language\\=ru}} He was buried at the [Troyekurovskoye Cemetery](/wiki/Troyekurovskoye_Cemetery \"Troyekurovskoye Cemetery\") in Moscow, next to his mother (section No.3\\).", "" ]
Plot ---- Pediatric nurse Thibault "Titi" always gets quickly friendzoned by women he’s interested in. On holiday with his three best friends for a bachelorette party, during their last night, he stumbles across Rose. Recently broken up with her boyfriend, there are sparks between Rose and Titi. They grow closer together, later going on nights out, watching films and giving Rose foot rubs. He takes too long to tell Rose how he feels, and she shows signs of being too comfortable with him. Convinced that he’s in the friend zone, his three closest friends set out to help him win her affections. They believe he should become a new more mysterious man. Titi tells Rose he’s going abroad for some weeks volunteering so his girlfriends can coach him. Maud, an independent banker who unapologetically embraces her sexuality, builds his stamina and fitness by running. Goofy Lulu, Titi’s co\-worker, teaches him to dance. Alexandra, the sweet girl next door type, gives him advice on communicating more masculinely. At the end of his ‘training’, Titi successfully gets social influencer Jenni’s number. Feeling he’s ready, they plan to expose Rose to the new\-and improved Titi at her baby clothes design show, but he finds she’s back with her troublesome ex\-boyfriend Bruno. While Rose is in the back, Bruno shamelessly hits on Maud who he had hit on five years ago, but to no avail as she still prefers women. Crushed, Titi goes home in a daze. He looks through his phone, calling Jenni. He’s honest to her, but in a sexy way which convinces her. She throws herself at him. The next day, Titi introduces Jennifer to his friends. They had just been gossiping about the couple’s escapade in the hospital, as well as Bruno harassing Maud with talk of his penis size. Jennifer monopolises all of Titi’s time. He is expected to be her photographer as well as not being able to spend time with his friends. Rose tries to contact him, only knowing about him through Jenni’s social media. Jenni's demandingness becomes trying. Titi is woken from a tranquil dream with Rose by her snapping flash photos of them. At work Rose pays him a surprise visit, but he’s rude and she leaves upset. Lulu and the rest of the group propose hatching the plan to get rid of Bruno. Titi apologizes to Rose, inviting her and Bruno to Jennifer’s party. Maud is to seduce Bruno and show Rose the pictures. Alex asks Rose to take something to Titi’s room. Lulu distracts Jenni so Titi can follow and show her some of the dance moves he’s learned. On their way downstairs to rejoin the party, Titi and Rose see Bruno showing Maud his penis. Upset, Rose leaves and Titi comforts her, but when he tries to kiss her she accuses him of just trying to get sex. Rejected and dejected, Titi returns to an irate Jenni, breaks up with her, so she beats him up. Confronting his friends, Titi chews them out for meddling. He points out that Maud is a hypocrite for criticising when she doesn’t have long\-term relationships, Lulu for being irresponsible and Alex for naïvely trying to make everything fit into her idea of a perfect world. Reminding them they changed him, he stomps off. Titi doesn’t talk to his friends for awhile, until Lulu reaches out on their lunch break. Later, she tells him Alex’s pregnant. Going down to meet them all, apologies are given all around. Alex tells Titi Rose is moving to Spain tomorrow. Initially not responsive, seeing one of his young patient’s with her boyfriend inspires him. Running out of the hospital, he’s hit by an ambulance. His life flashes before his eyes and he wakes up in a hospital bed. Realing he has little time, he has his crew get him to Rose’s. As Rose won’t let him in, he declares his love for her from atop of her moving van. Promising to be upfront with her from now on, she lets him in. Months later, he has a quick video call with his crew from Barcelona.
[ "Plot\n----", "Pediatric nurse Thibault \"Titi\" always gets quickly friendzoned by women he’s interested in. On holiday with his three best friends for a bachelorette party, during their last night, he stumbles across Rose.", "Recently broken up with her boyfriend, there are sparks between Rose and Titi. They grow closer together, later going on nights out, watching films and giving Rose foot rubs. He takes too long to tell Rose how he feels, and she shows signs of being too comfortable with him.", "Convinced that he’s in the friend zone, his three closest friends set out to help him win her affections. They believe he should become a new more mysterious man.", "Titi tells Rose he’s going abroad for some weeks volunteering so his girlfriends can coach him. Maud, an independent banker who unapologetically embraces her sexuality, builds his stamina and fitness by running. Goofy Lulu, Titi’s co\\-worker, teaches him to dance. Alexandra, the sweet girl next door type, gives him advice on communicating more masculinely.", "At the end of his ‘training’, Titi successfully gets social influencer Jenni’s number. Feeling he’s ready, they plan to expose Rose to the new\\-and improved Titi at her baby clothes design show, but he finds she’s back with her troublesome ex\\-boyfriend Bruno.\nWhile Rose is in the back, Bruno shamelessly hits on Maud who he had hit on five years ago, but to no avail as she still prefers women.", "Crushed, Titi goes home in a daze. He looks through his phone, calling Jenni. He’s honest to her, but in a sexy way which convinces her. She throws herself at him.", "The next day, Titi introduces Jennifer to his friends. They had just been gossiping about the couple’s escapade in the hospital, as well as Bruno harassing Maud with talk of his penis size.", "Jennifer monopolises all of Titi’s time. He is expected to be her photographer as well as not being able to spend time with his friends. Rose tries to contact him, only knowing about him through Jenni’s social media.", "Jenni's demandingness becomes trying. Titi is woken from a tranquil dream with Rose by her snapping flash photos of them. At work Rose pays him a surprise visit, but he’s rude and she leaves upset. Lulu and the rest of the group propose hatching the plan to get rid of Bruno.", "Titi apologizes to Rose, inviting her and Bruno to Jennifer’s party. Maud is to seduce Bruno and show Rose the pictures. Alex asks Rose to take something to Titi’s room. Lulu distracts Jenni so Titi can follow and show her some of the dance moves he’s learned.", "On their way downstairs to rejoin the party, Titi and Rose see Bruno showing Maud his penis. Upset, Rose leaves and Titi comforts her, but when he tries to kiss her she accuses him of just trying to get sex. Rejected and dejected, Titi returns to an irate Jenni, breaks up with her, so she beats him up.", "Confronting his friends, Titi chews them out for meddling. He points out that Maud is a hypocrite for criticising when she doesn’t have long\\-term relationships, Lulu for being irresponsible and Alex for naïvely trying to make everything fit into her idea of a perfect world. Reminding them they changed him, he stomps off.", "Titi doesn’t talk to his friends for awhile, until Lulu reaches out on their lunch break. Later, she tells him Alex’s pregnant. Going down to meet them all, apologies are given all around.", "Alex tells Titi Rose is moving to Spain tomorrow. Initially not responsive, seeing one of his young patient’s with her boyfriend inspires him. Running out of the hospital, he’s hit by an ambulance. His life flashes before his eyes and he wakes up in a hospital bed. Realing he has little time, he has his crew get him to Rose’s.", "As Rose won’t let him in, he declares his love for her from atop of her moving van. Promising to be upfront with her from now on, she lets him in. Months later, he has a quick video call with his crew from Barcelona.", "" ]
Results ------- ### 2013 The 2013 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the Southern Football League at [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") on Saturday 8 June #### Pilmore Cup Great Southern Football League 20\.10 (130\) d Southern Football League 11\.13 (79\){{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124082186\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-265455\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=19 July 2013}} **Best:** Great Southern: Simon Munn, Mitchell Portlock, Scott Hunt, Jake Ashton\-Place, Mathew Hodge, Thomas Derham. Southern: Christopher Minns, Jacob Crate, Nicholas Mott, Jason Farrier, Ian Brown, Ryan Mahony. **Goals:** Great Southern: Mathew Hodge, Marcus Burdett, Jake Ashton\-Place, Thomas Derham 3 each, Tyson Neale 2, Tom Pinyon, Simon Munn, Mitchell Portlock, Timothy Boyd 1 each. Southern: Andrew Carter, Tyler Harman, Ryan Mahony 2 each, [Tom McNamara](/wiki/Tom_McNamara_%28footballer%2C_born_1990%29 "Tom McNamara (footballer, born 1990)"), Tristan Pearce, Luke O'Brien, Mark Ruwoldt, Ian Brown 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Southern Football League 12\.7 (79\) d Great Southern Football League 11\.4 (70\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124082288\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-265454\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=19 July 2013}} **Best:** Southern: Joshua Penney, Shane Harvey, Brayden Heyward\-Ferors, Nicholas Knight, Brayden Roberts, Jack Glazbrook. Great Southern: Nathan Beer, Jonathan Cook, Callum Le Ray, Kurt Lindner, Andrew Pahuru, Caleb Vears . **Goals:** Southern: Jack Glazbrook 5, Jai Robinson, Shane Harvey 2 each, Jordan Monopoli, Ashley Lane, Karim Hrynkiw 1 each Great Southern: Callum Le Ray 5, Jonathan Cook 2, Ryan Haverty, Lachlan Hourigan, Cameron Hutchens, Josh Marshall 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") #### South Shield Great Southern Football League 7\.9 (51\) d Southern Football League 3\.2 (20\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124082289\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-265456\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=19 July 2013}} **Best:** Great Southern: Bradley Borrillo, Lachlan Borrillo, Jacob Wright, Damien Dowzard, Ryan Mayes, Jesse Fitzgerald. Southern: Jackson Daniels, Corey May, Kaleb Wilden, Russell Williams, Blake Lawrence, Braydn Russell. **Goals:** Great Southern: Beau Walkom 2, Jack Weller, Bradley Borrillo, Ryan Collier, Travis Bartlett, Cody Connor 1 each. Southern: Corey May, Austinn Wurst, Kaleb Wilden 1 each **Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") ### 2014 The 2014 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 "Great Southern Football League (South Australia)") at Strathalbyn Oval on Saturday 7 June.{{cite web\|last1\=Milbank\|first1\=Zac\|title\=Long Weekend Worth The Wait\|url\=http://www.sanfl.com.au/news/sanfl\_news/2522/\|website\=SANFL\|publisher\=South Australian National Football League\|access\-date\=4 June 2014\|date\=2 June 2014}} #### Pilmore Cup Great Southern Football League 12\.15 (87\) d Southern Football League 12\.8 (80\){{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124306532\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-310979\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=7 June 2014}} **Best:** Great Southern: Tom Carroll, Sam Alexopoulos, Curtis Perrey, Matthew Tonkin, Marcus Burdett, Jarrod Kellock. Southern: Will Rivers, Chris Minns, Nick Mott, Patrick Jolly, Ciaran O'Hagan. **Goals:** Great Southern: Tom Carroll, Josh Proctor, Marcus Burdett 2 each, Sam McDonald, Sam Elliott, Scott Hunt, Curtis Perrey, Tom Pinyon, Ryan Butler 1 each. Southern: Ciaran O'Hagan 5, [Tom McNamara](/wiki/Tom_McNamara_%28footballer%2C_born_1990%29 "Tom McNamara (footballer, born 1990)") 4, Andrew Crate, Dwayne Ruddock, Joel Brown 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Southern Football League 12\.8 (80\) d Great Southern Football League 6\.6 (42\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124306531\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-310980\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=7 June 2014}} **Best:** Southern: Nicholas Frisby\-Smith, Christopher Curyer, Thomas Boreham, Ryan Need, Benjamin Spencer, Bailey Sowter. Great Southern: Todd Milford, Thomas Bonnes, Thomas Bennett, Mathew Kreuger, Jedd Rothe, Thomas Neville. **Goals:** Southern: Jake Block 3, Christopher Curyer, Matthew Thomas 2 each, Ryan Need, Adrian Albanese, Tyson Schmid, Josh Niven, Bradley Patterson 1 each Great Southern: Jedd Rothe 3, Thomas Bennett, Jack Weller, Callum Leray 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### South Shield Southern Football League 7\.6 (48\) d Great Southern Football League 4\.14 (38\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124306530\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-310978\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=7 June 2014}} **Best:** Southern: Travis Stone, Damon Arnold, Brody Thomson, Tate Coleman, Bowen Mitton, Daniel Buechter. Great Southern: James Bradford, Nathan Kreuger, Jack Hourigan, Mitchell Cleggett, Thomas Pearsons, Kane Milford. **Goals:** Southern: Travis Stone 4, Robert Irra, Ryan Mountford 1 Great Southern: Jordan Boots 2, Kane Milford, Thomas Pearsons 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") ### 2015 The 2015 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the Southern Football League at [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") on Saturday 6 June #### Pilmore Cup Great Southern Football League 21\.19 (145\) d Southern Football League 4\.8 (32\){{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124528167\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-371467\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=6 June 2015}} **Best:** Great Southern: Rigby Barnes, Elijah Horrocks, Charles Sharples, Brett Ellis, Matthew Tonkin, Aaron Killian. Southern: Jonathan Eagleton, Will Rivers, Scott Carpenter, [Tyson Slattery](/wiki/Tyson_Slattery "Tyson Slattery"), Ben Lockett, Matthew Raitt. **Goals:** Great Southern: Elijah Horrocks, Marc Elliott 4 each, Ziggy Vitkunas 3, Jake Standfield, Tynan Keeley, Denis Iljcesen, Ryan Haverty 2 each, Rigby Barnes, Dylan Camac 1 each. Southern: Matthew Raitt, [Tyson Slattery](/wiki/Tyson_Slattery "Tyson Slattery"), David Kearsley, Mitchell Minns 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Southern Football League 6\.9 (45\) d Great Southern Football League 4\.7 (31\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124528165\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-371468\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=6 June 2015}} **Best:** Southern: Kalem Greenwood, Zach Evreniadis, Nicholas Steele, Angus Stangewitz, Nicholas Frisby\-Smith. Great Southern: Jedd Rothe, Harry Hutton, Kane Milford, Jake Lander, Travis Bartlett, Tyson Hoffman. **Goals:** Southern: Matthew Lillis, Travis Stone, Matthew Caire, Bodie Sowter, Harrison McMillan, Jesse Pu McCarthy 1 each Great Southern: Jedd Rothe, Cameron Cull, Connor McNeill, Cody Connor 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") #### South Shield Great Southern Football League 10\.11 (71\) d Southern Football League 6\.3 (39\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124528166\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-371466\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=6 June 2015}} **Best:** Great Southern: Jake Tarca, James Bradford, Hayden Sampson, Job Colwell, Lochlan Bradley. Southern: Ruben Flinn, Samuel Whitbread, Jonty Manuel. **Goals:** Great Southern: Jake Tarca 5, Job Colwell 3, Hayden Sampson, Billy Wade 1 each Southern: Mackenzie Short 2, Samuel Whitbread, Bailey Marshman, Tyler Davies, Tyler Oliver 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") ### 2016 The 2016 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 "Great Southern Football League (South Australia)") at Strathalbyn Oval on Saturday 11 June.{{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124729480\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-416075\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=12 June 2016}} #### Pilmore Cup Great Southern Football League 24\.5 (149\) d Southern Football League 14\.10 (94\) **Best:** Great Southern: Tyson Neale, Dylan Camac, Curtis Perrey, Ben Simounds, Sam Alexopoulos, Luke Button. Southern: Will Rivers, Nick Mott, Samuel Smith, Shane Heatley, Christopher Barns, Samuel Tharaldsen. **Goals:** Great Southern: Ben Simounds 6, Tyson Neale 4, Marc Elliott, Joshua Vick, Tom Pinyon 3 each, Luke Button, Shaun Maxfield, Thomas Ferguson, Bradley Clarke, Braden Altus 1 each. Southern: Samuel Smith 5, Denis Iljcesen 4, Samuel Tharaldsen, Christopher Barns, Nick Mott, Dwayne Ruddock, Christopher Bradwell 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Great Southern Football League 14\.10 (94\) d Southern Football League 5\.1 (31\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124729481\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-416074\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc.\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=12 June 2016}} **Best:** Great Southern: Bradley Borrillo, Darcy Clifford, Joshua Strangroome, Kane Milford, Cody Connor, Jackson Elmes. Southern: Bradley Warner, Jack Fitzpatrick, Cooper McRae, Keelan Boehm, Mark Larritt, Robert Kernick. **Goals:** Great Southern: Lachlan Borrillo 3, Jackson Elmes, Bradley Borrillo, Scott Kilgallon, Mitchell Cleggett 2 each, Cody Connor, Kane Milford, Joshua Strangroome 1 each. Southern: Keelan Boehm 4, Ethan Millen 1\. **Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### South Shield Great Southern Football League 6\.7 (43\) d Southern Football League 2\.8 (20\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124729479\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-416073\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc.\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=12 June 2016}} **Best:** Great Southern: Jake Austin, Jack Fitzgerald, Lachlan Costello, Marcus Lippett, Thomas Neville. Southern: Kyle Jongenelis, Mackenzie Short, Isaac Osborne\-O'Keefe, Shane Pettiford, Harry Spacie, Alexander Marra. **Goals:** Great Southern: Jack Fitzgerald, Aaron Douglass 2 each, Thomas Neville, Matthew Roberts 1 each Southern: Mackenzie Short. **Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") ### 2017 The 2017 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Southern Football League](/wiki/Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 "Southern Football League (South Australia)") at [Morphett Vale Memorial Oval](/wiki/Morphett_Vale_Memorial_Oval "Morphett Vale Memorial Oval") on Saturday 10 June.{{cite web \|title\= Association Seniors SFL v GSFL \|url\= http://websites.sportstg.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124945547\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-456222\-0\&pool\=1 \|website\= Southern Football League Inc \|publisher\= SportsTG \|access\-date\= 10 June 2017}} #### Pilmore Cup Southern Football League 14\.9 (93\) d Great Southern Football League 10\.9 (69\) **Best:** Southern: Michael Galley, Michael Shearer, Danny Irvine, Steven Copestick, Michael Smith, Scott O'Shaughnessy Great Southern: Thomas Derham, Hamish Tonkin, Ryan Sherry, Sean Beath, Scott Ogilvie, Cameron Hutchens **Goals:** Southern: Samuel Smith 4, Michael Galley, Dennis Iljcesen, Troy Johnson, Jacob Crate, Tyler Harman 2 each Great Southern: Tom Pinyon, Ryan Sherry, Thomas Derham 2 each, James Hutchinson, Ryan Mayes, Tyson Slattery, Ben Simounds 1 each **Date:** Saturday, 10 June 2017 **Venue:** [Morphett Vale Memorial Oval](/wiki/Morphett_Vale_Memorial_Oval "Morphett Vale Memorial Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Great Southern Football League 12\.4 (76\) d Southern Football League 7\.8 (50\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124945546\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-456221\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc.\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=15 June 2019}} **Best:** Great Southern: Daniel Marr, Ryleigh Crombie, Jack Fitzpatrick, Jack Burns, Sam Renney, Kane Andrewartha. Southern: Callum Gaspari, Blake Clark, Chris Hunter, Luke Calderbank, Tyler Davies, Zachary Williams. **Goals:** Great Southern: Jackson Dalitz 3, Logan Payne, Syed Hansen 2 each, Liam Hutchinson, Liam Stirling, Jake Tarca, Daniel Marr, Jack Burns 1 each. Southern: Luke Calderbank 4, Tyler Davies, Nicholas McLean, Bailey Marshman 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 10 June 2017 **Venue:** [Morphett Vale Memorial Oval](/wiki/Morphett_Vale_Memorial_Oval "Morphett Vale Memorial Oval") #### South Shield Great Southern Football League 8\.2 (50\) d Southern Football League 4\.9 (33\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124945548\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-456223\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc.\|publisher\=SportsTG\|access\-date\=16 June 2019}} **Best:** Great Southern: Shannon Jones, Matthew Roberts, James Hurrell, Arlo Draper, John Morris. Southern: Nicholas Kraemer, Kyle Daris, Cooper Gilbert, George Chandler, Harry Spacie. **Goals:** Great Southern: Adam Terrall 2, Cooper Rogers, Jaspar Prusa, Arlo Draper, Brodie Niessen, Luke Goodieson, Jett Holberton 1 each Southern: Cooper Gilbert, Michael Comley, Declan Henty\-Smith, Nicholas Kraemer 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 10 June 2017 **Venue:** [Morphett Vale Memorial Oval](/wiki/Morphett_Vale_Memorial_Oval "Morphett Vale Memorial Oval") ### 2018 The 2018 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 "Great Southern Football League (South Australia)") at [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") on Saturday 11 June.{{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors GSFL v SFL\|url\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=125187293\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-497731\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=16 June 2019}} #### Pilmore Cup Southern Football League 17\.7 (109\) d Great Southern Football League 15\.8 (98\) **Best:** Southern: Josh Vandermeer, Neil Reeve, Adrian Albanese, Damon Arnold, David Kearsley, Toby McAllister. Great Southern: Benjamin Davis, Callum Tonkin, Lachlan Mathews, Matthew Merrett, Curtis Perrey, Michael Corbett. **Goals:** Southern: Mitchell Johnson 4, Damon Arnold 3, Nicholas Mott, Samuel Smith, Josh Albanese, Josh Vandermeer 2 each, Daniel Trevena, Benjamin Rossi 1 each Great Southern: Benjamin Davis, Brett Ellis, Curtis Perrey, Bradley Merrett, Marc Elliott 2 each, Callum Tonkin, Jamie Smith, Michael Corbett, Sean Beath, Caleb Howell **Date:** Saturday, 9 June 2018 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Great Southern Football League 15\.13 (103\) d Southern Football League 9\.4 (58\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 GSFL v SFL\|url\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=125187292\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-497732\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc.\|publisher\=SportsTG\|access\-date\=16 June 2019}} **Best:** Great Southern: Lachlan Williams, Zachary Dowling, Mani Draper, Ashley Goodieson, Jayden Turner, Benjamin Hamilton. Southern: Lachlan Wethers, Luke Calderbank, James Hay, Zachary Williams, Shaye Connolly, Bradley Strapps. **Goals:** Great Southern: Mani Draper 7, Jackson Dalitz 3, Samuel Bentley, Liam Stirling 2 each, Matthew Bray 1\. Southern: Luke Calderbank 4, Nicholas Robertson 2, Hayden Kernahan, Aidan King, Bradley Strapps 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 9 June 2018 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval")
[ "Results\n-------", "### 2013", "The 2013 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the Southern Football League at [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\") on Saturday 8 June", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Great Southern Football League 20\\.10 (130\\) d Southern Football League 11\\.13 (79\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124082186\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-265455\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2013}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Simon Munn, Mitchell Portlock, Scott Hunt, Jake Ashton\\-Place, Mathew Hodge, Thomas Derham.", "Southern: Christopher Minns, Jacob Crate, Nicholas Mott, Jason Farrier, Ian Brown, Ryan Mahony.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Mathew Hodge, Marcus Burdett, Jake Ashton\\-Place, Thomas Derham 3 each, Tyson Neale 2, Tom Pinyon, Simon Munn, Mitchell Portlock, Timothy Boyd 1 each.", "Southern: Andrew Carter, Tyler Harman, Ryan Mahony 2 each, [Tom McNamara](/wiki/Tom_McNamara_%28footballer%2C_born_1990%29 \"Tom McNamara (footballer, born 1990)\"), Tristan Pearce, Luke O'Brien, Mark Ruwoldt, Ian Brown 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Southern Football League 12\\.7 (79\\) d Great Southern Football League 11\\.4 (70\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124082288\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-265454\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2013}}", "**Best:**", "Southern: Joshua Penney, Shane Harvey, Brayden Heyward\\-Ferors, Nicholas Knight, Brayden Roberts, Jack Glazbrook.", "Great Southern: Nathan Beer, Jonathan Cook, Callum Le Ray, Kurt Lindner, Andrew Pahuru, Caleb Vears .", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Jack Glazbrook 5, Jai Robinson, Shane Harvey 2 each, Jordan Monopoli, Ashley Lane, Karim Hrynkiw 1 each", "Great Southern: Callum Le Ray 5, Jonathan Cook 2, Ryan Haverty, Lachlan Hourigan, Cameron Hutchens, Josh Marshall 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Great Southern Football League 7\\.9 (51\\) d Southern Football League 3\\.2 (20\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124082289\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-265456\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2013}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Bradley Borrillo, Lachlan Borrillo, Jacob Wright, Damien Dowzard, Ryan Mayes, Jesse Fitzgerald.", "Southern: Jackson Daniels, Corey May, Kaleb Wilden, Russell Williams, Blake Lawrence, Braydn Russell.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Beau Walkom 2, Jack Weller, Bradley Borrillo, Ryan Collier, Travis Bartlett, Cody Connor 1 each.", "Southern: Corey May, Austinn Wurst, Kaleb Wilden 1 each", "**Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "### 2014", "The 2014 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 \"Great Southern Football League (South Australia)\") at Strathalbyn Oval on Saturday 7 June.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Milbank\\|first1\\=Zac\\|title\\=Long Weekend Worth The Wait\\|url\\=http://www.sanfl.com.au/news/sanfl\\_news/2522/\\|website\\=SANFL\\|publisher\\=South Australian National Football League\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2014\\|date\\=2 June 2014}}", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Great Southern Football League 12\\.15 (87\\) d Southern Football League 12\\.8 (80\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124306532\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-310979\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2014}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Tom Carroll, Sam Alexopoulos, Curtis Perrey, Matthew Tonkin, Marcus Burdett, Jarrod Kellock.", "Southern: Will Rivers, Chris Minns, Nick Mott, Patrick Jolly, Ciaran O'Hagan.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Tom Carroll, Josh Proctor, Marcus Burdett 2 each, Sam McDonald, Sam Elliott, Scott Hunt, Curtis Perrey, Tom Pinyon, Ryan Butler 1 each.", "Southern: Ciaran O'Hagan 5, [Tom McNamara](/wiki/Tom_McNamara_%28footballer%2C_born_1990%29 \"Tom McNamara (footballer, born 1990)\") 4, Andrew Crate, Dwayne Ruddock, Joel Brown 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Southern Football League 12\\.8 (80\\) d Great Southern Football League 6\\.6 (42\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124306531\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-310980\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2014}}", "**Best:**", "Southern: Nicholas Frisby\\-Smith, Christopher Curyer, Thomas Boreham, Ryan Need, Benjamin Spencer, Bailey Sowter.", "Great Southern: Todd Milford, Thomas Bonnes, Thomas Bennett, Mathew Kreuger, Jedd Rothe, Thomas Neville.", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Jake Block 3, Christopher Curyer, Matthew Thomas 2 each, Ryan Need, Adrian Albanese, Tyson Schmid, Josh Niven, Bradley Patterson 1 each", "Great Southern: Jedd Rothe 3, Thomas Bennett, Jack Weller, Callum Leray 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Southern Football League 7\\.6 (48\\) d Great Southern Football League 4\\.14 (38\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124306530\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-310978\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2014}}", "**Best:**", "Southern: Travis Stone, Damon Arnold, Brody Thomson, Tate Coleman, Bowen Mitton, Daniel Buechter.", "Great Southern: James Bradford, Nathan Kreuger, Jack Hourigan, Mitchell Cleggett, Thomas Pearsons, Kane Milford.", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Travis Stone 4, Robert Irra, Ryan Mountford 1", "Great Southern: Jordan Boots 2, Kane Milford, Thomas Pearsons 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "### 2015", "The 2015 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the Southern Football League at [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\") on Saturday 6 June", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Great Southern Football League 21\\.19 (145\\) d Southern Football League 4\\.8 (32\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124528167\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-371467\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Rigby Barnes, Elijah Horrocks, Charles Sharples, Brett Ellis, Matthew Tonkin, Aaron Killian.", "Southern: Jonathan Eagleton, Will Rivers, Scott Carpenter, [Tyson Slattery](/wiki/Tyson_Slattery \"Tyson Slattery\"), Ben Lockett, Matthew Raitt.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Elijah Horrocks, Marc Elliott 4 each, Ziggy Vitkunas 3, Jake Standfield, Tynan Keeley, Denis Iljcesen, Ryan Haverty 2 each, Rigby Barnes, Dylan Camac 1 each.", "Southern: Matthew Raitt, [Tyson Slattery](/wiki/Tyson_Slattery \"Tyson Slattery\"), David Kearsley, Mitchell Minns 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Southern Football League 6\\.9 (45\\) d Great Southern Football League 4\\.7 (31\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124528165\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-371468\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015}}", "**Best:**", "Southern: Kalem Greenwood, Zach Evreniadis, Nicholas Steele, Angus Stangewitz, Nicholas Frisby\\-Smith.", "Great Southern: Jedd Rothe, Harry Hutton, Kane Milford, Jake Lander, Travis Bartlett, Tyson Hoffman.", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Matthew Lillis, Travis Stone, Matthew Caire, Bodie Sowter, Harrison McMillan, Jesse Pu McCarthy 1 each", "Great Southern: Jedd Rothe, Cameron Cull, Connor McNeill, Cody Connor 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Great Southern Football League 10\\.11 (71\\) d Southern Football League 6\\.3 (39\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124528166\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-371466\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Jake Tarca, James Bradford, Hayden Sampson, Job Colwell, Lochlan Bradley.", "Southern: Ruben Flinn, Samuel Whitbread, Jonty Manuel.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Jake Tarca 5, Job Colwell 3, Hayden Sampson, Billy Wade 1 each", "Southern: Mackenzie Short 2, Samuel Whitbread, Bailey Marshman, Tyler Davies, Tyler Oliver 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "### 2016", "The 2016 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 \"Great Southern Football League (South Australia)\") at Strathalbyn Oval on Saturday 11 June.{{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124729480\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-416075\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2016}}", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Great Southern Football League 24\\.5 (149\\) d Southern Football League 14\\.10 (94\\)", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Tyson Neale, Dylan Camac, Curtis Perrey, Ben Simounds, Sam Alexopoulos, Luke Button.", "Southern: Will Rivers, Nick Mott, Samuel Smith, Shane Heatley, Christopher Barns, Samuel Tharaldsen.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Ben Simounds 6, Tyson Neale 4, Marc Elliott, Joshua Vick, Tom Pinyon 3 each, Luke Button, Shaun Maxfield, Thomas Ferguson, Bradley Clarke, Braden Altus 1 each.", "Southern: Samuel Smith 5, Denis Iljcesen 4, Samuel Tharaldsen, Christopher Barns, Nick Mott, Dwayne Ruddock, Christopher Bradwell 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Great Southern Football League 14\\.10 (94\\) d Southern Football League 5\\.1 (31\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124729481\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-416074\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc.\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2016}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Bradley Borrillo, Darcy Clifford, Joshua Strangroome, Kane Milford, Cody Connor, Jackson Elmes.", "Southern: Bradley Warner, Jack Fitzpatrick, Cooper McRae, Keelan Boehm, Mark Larritt, Robert Kernick.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Lachlan Borrillo 3, Jackson Elmes, Bradley Borrillo, Scott Kilgallon, Mitchell Cleggett 2 each, Cody Connor, Kane Milford, Joshua Strangroome 1 each.", "Southern: Keelan Boehm 4, Ethan Millen 1\\.", "**Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Great Southern Football League 6\\.7 (43\\) d Southern Football League 2\\.8 (20\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124729479\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-416073\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc.\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2016}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Jake Austin, Jack Fitzgerald, Lachlan Costello, Marcus Lippett, Thomas Neville.", "Southern: Kyle Jongenelis, Mackenzie Short, Isaac Osborne\\-O'Keefe, Shane Pettiford, Harry Spacie, Alexander Marra.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Jack Fitzgerald, Aaron Douglass 2 each, Thomas Neville, Matthew Roberts 1 each", "Southern: Mackenzie Short.", "**Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "### 2017", "The 2017 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Southern Football League](/wiki/Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 \"Southern Football League (South Australia)\") at [Morphett Vale Memorial Oval](/wiki/Morphett_Vale_Memorial_Oval \"Morphett Vale Memorial Oval\") on Saturday 10 June.{{cite web \\|title\\= Association Seniors SFL v GSFL \\|url\\= http://websites.sportstg.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124945547\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-456222\\-0\\&pool\\=1 \\|website\\= Southern Football League Inc \\|publisher\\= SportsTG \\|access\\-date\\= 10 June 2017}}", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Southern Football League 14\\.9 (93\\) d Great Southern Football League 10\\.9 (69\\)", "**Best:**", "Southern: Michael Galley, Michael Shearer, Danny Irvine, Steven Copestick, Michael Smith, Scott O'Shaughnessy", "Great Southern: Thomas Derham, Hamish Tonkin, Ryan Sherry, Sean Beath, Scott Ogilvie, Cameron Hutchens", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Samuel Smith 4, Michael Galley, Dennis Iljcesen, Troy Johnson, Jacob Crate, Tyler Harman 2 each", "Great Southern: Tom Pinyon, Ryan Sherry, Thomas Derham 2 each, James Hutchinson, Ryan Mayes, Tyson Slattery, Ben Simounds 1 each", "**Date:** Saturday, 10 June 2017", "**Venue:** [Morphett Vale Memorial Oval](/wiki/Morphett_Vale_Memorial_Oval \"Morphett Vale Memorial Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Great Southern Football League 12\\.4 (76\\) d Southern Football League 7\\.8 (50\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124945546\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-456221\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc.\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2019}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Daniel Marr, Ryleigh Crombie, Jack Fitzpatrick, Jack Burns, Sam Renney, Kane Andrewartha.", "Southern: Callum Gaspari, Blake Clark, Chris Hunter, Luke Calderbank, Tyler Davies, Zachary Williams.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Jackson Dalitz 3, Logan Payne, Syed Hansen 2 each, Liam Hutchinson, Liam Stirling, Jake Tarca, Daniel Marr, Jack Burns 1 each.", "Southern: Luke Calderbank 4, Tyler Davies, Nicholas McLean, Bailey Marshman 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 10 June 2017", "**Venue:** [Morphett Vale Memorial Oval](/wiki/Morphett_Vale_Memorial_Oval \"Morphett Vale Memorial Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Great Southern Football League 8\\.2 (50\\) d Southern Football League 4\\.9 (33\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124945548\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-456223\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc.\\|publisher\\=SportsTG\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2019}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Shannon Jones, Matthew Roberts, James Hurrell, Arlo Draper, John Morris.", "Southern: Nicholas Kraemer, Kyle Daris, Cooper Gilbert, George Chandler, Harry Spacie.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Adam Terrall 2, Cooper Rogers, Jaspar Prusa, Arlo Draper, Brodie Niessen, Luke Goodieson, Jett Holberton 1 each", "Southern: Cooper Gilbert, Michael Comley, Declan Henty\\-Smith, Nicholas Kraemer 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 10 June 2017", "**Venue:** [Morphett Vale Memorial Oval](/wiki/Morphett_Vale_Memorial_Oval \"Morphett Vale Memorial Oval\")", "### 2018", "The 2018 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 \"Great Southern Football League (South Australia)\") at [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\") on Saturday 11 June.{{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors GSFL v SFL\\|url\\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=125187293\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-497731\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2019}}", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Southern Football League 17\\.7 (109\\) d Great Southern Football League 15\\.8 (98\\)", "**Best:**", "Southern: Josh Vandermeer, Neil Reeve, Adrian Albanese, Damon Arnold, David Kearsley, Toby McAllister.", "Great Southern: Benjamin Davis, Callum Tonkin, Lachlan Mathews, Matthew Merrett, Curtis Perrey, Michael Corbett.", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Mitchell Johnson 4, Damon Arnold 3, Nicholas Mott, Samuel Smith, Josh Albanese, Josh Vandermeer 2 each, Daniel Trevena, Benjamin Rossi 1 each", "Great Southern: Benjamin Davis, Brett Ellis, Curtis Perrey, Bradley Merrett, Marc Elliott 2 each, Callum Tonkin, Jamie Smith, Michael Corbett, Sean Beath, Caleb Howell", "**Date:** Saturday, 9 June 2018", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Great Southern Football League 15\\.13 (103\\) d Southern Football League 9\\.4 (58\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 GSFL v SFL\\|url\\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=125187292\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-497732\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc.\\|publisher\\=SportsTG\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2019}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Lachlan Williams, Zachary Dowling, Mani Draper, Ashley Goodieson, Jayden Turner, Benjamin Hamilton.", "Southern: Lachlan Wethers, Luke Calderbank, James Hay, Zachary Williams, Shaye Connolly, Bradley Strapps.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Mani Draper 7, Jackson Dalitz 3, Samuel Bentley, Liam Stirling 2 each, Matthew Bray 1\\.", "Southern: Luke Calderbank 4, Nicholas Robertson 2, Hayden Kernahan, Aidan King, Bradley Strapps 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 9 June 2018", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "" ]
### 2013 The 2013 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the Southern Football League at [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") on Saturday 8 June #### Pilmore Cup Great Southern Football League 20\.10 (130\) d Southern Football League 11\.13 (79\){{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124082186\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-265455\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=19 July 2013}} **Best:** Great Southern: Simon Munn, Mitchell Portlock, Scott Hunt, Jake Ashton\-Place, Mathew Hodge, Thomas Derham. Southern: Christopher Minns, Jacob Crate, Nicholas Mott, Jason Farrier, Ian Brown, Ryan Mahony. **Goals:** Great Southern: Mathew Hodge, Marcus Burdett, Jake Ashton\-Place, Thomas Derham 3 each, Tyson Neale 2, Tom Pinyon, Simon Munn, Mitchell Portlock, Timothy Boyd 1 each. Southern: Andrew Carter, Tyler Harman, Ryan Mahony 2 each, [Tom McNamara](/wiki/Tom_McNamara_%28footballer%2C_born_1990%29 "Tom McNamara (footballer, born 1990)"), Tristan Pearce, Luke O'Brien, Mark Ruwoldt, Ian Brown 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Southern Football League 12\.7 (79\) d Great Southern Football League 11\.4 (70\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124082288\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-265454\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=19 July 2013}} **Best:** Southern: Joshua Penney, Shane Harvey, Brayden Heyward\-Ferors, Nicholas Knight, Brayden Roberts, Jack Glazbrook. Great Southern: Nathan Beer, Jonathan Cook, Callum Le Ray, Kurt Lindner, Andrew Pahuru, Caleb Vears . **Goals:** Southern: Jack Glazbrook 5, Jai Robinson, Shane Harvey 2 each, Jordan Monopoli, Ashley Lane, Karim Hrynkiw 1 each Great Southern: Callum Le Ray 5, Jonathan Cook 2, Ryan Haverty, Lachlan Hourigan, Cameron Hutchens, Josh Marshall 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") #### South Shield Great Southern Football League 7\.9 (51\) d Southern Football League 3\.2 (20\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124082289\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-265456\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=19 July 2013}} **Best:** Great Southern: Bradley Borrillo, Lachlan Borrillo, Jacob Wright, Damien Dowzard, Ryan Mayes, Jesse Fitzgerald. Southern: Jackson Daniels, Corey May, Kaleb Wilden, Russell Williams, Blake Lawrence, Braydn Russell. **Goals:** Great Southern: Beau Walkom 2, Jack Weller, Bradley Borrillo, Ryan Collier, Travis Bartlett, Cody Connor 1 each. Southern: Corey May, Austinn Wurst, Kaleb Wilden 1 each **Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval")
[ "### 2013", "The 2013 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the Southern Football League at [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\") on Saturday 8 June", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Great Southern Football League 20\\.10 (130\\) d Southern Football League 11\\.13 (79\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124082186\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-265455\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2013}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Simon Munn, Mitchell Portlock, Scott Hunt, Jake Ashton\\-Place, Mathew Hodge, Thomas Derham.", "Southern: Christopher Minns, Jacob Crate, Nicholas Mott, Jason Farrier, Ian Brown, Ryan Mahony.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Mathew Hodge, Marcus Burdett, Jake Ashton\\-Place, Thomas Derham 3 each, Tyson Neale 2, Tom Pinyon, Simon Munn, Mitchell Portlock, Timothy Boyd 1 each.", "Southern: Andrew Carter, Tyler Harman, Ryan Mahony 2 each, [Tom McNamara](/wiki/Tom_McNamara_%28footballer%2C_born_1990%29 \"Tom McNamara (footballer, born 1990)\"), Tristan Pearce, Luke O'Brien, Mark Ruwoldt, Ian Brown 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Southern Football League 12\\.7 (79\\) d Great Southern Football League 11\\.4 (70\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124082288\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-265454\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2013}}", "**Best:**", "Southern: Joshua Penney, Shane Harvey, Brayden Heyward\\-Ferors, Nicholas Knight, Brayden Roberts, Jack Glazbrook.", "Great Southern: Nathan Beer, Jonathan Cook, Callum Le Ray, Kurt Lindner, Andrew Pahuru, Caleb Vears .", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Jack Glazbrook 5, Jai Robinson, Shane Harvey 2 each, Jordan Monopoli, Ashley Lane, Karim Hrynkiw 1 each", "Great Southern: Callum Le Ray 5, Jonathan Cook 2, Ryan Haverty, Lachlan Hourigan, Cameron Hutchens, Josh Marshall 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Great Southern Football League 7\\.9 (51\\) d Southern Football League 3\\.2 (20\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124082289\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-265456\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2013}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Bradley Borrillo, Lachlan Borrillo, Jacob Wright, Damien Dowzard, Ryan Mayes, Jesse Fitzgerald.", "Southern: Jackson Daniels, Corey May, Kaleb Wilden, Russell Williams, Blake Lawrence, Braydn Russell.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Beau Walkom 2, Jack Weller, Bradley Borrillo, Ryan Collier, Travis Bartlett, Cody Connor 1 each.", "Southern: Corey May, Austinn Wurst, Kaleb Wilden 1 each", "**Date:** Saturday, 8 June 2013", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "" ]
### 2014 The 2014 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 "Great Southern Football League (South Australia)") at Strathalbyn Oval on Saturday 7 June.{{cite web\|last1\=Milbank\|first1\=Zac\|title\=Long Weekend Worth The Wait\|url\=http://www.sanfl.com.au/news/sanfl\_news/2522/\|website\=SANFL\|publisher\=South Australian National Football League\|access\-date\=4 June 2014\|date\=2 June 2014}} #### Pilmore Cup Great Southern Football League 12\.15 (87\) d Southern Football League 12\.8 (80\){{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124306532\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-310979\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=7 June 2014}} **Best:** Great Southern: Tom Carroll, Sam Alexopoulos, Curtis Perrey, Matthew Tonkin, Marcus Burdett, Jarrod Kellock. Southern: Will Rivers, Chris Minns, Nick Mott, Patrick Jolly, Ciaran O'Hagan. **Goals:** Great Southern: Tom Carroll, Josh Proctor, Marcus Burdett 2 each, Sam McDonald, Sam Elliott, Scott Hunt, Curtis Perrey, Tom Pinyon, Ryan Butler 1 each. Southern: Ciaran O'Hagan 5, [Tom McNamara](/wiki/Tom_McNamara_%28footballer%2C_born_1990%29 "Tom McNamara (footballer, born 1990)") 4, Andrew Crate, Dwayne Ruddock, Joel Brown 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Southern Football League 12\.8 (80\) d Great Southern Football League 6\.6 (42\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124306531\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-310980\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=7 June 2014}} **Best:** Southern: Nicholas Frisby\-Smith, Christopher Curyer, Thomas Boreham, Ryan Need, Benjamin Spencer, Bailey Sowter. Great Southern: Todd Milford, Thomas Bonnes, Thomas Bennett, Mathew Kreuger, Jedd Rothe, Thomas Neville. **Goals:** Southern: Jake Block 3, Christopher Curyer, Matthew Thomas 2 each, Ryan Need, Adrian Albanese, Tyson Schmid, Josh Niven, Bradley Patterson 1 each Great Southern: Jedd Rothe 3, Thomas Bennett, Jack Weller, Callum Leray 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### South Shield Southern Football League 7\.6 (48\) d Great Southern Football League 4\.14 (38\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124306530\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-310978\-0\&pool\=1\|publisher\=Southern Football League\|access\-date\=7 June 2014}} **Best:** Southern: Travis Stone, Damon Arnold, Brody Thomson, Tate Coleman, Bowen Mitton, Daniel Buechter. Great Southern: James Bradford, Nathan Kreuger, Jack Hourigan, Mitchell Cleggett, Thomas Pearsons, Kane Milford. **Goals:** Southern: Travis Stone 4, Robert Irra, Ryan Mountford 1 Great Southern: Jordan Boots 2, Kane Milford, Thomas Pearsons 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval")
[ "### 2014", "The 2014 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 \"Great Southern Football League (South Australia)\") at Strathalbyn Oval on Saturday 7 June.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Milbank\\|first1\\=Zac\\|title\\=Long Weekend Worth The Wait\\|url\\=http://www.sanfl.com.au/news/sanfl\\_news/2522/\\|website\\=SANFL\\|publisher\\=South Australian National Football League\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2014\\|date\\=2 June 2014}}", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Great Southern Football League 12\\.15 (87\\) d Southern Football League 12\\.8 (80\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124306532\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-310979\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2014}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Tom Carroll, Sam Alexopoulos, Curtis Perrey, Matthew Tonkin, Marcus Burdett, Jarrod Kellock.", "Southern: Will Rivers, Chris Minns, Nick Mott, Patrick Jolly, Ciaran O'Hagan.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Tom Carroll, Josh Proctor, Marcus Burdett 2 each, Sam McDonald, Sam Elliott, Scott Hunt, Curtis Perrey, Tom Pinyon, Ryan Butler 1 each.", "Southern: Ciaran O'Hagan 5, [Tom McNamara](/wiki/Tom_McNamara_%28footballer%2C_born_1990%29 \"Tom McNamara (footballer, born 1990)\") 4, Andrew Crate, Dwayne Ruddock, Joel Brown 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Southern Football League 12\\.8 (80\\) d Great Southern Football League 6\\.6 (42\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124306531\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-310980\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2014}}", "**Best:**", "Southern: Nicholas Frisby\\-Smith, Christopher Curyer, Thomas Boreham, Ryan Need, Benjamin Spencer, Bailey Sowter.", "Great Southern: Todd Milford, Thomas Bonnes, Thomas Bennett, Mathew Kreuger, Jedd Rothe, Thomas Neville.", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Jake Block 3, Christopher Curyer, Matthew Thomas 2 each, Ryan Need, Adrian Albanese, Tyson Schmid, Josh Niven, Bradley Patterson 1 each", "Great Southern: Jedd Rothe 3, Thomas Bennett, Jack Weller, Callum Leray 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Southern Football League 7\\.6 (48\\) d Great Southern Football League 4\\.14 (38\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124306530\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-310978\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|publisher\\=Southern Football League\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2014}}", "**Best:**", "Southern: Travis Stone, Damon Arnold, Brody Thomson, Tate Coleman, Bowen Mitton, Daniel Buechter.", "Great Southern: James Bradford, Nathan Kreuger, Jack Hourigan, Mitchell Cleggett, Thomas Pearsons, Kane Milford.", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Travis Stone 4, Robert Irra, Ryan Mountford 1", "Great Southern: Jordan Boots 2, Kane Milford, Thomas Pearsons 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 7 June 2014", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "" ]
### 2015 The 2015 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the Southern Football League at [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") on Saturday 6 June #### Pilmore Cup Great Southern Football League 21\.19 (145\) d Southern Football League 4\.8 (32\){{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124528167\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-371467\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=6 June 2015}} **Best:** Great Southern: Rigby Barnes, Elijah Horrocks, Charles Sharples, Brett Ellis, Matthew Tonkin, Aaron Killian. Southern: Jonathan Eagleton, Will Rivers, Scott Carpenter, [Tyson Slattery](/wiki/Tyson_Slattery "Tyson Slattery"), Ben Lockett, Matthew Raitt. **Goals:** Great Southern: Elijah Horrocks, Marc Elliott 4 each, Ziggy Vitkunas 3, Jake Standfield, Tynan Keeley, Denis Iljcesen, Ryan Haverty 2 each, Rigby Barnes, Dylan Camac 1 each. Southern: Matthew Raitt, [Tyson Slattery](/wiki/Tyson_Slattery "Tyson Slattery"), David Kearsley, Mitchell Minns 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Southern Football League 6\.9 (45\) d Great Southern Football League 4\.7 (31\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124528165\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-371468\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=6 June 2015}} **Best:** Southern: Kalem Greenwood, Zach Evreniadis, Nicholas Steele, Angus Stangewitz, Nicholas Frisby\-Smith. Great Southern: Jedd Rothe, Harry Hutton, Kane Milford, Jake Lander, Travis Bartlett, Tyson Hoffman. **Goals:** Southern: Matthew Lillis, Travis Stone, Matthew Caire, Bodie Sowter, Harrison McMillan, Jesse Pu McCarthy 1 each Great Southern: Jedd Rothe, Cameron Cull, Connor McNeill, Cody Connor 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval") #### South Shield Great Southern Football League 10\.11 (71\) d Southern Football League 6\.3 (39\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124528166\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-371466\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=6 June 2015}} **Best:** Great Southern: Jake Tarca, James Bradford, Hayden Sampson, Job Colwell, Lochlan Bradley. Southern: Ruben Flinn, Samuel Whitbread, Jonty Manuel. **Goals:** Great Southern: Jake Tarca 5, Job Colwell 3, Hayden Sampson, Billy Wade 1 each Southern: Mackenzie Short 2, Samuel Whitbread, Bailey Marshman, Tyler Davies, Tyler Oliver 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015 **Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval "Hickinbotham Oval")
[ "### 2015", "The 2015 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the Southern Football League at [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\") on Saturday 6 June", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Great Southern Football League 21\\.19 (145\\) d Southern Football League 4\\.8 (32\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124528167\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-371467\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Rigby Barnes, Elijah Horrocks, Charles Sharples, Brett Ellis, Matthew Tonkin, Aaron Killian.", "Southern: Jonathan Eagleton, Will Rivers, Scott Carpenter, [Tyson Slattery](/wiki/Tyson_Slattery \"Tyson Slattery\"), Ben Lockett, Matthew Raitt.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Elijah Horrocks, Marc Elliott 4 each, Ziggy Vitkunas 3, Jake Standfield, Tynan Keeley, Denis Iljcesen, Ryan Haverty 2 each, Rigby Barnes, Dylan Camac 1 each.", "Southern: Matthew Raitt, [Tyson Slattery](/wiki/Tyson_Slattery \"Tyson Slattery\"), David Kearsley, Mitchell Minns 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Southern Football League 6\\.9 (45\\) d Great Southern Football League 4\\.7 (31\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124528165\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-371468\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015}}", "**Best:**", "Southern: Kalem Greenwood, Zach Evreniadis, Nicholas Steele, Angus Stangewitz, Nicholas Frisby\\-Smith.", "Great Southern: Jedd Rothe, Harry Hutton, Kane Milford, Jake Lander, Travis Bartlett, Tyson Hoffman.", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Matthew Lillis, Travis Stone, Matthew Caire, Bodie Sowter, Harrison McMillan, Jesse Pu McCarthy 1 each", "Great Southern: Jedd Rothe, Cameron Cull, Connor McNeill, Cody Connor 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Great Southern Football League 10\\.11 (71\\) d Southern Football League 6\\.3 (39\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.sportingpulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124528166\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-371466\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2015}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Jake Tarca, James Bradford, Hayden Sampson, Job Colwell, Lochlan Bradley.", "Southern: Ruben Flinn, Samuel Whitbread, Jonty Manuel.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Jake Tarca 5, Job Colwell 3, Hayden Sampson, Billy Wade 1 each", "Southern: Mackenzie Short 2, Samuel Whitbread, Bailey Marshman, Tyler Davies, Tyler Oliver 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 6 June 2015", "**Venue:** [Hickinbotham Oval](/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval \"Hickinbotham Oval\")", "" ]
### 2016 The 2016 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 "Great Southern Football League (South Australia)") at Strathalbyn Oval on Saturday 11 June.{{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124729480\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-416075\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=12 June 2016}} #### Pilmore Cup Great Southern Football League 24\.5 (149\) d Southern Football League 14\.10 (94\) **Best:** Great Southern: Tyson Neale, Dylan Camac, Curtis Perrey, Ben Simounds, Sam Alexopoulos, Luke Button. Southern: Will Rivers, Nick Mott, Samuel Smith, Shane Heatley, Christopher Barns, Samuel Tharaldsen. **Goals:** Great Southern: Ben Simounds 6, Tyson Neale 4, Marc Elliott, Joshua Vick, Tom Pinyon 3 each, Luke Button, Shaun Maxfield, Thomas Ferguson, Bradley Clarke, Braden Altus 1 each. Southern: Samuel Smith 5, Denis Iljcesen 4, Samuel Tharaldsen, Christopher Barns, Nick Mott, Dwayne Ruddock, Christopher Bradwell 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Great Southern Football League 14\.10 (94\) d Southern Football League 5\.1 (31\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124729481\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-416074\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc.\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=12 June 2016}} **Best:** Great Southern: Bradley Borrillo, Darcy Clifford, Joshua Strangroome, Kane Milford, Cody Connor, Jackson Elmes. Southern: Bradley Warner, Jack Fitzpatrick, Cooper McRae, Keelan Boehm, Mark Larritt, Robert Kernick. **Goals:** Great Southern: Lachlan Borrillo 3, Jackson Elmes, Bradley Borrillo, Scott Kilgallon, Mitchell Cleggett 2 each, Cody Connor, Kane Milford, Joshua Strangroome 1 each. Southern: Keelan Boehm 4, Ethan Millen 1\. **Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### South Shield Great Southern Football League 6\.7 (43\) d Southern Football League 2\.8 (20\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\|url\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=124729479\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-416073\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc.\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=12 June 2016}} **Best:** Great Southern: Jake Austin, Jack Fitzgerald, Lachlan Costello, Marcus Lippett, Thomas Neville. Southern: Kyle Jongenelis, Mackenzie Short, Isaac Osborne\-O'Keefe, Shane Pettiford, Harry Spacie, Alexander Marra. **Goals:** Great Southern: Jack Fitzgerald, Aaron Douglass 2 each, Thomas Neville, Matthew Roberts 1 each Southern: Mackenzie Short. **Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval")
[ "### 2016", "The 2016 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 \"Great Southern Football League (South Australia)\") at Strathalbyn Oval on Saturday 11 June.{{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124729480\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-416075\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2016}}", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Great Southern Football League 24\\.5 (149\\) d Southern Football League 14\\.10 (94\\)", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Tyson Neale, Dylan Camac, Curtis Perrey, Ben Simounds, Sam Alexopoulos, Luke Button.", "Southern: Will Rivers, Nick Mott, Samuel Smith, Shane Heatley, Christopher Barns, Samuel Tharaldsen.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Ben Simounds 6, Tyson Neale 4, Marc Elliott, Joshua Vick, Tom Pinyon 3 each, Luke Button, Shaun Maxfield, Thomas Ferguson, Bradley Clarke, Braden Altus 1 each.", "Southern: Samuel Smith 5, Denis Iljcesen 4, Samuel Tharaldsen, Christopher Barns, Nick Mott, Dwayne Ruddock, Christopher Bradwell 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Great Southern Football League 14\\.10 (94\\) d Southern Football League 5\\.1 (31\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124729481\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-416074\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc.\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2016}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Bradley Borrillo, Darcy Clifford, Joshua Strangroome, Kane Milford, Cody Connor, Jackson Elmes.", "Southern: Bradley Warner, Jack Fitzpatrick, Cooper McRae, Keelan Boehm, Mark Larritt, Robert Kernick.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Lachlan Borrillo 3, Jackson Elmes, Bradley Borrillo, Scott Kilgallon, Mitchell Cleggett 2 each, Cody Connor, Kane Milford, Joshua Strangroome 1 each.", "Southern: Keelan Boehm 4, Ethan Millen 1\\.", "**Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### South Shield", "Great Southern Football League 6\\.7 (43\\) d Southern Football League 2\\.8 (20\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 15 SFL v GSFL\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=124729479\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-416073\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc.\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2016}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Jake Austin, Jack Fitzgerald, Lachlan Costello, Marcus Lippett, Thomas Neville.", "Southern: Kyle Jongenelis, Mackenzie Short, Isaac Osborne\\-O'Keefe, Shane Pettiford, Harry Spacie, Alexander Marra.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Jack Fitzgerald, Aaron Douglass 2 each, Thomas Neville, Matthew Roberts 1 each", "Southern: Mackenzie Short.", "**Date:** Saturday, 11 June 2016", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "" ]
### 2018 The 2018 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 "Great Southern Football League (South Australia)") at [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") on Saturday 11 June.{{cite web\|title\=Association Seniors GSFL v SFL\|url\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=125187293\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-497731\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc\|publisher\=Fox Sports Pulse\|access\-date\=16 June 2019}} #### Pilmore Cup Southern Football League 17\.7 (109\) d Great Southern Football League 15\.8 (98\) **Best:** Southern: Josh Vandermeer, Neil Reeve, Adrian Albanese, Damon Arnold, David Kearsley, Toby McAllister. Great Southern: Benjamin Davis, Callum Tonkin, Lachlan Mathews, Matthew Merrett, Curtis Perrey, Michael Corbett. **Goals:** Southern: Mitchell Johnson 4, Damon Arnold 3, Nicholas Mott, Samuel Smith, Josh Albanese, Josh Vandermeer 2 each, Daniel Trevena, Benjamin Rossi 1 each Great Southern: Benjamin Davis, Brett Ellis, Curtis Perrey, Bradley Merrett, Marc Elliott 2 each, Callum Tonkin, Jamie Smith, Michael Corbett, Sean Beath, Caleb Howell **Date:** Saturday, 9 June 2018 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval") #### Greg Whittlesea Shield Great Southern Football League 15\.13 (103\) d Southern Football League 9\.4 (58\){{cite web\|title\=Association Under 17 1/2 GSFL v SFL\|url\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\_info.cgi?a\=MATCH\&fixture\=125187292\&c\=1\-6133\-0\-497732\-0\&pool\=1\|website\=Southern Football League Inc.\|publisher\=SportsTG\|access\-date\=16 June 2019}} **Best:** Great Southern: Lachlan Williams, Zachary Dowling, Mani Draper, Ashley Goodieson, Jayden Turner, Benjamin Hamilton. Southern: Lachlan Wethers, Luke Calderbank, James Hay, Zachary Williams, Shaye Connolly, Bradley Strapps. **Goals:** Great Southern: Mani Draper 7, Jackson Dalitz 3, Samuel Bentley, Liam Stirling 2 each, Matthew Bray 1\. Southern: Luke Calderbank 4, Nicholas Robertson 2, Hayden Kernahan, Aidan King, Bradley Strapps 1 each. **Date:** Saturday, 9 June 2018 **Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval "Strathalbyn Oval")
[ "### 2018", "The 2018 Pilmore Cup was hosted by the [Great Southern Football League](/wiki/Great_Southern_Football_League_%28South_Australia%29 \"Great Southern Football League (South Australia)\") at [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\") on Saturday 11 June.{{cite web\\|title\\=Association Seniors GSFL v SFL\\|url\\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=125187293\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-497731\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports Pulse\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2019}}", "#### Pilmore Cup", "Southern Football League 17\\.7 (109\\) d Great Southern Football League 15\\.8 (98\\)", "**Best:**", "Southern: Josh Vandermeer, Neil Reeve, Adrian Albanese, Damon Arnold, David Kearsley, Toby McAllister.", "Great Southern: Benjamin Davis, Callum Tonkin, Lachlan Mathews, Matthew Merrett, Curtis Perrey, Michael Corbett.", "**Goals:**", "Southern: Mitchell Johnson 4, Damon Arnold 3, Nicholas Mott, Samuel Smith, Josh Albanese, Josh Vandermeer 2 each, Daniel Trevena, Benjamin Rossi 1 each", "Great Southern: Benjamin Davis, Brett Ellis, Curtis Perrey, Bradley Merrett, Marc Elliott 2 each, Callum Tonkin, Jamie Smith, Michael Corbett, Sean Beath, Caleb Howell", "**Date:** Saturday, 9 June 2018", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "#### Greg Whittlesea Shield", "Great Southern Football League 15\\.13 (103\\) d Southern Football League 9\\.4 (58\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Association Under 17 1/2 GSFL v SFL\\|url\\=http://websites.sportstg.com/round\\_info.cgi?a\\=MATCH\\&fixture\\=125187292\\&c\\=1\\-6133\\-0\\-497732\\-0\\&pool\\=1\\|website\\=Southern Football League Inc.\\|publisher\\=SportsTG\\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2019}}", "**Best:**", "Great Southern: Lachlan Williams, Zachary Dowling, Mani Draper, Ashley Goodieson, Jayden Turner, Benjamin Hamilton.", "Southern: Lachlan Wethers, Luke Calderbank, James Hay, Zachary Williams, Shaye Connolly, Bradley Strapps.", "**Goals:**", "Great Southern: Mani Draper 7, Jackson Dalitz 3, Samuel Bentley, Liam Stirling 2 each, Matthew Bray 1\\.", "Southern: Luke Calderbank 4, Nicholas Robertson 2, Hayden Kernahan, Aidan King, Bradley Strapps 1 each.", "**Date:** Saturday, 9 June 2018", "**Venue:** [Strathalbyn Oval](/wiki/Strathalbyn_Oval \"Strathalbyn Oval\")", "" ]
Battle ------ [thumb\|180px\|left\|Portrait of Richard Leveson](/wiki/File:Vice_Admiral_Sir_Richard_Leveson_%281570-1792%29.jpg "Vice Admiral Sir Richard Leveson (1570-1792).jpg") On the morning of 3 June, Monson and Leveson found the Spanish ships strongly posted under the guns of [Fort Santiago of Sesimbra](/wiki/Fortress_of_Saint_James_of_Sesimbra "Fortress of Saint James of Sesimbra") and the old but armed [moorish](/wiki/Moors "Moors") [Sesimbra Castle](/wiki/Castelo_de_Sesimbra "Castelo de Sesimbra") further inland on a hill. The Spanish fleet consisted of eight galleys under the command of Spinola and another three under [Álvaro de Bazán](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n%2C_2nd_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz "Álvaro de Bazán, 2nd Marquis of Santa Cruz") which had just recently arrived. At mid\-morning Monson with the ship *Garland*, Leveson with {{ship\|English ship\|Warspite\|1596\|2}}, Edward Manwaring with {{ship\|English ship\|Dreadnought\|1573\|2}}, followed by [*Nonpareil*](/wiki/English_ship_Nonsuch_%281603%29 "English ship Nonsuch (1603)"), *Adventure* and two captured [prizes](/wiki/Prize_%28law%29 "Prize (law)"), entered the bay of Sesimbra. As well as the Portuguese carrack *São Valentinho*, the Spanish galleys consisted of de Bazán's *Christopher*, Spinola's *St Lewis*, *Forteleza*, *Trinidad*, *St John*, *Leva*, *Occasion*, *San Jacinto*, *Lazar*, *Padilla*, and *San Felipe*.{{cite book \|last\=Churchill \|first\=Awnsham\|author\-link\=Awnsham Churchill \|title\=Collection of Voyages and Travels; \|year\=2012 \|publisher\=Lightning Source UK Ltd \|isbn\=978\-1\-231\-02983\-1 \|page\=203 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=msdguP8O3hIC\&pg\=PA203}} The galleys had large cannons of sixty pounders in their bows and formed a tight defensive formation in the shallows around the carrack. As the English entered the bay, without hesitation they fired with everything they had at the anchored and secured galleys but made sure they were out of effective range of the Spanish {{convert\|60\|pdr\|adj\=on}} cannon. Monson's *Garland* was able to bombard the Spanish galleys with her sixteen [culverins](/wiki/Culverin "Culverin") forcing them to break formation. Much damage was caused but soon the galleys began to row side to side in the harbour in an attempt to avoid fire from *Garland*, which was now anchored. Leveson in *Warspite* however had problems with the wind and was soon being blown out of the [roadstead](/wiki/Roadstead "Roadstead") despite efforts to keep *Warspite* in one position. Once out of effective range Leveson then rowed in a [launch](/wiki/Launch_%28boat%29 "Launch (boat)") under fire and went on board *Garland* to join Monson and the rest of the fleet. When Bazán's galleys did break formation *Dreadnought* with her shallow [draught](/wiki/Draft_%28hull%29 "Draft (hull)") sailed into the confusion and took them all on at close range with her eleven [demi\-culverins](/wiki/Demi-culverin "Demi-culverin") and ten [sakers](/wiki/Saker_%28cannon%29 "Saker (cannon)"). Bazán had suffered significant losses with all three of his galleys damaged and was himself soon so badly wounded that there was much disorganization. Monson decided to concentrate his fire on Spinola's galleys. Within a few hours *Garland* and *Nonpareil* pounded them to the point that two of his galleys, *Trinidad* and *Occasion*, were soon burned and sunk, the captain of the latter being taken prisoner. The galley slaves swam (if they could) to the English ships and Bazán's battered galleys managed to flee the action heading North. ### Capture of *São Valentinho* The great carrack itself was surrounded and the remaining galleys under Spinola decided that the only sensible option was to retreat out of range from the bay. The rest of his galleys were already badly damaged, the galley slaves had been exhausted to the point of near death. To the surprise of the English the fire from Fort Santiago de Sesimbra began to slacken. *Nonpareil*, *Adventure*, and occasional fire from *Warspite* had poured enough accurate fire into the fortress to put most of the guns out of action within an hour. With the destruction and retreat of the galleys it became clear that the carrack was lost. [thumb\|center\|800px\|{{center\|Battle of Sesimbra Bay 1602 by \[\[Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom]]}}](/wiki/File:Sesimbra.1602.jpg "Sesimbra.1602.jpg") Under closer inspection the English realized that the carrack was a huge 1,700\-ton vessel, *São Valentinho,* recently returned from the [Portuguese Indies](/wiki/Portuguese_Empire "Portuguese Empire") laden with goods. The castle and the various shore defences could not fire for fear of hitting their own ships as a result ineffectual fire continued throughout the battle. The English ships though kept up enough fire to silence the rest of the shore defences. *Garland* and *Dreadnought* sailed to port and starboard respectively of *São Valentinho*. She was soon boarded and within minutes the top deck had been secured with only a few losses and Monson wanted no more bloodshed.{{cite book \|last\=Rodger \|first\=N.A.M. \|title\=The Safeguard of the Sea \|date\=17 November 1999 \|publisher\=W. W. Norton \& Company \|isbn\=978\-0\-393\-31960\-6 \|page\=292 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FNKKupCv4VwC\&q\=1602\+leveson\+carrack\&pg\=RA3\-PR35}} ### End [right\|thumb\|300px\|{{center\|The Fort of Santiago at Sesimbra. During the battle it was put out of action by English warships}}](/wiki/File:Fortaleza_de_Santiago.JPG "Fortaleza de Santiago.JPG") A parlay was offered by Monson which the Spanish reluctantly accepted and the battle was now effectively over. After Monson boarded the carrack, he was soon recognized by several Spanish officers as being their former prisoner. It turned out the galley *Leva*, which was present at the battle but had fled, was the same galley present at [Battle of Berlengas Islands](/wiki/Battle_of_Berlengas_Islands "Battle of Berlengas Islands") which had taken Monson prisoner. For Monson this was revenge. At first the Spanish and Portuguese under Don Diego Lobo wanted to give the English just the cargo and leave the ship with their colours flying but Monson was adamant and wanted the whole ship but would release all the prisoners under terms. He also forced the Spanish to cease firing and allow the English to leave unmolested. The Spanish could not burn the ship without being fired upon by the English and had *São Valentinho* surrounded by which two were powerful galleons. In this position the Spanish agreed to the English terms, to allow *São Valentinho* to be taken and the castle and shore defences to cease firing. The next day after a celebratory evening meal with the Spanish and Portuguese officers on board *Garland*, the English vessels towed out *São Valentinho* and with the victorious English sailing back to Plymouth unmolested.
[ "Battle\n------", "[thumb\\|180px\\|left\\|Portrait of Richard Leveson](/wiki/File:Vice_Admiral_Sir_Richard_Leveson_%281570-1792%29.jpg \"Vice Admiral Sir Richard Leveson (1570-1792).jpg\")\nOn the morning of 3 June, Monson and Leveson found the Spanish ships strongly posted under the guns of [Fort Santiago of Sesimbra](/wiki/Fortress_of_Saint_James_of_Sesimbra \"Fortress of Saint James of Sesimbra\") and the old but armed [moorish](/wiki/Moors \"Moors\") [Sesimbra Castle](/wiki/Castelo_de_Sesimbra \"Castelo de Sesimbra\") further inland on a hill. The Spanish fleet consisted of eight galleys under the command of Spinola and another three under [Álvaro de Bazán](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n%2C_2nd_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz \"Álvaro de Bazán, 2nd Marquis of Santa Cruz\") which had just recently arrived. At mid\\-morning Monson with the ship *Garland*, Leveson with {{ship\\|English ship\\|Warspite\\|1596\\|2}}, Edward Manwaring with {{ship\\|English ship\\|Dreadnought\\|1573\\|2}}, followed by [*Nonpareil*](/wiki/English_ship_Nonsuch_%281603%29 \"English ship Nonsuch (1603)\"), *Adventure* and two captured [prizes](/wiki/Prize_%28law%29 \"Prize (law)\"), entered the bay of Sesimbra. As well as the Portuguese carrack *São Valentinho*, the Spanish galleys consisted of de Bazán's *Christopher*, Spinola's *St Lewis*, *Forteleza*, *Trinidad*, *St John*, *Leva*, *Occasion*, *San Jacinto*, *Lazar*, *Padilla*, and *San Felipe*.{{cite book \\|last\\=Churchill \\|first\\=Awnsham\\|author\\-link\\=Awnsham Churchill \\|title\\=Collection of Voyages and Travels; \\|year\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=Lightning Source UK Ltd \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-231\\-02983\\-1 \\|page\\=203 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=msdguP8O3hIC\\&pg\\=PA203}} The galleys had large cannons of sixty pounders in their bows and formed a tight defensive formation in the shallows around the carrack.", "As the English entered the bay, without hesitation they fired with everything they had at the anchored and secured galleys but made sure they were out of effective range of the Spanish {{convert\\|60\\|pdr\\|adj\\=on}} cannon. Monson's *Garland* was able to bombard the Spanish galleys with her sixteen [culverins](/wiki/Culverin \"Culverin\") forcing them to break formation. Much damage was caused but soon the galleys began to row side to side in the harbour in an attempt to avoid fire from *Garland*, which was now anchored. Leveson in *Warspite* however had problems with the wind and was soon being blown out of the [roadstead](/wiki/Roadstead \"Roadstead\") despite efforts to keep *Warspite* in one position. Once out of effective range Leveson then rowed in a [launch](/wiki/Launch_%28boat%29 \"Launch (boat)\") under fire and went on board *Garland* to join Monson and the rest of the fleet.", "When Bazán's galleys did break formation *Dreadnought* with her shallow [draught](/wiki/Draft_%28hull%29 \"Draft (hull)\") sailed into the confusion and took them all on at close range with her eleven [demi\\-culverins](/wiki/Demi-culverin \"Demi-culverin\") and ten [sakers](/wiki/Saker_%28cannon%29 \"Saker (cannon)\"). Bazán had suffered significant losses with all three of his galleys damaged and was himself soon so badly wounded that there was much disorganization. Monson decided to concentrate his fire on Spinola's galleys. Within a few hours *Garland* and *Nonpareil* pounded them to the point that two of his galleys, *Trinidad* and *Occasion*, were soon burned and sunk, the captain of the latter being taken prisoner. The galley slaves swam (if they could) to the English ships and Bazán's battered galleys managed to flee the action heading North.", "### Capture of *São Valentinho*", "The great carrack itself was surrounded and the remaining galleys under Spinola decided that the only sensible option was to retreat out of range from the bay. The rest of his galleys were already badly damaged, the galley slaves had been exhausted to the point of near death. To the surprise of the English the fire from Fort Santiago de Sesimbra began to slacken. *Nonpareil*, *Adventure*, and occasional fire from *Warspite* had poured enough accurate fire into the fortress to put most of the guns out of action within an hour. With the destruction and retreat of the galleys it became clear that the carrack was lost.", "[thumb\\|center\\|800px\\|{{center\\|Battle of Sesimbra Bay 1602 by \\[\\[Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom]]}}](/wiki/File:Sesimbra.1602.jpg \"Sesimbra.1602.jpg\")", "Under closer inspection the English realized that the carrack was a huge 1,700\\-ton vessel, *São Valentinho,* recently returned from the [Portuguese Indies](/wiki/Portuguese_Empire \"Portuguese Empire\") laden with goods. The castle and the various shore defences could not fire for fear of hitting their own ships as a result ineffectual fire continued throughout the battle. The English ships though kept up enough fire to silence the rest of the shore defences. *Garland* and *Dreadnought* sailed to port and starboard respectively of *São Valentinho*. She was soon boarded and within minutes the top deck had been secured with only a few losses and Monson wanted no more bloodshed.{{cite book \\|last\\=Rodger \\|first\\=N.A.M. \\|title\\=The Safeguard of the Sea \\|date\\=17 November 1999 \\|publisher\\=W. W. Norton \\& Company \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-393\\-31960\\-6 \\|page\\=292 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FNKKupCv4VwC\\&q\\=1602\\+leveson\\+carrack\\&pg\\=RA3\\-PR35}}", "### End", "[right\\|thumb\\|300px\\|{{center\\|The Fort of Santiago at Sesimbra. During the battle it was put out of action by English warships}}](/wiki/File:Fortaleza_de_Santiago.JPG \"Fortaleza de Santiago.JPG\")", "A parlay was offered by Monson which the Spanish reluctantly accepted and the battle was now effectively over. After Monson boarded the carrack, he was soon recognized by several Spanish officers as being their former prisoner. It turned out the galley *Leva*, which was present at the battle but had fled, was the same galley present at [Battle of Berlengas Islands](/wiki/Battle_of_Berlengas_Islands \"Battle of Berlengas Islands\") which had taken Monson prisoner. For Monson this was revenge. At first the Spanish and Portuguese under Don Diego Lobo wanted to give the English just the cargo and leave the ship with their colours flying but Monson was adamant and wanted the whole ship but would release all the prisoners under terms. He also forced the Spanish to cease firing and allow the English to leave unmolested. The Spanish could not burn the ship without being fired upon by the English and had *São Valentinho* surrounded by which two were powerful galleons.", "In this position the Spanish agreed to the English terms, to allow *São Valentinho* to be taken and the castle and shore defences to cease firing. The next day after a celebratory evening meal with the Spanish and Portuguese officers on board *Garland*, the English vessels towed out *São Valentinho* and with the victorious English sailing back to Plymouth unmolested.", "" ]
The game -------- {{Infobox basketball game \| game\_name \= Game 7 of the 2016 NBA Finals \| visitor \= '''\[\[2015–16 Cleveland Cavaliers season\|Cleveland Cavaliers]]''' \| home \= \[\[2015–16 Golden State Warriors season\|Golden State Warriors]] \| visitor\_total \= 93 \| home\_total \= 89 \| visitor\_per1 \= 23 \| visitor\_per2 \= 19 \| visitor\_per3 \= 33 \| visitor\_per4 \= 18 \| home\_per1 \= 22 \| home\_per2 \= 27 \| home\_per3 \= 27 \| home\_per4 \= 13 \| date \= June 19, 2016 \| officials \= \[\[Danny Crawford]], Mike Callahan, \[\[Monty McCutchen]] \| arena \= \[\[Oracle Arena]] \| city \= \[\[Oakland\|Oakland, California]] \| attendance \= 19,596 }} {{external media\|video1\={{YouTube\|EoVTttvKfRs\|Full game broadcast by ESPN on ABC}}}} The first half featured back\-and\-forth play from the two teams. Neither team was able to build a large lead like the previous six games. The Warriors built a 7\-point lead early, but the Cavaliers bounced back to take the lead late in the first quarter. After a second quarter where neither team built a lead larger than 3, Golden State ended the half on an 11–4 run to take a 49–42 lead into the break. Five straight points by [Klay Thompson](/wiki/Klay_Thompson "Klay Thompson") early in the third quarter gave the Warriors an 8\-point lead at 54–46\. Back\-to\-back 3\-point field goals by [shooting guard](/wiki/Shooting_guard "Shooting guard") [J.R. Smith](/wiki/J.R._Smith "J.R. Smith") and a layup by [Kyrie Irving](/wiki/Kyrie_Irving "Kyrie Irving") briefly tied the game at 54\. Warriors' guard [Stephen Curry](/wiki/Stephen_Curry "Stephen Curry") made a layup in transition and a 3\-pointer on the following possession to give Golden State a 59–54 lead. Cleveland responded with a 14–2 run — including 10 points from Irving — to take a 68–61 lead with 4 minutes left in the quarter. The Warriors then fired back with a 15–7 run to close out the quarter, taking a 76–75 lead into the final 12 minutes. Scoring was slow early in the fourth quarter for both teams, but the Cavaliers built an 83–80 lead with 7 minutes left. The Warriors pushed back with a Curry 3, Thompson hitting a jump shot from the left corner, and [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green "Draymond Green") converting a put\-back layup on consecutive possessions to take an 87–83 lead with 5:39 left. LeBron James responded with six straight points, making three consecutive free throws after being fouled on a shot fake, and then connecting on his only 3\-pointer of the night with 4:53 to play. After Thompson put in a layup off the glass with 4:39 left to tie the game, Golden State and Cleveland began trading missed chances. At this point, the score in the period was just 14–13 in favor of Cleveland. Both teams were tied at 699 points scored apiece in the series. ### The Block With 1:56 to play, Irving released a floater that bounced off the glass and was eventually corralled by Iguodala with the game tied at 89\. Iguodala immediately streaked up the floor as Curry sprinted ahead on the left wing. The only Cavaliers player who appeared to be in position to defend the fast break was Smith, who quickly began back\-pedaling towards his own basket. James, standing in the corner in front of the Warriors bench, took off after them. Iguodala passed half court, then threw a chest pass to Curry, who immediately gave it back with a bounce pass. Iguodala gathered the ball and took two steps as he powered past Smith toward the hoop before going airborne. Good defense by Smith on the initial layup attempt forced Iguodala to delay the release of his shot by a few tenths of a second, double\-pumping before softly floating the ball up toward the glass. James, who had been trailing the play the entire length of the floor, sized up the shot and sprung at the ball from behind, knocking the potential layup off the glass with 1:50 left. The ball was then rebounded by Smith, and brought back up the floor. This is cited both as a key sequence in deciding the outcome of the game, and as one of the most clutch defensive plays in NBA history.{{cite news\|last\=McMenamin\|first\=Dave\|title\=When LeBron swooped in and changed the course of Cavs' history\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nba/playoffs/2016/story/\_/id/16544563/nba\-finals\-2016\-oral\-history\-lebron\-chasedown\-block\|publisher\=ESPN\|date\=June 27, 2016\|access\-date\=July 3, 2016}} The Warriors would not score another basket for the remainder of the game. ### Final game moments James and Curry then traded misses, keeping the score level at 89–89\. Irving then hit a three\-pointer over Curry with 53 seconds left to give Cleveland the lead. Immediately after Irving's three, the Warriors brought the ball up\-court, opting not to call a timeout, and although Golden State got a preferred switch and matchup of Curry on [Kevin Love](/wiki/Kevin_Love "Kevin Love"), Love made arguably "the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season", and forced Curry into a contested 3\-pointer, which he missed. James would then go for a dunk, but was fouled by [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green "Draymond Green") in the process. At the free throw line, he clinched the title for the Cavaliers by making one of two free throws. With the clock at 6\.5 seconds, the Cavaliers fouled Green, who subsequently threw the inbound pass to Curry, who pump faked and shot a three\-point attempt over Cavaliers guard [Iman Shumpert](/wiki/Iman_Shumpert "Iman Shumpert"). The attempt missed and was rebounded by [Marreese Speights](/wiki/Marreese_Speights "Marreese Speights") of the Warriors, who then missed an attempted three\-pointer as time expired.
[ "The game\n--------", "{{Infobox basketball game\n\\| game\\_name \\= Game 7 of the 2016 NBA Finals\n\\| visitor \\= '''\\[\\[2015–16 Cleveland Cavaliers season\\|Cleveland Cavaliers]]'''\n\\| home \\= \\[\\[2015–16 Golden State Warriors season\\|Golden State Warriors]]\n\\| visitor\\_total \\= 93\n\\| home\\_total \\= 89\n\\| visitor\\_per1 \\= 23\n\\| visitor\\_per2 \\= 19\n\\| visitor\\_per3 \\= 33\n\\| visitor\\_per4 \\= 18\n\\| home\\_per1 \\= 22\n\\| home\\_per2 \\= 27\n\\| home\\_per3 \\= 27\n\\| home\\_per4 \\= 13\n\\| date \\= June 19, 2016\n\\| officials \\= \\[\\[Danny Crawford]], Mike Callahan, \\[\\[Monty McCutchen]]\n\\| arena \\= \\[\\[Oracle Arena]]\n\\| city \\= \\[\\[Oakland\\|Oakland, California]]\n\\| attendance \\= 19,596\n}}\n{{external media\\|video1\\={{YouTube\\|EoVTttvKfRs\\|Full game broadcast by ESPN on ABC}}}}\nThe first half featured back\\-and\\-forth play from the two teams. Neither team was able to build a large lead like the previous six games. The Warriors built a 7\\-point lead early, but the Cavaliers bounced back to take the lead late in the first quarter. After a second quarter where neither team built a lead larger than 3, Golden State ended the half on an 11–4 run to take a 49–42 lead into the break.", "Five straight points by [Klay Thompson](/wiki/Klay_Thompson \"Klay Thompson\") early in the third quarter gave the Warriors an 8\\-point lead at 54–46\\. Back\\-to\\-back 3\\-point field goals by [shooting guard](/wiki/Shooting_guard \"Shooting guard\") [J.R. Smith](/wiki/J.R._Smith \"J.R. Smith\") and a layup by [Kyrie Irving](/wiki/Kyrie_Irving \"Kyrie Irving\") briefly tied the game at 54\\. Warriors' guard [Stephen Curry](/wiki/Stephen_Curry \"Stephen Curry\") made a layup in transition and a 3\\-pointer on the following possession to give Golden State a 59–54 lead. Cleveland responded with a 14–2 run — including 10 points from Irving — to take a 68–61 lead with 4 minutes left in the quarter. The Warriors then fired back with a 15–7 run to close out the quarter, taking a 76–75 lead into the final 12 minutes.", "Scoring was slow early in the fourth quarter for both teams, but the Cavaliers built an 83–80 lead with 7 minutes left. The Warriors pushed back with a Curry 3, Thompson hitting a jump shot from the left corner, and [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green \"Draymond Green\") converting a put\\-back layup on consecutive possessions to take an 87–83 lead with 5:39 left. LeBron James responded with six straight points, making three consecutive free throws after being fouled on a shot fake, and then connecting on his only 3\\-pointer of the night with 4:53 to play. After Thompson put in a layup off the glass with 4:39 left to tie the game, Golden State and Cleveland began trading missed chances. At this point, the score in the period was just 14–13 in favor of Cleveland. Both teams were tied at 699 points scored apiece in the series.", "### The Block", "With 1:56 to play, Irving released a floater that bounced off the glass and was eventually corralled by Iguodala with the game tied at 89\\.", "Iguodala immediately streaked up the floor as Curry sprinted ahead on the left wing. The only Cavaliers player who appeared to be in position to defend the fast break was Smith, who quickly began back\\-pedaling towards his own basket. James, standing in the corner in front of the Warriors bench, took off after them. Iguodala passed half court, then threw a chest pass to Curry, who immediately gave it back with a bounce pass. Iguodala gathered the ball and took two steps as he powered past Smith toward the hoop before going airborne. Good defense by Smith on the initial layup attempt forced Iguodala to delay the release of his shot by a few tenths of a second, double\\-pumping before softly floating the ball up toward the glass. James, who had been trailing the play the entire length of the floor, sized up the shot and sprung at the ball from behind, knocking the potential layup off the glass with 1:50 left. The ball was then rebounded by Smith, and brought back up the floor. This is cited both as a key sequence in deciding the outcome of the game, and as one of the most clutch defensive plays in NBA history.{{cite news\\|last\\=McMenamin\\|first\\=Dave\\|title\\=When LeBron swooped in and changed the course of Cavs' history\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nba/playoffs/2016/story/\\_/id/16544563/nba\\-finals\\-2016\\-oral\\-history\\-lebron\\-chasedown\\-block\\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|date\\=June 27, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2016}} The Warriors would not score another basket for the remainder of the game.", "### Final game moments", "James and Curry then traded misses, keeping the score level at 89–89\\. Irving then hit a three\\-pointer over Curry with 53 seconds left to give Cleveland the lead. Immediately after Irving's three, the Warriors brought the ball up\\-court, opting not to call a timeout, and although Golden State got a preferred switch and matchup of Curry on [Kevin Love](/wiki/Kevin_Love \"Kevin Love\"), Love made arguably \"the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season\", and forced Curry into a contested 3\\-pointer, which he missed. James would then go for a dunk, but was fouled by [Draymond Green](/wiki/Draymond_Green \"Draymond Green\") in the process. At the free throw line, he clinched the title for the Cavaliers by making one of two free throws. With the clock at 6\\.5 seconds, the Cavaliers fouled Green, who subsequently threw the inbound pass to Curry, who pump faked and shot a three\\-point attempt over Cavaliers guard [Iman Shumpert](/wiki/Iman_Shumpert \"Iman Shumpert\"). The attempt missed and was rebounded by [Marreese Speights](/wiki/Marreese_Speights \"Marreese Speights\") of the Warriors, who then missed an attempted three\\-pointer as time expired.", "" ]
History ------- Leith's first rugby team was formed in 1905 and played at the Quarryholes, this first incarnation was not successful however and disbanded in 1912 because most of the players had emigrated. In 1921, the Leith Academicals Rugby Football Club was formed through a grant from the Leith Academy F.P. (Former Pupils) Association on the condition that members must be former pupils of [Leith Academy](/wiki/Leith_Academy "Leith Academy") and members of the F.P. Association. The new club's first fixture was against the School with the Academy team winning 12–3\. After establishing a regular first team the club moved to play at Hawkhill, Leith which had been its base right up until 1998\. There were, of course, no bar facilities, and changing accommodation was difficult. Players changed in a wooden ex\-army hut which had no lights, no toilets and no water. Washing for all players was at a single cold water tap at an outside stand\-pipe. Annual subscription was seven shillings and sixpence (37\.5p) for full members and half\-a\-crown (12\.5p) for under\-18s. There was a match levy of sixpence (2\.5p). Players had to supply all their own kit and pay traveling expenses. The club gained in strength and in the 1930s was Scotland's outstanding 'Junior Club', emphasised by the inclusion of seven Leith Accies in Junior inter\-city games against Glasgow and the [South](/wiki/South_of_Scotland_rugby_union_team "South of Scotland rugby union team"). Progress beyond this level was not achieved due to lack of attendance by Scottish selectors and so, on one occasion, the seven Leith Accies called off from a representative game and played for the club. Two members, Jack Crawford and J.B.R Adam, were called to the [North British Hotel](/wiki/Balmoral_Hotel "Balmoral Hotel") where they were severely reprimanded and warned that any repetition would lead to the club being banned from all competitions. Despite the lack of selectorial interest the club did gain two international caps through J.A.T. Brown, an outstanding coach and captain: regrettably the caps were for cricket and table\-tennis! For 2007 the President of the Scottish Rugby Union, [George Jack](/wiki/George_Jack_%28rugby_union%29 "George Jack (rugby union)"), was an ex\-player.,George Jack, [http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/07/06/29/george\-jack\-elected\-sru\-president](http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/07/06/29/george-jack-elected-sru-president) A successful 2011–12 season saw the club finish in second place, sadly without promotion due to league reconstruction, but the club were not to be denied and in 2012–13 the league title was secured with 16 wins from 18 matches, 109 tries scored, and with the best defence in all the RBS East leagues. David Robertson top scored with 17 tries, and captain and stand\-off Doug Watters led the points table with 164\. Season 2013–14 saw the club back in East League 2\. Leith finished the 17/18 season in 7th place in East League 2 after a slow start to the campaign. However results improved towards the latter end of the season and the Leithers were able to win their last 5 games in a row. A new coach, Kevin Greenan, formerly of Forrester Rugby Club, has been appointed for season 18/19 as the Leithers hope to improve on last season and fight for promotion. The club plays its home games at Leith Academy School, Academy Park, [Leith](/wiki/Leith "Leith"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland").
[ "History\n-------", "Leith's first rugby team was formed in 1905 and played at the Quarryholes, this first incarnation was not successful however and disbanded in 1912 because most of the players had emigrated.", "In 1921, the Leith Academicals Rugby Football Club was formed through a grant from the Leith Academy F.P. (Former Pupils) Association on the condition that members must be former pupils of [Leith Academy](/wiki/Leith_Academy \"Leith Academy\") and members of the F.P. Association. The new club's first fixture was against the School with the Academy team winning 12–3\\.", "After establishing a regular first team the club moved to play at Hawkhill, Leith which had been its base right up until 1998\\. There were, of course, no bar facilities, and changing accommodation was difficult. Players changed in a wooden ex\\-army hut which had no lights, no toilets and no water. Washing for all players was at a single cold water tap at an outside stand\\-pipe. Annual subscription was seven shillings and sixpence (37\\.5p) for full members and half\\-a\\-crown (12\\.5p) for under\\-18s. There was a match levy of sixpence (2\\.5p). Players had to supply all their own kit and pay traveling expenses.", "The club gained in strength and in the 1930s was Scotland's outstanding 'Junior Club', emphasised by the inclusion of seven Leith Accies in Junior inter\\-city games against Glasgow and the [South](/wiki/South_of_Scotland_rugby_union_team \"South of Scotland rugby union team\"). Progress beyond this level was not achieved due to lack of attendance by Scottish selectors and so, on one occasion, the seven Leith Accies called off from a representative game and played for the club. Two members, Jack Crawford and J.B.R Adam, were called to the [North British Hotel](/wiki/Balmoral_Hotel \"Balmoral Hotel\") where they were severely reprimanded and warned that any repetition would lead to the club being banned from all competitions. Despite the lack of selectorial interest the club did gain two international caps through J.A.T. Brown, an outstanding coach and captain: regrettably the caps were for cricket and table\\-tennis!", "For 2007 the President of the Scottish Rugby Union, [George Jack](/wiki/George_Jack_%28rugby_union%29 \"George Jack (rugby union)\"), was an ex\\-player.,George Jack, [http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/07/06/29/george\\-jack\\-elected\\-sru\\-president](http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/07/06/29/george-jack-elected-sru-president)", "A successful 2011–12 season saw the club finish in second place, sadly without promotion due to league reconstruction, but the club were not to be denied and in 2012–13 the league title was secured with 16 wins from 18 matches, 109 tries scored, and with the best defence in all the RBS East leagues. David Robertson top scored with 17 tries, and captain and stand\\-off Doug Watters led the points table with 164\\. Season 2013–14 saw the club back in East League 2\\.", "Leith finished the 17/18 season in 7th place in East League 2 after a slow start to the campaign. However results improved towards the latter end of the season and the Leithers were able to win their last 5 games in a row.", "A new coach, Kevin Greenan, formerly of Forrester Rugby Club, has been appointed for season 18/19 as the Leithers hope to improve on last season and fight for promotion.", "The club plays its home games at Leith Academy School, Academy Park, [Leith](/wiki/Leith \"Leith\"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\").", "" ]