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Association membership ---------------------- ### League expansion On 4 October 1907, shortly after the end of the season, the [University Football Club](/wiki/Melbourne_University_Football_Club "Melbourne University Football Club") – which had won the Metropolitan Junior Football Association premiership that season{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|date\=9 September 1906\\|title\=Football – Association Matches\\|page\=5\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne\\|author\=Old Boy}} – was admitted to the [Victorian Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Football_League_%281897%E2%80%931989%29 "Victorian Football League (1897–1989)") as a senior club. This brought the size of the League to nine clubs, and the League delegates resolved at the same meeting to admit a tenth team, citing the desire to have an even number of teams to avoid the need for [byes](/wiki/Bye_%28sports%29 "Bye (sports)") in the fixture, as well as some other strategic goals. The League resolved to reconvene on 18 October 1907 to select its tenth team from applications received in the interim.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Football – Victorian Football League\\|date\=5 October 1907\\|page\=17\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} Within the next week, three Association clubs had announced their intention to apply for entry to the League: {{AFL Ric}}, and an amalgamation between {{AFL NM}} and [West Melbourne](/wiki/West_Melbourne_Football_Club "West Melbourne Football Club") – as well as the [Brighton Football Club](/wiki/Brighton_Football_Club "Brighton Football Club"), runners\-up to University in the 1907 MJFA season.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Football – North and West Melbourne combine\\|date\=14 October 1907\\|page\=4\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} Candidates West Melbourne and North Melbourne were considered to be a stronger chance of gaining admission to the League as an amalgamated entity than as separate clubs, but in reality there were other drivers which would likely have seen the clubs merged for 1908 even without the opportunity to join the League. North Melbourne was struggling on the field, and West Melbourne was struggling financially.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Mercury\\|publication\-place\=Hobart, TAS\\|title\=Football\\|date\=12 October 1907\\|page\=9}} Furthermore, after years of sharing the [North Melbourne Recreation Reserve](/wiki/North_Melbourne_Recreation_Reserve "North Melbourne Recreation Reserve") as a home ground, West Melbourne had brokered a deal to play at the [East Melbourne Cricket Ground](/wiki/East_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground "East Melbourne Cricket Ground"), sharing it with the [Essendon (League) Football Club](/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club "Essendon Football Club") in 1907;{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|date\=28 March 1907\\|page\=4\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne\\|title\=Football – Victorian League – Question of Grounds}} but, this deal was cancelled when University entered the League and assumed the co\-tenancy of the ground, leaving West Melbourne homeless once again.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Rival Football Bodies\\|date\=17 October 1907\\|page\=8\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} North Melbourne and West Melbourne did share a strong history of collaboration as a result of proximity and sharing the same ground, and were seen as a natural fit for an amalgamation. Richmond had been one of the Association's strongest and most consistent clubs on and off the field since the turn of the century, and was considered a very strong candidate for the tenth position in the League on those merits. Additionally, there were VFL delegates who sought for the League to strategically dominate Melbourne's inner\-city locations, leaving the outer or suburban locations for the Association, and Richmond's location fit well with this vision. Another club strongly rumoured to have been considering applying to join the League was the defending premiers [Williamstown](/wiki/Williamstown_Football_Club "Williamstown Football Club"). Commentators thought Williamstown to be a strong candidate on its footballing merits, but that its remote location compared with the other inner\-city teams was likely to limit its chances. Williamstown did not submit an application to the League, although whether it considered doing so is unknown. Outcome On 18 October 1907, the League formally accepted Richmond into its senior ranks from the 1908 season, and rejected the joint North Melbourne/West Melbourne application.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Football League – the tenth club\\|date\=19 October 1907\\|page\=19\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} ### Association response The Association reacted angrily to the League's actions, and to the clubs which attempted to defect. There was a feeling amongst many Association delegates that the League, by enticing its best senior clubs to defect and leaving a two\-week opportunity for clubs to publicly fight for that position, was deliberately attempting to weaken and destabilise the Association just as it was building strength and popularity, to control a larger part of the money available in the game; and indeed, the popularity of the Association had been building in the previous few years, and in 1907 was the highest it had been since the original breakaway of the League in 1897\. Because of this, clubs which attempted to defect were seen by many in the Association as deeply disloyal – particularly {{AFL Ric}} and {{AFL NM}}, who had themselves been through the suffering caused by the breakaway of the League in 1897\. The Association discussed and ultimately carried a motion that any clubs which attempted to defect to the League would not be welcomed back to the Association. This left the unsuccessful applicants, {{AFL NM}} and [West Melbourne](/wiki/West_Melbourne_Football_Club "West Melbourne Football Club"), without a senior competition for 1908\. ### Association expansion Left with seven clubs, the Association looked to increase its numbers, and welcomed two of the strongest junior clubs in the city into its senior ranks: the [Brighton Football Club](/wiki/Brighton_Football_Club "Brighton Football Club") from the Metropolitan Junior Football Association,{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Football Grounds – the Premier takes a hand\\|date\=9 April 1908\\|page\=7\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} and the [Northcote Football Club](/wiki/Northcote_Football_Club "Northcote Football Club") from the [Victorian Junior Football Association](/wiki/Victorian_Junior_Football_Association "Victorian Junior Football Association").{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Victorian Junior Association\\|date\=14 March 1908\\|page\=17\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} This put the size of the Association at nine teams, and a fixture for the season was released in March 1908\.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Victorian Association\\|date\=26 March 1908\\|page\=7\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} ### Re\-admission of North Melbourne Still without a senior competition in February 1908, North Melbourne and West Melbourne re\-applied to join the League as an eleventh team, as a merged entity which would be known as the City Football Club, and would play its matches in North Melbourne,{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Victorian Football League – Alteration of Rules\\|date\=22 February 1908\\|page\=16\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} but they were again rejected. In March, they re\-applied for the Association, but were again rejected for their disloyalty. At the end of March, both clubs were formally defunct.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=North Melbourne club\\|date\=4 April 1908\\|page\=15\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} Less than a week later, a new group of stakeholders from the town of North Melbourne set about reforming the club. At a public meeting on 15 April, the new North Melbourne Football Club was formed,{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Football – New North Melbourne club\\|date\=16 April 1908\\|page\=4\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} and on 16 April it applied to join the Association. The Association accepted the application, after adding the condition that no person who served on the former committees of North Melbourne or West Melbourne could serve on the new committee, and accepting the assurances of the new committee that it was loyal to the Association.{{cite news\\|newspaper\=The Argus\\|title\=Football – the Victorian Association\\|date\=18 April 1908\\|page\=6\\|publication\-place\=Melbourne}} The reformed club is historically viewed as a continuation of the previous North Melbourne club. The new club adopted blue and white halves with a red sash as its guernsey, borrowing colours from both North Melbourne (blue and white) and West Melbourne (red and white). With its re\-admission occurring two weeks before the start of the season, North Melbourne was accommodated by playing its match each week against whichever team was scheduled for a bye.	[ "Association membership\n----------------------", "### League expansion", "On 4 October 1907, shortly after the end of the season, the [University Football Club](/wiki/Melbourne_University_Football_Club \"Melbourne University Football Club\") – which had won the Metropolitan Junior Football Association premiership that season{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|date\\=9 September 1906\\\|title\\=Football – Association Matches\\\|page\\=5\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne\\\|author\\=Old Boy}} – was admitted to the [Victorian Football League](/wiki/Victorian_Football_League_%281897%E2%80%931989%29 \"Victorian Football League (1897–1989)\") as a senior club. This brought the size of the League to nine clubs, and the League delegates resolved at the same meeting to admit a tenth team, citing the desire to have an even number of teams to avoid the need for [byes](/wiki/Bye_%28sports%29 \"Bye (sports)\") in the fixture, as well as some other strategic goals. The League resolved to reconvene on 18 October 1907 to select its tenth team from applications received in the interim.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Football – Victorian Football League\\\|date\\=5 October 1907\\\|page\\=17\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}} Within the next week, three Association clubs had announced their intention to apply for entry to the League: {{AFL Ric}}, and an amalgamation between {{AFL NM}} and [West Melbourne](/wiki/West_Melbourne_Football_Club \"West Melbourne Football Club\") – as well as the [Brighton Football Club](/wiki/Brighton_Football_Club \"Brighton Football Club\"), runners\\-up to University in the 1907 MJFA season.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Football – North and West Melbourne combine\\\|date\\=14 October 1907\\\|page\\=4\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}}", "Candidates\nWest Melbourne and North Melbourne were considered to be a stronger chance of gaining admission to the League as an amalgamated entity than as separate clubs, but in reality there were other drivers which would likely have seen the clubs merged for 1908 even without the opportunity to join the League. North Melbourne was struggling on the field, and West Melbourne was struggling financially.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Mercury\\\|publication\\-place\\=Hobart, TAS\\\|title\\=Football\\\|date\\=12 October 1907\\\|page\\=9}} Furthermore, after years of sharing the [North Melbourne Recreation Reserve](/wiki/North_Melbourne_Recreation_Reserve \"North Melbourne Recreation Reserve\") as a home ground, West Melbourne had brokered a deal to play at the [East Melbourne Cricket Ground](/wiki/East_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground \"East Melbourne Cricket Ground\"), sharing it with the [Essendon (League) Football Club](/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club \"Essendon Football Club\") in 1907;{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|date\\=28 March 1907\\\|page\\=4\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne\\\|title\\=Football – Victorian League – Question of Grounds}} but, this deal was cancelled when University entered the League and assumed the co\\-tenancy of the ground, leaving West Melbourne homeless once again.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Rival Football Bodies\\\|date\\=17 October 1907\\\|page\\=8\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}} North Melbourne and West Melbourne did share a strong history of collaboration as a result of proximity and sharing the same ground, and were seen as a natural fit for an amalgamation.\nRichmond had been one of the Association's strongest and most consistent clubs on and off the field since the turn of the century, and was considered a very strong candidate for the tenth position in the League on those merits. Additionally, there were VFL delegates who sought for the League to strategically dominate Melbourne's inner\\-city locations, leaving the outer or suburban locations for the Association, and Richmond's location fit well with this vision.", "Another club strongly rumoured to have been considering applying to join the League was the defending premiers [Williamstown](/wiki/Williamstown_Football_Club \"Williamstown Football Club\"). Commentators thought Williamstown to be a strong candidate on its footballing merits, but that its remote location compared with the other inner\\-city teams was likely to limit its chances. Williamstown did not submit an application to the League, although whether it considered doing so is unknown.", "Outcome\nOn 18 October 1907, the League formally accepted Richmond into its senior ranks from the 1908 season, and rejected the joint North Melbourne/West Melbourne application.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Football League – the tenth club\\\|date\\=19 October 1907\\\|page\\=19\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}}\n### Association response", "The Association reacted angrily to the League's actions, and to the clubs which attempted to defect. There was a feeling amongst many Association delegates that the League, by enticing its best senior clubs to defect and leaving a two\\-week opportunity for clubs to publicly fight for that position, was deliberately attempting to weaken and destabilise the Association just as it was building strength and popularity, to control a larger part of the money available in the game; and indeed, the popularity of the Association had been building in the previous few years, and in 1907 was the highest it had been since the original breakaway of the League in 1897\\.", "Because of this, clubs which attempted to defect were seen by many in the Association as deeply disloyal – particularly {{AFL Ric}} and {{AFL NM}}, who had themselves been through the suffering caused by the breakaway of the League in 1897\\. The Association discussed and ultimately carried a motion that any clubs which attempted to defect to the League would not be welcomed back to the Association. This left the unsuccessful applicants, {{AFL NM}} and [West Melbourne](/wiki/West_Melbourne_Football_Club \"West Melbourne Football Club\"), without a senior competition for 1908\\.", "### Association expansion", "Left with seven clubs, the Association looked to increase its numbers, and welcomed two of the strongest junior clubs in the city into its senior ranks: the [Brighton Football Club](/wiki/Brighton_Football_Club \"Brighton Football Club\") from the Metropolitan Junior Football Association,{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Football Grounds – the Premier takes a hand\\\|date\\=9 April 1908\\\|page\\=7\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}} and the [Northcote Football Club](/wiki/Northcote_Football_Club \"Northcote Football Club\") from the [Victorian Junior Football Association](/wiki/Victorian_Junior_Football_Association \"Victorian Junior Football Association\").{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Victorian Junior Association\\\|date\\=14 March 1908\\\|page\\=17\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}} This put the size of the Association at nine teams, and a fixture for the season was released in March 1908\\.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Victorian Association\\\|date\\=26 March 1908\\\|page\\=7\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}}", "### Re\\-admission of North Melbourne", "Still without a senior competition in February 1908, North Melbourne and West Melbourne re\\-applied to join the League as an eleventh team, as a merged entity which would be known as the City Football Club, and would play its matches in North Melbourne,{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Victorian Football League – Alteration of Rules\\\|date\\=22 February 1908\\\|page\\=16\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}} but they were again rejected. In March, they re\\-applied for the Association, but were again rejected for their disloyalty. At the end of March, both clubs were formally defunct.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=North Melbourne club\\\|date\\=4 April 1908\\\|page\\=15\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}}", "Less than a week later, a new group of stakeholders from the town of North Melbourne set about reforming the club. At a public meeting on 15 April, the new North Melbourne Football Club was formed,{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Football – New North Melbourne club\\\|date\\=16 April 1908\\\|page\\=4\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}} and on 16 April it applied to join the Association. The Association accepted the application, after adding the condition that no person who served on the former committees of North Melbourne or West Melbourne could serve on the new committee, and accepting the assurances of the new committee that it was loyal to the Association.{{cite news\\\|newspaper\\=The Argus\\\|title\\=Football – the Victorian Association\\\|date\\=18 April 1908\\\|page\\=6\\\|publication\\-place\\=Melbourne}}", "The reformed club is historically viewed as a continuation of the previous North Melbourne club. The new club adopted blue and white halves with a red sash as its guernsey, borrowing colours from both North Melbourne (blue and white) and West Melbourne (red and white). With its re\\-admission occurring two weeks before the start of the season, North Melbourne was accommodated by playing its match each week against whichever team was scheduled for a bye.", "" ]
Road to independence -------------------- {{Main article\\|Singing Revolution}} ### Soviet reforms The [Era of Stagnation](/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation "Era of Stagnation") brought about the crisis of the Soviet system and reforms could no longer be ignored or delayed.{{Citation needed\\|date\=June 2023}} The new Soviet leader [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") came to power in 1985 and responded with [glasnost](/wiki/Glasnost "Glasnost") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika "Perestroika").{{Citation needed\\|date\=June 2023}} There were attempts{{which\\|date\=June 2023}} to reform the Soviet system from above to avoid revolution from below. The reforms failed to take into account that the USSR was held together by military force which repressed all forms of nationalism. The freedoms of Glasnost released long\-held feelings of nationalism in the Baltic republics, in a development known as the [Singing Revolution](/wiki/Singing_Revolution "Singing Revolution").[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 147\. The first major demonstrations against the system were in [Riga](/wiki/Riga "Riga") in November 1986 and the following spring in [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn "Tallinn"). Small successful protests encouraged key individuals and by the end of 1988 the reform wing had gained a decisive position in the Baltic republics.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 149\. At the same time, coalitions of reformists and populist [forces assembled in Popular Fronts](/wiki/Singing_Revolution "Singing Revolution"). They concentrated largely on calls for [autonomy](/wiki/Autonomy "Autonomy") rather than independence.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 150\. The [Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Estonian_SSR "Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR") made the [Estonian language](/wiki/Estonian_language "Estonian language") the [state language](/wiki/State_language "State language") again in January 1989, and similar legislation was passed in Latvia and Lithuania soon after. Next, the Baltic republics declared their sovereignty: in November 1988 in Estonia, in May 1989 in Lithuania and July 1989 in Latvia.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 151\. The Estonian Supreme Soviet reserved the right to veto laws of the [Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union "Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union"). The [Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Lithuanian_SSR "Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR") even referred to Lithuania's independent past and its illegal annexation into the Soviet Union in 1940\. The [Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic") was more cautious. The presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union condemned the Estonian legislation as "[unconstitutional](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Constitution of the Soviet Union")".[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 152\. [thumb\\|The head of the KGB in Lithuania [Eduardas Eismuntas](/wiki/Eduardas_Eismuntas "Eduardas Eismuntas") (centre, wearing cap) argues with Lithuanian protesters, January 1990](/wiki/File:1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg "1990 01 12 GorbačiovasŠiauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg") The first Supreme Soviet elections took place in March 1989\. There was still only one legal communist party, but the availability of multi\-candidate choice encouraged the popular fronts and other groups to spread their electoral message. The Communist Party in all three Baltic republics was divided along nationalist lines, and political leaders were increasingly responding to people rather than the party. The biggest demonstration was the [Baltic Way](/wiki/Baltic_Way "Baltic Way") in August 1989, where people protested on the fiftieth anniversary of the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact") by a human chain linking hands across the three republics.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 154\. Still, by 1990, there were not yet calls for political independence but demands for economic independence from Moscow.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 153\. ### Restorations of independence [thumb\\|Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against a Soviet tank during the [January Events](/wiki/January_Events "January Events").](/wiki/File:Unarmed_Lithuanian_citizen_standing_against_Soviet_tank%2C_Vilnius%2C_January_13%2C_1991.jpg "Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against Soviet tank, Vilnius, January 13, 1991.jpg") In February 1990, the [Lithuanian Supreme Soviet elections](/wiki/1990_Lithuanian_parliamentary_election "1990 Lithuanian parliamentary election") led to the independence [Sąjūdis](/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis "Sąjūdis")\-backed nationalists achieving a two\-thirds majority. On 11 March 1990, the [Lithuanian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Lithuanian_SSR "Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR") [declared Lithuania's independence](/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania "Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania"). As a result, the Soviets [imposed a blockade](/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania "Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania") on 17 April.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 163\. Latvia and Estonia, with large Russian minorities, lagged behind.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 158\. At the same time, the Popular Fronts were in increasing the pressure in [Latvia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia "Popular Front of Latvia") and [Estonia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia "Popular Front of Estonia"), as the citizens committee movement prepared for wholly non\-Soviet elections to take place at or near the time of the Supreme Soviet elections. They saw that independence could never be restored legally by organs of the occupying powers.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 159\. The pro\-independence candidates received overwhelming majorities in the Supreme Soviet elections of March 1990\.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 160\. On 30 March 1990, the Estonian Supreme Soviet declared independence. In particular, it declared the 1940 annexation illegal and began the transition towards an independent Republic of Estonia. On 4 May 1990, the [Latvian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic") made a similar declaration.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 162\. On 12 May 1990, the leaders of the Baltic republics signed a joint declaration renewing the [Baltic Entente](/wiki/Baltic_Entente "Baltic Entente") of 1934\.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 165\. By mid\-June, after unsuccessful [economic blockade of Lithuania](/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania "Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania"), the Soviets started negotiations with Lithuania and the other two Baltic republics on condition they agreed to freeze their declarations of independence. The Soviets had a bigger challenge elsewhere, in the form of the Russian Federal Republic [proclaiming sovereignty](/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic "Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic") in June.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 164\. Simultaneously the Baltic republics also started to negotiate directly with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). In Autumn 1990, they set up a [customs border](/wiki/Customs_border "Customs border") between the Baltic states, the RSFSR and the [Byelorussian SSR](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus").[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 181\. After the failed negotiations the Soviets made a dramatic attempt to break the deadlock and sent troops to [Lithuania](/wiki/January_Events_%28Lithuania%29 "January Events (Lithuania)") and [Latvia](/wiki/January_1991_events_in_Latvia "January 1991 events in Latvia") in January 1991\. The attempts failed, dozens of civilians were killed, and the Soviet troops decided to retreat.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 187\. In August 1991, the hard\-line members of the Soviet government [attempted to take control](/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt "1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt") of the Soviet Union. One day after the coup on 21 August, the Estonians proclaimed independence. Shortly afterwards Soviet paratroops seized the [Tallinn television tower](/wiki/Tallinn_TV_Tower "Tallinn TV Tower"). The [Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_SSR "Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR") made a similar declaration the same day. The coup failed but the [collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281985%E2%80%931991%29 "Collapse of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)") became unavoidable. On 28 August, the [European Community](/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") welcomed the restoration of the sovereignty and independence of the Baltic states.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 189\. The Soviet Union recognised the Baltic independence on 6 September 1991\. The Russian troops stayed for an additional three years, as [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin "Boris Yeltsin") linked the issue of Russian minorities with troop withdrawals. Lithuania was the first to have the Russian troops withdrawn from its territory in August 1993\. On 26 July 1994 Russian troops withdrew from Estonia and on 31 August 1994, Russian troops withdrew from Latvia.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 191\. The Russian Federation ended its military presence in Estonia after it relinquished control of the nuclear facilities in [Paldiski](/wiki/Paldiski "Paldiski") on 26 September 1995 and in Latvia after [Skrunda\-1](/wiki/Skrunda-1 "Skrunda-1") suspended operations on 31 August 1998 and subsequently dismantled. The last Russian soldier left Skrunda\-1 in October 1999, thus marking a symbolic end to the Russian military presence on the soil of the Baltic countries.[The Weekly Crier (1999/10\)](http://www.balticsworldwide.com/the-weekly-crier-199910/) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601180901/http://www.balticsworldwide.com/the\-weekly\-crier\-199910/ \\|date\=2013\-06\-01 }} Baltics Worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.am.gov.lv/en/copenhagen/news/latvian\-news/template/?pg\=1562 \\|title\=Latvia takes over the territory of the Skrunda Radar Station \\|date\=21 October 1999 \\|publisher\=Embassy of the Republic of Latvia in Copenhagen \\|access\-date\=15 June 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195807/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/copenhagen/news/latvian\-news/template/?pg\=1562 \\|archive\-date\=29 February 2012 }}	[ "Road to independence\n--------------------", "{{Main article\\\|Singing Revolution}}\n### Soviet reforms", "The [Era of Stagnation](/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation \"Era of Stagnation\") brought about the crisis of the Soviet system and reforms could no longer be ignored or delayed.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=June 2023}} The new Soviet leader [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev \"Mikhail Gorbachev\") came to power in 1985 and responded with [glasnost](/wiki/Glasnost \"Glasnost\") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika \"Perestroika\").{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=June 2023}} There were attempts{{which\\\|date\\=June 2023}} to reform the Soviet system from above to avoid revolution from below. The reforms failed to take into account that the USSR was held together by military force which repressed all forms of nationalism. The freedoms of Glasnost released long\\-held feelings of nationalism in the Baltic republics, in a development known as the [Singing Revolution](/wiki/Singing_Revolution \"Singing Revolution\").[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 147\\. The first major demonstrations against the system were in [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\") in November 1986 and the following spring in [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn \"Tallinn\"). Small successful protests encouraged key individuals and by the end of 1988 the reform wing had gained a decisive position in the Baltic republics.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 149\\.", "At the same time, coalitions of reformists and populist [forces assembled in Popular Fronts](/wiki/Singing_Revolution \"Singing Revolution\"). They concentrated largely on calls for [autonomy](/wiki/Autonomy \"Autonomy\") rather than independence.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 150\\. The [Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Estonian_SSR \"Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR\") made the [Estonian language](/wiki/Estonian_language \"Estonian language\") the [state language](/wiki/State_language \"State language\") again in January 1989, and similar legislation was passed in Latvia and Lithuania soon after. Next, the Baltic republics declared their sovereignty: in November 1988 in Estonia, in May 1989 in Lithuania and July 1989 in Latvia.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 151\\. The Estonian Supreme Soviet reserved the right to veto laws of the [Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union\"). The [Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Lithuanian_SSR \"Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR\") even referred to Lithuania's independent past and its illegal annexation into the Soviet Union in 1940\\. The [Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic\") was more cautious. The presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union condemned the Estonian legislation as \"[unconstitutional](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Constitution of the Soviet Union\")\".[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 152\\.", "[thumb\\\|The head of the KGB in Lithuania [Eduardas Eismuntas](/wiki/Eduardas_Eismuntas \"Eduardas Eismuntas\") (centre, wearing cap) argues with Lithuanian protesters, January 1990](/wiki/File:1990_01_12_Gorba%C4%8Diovas%C5%A0iauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg \"1990 01 12 GorbačiovasŠiauliuose19Eigirdas.jpg\")\nThe first Supreme Soviet elections took place in March 1989\\. There was still only one legal communist party, but the availability of multi\\-candidate choice encouraged the popular fronts and other groups to spread their electoral message. The Communist Party in all three Baltic republics was divided along nationalist lines, and political leaders were increasingly responding to people rather than the party. The biggest demonstration was the [Baltic Way](/wiki/Baltic_Way \"Baltic Way\") in August 1989, where people protested on the fiftieth anniversary of the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact \"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact\") by a human chain linking hands across the three republics.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 154\\. Still, by 1990, there were not yet calls for political independence but demands for economic independence from Moscow.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 153\\.", "### Restorations of independence", "[thumb\\\|Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against a Soviet tank during the [January Events](/wiki/January_Events \"January Events\").](/wiki/File:Unarmed_Lithuanian_citizen_standing_against_Soviet_tank%2C_Vilnius%2C_January_13%2C_1991.jpg \"Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against Soviet tank, Vilnius, January 13, 1991.jpg\")\nIn February 1990, the [Lithuanian Supreme Soviet elections](/wiki/1990_Lithuanian_parliamentary_election \"1990 Lithuanian parliamentary election\") led to the independence\n[Sąjūdis](/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis \"Sąjūdis\")\\-backed nationalists achieving a two\\-thirds majority. On 11 March 1990, the [Lithuanian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Lithuanian_SSR \"Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR\") [declared Lithuania's independence](/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania \"Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania\"). As a result, the Soviets [imposed a blockade](/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania \"Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania\") on 17 April.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 163\\. Latvia and Estonia, with large Russian minorities, lagged behind.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 158\\.", "At the same time, the Popular Fronts were in increasing the pressure in [Latvia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia \"Popular Front of Latvia\") and [Estonia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia \"Popular Front of Estonia\"), as the citizens committee movement prepared for wholly non\\-Soviet elections to take place at or near the time of the Supreme Soviet elections. They saw that independence could never be restored legally by organs of the occupying powers.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 159\\. The pro\\-independence candidates received overwhelming majorities in the Supreme Soviet elections of March 1990\\.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 160\\. On 30 March 1990, the Estonian Supreme Soviet declared independence. In particular, it declared the 1940 annexation illegal and began the transition towards an independent Republic of Estonia. On 4 May 1990, the [Latvian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic\") made a similar declaration.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 162\\.", "On 12 May 1990, the leaders of the Baltic republics signed a joint declaration renewing the [Baltic Entente](/wiki/Baltic_Entente \"Baltic Entente\") of 1934\\.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 165\\. By mid\\-June, after unsuccessful [economic blockade of Lithuania](/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania \"Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania\"), the Soviets started negotiations with Lithuania and the other two Baltic republics on condition they agreed to freeze their declarations of independence. The Soviets had a bigger challenge elsewhere, in the form of the Russian Federal Republic [proclaiming sovereignty](/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic \"Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\") in June.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 164\\.", "Simultaneously the Baltic republics also started to negotiate directly with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). In Autumn 1990, they set up a [customs border](/wiki/Customs_border \"Customs border\") between the Baltic states, the RSFSR and the [Byelorussian SSR](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\").[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 181\\. After the failed negotiations the Soviets made a dramatic attempt to break the deadlock and sent troops to [Lithuania](/wiki/January_Events_%28Lithuania%29 \"January Events (Lithuania)\") and [Latvia](/wiki/January_1991_events_in_Latvia \"January 1991 events in Latvia\") in January 1991\\. The attempts failed, dozens of civilians were killed, and the Soviet troops decided to retreat.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 187\\.", "In August 1991, the hard\\-line members of the Soviet government [attempted to take control](/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt \"1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt\") of the Soviet Union. One day after the coup on 21 August, the Estonians proclaimed independence. Shortly afterwards Soviet paratroops seized the [Tallinn television tower](/wiki/Tallinn_TV_Tower \"Tallinn TV Tower\"). The [Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_SSR \"Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR\") made a similar declaration the same day. The coup failed but the [collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281985%E2%80%931991%29 \"Collapse of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)\") became unavoidable. On 28 August, the [European Community](/wiki/European_Communities \"European Communities\") welcomed the restoration of the sovereignty and independence of the Baltic states.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 189\\.", "The Soviet Union recognised the Baltic independence on 6 September 1991\\. The Russian troops stayed for an additional three years, as [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\") linked the issue of Russian minorities with troop withdrawals. Lithuania was the first to have the Russian troops withdrawn from its territory in August 1993\\. On 26 July 1994 Russian troops withdrew from Estonia and on 31 August 1994, Russian troops withdrew from Latvia.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 191\\.", "The Russian Federation ended its military presence in Estonia after it relinquished control of the nuclear facilities in [Paldiski](/wiki/Paldiski \"Paldiski\") on 26 September 1995 and in Latvia after [Skrunda\\-1](/wiki/Skrunda-1 \"Skrunda-1\") suspended operations on 31 August 1998 and subsequently dismantled. The last Russian soldier left Skrunda\\-1 in October 1999, thus marking a symbolic end to the Russian military presence on the soil of the Baltic countries.[The Weekly Crier (1999/10\\)](http://www.balticsworldwide.com/the-weekly-crier-199910/) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601180901/http://www.balticsworldwide.com/the\\-weekly\\-crier\\-199910/ \\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-01 }} Baltics Worldwide.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.am.gov.lv/en/copenhagen/news/latvian\\-news/template/?pg\\=1562 \\\|title\\=Latvia takes over the territory of the Skrunda Radar Station \\\|date\\=21 October 1999 \\\|publisher\\=Embassy of the Republic of Latvia in Copenhagen \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195807/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/copenhagen/news/latvian\\-news/template/?pg\\=1562 \\\|archive\\-date\\=29 February 2012 }}", "" ]
### Restorations of independence [thumb\\|Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against a Soviet tank during the [January Events](/wiki/January_Events "January Events").](/wiki/File:Unarmed_Lithuanian_citizen_standing_against_Soviet_tank%2C_Vilnius%2C_January_13%2C_1991.jpg "Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against Soviet tank, Vilnius, January 13, 1991.jpg") In February 1990, the [Lithuanian Supreme Soviet elections](/wiki/1990_Lithuanian_parliamentary_election "1990 Lithuanian parliamentary election") led to the independence [Sąjūdis](/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis "Sąjūdis")\-backed nationalists achieving a two\-thirds majority. On 11 March 1990, the [Lithuanian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Lithuanian_SSR "Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR") [declared Lithuania's independence](/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania "Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania"). As a result, the Soviets [imposed a blockade](/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania "Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania") on 17 April.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 163\. Latvia and Estonia, with large Russian minorities, lagged behind.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 158\. At the same time, the Popular Fronts were in increasing the pressure in [Latvia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia "Popular Front of Latvia") and [Estonia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia "Popular Front of Estonia"), as the citizens committee movement prepared for wholly non\-Soviet elections to take place at or near the time of the Supreme Soviet elections. They saw that independence could never be restored legally by organs of the occupying powers.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 159\. The pro\-independence candidates received overwhelming majorities in the Supreme Soviet elections of March 1990\.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 160\. On 30 March 1990, the Estonian Supreme Soviet declared independence. In particular, it declared the 1940 annexation illegal and began the transition towards an independent Republic of Estonia. On 4 May 1990, the [Latvian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic") made a similar declaration.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 162\. On 12 May 1990, the leaders of the Baltic republics signed a joint declaration renewing the [Baltic Entente](/wiki/Baltic_Entente "Baltic Entente") of 1934\.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 165\. By mid\-June, after unsuccessful [economic blockade of Lithuania](/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania "Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania"), the Soviets started negotiations with Lithuania and the other two Baltic republics on condition they agreed to freeze their declarations of independence. The Soviets had a bigger challenge elsewhere, in the form of the Russian Federal Republic [proclaiming sovereignty](/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic "Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic") in June.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 164\. Simultaneously the Baltic republics also started to negotiate directly with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). In Autumn 1990, they set up a [customs border](/wiki/Customs_border "Customs border") between the Baltic states, the RSFSR and the [Byelorussian SSR](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus").[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 181\. After the failed negotiations the Soviets made a dramatic attempt to break the deadlock and sent troops to [Lithuania](/wiki/January_Events_%28Lithuania%29 "January Events (Lithuania)") and [Latvia](/wiki/January_1991_events_in_Latvia "January 1991 events in Latvia") in January 1991\. The attempts failed, dozens of civilians were killed, and the Soviet troops decided to retreat.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 187\. In August 1991, the hard\-line members of the Soviet government [attempted to take control](/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt "1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt") of the Soviet Union. One day after the coup on 21 August, the Estonians proclaimed independence. Shortly afterwards Soviet paratroops seized the [Tallinn television tower](/wiki/Tallinn_TV_Tower "Tallinn TV Tower"). The [Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_SSR "Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR") made a similar declaration the same day. The coup failed but the [collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281985%E2%80%931991%29 "Collapse of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)") became unavoidable. On 28 August, the [European Community](/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") welcomed the restoration of the sovereignty and independence of the Baltic states.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 189\. The Soviet Union recognised the Baltic independence on 6 September 1991\. The Russian troops stayed for an additional three years, as [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin "Boris Yeltsin") linked the issue of Russian minorities with troop withdrawals. Lithuania was the first to have the Russian troops withdrawn from its territory in August 1993\. On 26 July 1994 Russian troops withdrew from Estonia and on 31 August 1994, Russian troops withdrew from Latvia.[Hiden \& Salmon (1994\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 "#HidenSalmon1994"). p. 191\. The Russian Federation ended its military presence in Estonia after it relinquished control of the nuclear facilities in [Paldiski](/wiki/Paldiski "Paldiski") on 26 September 1995 and in Latvia after [Skrunda\-1](/wiki/Skrunda-1 "Skrunda-1") suspended operations on 31 August 1998 and subsequently dismantled. The last Russian soldier left Skrunda\-1 in October 1999, thus marking a symbolic end to the Russian military presence on the soil of the Baltic countries.[The Weekly Crier (1999/10\)](http://www.balticsworldwide.com/the-weekly-crier-199910/) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601180901/http://www.balticsworldwide.com/the\-weekly\-crier\-199910/ \\|date\=2013\-06\-01 }} Baltics Worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.am.gov.lv/en/copenhagen/news/latvian\-news/template/?pg\=1562 \\|title\=Latvia takes over the territory of the Skrunda Radar Station \\|date\=21 October 1999 \\|publisher\=Embassy of the Republic of Latvia in Copenhagen \\|access\-date\=15 June 2013 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195807/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/copenhagen/news/latvian\-news/template/?pg\=1562 \\|archive\-date\=29 February 2012 }}	[ "### Restorations of independence", "[thumb\\\|Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against a Soviet tank during the [January Events](/wiki/January_Events \"January Events\").](/wiki/File:Unarmed_Lithuanian_citizen_standing_against_Soviet_tank%2C_Vilnius%2C_January_13%2C_1991.jpg \"Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against Soviet tank, Vilnius, January 13, 1991.jpg\")\nIn February 1990, the [Lithuanian Supreme Soviet elections](/wiki/1990_Lithuanian_parliamentary_election \"1990 Lithuanian parliamentary election\") led to the independence\n[Sąjūdis](/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis \"Sąjūdis\")\\-backed nationalists achieving a two\\-thirds majority. On 11 March 1990, the [Lithuanian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Lithuanian_SSR \"Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR\") [declared Lithuania's independence](/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania \"Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania\"). As a result, the Soviets [imposed a blockade](/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania \"Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania\") on 17 April.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 163\\. Latvia and Estonia, with large Russian minorities, lagged behind.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 158\\.", "At the same time, the Popular Fronts were in increasing the pressure in [Latvia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia \"Popular Front of Latvia\") and [Estonia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia \"Popular Front of Estonia\"), as the citizens committee movement prepared for wholly non\\-Soviet elections to take place at or near the time of the Supreme Soviet elections. They saw that independence could never be restored legally by organs of the occupying powers.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 159\\. The pro\\-independence candidates received overwhelming majorities in the Supreme Soviet elections of March 1990\\.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 160\\. On 30 March 1990, the Estonian Supreme Soviet declared independence. In particular, it declared the 1940 annexation illegal and began the transition towards an independent Republic of Estonia. On 4 May 1990, the [Latvian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic\") made a similar declaration.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 162\\.", "On 12 May 1990, the leaders of the Baltic republics signed a joint declaration renewing the [Baltic Entente](/wiki/Baltic_Entente \"Baltic Entente\") of 1934\\.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 165\\. By mid\\-June, after unsuccessful [economic blockade of Lithuania](/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania \"Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania\"), the Soviets started negotiations with Lithuania and the other two Baltic republics on condition they agreed to freeze their declarations of independence. The Soviets had a bigger challenge elsewhere, in the form of the Russian Federal Republic [proclaiming sovereignty](/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic \"Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\") in June.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 164\\.", "Simultaneously the Baltic republics also started to negotiate directly with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). In Autumn 1990, they set up a [customs border](/wiki/Customs_border \"Customs border\") between the Baltic states, the RSFSR and the [Byelorussian SSR](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\").[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 181\\. After the failed negotiations the Soviets made a dramatic attempt to break the deadlock and sent troops to [Lithuania](/wiki/January_Events_%28Lithuania%29 \"January Events (Lithuania)\") and [Latvia](/wiki/January_1991_events_in_Latvia \"January 1991 events in Latvia\") in January 1991\\. The attempts failed, dozens of civilians were killed, and the Soviet troops decided to retreat.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 187\\.", "In August 1991, the hard\\-line members of the Soviet government [attempted to take control](/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt \"1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt\") of the Soviet Union. One day after the coup on 21 August, the Estonians proclaimed independence. Shortly afterwards Soviet paratroops seized the [Tallinn television tower](/wiki/Tallinn_TV_Tower \"Tallinn TV Tower\"). The [Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Latvian_SSR \"Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR\") made a similar declaration the same day. The coup failed but the [collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281985%E2%80%931991%29 \"Collapse of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)\") became unavoidable. On 28 August, the [European Community](/wiki/European_Communities \"European Communities\") welcomed the restoration of the sovereignty and independence of the Baltic states.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 189\\.", "The Soviet Union recognised the Baltic independence on 6 September 1991\\. The Russian troops stayed for an additional three years, as [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\") linked the issue of Russian minorities with troop withdrawals. Lithuania was the first to have the Russian troops withdrawn from its territory in August 1993\\. On 26 July 1994 Russian troops withdrew from Estonia and on 31 August 1994, Russian troops withdrew from Latvia.[Hiden \\& Salmon (1994\\)](/wiki/%23HidenSalmon1994 \"#HidenSalmon1994\"). p. 191\\.", "The Russian Federation ended its military presence in Estonia after it relinquished control of the nuclear facilities in [Paldiski](/wiki/Paldiski \"Paldiski\") on 26 September 1995 and in Latvia after [Skrunda\\-1](/wiki/Skrunda-1 \"Skrunda-1\") suspended operations on 31 August 1998 and subsequently dismantled. The last Russian soldier left Skrunda\\-1 in October 1999, thus marking a symbolic end to the Russian military presence on the soil of the Baltic countries.[The Weekly Crier (1999/10\\)](http://www.balticsworldwide.com/the-weekly-crier-199910/) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601180901/http://www.balticsworldwide.com/the\\-weekly\\-crier\\-199910/ \\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-01 }} Baltics Worldwide.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.am.gov.lv/en/copenhagen/news/latvian\\-news/template/?pg\\=1562 \\\|title\\=Latvia takes over the territory of the Skrunda Radar Station \\\|date\\=21 October 1999 \\\|publisher\\=Embassy of the Republic of Latvia in Copenhagen \\\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2013 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195807/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/copenhagen/news/latvian\\-news/template/?pg\\=1562 \\\|archive\\-date\\=29 February 2012 }}", "" ]
History ------- ### Background Before the introduction of the [bulletin board system](/wiki/Bulletin_board_system "Bulletin board system") (BBS), modems typically operated on direct\-dial [telephone lines](/wiki/Telephone_line "Telephone line") that began and ended with a known modem at each end. The modems operated in either "originate" or "answer" modes, manually switching between two sets of frequencies for data transfer. Generally, the user placing the call would switch their modem to "originate" and then dial the number by hand. When the remote modem answered, already set to "answer" mode, the telephone handset was switched off and communications continued until the caller manually disconnected. When automation was required, it was commonly only needed on the answer side; for instance, a bank might need to take calls from a number of branch offices for end\-of\-day processing. To fill this role, some modems included the ability to pick up the phone automatically when it was in answer mode, and to clear the line when the other user manually disconnected. The need for automated outbound dialling was considerably less common, and was handled through a separate peripheral device: a "dialler". This was normally plugged into a separate [input/output port](/wiki/Input/output_port "Input/output port") on the computer (typically an [RS\-232](/wiki/RS-232 "RS-232") port) and programmed separately from the modem itself. This method of operation worked satisfactorily in the 1960s and early 1970s, when modems were generally used to connect dumb devices like [computer terminals](/wiki/Computer_terminal "Computer terminal") (dialling out) with smart [mainframe computers](/wiki/Mainframe_computer "Mainframe computer") (answering). However, the [microcomputer revolution](/wiki/Microcomputer_revolution "Microcomputer revolution") of the 1970s led to the introduction of low\-cost modems and the idea of a semi\-dedicated point\-to\-point link was no longer appropriate. There were potentially thousands of users who might want to dial any of the other thousands of users, and the only solution at the time was to make the user dial manually. The [computer industry](/wiki/Computer_industry "Computer industry") needed a way to tell the modem what number to dial through software. The earlier separate dialers had this capability, but only at the cost of [a separate port](/wiki/Out-of-band_signaling "Out-of-band signaling"), which a [microcomputer](/wiki/Microcomputer "Microcomputer") might not have available. Another solution would have been to use a separate set of "command pins" dedicated to sending and receiving commands; another could have used a signal pin indicating that the modem should interpret incoming data as a command. Both of these had hardware support in the [RS\-232](/wiki/RS-232 "RS-232") standard. However, many implementations of the RS\-232 port on microcomputers were extremely basic, and some eliminated many of these pins to reduce cost. ### Hayes' solution {{further\\|Command mode and Data mode}} [Hayes Communications](/wiki/Hayes_Communications "Hayes Communications") introduced a solution in its 1981 [Smartmodem](/wiki/Smartmodem "Smartmodem") by using the existing data pins with no modification. Instead, the modem itself could be switched between one of two modes: 1. Data mode in which the modem sends the data to the remote modem. (A modem in data mode treats everything it receives from the computer as data and sends it across the phone line). 2. Command mode in which data is interpreted as commands to the local modem (commands the local modem should execute). To switch from data mode to command mode, sessions sent an [escape sequence](/wiki/Escape_sequence "Escape sequence") string of three plus signs ({{precode\\|\+\+\+}}) followed by a pause of about a second. The pause at the end of the escape sequence was required to reduce the problem caused by [in\-band signaling](/wiki/In-band_signaling "In-band signaling"): if any other data was received within one second of the three plus signs, it was not the escape sequence and would be sent as data. To switch back they sent the online command, {{precode\\|ATO}}. In actual use many of the commands automatically switched to the online mode after completion, and it is rare for a user to use the online command explicitly. In order to avoid licensing Hayes's patent, some manufacturers implemented the escape sequence without the time guard interval ([Time Independent Escape Sequence](/wiki/Time_Independent_Escape_Sequence "Time Independent Escape Sequence") (TIES)). This had a major [denial of service](/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack "Denial-of-service attack") security implication in that it would lead to the modem hanging up the connection should the computer ever try to transmit the byte sequence {{precode\\|\+\+\+ATH0}} in data mode. For any computer connected to the Internet through such a modem, this could be easily exploited by sending it a [ping of death](/wiki/Ping_of_death "Ping of death") request containing the sequence {{precode\\|\+\+\+ATH0}} in the payload. The computer operating system would automatically try to reply the sender with the same payload, immediately disconnecting itself from the Internet, as the modem would interpret the [ICMP](/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol "Internet Control Message Protocol") data payload as a Hayes command.{{cite web\\|url\=http://marc.info/?l\=bugtraq\&m\=90695973308453\&w\=2\\|title\=1\+2\=3, \+\+\+ATH0\=Old school DoS\\|last\=Max\\|first\=Schau\\|date\=27 September 1998\\|work\=\[\[Bugtraq]] mailing list\\|access\-date\=8 December 2012}} The same error would also trigger if, for example, the user of the computer ever tried to send an e\-mail containing the aforementioned string. ### Commands The Hayes command set includes commands for various phone\-line operations such as dialing and hanging\-up. It also includes various controls to set up the modem, including a set of [register](/wiki/Register_%28computing%29 "Register (computing)") commands which allowed the user to directly set the various memory locations in the original Hayes modem. The command set was copied largely verbatim, including the meaning of the registers, by almost all early 300 baud modem manufacturers, of which there were quite a few. The expansion to 1200 and 2400 baud required the addition of new commands, some of them prefixed with an [ampersand](/wiki/Ampersand "Ampersand") ({{code\\|\&}}) to denote those dedicated to new functionality. Hayes itself was forced to quickly introduce a 2400 baud model shortly after their 1200, and the command sets were identical as a time\-saving method.Frank Durda IV, ["The AT Command Set Reference – History"](http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/telecom/modems/at/history.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415210519/http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/telecom/modems/at/history.html \\|date\=2008\-04\-15 }}, 1993 Essentially by accident, this allowed users of existing 1200 baud modems to use the new Hayes 2400 models without changing their software. This re\-inforced the use of the Hayes versions of these commands. Years later, the [Telecommunications Industry Association](/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Association "Telecommunications Industry Association") (TIA)/[Electronic Industries Alliance](/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliance "Electronic Industries Alliance") (EIA) formally standardized the 2400\-baud command set as Data Transmission Systems and Equipment – Serial Asynchronous Automatic Dialing and Control, [TIA/EIA\-602](/wiki/TIA/EIA-602 "TIA/EIA-602"). However, Hayes Communications was slow to release modems supporting higher speeds or [compression](/wiki/Modem_compression "Modem compression"), and three other companies led: [Microcom](/wiki/Microcom "Microcom"), [U.S. Robotics](/wiki/U.S._Robotics "U.S. Robotics"), and [Telebit](/wiki/Telebit "Telebit"). Each of these three used its own additional command\-sets. By the early\-1990s, there were four major command sets in use, and a number of versions based on one of these. Things became simpler again during the widespread introduction of [14\.4 and {{Val\\|28\.8\\|u\=kbit\\|up\=s}}](/wiki/Kbits/s "Kbits/s") modems in the early 1990s. Slowly, a set of commands based heavily on the original Hayes extended set using {{code\\|\&}} commands became popular, and [then universal](/wiki/Informal_standard "Informal standard"). Only one other command set has remained popular, the U.S. Robotics set from their popular line of modems.	[ "History\n-------", "### Background", "Before the introduction of the [bulletin board system](/wiki/Bulletin_board_system \"Bulletin board system\") (BBS), modems typically operated on direct\\-dial [telephone lines](/wiki/Telephone_line \"Telephone line\") that began and ended with a known modem at each end. The modems operated in either \"originate\" or \"answer\" modes, manually switching between two sets of frequencies for data transfer. Generally, the user placing the call would switch their modem to \"originate\" and then dial the number by hand. When the remote modem answered, already set to \"answer\" mode, the telephone handset was switched off and communications continued until the caller manually disconnected.", "When automation was required, it was commonly only needed on the answer side; for instance, a bank might need to take calls from a number of branch offices for end\\-of\\-day processing. To fill this role, some modems included the ability to pick up the phone automatically when it was in answer mode, and to clear the line when the other user manually disconnected. The need for automated outbound dialling was considerably less common, and was handled through a separate peripheral device: a \"dialler\". This was normally plugged into a separate [input/output port](/wiki/Input/output_port \"Input/output port\") on the computer (typically an [RS\\-232](/wiki/RS-232 \"RS-232\") port) and programmed separately from the modem itself.", "This method of operation worked satisfactorily in the 1960s and early 1970s, when modems were generally used to connect dumb devices like [computer terminals](/wiki/Computer_terminal \"Computer terminal\") (dialling out) with smart [mainframe computers](/wiki/Mainframe_computer \"Mainframe computer\") (answering). However, the [microcomputer revolution](/wiki/Microcomputer_revolution \"Microcomputer revolution\") of the 1970s led to the introduction of low\\-cost modems and the idea of a semi\\-dedicated point\\-to\\-point link was no longer appropriate. There were potentially thousands of users who might want to dial any of the other thousands of users, and the only solution at the time was to make the user dial manually.", "The [computer industry](/wiki/Computer_industry \"Computer industry\") needed a way to tell the modem what number to dial through software. The earlier separate dialers had this capability, but only at the cost of [a separate port](/wiki/Out-of-band_signaling \"Out-of-band signaling\"), which a [microcomputer](/wiki/Microcomputer \"Microcomputer\") might not have available. Another solution would have been to use a separate set of \"command pins\" dedicated to sending and receiving commands; another could have used a signal pin indicating that the modem should interpret incoming data as a command. Both of these had hardware support in the [RS\\-232](/wiki/RS-232 \"RS-232\") standard. However, many implementations of the RS\\-232 port on microcomputers were extremely basic, and some eliminated many of these pins to reduce cost.", "### Hayes' solution", "{{further\\\|Command mode and Data mode}}", "[Hayes Communications](/wiki/Hayes_Communications \"Hayes Communications\") introduced a solution in its 1981 [Smartmodem](/wiki/Smartmodem \"Smartmodem\") by using the existing data pins with no modification. Instead, the modem itself could be switched between one of two modes:\n1. Data mode in which the modem sends the data to the remote modem. (A modem in data mode treats everything it receives from the computer as data and sends it across the phone line).\n2. Command mode in which data is interpreted as commands to the local modem (commands the local modem should execute).", "To switch from data mode to command mode, sessions sent an [escape sequence](/wiki/Escape_sequence \"Escape sequence\") string of three plus signs ({{precode\\\|\\+\\+\\+}}) followed by a pause of about a second. The pause at the end of the escape sequence was required to reduce the problem caused by [in\\-band signaling](/wiki/In-band_signaling \"In-band signaling\"): if any other data was received within one second of the three plus signs, it was not the escape sequence and would be sent as data. To switch back they sent the online command, {{precode\\\|ATO}}. In actual use many of the commands automatically switched to the online mode after completion, and it is rare for a user to use the online command explicitly.", "In order to avoid licensing Hayes's patent, some manufacturers implemented the escape sequence without the time guard interval ([Time Independent Escape Sequence](/wiki/Time_Independent_Escape_Sequence \"Time Independent Escape Sequence\") (TIES)). This had a major [denial of service](/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack \"Denial-of-service attack\") security implication in that it would lead to the modem hanging up the connection should the computer ever try to transmit the byte sequence {{precode\\\|\\+\\+\\+ATH0}} in data mode. For any computer connected to the Internet through such a modem, this could be easily exploited by sending it a [ping of death](/wiki/Ping_of_death \"Ping of death\") request containing the sequence {{precode\\\|\\+\\+\\+ATH0}} in the payload. The computer operating system would automatically try to reply the sender with the same payload, immediately disconnecting itself from the Internet, as the modem would interpret the [ICMP](/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol \"Internet Control Message Protocol\") data payload as a Hayes command.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://marc.info/?l\\=bugtraq\\&m\\=90695973308453\\&w\\=2\\\|title\\=1\\+2\\=3, \\+\\+\\+ATH0\\=Old school DoS\\\|last\\=Max\\\|first\\=Schau\\\|date\\=27 September 1998\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bugtraq]] mailing list\\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2012}} The same error would also trigger if, for example, the user of the computer ever tried to send an e\\-mail containing the aforementioned string.", "### Commands", "The Hayes command set includes commands for various phone\\-line operations such as dialing and hanging\\-up. It also includes various controls to set up the modem, including a set of [register](/wiki/Register_%28computing%29 \"Register (computing)\") commands which allowed the user to directly set the various memory locations in the original Hayes modem. The command set was copied largely verbatim, including the meaning of the registers, by almost all early 300 baud modem manufacturers, of which there were quite a few.", "The expansion to 1200 and 2400 baud required the addition of new commands, some of them prefixed with an [ampersand](/wiki/Ampersand \"Ampersand\") ({{code\\\|\\&}}) to denote those dedicated to new functionality. Hayes itself was forced to quickly introduce a 2400 baud model shortly after their 1200, and the command sets were identical as a time\\-saving method.Frank Durda IV, [\"The AT Command Set Reference – History\"](http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/telecom/modems/at/history.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415210519/http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/telecom/modems/at/history.html \\\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-15 }}, 1993 Essentially by accident, this allowed users of existing 1200 baud modems to use the new Hayes 2400 models without changing their software. This re\\-inforced the use of the Hayes versions of these commands. Years later, the [Telecommunications Industry Association](/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Association \"Telecommunications Industry Association\") (TIA)/[Electronic Industries Alliance](/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliance \"Electronic Industries Alliance\") (EIA) formally standardized the 2400\\-baud command set as Data Transmission Systems and Equipment – Serial Asynchronous Automatic Dialing and Control, [TIA/EIA\\-602](/wiki/TIA/EIA-602 \"TIA/EIA-602\").", "However, Hayes Communications was slow to release modems supporting higher speeds or [compression](/wiki/Modem_compression \"Modem compression\"), and three other companies led: [Microcom](/wiki/Microcom \"Microcom\"), [U.S. Robotics](/wiki/U.S._Robotics \"U.S. Robotics\"), and [Telebit](/wiki/Telebit \"Telebit\"). Each of these three used its own additional command\\-sets. By the early\\-1990s, there were four major command sets in use, and a number of versions based on one of these. Things became simpler again during the widespread introduction of [14\\.4 and {{Val\\\|28\\.8\\\|u\\=kbit\\\|up\\=s}}](/wiki/Kbits/s \"Kbits/s\") modems in the early 1990s. Slowly, a set of commands based heavily on the original Hayes extended set using {{code\\\|\\&}} commands became popular, and [then universal](/wiki/Informal_standard \"Informal standard\"). Only one other command set has remained popular, the U.S. Robotics set from their popular line of modems.", "" ]
Description ----------- The following text lists part of the Hayes command set, also called the AT commands: "AT" meaning 'attention'. Each command string is prefixed with "AT", and a number of discrete commands can be concatenated after the "AT". The Hayes command set can subdivide into four groups: 1. basic command set – A capital character followed by a digit. For example, M1\. 2. extended command set – An "\&" (ampersand) and a capital character followed by a digit. This extends the basic command set. For example, \&M1\. Note that M1 is different from \&M1\. 3. proprietary command set – Usually starting either with a backslash (“\\”) or with a percent sign (“%”); these commands vary widely among modem manufacturers. 4. register commands – Sr\=n where r is the number of the register to be changed, and n is the new value that is assigned. A [register](/wiki/Processor_register "Processor register") represents a specific physical location in memory. Modems have small amounts of memory on board. The fourth set of commands serves for entering values into a particular register (memory location). For example, S7\=60 instructs the modem to "Set register \#7 to the value 60". Registers usually control aspects of the modem operation (e.g. transmission strength, modulation parameters) and are usually specific to a particular model. Although the command\-set syntax defines most commands by a letter\-number combination (L0, L1 etc.), the use of a zero is optional. In this example, "L0" equates to a plain "L". Keep this in mind when reading the table below. When in data mode, an [escape sequence](/wiki/Escape_sequence "Escape sequence") can return the modem to command mode. The normal escape sequence is three plus signs ("\+\+\+"), and to disambiguate it from possible real data, a guard timer is used: it must be preceded by a pause, not have any pauses between the plus signs, and be followed by a pause; by default, a "pause" is one second and "no pause" is anything less. ### Syntactical definitions The following syntactical definitions apply:[AT Commands Reference Guide](http://jimdgrayassoc.com/AT%20COMMANDS%20REFERENCE%20GUIDE.pdf) {{dead link\\|date\=September 2017}} * {{code\\|}} Carriage return character, is the command line and result code terminator character, which value, in decimal ASCII between 0 and 255, is specified in register S3\. The default value is 13\. * {{code\\|}} Linefeed character, is the character recognised as line feed character. Its value, in decimal ASCII between 0 and 255, is specified in register S4\. The default value is 10\. The line feed character is output after the carriage return character if verbose result codes are used (V1 option is used); otherwise, if numeric format result codes are used (V0 option is used), it will not appear in the result codes. * {{code\\|\<...\>}} Name enclosed in angle brackets is a syntactical element. They do not appear in the command line. * {{code\\|\[...]}} Optional subparameter of a command or an optional part of AT information response is enclosed in square brackets. Brackets themselves do not appear in the command line. When the subparameter is not given in AT commands which have a Read command, the new value equals its previous value. In AT commands which do not store the values of any of their subparameters, and so have not a Read command, which are called action type commands, the action should be done on the basis of the recommended default setting of the subparameter. ### Modem initialization A string can contain many Hayes commands placed together, so as to optimally prepare the modem to dial out or answer, e.g. `AT&F&D2&C1S0=0X4`. Most modem software supported a user supplied initialization string, which was typically a long [concatenated](/wiki/Concatenated "Concatenated") AT command which was sent to the modem upon launch.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://home.intekom.com/option/faq48\.htm \\|title\=Initialization Strings: Why, What \& Where \\|access\-date\=2008\-04\-09 \\|archive\-date\=2009\-03\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310153616/http://home.intekom.com/option/faq48\.htm \\|url\-status\=dead }} The V.250 specification requires all [DCEs](/wiki/Data_communication_equipment "Data communication equipment") to accept a body (after "AT") of at least 40 characters of concatenated commands.{{Citation \\|title\=V.250 : Serial asynchronous automatic dialling and control (05/99, 07/03\) \\|chapter\=5\.2\.1 Command line general format \\|publisher\=\[\[ITU\-T]]/Telecommunication Standardization Bureau \\|chapter\-url\=http://www.itu.int/rec/T\-REC\-V.250/en \\|chapter\-format\=PDF}} ### Example session The following represents two computers, computer A and computer B, both with modems attached, and the user controlling the modems with [terminal emulator](/wiki/Terminal_emulator "Terminal emulator") software. Terminal\-emulator software typically allows the user to send Hayes commands directly to the modem, and to see the responses. In this example, the user of computer A makes the modem dial the phone number of modem B at phone number (212\) 555\-0100 (long distance). After every command and response, there is a [carriage return](/wiki/Carriage_return "Carriage return") sent to complete the command. \| Modem A \| Modem B \| Comment \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| ATDT12125550100 \| \| User at modem A issues a dial command: AT\-Get the modem's ATtention; D\-Dial; T\-Touch\-Tone; 12125550100\-Call this number \| \| \| RING \| Modem A begins dialing. Modem B's phone\-line rings, and the modem reports the fact. \| \| \| ATA \| Computer at modem B issues answer command. \| \| CONNECT \| CONNECT \| The modems connect, and both modems report "connect". (In practice, most modems report more information after the word CONNECT — specifying the speed of the connection.) Also, at this time, both modems will raise the DCD, or Data Carrier Detect signal, on the serial port. \| \| abcdef \| abcdef \| When the modems are connected, any characters typed at either side will appear on the other side. The person at computer A starts typing. The characters pass through the modem and appear on computer B's screen. (User A may not see his own typed characters — depending on the terminal software's [local echo](/wiki/Echo_%28computing%29 "Echo (computing)") setting). \| \| \| \+\+\+ \| The person at computer B issues the modem escape command. (Alternately, and more commonly, the computer B could drop the DTR, or Data Terminal Ready signal, to achieve a hangup, without needing to use \+\+\+ or ATH.) \| \| \| OK \| The modem acknowledges it. \| \| \| ATH \| The person at computer B issues a hang up command. \| \| NO CARRIER \| OK \| Both modems report that the connection has ended. Modem B responds "OK" as the expected result of the command; modem A says [NO CARRIER](/wiki/NO_CARRIER "NO CARRIER") to report that the remote side interrupted the connection. The modems on both sides drop their DCD signals as well. \| ### Compatibility While the original Hayes command set represented a huge leap forward in modem\-based communications, with time many problems set in, almost none of them due to Hayes per se: * Due to the lack of a written standard, other modem manufacturers just copied the external visible commands and (roughly) the basic actions. This led to a wide variety of subtle differences in how modems changed from state to state, and how they handled error conditions, hangups, and timeouts. * Each manufacturer tended to add new commands to handle emerging needs, often incompatible with other modems. For example, setting up hardware or software handshaking often required many different commands for different modems. This undermined the handy universality of the basic Hayes command set. * Many Hayes compatible modems had serious quirks that made them effectively incompatible. For example, many modems required a pause of several seconds after receiving the "AT Z" reset command. Some modems required spaces between commands, while others did not. Some would unhelpfully change baud\-rate of their own volition, which would leave the computer with no clue how to handle the incoming data. As a result of all this, eventually many communications programs had to give up any sense of being able to talk to all "Hayes\-compatible" modems, and instead the programs had to try to determine the modem type from its responses, or provide the user with some option whereby they could enter whatever special commands it took to coerce their particular modem into acting properly. ### Autobaud The Hayes command set facilitated [automatic baud rate detection](/wiki/Automatic_baud_rate_detection "Automatic baud rate detection") as "A" and "T" happen to have bit patterns that are very regular; "A" is "100 0001" and so has a 1 bit at the start and end and "T" is "101 0100" which has a pattern with (nearly) every other bit set.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.piclist.com/techref/io/serials.htm\\|title\=Serial Interfaces\\|website\=PICList\\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-15}} Since the RS\-232 interface transmits [least significant bit](/wiki/Least_significant_bit "Least significant bit") first, the according line pattern with [8\-N\-1](/wiki/8-N-1 "8-N-1") (eight data bits, no parity bit, one stop bit) is 01000001010001010101 (start and stop bits italicized) which is used as [syncword](/wiki/Syncword "Syncword").	[ "Description\n-----------", "The following text lists part of the Hayes command set, also called the AT commands: \"AT\" meaning 'attention'. Each command string is prefixed with \"AT\", and a number of discrete commands can be concatenated after the \"AT\".", "The Hayes command set can subdivide into four groups:\n1. basic command set – A capital character followed by a digit. For example, M1\\.\n2. extended command set – An \"\\&\" (ampersand) and a capital character followed by a digit. This extends the basic command set. For example, \\&M1\\. Note that M1 is different from \\&M1\\.\n3. proprietary command set – Usually starting either with a backslash (“\\\\”) or with a percent sign (“%”); these commands vary widely among modem manufacturers.\n4. register commands – Sr\\=n where r is the number of the register to be changed, and n is the new value that is assigned. A [register](/wiki/Processor_register \"Processor register\") represents a specific physical location in memory. Modems have small amounts of memory on board. The fourth set of commands serves for entering values into a particular register (memory location). For example, S7\\=60 instructs the modem to \"Set register \\#7 to the value 60\". Registers usually control aspects of the modem operation (e.g. transmission strength, modulation parameters) and are usually specific to a particular model.", "Although the command\\-set syntax defines most commands by a letter\\-number combination (L0, L1 etc.), the use of a zero is optional. In this example, \"L0\" equates to a plain \"L\". Keep this in mind when reading the table below.", "When in data mode, an [escape sequence](/wiki/Escape_sequence \"Escape sequence\") can return the modem to command mode. The normal escape sequence is three plus signs (\"\\+\\+\\+\"), and to disambiguate it from possible real data, a guard timer is used: it must be preceded by a pause, not have any pauses between the plus signs, and be followed by a pause; by default, a \"pause\" is one second and \"no pause\" is anything less.", "### Syntactical definitions", "The following syntactical definitions apply:[AT Commands Reference Guide](http://jimdgrayassoc.com/AT%20COMMANDS%20REFERENCE%20GUIDE.pdf) {{dead link\\\|date\\=September 2017}}\n* {{code\\\|}} Carriage return character, is the command line and result code terminator character, which value, in decimal ASCII between 0 and 255, is specified in register S3\\. The default value is 13\\.\n* {{code\\\|}} Linefeed character, is the character recognised as line feed character. Its value, in decimal ASCII between 0 and 255, is specified in register S4\\. The default value is 10\\. The line feed character is output after the carriage return character if verbose result codes are used (V1 option is used); otherwise, if numeric format result codes are used (V0 option is used), it will not appear in the result codes.\n* {{code\\\|\\<...\\>}} Name enclosed in angle brackets is a syntactical element. They do not appear in the command line.\n* {{code\\\|\\[...]}} Optional subparameter of a command or an optional part of AT information response is enclosed in square brackets. Brackets themselves do not appear in the command line. When the subparameter is not given in AT commands which have a Read command, the new value equals its previous value. In AT commands which do not store the values of any of their subparameters, and so have not a Read command, which are called action type commands, the action should be done on the basis of the recommended default setting of the subparameter.", "### Modem initialization", "A string can contain many Hayes commands placed together, so as to optimally prepare the modem to dial out or answer, e.g. `AT&F&D2&C1S0=0X4`. Most modem software supported a user supplied initialization string, which was typically a long [concatenated](/wiki/Concatenated \"Concatenated\") AT command which was sent to the modem upon launch.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://home.intekom.com/option/faq48\\.htm \\\|title\\=Initialization Strings: Why, What \\& Where \\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-09 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310153616/http://home.intekom.com/option/faq48\\.htm \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The V.250 specification requires all [DCEs](/wiki/Data_communication_equipment \"Data communication equipment\") to accept a body (after \"AT\") of at least 40 characters of concatenated commands.{{Citation \\\|title\\=V.250 : Serial asynchronous automatic dialling and control (05/99, 07/03\\) \\\|chapter\\=5\\.2\\.1 Command line general format \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ITU\\-T]]/Telecommunication Standardization Bureau \\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.itu.int/rec/T\\-REC\\-V.250/en \\\|chapter\\-format\\=PDF}}", "### Example session", "The following represents two computers, computer A and computer B, both with modems attached, and the user controlling the modems with [terminal emulator](/wiki/Terminal_emulator \"Terminal emulator\") software. Terminal\\-emulator software typically allows the user to send Hayes commands directly to the modem, and to see the responses. In this example, the user of computer A makes the modem dial the phone number of modem B at phone number (212\\) 555\\-0100 (long distance). After every command and response, there is a [carriage return](/wiki/Carriage_return \"Carriage return\") sent to complete the command.", "", "\| Modem A \| Modem B \| Comment \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| ATDT12125550100 \| \| User at modem A issues a dial command: AT\\-Get the modem's ATtention; D\\-Dial; T\\-Touch\\-Tone; 12125550100\\-Call this number \|\n\| \| RING \| Modem A begins dialing. Modem B's phone\\-line rings, and the modem reports the fact. \|\n\| \| ATA \| Computer at modem B issues answer command. \|\n\| CONNECT \| CONNECT \| The modems connect, and both modems report \"connect\". (In practice, most modems report more information after the word CONNECT — specifying the speed of the connection.) Also, at this time, both modems will raise the DCD, or Data Carrier Detect signal, on the serial port. \|\n\| abcdef \| abcdef \| When the modems are connected, any characters typed at either side will appear on the other side. The person at computer A starts typing. The characters pass through the modem and appear on computer B's screen. (User A may not see his own typed characters — depending on the terminal software's [local echo](/wiki/Echo_%28computing%29 \"Echo (computing)\") setting). \|\n\| \| \\+\\+\\+ \| The person at computer B issues the modem escape command. (Alternately, and more commonly, the computer B could drop the DTR, or Data Terminal Ready signal, to achieve a hangup, without needing to use \\+\\+\\+ or ATH.) \|\n\| \| OK \| The modem acknowledges it. \|\n\| \| ATH \| The person at computer B issues a hang up command. \|\n\| NO CARRIER \| OK \| Both modems report that the connection has ended. Modem B responds \"OK\" as the expected result of the command; modem A says [NO CARRIER](/wiki/NO_CARRIER \"NO CARRIER\") to report that the remote side interrupted the connection. The modems on both sides drop their DCD signals as well. \|", "### Compatibility", "While the original Hayes command set represented a huge leap forward in modem\\-based communications, with time many problems set in, almost none of them due to Hayes per se:\n* Due to the lack of a written standard, other modem manufacturers just copied the external visible commands and (roughly) the basic actions. This led to a wide variety of subtle differences in how modems changed from state to state, and how they handled error conditions, hangups, and timeouts.\n* Each manufacturer tended to add new commands to handle emerging needs, often incompatible with other modems. For example, setting up hardware or software handshaking often required many different commands for different modems. This undermined the handy universality of the basic Hayes command set.\n* Many Hayes compatible modems had serious quirks that made them effectively incompatible. For example, many modems required a pause of several seconds after receiving the \"AT Z\" reset command. Some modems required spaces between commands, while others did not. Some would unhelpfully change baud\\-rate of their own volition, which would leave the computer with no clue how to handle the incoming data.", "As a result of all this, eventually many communications programs had to give up any sense of being able to talk to all \"Hayes\\-compatible\" modems, and instead the programs had to try to determine the modem type from its responses, or provide the user with some option whereby they could enter whatever special commands it took to coerce their particular modem into acting properly.", "### Autobaud", "The Hayes command set facilitated [automatic baud rate detection](/wiki/Automatic_baud_rate_detection \"Automatic baud rate detection\") as \"A\" and \"T\" happen to have bit patterns that are very regular; \"A\" is \"100 0001\" and so has a 1 bit at the start and end and \"T\" is \"101 0100\" which has a pattern with (nearly) every other bit set.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.piclist.com/techref/io/serials.htm\\\|title\\=Serial Interfaces\\\|website\\=PICList\\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-15}} Since the RS\\-232 interface transmits [least significant bit](/wiki/Least_significant_bit \"Least significant bit\") first, the according line pattern with [8\\-N\\-1](/wiki/8-N-1 \"8-N-1\") (eight data bits, no parity bit, one stop bit) is 01000001010001010101 (start and stop bits italicized) which is used as [syncword](/wiki/Syncword \"Syncword\").", "" ]
Career ------ [thumb\\|left\\|Al Qassimi during the shakedown of the [2009 Cyprus Rally](/wiki/2009_Cyprus_Rally "2009 Cyprus Rally").](/wiki/File:Khalid_al-Qassimi_-_2009_Cyprus_Rally.jpg "Khalid al-Qassimi - 2009 Cyprus Rally.jpg") [thumb\\|Al Qassimi driving a [Ford Focus RS WRC 09](/wiki/Ford_Focus_RS_WRC "Ford Focus RS WRC") at the [2010 Rally Finland](/wiki/2010_Rally_Finland "2010 Rally Finland").](/wiki/File:Rally_Finland_2010_-_shakedown_-_Khalid_Al_Qassimi_1.jpg "Rally Finland 2010 - shakedown - Khalid Al Qassimi 1.jpg") Sheikh Khalid Al Qassimi won the FIA Middle East Cup for Drivers of Production Cars in 2002 and the FIA [Middle East Rally Championship](/wiki/Middle_East_Rally_Championship "Middle East Rally Championship") in 2004\.{{cite web \\| last \= van der Zee \\| first \= Tjeerd \\| title \= Khaled Al\-Qassimi \\| work \= RallyBase \\| url\=http://www.rallybase.nl/index.php?type\=profile\&driverid\=9196 \\| access\-date \= 2007\-07\-20 }} At the half way stage of the [2007 World Rally Championship season](/wiki/2007_World_Rally_Championship_season "2007 World Rally Championship season"), a joint venture between the [BP Ford World Rally Team](/wiki/BP_Ford_World_Rally_Team "BP Ford World Rally Team") and the Abu Dhabi Tourism Board was announced to bring a third official [Focus RS WRC](/wiki/Ford_Focus_RS_WRC "Ford Focus RS WRC") to the team's [World Rally Championship](/wiki/World_Rally_Championship "World Rally Championship") campaign. With heavy sponsorship from the latter, Khalid was given a chance to drive alongside [Mikko Hirvonen](/wiki/Mikko_Hirvonen "Mikko Hirvonen") and [Jari\-Matti Latvala](/wiki/Jari-Matti_Latvala "Jari-Matti Latvala") in the extra car. Co\-driven by Nicky Beech, Khalid Al Qassimi contested [Rally Finland](/wiki/2007_Rally_Finland "2007 Rally Finland"), [Rallye Deutschland](/wiki/2007_Rallye_Deutschland "2007 Rallye Deutschland"), [Rally Catalunya](/wiki/2007_Rally_Catalunya "2007 Rally Catalunya") and [Rally Ireland](/wiki/2007_Rally_Ireland "2007 Rally Ireland"). On his debut in Rally Finland, al\-Qassimi drove consistently to finish in 16th place overall. For the [2008 WRC season](/wiki/2008_World_Rally_Championship_season "2008 World Rally Championship season"), he continued with BP Ford Abu Dhabi WRT, contesting ten events, co\-driven by Michael Orr. His best result was ninth at the [Jordan Rally](/wiki/2008_Jordan_Rally "2008 Jordan Rally"). For [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Rally_Championship_season "2009 World Rally Championship season"), Khalid Al Qassimi and co\-driver Michael Orr remain with the BP Ford World Rally Team. His season began with a first world championship point by finishing in eighth place on the [Rally Ireland](/wiki/2009_Rally_Ireland "2009 Rally Ireland"); he repeated this feat in [Cyprus](/wiki/2009_Cyprus_Rally "2009 Cyprus Rally") and [Portugal](/wiki/2009_Rally_Portugal "2009 Rally Portugal"). At the 2011 Rally Australia, he finished with a career\-best 5th place. After a sabbatical year, he returned to the World Rally Championship in 2013, switching to an Abu Dhabi\-sponsored [Citroën DS3 WRC](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS3_WRC "Citroën DS3 WRC"), claiming two ninth places and a tenth. In 2014 he took tenth place at Sardinia. In 2015 he finished sixth at the Rally Argentina and tenth at Sardinia. He also entered the [Middle East Rally Championship](/wiki/Middle_East_Rally_Championship "Middle East Rally Championship") with a [Citroën DS3 RRC](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS3_RRC "Citroën DS3 RRC") winning at Dubai and finishing second at Qatar and Kuwait. In 2016, he finished sixth at the [Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge](/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Desert_Challenge "Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge"). Al Qassimi entered the [2017 Dakar Rally](/wiki/2017_Dakar_Rally "2017 Dakar Rally") with a customer [Peugeot 2008 DKR](/wiki/Peugeot_2008_DKR "Peugeot 2008 DKR").	[ "Career\n------", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Al Qassimi during the shakedown of the [2009 Cyprus Rally](/wiki/2009_Cyprus_Rally \"2009 Cyprus Rally\").](/wiki/File:Khalid_al-Qassimi_-_2009_Cyprus_Rally.jpg \"Khalid al-Qassimi - 2009 Cyprus Rally.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Al Qassimi driving a [Ford Focus RS WRC 09](/wiki/Ford_Focus_RS_WRC \"Ford Focus RS WRC\") at the [2010 Rally Finland](/wiki/2010_Rally_Finland \"2010 Rally Finland\").](/wiki/File:Rally_Finland_2010_-_shakedown_-_Khalid_Al_Qassimi_1.jpg \"Rally Finland 2010 - shakedown - Khalid Al Qassimi 1.jpg\")\nSheikh Khalid Al Qassimi won the FIA Middle East Cup for Drivers of Production Cars in 2002 and the FIA [Middle East Rally Championship](/wiki/Middle_East_Rally_Championship \"Middle East Rally Championship\") in 2004\\.{{cite web\n \\\| last \\= van der Zee \n \\\| first \\= Tjeerd\n \\\| title \\= Khaled Al\\-Qassimi\n \\\| work \\= RallyBase\n \\\| url\\=http://www.rallybase.nl/index.php?type\\=profile\\&driverid\\=9196\n \\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-07\\-20 }}", "At the half way stage of the [2007 World Rally Championship season](/wiki/2007_World_Rally_Championship_season \"2007 World Rally Championship season\"), a joint venture between the [BP Ford World Rally Team](/wiki/BP_Ford_World_Rally_Team \"BP Ford World Rally Team\") and the Abu Dhabi Tourism Board was announced to bring a third official [Focus RS WRC](/wiki/Ford_Focus_RS_WRC \"Ford Focus RS WRC\") to the team's [World Rally Championship](/wiki/World_Rally_Championship \"World Rally Championship\") campaign. With heavy sponsorship from the latter, Khalid was given a chance to drive alongside [Mikko Hirvonen](/wiki/Mikko_Hirvonen \"Mikko Hirvonen\") and [Jari\\-Matti Latvala](/wiki/Jari-Matti_Latvala \"Jari-Matti Latvala\") in the extra car. Co\\-driven by Nicky Beech, Khalid Al Qassimi contested [Rally Finland](/wiki/2007_Rally_Finland \"2007 Rally Finland\"), [Rallye Deutschland](/wiki/2007_Rallye_Deutschland \"2007 Rallye Deutschland\"), [Rally Catalunya](/wiki/2007_Rally_Catalunya \"2007 Rally Catalunya\") and [Rally Ireland](/wiki/2007_Rally_Ireland \"2007 Rally Ireland\"). On his debut in Rally Finland, al\\-Qassimi drove consistently to finish in 16th place overall.", "For the [2008 WRC season](/wiki/2008_World_Rally_Championship_season \"2008 World Rally Championship season\"), he continued with BP Ford Abu Dhabi WRT, contesting ten events, co\\-driven by Michael Orr. His best result was ninth at the [Jordan Rally](/wiki/2008_Jordan_Rally \"2008 Jordan Rally\"). For [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Rally_Championship_season \"2009 World Rally Championship season\"), Khalid Al Qassimi and co\\-driver Michael Orr remain with the BP Ford World Rally Team. His season began with a first world championship point by finishing in eighth place on the [Rally Ireland](/wiki/2009_Rally_Ireland \"2009 Rally Ireland\"); he repeated this feat in [Cyprus](/wiki/2009_Cyprus_Rally \"2009 Cyprus Rally\") and [Portugal](/wiki/2009_Rally_Portugal \"2009 Rally Portugal\").", "At the 2011 Rally Australia, he finished with a career\\-best 5th place. After a sabbatical year, he returned to the World Rally Championship in 2013, switching to an Abu Dhabi\\-sponsored [Citroën DS3 WRC](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS3_WRC \"Citroën DS3 WRC\"), claiming two ninth places and a tenth. In 2014 he took tenth place at Sardinia. In 2015 he finished sixth at the Rally Argentina and tenth at Sardinia. He also entered the [Middle East Rally Championship](/wiki/Middle_East_Rally_Championship \"Middle East Rally Championship\") with a [Citroën DS3 RRC](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS3_RRC \"Citroën DS3 RRC\") winning at Dubai and finishing second at Qatar and Kuwait.", "In 2016, he finished sixth at the [Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge](/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Desert_Challenge \"Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge\").", "Al Qassimi entered the [2017 Dakar Rally](/wiki/2017_Dakar_Rally \"2017 Dakar Rally\") with a customer [Peugeot 2008 DKR](/wiki/Peugeot_2008_DKR \"Peugeot 2008 DKR\").", "" ]
Soap operas ----------- ### The Doctors He was hired by [NBC Daytime](/wiki/NBC_Daytime "NBC Daytime") in 1976 after then [head writer](/wiki/Head_writer "Head writer"), [Margaret DePriest](/wiki/Margaret_DePriest "Margaret DePriest"), left [The Doctors](/wiki/The_Doctors_%281963_TV_series%29 "The Doctors (1963 TV series)"). Although Marland's writing received critical acclaim and the show received Daytime Emmys, ratings dropped. During his tenure on The Doctors, a variety of new acting talent were added to the program: [Kathy Bates](/wiki/Kathy_Bates "Kathy Bates") (Phyllis), [Glenn Corbett](/wiki/Glenn_Corbett "Glenn Corbett") (Jason Aldrich), [Carol Potter](/wiki/Carol_Potter_%28actress%29 "Carol Potter (actress)") (Betsy Match), [Ted Danson](/wiki/Ted_Danson "Ted Danson") (Mitch Pierson), and [Jonathan Frakes](/wiki/Jonathan_Frakes "Jonathan Frakes") (Tom Carroll), among other actors. Marland was instrumental in shifting the serial's focus away from Hope Memorial Hospital to the Powers and Aldrich families, as well as the Dancy family, introduced by previous head writers Robert Cenedella and Margaret DePriest. ### General Hospital After his job on The Doctors, he was hired by [ABC Daytime](/wiki/ABC_Daytime "ABC Daytime") in 1978 to work with [Gloria Monty](/wiki/Gloria_Monty "Gloria Monty") on their serial [General Hospital](/wiki/General_Hospital "General Hospital"). At that time, the show was near cancellation. Marland's writing, along with Monty's extensive production changes, helped the show rise in the ratings. Marland was instrumental in pairing the iconic of [Luke Spencer](/wiki/Luke_Spencer "Luke Spencer") and [Laura Webber](/wiki/Laura_Webber "Laura Webber"), as well as creating [vixen](/wiki/Vixen "Vixen") nurse [Bobbie Spencer](/wiki/Bobbie_Spencer "Bobbie Spencer"), and the [Quartermaine family](/wiki/Quartermaine_family "Quartermaine family"){{Citation needed\\|date\=January 2011}}. Although the changes at [General Hospital](/wiki/General_Hospital "General Hospital") were a success, Marland was not interested in moving to Los Angeles, where the show was produced, and didn't like the show's increased pacing by Monty. Marland left the show a year later. ### As the World Turns and Guiding Light Back in New York, he was asked by [CBS Daytime](/wiki/CBS_Daytime "CBS Daytime") to temporarily assume the head writing reins at [As the World Turns](/wiki/As_the_World_Turns "As the World Turns"), which he did for thirteen weeks. In 1979, he assumed the head writing reins of [Guiding Light](/wiki/Guiding_Light "Guiding Light"). Marland's run on GL produced popular storylines and characters. One character Marland introduced was Nola Reardon, played by [Lisa Brown](/wiki/Lisa_Brown_%28actress%29 "Lisa Brown (actress)"). The unconventional Nola started as a villainess and became the heroine of the show. Another story was an envelope\-pushing story that featured the character of Carrie Todd Marler (played by [Jane Elliot](/wiki/Jane_Elliot "Jane Elliot")). Carrie was diagnosed with [multiple personalities](/wiki/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder "Dissociative Identity Disorder"), and Marland had barely delved into her psychosis when Elliot's contract was abruptly terminated by [Executive Producer](/wiki/Executive_Producer "Executive Producer") [Allen M. Potter](/wiki/Allen_M._Potter "Allen M. Potter") in 1982; Marland resigned in protest. ### Loving Marland next teamed up with fellow writer [Agnes Nixon](/wiki/Agnes_Nixon "Agnes Nixon") to create [Loving](/wiki/Loving_%28TV_series%29 "Loving (TV series)"), which premiered in June 1983\. He served as head writer for the show's first two years. The show was a critical but not commercial success during the time that he wrote it. ### A New Day in Eden During the 1982–1983 season, he co\-wrote, with James Rosin,{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0743002/\\|title\=James Rosin \\| Actor, Writer\\|website\=IMDb}} a show that he had created, A New Day in Eden<https://us.imdb.com/title/tt0498969/> {{Bare URL inline\\|date\=August 2024}} for the cable channel [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 "Showtime (TV network)"). The show was hailed as TV's first "nude" serial, in which many cast members would perform their love scenes without clothes. The show thrived on the taboo, showcasing bodies and a perverse combination of sex and violence, including a deflowering in a barn, a sexual assault in a shower, and one story in which a woman seduced the rival for another man's affections in a lesbian storyline. Despite its controversy and the fact that the cast included Steve Carlson, [Jane Elliot](/wiki/Jane_Elliot "Jane Elliot") (fresh from her run as Tracy on GH \& Carrie on GL), and [Lara Parker](/wiki/Lara_Parker "Lara Parker") (famous as the witch Angelique on the [cult](/wiki/Cult_series "Cult series") [Dark Shadows](/wiki/Dark_Shadows "Dark Shadows")) and that it was produced and sometimes directed by daytime veteran actress [Susan Flannery](/wiki/Susan_Flannery "Susan Flannery"), A New Day in Eden only lasted 66 episodes. ### Return to As the World Turns Marland was hired in 1985 to return to [As the World Turns](/wiki/As_the_World_Turns "As the World Turns"). Marland refocused the show and made the Hughes family central to the plot again. He utilized over 30 years of history to create new storylines for core characters [Bob Hughes](/wiki/Bob_Hughes "Bob Hughes") and [Kim Hughes](/wiki/Kim_Sullivan_Hughes "Kim Sullivan Hughes"). (One story, where a child previously thought to be dead was found to be alive and living in England, was a dual role played by future [Oscar](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award")\-winning actress [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore "Julianne Moore").) He was also credited with bringing original cast members [Helen Wagner](/wiki/Helen_Wagner "Helen Wagner") and [Don MacLaughlin](/wiki/Don_MacLaughlin "Don MacLaughlin") back to the center the show as Nancy and Chris Hughes, after they'd been bumped to recurring status in 1982\. When McLaughlin (and his character) died in 1986, Marland paired Nancy with Chief of Detectives Dan McClosky, and then chronicled McClosky's subsequent battle with [Alzheimer's](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s "Alzheimer's") disease. He also reached back to [Lisa McColl's](/wiki/Lisa_Grimaldi "Lisa Grimaldi") 1965 stint on short\-lived ATWT spinoff [Our Private World](/wiki/Our_Private_World "Our Private World"), giving her a son, Scott Eldridge, hitherto unknown to viewers, who tracked her down as an adult. (He was said to have been born during the several\-month\-long lapse between when Private World ended and when Lisa resurfaced on ATWT in mid\-1966\.) He also introduced a new working\-class family, the Snyders, into the storyline and added new dimensions to the wealthy [Lucinda Walsh](/wiki/Lucinda_Walsh "Lucinda Walsh") ([Elizabeth Hubbard](/wiki/Elizabeth_Hubbard "Elizabeth Hubbard")) by tying the Walshes and Snyders together. This resulted in the pairing of [Lily Walsh](/wiki/Lily_Walsh "Lily Walsh") ([Martha Byrne](/wiki/Martha_Byrne "Martha Byrne")) and [Holden Snyder](/wiki/Holden_Snyder "Holden Snyder") ([Jon Hensley](/wiki/Jon_Hensley "Jon Hensley")). It was also revealed that [Iva Snyder](/wiki/Iva_Snyder "Iva Snyder") ([Lisa Brown](/wiki/Lisa_Brown_%28actress%29 "Lisa Brown (actress)")) was the biological mother of Lucinda's adopted daughter Lily. The new Snyder family was based largely on Douglas Marland's own experiences; he grew up on a farm in [West Sand Lake, NY](/wiki/West_Sand_Lake%2C_NY "West Sand Lake, NY"). In several interviews, Marland remarked that the character of [Seth Snyder](/wiki/Seth_Snyder "Seth Snyder") was based largely on his own life. Seth was the oldest child, who had been taken on great responsibility in helping to raise his siblings following patriarch Harvey Snyder's death. This event was key to the formation of the Snyder family dynamic, in that Marland was allowed to write a strong and independent yet maternal figure in matriarch [Emma Snyder](/wiki/Emma_Snyder "Emma Snyder") ([Kathleen Widdoes](/wiki/Kathleen_Widdoes "Kathleen Widdoes")). Marland was also responsible for adding the first gay male character on an American soap opera to his story during his tenure, Hank Elliot (Brian Starcher). The story was short\-lived (Hank was featured for about 18 months), but groundbreaking; the soap opera became a pioneer for others who wished to put gay male characters, heretofore unseen, on their respective shows. Although the story centered on Hank, it allowed viewers to see another side to long running characters, when those characters reacted to the news that Hank was gay. Hank was written off of the show to take care of his lover Charles, who was dying of [AIDS](/wiki/AIDS "AIDS"). Starcher was nominated for a [Soap Opera Digest Award](/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest_Award "Soap Opera Digest Award") in 1990\. Marland diversified the previously white canvas of As the World Turns, introducing an Amerasian character as the child of a [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") vet, and also featuring a story of a mixed\-race couple marrying and having a baby (and showing negative reactions to the marriage and birth). Another story featured town matriarch [Nancy Hughes](/wiki/Nancy_Hughes "Nancy Hughes") helping a young, illiterate African\-American girl (played by singer/actress [Lauryn Hill](/wiki/Lauryn_Hill "Lauryn Hill")), learn to read. Marland also penned a story featuring the character of [Ellie Snyder](/wiki/Ellie_Snyder "Ellie Snyder") having an [abortion](/wiki/Abortion "Abortion"); abortion is a rarity in daytime and this again allowed Marland to write about both sides of a controversial issue. Marland wrote ATWT until his death from complications after abdominal surgery on March 6, 1993\.	[ "Soap operas\n-----------", "### The Doctors", "He was hired by [NBC Daytime](/wiki/NBC_Daytime \"NBC Daytime\") in 1976 after then [head writer](/wiki/Head_writer \"Head writer\"), [Margaret DePriest](/wiki/Margaret_DePriest \"Margaret DePriest\"), left [The Doctors](/wiki/The_Doctors_%281963_TV_series%29 \"The Doctors (1963 TV series)\"). Although Marland's writing received critical acclaim and the show received Daytime Emmys, ratings dropped.", "During his tenure on The Doctors, a variety of new acting talent were added to the program: [Kathy Bates](/wiki/Kathy_Bates \"Kathy Bates\") (Phyllis), [Glenn Corbett](/wiki/Glenn_Corbett \"Glenn Corbett\") (Jason Aldrich), [Carol Potter](/wiki/Carol_Potter_%28actress%29 \"Carol Potter (actress)\") (Betsy Match), [Ted Danson](/wiki/Ted_Danson \"Ted Danson\") (Mitch Pierson), and [Jonathan Frakes](/wiki/Jonathan_Frakes \"Jonathan Frakes\") (Tom Carroll), among other actors. Marland was instrumental in shifting the serial's focus away from Hope Memorial Hospital to the Powers and Aldrich families, as well as the Dancy family, introduced by previous head writers Robert Cenedella and Margaret DePriest.", "### General Hospital", "After his job on The Doctors, he was hired by [ABC Daytime](/wiki/ABC_Daytime \"ABC Daytime\") in 1978 to work with [Gloria Monty](/wiki/Gloria_Monty \"Gloria Monty\") on their serial [General Hospital](/wiki/General_Hospital \"General Hospital\"). At that time, the show was near cancellation. Marland's writing, along with Monty's extensive production changes, helped the show rise in the ratings.", "Marland was instrumental in pairing the iconic of [Luke Spencer](/wiki/Luke_Spencer \"Luke Spencer\") and [Laura Webber](/wiki/Laura_Webber \"Laura Webber\"), as well as creating [vixen](/wiki/Vixen \"Vixen\") nurse [Bobbie Spencer](/wiki/Bobbie_Spencer \"Bobbie Spencer\"), and the [Quartermaine family](/wiki/Quartermaine_family \"Quartermaine family\"){{Citation needed\\\|date\\=January 2011}}. Although the changes at [General Hospital](/wiki/General_Hospital \"General Hospital\") were a success, Marland was not interested in moving to Los Angeles, where the show was produced, and didn't like the show's increased pacing by Monty. Marland left the show a year later.", "### As the World Turns and Guiding Light", "Back in New York, he was asked by [CBS Daytime](/wiki/CBS_Daytime \"CBS Daytime\") to temporarily assume the head writing reins at [As the World Turns](/wiki/As_the_World_Turns \"As the World Turns\"), which he did for thirteen weeks.", "In 1979, he assumed the head writing reins of [Guiding Light](/wiki/Guiding_Light \"Guiding Light\"). Marland's run on GL produced popular storylines and characters. One character Marland introduced was Nola Reardon, played by [Lisa Brown](/wiki/Lisa_Brown_%28actress%29 \"Lisa Brown (actress)\"). The unconventional Nola started as a villainess and became the heroine of the show.", "Another story was an envelope\\-pushing story that featured the character of Carrie Todd Marler (played by [Jane Elliot](/wiki/Jane_Elliot \"Jane Elliot\")). Carrie was diagnosed with [multiple personalities](/wiki/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder \"Dissociative Identity Disorder\"), and Marland had barely delved into her psychosis when Elliot's contract was abruptly terminated by [Executive Producer](/wiki/Executive_Producer \"Executive Producer\") [Allen M. Potter](/wiki/Allen_M._Potter \"Allen M. Potter\") in 1982; Marland resigned in protest.", "### Loving", "Marland next teamed up with fellow writer [Agnes Nixon](/wiki/Agnes_Nixon \"Agnes Nixon\") to create [Loving](/wiki/Loving_%28TV_series%29 \"Loving (TV series)\"), which premiered in June 1983\\. He served as head writer for the show's first two years. The show was a critical but not commercial success during the time that he wrote it.", "### A New Day in Eden", "During the 1982–1983 season, he co\\-wrote, with James Rosin,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0743002/\\\|title\\=James Rosin \\\| Actor, Writer\\\|website\\=IMDb}} a show that he had created, A New Day in Eden<https://us.imdb.com/title/tt0498969/> {{Bare URL inline\\\|date\\=August 2024}} for the cable channel [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 \"Showtime (TV network)\"). The show was hailed as TV's first \"nude\" serial, in which many cast members would perform their love scenes without clothes. The show thrived on the taboo, showcasing bodies and a perverse combination of sex and violence, including a deflowering in a barn, a sexual assault in a shower, and one story in which a woman seduced the rival for another man's affections in a lesbian storyline. Despite its controversy and the fact that the cast included Steve Carlson, [Jane Elliot](/wiki/Jane_Elliot \"Jane Elliot\") (fresh from her run as Tracy on GH \\& Carrie on GL), and [Lara Parker](/wiki/Lara_Parker \"Lara Parker\") (famous as the witch Angelique on the [cult](/wiki/Cult_series \"Cult series\") [Dark Shadows](/wiki/Dark_Shadows \"Dark Shadows\")) and that it was produced and sometimes directed by daytime veteran actress [Susan Flannery](/wiki/Susan_Flannery \"Susan Flannery\"), A New Day in Eden only lasted 66 episodes.", "### Return to As the World Turns", "Marland was hired in 1985 to return to [As the World Turns](/wiki/As_the_World_Turns \"As the World Turns\"). Marland refocused the show and made the Hughes family central to the plot again. He utilized over 30 years of history to create new storylines for core characters [Bob Hughes](/wiki/Bob_Hughes \"Bob Hughes\") and [Kim Hughes](/wiki/Kim_Sullivan_Hughes \"Kim Sullivan Hughes\"). (One story, where a child previously thought to be dead was found to be alive and living in England, was a dual role played by future [Oscar](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\")\\-winning actress [Julianne Moore](/wiki/Julianne_Moore \"Julianne Moore\").) He was also credited with bringing original cast members [Helen Wagner](/wiki/Helen_Wagner \"Helen Wagner\") and [Don MacLaughlin](/wiki/Don_MacLaughlin \"Don MacLaughlin\") back to the center the show as Nancy and Chris Hughes, after they'd been bumped to recurring status in 1982\\. When McLaughlin (and his character) died in 1986, Marland paired Nancy with Chief of Detectives Dan McClosky, and then chronicled McClosky's subsequent battle with [Alzheimer's](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s \"Alzheimer's\") disease. He also reached back to [Lisa McColl's](/wiki/Lisa_Grimaldi \"Lisa Grimaldi\") 1965 stint on short\\-lived ATWT spinoff [Our Private World](/wiki/Our_Private_World \"Our Private World\"), giving her a son, Scott Eldridge, hitherto unknown to viewers, who tracked her down as an adult. (He was said to have been born during the several\\-month\\-long lapse between when Private World ended and when Lisa resurfaced on ATWT in mid\\-1966\\.)", "He also introduced a new working\\-class family, the Snyders, into the storyline and added new dimensions to the wealthy [Lucinda Walsh](/wiki/Lucinda_Walsh \"Lucinda Walsh\") ([Elizabeth Hubbard](/wiki/Elizabeth_Hubbard \"Elizabeth Hubbard\")) by tying the Walshes and Snyders together. This resulted in the pairing of [Lily Walsh](/wiki/Lily_Walsh \"Lily Walsh\") ([Martha Byrne](/wiki/Martha_Byrne \"Martha Byrne\")) and [Holden Snyder](/wiki/Holden_Snyder \"Holden Snyder\") ([Jon Hensley](/wiki/Jon_Hensley \"Jon Hensley\")). It was also revealed that [Iva Snyder](/wiki/Iva_Snyder \"Iva Snyder\") ([Lisa Brown](/wiki/Lisa_Brown_%28actress%29 \"Lisa Brown (actress)\")) was the biological mother of Lucinda's adopted daughter Lily. The new Snyder family was based largely on Douglas Marland's own experiences; he grew up on a farm in [West Sand Lake, NY](/wiki/West_Sand_Lake%2C_NY \"West Sand Lake, NY\"). In several interviews, Marland remarked that the character of [Seth Snyder](/wiki/Seth_Snyder \"Seth Snyder\") was based largely on his own life. Seth was the oldest child, who had been taken on great responsibility in helping to raise his siblings following patriarch Harvey Snyder's death. This event was key to the formation of the Snyder family dynamic, in that Marland was allowed to write a strong and independent yet maternal figure in matriarch [Emma Snyder](/wiki/Emma_Snyder \"Emma Snyder\") ([Kathleen Widdoes](/wiki/Kathleen_Widdoes \"Kathleen Widdoes\")).", "Marland was also responsible for adding the first gay male character on an American soap opera to his story during his tenure, Hank Elliot (Brian Starcher). The story was short\\-lived (Hank was featured for about 18 months), but groundbreaking; the soap opera became a pioneer for others who wished to put gay male characters, heretofore unseen, on their respective shows. Although the story centered on Hank, it allowed viewers to see another side to long running characters, when those characters reacted to the news that Hank was gay. Hank was written off of the show to take care of his lover Charles, who was dying of [AIDS](/wiki/AIDS \"AIDS\"). Starcher was nominated for a [Soap Opera Digest Award](/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest_Award \"Soap Opera Digest Award\") in 1990\\.", "Marland diversified the previously white canvas of As the World Turns, introducing an Amerasian character as the child of a [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\") vet, and also featuring a story of a mixed\\-race couple marrying and having a baby (and showing negative reactions to the marriage and birth). Another story featured town matriarch [Nancy Hughes](/wiki/Nancy_Hughes \"Nancy Hughes\") helping a young, illiterate African\\-American girl (played by singer/actress [Lauryn Hill](/wiki/Lauryn_Hill \"Lauryn Hill\")), learn to read.", "Marland also penned a story featuring the character of [Ellie Snyder](/wiki/Ellie_Snyder \"Ellie Snyder\") having an [abortion](/wiki/Abortion \"Abortion\"); abortion is a rarity in daytime and this again allowed Marland to write about both sides of a controversial issue.", "Marland wrote ATWT until his death from complications after abdominal surgery on March 6, 1993\\.", "" ]
Classes ------- {{outdated section\\|date\=September 2021}} [left\\|thumb\\|An AP2 handcycle](/wiki/File:Handcycle_in_Richmond_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315077.jpg "Handcycle in Richmond Park - geograph.org.uk - 1315077.jpg") Classification for para\-cycling is done for four types of cycling equipment — (1\) upright bicycles, (2\) handcycles, (3\) tricycles, and (4\) tandem bicycles. For each type of equipment, the classifications are based on disability type or level. Classification numbers indicate the severity level of limitation, with 1 being the most severe, for example the lower numbers indicate both lower and upper limb limitations, whereas, the higher numbers apply to athletes with only lower limb limitations. * Upright bicycles: For using a "standard" bicycle, there are five sports classes, C1\-C5\. * Handcycles: For using a handcycle, there are five sports classes, H1\-H5\. * Tricycles: There are two sports classes, T1\-T2\. Athletes in the T class have conditions with significant co\-ordination limitations. * Tandem bicycles: For using a tandem bicycle, athletes with visual impairments compete with a sighted "pilot" riding in the front seat. \| \| Cycling \| Handbike \| Tricycle \| Blind/VI \| Tandem \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Men \| MC1 \- MC5 \| MH1 \- MH5 \| MT1 \- MT2 \| MB \| TCB \| \| Women \| WC1 \- WC5 \| WH1 \- WH5 \| WT1 \- WT2 \| WB \| TCB \| Para\-cycling classes, as defined by the UCI, can be decoded easily. The first letter stands for the gender (M for men, W for women). Subsequent letters stand for the sport division (C for Cycling; H for Handbike, T for Tricycle, B for blind or visually impaired \- also known as TCB for Tandem Class Blind). The final number is the class in that division \- with the lower the number, the greater the degree of impairment. Therefore WH3 stands for the class Women's Handbike 3.{{cite book\\|title\=UCI Para\-cycling Classification Guide\\|year\=2012\\|publisher\=Union Cycliste Internationale\\|pages\=4\\|url\=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId\=MTI2MzI\&ObjTypeCode\=FILE\&type\=FILE\&id\=NjA1ODg\&LangId\=1 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319050853/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId\=MTI2MzI\&ObjTypeCode\=FILE\&type\=FILE\&id\=NjA1ODg\&LangId\=1 \\|archive\-date\=19 March 2013}} The International Paralympic Committee lists eligible impairment types as: * Impaired muscle power * Athetosis * Impaired passive range of movement * Hypertonia * Limb deficiency * Ataxia * Leg length difference * Vision Impairment ### Cycling Athletes have a physical impairment that prevents them from competing in able\-bodied competition but still compete using a "standard bicycle".{{cite web\\|title\=Cycling Road \- Classification\\|url\=http://www.london2012\.com/paralympics/cycling\-road/classification/\\|publisher\=London 2012 Paralympic Games\\|access\-date\=22 August 2012\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824205518/http://www.london2012\.com/paralympics/cycling\-road/classification/\\|archive\-date\=24 August 2012}} There are five classes of cycling: * [C1](/wiki/C1_%28classification%29 "C1 (classification)"): severe hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; severe athetosis or ataxia; bilateral through knee amputation, etc. * [C2](/wiki/C2_%28classification%29 "C2 (classification)"): moderate hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; moderate athetosis or ataxia; unilateral above knee amputation, etc. * [C3](/wiki/C3_%28classification%29 "C3 (classification)"): moderate hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; moderate athetosis or ataxia; bilateral below knee or unilateral through knee amputation, etc. * [C4](/wiki/C4_%28classification%29 "C4 (classification)"): mild hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; mild athetosis or ataxia; unilateral below knee or bilateral below elbow amputation, etc. * [C5](/wiki/C5_%28classification%29 "C5 (classification)"): mild monoplegic spasticity; unilateral arm amputation (above or below elbow), etc. ### Handbike or hand cycling Athletes have lower limb impairment that necessitates use of a hand\-operated cycle. There are five classes of hand cycling: * [H1](/wiki/H1_%28classification%29 "H1 (classification)"): [tetraplegics](/wiki/Tetraplegia "Tetraplegia") with severe upper limb impairment to the C6 vertebra * [H2](/wiki/H2_%28classification%29 "H2 (classification)"): tetraplegics with minor upper limb impairment from C7 thru T3 * [H3](/wiki/H3_%28classification%29 "H3 (classification)"): [paraplegics](/wiki/Paraplegia "Paraplegia") with impairment from T4 thru T10 * [H4](/wiki/H4_%28classification%29 "H4 (classification)"): paraplegics with impairment from T11 down, and amputees unable to kneel * [H5](/wiki/H5_%28classification%29 "H5 (classification)"): athletes who can kneel on a handcycle, a category that includes paraplegics and amputees{{cite book\\|page\=24\\|title\=Wheelchair sport : a complete guide for athletes, coaches, and teachers\\|first\=Vicky\\|last\=Goosey\-Tolfrey\\|location\=Champaign, Illinois\\|publisher\=Human Kinetics\\|year\=2010\\|isbn\=9780736086769 \\|oclc\=489446056}} In hand\-cycling classifications, H1 and H2 can use an AP1 and AP2 handcycle, H3 can use an AP2, AP3 and ATP2 handcycle, and H4 can use an ATP3 handcycle.{{cite book\\|page\=34\\|title\=The paralympic athlete : handbook of sports medicine and science\\|first1\=Yves\\|last1\=Vanlandewijck\\|first2\=Walter R\\|last2\=Thompson\\|author3\=IOC Medical Commission\\|location\=Chichester, West Sussex, UK\\|publisher\=Wiley\-Blackwell\\|year\=2011\\|oclc\=642278479\\|isbn\=9781444334043}} ### Tricycle Athletes have an impairment which affects their balance. They compete with a three\-wheeled cycle called a tricycle \- three wheels providing more balance than a standard two\-wheeled cycle. ### Blind/Visually Impaired, also known as Tandem Class Blind Athletes who are blind or visually impaired. They compete using a two\-person cycle known as a tandem, with a sighted "pilot" in the front seat. Under UCI rules, a professional cyclist must not be active for 12 months in any UCI professional tour (starting January 1 of the year) or be selected to any national team in a UCI\-sanctioned championship, except Masters (over 40\), in order to apply as a para\-cycling pilot. This rule is designed to prevent active elite\-level cyclists from having an advantage, although developmental cyclists who have yet to participate in a UCI professional tour or retired elite cyclists could participate. For example, [Corentin Ermenault](/wiki/Corentin_Ermenault "Corentin Ermenault"), a young French cyclist who has yet to reach the professional ranks, and [Adam Duggleby](/wiki/Adam_Duggleby "Adam Duggleby"), who is not a professional on the major tours, both served as sighted guides at the 2020 Paralympics. [Craig MacLean](/wiki/Craig_MacLean "Craig MacLean"), who medaled at the Olympic Games in 2000, retired in 2008 and began serving as a guide in 2011 after sitting out the required two years.	[ "Classes\n-------", "{{outdated section\\\|date\\=September 2021}}\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|An AP2 handcycle](/wiki/File:Handcycle_in_Richmond_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1315077.jpg \"Handcycle in Richmond Park - geograph.org.uk - 1315077.jpg\")", "Classification for para\\-cycling is done for four types of cycling equipment — (1\\) upright bicycles, (2\\) handcycles, (3\\) tricycles, and (4\\) tandem bicycles. For each type of equipment, the classifications are based on disability type or level. Classification numbers indicate the severity level of limitation, with 1 being the most severe, for example the lower numbers indicate both lower and upper limb limitations, whereas, the higher numbers apply to athletes with only lower limb limitations. \n* Upright bicycles: For using a \"standard\" bicycle, there are five sports classes, C1\\-C5\\.\n* Handcycles: For using a handcycle, there are five sports classes, H1\\-H5\\.\n* Tricycles: There are two sports classes, T1\\-T2\\. Athletes in the T class have conditions with significant co\\-ordination limitations.\n* Tandem bicycles: For using a tandem bicycle, athletes with visual impairments compete with a sighted \"pilot\" riding in the front seat.", "", "\| \| Cycling \| Handbike \| Tricycle \| Blind/VI \| Tandem \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Men \| MC1 \\- MC5 \| MH1 \\- MH5 \| MT1 \\- MT2 \| MB \| TCB \|\n\| Women \| WC1 \\- WC5 \| WH1 \\- WH5 \| WT1 \\- WT2 \| WB \| TCB \|", "Para\\-cycling classes, as defined by the UCI, can be decoded easily. The first letter stands for the gender (M for men, W for women). Subsequent letters stand for the sport division (C for Cycling; H for Handbike, T for Tricycle, B for blind or visually impaired \\- also known as TCB for Tandem Class Blind). The final number is the class in that division \\- with the lower the number, the greater the degree of impairment. Therefore WH3 stands for the class Women's Handbike 3.{{cite book\\\|title\\=UCI Para\\-cycling Classification Guide\\\|year\\=2012\\\|publisher\\=Union Cycliste Internationale\\\|pages\\=4\\\|url\\=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId\\=MTI2MzI\\&ObjTypeCode\\=FILE\\&type\\=FILE\\&id\\=NjA1ODg\\&LangId\\=1 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319050853/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId\\=MTI2MzI\\&ObjTypeCode\\=FILE\\&type\\=FILE\\&id\\=NjA1ODg\\&LangId\\=1 \\\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2013}}", "The International Paralympic Committee lists eligible impairment types as:\n* Impaired muscle power\n* Athetosis\n* Impaired passive range of movement\n* Hypertonia\n* Limb deficiency\n* Ataxia\n* Leg length difference\n* Vision Impairment", "### Cycling", "Athletes have a physical impairment that prevents them from competing in able\\-bodied competition but still compete using a \"standard bicycle\".{{cite web\\\|title\\=Cycling Road \\- Classification\\\|url\\=http://www.london2012\\.com/paralympics/cycling\\-road/classification/\\\|publisher\\=London 2012 Paralympic Games\\\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2012\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824205518/http://www.london2012\\.com/paralympics/cycling\\-road/classification/\\\|archive\\-date\\=24 August 2012}} There are five classes of cycling: \n* [C1](/wiki/C1_%28classification%29 \"C1 (classification)\"): severe hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; severe athetosis or ataxia; bilateral through knee amputation, etc.\n* [C2](/wiki/C2_%28classification%29 \"C2 (classification)\"): moderate hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; moderate athetosis or ataxia; unilateral above knee amputation, etc.\n* [C3](/wiki/C3_%28classification%29 \"C3 (classification)\"): moderate hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; moderate athetosis or ataxia; bilateral below knee or unilateral through knee amputation, etc.\n* [C4](/wiki/C4_%28classification%29 \"C4 (classification)\"): mild hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; mild athetosis or ataxia; unilateral below knee or bilateral below elbow amputation, etc.\n* [C5](/wiki/C5_%28classification%29 \"C5 (classification)\"): mild monoplegic spasticity; unilateral arm amputation (above or below elbow), etc.", "### Handbike or hand cycling", "Athletes have lower limb impairment that necessitates use of a hand\\-operated cycle. There are five classes of hand cycling: \n* [H1](/wiki/H1_%28classification%29 \"H1 (classification)\"): [tetraplegics](/wiki/Tetraplegia \"Tetraplegia\") with severe upper limb impairment to the C6 vertebra\n* [H2](/wiki/H2_%28classification%29 \"H2 (classification)\"): tetraplegics with minor upper limb impairment from C7 thru T3\n* [H3](/wiki/H3_%28classification%29 \"H3 (classification)\"): [paraplegics](/wiki/Paraplegia \"Paraplegia\") with impairment from T4 thru T10\n* [H4](/wiki/H4_%28classification%29 \"H4 (classification)\"): paraplegics with impairment from T11 down, and amputees unable to kneel\n* [H5](/wiki/H5_%28classification%29 \"H5 (classification)\"): athletes who can kneel on a handcycle, a category that includes paraplegics and amputees{{cite book\\\|page\\=24\\\|title\\=Wheelchair sport : a complete guide for athletes, coaches, and teachers\\\|first\\=Vicky\\\|last\\=Goosey\\-Tolfrey\\\|location\\=Champaign, Illinois\\\|publisher\\=Human Kinetics\\\|year\\=2010\\\|isbn\\=9780736086769 \\\|oclc\\=489446056}}", "In hand\\-cycling classifications, H1 and H2 can use an AP1 and AP2 handcycle, H3 can use an AP2, AP3 and ATP2 handcycle, and H4 can use an ATP3 handcycle.{{cite book\\\|page\\=34\\\|title\\=The paralympic athlete : handbook of sports medicine and science\\\|first1\\=Yves\\\|last1\\=Vanlandewijck\\\|first2\\=Walter R\\\|last2\\=Thompson\\\|author3\\=IOC Medical Commission\\\|location\\=Chichester, West Sussex, UK\\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\-Blackwell\\\|year\\=2011\\\|oclc\\=642278479\\\|isbn\\=9781444334043}}", "### Tricycle", "Athletes have an impairment which affects their balance. They compete with a three\\-wheeled cycle called a tricycle \\- three wheels providing more balance than a standard two\\-wheeled cycle.", "### Blind/Visually Impaired, also known as Tandem Class Blind", "Athletes who are blind or visually impaired. They compete using a two\\-person cycle known as a tandem, with a sighted \"pilot\" in the front seat. Under UCI rules, a professional cyclist must not be active for 12 months in any UCI professional tour (starting January 1 of the year) or be selected to any national team in a UCI\\-sanctioned championship, except Masters (over 40\\), in order to apply as a para\\-cycling pilot.", "This rule is designed to prevent active elite\\-level cyclists from having an advantage, although developmental cyclists who have yet to participate in a UCI professional tour or retired elite cyclists could participate. For example, [Corentin Ermenault](/wiki/Corentin_Ermenault \"Corentin Ermenault\"), a young French cyclist who has yet to reach the professional ranks, and [Adam Duggleby](/wiki/Adam_Duggleby \"Adam Duggleby\"), who is not a professional on the major tours, both served as sighted guides at the 2020 Paralympics. [Craig MacLean](/wiki/Craig_MacLean \"Craig MacLean\"), who medaled at the Olympic Games in 2000, retired in 2008 and began serving as a guide in 2011 after sitting out the required two years.", "" ]
History ------- Vokal was launched in 1997 as a Hip Hop Fashion brand by Yomi Martin, his cousin Cornell “Nelly” Haynes, and Nick Loftis.St. Louis Business Journal, Friday, June 24, 2005 by Rick Desloge They wanted to launch a new brand that was not driven by big marketing budgets and that did not have standard logos and designs. Yomi and Nelly were looking for a new innovative brand with daring and unique designs where the clothes speak for themselves. For their first production, they each paid $100 to have 30 T\-shirts made featuring the St. Lunatics. The St. Lunatics are a rap crew from St. Louis, Missouri formed by rapper Nelly and his hometown friends. Yomi Martin sold the shirts for $20 each at a concert of the St. Lunatics. With these sales of these shirts and jerseys at concerts and out of car trunks Vokal began selling successfully within the county limits of St. Louis. While Yomi Martin was focusing on the Clothing line, Nelly focused on his musical career and that of his group St. Lunatics. Over time, Vokal was officially creating custom jerseys for superstar and co\-founder Cornell "Nelly" Haynes Jr, as well as his cousin's Hip Hop group, the St. Lunatics. With the group's name growing in popularity, Vokal even began touring with the St. Lunatics, representing Vokal and selling clothing after the St. Lunatic's events. Many people wanted to buy what the then\-independent artists were wearing. Not only consumers started wearing Vokal but also other independent artists and athletes. When Nelly's debut album, [Country Grammar](/wiki/Country_Grammar "Country Grammar"), spent 7 weeks on top of the [U.S.](/wiki/United_States "United States") Album Charts and went 9 times platinum, fuelled by the enormous success of the title track.Billboard, March 18, 2000 With this debut Vokal was instantly known in the entire United States, Vokal essentially grew right along with the career of Nelly and the St. Lunatics. The first official collection was launched in 2001 and while Nelly was extremely busy he still had a great influence on the collection for Vokal. This paid off right away because the sales immediately skyrocketed. Not only consumers but also other independent artists and athletes, started wearing Vokal but also other independent artists and athletes. In June 2004, Vokal shut down production of their clothing following a copyright dispute with their licensee, ALM International Corporation. The company resumed production and went on to produce clothes for three years until 2007 when it seemingly ceased all production for the final time. The shutdown of Vokal has not been addressed since then.	[ "History\n-------", "Vokal was launched in 1997 as a Hip Hop Fashion brand by Yomi Martin, his cousin Cornell “Nelly” Haynes, and Nick Loftis.St. Louis Business Journal, Friday, June 24, 2005 by Rick Desloge They wanted to launch a new brand that was not driven by big marketing budgets and that did not have standard logos and designs. Yomi and Nelly were looking for a new innovative brand with daring and unique designs where the clothes speak for themselves.", "For their first production, they each paid $100 to have 30 T\\-shirts made featuring the St. Lunatics. The St. Lunatics are a rap crew from St. Louis, Missouri formed by rapper Nelly and his hometown friends. Yomi Martin sold the shirts for $20 each at a concert of the St. Lunatics. With these sales of these shirts and jerseys at concerts and out of car trunks Vokal began selling successfully within the county limits of St. Louis.", "While Yomi Martin was focusing on the Clothing line, Nelly focused on his musical career and that of his group St. Lunatics. Over time, Vokal was officially creating custom jerseys for superstar and co\\-founder Cornell \"Nelly\" Haynes Jr, as well as his cousin's Hip Hop group, the St. Lunatics.\nWith the group's name growing in popularity, Vokal even began touring with the St. Lunatics, representing Vokal and selling clothing after the St. Lunatic's events. Many people wanted to buy what the then\\-independent artists were wearing. Not only consumers started wearing Vokal but also other independent artists and athletes.", "When Nelly's debut album, [Country Grammar](/wiki/Country_Grammar \"Country Grammar\"), spent 7 weeks on top of the [U.S.](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") Album Charts and went 9 times platinum, fuelled by the enormous success of the title track.Billboard, March 18, 2000 With this debut Vokal was instantly known in the entire United States, Vokal essentially grew right along with the career of Nelly and the St. Lunatics.", "The first official collection was launched in 2001 and while Nelly was extremely busy he still had a great influence on the collection for Vokal. This paid off right away because the sales immediately skyrocketed. Not only consumers but also other independent artists and athletes, started wearing Vokal but also other independent artists and athletes.", "In June 2004, Vokal shut down production of their clothing following a copyright dispute with their licensee, ALM International Corporation. The company resumed production and went on to produce clothes for three years until 2007 when it seemingly ceased all production for the final time. The shutdown of Vokal has not been addressed since then.", "" ]
History ------- The Church of the Ascension, like many churches in the [continuing Anglican movement](/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement "Continuing Anglican movement"), began with a group of people who were dissatisfied with the direction of the Episcopal Church. However, unlike most groups, those who formed Ascension acted sooner and did not wait for the watershed moment of the mid 1970s. The first service for the Church of the Ascension was held on June 23, 1968, at [Robert E. Lee High School](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_High_School_%28Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia%29 "Robert E. Lee High School (Fairfax County, Virginia)") in [Fairfax County, Virginia](/wiki/Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia "Fairfax County, Virginia"). In its early years the parish met in other school settings. On December 23, 1973 (Advent 4\), the parish moved into its current building, known as the "Old Stone Church", in Centreville, Virginia. The [parish](/wiki/Parish "Parish") was initially a member of the [Anglican Orthodox Church](/wiki/Anglican_Orthodox_Church "Anglican Orthodox Church"). During the early years the parish was served by a numerous supply priests until it could find its first rector. The parish was involved in the continuing Anglican movement, as members were present at the meeting of the "Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen" at St. Louis in 1977 (from which the [Affirmation of St. Louis](/wiki/Affirmation_of_St._Louis "Affirmation of St. Louis") developed). The Church of the Ascension is one of the founding parishes of both the [Anglican Catholic Church](/wiki/Anglican_Catholic_Church "Anglican Catholic Church") and the [Diocese of the Mid\-Atlantic States](http://www.dmas-acc.org).	[ "History\n-------", "The Church of the Ascension, like many churches in the [continuing Anglican movement](/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement \"Continuing Anglican movement\"), began with a group of people who were dissatisfied with the direction of the Episcopal Church. However, unlike most groups, those who formed Ascension acted sooner and did not wait for the watershed moment of the mid 1970s.", "The first service for the Church of the Ascension was held on June 23, 1968, at [Robert E. Lee High School](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_High_School_%28Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia%29 \"Robert E. Lee High School (Fairfax County, Virginia)\") in [Fairfax County, Virginia](/wiki/Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia \"Fairfax County, Virginia\"). In its early years the parish met in other school settings. On December 23, 1973 (Advent 4\\), the parish moved into its current building, known as the \"Old Stone Church\", in Centreville, Virginia.", "The [parish](/wiki/Parish \"Parish\") was initially a member of the [Anglican Orthodox Church](/wiki/Anglican_Orthodox_Church \"Anglican Orthodox Church\"). During the early years the parish was served by a numerous supply priests until it could find its first rector.", "The parish was involved in the continuing Anglican movement, as members were present at the meeting of the \"Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen\" at St. Louis in 1977 (from which the [Affirmation of St. Louis](/wiki/Affirmation_of_St._Louis \"Affirmation of St. Louis\") developed).", "The Church of the Ascension is one of the founding parishes of both the [Anglican Catholic Church](/wiki/Anglican_Catholic_Church \"Anglican Catholic Church\") and the [Diocese of the Mid\\-Atlantic States](http://www.dmas-acc.org).", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career Brown attended [Jordan High School](/wiki/Jordan_High_School_%28Los_Angeles%2C_California%29 "Jordan High School (Los Angeles, California)") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), [California](/wiki/California "California"),{{cite web \\|url\=http://library.la84\.org/SportsLibrary/HELMS/Track/HelmsTrackAnnual1949\.pdf \\|title\=Track and Field Record 1949 Season \\|publisher\=\[\[Helms Athletic Foundation]] \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123708/http://library.la84\.org/SportsLibrary/HELMS/Track/HelmsTrackAnnual1949\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2018 \\|url\-status\=dead }} and was unknown as an athlete until his breakthrough in the spring of 1948, his [junior year](/wiki/Junior_%28education_year%29 "Junior (education year)"). In addition to long jumping, he was a good sprinter. On April 1, 1949, he jumped 25 ft {{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}} in (7\.68 m) in a dual meet against [Huntington Park High School](/wiki/Huntington_Park_High_School "Huntington Park High School"), breaking [Jesse Owens](/wiki/Jesse_Owens "Jesse Owens")'s national [high school record](/wiki/United_States_high_school_national_records_in_track_and_field "United States high school national records in track and field") of 24 ft {{frac\\|11\\|1\\|4}} in (7\.60 m) from 1933;{{cite news \\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/long\-beach\-press\-telegram/1949\-05\-28/page\-7 \\|newspaper\=\[\[Long Beach Press\-Telegram]] \\|date\=May 28, 1949 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|title\=In the Spotlight \\|author\=Delano, Fred}} however, although his record was statistically valid, it didn't receive official [NFHS](/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations "National Federation of State High School Associations") ratification as marks from dual meets were ineligible.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=30500\&ATCLID\=207910800 \\|title\=UCLA Hall Of Fame To Add Eight New Members \\|date\=October 30, 2007 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|publisher\=UCLA Athletics \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507002816/http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=30500\&ATCLID\=207910800 \\|archive\-date\=May 7, 2014 }} Only one athlete of any age, [Gay Bryan](/wiki/Gay_Bryan "Gay Bryan"), exceeded Brown's jump that year,{{cite web \\|url\=http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Top10Yearly.asp?Year\=All\&EventCode\=MF3\&P\=F \\|title\=Track and Field Statistics \\|publisher\=trackfield.brinkster.net \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014}} and [Track \& Field News](/wiki/Track_%26_Field_News "Track & Field News") ranked Brown ninth in the world in its annual rankings.{{cite magazine \\|url\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/images/stories/Rankings/16\-mljrank.pdf \\|title\=World Rankings — Men's Long Jump \\|magazine\=Track \& Field News \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2014 }}{{Dead link\\|date\=December 2019 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} He was [Track and Field News](/wiki/Track_and_Field_News "Track and Field News") "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1949\.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/component/content/article/35\-stats/2114\-t\-fn\-boys\-hs\-aoy \\|title\=Track \& Field News \- the Bible of the Sport Since 1948 \\|access\-date\=2015\-11\-24 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818132720/http://trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/component/content/article/35\-stats/2114\-t\-fn\-boys\-hs\-aoy \\|archive\-date\=2016\-08\-18 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Brown graduated from high school that year and went to first [Compton Junior College](/wiki/Compton_Junior_College "Compton Junior College") and then [UCLA](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles"). He failed to improve his personal long jump best in 1950,{{cite web \\|url\=http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Profile.asp?ID\=819\&Gender\=M \\|title\=George Brown \\|publisher\=trackfield.brinkster.net \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014}} but in 1951 he became the world's leading jumper, winning the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "NCAA Men's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships"){{cite magazine \\|url\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/images/stories/tfn\_pdfs/ncaa\_history\_pdfs/ncaamlj.pdf \\|magazine\=\[\[Track \& Field News]] \\|author\=Hill, E. Garry \\|title\=A History of the NCAA Championships \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 }}{{Dead link\\|date\=December 2019 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} and [United States championships](/wiki/USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships "USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships"){{cite web \\|title\=A History Of The Results Of The National Track \& Field Championships Of The USA From 1876 Through 2011 \\|author1\=Mallon, Bill \\|author2\=Buchanan, Ian \\|author3\=Track \& Field News \\|author3\-link\=Track \& Field News \\|url\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/tafn\-presults?list\_id\=36\&sex\_id\=M\&event\_id\=24 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|work\=Track \& Field News \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205102950/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/tafn\-presults?list\_id\=36\&sex\_id\=M\&event\_id\=24 \\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2014 \\|url\-status\=dead }} and topping both the world list and the Track \& Field News rankings. He went undefeated for the year,{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/special\-articles/1154 \\|format\=PDF \\|title\=The History of the United States Olympic Trials – Track \& Field \\|author\=Hymans, Richard \\|publisher\=\[\[USA Track \& Field]]; Track \& Field News \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505141740/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/special\-articles/1154 \\|archive\-date\=May 5, 2014 \\|url\-status\=dead }} with a best jump of 26 ft 1 in (7\.95 m) from [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo") on July 18\.{{cite news \\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/nevada/reno/reno\-evening\-gazette/1951/07\-18/page\-13 \\|newspaper\=\[\[Reno Evening Gazette]] \\|date\=July 18, 1951 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|title\=26\-Foot Jump Features Meet}} ### 1952 Brown's good form continued in 1952\. On May 10 he improved his personal best to 26 ft {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|4}} in (8\.00 m) at the [West Coast Relays](/wiki/West_Coast_Relays "West Coast Relays") in [Fresno](/wiki/Fresno%2C_California "Fresno, California"), placing him third on the world all\-time list behind Owens and 1948 [Olympic champion](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_long_jump "Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump") [Willie Steele](/wiki/Willie_Steele "Willie Steele").{{cite news \\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/ca/manitoba/winnipeg/winnipeg\-free\-press/1952/05\-12/page\-21 \\|title\=Track Records Fall At Fresno \\|newspaper\=\[\[Winnipeg Free Press]] \\|date\=May 10, 1952 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014}} At the NCAA championships his winning streak was seriously threatened by [Buzz Taylor](/wiki/Buzz_Taylor "Buzz Taylor"), but Brown's last\-round leap of 25 ft {{frac\\|11\\|1\\|8}} in (7\.90 m) secured him another title and victory.{{cite news \\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/california/long\-beach/long\-beach\-press\-telegram/1952/06\-18/page\-17 \\|title\=Bruins' Broad Jumper Brown Best Bet To Retain AAU Crown \\|author\=Delano, Fred \\|date\=June 18, 1952 \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2014}} He also successfully defended his title at the national championships, jumping 25 ft 9 in (7\.84 m) and defeating runner\-up [Meredith Gourdine](/wiki/Meredith_Gourdine "Meredith Gourdine") by more than a foot.{{cite news \\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/utah/salt\-lake\-city/salt\-lake\-tribune/1952/06\-21/page\-15 \\|newspaper\=\[\[Salt Lake Tribune]] \\|date\=June 21, 1952 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|title\=Skyline Sprint King Cops AAU Second}} Brown entered the 1952 [Olympic Trials](/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Trials_%28track_and_field%29 "United States Olympic Trials (track and field)") as a clear favorite. He had won 41 consecutive competitions going back to 1950,{{cite news \\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/lubbock/morning\-avalanche/1952/06\-28/page\-6 \\|newspaper\=\[\[Lubbock Avalanche\-Journal]] \\|title\=Darrow Hooper's Shotput Heave Assures Olympic Berth \\|author\=Panama, Charles A. \\|date\=June 28, 1952 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014}} and in a [coaches](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 "Coach (sport)")' poll ahead of the Trials 29 of 31 respondents predicted that Brown would win.{{cite news \\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/california/long\-beach/long\-beach\-press\-telegram/1952/06\-26/page\-27 \\|title\=Stanfield and Moore are Unanimous Picks \\|author\=Delano, Fred \\|newspaper\=Long Beach Press\-Telegram \\|date\=June 26, 1952 \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2014}} He did not, however, and nearly failed to even make the [team](/wiki/United_States_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "United States at the 1952 Summer Olympics"); with only one round left, he had a best of 24 ft {{frac\\|7\\|1\\|2}} in (7\.50 m) and was four inches behind Taylor, who held the third and final qualifying spot. On his last jump Brown improved to 25 ft {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}} in (7\.66 m), overtaking Taylor by two inches to join Gourdine and [Jerome Biffle](/wiki/Jerome_Biffle "Jerome Biffle") on the Olympic team. Despite his third place at the Trials Brown remained the Olympic favorite.{{cite news \\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1665\&dat\=19520721\&id\=PUcaAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=3CMEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6474,884044 \\|date\=July 21, 1952 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|title\=Yanks Push Soviet Stars At Helsinki \\|author\=Petersen, Leo H. \\|newspaper\=\[\[Times\-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)\\|The Times\-News]]}} At the Olympics in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") he cleared the qualification on his first attempt, jumping 24 ft {{frac\\|1\\|8}} in (7\.32 m). In the [final](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_long_jump "Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump"), however, he fouled on all of his jumps and failed to register a valid mark;{{cite news \\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=888\&dat\=19520722\&id\=8hIwAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=I08DAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3280,2798087 \\|newspaper\=\[\[St. Petersburg Times]] \\|date\=July 22, 1952 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|title\=Yanks Grab 4 Gold Medals, Take 1st In Olympics \\|author\=Musel, Robert}}{{cite news \\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2211\&dat\=19520802\&id\=rdQmAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=kgIGAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3365,8077571 \\|author\=Stewart, Ollie \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Afro\-American]] \\|date\=August 2, 1952 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|title\=Ace Olympic Runners Had 2 Spangled Banner Days}} in muddy and slippery conditions most jumpers had problems hitting the board, but Brown and the Netherlands' [Henk Visser](/wiki/Henk_Visser_%28athlete%29 "Henk Visser (athlete)") were the only two to foul out.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.sports\-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/ATH/mens\-long\-jump.html \\|title\=Athletics at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games: Men's Long Jump \\|publisher\=Sports Reference LLC \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323031823/http://www.sports\-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/ATH/mens\-long\-jump.html \\|archive\-date\=March 23, 2014 }} The other Americans, Biffle and Gourdine, won gold and silver. Despite his losses at the Trials and the Olympics, Brown still maintained his top spot in the Track \& Field News rankings as the best jumper of 1952\. He also topped the world list for the second consecutive year, {{frac\\|9\\|1\\|8}} in (23 cm) ahead of Taylor. ### Later career Brown joined the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army "U.S. Army") in 1953 but remained the world's top jumper, winning the United States championship with a jump of 25 ft {{frac\\|10\\|3\\|4}} in (7\.89 m){{cite news\\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/racine/racine\-journal\-times/1953/06\-27/page\-12 \\|newspaper\=Racine Journal Times \\|title\=Santee Tries For Record \\|date\=June 27, 1953 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014}} and leading both the world list and the Track \& Field News rankings for a third consecutive year. In 1954 he was defeated at the national championships by [John Bennett](/wiki/John_Bennett_%28athlete%29 "John Bennett (athlete)") and slipped to third behind Bennett and Hungary's [Ödön Földessy](/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_F%C3%B6ldessy "Ödön Földessy") in the world rankings. After an off year in 1955 Brown made a comeback in 1956\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/special\-articles/1155 \\|format\=PDF \\|title\=The History of the United States Olympic Trials – Track \& Field \\|author\=Hymans, Richard \\|publisher \= \[\[USA Track \& Field]]; Track \& Field News \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014}} At the national championships in [Bakersfield](/wiki/Bakersfield%2C_California "Bakersfield, California") he jumped 25 ft {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|4}} m (7\.75 m), his best jump since 1953; he took second behind [Ernie Shelby](/wiki/Ernie_Shelby "Ernie Shelby") and defeated the eventual Olympic champion, [Greg Bell](/wiki/Greg_Bell_%28athlete%29 "Greg Bell (athlete)"), who was third.{{cite news \\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/california/van\-nuys/van\-nuys\-news/1956/06\-24/page\-20 \\|newspaper\=Van Nuys News \\|title\=Shelby Hits 26 ft. 1 1/4 in. \\|date\=June 24, 1956 \\|access\-date\=May 6, 2014}} At the Olympic Trials, however, he only placed 13th with a jump of 23 ft {{frac\\|8\\|1\\|4}} (7\.21 m) and failed to make the Olympic team.	[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "Brown attended [Jordan High School](/wiki/Jordan_High_School_%28Los_Angeles%2C_California%29 \"Jordan High School (Los Angeles, California)\") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"),{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://library.la84\\.org/SportsLibrary/HELMS/Track/HelmsTrackAnnual1949\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Track and Field Record 1949 Season \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Helms Athletic Foundation]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123708/http://library.la84\\.org/SportsLibrary/HELMS/Track/HelmsTrackAnnual1949\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2018 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and was unknown as an athlete until his breakthrough in the spring of 1948, his [junior year](/wiki/Junior_%28education_year%29 \"Junior (education year)\"). In addition to long jumping, he was a good sprinter. On April 1, 1949, he jumped 25 ft {{frac\\\|2\\\|1\\\|2}} in (7\\.68 m) in a dual meet against [Huntington Park High School](/wiki/Huntington_Park_High_School \"Huntington Park High School\"), breaking [Jesse Owens](/wiki/Jesse_Owens \"Jesse Owens\")'s national [high school record](/wiki/United_States_high_school_national_records_in_track_and_field \"United States high school national records in track and field\") of 24 ft {{frac\\\|11\\\|1\\\|4}} in (7\\.60 m) from 1933;{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/long\\-beach\\-press\\-telegram/1949\\-05\\-28/page\\-7 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Long Beach Press\\-Telegram]] \\\|date\\=May 28, 1949 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|title\\=In the Spotlight \\\|author\\=Delano, Fred}} however, although his record was statistically valid, it didn't receive official [NFHS](/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations \"National Federation of State High School Associations\") ratification as marks from dual meets were ineligible.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30500\\&ATCLID\\=207910800 \\\|title\\=UCLA Hall Of Fame To Add Eight New Members \\\|date\\=October 30, 2007 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|publisher\\=UCLA Athletics \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507002816/http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=30500\\&ATCLID\\=207910800 \\\|archive\\-date\\=May 7, 2014 }} Only one athlete of any age, [Gay Bryan](/wiki/Gay_Bryan \"Gay Bryan\"), exceeded Brown's jump that year,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Top10Yearly.asp?Year\\=All\\&EventCode\\=MF3\\&P\\=F \\\|title\\=Track and Field Statistics \\\|publisher\\=trackfield.brinkster.net \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014}} and [Track \\& Field News](/wiki/Track_%26_Field_News \"Track & Field News\") ranked Brown ninth in the world in its annual rankings.{{cite magazine \\\|url\\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/images/stories/Rankings/16\\-mljrank.pdf \\\|title\\=World Rankings — Men's Long Jump \\\|magazine\\=Track \\& Field News \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2014 }}{{Dead link\\\|date\\=December 2019 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} He was [Track and Field News](/wiki/Track_and_Field_News \"Track and Field News\") \"High School Athlete of the Year\" in 1949\\.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/component/content/article/35\\-stats/2114\\-t\\-fn\\-boys\\-hs\\-aoy \\\|title\\=Track \\& Field News \\- the Bible of the Sport Since 1948 \\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-24 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818132720/http://trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/component/content/article/35\\-stats/2114\\-t\\-fn\\-boys\\-hs\\-aoy \\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Brown graduated from high school that year and went to first [Compton Junior College](/wiki/Compton_Junior_College \"Compton Junior College\") and then [UCLA](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\"). He failed to improve his personal long jump best in 1950,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Profile.asp?ID\\=819\\&Gender\\=M \\\|title\\=George Brown \\\|publisher\\=trackfield.brinkster.net \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014}} but in 1951 he became the world's leading jumper, winning the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"NCAA Men's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships\"){{cite magazine \\\|url\\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/images/stories/tfn\\_pdfs/ncaa\\_history\\_pdfs/ncaamlj.pdf \\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Track \\& Field News]] \\\|author\\=Hill, E. Garry \\\|title\\=A History of the NCAA Championships \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 }}{{Dead link\\\|date\\=December 2019 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} and [United States championships](/wiki/USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships \"USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships\"){{cite web \\\|title\\=A History Of The Results Of The National Track \\& Field Championships Of The USA From 1876 Through 2011 \\\|author1\\=Mallon, Bill \\\|author2\\=Buchanan, Ian \\\|author3\\=Track \\& Field News \\\|author3\\-link\\=Track \\& Field News \\\|url\\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/tafn\\-presults?list\\_id\\=36\\&sex\\_id\\=M\\&event\\_id\\=24 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|work\\=Track \\& Field News \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205102950/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/tafn\\-presults?list\\_id\\=36\\&sex\\_id\\=M\\&event\\_id\\=24 \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and topping both the world list and the Track \\& Field News rankings. He went undefeated for the year,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/special\\-articles/1154 \\\|format\\=PDF \\\|title\\=The History of the United States Olympic Trials – Track \\& Field \\\|author\\=Hymans, Richard \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USA Track \\& Field]]; Track \\& Field News \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505141740/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/special\\-articles/1154 \\\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} with a best jump of 26 ft 1 in (7\\.95 m) from [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\") on July 18\\.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/nevada/reno/reno\\-evening\\-gazette/1951/07\\-18/page\\-13 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Reno Evening Gazette]] \\\|date\\=July 18, 1951 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|title\\=26\\-Foot Jump Features Meet}}", "### 1952", "Brown's good form continued in 1952\\. On May 10 he improved his personal best to 26 ft {{frac\\\|3\\\|1\\\|4}} in (8\\.00 m) at the [West Coast Relays](/wiki/West_Coast_Relays \"West Coast Relays\") in [Fresno](/wiki/Fresno%2C_California \"Fresno, California\"), placing him third on the world all\\-time list behind Owens and 1948 [Olympic champion](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_long_jump \"Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump\") [Willie Steele](/wiki/Willie_Steele \"Willie Steele\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/ca/manitoba/winnipeg/winnipeg\\-free\\-press/1952/05\\-12/page\\-21 \\\|title\\=Track Records Fall At Fresno \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Free Press]] \\\|date\\=May 10, 1952 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014}} At the NCAA championships his winning streak was seriously threatened by [Buzz Taylor](/wiki/Buzz_Taylor \"Buzz Taylor\"), but Brown's last\\-round leap of 25 ft {{frac\\\|11\\\|1\\\|8}} in (7\\.90 m) secured him another title and victory.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/california/long\\-beach/long\\-beach\\-press\\-telegram/1952/06\\-18/page\\-17 \\\|title\\=Bruins' Broad Jumper Brown Best Bet To Retain AAU Crown \\\|author\\=Delano, Fred \\\|date\\=June 18, 1952 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2014}} He also successfully defended his title at the national championships, jumping 25 ft 9 in (7\\.84 m) and defeating runner\\-up [Meredith Gourdine](/wiki/Meredith_Gourdine \"Meredith Gourdine\") by more than a foot.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/utah/salt\\-lake\\-city/salt\\-lake\\-tribune/1952/06\\-21/page\\-15 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Salt Lake Tribune]] \\\|date\\=June 21, 1952 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|title\\=Skyline Sprint King Cops AAU Second}}", "Brown entered the 1952 [Olympic Trials](/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Trials_%28track_and_field%29 \"United States Olympic Trials (track and field)\") as a clear favorite. He had won 41 consecutive competitions going back to 1950,{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/lubbock/morning\\-avalanche/1952/06\\-28/page\\-6 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Lubbock Avalanche\\-Journal]] \\\|title\\=Darrow Hooper's Shotput Heave Assures Olympic Berth \\\|author\\=Panama, Charles A. \\\|date\\=June 28, 1952 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014}} and in a [coaches](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 \"Coach (sport)\")' poll ahead of the Trials 29 of 31 respondents predicted that Brown would win.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/california/long\\-beach/long\\-beach\\-press\\-telegram/1952/06\\-26/page\\-27 \\\|title\\=Stanfield and Moore are Unanimous Picks \\\|author\\=Delano, Fred \\\|newspaper\\=Long Beach Press\\-Telegram \\\|date\\=June 26, 1952 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2014}} He did not, however, and nearly failed to even make the [team](/wiki/United_States_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics \"United States at the 1952 Summer Olympics\"); with only one round left, he had a best of 24 ft {{frac\\\|7\\\|1\\\|2}} in (7\\.50 m) and was four inches behind Taylor, who held the third and final qualifying spot. On his last jump Brown improved to 25 ft {{frac\\\|1\\\|1\\\|2}} in (7\\.66 m), overtaking Taylor by two inches to join Gourdine and [Jerome Biffle](/wiki/Jerome_Biffle \"Jerome Biffle\") on the Olympic team.", "Despite his third place at the Trials Brown remained the Olympic favorite.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1665\\&dat\\=19520721\\&id\\=PUcaAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=3CMEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6474,884044 \\\|date\\=July 21, 1952 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|title\\=Yanks Push Soviet Stars At Helsinki \\\|author\\=Petersen, Leo H. \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Times\\-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)\\\|The Times\\-News]]}} At the Olympics in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") he cleared the qualification on his first attempt, jumping 24 ft {{frac\\\|1\\\|8}} in (7\\.32 m). In the [final](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_long_jump \"Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump\"), however, he fouled on all of his jumps and failed to register a valid mark;{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=888\\&dat\\=19520722\\&id\\=8hIwAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=I08DAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3280,2798087 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[St. Petersburg Times]] \\\|date\\=July 22, 1952 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|title\\=Yanks Grab 4 Gold Medals, Take 1st In Olympics \\\|author\\=Musel, Robert}}{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2211\\&dat\\=19520802\\&id\\=rdQmAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=kgIGAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3365,8077571 \\\|author\\=Stewart, Ollie \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Afro\\-American]] \\\|date\\=August 2, 1952 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|title\\=Ace Olympic Runners Had 2 Spangled Banner Days}} in muddy and slippery conditions most jumpers had problems hitting the board, but Brown and the Netherlands' [Henk Visser](/wiki/Henk_Visser_%28athlete%29 \"Henk Visser (athlete)\") were the only two to foul out.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.sports\\-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/ATH/mens\\-long\\-jump.html \\\|title\\=Athletics at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games: Men's Long Jump \\\|publisher\\=Sports Reference LLC \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323031823/http://www.sports\\-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/ATH/mens\\-long\\-jump.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2014 }} The other Americans, Biffle and Gourdine, won gold and silver.", "Despite his losses at the Trials and the Olympics, Brown still maintained his top spot in the Track \\& Field News rankings as the best jumper of 1952\\. He also topped the world list for the second consecutive year, {{frac\\\|9\\\|1\\\|8}} in (23 cm) ahead of Taylor.", "### Later career", "Brown joined the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army \"U.S. Army\") in 1953 but remained the world's top jumper, winning the United States championship with a jump of 25 ft {{frac\\\|10\\\|3\\\|4}} in (7\\.89 m){{cite news\\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/racine/racine\\-journal\\-times/1953/06\\-27/page\\-12 \\\|newspaper\\=Racine Journal Times \\\|title\\=Santee Tries For Record \\\|date\\=June 27, 1953 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014}} and leading both the world list and the Track \\& Field News rankings for a third consecutive year. In 1954 he was defeated at the national championships by [John Bennett](/wiki/John_Bennett_%28athlete%29 \"John Bennett (athlete)\") and slipped to third behind Bennett and Hungary's [Ödön Földessy](/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_F%C3%B6ldessy \"Ödön Földessy\") in the world rankings.", "After an off year in 1955 Brown made a comeback in 1956\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/special\\-articles/1155 \\\|format\\=PDF \\\|title\\=The History of the United States Olympic Trials – Track \\& Field \\\|author\\=Hymans, Richard \\\|publisher \\= \\[\\[USA Track \\& Field]]; Track \\& Field News \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014}} At the national championships in [Bakersfield](/wiki/Bakersfield%2C_California \"Bakersfield, California\") he jumped 25 ft {{frac\\\|5\\\|1\\\|4}} m (7\\.75 m), his best jump since 1953; he took second behind [Ernie Shelby](/wiki/Ernie_Shelby \"Ernie Shelby\") and defeated the eventual Olympic champion, [Greg Bell](/wiki/Greg_Bell_%28athlete%29 \"Greg Bell (athlete)\"), who was third.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/california/van\\-nuys/van\\-nuys\\-news/1956/06\\-24/page\\-20 \\\|newspaper\\=Van Nuys News \\\|title\\=Shelby Hits 26 ft. 1 1/4 in. \\\|date\\=June 24, 1956 \\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2014}} At the Olympic Trials, however, he only placed 13th with a jump of 23 ft {{frac\\\|8\\\|1\\\|4}} (7\\.21 m) and failed to make the Olympic team.", "" ]
Race summary ------------ [thumb\\|The route of The Amazing Race 30\.](/wiki/File:The_Amazing_Race_30_map.png "The Amazing Race 30 map.png") {{TAR Captionbox\\|Style16}} ### Leg 1 (United States → Iceland) [thumb\\|Teams ended the first leg in [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland "Iceland") at Iðnaðarmannahúsið, on the shore of Lake [Tjörnin](/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rnin "Tjörnin") in Downtown [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk "Reykjavík").](/wiki/File:Tj%C3%B6rnin.jpg "Tjörnin.jpg") * Episode 1: "You're a Champion, Prove It" (January 3, 2018\) * Prize: A trip for two to [Santorini, Greece](/wiki/Santorini%2C_Greece "Santorini, Greece") (awarded to Kristi \& Jen) * Eliminated: Dessie \& Kayla Locations * [New York City, New York](/wiki/New_York_City%2C_New_York "New York City, New York") ([Washington Square Park](/wiki/Washington_Square_Park "Washington Square Park")) (Starting Line) * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} New York City → [Reykjavík, Iceland](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk%2C_Iceland "Reykjavík, Iceland") * [Húsafell](/wiki/H%C3%BAsafell "Húsafell") (Geitárgljúfur) * [Mosfellsbær](/wiki/Mosfellsb%C3%A6r "Mosfellsbær") ([Esjumelar](/wiki/Esjan "Esjan")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Do I Have to Spell It Out?}} * Reykjavík (Ingólfstorg) * Reykjavík ([Reykjavíkurtjörn](/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rnin "Tjörnin") – Iðnaðarmannahúsið) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|1}} Episode summary * Teams had to find their first clue below the waterline of the fountain at [Washington Square Park](/wiki/Washington_Square_Park "Washington Square Park"). Teams were instructed to fly to [Reykjavík, Iceland](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk%2C_Iceland "Reykjavík, Iceland"). Once there, teams had to drive to the Geitárgljùfur, where one team member had to pull themselves along a [zipline](/wiki/Zipline "Zipline") high above the Geitá river [canyon](/wiki/Canyon "Canyon") until they could retrieve an [Icelandic flag](/wiki/Icelandic_flag "Icelandic flag") suspended from the line. After grabbing the flag, their partner had to pull them back to the canyon's edge so they could exchange the flag for their next clue. Teams then had to drive to [Esjumelar](/wiki/Esjan "Esjan") in order to find their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Do I Have to Spell It Out?}} In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to ride in an [off\-road buggy](/wiki/Swamp_buggy "Swamp buggy") driven by a professional driver in the foothills of [Mount Esja](/wiki/Mount_Esja "Mount Esja"). Without taking notes, the team member had to memorize eleven [Icelandic letters](/wiki/Icelandic_alphabet "Icelandic alphabet") placed along the [riverbed](/wiki/Riverbed "Riverbed") and that each letter had a number denoting its order in the solution. They then had to arrange tiles with those letters in the correct order to spell out their next destination – Ingólfstorg – in order to receive their next clue. * After driving to Ingólfstorg, teams had to find a group of [strongmen](/wiki/Strongmen "Strongmen"), where [CrossFit Games](/wiki/CrossFit_Games "CrossFit Games") champion [Katrín Davíðsdóttir](/wiki/Katr%C3%ADn_Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0sd%C3%B3ttir "Katrín Davíðsdóttir") asked teams two questions about two national [tonics](/wiki/Tonic_water "Tonic water"). When teams were able to provide the correct answers, one team member had to drink a shot of [Brennivín](/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn "Brennivín") and the other a shot of Þorskalýsi ([cod liver oil](/wiki/Cod_liver_oil "Cod liver oil")) in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Iðnaðarmannahúsið along [Reykjavíkurtjörn](/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rnin "Tjörnin"). Additional notes * At [John F. Kennedy International Airport](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport "John F. Kennedy International Airport"), teams had to book one of two flights to Reykjavík. The seven teams on the first flight arrived 30 minutes ahead of the remaining four teams were on the second flight. This task went unaired in the episode.{{cite web\\|url\=http://jenhudak.com/blog/amazing\-race\-30\-1/\\|title\=The Amazing Race Season 30 Episode 1: "You're A Champion, Prove It" – \#TeamExtreme Recap\\|website\=jenhudak.com\\|author\=Jen Hudak\\|author\-link\=Jen Hudak\\|date\=January 7, 2018\\|access\-date\=January 9, 2018}} * [Miss Iceland](/wiki/Miss_Iceland "Miss Iceland") Ólafía Ósk Finnsdóttir appeared as the Pit Stop greeter during this leg.{{cite magazine \\|last\=Walker \\|first\=Jodi \\|date\=January 4, 2018 \\|title\=The Amazing Race recap: 'You're a Champion, Prove It' \\|url\=https://ew.com/recap/the\-amazing\-race\-season\-30\-premiere/ \\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|access\-date\=August 11, 2020}} * The race to the Pit Stop mat between Dessie \& Kayla and April \& Sarah was the closest finish in the history of The Amazing Race. Production had to review video footage to determine which of the two teams actually arrived on the Pit Stop mat first. [Phil Keoghan](/wiki/Phil_Keoghan "Phil Keoghan") stated: "We have never had a finish this close."{{Cite web \\|date\=January 4, 2018 \\|title\='Amazing Race' premiere had closest finish in 30 seasons \\|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/news/amazing\-race\-premiere\-had\-closest\-084746237\.html \\|access\-date\=July 16, 2023 \\|website\=Yahoo News \\|language\=en\-US}} ### Leg 2 (Iceland → Netherlands → Belgium) [thumb\\|[Grote Markt](/wiki/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerp%29 "Grote Markt (Antwerp)") in [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp"), in the shadow of [Brabo Fountain](/wiki/Brabo_Fountain "Brabo Fountain") and [City Hall](/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hall "Antwerp City Hall"), hosted the very first Head\-to\-Head and the second Pit Stop.](/wiki/File:AntwerpenBraboMitRathaus.jpg "AntwerpenBraboMitRathaus.jpg") * Episode 2: "You're the Best French Fry Ever" (January 10, 2018\) * Prize: {{USD\\|2500}} each (awarded to Cody \& Jessica) * Eliminated: April \& Sarah Locations * [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk "Reykjavík") ([Reykjavíkurtjörn](/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rnin "Tjörnin") – Iðnaðarmannahúsið) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Reykjavík → [Amsterdam, Netherlands](/wiki/Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands "Amsterdam, Netherlands") * {{TAR travel\\|train}} Amsterdam → [Antwerp, Belgium](/wiki/Antwerp%2C_Belgium "Antwerp, Belgium") * Antwerp (Paleis op de Meir – The Chocolate Line) * Antwerp (Willemdok) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to get high?}} * Antwerp ([Plantin\-Moretus Museum](/wiki/Plantin-Moretus_Museum "Plantin-Moretus Museum") {{small\\|'''or'''}} [Diamond Quarter](/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district "Antwerp diamond district") – [ADC Building](/wiki/Antwerpsche_Diamantkring "Antwerpsche Diamantkring")) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Old Print\\|Diamond Glint}} * Antwerp ([Grote Markt](/wiki/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerp%29 "Grote Markt (Antwerp)")) {{TAR clue\\|Head\-to\-Head\\|Frietrace}} {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|2}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Amsterdam, Netherlands](/wiki/Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands "Amsterdam, Netherlands"), and then travel by train to [Antwerp, Belgium](/wiki/Antwerp%2C_Belgium "Antwerp, Belgium"). Once there, teams traveled to The Chocolate Line, where a [chocolatier](/wiki/Chocolatier "Chocolatier") gave them their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to get high?}} In this leg's Roadblock, teams had to travel to Antwerp's waterfront and find the "SkyClimb", a crane with four suspended rope ladders. One team member had to climb to the top of a free hanging ladder while a crane raised the racers upwards in order to retrieve their next clue before the ride ended. * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Old Print\\|Diamond Glint}} This season's first Detour was a choice between Old Print or Diamond Glint. In Old Print, teams traveled to the [Plantin\-Moretus Museum](/wiki/Plantin-Moretus_Museum "Plantin-Moretus Museum"), where they had to arrange type pieces following the example of a provided clue, keeping in mind that the type pieces needed to be arranged as a mirror image of their clue. They then had to carry their template to be printed using a [printing press](/wiki/Letterpress_printing "Letterpress printing") and were given the message as their next clue if it printed correctly. In Diamond Glint, teams traveled to the [ADC Building](/wiki/Antwerpsche_Diamantkring "Antwerpsche Diamantkring") in the [Antwerp diamond district](/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district "Antwerp diamond district"), where they had to calculate the value of three [diamonds](/wiki/Diamond "Diamond") based on their carat, color, and clarity and then add the value to the price of an unfinished necklace in order to receive their next clue. * After the Detour, teams were given a clue, written in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language"), that required them to "go to a large public place where \[they would] find the [city hall](/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hall "Antwerp City Hall") and [Silvius Brabo](/wiki/Brabo_Fountain "Brabo Fountain")", directing them to the [Grote Markt](/wiki/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerp%29 "Grote Markt (Antwerp)"). * {{TAR clue\\|Head\-to\-Head\\|Frietrace}} In the series' first Head\-to\-Head, two teams had to compete against each other in a "Frietrace". After both members of each team donned [French fry](/wiki/French_fries "French fries") costumes, each team had to nominate one member to run an [obstacle course](/wiki/Obstacle_course "Obstacle course") while pushing a [dolly](/wiki/Hand_truck "Hand truck") carrying eight bags of [fries](/wiki/French_fries%23Global_use "French fries#Global use"). A team could immediately check in at the nearby Pit Stop after winning a heat, while the losing team had to wait until the next team arrived. The team that lost the final heat was eliminated. Additional note * Due to limited availability of flights, teams were given tickets on a set of pre\-arranged flights to [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), but they were under no obligation to use them.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.jenhudak.com/blog/amazing\-race\-30\-2\\|title\=From the Cutting Room Floor \- TAR 30\.2\\|author\=Jen Hudak\\|author\-link\=Jen Hudak\\|date\=January 15, 2018\\|work\=jenhudak.com\\|access\-date\=March 14, 2020}} ### Leg 3 (Belgium → Netherlands → Morocco) [thumb\\|The tasks in [Tangier](/wiki/Tangier "Tangier") were focused in the old [Medina](/wiki/Medina_quarter "Medina quarter") quarter and its narrow alleyways.](/wiki/File:Tangier_Medina_1.JPG "Tangier Medina 1.JPG") * Episode 3: "It's Gonna Be a Fragrant Day" (January 17, 2018\) * Prize: A trip for two to [Zürich, Switzerland](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich%2C_Switzerland "Zürich, Switzerland") (awarded to Henry \& Evan) Locations * [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp") ([Grote Markt](/wiki/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerp%29 "Grote Markt (Antwerp)")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|train}} Antwerp → [Amsterdam, Netherlands](/wiki/Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands "Amsterdam, Netherlands") * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Amsterdam → [Tangier, Morocco](/wiki/Tangier%2C_Morocco "Tangier, Morocco") * Tangier ([Medina](/wiki/Medina_quarter "Medina quarter") Fish Port) * Tangier (Kisariate Jbala [Souk](/wiki/Souk "Souk")) * Tangier ([American Legation Museum](/wiki/American_Legation%2C_Tangier "American Legation, Tangier"), Kasbah Museum \& Tele Boutique) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to rock the kasbah?}} * Tangier ([Grand Socco](/wiki/Grand_Socco "Grand Socco") {{small\\|'''or'''}} Mamounia Palace Restaurant) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Drop it Off\\|Shake it Off}} * Tangier (Moulay Hafid Palace) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|3}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by train back to [Amsterdam, Netherlands](/wiki/Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands "Amsterdam, Netherlands"), and then fly to [Tangier, Morocco](/wiki/Tangier%2C_Morocco "Tangier, Morocco"). Once there, teams had to travel to the [Medina](/wiki/Medina_quarter "Medina quarter") fishing port, where they had to find a marked crate of fish, transfer the fish into a basket, and then arrange all of the fish as shown in an example in order to receive their next clue. Teams then had to travel on foot into the Medina quarter and find the Kisariate Jbala [Souk](/wiki/Souq "Souq"), where they had to greet a merchant with the [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") greeting of [As\-salām Alaykum](/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum "As-salamu alaykum") (السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ). They then received their next clue and a [Travelocity](/wiki/Travelocity "Travelocity") [Roaming Gnome](/wiki/Where_Is_My_Gnome%3F "Where Is My Gnome?"). * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to rock the kasbah?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had go to the roof of the [American Legation Museum](/wiki/American_Legation%2C_Tangier "American Legation, Tangier") and send their gnome over the city to another rooftop via [zipline](/wiki/Zipline "Zipline"). Racers had to navigate the narrow streets and find the roof where their gnome landed, where they were instructed to travel to the Kasbah Museum and perform the same task again. After finding their gnome for a second time, racers were instructed to find a [payphone](/wiki/Payphone "Payphone") at a Tele Boutique and use the coins in the gnome's pouch to listen to the phone for the [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") phrase for "Good Morning": Sabah al\-khair (صباح الخير). After repeating this phrase to the shopkeeper, he handed the racers their next clue, which they could only open after reuniting with their partner. * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Drop it Off\\|Shake it Off}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Drop it Off or Shake it Off. In Drop it Off, teams had to travel to a food truck and deliver crates of food by dragging them along the ground to three locations, where they received a receipt stamped with one of the three words in the name of the Pit Stop that they could exchange for their next clue. In Shake it Off, teams had to travel to the Manounia Palace Restaurant, don traditional [belly dancing](/wiki/Belly_dancing "Belly dancing") attire, and then dance in the restaurant while searching for the same three words that they had to repeat to the waiter in order to receive their next clue. * After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the Moulay Hafid Palace. Additional note * This was a non\-elimination leg. ### Leg 4 (Morocco → France) [thumb\\|The Roadblock in [Saint\-Tropez](/wiki/Saint-Tropez "Saint-Tropez") had racers sailing [Optimist](/wiki/Optimist_%28dinghy%29 "Optimist (dinghy)") dinghies to get their clue.](/wiki/File:R%C3%A9gate_optimist_martigues.jpg "Régate optimist martigues.jpg") * Episode 4: "Gotta Put Your Sole Into it" (January 24, 2018\) * Prize: {{USD\\|5000}} each (awarded to Alex \& Conor) * Eliminated: Cedric \& Shawn Locations * [Tangier](/wiki/Tangier "Tangier") (Moulay Hafid Palace) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Tangier → [Nice, France](/wiki/Nice%2C_France "Nice, France") * [Saint\-Tropez](/wiki/Saint-Tropez "Saint-Tropez") (Sailing School Water Company de Saint\-Tropez) {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Stacking the Deck}} {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to break wind?}} * Saint\-Tropez (La Tarte Tropézienne {{small\\|'''or'''}} Sandales Tropéziennes) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Bread\\|Tread}} * Saint\-Tropez ([Place des Lices](/wiki/Place_des_Lices_%28Saint-Tropez%29 "Place des Lices (Saint-Tropez)")) {{TAR clue\\|Head\-to\-Head\\|Pétanque}} {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|4}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Nice, France](/wiki/Nice%2C_France "Nice, France"). Once there, teams had to drive to the Sailing School Water Company in [Saint\-Tropez](/wiki/Saint-Tropez "Saint-Tropez"). * {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Stacking the Deck}} For their Speed Bump, Cedric \& Shawn had to stack a set of fifteen Optimist dinghies in numerical order before they could continue racing. * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to break wind?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one member had to attach a sail to an [Optimist dinghy](/wiki/Optimist_%28dinghy%29 "Optimist (dinghy)") and then sail across the bay with the boat's [rudder](/wiki/Rudder "Rudder") removed to a set of two [buoys](/wiki/Buoy "Buoy"), each of which contained one half of their next clue. Once they had the two halves, they could return to the shore to reunite with their partner and open their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Bread\\|Tread}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Bread or Tread. In Bread, teams traveled to La Tarte Tropézienne, where had to form 50 [baguettes](/wiki/Baguette "Baguette") from {{convert\\|30\\|lb\\|kg}} of dough to the satisfaction of the baker. In Tread, teams traveled to Sandales Tropéziennes, where each team member had to correctly make a sandal. After either task, teams had to deliver a baked baguette or a finished pair of sandals to a person in a restaurant in order to receive their next clue.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.jenhudak.com/blog/amazing\-race\-30\-4\-5\\|title\=From The Cutting Room Floor \- TAR 30\.4 \& 30\.5\\|author\=Jen Hudak\\|author\-link\=Jen Hudak\\|date\=January 29, 2018\\|work\=jenhudak.com\\|access\-date\=March 14, 2020}} * {{TAR clue\\|Head\-to\-Head\\|Pétanque}} In this leg's Head\-to\-Head at the [Place des Lices](/wiki/Place_des_Lices_%28Saint-Tropez%29 "Place des Lices (Saint-Tropez)"), two teams competed in a game of [pétanque](/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque "Pétanque"). Each team member rolled three metal [boules](/wiki/Boules "Boules") to try to get it as close as possible to a smaller ball on the field known as a jack. Once all team members had taken their turns, the team whose ball was closest was the winner and could check in at the nearby Pit Stop. The team that lost the final game was eliminated. ### Leg 5 (France) [thumb\\|One half of the Detour in [Provence](/wiki/Provence "Provence") had teams visiting the [Arles Amphitheatre](/wiki/Arles_Amphitheatre "Arles Amphitheatre").](/wiki/File:FranceArlesArenes_07-2010.jpg "FranceArlesArenes 07-2010.jpg") * Episode 4: "Gotta Put Your Sole Into it" (January 24, 2018\) * Prize: A trip for two to [Bali, Indonesia](/wiki/Bali%2C_Indonesia "Bali, Indonesia") (awarded to Lucas \& Brittany) * Eliminated: Joey \& Tim Locations * [Saint\-Tropez](/wiki/Saint-Tropez "Saint-Tropez") ([Place des Lices](/wiki/Place_des_Lices_%28Saint-Tropez%29 "Place des Lices (Saint-Tropez)")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * [Les Baux\-de\-Provence](/wiki/Les_Baux-de-Provence "Les Baux-de-Provence") ([Château des Baux](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Baux "Château des Baux")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to go medieval on this Roadblock?}} * [Maussane\-les\-Alpilles](/wiki/Maussane-les-Alpilles "Maussane-les-Alpilles") (Café de la Fontaine) * [Arles](/wiki/Arles "Arles") ([Arles Amphitheatre](/wiki/Arles_Amphitheatre "Arles Amphitheatre") {{small\\|'''or'''}} [Pont Van Gogh](/wiki/Langlois_Bridge "Langlois Bridge")) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Full of Bull\\|Colorful}} * Les Baux\-de\-Provence (Hotel Benvengudo) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|5}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams had to drive to the [Château des Baux](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Baux "Château des Baux") in [Les Baux\-de\-Provence](/wiki/Les_Baux-de-Provence "Les Baux-de-Provence"). * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to go medieval on this Roadblock?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to correctly build a [trebuchet](/wiki/Trebuchet "Trebuchet") from supplied parts and following a provided example in order to receive their next clue. * After the Roadblock, teams drove to the Café de la Fontaine, where they had to find a patron drinking [red wine](/wiki/Red_wine "Red wine") with their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Full of Bull\\|Colorful}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Full of Bull or Colorful. In Full of Bull, teams had to check satchels on 100 artificial [bulls](/wiki/Bull "Bull") scattered around the stands of the [Arles Amphitheatre](/wiki/Arles_Amphitheatre "Arles Amphitheatre") to find a total of three ribbons, one in each of the colors of the [French flag](/wiki/Flag_of_France "Flag of France") (blue, white, and red), and exchange them for their next clue. In Colorful, teams traveled to the [Pont Van Gogh](/wiki/Langlois_Bridge "Langlois Bridge"). There, they found a replica of one of [Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh "Vincent van Gogh")'s paintings of the [Langlois Bridge at Arles](/wiki/Langlois_Bridge_at_Arles "Langlois Bridge at Arles"), which was actually an elaborate sliding puzzle that required teams to slide elements of the painting in a specific sequence in order to unlock the [easel](/wiki/Easel "Easel") and retrieve their clue inside. * After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the Hotel Benvengudo in Les Baux\-de\-Provence. Additional note * Legs 4 and 5 aired back\-to\-back as a special two\-hour episode. ### Leg 6 (France → Czech Republic) [thumb\\|Teams ended this leg in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") on the hilltop of [Letenské Park](/wiki/Letn%C3%A1_Park "Letná Park"), overlooking the [Vltava River](/wiki/Vltava "Vltava") and Prague's [Old Town](/wiki/Old_Town_%28Prague%29 "Old Town (Prague)").](/wiki/File:Vltava_river_in_Prague.jpg "Vltava river in Prague.jpg") * Episode 5: "The Claws Are Out" (January 31, 2018\) * Prize: A trip for two to [Perth, Australia](/wiki/Perth%2C_Australia "Perth, Australia") (awarded to Kristi \& Jen) * Eliminated: Trevor \& Chris Locations * [Arles](/wiki/Arles "Arles") (Église Notre Dame de la Major) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille") → [Prague, Czech Republic](/wiki/Prague%2C_Czech_Republic "Prague, Czech Republic") * Prague ([Rudolfinum](/wiki/Rudolfinum "Rudolfinum")) {{TAR clue\\|U\-Turn\\|double\=yes\\|Cody \& Jessica\\|Trevor \& Chris\\|used2\=no}} * Prague ([Staropramen Brewery](/wiki/Staropramen_Brewery "Staropramen Brewery") \& Náplavka – Fidelio {{small\\|'''or'''}} [Charles University](/wiki/Charles_University "Charles University")) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|This\\|That\\|blind\=yes}} * Prague (Andělská Lázeň Beer Spa) * Prague ([Stará Čistírna Odpadních Vod](/wiki/Sewage_Plant_in_Bubene%C4%8D_%28Prague%29 "Sewage Plant in Bubeneč (Prague)")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|It starts with an F, that's all I'm gonna say.}} * Prague ([Letenské Park](/wiki/Letn%C3%A1_Park "Letná Park")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|6}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Prague, Czech Republic](/wiki/Prague%2C_Czech_Republic "Prague, Czech Republic"). Once there, teams had to find their next clue at the [Rudolfinum](/wiki/Rudolfinum "Rudolfinum"). * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|This\\|That\\|blind\=yes}} This leg's Detour was a Blind Detour, where teams only learned about the task once they reached its location, and was a choice between This or That. In This, teams traveled to the [Staropramen Brewery](/wiki/Staropramen_Brewery "Staropramen Brewery"), where they had to properly re\-stack a pallet of empty [beer](/wiki/Beer_in_the_Czech_Republic "Beer in the Czech Republic") kegs, searching for the one keg that was full. They then had to tap the keg and properly pour a mug of beer to the satisfaction of the [brewmaster](/wiki/Brewmaster "Brewmaster"). Once approved, they had to deliver the keg to the Fidelio, a floating vessel docked alongside the Náplavka Riverbank on the [Vltava River](/wiki/Vltava_River "Vltava River"). In That, teams traveled to the [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy "Astronomy") hall at [Charles University](/wiki/Charles_University "Charles University"), where they had to listen to two lecturers in English, one debating that the [Earth is round](/wiki/Spherical_Earth "Spherical Earth") and the other that the [Earth is flat](/wiki/Flat_Earth "Flat Earth"). Without taking any notes, they then had to pass an [oral exam](/wiki/Oral_exam "Oral exam") by answering eight questions correctly in order to receive their next clue. * After the Detour, teams traveled to the Andělská Lázeň Beer Spa and received their next clue from patrons bathing in beer. Teams then had to travel to [Stará Čistírna Odpadních Vod](/wiki/Sewage_Plant_in_Bubene%C4%8D_%28Prague%29 "Sewage Plant in Bubeneč (Prague)") in order to find their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|It starts with an F, that's all I'm gonna say.}} The leg's Roadblock was a Switchback from [season 15](/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_15%23Leg_11_%28Czech_Republic%29 "The Amazing Race 15#Leg 11 (Czech Republic)"), where one team member had to enter a room filled with hundreds of ringing telephones and search for the eight that had a person on the other end of the line. The voice on each phone said one word of a [Franz Kafka](/wiki/Franz_Kafka "Franz Kafka") quote: "The meaning of life is that it stops". Without taking notes, team members had to memorize the eight words and then arrange them in the correct order on a lengthy form in order to receive their next clue. * Teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: [Letenské Park](/wiki/Letn%C3%A1_Park "Letná Park"). Additional note * {{TAR clue\\|U\-Turn\\|double\=yes\\|Cody \& Jessica\\|Trevor \& Chris\\|used2\=no}} Cody \& Jessica chose to use the U\-Turn on Trevor \& Chris. ### Leg 7 (Czech Republic → Zimbabwe) [thumb\\|In rural [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe "Zimbabwe"), teams traveled to the Imire Rhino \& Wildlife Conservancy and ran most of this leg with a swapped partner for the first time.](/wiki/File:White_rhino_%2889018101%29.jpg "White rhino (89018101).jpg") * Episode 6: "All's Fair in Love and War" (February 7, 2018\) Locations * [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") ([Letenské Park](/wiki/Letn%C3%A1_Park "Letná Park")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Prague → [Harare, Zimbabwe](/wiki/Harare%2C_Zimbabwe "Harare, Zimbabwe") * {{TAR travel\\|train}} Harare → [Marondera](/wiki/Marondera "Marondera") * [Mashonaland East Province](/wiki/Mashonaland_East_Province "Mashonaland East Province") (Imire Rhino \& Wildlife Conservancy) * Mashonaland East Province (Imire Rhino \& Wildlife Conservancy – Imire Lake) * Mashonaland East Province (Imire Rhino \& Wildlife Conservancy – Lookout Tower) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Rhino Track\\|Bush Whack}} * Mashonaland East Province (Imire Rhino \& Wildlife Conservancy – Savanna Plains Overlook) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|7}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Harare, Zimbabwe](/wiki/Harare%2C_Zimbabwe "Harare, Zimbabwe"). Once there, teams had to travel by train to [Marondera](/wiki/Marondera "Marondera") and then travel to the Imire Rhino \& Wildlife Conservancy, where they had to properly set up a provided safari tent and spend the night. They were woken up by [Phil Keoghan](/wiki/Phil_Keoghan "Phil Keoghan") at 4:00 a.m., and he explained that for the remainder of the leg, they had to switch partners with another team. The swapped teams were as follows: Cody \& Jen; Brittany \& Alex; Lucas \& Conor; Daniel \& Evan; Eric \& Henry; and Jessica \& Kristi. * The newly formed teams then had to paddle a makeshift raft around Imire Lake in order to spot their next clue, which was in a pair of [canteens](/wiki/Canteen_%28bottle%29 "Canteen (bottle)") hanging in a tree. When they found the canteens, they could paddle to their next destination. * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Rhino Track\\|Bush Whack}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Rhino Track or Bush Whack. In Rhino Track, teams had to ride horses with a guide along a marked path through the reserve, spotting and collecting eight pieces of evidence along the way left behind by "[poachers](/wiki/Poaching "Poaching")" in designated locations. Once they collected all eight pieces, they returned to the starting point and had to correctly place the items on a map matching their respective locations in order to receive their next clue. In Bush Whack, teams had to drive an [off\-road vehicle](/wiki/Off-road_vehicle "Off-road vehicle") along a marked course to pick up supplies, including a full canteen of water, at a designated point. The course then continued through two mud bogs, which they had to wade through in order to determine the best place to cross, and then drive the vehicle through the bogs without getting stuck. Once through, teams arrived at a ranger station, where they had to dig up an empty canteen and bury the full one they picked up earlier in its place. After returning to the starting point, teams received their next clue. * After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the savanna plains overlook. Teams had to wait for their original partners to arrive and reunite with them before they could check in. Additionally, Phil informed the newly\-reunited teams that the next leg had begun, and they were given their next clue. ### Leg 8 (Zimbabwe) [thumb\\|Teams ended the eighth leg in the Zimbabwean capital of [Harare](/wiki/Harare "Harare") at the First Street Pedestrian Mall.](/wiki/File:First_Street%2C_Harare%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg "First Street, Harare, Zimbabwe.jpg") * Episode 6: "All's Fair in Love and War" (February 7, 2018\) * Prize: A trip for two to [Saint Lucia](/wiki/Saint_Lucia "Saint Lucia") (awarded to Lucas \& Brittany) * Eliminated: Eric \& Daniel Locations * [Harare](/wiki/Harare "Harare") (Khan Fabrics, Haberdashery, and Sports) {{TAR clue\\|U\-Turn\\|double\=yes\\|Lucas \& Brittany\\|Cody \& Jessica\\|Alex \& Conor\\|Henry \& Evan}} * Harare ([Eastgate Mall](/wiki/Eastgate_Centre%2C_Harare "Eastgate Centre, Harare") {{small\\|'''or'''}} Magaba Tyres \& Cameron Hardware) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Handle with Care\\|Just Get it There}} * Harare (Harare Gardens) * Harare (First Street Pedestrian Mall) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|8}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to return to [Harare](/wiki/Harare "Harare") and find their next clue at Khan Fabrics, Haberdashery, and Sports. * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Handle with Care\\|Just Get it There}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Handle with Care or Just Get it There. In Handle with Care, teams traveled to [Eastgate Mall](/wiki/Eastgate_Centre%2C_Harare "Eastgate Centre, Harare"), where they went to the mail room and received seven large packages to carry and deliver to various businesses around the mall. After delivering each, they were given outgoing mail that they had to return to the mail room. Once all of the deliveries were complete, teams received their next clue. In Just Get it There, teams had to locate Magaba Tyres and pick up one small tire and one large truck tire. Teams then had to roll them through the market onto the back of a waiting truck parked nearby in order to receive their next clue. * After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Harare Gardens in order to find their next clue. There, teams had to choose a [vocal coach](/wiki/Vocal_coach "Vocal coach"), who taught them the pronunciation of the [Shona](/wiki/Shona_language "Shona language") lyrics to the [Four Brothers](/wiki/Four_Brothers_%28band%29 "Four Brothers (band)") song "Pasi Pano Pane Zviedzo". They then had to perform the song on stage accompanied by a band with correct pronunciation and rhythm while dancing to the beat in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the First Street Pedestrian Mall. Additional notes * {{TAR clue\\|U\-Turn\\|double\=yes\\|Lucas \& Brittany\\|Cody \& Jessica\\|Alex \& Conor\\|Henry \& Evan}} This leg featured a Double U\-Turn. Lucas \& Brittany chose to use the U\-Turn on Cody \& Jessica, while Alex \& Conor chose to use the U\-Turn on Henry \& Evan. * Legs 7 and 8 aired back\-to\-back as a special two\-hour episode. ### Leg 9 (Zimbabwe → Bahrain) [thumb\\|After arriving in [Muharraq](/wiki/Muharraq "Muharraq"), teams participated in traditional [Bahraini](/wiki/Bahrain "Bahrain") [boat\-making](/wiki/Boat_building "Boat building") by weighing the right amount of wood to make a [dhow](/wiki/Dhow "Dhow").](/wiki/File:Muharraq_Dhow.jpg "Muharraq Dhow.jpg") * Episode 7: "The First Rule of Amazing Race Club" (February 14, 2018\) * Prize: {{USD\\|7500}} each (awarded to Alex \& Conor) * Eliminated: Lucas \& Brittany Locations * [Harare](/wiki/Harare "Harare") (Africa Unity Square) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Harare → [Manama, Bahrain](/wiki/Manama%2C_Bahrain "Manama, Bahrain") * [Muharraq](/wiki/Muharraq "Muharraq") ([Dhow](/wiki/Dhow "Dhow") Shipyard) * Manama ([Bahrain Bay](/wiki/Bahrain_Bay "Bahrain Bay")) (Unaired) * Muharraq (Hussein Mohammad [Showaiter](/wiki/Showaiter "Showaiter") Sweets) * [A'ali](/wiki/A%27ali "A'ali") (Delmon Pottery Industry) * [Zallaq](/wiki/Zallaq "Zallaq") (Bahrain Endurance Village) * [Sakhir](/wiki/Sakhir "Sakhir") ([Tree of Life](/wiki/Tree_of_Life_%28Bahrain%29 "Tree of Life (Bahrain)")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|9}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Manama, Bahrain](/wiki/Manama%2C_Bahrain "Manama, Bahrain"). Once there, teams had to drive to the [dhow](/wiki/Dhow "Dhow") shipyard, where they had to carry and place a total of {{convert\\|300\\|lb\\|kg}} of timber onto a [balance scale](/wiki/Balance_scale "Balance scale") in order to receive their next clue. * At Hussein Mohammad [Showaiter](/wiki/Showaiter "Showaiter") Sweets, teams asked for the "King of [Halwa](/wiki/Halwa "Halwa")", a local dessert that each team member had to sample in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to Delmon Pottery Industry. There, teams chose a pouch containing ten small objects. They then had to search inside hundreds of clay pots around the shop for the matching items and bring the pots back to the starting point, one at a time, to be verified. Once all of the matching items were collected, teams received a pot to break open which contained their next clue. * Teams had to drive to the Bahrain Endurance Village and choose a [camel](/wiki/Camel "Camel") herder, who showed them how to milk a camel. One team member had to collect enough [milk](/wiki/Camel_milk "Camel milk") to fill a glass while their partner kept the camel calm in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the [Tree of Life](/wiki/Tree_of_Life_%28Bahrain%29 "Tree of Life (Bahrain)"). Additional notes * In an unaired task at [Bahrain Bay](/wiki/Bahrain_Bay "Bahrain Bay"), team members were asked three questions and, without consulting each other, had to answer to whom each question applied. Team members had to answer these questions with one member standing on a plank of a boat floating on the sea. If the answer did not match, then the person on the plank had to dive into the bay and teams had to start over. When teams matched all three answers, they received their next clue.{{cite web\\|url\=https://jenhudak.com/blog/cutting\-room\-floor\-tar\-30\-9\-10/\\|title\=From The Cutting Room Floor – TAR 30\.9\.10\\|author\=Jen Hudak\\|author\-link\=Jen Hudak\\|date\=February 18, 2018\\|work\=jenhudak.com\\|access\-date\=February 19, 2018}} * Lucas discovered that he had lost his passport while on a connecting flight from [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe "Zimbabwe") to Bahrain. As a result, Lucas \& Brittany did not arrive in Bahrain until long after the other teams had already checked in at the Pit Stop. Phil met them at the shipyard to inform them of their elimination.{{Cite web \\|last\=Norwin \\|first\=Alyssa \\|date\=2018\-02\-15 \\|title\='The Amazing Race': Lucas \& Brittany Explain How He Lost His Passport \& Reveal Wedding Plans \\|url\=https://hollywoodlife.com/2018/02/15/lucas\-brittany\-the\-amazing\-race\-lost\-passport\-wedding\-interview/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-12\-26 \\|website\=Hollywood Life \\|language\=en\-US}} ### Leg 10 (Bahrain → Thailand) [thumb\\|right\\|The iconic [Wat Chedi Luang](/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang "Wat Chedi Luang"), a [Buddhist temple](/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Thailand "Buddhist temples in Thailand") in downtown [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai"), served as the Pit Stop for this leg.](/wiki/File:Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Chedi-Luang-stupa-02.jpg "Chiang-Mai Thailand Wat-Chedi-Luang-stupa-02.jpg") * Episode 7: "The First Rule of Amazing Race Club" (February 14, 2018\) * Prize: A trip for two to [Curaçao](/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao "Curaçao") (awarded to Alex \& Conor) Locations * [Muharraq](/wiki/Muharraq "Muharraq") (Arad Walkway – Falcon Statue) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} [Manama](/wiki/Manama "Manama") → [Chiang Mai, Thailand](/wiki/Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand "Chiang Mai, Thailand") * Chiang Mai ([Royal Park Ratchaphruek](/wiki/Royal_Flora_Ratchaphruek "Royal Flora Ratchaphruek")) * Chiang Mai ([Patara Elephant Farm](/wiki/Patara_Elephant_Farm "Patara Elephant Farm") {{small\\|'''or'''}} Baan Kaew Rice Field) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Size It\\|Seize It}} * Chiang Mai (Original Khum [Khantoke](/wiki/Khantoke "Khantoke") Restaurant) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to Thai something new?}} * Chiang Mai ([Wat Chedi Luang](/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang "Wat Chedi Luang")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|10}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Chiang Mai, Thailand](/wiki/Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand "Chiang Mai, Thailand"). Once there, teams were directed to find the white elephants at [Royal Park Ratchaphruek](/wiki/Royal_Flora_Ratchaphruek "Royal Flora Ratchaphruek"), where they found a [garland](/wiki/Garland "Garland") that they had to give to one of four women with an umbrella in the vicinity of the garden in exchange for their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Size It\\|Seize It}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Size It or Seize It. In Size It, teams had to travel to [Patara Elephant Farm](/wiki/Patara_Elephant_Farm "Patara Elephant Farm"), where they had to calculate the height and weight of an adult [elephant](/wiki/Elephant "Elephant"). If the [veterinarian](/wiki/Veterinarian "Veterinarian") deemed their measurements to be correct, teams could ride their elephant along a trail and feed it before receiving their next clue. In Seize It, teams had to catch twenty [bullfrogs](/wiki/Banded_bullfrog "Banded bullfrog") in a flooded [rice paddy](/wiki/Rice_paddy "Rice paddy") in order to receive their next clue. * After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Original Khum [Khantoke](/wiki/Khantoke "Khantoke") Restaurant in order to find their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to Thai something new?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to consume three cooked [scorpions](/wiki/Scorpion "Scorpion") and a bullfrog while scorpions were crawling on their partner in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: [Wat Chedi Luang](/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang "Wat Chedi Luang"). Additional notes * This was a non\-elimination leg. * Legs 9 and 10 aired back\-to\-back as a special two\-hour episode. ### Leg 11 (Thailand → Hong Kong) [thumb\\|right\\|After arriving in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), teams visited Lions Pavilion at the top of [Victoria Peak](/wiki/Victoria_Peak "Victoria Peak"), overlooking the skyline of the [Central Business District](/wiki/Central%2C_Hong_Kong "Central, Hong Kong"), to get their clue.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_070727-N-8868D-030_The_evening_skyline_of_Hong_Kong_as_viewed_from_Victoria_Peak._Victoria_Peak_was_one_of_many_places%2C_attractions_and_tours_that_Sailors_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_John_C._Stennis_%28CVN.jpg "US Navy 070727-N-8868D-030 The evening skyline of Hong Kong as viewed from Victoria Peak. Victoria Peak was one of many places, attractions and tours that Sailors from the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis (CVN.jpg") * Episode 8: "It's Just a Million Dollars, No Pressure" (February 21, 2018\) * Eliminated: Alex \& Conor Locations * [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai") ([Wat Chedi Luang](/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang "Wat Chedi Luang")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Chiang Mai → [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") * Hong Kong (Lions Pavilion) {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Let Your Light Shine}} * Hong Kong ([Aberdeen Promenade](/wiki/Aberdeen_Promenade "Aberdeen Promenade")) * Hong Kong ([Aberdeen Floating Village](/wiki/Aberdeen_floating_village "Aberdeen floating village") {{small\\|'''or'''}} [Ap Lei Chau](/wiki/Ap_Lei_Chau "Ap Lei Chau") Main Street – Jin Bao Seafood Restaurant) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Hairy Crab\\|Grub Grab}} * Hong Kong ([Central Pier \#4](/wiki/Central_Piers%23Ferry_services "Central Piers#Ferry services")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to get smashed?}} * Hong Kong ([Lan Kwai Fong](/wiki/Lan_Kwai_Fong "Lan Kwai Fong")) * Hong Kong (Intersection of [Johnston Road](/wiki/Johnston_Road "Johnston Road") \& [Wan Chai Road](/wiki/Wan_Chai_Road "Wan Chai Road")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|11}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"). Once there, teams traveled to the Lions Pavilion atop [Victoria Peak](/wiki/Victoria_Peak "Victoria Peak"), where they had their picture taken overlooking the Hong Kong skyline. After their photograph was printed, teams were given the photograph and their next clue, which directed them to the [Aberdeen Promenade](/wiki/Aberdeen_Promenade "Aberdeen Promenade"). * {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Let Your Light Shine}} For their Speed Bump, Henry \& Evan had to light and place [flameless candles](/wiki/Flameless_candle "Flameless candle") into forty [paper lanterns](/wiki/Paper_lantern "Paper lantern") before they could continue racing. * {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Hairy Crab\\|Grub Grab}} This season's final Detour was a choice between Hairy Crab or Grub Grab. In Hairy Crab, teams had to properly wrap and pack fifty live [hairy crabs](/wiki/Chinese_mitten_crab "Chinese mitten crab") in a basket, while subjected to simulated [typhoon](/wiki/Typhoon "Typhoon") conditions, in order to receive their next clue. In Grub Grab, one team member had to take eight restaurant orders in [Cantonese](/wiki/Cantonese "Cantonese"), and then relay them to their partner in the kitchen, who had to find the corresponding dishes, which were labeled phonetically. Once every patron was served correctly, teams received their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to get smashed?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to wear protective equipment and smash a pile of old electronics in order to find the two that each contained half of a clue. Once they found both halves, they then splattered paint over the pile to create a work of "rage art". Meanwhile, the non\-participating team member was handcuffed to a briefcase. * After the Roadblock, teams had to search the streets of [Lan Kwai Fong](/wiki/Lan_Kwai_Fong "Lan Kwai Fong") for three signs depicting items seen in previous legs and recall the leg numbers where those things were seen: the [Washington Square Arch](/wiki/Washington_Square_Arch "Washington Square Arch") from leg 1, a [fez hat](/wiki/Fez_hat "Fez hat") from leg 3, and a bull from leg 5\. These numbers formed the combination needed to open the briefcase. Inside the briefcase was the key to the handcuffs and the location of the Pit Stop: the intersection of [Johnston Road](/wiki/Johnston_Road "Johnston Road") and [Wan Chai Road](/wiki/Wan_Chai_Road "Wan Chai Road"). Additional note * Alex \& Conor were still at Lan Kwai Fong long after the other teams had already checked in at the Pit Stop. Phil went to meet them to inform them of their elimination.{{Cite web \\|last\=Kwiatkowski \\|first\=Elizabeth \\|date\=February 24, 2018 \\|title\=Exclusive: Alex Rossi and Conor Daly talk 'The Amazing Race' (Part 1\) \\|url\=https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/exclusive\-alex\-rossi\-and\-conor\-daly\-talk\-the\-amazing\-race\-(part\-1\)\-23595\.php \\|access\-date\=2022\-12\-26 \\|website\=Reality TV World}} ### Leg 12 (Hong Kong → United States) [thumb\\|right\\|The [flight deck](/wiki/Flight_deck "Flight deck") of the [USS Hornet](/wiki/USS_Hornet_%28CV-12%29 "USS Hornet (CV-12)") in [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California "Alameda, California") served as the finish line of The Amazing Race 30.](/wiki/File:USS_Hornet_Museum_10.JPG "USS Hornet Museum 10.JPG") * Episode 8: "It's Just a Million Dollars, No Pressure" (February 21, 2018\) * Prize: US$1,000,000 * Winners: Cody \& Jessica * Runners\-up: Henry \& Evan * Third place: Kristi \& Jen Locations * [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") (Intersection of [Johnston Road](/wiki/Johnston_Road "Johnston Road") \& [Wan Chai Road](/wiki/Wan_Chai_Road "Wan Chai Road")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\=yes}} * {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Hong Kong → [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California") * San Francisco ([AT\&T Park](/wiki/AT%26T_Park "AT&T Park") – "[Say Hey Kid](/wiki/Say_Hey_Kid "Say Hey Kid")" Statue) * San Francisco ([McCovey Cove](/wiki/McCovey_Cove "McCovey Cove")) * {{TAR travel\\|boat}} San Francisco ([San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge](/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who brought an extra pair of underwear?}} * San Francisco ([Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Fortune_Cookie_Company "Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company")) * San Francisco ([San Francisco City Hall](/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall "San Francisco City Hall")) (Unaired){{cite podcast\\|host\=Justin Scheman\\|title\=Amazing Race Season 30 Episodes 11 \& 12 With Kristi and Jen \#RacersRecap\\|website\=\[\[Apple Podcasts]]\\|date\=February 25, 2018\\|time\=1:00:45\\|url\=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/amazing\-race\-season\-30\-episodes\-11\-12\-with\-kristi\-and/id1339000577?i\=1000404910974\\|access\-date\=February 25, 2018\\|quote\=When we were leaving fortune cookies, we actually had to go to city hall to get another clue and that's where we actually got the clue to the USS ''Hornet''.}} * [Alameda](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California "Alameda, California") ([USS Hornet](/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum "USS Hornet Museum") ) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop}} Episode summary * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California"). Once there, teams had to find their next clue near the "[Say Hey Kid](/wiki/Say_Hey_Kid "Say Hey Kid")" Statue, and teams had to figure out that this was the statue of [Willie Mays](/wiki/Willie_Mays "Willie Mays") outside [AT\&T Park](/wiki/AT%26T_Park "AT&T Park"). Teams had to paddle [kayaks](/wiki/Kayak "Kayak") into [McCovey Cove](/wiki/McCovey_Cove "McCovey Cove") and find three numbered [baseballs](/wiki/Baseballs "Baseballs") corresponding to the number of career [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") hit by Willie Mays, while [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") mascot [Lou Seal](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_mascots%23Lou_Seal_%28San_Francisco_Giants%29 "List of Major League Baseball mascots#Lou Seal (San Francisco Giants)") threw more balls into the water from the ballpark. Once teams found two 6s and a 0, they received their next clue. * {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who brought an extra pair of underwear?}} In this season's final Roadblock, one team member had to use [jumars](/wiki/Jumar "Jumar") to pull themselves up {{convert\\|200\\|ft\\|m}} to the top of the [San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge](/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge") center anchorage. They then had to enter the structure and put on a harness before [free falling](/wiki/Free_fall "Free fall") into the anchorage in order to receive their next clue. * The clue received from the Roadblock was a [rebus](/wiki/Rebus "Rebus"), and once solved, teams had to travel to the [Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Fortune_Cookie_Company "Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company"). There, they had to properly make 102 [fortune cookies](/wiki/Fortune_cookie "Fortune cookie"), after which they received a giant fortune cookie which contained their next clue. * On the [USS Hornet](/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum "USS Hornet Museum"), teams had to choose a [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage "Fuselage") of a large model airplane on the [flight deck](/wiki/Flight_deck "Flight deck"), and then search the aircraft carrier for twelve parts of matching color (two propellers, four wings, four horizontal stabilizers, and two vertical stabilizers) to complete the model. Each part had different pictures depicting objects that teams had encountered during the race. After finding all twelve parts, the team member who did not perform the Roadblock had to assemble the airplane with the correct combination of six parts (one propeller, two wings, two horizontal stabilizers, and one vertical stabilizer) that fit correctly on the fuselage and represented all twelve legs without duplication. Once approved, the team member had to push the airplane to their partner and the team could proceed to the finish line at the opposite end of the flight deck. {\\| class\="wikitable unsortable" style\="text\-align:center;" ! scope\="col" \\| Leg ! scope\="col" \\| Country ! scope\="col" \\| Object \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 1 \\|Iceland \\|Off\-road helmet \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 2 \\|Belgium \\|French fry \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 3 \\|Morocco \\|Fish \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 4 \\|France \\|Rudder \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 5 \\|France \\|Knight \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 6 \\|Czech Republic \\|Magnifying glass \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 7 \\|Zimbabwe \\|Canteen \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 8 \\|Zimbabwe \\|Microphone \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 9 \\|Bahrain \\|Scale \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 10 \\|Thailand \\|Elephant \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 11 \\|Hong Kong \\|Handcuff \\|\- ! scope\="row" \\| 12 \\|United States \\|Oar \\|} Additional notes * After the fortune cookie task, teams were instructed to travel to [San Francisco City Hall](/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall "San Francisco City Hall") in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the USS Hornet. This segment was unaired. * Legs 11 and 12 aired back\-to\-back as a special two\-hour episode.	[ "Race summary\n------------", "[thumb\\\|The route of The Amazing Race 30\\.](/wiki/File:The_Amazing_Race_30_map.png \"The Amazing Race 30 map.png\")\n{{TAR Captionbox\\\|Style16}}", "### Leg 1 (United States → Iceland)", "[thumb\\\|Teams ended the first leg in [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland \"Iceland\") at Iðnaðarmannahúsið, on the shore of Lake [Tjörnin](/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rnin \"Tjörnin\") in Downtown [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk \"Reykjavík\").](/wiki/File:Tj%C3%B6rnin.jpg \"Tjörnin.jpg\")\n* Episode 1: \"You're a Champion, Prove It\" (January 3, 2018\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Santorini, Greece](/wiki/Santorini%2C_Greece \"Santorini, Greece\") (awarded to Kristi \\& Jen)\n* Eliminated: Dessie \\& Kayla", "Locations\n* [New York City, New York](/wiki/New_York_City%2C_New_York \"New York City, New York\") ([Washington Square Park](/wiki/Washington_Square_Park \"Washington Square Park\")) (Starting Line)\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} New York City → [Reykjavík, Iceland](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk%2C_Iceland \"Reykjavík, Iceland\")\n* [Húsafell](/wiki/H%C3%BAsafell \"Húsafell\") (Geitárgljúfur)\n* [Mosfellsbær](/wiki/Mosfellsb%C3%A6r \"Mosfellsbær\") ([Esjumelar](/wiki/Esjan \"Esjan\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Do I Have to Spell It Out?}}\n* Reykjavík (Ingólfstorg)\n* Reykjavík ([Reykjavíkurtjörn](/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rnin \"Tjörnin\") – Iðnaðarmannahúsið) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|1}}", "Episode summary\n* Teams had to find their first clue below the waterline of the fountain at [Washington Square Park](/wiki/Washington_Square_Park \"Washington Square Park\"). Teams were instructed to fly to [Reykjavík, Iceland](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk%2C_Iceland \"Reykjavík, Iceland\"). Once there, teams had to drive to the Geitárgljùfur, where one team member had to pull themselves along a [zipline](/wiki/Zipline \"Zipline\") high above the Geitá river [canyon](/wiki/Canyon \"Canyon\") until they could retrieve an [Icelandic flag](/wiki/Icelandic_flag \"Icelandic flag\") suspended from the line. After grabbing the flag, their partner had to pull them back to the canyon's edge so they could exchange the flag for their next clue. Teams then had to drive to [Esjumelar](/wiki/Esjan \"Esjan\") in order to find their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Do I Have to Spell It Out?}} In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to ride in an [off\\-road buggy](/wiki/Swamp_buggy \"Swamp buggy\") driven by a professional driver in the foothills of [Mount Esja](/wiki/Mount_Esja \"Mount Esja\"). Without taking notes, the team member had to memorize eleven [Icelandic letters](/wiki/Icelandic_alphabet \"Icelandic alphabet\") placed along the [riverbed](/wiki/Riverbed \"Riverbed\") and that each letter had a number denoting its order in the solution. They then had to arrange tiles with those letters in the correct order to spell out their next destination – Ingólfstorg – in order to receive their next clue.\n* After driving to Ingólfstorg, teams had to find a group of [strongmen](/wiki/Strongmen \"Strongmen\"), where [CrossFit Games](/wiki/CrossFit_Games \"CrossFit Games\") champion [Katrín Davíðsdóttir](/wiki/Katr%C3%ADn_Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0sd%C3%B3ttir \"Katrín Davíðsdóttir\") asked teams two questions about two national [tonics](/wiki/Tonic_water \"Tonic water\"). When teams were able to provide the correct answers, one team member had to drink a shot of [Brennivín](/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn \"Brennivín\") and the other a shot of Þorskalýsi ([cod liver oil](/wiki/Cod_liver_oil \"Cod liver oil\")) in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Iðnaðarmannahúsið along [Reykjavíkurtjörn](/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rnin \"Tjörnin\").", "Additional notes\n* At [John F. Kennedy International Airport](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport \"John F. Kennedy International Airport\"), teams had to book one of two flights to Reykjavík. The seven teams on the first flight arrived 30 minutes ahead of the remaining four teams were on the second flight. This task went unaired in the episode.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://jenhudak.com/blog/amazing\\-race\\-30\\-1/\\\|title\\=The Amazing Race Season 30 Episode 1: \"You're A Champion, Prove It\" – \\#TeamExtreme Recap\\\|website\\=jenhudak.com\\\|author\\=Jen Hudak\\\|author\\-link\\=Jen Hudak\\\|date\\=January 7, 2018\\\|access\\-date\\=January 9, 2018}}\n* [Miss Iceland](/wiki/Miss_Iceland \"Miss Iceland\") Ólafía Ósk Finnsdóttir appeared as the Pit Stop greeter during this leg.{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Walker \\\|first\\=Jodi \\\|date\\=January 4, 2018 \\\|title\\=The Amazing Race recap: 'You're a Champion, Prove It' \\\|url\\=https://ew.com/recap/the\\-amazing\\-race\\-season\\-30\\-premiere/ \\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2020}}\n* The race to the Pit Stop mat between Dessie \\& Kayla and April \\& Sarah was the closest finish in the history of The Amazing Race. Production had to review video footage to determine which of the two teams actually arrived on the Pit Stop mat first. [Phil Keoghan](/wiki/Phil_Keoghan \"Phil Keoghan\") stated: \"We have never had a finish this close.\"{{Cite web \\\|date\\=January 4, 2018 \\\|title\\='Amazing Race' premiere had closest finish in 30 seasons \\\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/news/amazing\\-race\\-premiere\\-had\\-closest\\-084746237\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2023 \\\|website\\=Yahoo News \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### Leg 2 (Iceland → Netherlands → Belgium)", "[thumb\\\|[Grote Markt](/wiki/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerp%29 \"Grote Markt (Antwerp)\") in [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\"), in the shadow of [Brabo Fountain](/wiki/Brabo_Fountain \"Brabo Fountain\") and [City Hall](/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hall \"Antwerp City Hall\"), hosted the very first Head\\-to\\-Head and the second Pit Stop.](/wiki/File:AntwerpenBraboMitRathaus.jpg \"AntwerpenBraboMitRathaus.jpg\")\n* Episode 2: \"You're the Best French Fry Ever\" (January 10, 2018\\)\n* Prize: {{USD\\\|2500}} each (awarded to Cody \\& Jessica)\n* Eliminated: April \\& Sarah", "Locations\n* [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk \"Reykjavík\") ([Reykjavíkurtjörn](/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rnin \"Tjörnin\") – Iðnaðarmannahúsið) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} Reykjavík → [Amsterdam, Netherlands](/wiki/Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\")\n* {{TAR travel\\\|train}} Amsterdam → [Antwerp, Belgium](/wiki/Antwerp%2C_Belgium \"Antwerp, Belgium\")\n* Antwerp (Paleis op de Meir – The Chocolate Line)\n* Antwerp (Willemdok) {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who's ready to get high?}}\n* Antwerp ([Plantin\\-Moretus Museum](/wiki/Plantin-Moretus_Museum \"Plantin-Moretus Museum\") {{small\\\|'''or'''}} [Diamond Quarter](/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district \"Antwerp diamond district\") – [ADC Building](/wiki/Antwerpsche_Diamantkring \"Antwerpsche Diamantkring\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Old Print\\\|Diamond Glint}}\n* Antwerp ([Grote Markt](/wiki/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerp%29 \"Grote Markt (Antwerp)\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Head\\-to\\-Head\\\|Frietrace}} {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|2}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Amsterdam, Netherlands](/wiki/Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\"), and then travel by train to [Antwerp, Belgium](/wiki/Antwerp%2C_Belgium \"Antwerp, Belgium\"). Once there, teams traveled to The Chocolate Line, where a [chocolatier](/wiki/Chocolatier \"Chocolatier\") gave them their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who's ready to get high?}} In this leg's Roadblock, teams had to travel to Antwerp's waterfront and find the \"SkyClimb\", a crane with four suspended rope ladders. One team member had to climb to the top of a free hanging ladder while a crane raised the racers upwards in order to retrieve their next clue before the ride ended.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Old Print\\\|Diamond Glint}} This season's first Detour was a choice between Old Print or Diamond Glint. In Old Print, teams traveled to the [Plantin\\-Moretus Museum](/wiki/Plantin-Moretus_Museum \"Plantin-Moretus Museum\"), where they had to arrange type pieces following the example of a provided clue, keeping in mind that the type pieces needed to be arranged as a mirror image of their clue. They then had to carry their template to be printed using a [printing press](/wiki/Letterpress_printing \"Letterpress printing\") and were given the message as their next clue if it printed correctly. In Diamond Glint, teams traveled to the [ADC Building](/wiki/Antwerpsche_Diamantkring \"Antwerpsche Diamantkring\") in the [Antwerp diamond district](/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district \"Antwerp diamond district\"), where they had to calculate the value of three [diamonds](/wiki/Diamond \"Diamond\") based on their carat, color, and clarity and then add the value to the price of an unfinished necklace in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams were given a clue, written in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\"), that required them to \"go to a large public place where \\[they would] find the [city hall](/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hall \"Antwerp City Hall\") and [Silvius Brabo](/wiki/Brabo_Fountain \"Brabo Fountain\")\", directing them to the [Grote Markt](/wiki/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerp%29 \"Grote Markt (Antwerp)\").\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Head\\-to\\-Head\\\|Frietrace}} In the series' first Head\\-to\\-Head, two teams had to compete against each other in a \"Frietrace\". After both members of each team donned [French fry](/wiki/French_fries \"French fries\") costumes, each team had to nominate one member to run an [obstacle course](/wiki/Obstacle_course \"Obstacle course\") while pushing a [dolly](/wiki/Hand_truck \"Hand truck\") carrying eight bags of [fries](/wiki/French_fries%23Global_use \"French fries#Global use\"). A team could immediately check in at the nearby Pit Stop after winning a heat, while the losing team had to wait until the next team arrived. The team that lost the final heat was eliminated.", "Additional note\n* Due to limited availability of flights, teams were given tickets on a set of pre\\-arranged flights to [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), but they were under no obligation to use them.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.jenhudak.com/blog/amazing\\-race\\-30\\-2\\\|title\\=From the Cutting Room Floor \\- TAR 30\\.2\\\|author\\=Jen Hudak\\\|author\\-link\\=Jen Hudak\\\|date\\=January 15, 2018\\\|work\\=jenhudak.com\\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2020}}", "### Leg 3 (Belgium → Netherlands → Morocco)", "[thumb\\\|The tasks in [Tangier](/wiki/Tangier \"Tangier\") were focused in the old [Medina](/wiki/Medina_quarter \"Medina quarter\") quarter and its narrow alleyways.](/wiki/File:Tangier_Medina_1.JPG \"Tangier Medina 1.JPG\")\n* Episode 3: \"It's Gonna Be a Fragrant Day\" (January 17, 2018\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Zürich, Switzerland](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich%2C_Switzerland \"Zürich, Switzerland\") (awarded to Henry \\& Evan)", "Locations\n* [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") ([Grote Markt](/wiki/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerp%29 \"Grote Markt (Antwerp)\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|train}} Antwerp → [Amsterdam, Netherlands](/wiki/Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\")\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} Amsterdam → [Tangier, Morocco](/wiki/Tangier%2C_Morocco \"Tangier, Morocco\")\n* Tangier ([Medina](/wiki/Medina_quarter \"Medina quarter\") Fish Port)\n* Tangier (Kisariate Jbala [Souk](/wiki/Souk \"Souk\"))\n* Tangier ([American Legation Museum](/wiki/American_Legation%2C_Tangier \"American Legation, Tangier\"), Kasbah Museum \\& Tele Boutique) {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who's ready to rock the kasbah?}}\n* Tangier ([Grand Socco](/wiki/Grand_Socco \"Grand Socco\") {{small\\\|'''or'''}} Mamounia Palace Restaurant) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Drop it Off\\\|Shake it Off}}\n* Tangier (Moulay Hafid Palace) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|3}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by train back to [Amsterdam, Netherlands](/wiki/Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\"), and then fly to [Tangier, Morocco](/wiki/Tangier%2C_Morocco \"Tangier, Morocco\"). Once there, teams had to travel to the [Medina](/wiki/Medina_quarter \"Medina quarter\") fishing port, where they had to find a marked crate of fish, transfer the fish into a basket, and then arrange all of the fish as shown in an example in order to receive their next clue. Teams then had to travel on foot into the Medina quarter and find the Kisariate Jbala [Souk](/wiki/Souq \"Souq\"), where they had to greet a merchant with the [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") greeting of [As\\-salām Alaykum](/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum \"As-salamu alaykum\") (السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ). They then received their next clue and a [Travelocity](/wiki/Travelocity \"Travelocity\") [Roaming Gnome](/wiki/Where_Is_My_Gnome%3F \"Where Is My Gnome?\").\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who's ready to rock the kasbah?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had go to the roof of the [American Legation Museum](/wiki/American_Legation%2C_Tangier \"American Legation, Tangier\") and send their gnome over the city to another rooftop via [zipline](/wiki/Zipline \"Zipline\"). Racers had to navigate the narrow streets and find the roof where their gnome landed, where they were instructed to travel to the Kasbah Museum and perform the same task again. After finding their gnome for a second time, racers were instructed to find a [payphone](/wiki/Payphone \"Payphone\") at a Tele Boutique and use the coins in the gnome's pouch to listen to the phone for the [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") phrase for \"Good Morning\": Sabah al\\-khair (صباح الخير). After repeating this phrase to the shopkeeper, he handed the racers their next clue, which they could only open after reuniting with their partner.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Drop it Off\\\|Shake it Off}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Drop it Off or Shake it Off. In Drop it Off, teams had to travel to a food truck and deliver crates of food by dragging them along the ground to three locations, where they received a receipt stamped with one of the three words in the name of the Pit Stop that they could exchange for their next clue. In Shake it Off, teams had to travel to the Manounia Palace Restaurant, don traditional [belly dancing](/wiki/Belly_dancing \"Belly dancing\") attire, and then dance in the restaurant while searching for the same three words that they had to repeat to the waiter in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the Moulay Hafid Palace.", "Additional note\n* This was a non\\-elimination leg.", "### Leg 4 (Morocco → France)", "[thumb\\\|The Roadblock in [Saint\\-Tropez](/wiki/Saint-Tropez \"Saint-Tropez\") had racers sailing [Optimist](/wiki/Optimist_%28dinghy%29 \"Optimist (dinghy)\") dinghies to get their clue.](/wiki/File:R%C3%A9gate_optimist_martigues.jpg \"Régate optimist martigues.jpg\")\n* Episode 4: \"Gotta Put Your Sole Into it\" (January 24, 2018\\)\n* Prize: {{USD\\\|5000}} each (awarded to Alex \\& Conor)\n* Eliminated: Cedric \\& Shawn", "Locations\n* [Tangier](/wiki/Tangier \"Tangier\") (Moulay Hafid Palace) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} Tangier → [Nice, France](/wiki/Nice%2C_France \"Nice, France\")\n* [Saint\\-Tropez](/wiki/Saint-Tropez \"Saint-Tropez\") (Sailing School Water Company de Saint\\-Tropez) {{TAR clue\\\|Speed Bump\\\|Stacking the Deck}} {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who's ready to break wind?}}\n* Saint\\-Tropez (La Tarte Tropézienne {{small\\\|'''or'''}} Sandales Tropéziennes) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Bread\\\|Tread}}\n* Saint\\-Tropez ([Place des Lices](/wiki/Place_des_Lices_%28Saint-Tropez%29 \"Place des Lices (Saint-Tropez)\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Head\\-to\\-Head\\\|Pétanque}} {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|4}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Nice, France](/wiki/Nice%2C_France \"Nice, France\"). Once there, teams had to drive to the Sailing School Water Company in [Saint\\-Tropez](/wiki/Saint-Tropez \"Saint-Tropez\").\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Speed Bump\\\|Stacking the Deck}} For their Speed Bump, Cedric \\& Shawn had to stack a set of fifteen Optimist dinghies in numerical order before they could continue racing.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who's ready to break wind?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one member had to attach a sail to an [Optimist dinghy](/wiki/Optimist_%28dinghy%29 \"Optimist (dinghy)\") and then sail across the bay with the boat's [rudder](/wiki/Rudder \"Rudder\") removed to a set of two [buoys](/wiki/Buoy \"Buoy\"), each of which contained one half of their next clue. Once they had the two halves, they could return to the shore to reunite with their partner and open their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Bread\\\|Tread}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Bread or Tread. In Bread, teams traveled to La Tarte Tropézienne, where had to form 50 [baguettes](/wiki/Baguette \"Baguette\") from {{convert\\\|30\\\|lb\\\|kg}} of dough to the satisfaction of the baker. In Tread, teams traveled to Sandales Tropéziennes, where each team member had to correctly make a sandal. After either task, teams had to deliver a baked baguette or a finished pair of sandals to a person in a restaurant in order to receive their next clue.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.jenhudak.com/blog/amazing\\-race\\-30\\-4\\-5\\\|title\\=From The Cutting Room Floor \\- TAR 30\\.4 \\& 30\\.5\\\|author\\=Jen Hudak\\\|author\\-link\\=Jen Hudak\\\|date\\=January 29, 2018\\\|work\\=jenhudak.com\\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2020}}\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Head\\-to\\-Head\\\|Pétanque}} In this leg's Head\\-to\\-Head at the [Place des Lices](/wiki/Place_des_Lices_%28Saint-Tropez%29 \"Place des Lices (Saint-Tropez)\"), two teams competed in a game of [pétanque](/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque \"Pétanque\"). Each team member rolled three metal [boules](/wiki/Boules \"Boules\") to try to get it as close as possible to a smaller ball on the field known as a jack. Once all team members had taken their turns, the team whose ball was closest was the winner and could check in at the nearby Pit Stop. The team that lost the final game was eliminated.", "### Leg 5 (France)", "[thumb\\\|One half of the Detour in [Provence](/wiki/Provence \"Provence\") had teams visiting the [Arles Amphitheatre](/wiki/Arles_Amphitheatre \"Arles Amphitheatre\").](/wiki/File:FranceArlesArenes_07-2010.jpg \"FranceArlesArenes 07-2010.jpg\")\n* Episode 4: \"Gotta Put Your Sole Into it\" (January 24, 2018\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Bali, Indonesia](/wiki/Bali%2C_Indonesia \"Bali, Indonesia\") (awarded to Lucas \\& Brittany)\n* Eliminated: Joey \\& Tim", "Locations\n* [Saint\\-Tropez](/wiki/Saint-Tropez \"Saint-Tropez\") ([Place des Lices](/wiki/Place_des_Lices_%28Saint-Tropez%29 \"Place des Lices (Saint-Tropez)\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* [Les Baux\\-de\\-Provence](/wiki/Les_Baux-de-Provence \"Les Baux-de-Provence\") ([Château des Baux](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Baux \"Château des Baux\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who wants to go medieval on this Roadblock?}}\n* [Maussane\\-les\\-Alpilles](/wiki/Maussane-les-Alpilles \"Maussane-les-Alpilles\") (Café de la Fontaine)\n* [Arles](/wiki/Arles \"Arles\") ([Arles Amphitheatre](/wiki/Arles_Amphitheatre \"Arles Amphitheatre\") {{small\\\|'''or'''}} [Pont Van Gogh](/wiki/Langlois_Bridge \"Langlois Bridge\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Full of Bull\\\|Colorful}}\n* Les Baux\\-de\\-Provence (Hotel Benvengudo) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|5}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams had to drive to the [Château des Baux](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Baux \"Château des Baux\") in [Les Baux\\-de\\-Provence](/wiki/Les_Baux-de-Provence \"Les Baux-de-Provence\").\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who wants to go medieval on this Roadblock?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to correctly build a [trebuchet](/wiki/Trebuchet \"Trebuchet\") from supplied parts and following a provided example in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Roadblock, teams drove to the Café de la Fontaine, where they had to find a patron drinking [red wine](/wiki/Red_wine \"Red wine\") with their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Full of Bull\\\|Colorful}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Full of Bull or Colorful. In Full of Bull, teams had to check satchels on 100 artificial [bulls](/wiki/Bull \"Bull\") scattered around the stands of the [Arles Amphitheatre](/wiki/Arles_Amphitheatre \"Arles Amphitheatre\") to find a total of three ribbons, one in each of the colors of the [French flag](/wiki/Flag_of_France \"Flag of France\") (blue, white, and red), and exchange them for their next clue. In Colorful, teams traveled to the [Pont Van Gogh](/wiki/Langlois_Bridge \"Langlois Bridge\"). There, they found a replica of one of [Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh \"Vincent van Gogh\")'s paintings of the [Langlois Bridge at Arles](/wiki/Langlois_Bridge_at_Arles \"Langlois Bridge at Arles\"), which was actually an elaborate sliding puzzle that required teams to slide elements of the painting in a specific sequence in order to unlock the [easel](/wiki/Easel \"Easel\") and retrieve their clue inside.\n* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the Hotel Benvengudo in Les Baux\\-de\\-Provence.", "Additional note\n* Legs 4 and 5 aired back\\-to\\-back as a special two\\-hour episode.", "### Leg 6 (France → Czech Republic)", "[thumb\\\|Teams ended this leg in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") on the hilltop of [Letenské Park](/wiki/Letn%C3%A1_Park \"Letná Park\"), overlooking the [Vltava River](/wiki/Vltava \"Vltava\") and Prague's [Old Town](/wiki/Old_Town_%28Prague%29 \"Old Town (Prague)\").](/wiki/File:Vltava_river_in_Prague.jpg \"Vltava river in Prague.jpg\")\n* Episode 5: \"The Claws Are Out\" (January 31, 2018\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Perth, Australia](/wiki/Perth%2C_Australia \"Perth, Australia\") (awarded to Kristi \\& Jen)\n* Eliminated: Trevor \\& Chris", "Locations\n* [Arles](/wiki/Arles \"Arles\") (Église Notre Dame de la Major) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") → [Prague, Czech Republic](/wiki/Prague%2C_Czech_Republic \"Prague, Czech Republic\")\n* Prague ([Rudolfinum](/wiki/Rudolfinum \"Rudolfinum\")) {{TAR clue\\\|U\\-Turn\\\|double\\=yes\\\|Cody \\& Jessica\\\|Trevor \\& Chris\\\|used2\\=no}}\n* Prague ([Staropramen Brewery](/wiki/Staropramen_Brewery \"Staropramen Brewery\") \\& Náplavka – Fidelio {{small\\\|'''or'''}} [Charles University](/wiki/Charles_University \"Charles University\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|This\\\|That\\\|blind\\=yes}}\n* Prague (Andělská Lázeň Beer Spa)\n* Prague ([Stará Čistírna Odpadních Vod](/wiki/Sewage_Plant_in_Bubene%C4%8D_%28Prague%29 \"Sewage Plant in Bubeneč (Prague)\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|It starts with an F, that's all I'm gonna say.}}\n* Prague ([Letenské Park](/wiki/Letn%C3%A1_Park \"Letná Park\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|6}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Prague, Czech Republic](/wiki/Prague%2C_Czech_Republic \"Prague, Czech Republic\"). Once there, teams had to find their next clue at the [Rudolfinum](/wiki/Rudolfinum \"Rudolfinum\").\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|This\\\|That\\\|blind\\=yes}} This leg's Detour was a Blind Detour, where teams only learned about the task once they reached its location, and was a choice between This or That. In This, teams traveled to the [Staropramen Brewery](/wiki/Staropramen_Brewery \"Staropramen Brewery\"), where they had to properly re\\-stack a pallet of empty [beer](/wiki/Beer_in_the_Czech_Republic \"Beer in the Czech Republic\") kegs, searching for the one keg that was full. They then had to tap the keg and properly pour a mug of beer to the satisfaction of the [brewmaster](/wiki/Brewmaster \"Brewmaster\"). Once approved, they had to deliver the keg to the Fidelio, a floating vessel docked alongside the Náplavka Riverbank on the [Vltava River](/wiki/Vltava_River \"Vltava River\"). In That, teams traveled to the [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy \"Astronomy\") hall at [Charles University](/wiki/Charles_University \"Charles University\"), where they had to listen to two lecturers in English, one debating that the [Earth is round](/wiki/Spherical_Earth \"Spherical Earth\") and the other that the [Earth is flat](/wiki/Flat_Earth \"Flat Earth\"). Without taking any notes, they then had to pass an [oral exam](/wiki/Oral_exam \"Oral exam\") by answering eight questions correctly in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams traveled to the Andělská Lázeň Beer Spa and received their next clue from patrons bathing in beer. Teams then had to travel to [Stará Čistírna Odpadních Vod](/wiki/Sewage_Plant_in_Bubene%C4%8D_%28Prague%29 \"Sewage Plant in Bubeneč (Prague)\") in order to find their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|It starts with an F, that's all I'm gonna say.}} The leg's Roadblock was a Switchback from [season 15](/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_15%23Leg_11_%28Czech_Republic%29 \"The Amazing Race 15#Leg 11 (Czech Republic)\"), where one team member had to enter a room filled with hundreds of ringing telephones and search for the eight that had a person on the other end of the line. The voice on each phone said one word of a [Franz Kafka](/wiki/Franz_Kafka \"Franz Kafka\") quote: \"The meaning of life is that it stops\". Without taking notes, team members had to memorize the eight words and then arrange them in the correct order on a lengthy form in order to receive their next clue.\n* Teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: [Letenské Park](/wiki/Letn%C3%A1_Park \"Letná Park\").", "Additional note\n* {{TAR clue\\\|U\\-Turn\\\|double\\=yes\\\|Cody \\& Jessica\\\|Trevor \\& Chris\\\|used2\\=no}} Cody \\& Jessica chose to use the U\\-Turn on Trevor \\& Chris.", "### Leg 7 (Czech Republic → Zimbabwe)", "[thumb\\\|In rural [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe \"Zimbabwe\"), teams traveled to the Imire Rhino \\& Wildlife Conservancy and ran most of this leg with a swapped partner for the first time.](/wiki/File:White_rhino_%2889018101%29.jpg \"White rhino (89018101).jpg\")\n* Episode 6: \"All's Fair in Love and War\" (February 7, 2018\\)", "Locations\n* [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") ([Letenské Park](/wiki/Letn%C3%A1_Park \"Letná Park\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} Prague → [Harare, Zimbabwe](/wiki/Harare%2C_Zimbabwe \"Harare, Zimbabwe\")\n* {{TAR travel\\\|train}} Harare → [Marondera](/wiki/Marondera \"Marondera\")\n* [Mashonaland East Province](/wiki/Mashonaland_East_Province \"Mashonaland East Province\") (Imire Rhino \\& Wildlife Conservancy)\n* Mashonaland East Province (Imire Rhino \\& Wildlife Conservancy – Imire Lake)\n* Mashonaland East Province (Imire Rhino \\& Wildlife Conservancy – Lookout Tower) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Rhino Track\\\|Bush Whack}}\n* Mashonaland East Province (Imire Rhino \\& Wildlife Conservancy – Savanna Plains Overlook) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|7}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Harare, Zimbabwe](/wiki/Harare%2C_Zimbabwe \"Harare, Zimbabwe\"). Once there, teams had to travel by train to [Marondera](/wiki/Marondera \"Marondera\") and then travel to the Imire Rhino \\& Wildlife Conservancy, where they had to properly set up a provided safari tent and spend the night. They were woken up by [Phil Keoghan](/wiki/Phil_Keoghan \"Phil Keoghan\") at 4:00 a.m., and he explained that for the remainder of the leg, they had to switch partners with another team. The swapped teams were as follows: Cody \\& Jen; Brittany \\& Alex; Lucas \\& Conor; Daniel \\& Evan; Eric \\& Henry; and Jessica \\& Kristi.\n* The newly formed teams then had to paddle a makeshift raft around Imire Lake in order to spot their next clue, which was in a pair of [canteens](/wiki/Canteen_%28bottle%29 \"Canteen (bottle)\") hanging in a tree. When they found the canteens, they could paddle to their next destination.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Rhino Track\\\|Bush Whack}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Rhino Track or Bush Whack. In Rhino Track, teams had to ride horses with a guide along a marked path through the reserve, spotting and collecting eight pieces of evidence along the way left behind by \"[poachers](/wiki/Poaching \"Poaching\")\" in designated locations. Once they collected all eight pieces, they returned to the starting point and had to correctly place the items on a map matching their respective locations in order to receive their next clue. In Bush Whack, teams had to drive an [off\\-road vehicle](/wiki/Off-road_vehicle \"Off-road vehicle\") along a marked course to pick up supplies, including a full canteen of water, at a designated point. The course then continued through two mud bogs, which they had to wade through in order to determine the best place to cross, and then drive the vehicle through the bogs without getting stuck. Once through, teams arrived at a ranger station, where they had to dig up an empty canteen and bury the full one they picked up earlier in its place. After returning to the starting point, teams received their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the savanna plains overlook. Teams had to wait for their original partners to arrive and reunite with them before they could check in. Additionally, Phil informed the newly\\-reunited teams that the next leg had begun, and they were given their next clue.", "### Leg 8 (Zimbabwe)", "[thumb\\\|Teams ended the eighth leg in the Zimbabwean capital of [Harare](/wiki/Harare \"Harare\") at the First Street Pedestrian Mall.](/wiki/File:First_Street%2C_Harare%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg \"First Street, Harare, Zimbabwe.jpg\")\n* Episode 6: \"All's Fair in Love and War\" (February 7, 2018\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Saint Lucia](/wiki/Saint_Lucia \"Saint Lucia\") (awarded to Lucas \\& Brittany)\n* Eliminated: Eric \\& Daniel", "Locations\n* [Harare](/wiki/Harare \"Harare\") (Khan Fabrics, Haberdashery, and Sports) {{TAR clue\\\|U\\-Turn\\\|double\\=yes\\\|Lucas \\& Brittany\\\|Cody \\& Jessica\\\|Alex \\& Conor\\\|Henry \\& Evan}}\n* Harare ([Eastgate Mall](/wiki/Eastgate_Centre%2C_Harare \"Eastgate Centre, Harare\") {{small\\\|'''or'''}} Magaba Tyres \\& Cameron Hardware) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Handle with Care\\\|Just Get it There}}\n* Harare (Harare Gardens)\n* Harare (First Street Pedestrian Mall) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|8}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to return to [Harare](/wiki/Harare \"Harare\") and find their next clue at Khan Fabrics, Haberdashery, and Sports.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Handle with Care\\\|Just Get it There}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Handle with Care or Just Get it There. In Handle with Care, teams traveled to [Eastgate Mall](/wiki/Eastgate_Centre%2C_Harare \"Eastgate Centre, Harare\"), where they went to the mail room and received seven large packages to carry and deliver to various businesses around the mall. After delivering each, they were given outgoing mail that they had to return to the mail room. Once all of the deliveries were complete, teams received their next clue. In Just Get it There, teams had to locate Magaba Tyres and pick up one small tire and one large truck tire. Teams then had to roll them through the market onto the back of a waiting truck parked nearby in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Harare Gardens in order to find their next clue. There, teams had to choose a [vocal coach](/wiki/Vocal_coach \"Vocal coach\"), who taught them the pronunciation of the [Shona](/wiki/Shona_language \"Shona language\") lyrics to the [Four Brothers](/wiki/Four_Brothers_%28band%29 \"Four Brothers (band)\") song \"Pasi Pano Pane Zviedzo\". They then had to perform the song on stage accompanied by a band with correct pronunciation and rhythm while dancing to the beat in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the First Street Pedestrian Mall.", "Additional notes\n* {{TAR clue\\\|U\\-Turn\\\|double\\=yes\\\|Lucas \\& Brittany\\\|Cody \\& Jessica\\\|Alex \\& Conor\\\|Henry \\& Evan}} This leg featured a Double U\\-Turn. Lucas \\& Brittany chose to use the U\\-Turn on Cody \\& Jessica, while Alex \\& Conor chose to use the U\\-Turn on Henry \\& Evan.\n* Legs 7 and 8 aired back\\-to\\-back as a special two\\-hour episode.", "### Leg 9 (Zimbabwe → Bahrain)", "[thumb\\\|After arriving in [Muharraq](/wiki/Muharraq \"Muharraq\"), teams participated in traditional [Bahraini](/wiki/Bahrain \"Bahrain\") [boat\\-making](/wiki/Boat_building \"Boat building\") by weighing the right amount of wood to make a [dhow](/wiki/Dhow \"Dhow\").](/wiki/File:Muharraq_Dhow.jpg \"Muharraq Dhow.jpg\")\n* Episode 7: \"The First Rule of Amazing Race Club\" (February 14, 2018\\)\n* Prize: {{USD\\\|7500}} each (awarded to Alex \\& Conor)\n* Eliminated: Lucas \\& Brittany", "Locations\n* [Harare](/wiki/Harare \"Harare\") (Africa Unity Square) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} Harare → [Manama, Bahrain](/wiki/Manama%2C_Bahrain \"Manama, Bahrain\")\n* [Muharraq](/wiki/Muharraq \"Muharraq\") ([Dhow](/wiki/Dhow \"Dhow\") Shipyard)\n* Manama ([Bahrain Bay](/wiki/Bahrain_Bay \"Bahrain Bay\")) (Unaired)\n* Muharraq (Hussein Mohammad [Showaiter](/wiki/Showaiter \"Showaiter\") Sweets)\n* [A'ali](/wiki/A%27ali \"A'ali\") (Delmon Pottery Industry)\n* [Zallaq](/wiki/Zallaq \"Zallaq\") (Bahrain Endurance Village)\n* [Sakhir](/wiki/Sakhir \"Sakhir\") ([Tree of Life](/wiki/Tree_of_Life_%28Bahrain%29 \"Tree of Life (Bahrain)\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|9}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Manama, Bahrain](/wiki/Manama%2C_Bahrain \"Manama, Bahrain\"). Once there, teams had to drive to the [dhow](/wiki/Dhow \"Dhow\") shipyard, where they had to carry and place a total of {{convert\\\|300\\\|lb\\\|kg}} of timber onto a [balance scale](/wiki/Balance_scale \"Balance scale\") in order to receive their next clue.\n* At Hussein Mohammad [Showaiter](/wiki/Showaiter \"Showaiter\") Sweets, teams asked for the \"King of [Halwa](/wiki/Halwa \"Halwa\")\", a local dessert that each team member had to sample in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to Delmon Pottery Industry. There, teams chose a pouch containing ten small objects. They then had to search inside hundreds of clay pots around the shop for the matching items and bring the pots back to the starting point, one at a time, to be verified. Once all of the matching items were collected, teams received a pot to break open which contained their next clue.\n* Teams had to drive to the Bahrain Endurance Village and choose a [camel](/wiki/Camel \"Camel\") herder, who showed them how to milk a camel. One team member had to collect enough [milk](/wiki/Camel_milk \"Camel milk\") to fill a glass while their partner kept the camel calm in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the [Tree of Life](/wiki/Tree_of_Life_%28Bahrain%29 \"Tree of Life (Bahrain)\").", "Additional notes\n* In an unaired task at [Bahrain Bay](/wiki/Bahrain_Bay \"Bahrain Bay\"), team members were asked three questions and, without consulting each other, had to answer to whom each question applied. Team members had to answer these questions with one member standing on a plank of a boat floating on the sea. If the answer did not match, then the person on the plank had to dive into the bay and teams had to start over. When teams matched all three answers, they received their next clue.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://jenhudak.com/blog/cutting\\-room\\-floor\\-tar\\-30\\-9\\-10/\\\|title\\=From The Cutting Room Floor – TAR 30\\.9\\.10\\\|author\\=Jen Hudak\\\|author\\-link\\=Jen Hudak\\\|date\\=February 18, 2018\\\|work\\=jenhudak.com\\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2018}}\n* Lucas discovered that he had lost his passport while on a connecting flight from [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe \"Zimbabwe\") to Bahrain. As a result, Lucas \\& Brittany did not arrive in Bahrain until long after the other teams had already checked in at the Pit Stop. Phil met them at the shipyard to inform them of their elimination.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Norwin \\\|first\\=Alyssa \\\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-15 \\\|title\\='The Amazing Race': Lucas \\& Brittany Explain How He Lost His Passport \\& Reveal Wedding Plans \\\|url\\=https://hollywoodlife.com/2018/02/15/lucas\\-brittany\\-the\\-amazing\\-race\\-lost\\-passport\\-wedding\\-interview/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-26 \\\|website\\=Hollywood Life \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### Leg 10 (Bahrain → Thailand)", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The iconic [Wat Chedi Luang](/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang \"Wat Chedi Luang\"), a [Buddhist temple](/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Thailand \"Buddhist temples in Thailand\") in downtown [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\"), served as the Pit Stop for this leg.](/wiki/File:Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Chedi-Luang-stupa-02.jpg \"Chiang-Mai Thailand Wat-Chedi-Luang-stupa-02.jpg\")\n* Episode 7: \"The First Rule of Amazing Race Club\" (February 14, 2018\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Curaçao](/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao \"Curaçao\") (awarded to Alex \\& Conor)", "Locations\n* [Muharraq](/wiki/Muharraq \"Muharraq\") (Arad Walkway – Falcon Statue) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} [Manama](/wiki/Manama \"Manama\") → [Chiang Mai, Thailand](/wiki/Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand \"Chiang Mai, Thailand\")\n* Chiang Mai ([Royal Park Ratchaphruek](/wiki/Royal_Flora_Ratchaphruek \"Royal Flora Ratchaphruek\"))\n* Chiang Mai ([Patara Elephant Farm](/wiki/Patara_Elephant_Farm \"Patara Elephant Farm\") {{small\\\|'''or'''}} Baan Kaew Rice Field) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Size It\\\|Seize It}}\n* Chiang Mai (Original Khum [Khantoke](/wiki/Khantoke \"Khantoke\") Restaurant) {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who wants to Thai something new?}}\n* Chiang Mai ([Wat Chedi Luang](/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang \"Wat Chedi Luang\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|10}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Chiang Mai, Thailand](/wiki/Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand \"Chiang Mai, Thailand\"). Once there, teams were directed to find the white elephants at [Royal Park Ratchaphruek](/wiki/Royal_Flora_Ratchaphruek \"Royal Flora Ratchaphruek\"), where they found a [garland](/wiki/Garland \"Garland\") that they had to give to one of four women with an umbrella in the vicinity of the garden in exchange for their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Size It\\\|Seize It}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Size It or Seize It. In Size It, teams had to travel to [Patara Elephant Farm](/wiki/Patara_Elephant_Farm \"Patara Elephant Farm\"), where they had to calculate the height and weight of an adult [elephant](/wiki/Elephant \"Elephant\"). If the [veterinarian](/wiki/Veterinarian \"Veterinarian\") deemed their measurements to be correct, teams could ride their elephant along a trail and feed it before receiving their next clue. In Seize It, teams had to catch twenty [bullfrogs](/wiki/Banded_bullfrog \"Banded bullfrog\") in a flooded [rice paddy](/wiki/Rice_paddy \"Rice paddy\") in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Original Khum [Khantoke](/wiki/Khantoke \"Khantoke\") Restaurant in order to find their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who wants to Thai something new?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to consume three cooked [scorpions](/wiki/Scorpion \"Scorpion\") and a bullfrog while scorpions were crawling on their partner in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: [Wat Chedi Luang](/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang \"Wat Chedi Luang\").", "Additional notes\n* This was a non\\-elimination leg.\n* Legs 9 and 10 aired back\\-to\\-back as a special two\\-hour episode.", "### Leg 11 (Thailand → Hong Kong)", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|After arriving in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), teams visited Lions Pavilion at the top of [Victoria Peak](/wiki/Victoria_Peak \"Victoria Peak\"), overlooking the skyline of the [Central Business District](/wiki/Central%2C_Hong_Kong \"Central, Hong Kong\"), to get their clue.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_070727-N-8868D-030_The_evening_skyline_of_Hong_Kong_as_viewed_from_Victoria_Peak._Victoria_Peak_was_one_of_many_places%2C_attractions_and_tours_that_Sailors_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_John_C._Stennis_%28CVN.jpg \"US Navy 070727-N-8868D-030 The evening skyline of Hong Kong as viewed from Victoria Peak. Victoria Peak was one of many places, attractions and tours that Sailors from the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis (CVN.jpg\")\n* Episode 8: \"It's Just a Million Dollars, No Pressure\" (February 21, 2018\\)\n* Eliminated: Alex \\& Conor", "Locations\n* [Chiang Mai](/wiki/Chiang_Mai \"Chiang Mai\") ([Wat Chedi Luang](/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang \"Wat Chedi Luang\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} Chiang Mai → [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\")\n* Hong Kong (Lions Pavilion) {{TAR clue\\\|Speed Bump\\\|Let Your Light Shine}}\n* Hong Kong ([Aberdeen Promenade](/wiki/Aberdeen_Promenade \"Aberdeen Promenade\"))\n* Hong Kong ([Aberdeen Floating Village](/wiki/Aberdeen_floating_village \"Aberdeen floating village\") {{small\\\|'''or'''}} [Ap Lei Chau](/wiki/Ap_Lei_Chau \"Ap Lei Chau\") Main Street – Jin Bao Seafood Restaurant) {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Hairy Crab\\\|Grub Grab}}\n* Hong Kong ([Central Pier \\#4](/wiki/Central_Piers%23Ferry_services \"Central Piers#Ferry services\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who wants to get smashed?}}\n* Hong Kong ([Lan Kwai Fong](/wiki/Lan_Kwai_Fong \"Lan Kwai Fong\"))\n* Hong Kong (Intersection of [Johnston Road](/wiki/Johnston_Road \"Johnston Road\") \\& [Wan Chai Road](/wiki/Wan_Chai_Road \"Wan Chai Road\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|11}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"). Once there, teams traveled to the Lions Pavilion atop [Victoria Peak](/wiki/Victoria_Peak \"Victoria Peak\"), where they had their picture taken overlooking the Hong Kong skyline. After their photograph was printed, teams were given the photograph and their next clue, which directed them to the [Aberdeen Promenade](/wiki/Aberdeen_Promenade \"Aberdeen Promenade\").\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Speed Bump\\\|Let Your Light Shine}} For their Speed Bump, Henry \\& Evan had to light and place [flameless candles](/wiki/Flameless_candle \"Flameless candle\") into forty [paper lanterns](/wiki/Paper_lantern \"Paper lantern\") before they could continue racing.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Detour\\\|Hairy Crab\\\|Grub Grab}} This season's final Detour was a choice between Hairy Crab or Grub Grab. In Hairy Crab, teams had to properly wrap and pack fifty live [hairy crabs](/wiki/Chinese_mitten_crab \"Chinese mitten crab\") in a basket, while subjected to simulated [typhoon](/wiki/Typhoon \"Typhoon\") conditions, in order to receive their next clue. In Grub Grab, one team member had to take eight restaurant orders in [Cantonese](/wiki/Cantonese \"Cantonese\"), and then relay them to their partner in the kitchen, who had to find the corresponding dishes, which were labeled phonetically. Once every patron was served correctly, teams received their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who wants to get smashed?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to wear protective equipment and smash a pile of old electronics in order to find the two that each contained half of a clue. Once they found both halves, they then splattered paint over the pile to create a work of \"rage art\". Meanwhile, the non\\-participating team member was handcuffed to a briefcase.\n* After the Roadblock, teams had to search the streets of [Lan Kwai Fong](/wiki/Lan_Kwai_Fong \"Lan Kwai Fong\") for three signs depicting items seen in previous legs and recall the leg numbers where those things were seen: the [Washington Square Arch](/wiki/Washington_Square_Arch \"Washington Square Arch\") from leg 1, a [fez hat](/wiki/Fez_hat \"Fez hat\") from leg 3, and a bull from leg 5\\. These numbers formed the combination needed to open the briefcase. Inside the briefcase was the key to the handcuffs and the location of the Pit Stop: the intersection of [Johnston Road](/wiki/Johnston_Road \"Johnston Road\") and [Wan Chai Road](/wiki/Wan_Chai_Road \"Wan Chai Road\").", "Additional note\n* Alex \\& Conor were still at Lan Kwai Fong long after the other teams had already checked in at the Pit Stop. Phil went to meet them to inform them of their elimination.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Kwiatkowski \\\|first\\=Elizabeth \\\|date\\=February 24, 2018 \\\|title\\=Exclusive: Alex Rossi and Conor Daly talk 'The Amazing Race' (Part 1\\) \\\|url\\=https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/exclusive\\-alex\\-rossi\\-and\\-conor\\-daly\\-talk\\-the\\-amazing\\-race\\-(part\\-1\\)\\-23595\\.php \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-26 \\\|website\\=Reality TV World}}", "### Leg 12 (Hong Kong → United States)", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The [flight deck](/wiki/Flight_deck \"Flight deck\") of the [USS Hornet](/wiki/USS_Hornet_%28CV-12%29 \"USS Hornet (CV-12)\") in [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California \"Alameda, California\") served as the finish line of The Amazing Race 30.](/wiki/File:USS_Hornet_Museum_10.JPG \"USS Hornet Museum 10.JPG\")\n* Episode 8: \"It's Just a Million Dollars, No Pressure\" (February 21, 2018\\)\n* Prize: US$1,000,000\n* Winners: Cody \\& Jessica\n* Runners\\-up: Henry \\& Evan\n* Third place: Kristi \\& Jen", "Locations\n* [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") (Intersection of [Johnston Road](/wiki/Johnston_Road \"Johnston Road\") \\& [Wan Chai Road](/wiki/Wan_Chai_Road \"Wan Chai Road\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop\\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\\|flight}} Hong Kong → [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\")\n* San Francisco ([AT\\&T Park](/wiki/AT%26T_Park \"AT&T Park\") – \"[Say Hey Kid](/wiki/Say_Hey_Kid \"Say Hey Kid\")\" Statue)\n* San Francisco ([McCovey Cove](/wiki/McCovey_Cove \"McCovey Cove\"))\n* {{TAR travel\\\|boat}} San Francisco ([San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge](/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge \"San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\")) {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who brought an extra pair of underwear?}}\n* San Francisco ([Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Fortune_Cookie_Company \"Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company\"))\n* San Francisco ([San Francisco City Hall](/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall \"San Francisco City Hall\")) (Unaired){{cite podcast\\\|host\\=Justin Scheman\\\|title\\=Amazing Race Season 30 Episodes 11 \\& 12 With Kristi and Jen \\#RacersRecap\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Apple Podcasts]]\\\|date\\=February 25, 2018\\\|time\\=1:00:45\\\|url\\=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/amazing\\-race\\-season\\-30\\-episodes\\-11\\-12\\-with\\-kristi\\-and/id1339000577?i\\=1000404910974\\\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2018\\\|quote\\=When we were leaving fortune cookies, we actually had to go to city hall to get another clue and that's where we actually got the clue to the USS ''Hornet''.}}\n* [Alameda](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California \"Alameda, California\") ([USS Hornet](/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum \"USS Hornet Museum\") ) {{TAR clue\\\|Pit Stop}}", "Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"). Once there, teams had to find their next clue near the \"[Say Hey Kid](/wiki/Say_Hey_Kid \"Say Hey Kid\")\" Statue, and teams had to figure out that this was the statue of [Willie Mays](/wiki/Willie_Mays \"Willie Mays\") outside [AT\\&T Park](/wiki/AT%26T_Park \"AT&T Park\"). Teams had to paddle [kayaks](/wiki/Kayak \"Kayak\") into [McCovey Cove](/wiki/McCovey_Cove \"McCovey Cove\") and find three numbered [baseballs](/wiki/Baseballs \"Baseballs\") corresponding to the number of career [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") hit by Willie Mays, while [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") mascot [Lou Seal](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_mascots%23Lou_Seal_%28San_Francisco_Giants%29 \"List of Major League Baseball mascots#Lou Seal (San Francisco Giants)\") threw more balls into the water from the ballpark. Once teams found two 6s and a 0, they received their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\\|Roadblock\\\|Who brought an extra pair of underwear?}} In this season's final Roadblock, one team member had to use [jumars](/wiki/Jumar \"Jumar\") to pull themselves up {{convert\\\|200\\\|ft\\\|m}} to the top of the [San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge](/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge \"San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\") center anchorage. They then had to enter the structure and put on a harness before [free falling](/wiki/Free_fall \"Free fall\") into the anchorage in order to receive their next clue.\n* The clue received from the Roadblock was a [rebus](/wiki/Rebus \"Rebus\"), and once solved, teams had to travel to the [Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Fortune_Cookie_Company \"Golden Gate Fortune Cookie Company\"). There, they had to properly make 102 [fortune cookies](/wiki/Fortune_cookie \"Fortune cookie\"), after which they received a giant fortune cookie which contained their next clue.\n* On the [USS Hornet](/wiki/USS_Hornet_Museum \"USS Hornet Museum\"), teams had to choose a [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage \"Fuselage\") of a large model airplane on the [flight deck](/wiki/Flight_deck \"Flight deck\"), and then search the aircraft carrier for twelve parts of matching color (two propellers, four wings, four horizontal stabilizers, and two vertical stabilizers) to complete the model. Each part had different pictures depicting objects that teams had encountered during the race. After finding all twelve parts, the team member who did not perform the Roadblock had to assemble the airplane with the correct combination of six parts (one propeller, two wings, two horizontal stabilizers, and one vertical stabilizer) that fit correctly on the fuselage and represented all twelve legs without duplication. Once approved, the team member had to push the airplane to their partner and the team could proceed to the finish line at the opposite end of the flight deck.", "{\\\| class\\=\"wikitable unsortable\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\n! scope\\=\"col\" \\\| Leg\n! scope\\=\"col\" \\\| Country\n! scope\\=\"col\" \\\| Object\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 1\n\\\|Iceland\n\\\|Off\\-road helmet\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 2\n\\\|Belgium\n\\\|French fry\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 3\n\\\|Morocco\n\\\|Fish\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 4\n\\\|France\n\\\|Rudder\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 5\n\\\|France\n\\\|Knight\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 6\n\\\|Czech Republic\n\\\|Magnifying glass\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 7\n\\\|Zimbabwe\n\\\|Canteen\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 8\n\\\|Zimbabwe\n\\\|Microphone\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 9\n\\\|Bahrain\n\\\|Scale\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 10\n\\\|Thailand\n\\\|Elephant\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 11\n\\\|Hong Kong\n\\\|Handcuff\n\\\|\\-\n! scope\\=\"row\" \\\| 12\n\\\|United States\n\\\|Oar\n\\\|}\nAdditional notes\n* After the fortune cookie task, teams were instructed to travel to [San Francisco City Hall](/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall \"San Francisco City Hall\") in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the USS Hornet. This segment was unaired.\n* Legs 11 and 12 aired back\\-to\\-back as a special two\\-hour episode.", "" ]
Yamaha RGX and RGZ electric guitars series ------------------------------------------ The [Yamaha RGX](/wiki/Yamaha_RGX "Yamaha RGX") and RGZ [electric guitars](/wiki/Electric_guitar "Electric guitar") Series are manufactured by the [Yamaha Corporation](/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation "Yamaha Corporation") and bear a close resemblance to the [Ibanez RG](/wiki/Ibanez_RG "Ibanez RG") series, the [Jackson Soloist](/wiki/Jackson_Soloist "Jackson Soloist") and other "superstrat" enhanced copies of the [Fender Stratocaster](/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster "Fender Stratocaster"). These Taiwan\-made instruments were introduced in 1987\. RGX Series guitars often have 24 or more frets and a [bolt\-on neck](/wiki/Bolt-on_neck "Bolt-on neck"). Some high\-end models use a neck\-through\-body design. Some come with Yamaha active [pickups](/wiki/Pick_up_%28music_technology%29 "Pick up (music technology)"), two single coils and one humbucker. Most of these instruments were generally known as RGZ, including the RGZ820R, a custom plaid graphic model with two [humbuckers](/wiki/Humbucker "Humbucker") and a Floyd Rose licensed locking tremolo, played by rock guitarist [Blues Saraceno](/wiki/Blues_Saraceno "Blues Saraceno"). The RGX guitars were upgraded in 2003 with a 3D headstock sporting a 3\+3 tuner layout and a piezo bridge option for acoustic\-like tones. Famous endorsees of the RGX/RGZ guitars included Blues Saraceno and [Ty Tabor](/wiki/Ty_Tabor "Ty Tabor") of [King's X](/wiki/King%27s_X "King's X"), who got his namesake RGX\-TT and RGX\-TTD6 signature models in 2000\. ### 1st RGX generation: 110, 211, 120D and 312 * RGX 110 [thumb\\|A RGX110 guitar.](/wiki/Image:Yamaha_RGX110.JPG "Yamaha RGX110.JPG") Features one single Pickup: a humbucker, in the bridge. Its bridge was a non\-licensed "Fender Synchronized tremolo"'s clone. It had 24 frets. * RGX 120D Features two humbucker pickups, one tone knob, one volume knob, and a three\-way pickup selector. * RGX 211 [thumb\\|A RGX211 guitar.](/wiki/Image:Yamaha_RGX_211_front.jpg "Yamaha RGX 211 front.jpg") Features H\-S Pickup's layout design: a humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones and a single\-coil in the neck, for treble (and traditional Stratocaster) tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge, and a 24 frets scale. * RGX 312 [thumb\\|RGX312 guitar.](/wiki/Image:YAMAHA_RGX312_front_1.jpg "YAMAHA RGX312 front 1.jpg") Yamaha RGX 312 models were produced from 1987 to 1993\. Amazing versatility available from its H\-S\-S (humbucker/ single coil / single coil) pick\-up configuration. The neck is straight with low action and a wide fretboard. The RGX312 (1987–1988\) is a double cutaway rock style guitar available in Red, Black, or White finish. Specifications: Original List Price: $429\.00 Neck \- single coil Middle \- single coil Bridge \- Humbucker Construction: * Alder Body * Maple Neck * Bubinga Fretboard String length: 628mm Nut width: 41mm * (1\)Volume 250k * (1\)Tone 250k with coil splitter * 5way Selector * Top mount input jack * Bridge – Single locking (nut\-side) Yamaha trem with fine tuners, based on the Floyd Rose tremolo system * Fretboard – Bubinga * Volume – 250k * Tone – 250k with coil splitter * 5way Selector – * Neck – single coil * Middle – single coil * Bridge – Humbucker * 24 frets The RGX312II (1988–1993\) is a double cutaway rock style guitar available in Red, Black, White, or Silver Pearl finish. The guitar is set up with Yamaha pickups as follows: Original List Price: $449\.00 Neck \- single coil Middle \- single coil Bridge \- Humbucker Construction: * Alder Body * Satin Finish Maple Neck * Bubinga Fretboard String length: 628mm Nut width: 43mm * (1\)Volume 250k * (1\)Tone 250k with coil splitter * 5way Selector * Top mount input jack A good reliable guitar that has good tone for clean when played through the single coil and sounds fantastic for distortion on the humbucker. ### 2nd RGX generation: 603a, 603s, 610m, 611m, and 612s (1987–1990\) All of these guitars have in common: a Basswood body, black Hardware (bridge, tuners etc.), double locking tremolo system, 24 fret neck, a half\-painted headstock, 24 3/4" scale, and recessed input jack. * RGX 603a * RGX 603s S\-S\-S pickup configuration * RGX 610m * RGX 611m Satin finish three piece 24\-fret bolt\-on maple neck with maple fingerboard. RM\-Pro vibrato system with pitch rise adjustment. Height\-adjustable locking nut. S\-H pickup configuration, with angled neck single coil. 3\-way pickup selector switch w/ coil tap and three way tone(?) switch. Single 250k volume pot. * RGX 612s ### 3rd RGX generation * RGX 120 D Dates of manufacture: 1994 \- 1998\. Production of the RGX 120 D began in 1994 and ended in 1998\. Features H\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker in the bridge for fat lead tones, and another one in the neck, for traditional treble tones. Its bridge was a non\-licensed "Fender Synchronized tremolo"'s clone. It had 22 frets. * RGX 121 D (RGZ 121 P) Manufactured by the same time of the RGX 120 D model, it's essentially the same guitar, but with a different pickup's layout design: H\-S\-H style. A humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones, a single\-coil in the middle position for traditional Stratocaster tones and a humbucker in the neck, for treble tones. It had the same non\-licensed "Fender Synchronized tremolo"'s clone bridge. It had 22 frets. * RGX\-420 DZ Manufactured between 1994 and 1998, features H\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker in the bridge for fat lead tones, and another one in the neck, for traditional treble tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge. It had 24 frets. * RGX 421 D YAMAHA produced the RGX 421 D between 1994 and 1998\. Features H\-S\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones, a single\-coil in the middle position for traditional Stratocaster tones and a humbucker in the neck, for treble tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge. It had 24 frets. * RGX 621 D (RGZ 621 P) The RGX 621D was discontinued in 1995\. The RGX 621D's pickups were directly mounted to the guitar's body. The RGX 621D model had a custom scalloped fretboard from the 20th to the 24th frets. This feature was intended to help fast and accurate fingering. The RGX 621D had a Yamaha height\-adjustable locking nut. This allowed players to customize the action and feel of their guitar based on playing style and string gauge preference. The body was alder. The neck was maple, with 24 fret rosewood fingerboard. Pickups were two humbuckers (neck and bridge positions) and one single coil (middle position). The controls were a five position pickup selector and master volume and master tone controls. The bridge was a TRS\-Pro locking tremolo. All hardware was black chrome finished. Finish options were Antique Sunburst Satin, Black, Blue Metallic, Red Metallic and Natural Satin * RGX 820 R The RGX 820 R was made between 1993 and 1995\. * RGX 821 (821D) The RGX 821 was made between 1994 and 1996\. The RGX 821 / 821D was one of the most expensive guitars in the Yamaha RGX series, selling for around $1000 when new. The RGX 821 pickups were directly mounted to the guitar's body. The RGX 821D and 621D model variants had custom scalloped fretboards from the 20th to the 24th frets. This feature was intended to help fast and accurate fingering. The RGX 821D had a Yamaha height\-adjustable locking nut. This allowed players to customize the action and feel of their guitar based on playing style and string gauge preference. The body was alder with figured Veneer. The neck was maple, with 24 fret rosewood fingerboard. Pickups were two humbuckers (neck and bridge positions) and one single coil (middle position). The controls were a five position pickup selector and master volume and master tone controls. The bridge was a TRS\-Pro locking tremolo. All hardware was gold plated. Finish options were Antique Sunburst, Black Burst, Faded Blue and Violet Burst. ### 4th RGX generation: the series at the 2000s * RGX 121 S YAMAHA began making the RGX 121 S in 2002 * RGX 420 S The RGX 420 S was introduced in 2003\. The Yamaha RGX 420 is an electric guitar that, so far, has been released two times in versions "S" and "dz", featuring different paint\-finishes but all the same mechanics and electronics. Features and specifications * Body – alder or ash * Neck – maple * Bridge – traditional fulcrum or Floyd Rose\-licensed locking vibrato * Pickups – two Alnico humbuckers * Frets – 24 jumbo * Colors: Flat Black, Shelby Blue, Dark Grey Satin, Blood Red * RGX 420 SD6 (Drop 6\) YAMAHA manufactured the RGX 420 SD6 (Drop 6\) between 2001 and 2003 * RGX 320FZ Dates of manufacture: 2005\. The RGX 320FZ was introduced in 2005 * RGX 520FZ YAMAHA began making the RGX 520FZ in 2005\.	[ "Yamaha RGX and RGZ electric guitars series\n------------------------------------------", "The [Yamaha RGX](/wiki/Yamaha_RGX \"Yamaha RGX\") and RGZ [electric guitars](/wiki/Electric_guitar \"Electric guitar\") Series are manufactured by the [Yamaha Corporation](/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation \"Yamaha Corporation\") and bear a close resemblance to the [Ibanez RG](/wiki/Ibanez_RG \"Ibanez RG\") series, the [Jackson Soloist](/wiki/Jackson_Soloist \"Jackson Soloist\") and other \"superstrat\" enhanced copies of the [Fender Stratocaster](/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster \"Fender Stratocaster\"). These Taiwan\\-made instruments were introduced in 1987\\.", "RGX Series guitars often have 24 or more frets and a [bolt\\-on neck](/wiki/Bolt-on_neck \"Bolt-on neck\"). Some high\\-end models use a neck\\-through\\-body design. Some come with Yamaha active [pickups](/wiki/Pick_up_%28music_technology%29 \"Pick up (music technology)\"), two single coils and one humbucker.", "Most of these instruments were generally known as RGZ, including the RGZ820R, a custom plaid graphic model with two [humbuckers](/wiki/Humbucker \"Humbucker\") and a Floyd Rose licensed locking tremolo, played by rock guitarist [Blues Saraceno](/wiki/Blues_Saraceno \"Blues Saraceno\").", "The RGX guitars were upgraded in 2003 with a 3D headstock sporting a 3\\+3 tuner layout and a piezo bridge option for acoustic\\-like tones. Famous endorsees of the RGX/RGZ guitars included Blues Saraceno and [Ty Tabor](/wiki/Ty_Tabor \"Ty Tabor\") of [King's X](/wiki/King%27s_X \"King's X\"), who got his namesake RGX\\-TT and RGX\\-TTD6 signature models in 2000\\.", "### 1st RGX generation: 110, 211, 120D and 312", "* RGX 110\n[thumb\\\|A RGX110 guitar.](/wiki/Image:Yamaha_RGX110.JPG \"Yamaha RGX110.JPG\") \nFeatures one single Pickup: a humbucker, in the bridge. Its bridge was a non\\-licensed \"Fender Synchronized tremolo\"'s clone. It had 24 frets.\n* RGX 120D\nFeatures two humbucker pickups, one tone knob, one volume knob, and a three\\-way pickup selector.\n* RGX 211\n[thumb\\\|A RGX211 guitar.](/wiki/Image:Yamaha_RGX_211_front.jpg \"Yamaha RGX 211 front.jpg\")", "Features H\\-S Pickup's layout design: a humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones and a single\\-coil in the neck, for treble (and traditional Stratocaster) tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge, and a 24 frets scale.", "* RGX 312\n[thumb\\\|RGX312 guitar.](/wiki/Image:YAMAHA_RGX312_front_1.jpg \"YAMAHA RGX312 front 1.jpg\")", "Yamaha RGX 312 models were produced from 1987 to 1993\\. Amazing versatility available from its H\\-S\\-S (humbucker/ single coil / single coil) pick\\-up configuration. The neck is straight with low action and a wide fretboard. The RGX312 (1987–1988\\) is a double cutaway rock style guitar available in Red, Black, or White finish.", "Specifications:", "Original List Price: $429\\.00", "Neck \\- single coil\nMiddle \\- single coil\nBridge \\- Humbucker\nConstruction:\n* Alder Body\n* Maple Neck\n* Bubinga Fretboard\nString length: 628mm\nNut width: 41mm\n* (1\\)Volume 250k\n* (1\\)Tone 250k with coil splitter\n* 5way Selector\n* Top mount input jack\n* Bridge – Single locking (nut\\-side) Yamaha trem with fine tuners, based on the Floyd Rose tremolo system\n* Fretboard – Bubinga\n* Volume – 250k\n* Tone – 250k with coil splitter\n* 5way Selector –\n* Neck – single coil\n* Middle – single coil\n* Bridge – Humbucker\n* 24 frets", "The RGX312II (1988–1993\\) is a double cutaway rock style guitar available in Red, Black, White, or Silver Pearl finish. The guitar is set up with Yamaha pickups as follows:", "Original List Price: $449\\.00\nNeck \\- single coil\nMiddle \\- single coil\nBridge \\- Humbucker\nConstruction:\n* Alder Body\n* Satin Finish Maple Neck\n* Bubinga Fretboard\nString length: 628mm\nNut width: 43mm\n* (1\\)Volume 250k\n* (1\\)Tone 250k with coil splitter\n* 5way Selector\n* Top mount input jack", "A good reliable guitar that has good tone for clean when played through the single coil and sounds fantastic for distortion on the humbucker.", "### 2nd RGX generation: 603a, 603s, 610m, 611m, and 612s (1987–1990\\)", "All of these guitars have in common: a Basswood body, black Hardware (bridge, tuners etc.), double locking tremolo system, 24 fret neck, a half\\-painted headstock, 24 3/4\" scale, and recessed input jack.", "* RGX 603a\n* RGX 603s\nS\\-S\\-S pickup configuration\n* RGX 610m\n* RGX 611m\nSatin finish three piece 24\\-fret bolt\\-on maple neck with maple fingerboard. \nRM\\-Pro vibrato system with pitch rise adjustment.\nHeight\\-adjustable locking nut.\nS\\-H pickup configuration, with angled neck single coil.\n3\\-way pickup selector switch w/ coil tap and three way tone(?) switch.\nSingle 250k volume pot.\n* RGX 612s", "### 3rd RGX generation", "* RGX 120 D\nDates of manufacture: 1994 \\- 1998\\. Production of the RGX 120 D began in 1994 and ended in 1998\\. Features H\\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker in the bridge for fat lead tones, and another one in the neck, for traditional treble tones. Its bridge was a non\\-licensed \"Fender Synchronized tremolo\"'s clone. It had 22 frets.\n* RGX 121 D (RGZ 121 P)\nManufactured by the same time of the RGX 120 D model, it's essentially the same guitar, but with a different pickup's layout design: H\\-S\\-H style. A humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones, a single\\-coil in the middle position for traditional Stratocaster tones and a humbucker in the neck, for treble tones. It had the same non\\-licensed \"Fender Synchronized tremolo\"'s clone bridge. It had 22 frets.\n* RGX\\-420 DZ", "Manufactured between 1994 and 1998, features H\\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker in the bridge for fat lead tones, and another one in the neck, for traditional treble tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge. It had 24 frets.", "* RGX 421 D\nYAMAHA produced the RGX 421 D between 1994 and 1998\\. Features H\\-S\\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones, a single\\-coil in the middle position for traditional Stratocaster tones and a humbucker in the neck, for treble tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge. It had 24 frets.\n* RGX 621 D (RGZ 621 P)\nThe RGX 621D was discontinued in 1995\\. The RGX 621D's pickups were directly mounted to the guitar's body. The RGX 621D model had a custom scalloped fretboard from the 20th to the 24th frets. This feature was intended to help fast and accurate fingering.", "The RGX 621D had a Yamaha height\\-adjustable locking nut. This allowed players to customize the action and feel of their guitar based on playing style and string gauge preference.", "The body was alder. The neck was maple, with 24 fret rosewood fingerboard.", "Pickups were two humbuckers (neck and bridge positions) and one single coil (middle position). The controls were a five position pickup selector and master volume and master tone controls.\nThe bridge was a TRS\\-Pro locking tremolo. All hardware was black chrome finished.", "Finish options were Antique Sunburst Satin, Black, Blue Metallic, Red Metallic and Natural Satin", "* RGX 820 R\nThe RGX 820 R was made between 1993 and 1995\\.\n* RGX 821 (821D)\nThe RGX 821 was made between 1994 and 1996\\. The RGX 821 / 821D was one of the most expensive guitars in the Yamaha RGX series, selling for around $1000 when new. The RGX 821 pickups were directly mounted to the guitar's body. The RGX 821D and 621D model variants had custom scalloped fretboards from the 20th to the 24th frets. This feature was intended to help fast and accurate fingering.", "The RGX 821D had a Yamaha height\\-adjustable locking nut. This allowed players to customize the action and feel of their guitar based on playing style and string gauge preference.", "The body was alder with figured Veneer. The neck was maple, with 24 fret rosewood fingerboard.", "Pickups were two humbuckers (neck and bridge positions) and one single coil (middle position). The controls were a five position pickup selector and master volume and master tone controls.", "The bridge was a TRS\\-Pro locking tremolo. All hardware was gold plated.", "Finish options were Antique Sunburst, Black Burst, Faded Blue and Violet Burst.", "### 4th RGX generation: the series at the 2000s", "* RGX 121 S\nYAMAHA began making the RGX 121 S in 2002\n* RGX 420 S\nThe RGX 420 S was introduced in 2003\\. The Yamaha RGX 420 is an electric guitar that, so far, has been released two times in versions \"S\" and \"dz\", featuring different paint\\-finishes but all the same mechanics and electronics.", "Features and specifications\n* Body – alder or ash\n* Neck – maple\n* Bridge – traditional fulcrum or Floyd Rose\\-licensed locking vibrato\n* Pickups – two Alnico humbuckers\n* Frets – 24 jumbo\n* Colors: Flat Black, Shelby Blue, Dark Grey Satin, Blood Red\n* RGX 420 SD6 (Drop 6\\)\nYAMAHA manufactured the RGX 420 SD6 (Drop 6\\) between 2001 and 2003\n* RGX 320FZ\nDates of manufacture: 2005\\. The RGX 320FZ was introduced in 2005\n* RGX 520FZ\nYAMAHA began making the RGX 520FZ in 2005\\." ]
### 3rd RGX generation * RGX 120 D Dates of manufacture: 1994 \- 1998\. Production of the RGX 120 D began in 1994 and ended in 1998\. Features H\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker in the bridge for fat lead tones, and another one in the neck, for traditional treble tones. Its bridge was a non\-licensed "Fender Synchronized tremolo"'s clone. It had 22 frets. * RGX 121 D (RGZ 121 P) Manufactured by the same time of the RGX 120 D model, it's essentially the same guitar, but with a different pickup's layout design: H\-S\-H style. A humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones, a single\-coil in the middle position for traditional Stratocaster tones and a humbucker in the neck, for treble tones. It had the same non\-licensed "Fender Synchronized tremolo"'s clone bridge. It had 22 frets. * RGX\-420 DZ Manufactured between 1994 and 1998, features H\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker in the bridge for fat lead tones, and another one in the neck, for traditional treble tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge. It had 24 frets. * RGX 421 D YAMAHA produced the RGX 421 D between 1994 and 1998\. Features H\-S\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones, a single\-coil in the middle position for traditional Stratocaster tones and a humbucker in the neck, for treble tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge. It had 24 frets. * RGX 621 D (RGZ 621 P) The RGX 621D was discontinued in 1995\. The RGX 621D's pickups were directly mounted to the guitar's body. The RGX 621D model had a custom scalloped fretboard from the 20th to the 24th frets. This feature was intended to help fast and accurate fingering. The RGX 621D had a Yamaha height\-adjustable locking nut. This allowed players to customize the action and feel of their guitar based on playing style and string gauge preference. The body was alder. The neck was maple, with 24 fret rosewood fingerboard. Pickups were two humbuckers (neck and bridge positions) and one single coil (middle position). The controls were a five position pickup selector and master volume and master tone controls. The bridge was a TRS\-Pro locking tremolo. All hardware was black chrome finished. Finish options were Antique Sunburst Satin, Black, Blue Metallic, Red Metallic and Natural Satin * RGX 820 R The RGX 820 R was made between 1993 and 1995\. * RGX 821 (821D) The RGX 821 was made between 1994 and 1996\. The RGX 821 / 821D was one of the most expensive guitars in the Yamaha RGX series, selling for around $1000 when new. The RGX 821 pickups were directly mounted to the guitar's body. The RGX 821D and 621D model variants had custom scalloped fretboards from the 20th to the 24th frets. This feature was intended to help fast and accurate fingering. The RGX 821D had a Yamaha height\-adjustable locking nut. This allowed players to customize the action and feel of their guitar based on playing style and string gauge preference. The body was alder with figured Veneer. The neck was maple, with 24 fret rosewood fingerboard. Pickups were two humbuckers (neck and bridge positions) and one single coil (middle position). The controls were a five position pickup selector and master volume and master tone controls. The bridge was a TRS\-Pro locking tremolo. All hardware was gold plated. Finish options were Antique Sunburst, Black Burst, Faded Blue and Violet Burst.	[ "### 3rd RGX generation", "* RGX 120 D\nDates of manufacture: 1994 \\- 1998\\. Production of the RGX 120 D began in 1994 and ended in 1998\\. Features H\\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker in the bridge for fat lead tones, and another one in the neck, for traditional treble tones. Its bridge was a non\\-licensed \"Fender Synchronized tremolo\"'s clone. It had 22 frets.\n* RGX 121 D (RGZ 121 P)\nManufactured by the same time of the RGX 120 D model, it's essentially the same guitar, but with a different pickup's layout design: H\\-S\\-H style. A humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones, a single\\-coil in the middle position for traditional Stratocaster tones and a humbucker in the neck, for treble tones. It had the same non\\-licensed \"Fender Synchronized tremolo\"'s clone bridge. It had 22 frets.\n* RGX\\-420 DZ", "Manufactured between 1994 and 1998, features H\\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker in the bridge for fat lead tones, and another one in the neck, for traditional treble tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge. It had 24 frets.", "* RGX 421 D\nYAMAHA produced the RGX 421 D between 1994 and 1998\\. Features H\\-S\\-H Pickup's layout design: a humbucker the bridge for fat lead tones, a single\\-coil in the middle position for traditional Stratocaster tones and a humbucker in the neck, for treble tones. It had a version of Floyd Rose tremolo's bridge. It had 24 frets.\n* RGX 621 D (RGZ 621 P)\nThe RGX 621D was discontinued in 1995\\. The RGX 621D's pickups were directly mounted to the guitar's body. The RGX 621D model had a custom scalloped fretboard from the 20th to the 24th frets. This feature was intended to help fast and accurate fingering.", "The RGX 621D had a Yamaha height\\-adjustable locking nut. This allowed players to customize the action and feel of their guitar based on playing style and string gauge preference.", "The body was alder. The neck was maple, with 24 fret rosewood fingerboard.", "Pickups were two humbuckers (neck and bridge positions) and one single coil (middle position). The controls were a five position pickup selector and master volume and master tone controls.\nThe bridge was a TRS\\-Pro locking tremolo. All hardware was black chrome finished.", "Finish options were Antique Sunburst Satin, Black, Blue Metallic, Red Metallic and Natural Satin", "* RGX 820 R\nThe RGX 820 R was made between 1993 and 1995\\.\n* RGX 821 (821D)\nThe RGX 821 was made between 1994 and 1996\\. The RGX 821 / 821D was one of the most expensive guitars in the Yamaha RGX series, selling for around $1000 when new. The RGX 821 pickups were directly mounted to the guitar's body. The RGX 821D and 621D model variants had custom scalloped fretboards from the 20th to the 24th frets. This feature was intended to help fast and accurate fingering.", "The RGX 821D had a Yamaha height\\-adjustable locking nut. This allowed players to customize the action and feel of their guitar based on playing style and string gauge preference.", "The body was alder with figured Veneer. The neck was maple, with 24 fret rosewood fingerboard.", "Pickups were two humbuckers (neck and bridge positions) and one single coil (middle position). The controls were a five position pickup selector and master volume and master tone controls.", "The bridge was a TRS\\-Pro locking tremolo. All hardware was gold plated.", "Finish options were Antique Sunburst, Black Burst, Faded Blue and Violet Burst.", "" ]
Biography --------- Dunja Crnković was born in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb") and was married in 1963, changing her surname to Vejzović. She studied at the [Zagreb Academy of Music](/wiki/Zagreb_Academy_of_Music "Zagreb Academy of Music"), where she sang The Witch in [Hänsel und Gretel](/wiki/H%C3%A4nsel_und_Gretel_%28opera%29 "Hänsel und Gretel (opera)") in 1968\. She began her career as a [mezzo\-soprano](/wiki/Mezzo-soprano "Mezzo-soprano") with the [Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb](/wiki/Croatian_National_Theatre_in_Zagreb "Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb"), debuting in 1970 as Ariel in [Stjepan Šulek](/wiki/Stjepan_%C5%A0ulek "Stjepan Šulek")'s Oluja (The Tempest). From 1971 to 1978, Vejzović was a member of the Nuremberg Opera, where she appeared in many operas, including principal roles in [Orfeo ed Euridice](/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice "Orfeo ed Euridice"), [Carmen](/wiki/Carmen "Carmen"), [Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)") (as Venus), [Intolleranza](/wiki/Intolleranza "Intolleranza"), [Die Soldaten](/wiki/Die_Soldaten "Die Soldaten") (as Charlotte), [Dido and Æneas](/wiki/Dido_and_%C3%86neas "Dido and Æneas"), [Elektra](/wiki/Elektra_%28opera%29 "Elektra (opera)") (as Klytemnästra), [Il trovatore](/wiki/Il_trovatore "Il trovatore") (as Azucena, directed by [Hans Neuenfels](/wiki/Hans_Neuenfels "Hans Neuenfels") in his operatic debut), [Boris Godunov](/wiki/Boris_Godunov_%28opera%29 "Boris Godunov (opera)") (as Marina Mnichek), [Wozzeck](/wiki/Wozzeck "Wozzeck") (as Marie), [Aïda](/wiki/A%C3%AFda "Aïda") (as Amneris), [Lulu](/wiki/Lulu_%28opera%29 "Lulu (opera)") (as the Countess Geschwitz), and [Samson et Dalila](/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_%28opera%29 "Samson and Delilah (opera)"). Among her teachers were [Iris Adami Corradetti](/wiki/Iris_Adami_Corradetti "Iris Adami Corradetti") and [Gina Cigna](/wiki/Gina_Cigna "Gina Cigna"). Her international career began in 1978, at the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival "Bayreuth Festival"), where she sang Kundry in [Parsifal](/wiki/Parsifal "Parsifal"), for three summers. On 9 October 1978 Vejzović made her [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera "Metropolitan Opera") debut in [Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)"), as Venus, opposite [Jess Thomas](/wiki/Jess_Thomas "Jess Thomas") in the name part, with [James Levine](/wiki/James_Levine "James Levine") conducting. In 1980 and 1981, [Herbert von Karajan](/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan "Herbert von Karajan") engaged her to appear in his [Salzburg Easter Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Easter_Festival "Salzburg Easter Festival") Parsifal, which was reckoned a great success. In 1984, she sang Ortrud, in [Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 "Lohengrin (opera)"), for that Festival. In 1982, Vejzović debuted at the [Teatro alla Scala](/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala "Teatro alla Scala"), as Didon in [Les Troyens](/wiki/Les_Troyens "Les Troyens"), conducted by [Georges Prêtre](/wiki/Georges_Pr%C3%AAtre "Georges Prêtre") and directed by [Luca Ronconi](/wiki/Luca_Ronconi "Luca Ronconi"). At that theatre, she also appeared in [Suor Angelica](/wiki/Suor_Angelica "Suor Angelica") (as the Zia Principessa, 1983, conducted by [Gianandrea Gavazzeni](/wiki/Gianandrea_Gavazzeni "Gianandrea Gavazzeni")), Tannhäuser (1984\), [Der fliegende Holländer](/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder "Der fliegende Holländer") (as Senta, 1988\), and Parsifal (conducted by [Riccardo Muti](/wiki/Riccardo_Muti "Riccardo Muti"), 1991\). Another of her great collaborations has been with the director [Robert Wilson](/wiki/Robert_Wilson_%28director%29 "Robert Wilson (director)"), in whose productions she sang the title role of [Alceste](/wiki/Alceste_%28Gluck%29 "Alceste (Gluck)") (conducted by [Christoph Eschenbach](/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach "Christoph Eschenbach"), 1986–87\), and in Parsifal (1991 and 1992\). Vejzović has also appeared in Monte\-Carlo (Brünnhilde in [Die Walküre](/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre "Die Walküre"), 1979\), Berlin, Carnegie Hall (the Verdi Requiem, conducted by [Lorin Maazel](/wiki/Lorin_Maazel "Lorin Maazel"), 1982\), Barcelona ([Hérodiade](/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade "Hérodiade"), opposite [Montserrat Caballé](/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9 "Montserrat Caballé") and [José Carreras](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras "José Carreras"), 1983\), Paris ([Médée](/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_%28Cherubini%29 "Médée (Cherubini)"), 1986\), [Teatro Colón](/wiki/Teatro_Col%C3%B3n "Teatro Colón") (Kundry, 1986\), Vienna (Wozzeck, under [Claudio Abbado](/wiki/Claudio_Abbado "Claudio Abbado"), 1987; Lohengrin, with [Plácido Domingo](/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo "Plácido Domingo"), 1990\), and Houston (Parsifal and Lohengrin, 1992\). Also in her repertoire are [Erwartung](/wiki/Erwartung "Erwartung"), [Rienzi](/wiki/Rienzi "Rienzi"), [Siegfried](/wiki/Siegfried_%28opera%29 "Siegfried (opera)"), [Le Cid](/wiki/Le_Cid "Le Cid"), [Bluebeard's Castle](/wiki/Bluebeard%27s_Castle "Bluebeard's Castle"), Œdipus rex, [Attila](/wiki/Attila_%28opera%29 "Attila (opera)"), Abigaille in [Nabucco](/wiki/Nabucco "Nabucco"), [I due Foscari](/wiki/I_due_Foscari "I due Foscari"), Princess Eboli in [Don Carlos](/wiki/Don_Carlos "Don Carlos"), Lady Macbeth in [Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%28Verdi%29 "Macbeth (Verdi)"), [Fierrabras](/wiki/Fierrabras "Fierrabras"), [Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio "Fidelio"), [Thérèse](/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_%28opera%29 "Thérèse (opera)"), Brangäne in [Tristan und Isolde](/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde "Tristan und Isolde"), and [Sapho](/wiki/Sapho_%28Gounod%29 "Sapho (Gounod)"). Other distinguished conductors with whom Vejzović has collaborated have included [Christoph von Dohnányi](/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi "Christoph von Dohnányi"), [Armin Jordan](/wiki/Armin_Jordan "Armin Jordan"), [Michael Gielen](/wiki/Michael_Gielen "Michael Gielen"), [Lovro von Matačić](/wiki/Lovro_von_Mata%C4%8Di%C4%87 "Lovro von Matačić"), [Jesús López\-Cobos](/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_L%C3%B3pez-Cobos "Jesús López-Cobos"), [Zubin Mehta](/wiki/Zubin_Mehta "Zubin Mehta"), [Carlos Kleiber](/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber "Carlos Kleiber"), [Nicola Rescigno](/wiki/Nicola_Rescigno "Nicola Rescigno"), and [Nikolaus Harnoncourt](/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt "Nikolaus Harnoncourt"). In 2002 she bid farewell to the stage, as Charlotte in [Werther](/wiki/Werther "Werther"), at Zagreb, with [Francisco Araiza](/wiki/Francisco_Araiza "Francisco Araiza") in the name part. She has twice won the Prix Fondation Fanny Heldy, for her recordings of Kundry and Ortrud. As of 2009, Mme Vejzović is a professor at the [Hochschule für Musik](/wiki/State_University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Stuttgart "State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart"), in Stuttgart. In March 2014 Vejzović made a brief return to the stage, as the Grandmother Buryjovka, in [Peter Konwitschny](/wiki/Peter_Konwitschny "Peter Konwitschny")'s production of [Jenůfa](/wiki/Jen%C5%AFfa "Jenůfa"), at Oper Graz.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Dunja Crnković was born in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\") and was married in 1963, changing her surname to Vejzović. She studied at the [Zagreb Academy of Music](/wiki/Zagreb_Academy_of_Music \"Zagreb Academy of Music\"), where she sang The Witch in [Hänsel und Gretel](/wiki/H%C3%A4nsel_und_Gretel_%28opera%29 \"Hänsel und Gretel (opera)\") in 1968\\. She began her career as a [mezzo\\-soprano](/wiki/Mezzo-soprano \"Mezzo-soprano\") with the [Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb](/wiki/Croatian_National_Theatre_in_Zagreb \"Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb\"), debuting in 1970 as Ariel in [Stjepan Šulek](/wiki/Stjepan_%C5%A0ulek \"Stjepan Šulek\")'s Oluja (The Tempest).", "From 1971 to 1978, Vejzović was a member of the Nuremberg Opera, where she appeared in many operas, including principal roles in [Orfeo ed Euridice](/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice \"Orfeo ed Euridice\"), [Carmen](/wiki/Carmen \"Carmen\"), [Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\") (as Venus), [Intolleranza](/wiki/Intolleranza \"Intolleranza\"), [Die Soldaten](/wiki/Die_Soldaten \"Die Soldaten\") (as Charlotte), [Dido and Æneas](/wiki/Dido_and_%C3%86neas \"Dido and Æneas\"), [Elektra](/wiki/Elektra_%28opera%29 \"Elektra (opera)\") (as Klytemnästra), [Il trovatore](/wiki/Il_trovatore \"Il trovatore\") (as Azucena, directed by [Hans Neuenfels](/wiki/Hans_Neuenfels \"Hans Neuenfels\") in his operatic debut), [Boris Godunov](/wiki/Boris_Godunov_%28opera%29 \"Boris Godunov (opera)\") (as Marina Mnichek), [Wozzeck](/wiki/Wozzeck \"Wozzeck\") (as Marie), [Aïda](/wiki/A%C3%AFda \"Aïda\") (as Amneris), [Lulu](/wiki/Lulu_%28opera%29 \"Lulu (opera)\") (as the Countess Geschwitz), and [Samson et Dalila](/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_%28opera%29 \"Samson and Delilah (opera)\"). Among her teachers were [Iris Adami Corradetti](/wiki/Iris_Adami_Corradetti \"Iris Adami Corradetti\") and [Gina Cigna](/wiki/Gina_Cigna \"Gina Cigna\").", "Her international career began in 1978, at the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival \"Bayreuth Festival\"), where she sang Kundry in [Parsifal](/wiki/Parsifal \"Parsifal\"), for three summers. On 9 October 1978 Vejzović made her [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\") debut in [Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\"), as Venus, opposite [Jess Thomas](/wiki/Jess_Thomas \"Jess Thomas\") in the name part, with [James Levine](/wiki/James_Levine \"James Levine\") conducting.", "In 1980 and 1981, [Herbert von Karajan](/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan \"Herbert von Karajan\") engaged her to appear in his [Salzburg Easter Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Easter_Festival \"Salzburg Easter Festival\") Parsifal, which was reckoned a great success. In 1984, she sang Ortrud, in [Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 \"Lohengrin (opera)\"), for that Festival. In 1982, Vejzović debuted at the [Teatro alla Scala](/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala \"Teatro alla Scala\"), as Didon in [Les Troyens](/wiki/Les_Troyens \"Les Troyens\"), conducted by [Georges Prêtre](/wiki/Georges_Pr%C3%AAtre \"Georges Prêtre\") and directed by [Luca Ronconi](/wiki/Luca_Ronconi \"Luca Ronconi\"). At that theatre, she also appeared in [Suor Angelica](/wiki/Suor_Angelica \"Suor Angelica\") (as the Zia Principessa, 1983, conducted by [Gianandrea Gavazzeni](/wiki/Gianandrea_Gavazzeni \"Gianandrea Gavazzeni\")), Tannhäuser (1984\\), [Der fliegende Holländer](/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder \"Der fliegende Holländer\") (as Senta, 1988\\), and Parsifal (conducted by [Riccardo Muti](/wiki/Riccardo_Muti \"Riccardo Muti\"), 1991\\).", "Another of her great collaborations has been with the director [Robert Wilson](/wiki/Robert_Wilson_%28director%29 \"Robert Wilson (director)\"), in whose productions she sang the title role of [Alceste](/wiki/Alceste_%28Gluck%29 \"Alceste (Gluck)\") (conducted by [Christoph Eschenbach](/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach \"Christoph Eschenbach\"), 1986–87\\), and in Parsifal (1991 and 1992\\).", "Vejzović has also appeared in Monte\\-Carlo (Brünnhilde in [Die Walküre](/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre \"Die Walküre\"), 1979\\), Berlin, Carnegie Hall (the Verdi Requiem, conducted by [Lorin Maazel](/wiki/Lorin_Maazel \"Lorin Maazel\"), 1982\\), Barcelona ([Hérodiade](/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade \"Hérodiade\"), opposite [Montserrat Caballé](/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9 \"Montserrat Caballé\") and [José Carreras](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras \"José Carreras\"), 1983\\), Paris ([Médée](/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_%28Cherubini%29 \"Médée (Cherubini)\"), 1986\\), [Teatro Colón](/wiki/Teatro_Col%C3%B3n \"Teatro Colón\") (Kundry, 1986\\), Vienna (Wozzeck, under [Claudio Abbado](/wiki/Claudio_Abbado \"Claudio Abbado\"), 1987; Lohengrin, with [Plácido Domingo](/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo \"Plácido Domingo\"), 1990\\), and Houston (Parsifal and Lohengrin, 1992\\).", "Also in her repertoire are [Erwartung](/wiki/Erwartung \"Erwartung\"), [Rienzi](/wiki/Rienzi \"Rienzi\"), [Siegfried](/wiki/Siegfried_%28opera%29 \"Siegfried (opera)\"), [Le Cid](/wiki/Le_Cid \"Le Cid\"), [Bluebeard's Castle](/wiki/Bluebeard%27s_Castle \"Bluebeard's Castle\"), Œdipus rex, [Attila](/wiki/Attila_%28opera%29 \"Attila (opera)\"), Abigaille in [Nabucco](/wiki/Nabucco \"Nabucco\"), [I due Foscari](/wiki/I_due_Foscari \"I due Foscari\"), Princess Eboli in [Don Carlos](/wiki/Don_Carlos \"Don Carlos\"), Lady Macbeth in [Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%28Verdi%29 \"Macbeth (Verdi)\"), [Fierrabras](/wiki/Fierrabras \"Fierrabras\"), [Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio \"Fidelio\"), [Thérèse](/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_%28opera%29 \"Thérèse (opera)\"), Brangäne in [Tristan und Isolde](/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde \"Tristan und Isolde\"), and [Sapho](/wiki/Sapho_%28Gounod%29 \"Sapho (Gounod)\").", "Other distinguished conductors with whom Vejzović has collaborated have included [Christoph von Dohnányi](/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi \"Christoph von Dohnányi\"), [Armin Jordan](/wiki/Armin_Jordan \"Armin Jordan\"), [Michael Gielen](/wiki/Michael_Gielen \"Michael Gielen\"), [Lovro von Matačić](/wiki/Lovro_von_Mata%C4%8Di%C4%87 \"Lovro von Matačić\"), [Jesús López\\-Cobos](/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_L%C3%B3pez-Cobos \"Jesús López-Cobos\"), [Zubin Mehta](/wiki/Zubin_Mehta \"Zubin Mehta\"), [Carlos Kleiber](/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber \"Carlos Kleiber\"), [Nicola Rescigno](/wiki/Nicola_Rescigno \"Nicola Rescigno\"), and [Nikolaus Harnoncourt](/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt \"Nikolaus Harnoncourt\").", "In 2002 she bid farewell to the stage, as Charlotte in [Werther](/wiki/Werther \"Werther\"), at Zagreb, with [Francisco Araiza](/wiki/Francisco_Araiza \"Francisco Araiza\") in the name part.", "She has twice won the Prix Fondation Fanny Heldy, for her recordings of Kundry and Ortrud. As of 2009, Mme Vejzović is a professor at the [Hochschule für Musik](/wiki/State_University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Stuttgart \"State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart\"), in Stuttgart.", "In March 2014 Vejzović made a brief return to the stage, as the Grandmother Buryjovka, in [Peter Konwitschny](/wiki/Peter_Konwitschny \"Peter Konwitschny\")'s production of [Jenůfa](/wiki/Jen%C5%AFfa \"Jenůfa\"), at Oper Graz.", "" ]
Paramilitary groups ------------------- In a cable dated 18 May 2007 the US embassy in Colombo alleged that the Sri Lankan government was colluding with paramilitary groups in criminal activities including extrajudicial killings, abductions, child trafficking, extortion and prostitution.{{cite news\\|last\=Haviland\\|first\=Charles\\|title\=Wikileaks cables suggest Sri Lanka 'human right abuses'\\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-south\-asia\-12025153\\|newspaper\=\[\[BBC News]]\\|date\=7 December 2010}} The cable detailed eyewitness accounts of paramilitary activities. According to Blake paramilitary groups such as the [Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal](/wiki/Tamil_Makkal_Viduthalai_Pulikal "Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal") and [Eelam People's Democratic Party](/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Democratic_Party "Eelam People's Democratic Party") have helped the Sri Lankan government fight the Tamil Tigers, kidnap Tamil Tiger collaborators and "give the GSL (Government of Sri Lanka) a measure of deniability".{{cite web\\|last\=Blake\\|first\=Robert\\|title\=SRI LANKA: GSL COMPLICITY IN PARAMILITARY\\|url\=http://213\.251\.145\.96/cable/2007/05/07COLOMBO728\.html\\|publisher\=\[\[WikiLeaks]]\\|date\=18 May 2007\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20101222182531/http://213\.251\.145\.96/cable/2007/05/07COLOMBO728\.html\\|archive\-date\=22 December 2010}}{{cite news\\|title\=US embassy cables: Sri Lankan government accused of complicity in human rights abuses\\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us\-embassy\-cables\-documents/108763\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\\|date\=16 December 2010}} The paramilitary groups also compete with the Tamil Tigers for public support and new recruits. The paramilitaries "keep critics of the GSL fearful and quiet". The Sri Lankan government hopes to turn [Karuna](/wiki/Karuna_Amman "Karuna Amman") and [Douglas Devananda](/wiki/Douglas_Devananda "Douglas Devananda") into "pro\-GSL political leaders in the East and North", ensuring long term control over these areas even if devolution is granted. The Sri Lankan government under [President Chandrika Kumaratunga](/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga "Chandrika Kumaratunga") gave direct financial assistance to the paramilitary groups. Financial pressures had forced the government of President Rajapaksa to stop this assistance but it continues to turn "a blind eye to extortion and kidnapping for ransom" by the EPDP and TMVP. According to one eyewitness Defence Secretary Gothabaya Rajapaksa gave authority for the EPDP and TMVP to "collect" money from Tamil businessmen. The cable concluded that "this may account for the sharp rise in lawlessness, especially extortion and kidnapping". One eyewitness stated that the [Sri Lankan Military](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Military "Sri Lankan Military") wanted to clamp down on the paramilitaries but had been prevented by Gothabaya Rajapaksa because they were doing the "work" the military could not. Another stated that MPs, Muslims as well as Tamil, were fearful that "the GSL will use Karuna \[TMVP] to assassinate them". Others said that the assassination of Tamil MP [Joseph Pararajasingham](/wiki/Joseph_Pararajasingham "Joseph Pararajasingham") had been set up by Karuna/TMVP with the help of EPDP leader Douglas Devananda and that Karuna/TMVP cadres had assassinated [Nadarajah Raviraj](/wiki/Nadarajah_Raviraj "Nadarajah Raviraj"), another Tamil MP. According to eyewitnesses the Sri Lankan government allows the TMVP/Karuna to "recruit children forcibly from within IDP camps in the East". The average age of a TMVP/Karuna recruit was 14\. The TMVP/Karuna had resorted to criminal activities to raise funds. They had stolen food and supplies destined for the IDP camps and sold them on. The operated prostitution rings in the IDP camps to "take care of" GSL soldiers. Women were forced into prostitution by the TMVP/Karuna. This had forced some families to marry off their daughters at the age of 12 in order to reduce the risk of them being forced into prostitution. The cable stated that despite being a registered political party, the EPDP continued to be "a feared paramilitary group". With the assistance of the [Sri Lanka Army](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army "Sri Lanka Army") the EPDP was "able to conduct extortion, abductions, extrajudicial killings and other criminal acts without fear of consequences" according to eyewitnesses. The EPDP was involved in child trafficking rings, boys being taken to work camps and girls into prostitution rings in India and Malaysia. The EPDP, like the TMVP/Karuna, forced women into prostitution rings servicing Sri Lankan soldiers. The EPDP also ran illicit alcohol smuggling ring using child "mules". The cable concluded that the preponderance of eyewitness accounts of paramilitary activities and the extent of corroboration pointed "to a pattern of GSL complicity with paramilitary groups on multiple levels". The cable states that "top leaders of its security establishment may be providing direction to these paramilitaries". The Sri Lankan government denies any links with paramilitary groups and claims it has made efforts to improve human rights. Blake however believes that these efforts are "aimed more at improving Sri Lanka’s image abroad and have yet to produce concrete improvements".	[ "Paramilitary groups\n-------------------", "In a cable dated 18 May 2007 the US embassy in Colombo alleged that the Sri Lankan government was colluding with paramilitary groups in criminal activities including extrajudicial killings, abductions, child trafficking, extortion and prostitution.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Haviland\\\|first\\=Charles\\\|title\\=Wikileaks cables suggest Sri Lanka 'human right abuses'\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-south\\-asia\\-12025153\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\\|date\\=7 December 2010}} The cable detailed eyewitness accounts of paramilitary activities.", "According to Blake paramilitary groups such as the [Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal](/wiki/Tamil_Makkal_Viduthalai_Pulikal \"Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal\") and [Eelam People's Democratic Party](/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Democratic_Party \"Eelam People's Democratic Party\") have helped the Sri Lankan government fight the Tamil Tigers, kidnap Tamil Tiger collaborators and \"give the GSL (Government of Sri Lanka) a measure of deniability\".{{cite web\\\|last\\=Blake\\\|first\\=Robert\\\|title\\=SRI LANKA: GSL COMPLICITY IN PARAMILITARY\\\|url\\=http://213\\.251\\.145\\.96/cable/2007/05/07COLOMBO728\\.html\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WikiLeaks]]\\\|date\\=18 May 2007\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20101222182531/http://213\\.251\\.145\\.96/cable/2007/05/07COLOMBO728\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2010}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=US embassy cables: Sri Lankan government accused of complicity in human rights abuses\\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us\\-embassy\\-cables\\-documents/108763\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\\|date\\=16 December 2010}} The paramilitary groups also compete with the Tamil Tigers for public support and new recruits. The paramilitaries \"keep critics of the GSL fearful and quiet\". The Sri Lankan government hopes to turn [Karuna](/wiki/Karuna_Amman \"Karuna Amman\") and [Douglas Devananda](/wiki/Douglas_Devananda \"Douglas Devananda\") into \"pro\\-GSL political leaders in the East and North\", ensuring long term control over these areas even if devolution is granted.", "The Sri Lankan government under [President Chandrika Kumaratunga](/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga \"Chandrika Kumaratunga\") gave direct financial assistance to the paramilitary groups. Financial pressures had forced the government of President Rajapaksa to stop this assistance but it continues to turn \"a blind eye to extortion and kidnapping for ransom\" by the EPDP and TMVP. According to one eyewitness Defence Secretary Gothabaya Rajapaksa gave authority for the EPDP and TMVP to \"collect\" money from Tamil businessmen. The cable concluded that \"this may account for the sharp rise in lawlessness, especially extortion and kidnapping\".", "One eyewitness stated that the [Sri Lankan Military](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Military \"Sri Lankan Military\") wanted to clamp down on the paramilitaries but had been prevented by Gothabaya Rajapaksa because they were doing the \"work\" the military could not. Another stated that MPs, Muslims as well as Tamil, were fearful that \"the GSL will use Karuna \\[TMVP] to assassinate them\". Others said that the assassination of Tamil MP [Joseph Pararajasingham](/wiki/Joseph_Pararajasingham \"Joseph Pararajasingham\") had been set up by Karuna/TMVP with the help of EPDP leader Douglas Devananda and that Karuna/TMVP cadres had assassinated [Nadarajah Raviraj](/wiki/Nadarajah_Raviraj \"Nadarajah Raviraj\"), another Tamil MP.", "According to eyewitnesses the Sri Lankan government allows the TMVP/Karuna to \"recruit children forcibly from within IDP camps in the East\". The average age of a TMVP/Karuna recruit was 14\\. The TMVP/Karuna had resorted to criminal activities to raise funds. They had stolen food and supplies destined for the IDP camps and sold them on. The operated prostitution rings in the IDP camps to \"take care of\" GSL soldiers. Women were forced into prostitution by the TMVP/Karuna. This had forced some families to marry off their daughters at the age of 12 in order to reduce the risk of them being forced into prostitution.", "The cable stated that despite being a registered political party, the EPDP continued to be \"a feared paramilitary group\". With the assistance of the [Sri Lanka Army](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army \"Sri Lanka Army\") the EPDP was \"able to conduct extortion, abductions, extrajudicial killings and other criminal acts without fear of consequences\" according to eyewitnesses. The EPDP was involved in child trafficking rings, boys being taken to work camps and girls into prostitution rings in India and Malaysia. The EPDP, like the TMVP/Karuna, forced women into prostitution rings servicing Sri Lankan soldiers. The EPDP also ran illicit alcohol smuggling ring using child \"mules\".", "The cable concluded that the preponderance of eyewitness accounts of paramilitary activities and the extent of corroboration pointed \"to a pattern of GSL complicity with paramilitary groups on multiple levels\". The cable states that \"top leaders of its security establishment may be providing direction to these paramilitaries\". The Sri Lankan government denies any links with paramilitary groups and claims it has made efforts to improve human rights. Blake however believes that these efforts are \"aimed more at improving Sri Lanka’s image abroad and have yet to produce concrete improvements\".", "" ]
History ------- {{See also\\|Trojan horse\\|Leonardo's horse}} ### Prehistory [thumb\\|Bronze Statuette of a Horse, late 2nd – 1st century B.C. [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art")](/wiki/File:Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg "Bronze statuette of a horse MET DP120125.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|Assyrian horses, [Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal](/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal "Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal") [reliefs](/wiki/Relief "Relief") from Nineveh, 7th century BCE](/wiki/File:Assyrian_horses.jpg "Assyrian horses.jpg") The horse appeared in prehistoric [cave paintings](/wiki/Cave_painting "Cave painting") such as those in [Lascaux](/wiki/Lascaux "Lascaux"),{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/\#/en/00\.xml \\|title\=Lascaux caves official website.(retrieved 09/09/2011 Lascaux) \\|access\-date\=9 September 2011 \\|archive\-date\=12 June 2009 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612014840/http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/\#/en/00\.xml \\|url\-status\=dead }} estimated to be about 17,000 years old. Prehistoric [hill figures](/wiki/Hill_figure "Hill figure") have been carved in the shape of the horse, specifically the [Uffington White Horse](/wiki/Uffington_White_Horse "Uffington White Horse"), an example of the tradition of horse carvings upon hillsides, which having existed for thousands of years continues into the current age.[BBC video.Retrieved 09/09/2011](https://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/stories/secrets/whitehorse.shtml) The [Upper Palaeolithic](/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic "Upper Palaeolithic") [Vogelherd figurines](/wiki/Vogelherd_Cave%23Vogelherd_figurines "Vogelherd Cave#Vogelherd figurines") discovered in Germany, miniature sculptures made of [mammoth](/wiki/Mammoth "Mammoth") [ivory](/wiki/Ivory "Ivory") attributed to paleo\-humans of the [Aurignacian](/wiki/Aurignacian "Aurignacian") culture that are among the world's oldest\-known works of figurative art, include a figure of a horse. ### Ancient World [thumb\\|Horse and saddle, [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty")](/wiki/File:%E4%B8%89%E5%BD%A9%E9%A9%AC_%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%B1.jpg "三彩马铜山.jpg") The equine image was common in ancient Egyptian and Grecian art, more refined images displaying greater knowledge of equine anatomy appeared in [Classical Greece](/wiki/Classical_Greece "Classical Greece") and later Roman work. {{cite book \\|editor\= Candace Raney \\|author\=Oelke, Barbara \\|year\=2000 \\|title\=Drawing and \[https://www.decorglance.com/collections/floating\-frame/products/seven\-horses\-running\-canvas\-floating\-frame\-wall\-painting?variant\=42568803975405 Painting Horses], The Art of the Equine Form\\|publisher\= Watson Gupthill Publications \\|location\=New York \\|pages\= 144 \\|isbn\= 978\-0\-8230\-1419\-4}} Horse\-drawn chariots were commonly depicted in ancient works, for example on the [Standard of Ur](/wiki/Standard_of_Ur "Standard of Ur") circa 2500BC. The Greeks and Romans invented the [equestrian statue](/wiki/Equestrian_statue "Equestrian statue"); the best surviving example being the [Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius](/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius "Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius") in Rome. The [Horses of Saint Mark](/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark "Horses of Saint Mark") are the sole surviving example from [Classical Antiquity](/wiki/Classical_Antiquity "Classical Antiquity") of a monumental statue of the [Quadriga](/wiki/Quadriga "Quadriga"). The horse was less prevalent in early Christian and Byzantine art, overwhelmed by the dominance of religious themes. ### Renaissance and after [thumb\\|Tricolored horse. [Luoyang Museum](/wiki/Luoyang_Museum "Luoyang Museum"). [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty"). 2011](/wiki/File:Tri-colored_horse._Luoyang_Museum.._Tang_dynasty._2011.jpg "Tri-colored horse. Luoyang Museum.. Tang dynasty. 2011.jpg") The [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") period starting in the 14th century brought a resurgence of the horse in art. Painters of this period who portrayed the horse included [Paolo Uccello](/wiki/Paolo_Uccello "Paolo Uccello"), [Benozzo Gozzoli](/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli "Benozzo Gozzoli"), [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci"), [Albrecht Dürer](/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer "Albrecht Dürer"), [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael "Raphael"), [Andrea Mantegna](/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna "Andrea Mantegna"), and [Titian](/wiki/Titian "Titian"). In 1482 the [Duke of Milan](/wiki/Duke_of_Milan "Duke of Milan") [Ludovico il Moro](/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza "Ludovico Sforza"), commissioned [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci") to create the largest equestrian statue in the world, a monument to the duke's father [Francesco](/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza "Francesco II Sforza"), however, [Leonardo's horse](/wiki/Leonardo%27s_horse "Leonardo's horse") was never completed, (until it was replicated in the late 20th century). In the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") era, the tradition of equine portraiture was established, with artists such as [Peter Paul Rubens](/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens "Peter Paul Rubens"), [Anthony van Dyck](/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck "Anthony van Dyck") and [Diego Velázquez](/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez "Diego Velázquez") portraying regal subjects atop their mounts. Equine sporting art also became established in this era, as the tradition of horse racing emerged under Tudor patronage. ### 18th and 19th centuries [thumb\\|left\\|[Eugène Delacroix](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix "Eugène Delacroix"), Horse Frightened by Lightning, 1825–1829, watercolour, lead white on paper, 23\.6 × 32 cm, [Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest](/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Budapest%29 "Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)")](/wiki/File:Eugene_Delacroix_-_Horse_Frightened_by_Lightning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Eugene Delacroix - Horse Frightened by Lightning - Google Art Project.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|350px\\|[Rosa Bonheur](/wiki/Rosa_Bonheur "Rosa Bonheur"), [The Horse Fair](/wiki/The_Horse_Fair "The Horse Fair"), 1853–1855, [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art")](/wiki/Image:Rosa_bonheur_horse_fair_1835_55.jpg "Rosa bonheur horse fair 1835 55.jpg") [George Stubbs](/wiki/George_Stubbs "George Stubbs"), born in 1724, became so associated with his equestrian subjects that he was known as "the horse painter". A childhood interest in anatomy was applied to the horse. He spent eighteen months dissecting equine carcasses and had an engraver produce bookplates of his studies. These anatomical drawings aided later artists. The mid\-18th century saw the emergence of [Romanticism](/wiki/Romanticism "Romanticism"), French artists [Théodore Géricault](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault "Théodore Géricault") and [Eugène Delacroix](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix "Eugène Delacroix") were proponents of this movement and both portrayed the horse in many of their works. Equine sporting art was popular in the 19th century, with notable artists of the period being [Benjamin Marshall](/wiki/Benjamin_Marshall_%28painter%29 "Benjamin Marshall (painter)"), [James Ward](/wiki/James_Ward_%28English_artist%29 "James Ward (English artist)"), [Henry Thomas Alken](/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Alken "Henry Thomas Alken"), [James Pollard](/wiki/James_Pollard "James Pollard"), [John Frederick Herring Sr.](/wiki/John_Frederick_Herring_Sr. "John Frederick Herring Sr."), and [Heywood Hardy](/wiki/Heywood_Hardy "Heywood Hardy"). Horse racing gradually became more established in France, and [Impressionist](/wiki/Impressionist "Impressionist") painter [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas "Edgar Degas") painted many early racing scenes. Degas was one of the first horse painters to use photographic references. [Eadweard Muybridge](/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge "Eadweard Muybridge")'s photographic studies of animal motion had a huge influence on equine art, as they allowed artists greater understanding of the horses gaits. [Rosa Bonheur](/wiki/Rosa_Bonheur "Rosa Bonheur") became famous primarily for two chief works: Ploughing in the Nivernais (in French: Le labourage nivernais, le sombrage),[Galerie.roi\-president.com](http://www.galerie.roi-president.com/photo-36-62-musee+d+orsay++consacre+a+l+art+de+1848+a+1914.html) and, The Horse Fair (in French: Le marché aux chevaux)[Metmuseum.org](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/435702) (which was exhibited at the [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28Paris%29 "Salon (Paris)") of 1853 (finished in 1855\) and is now in the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art"), in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). Bonheur is widely considered to have been the most famous female painter of the nineteenth century.Janson, H. W., Janson, Anthony F. History of Art. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. 6th edition. {{ISBN\\|0\-13\-182895\-9}}, page 674\. [Isidore Bonheur](/wiki/Isidore_Bonheur "Isidore Bonheur"), the younger brother of Rosa Bonheur, is known as one of the 19th century's most distinguished [French](/wiki/France "France") [animalier](/wiki/Animalier "Animalier") [sculptors](/wiki/Sculptor "Sculptor").[Christie's New York, Isidore\-Jules Bonheur](http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/isidore-jules-bonheur-the-steeplechase-4194354-details.aspx?from=searchresults&intObjectID=4194354&sid=a339c2b1-09f5-40ec-b5a2-a4232e433766)[Isidore\-Jules Bonheur, Le Grand Jockey (A Horse and Jockey), bronze, Sotheby's London, 6 June 2007](http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2007/the-sporting-sale-including-the-john-poynton-collection-l07121/lot.307.html) He modeled his sculptures to catch movement or posture characteristic of the particular species. Isidore Bonheur achieved this most successfully with his sculptures of horses, usually depicted as relaxed rather than spirited, which are among his most renowned works.[Joconde, Le Ministère de la culture, Portail des collections des musées de France, Bonheur Isidore Jules](http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER&FIELD_98=AUTR&VALUE_98=BONHEUR%20Isidore%20Jules&NUMBER=1&GRP=0&REQ=%28%28BONHEUR%20Isidore%20Jules%29%20%3aAUTR%20%29&USRNAME=nobody&USRPWD=4%24%2534P&SPEC=3&SYN=1&IMLY=&MAX1=1&MAX2=1&MAX3=100&DOM=All) ### 20th century [Sir Alfred Munnings](/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Munnings "Sir Alfred Munnings") was an acclaimed painter working in England during the 20th century. He was elected president of the [Royal Academy](/wiki/Royal_Academy "Royal Academy") in 1944\. He specialised in equine subjects, including horse racing, portraiture, and studies of gypsies and rural life. [Mark Wallinger](/wiki/Mark_Wallinger "Mark Wallinger") bought a chestnut [racehorse](/wiki/Racehorse "Racehorse") and named her [A Real Work of Art](/wiki/A_Real_Work_of_Art "A Real Work of Art"), as a [readymade](/wiki/Readymade "Readymade"). The project also involved having 50 statuettes of a jockey on a chestnut horse, which have been exposed in art galleries around the world.{{cite book \\|editor\-last\=Tait \\|editor\-first\=Peta \\|last\=Williams \\|first\=David \\|title\=Body show/s: Australian viewings of live performance \\|location\=Amsterdam; Atlanta \\|publisher\=Rodopi \\|isbn\=978\-90\-420\-1483\-1 \\|pages\=52–53 \\|chapter\-url\=https://archive.org/details/bodyshowsaustral0000unse/page/52/mode/2up \\|chapter\=Chapter 3\. Performing animal, becoming animal\\|year\=2000 }}	[ "History\n-------", "{{See also\\\|Trojan horse\\\|Leonardo's horse}}", "### Prehistory", "[thumb\\\|Bronze Statuette of a Horse, late 2nd – 1st century B.C. [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art \"Metropolitan Museum of Art\")](/wiki/File:Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg \"Bronze statuette of a horse MET DP120125.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Assyrian horses, [Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal](/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal \"Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal\") [reliefs](/wiki/Relief \"Relief\") from Nineveh, 7th century BCE](/wiki/File:Assyrian_horses.jpg \"Assyrian horses.jpg\")\nThe horse appeared in prehistoric [cave paintings](/wiki/Cave_painting \"Cave painting\") such as those in [Lascaux](/wiki/Lascaux \"Lascaux\"),{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/\\#/en/00\\.xml \\\|title\\=Lascaux caves official website.(retrieved 09/09/2011 Lascaux) \\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2011 \\\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2009 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612014840/http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/\\#/en/00\\.xml \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} estimated to be about 17,000 years old.", "Prehistoric [hill figures](/wiki/Hill_figure \"Hill figure\") have been carved in the shape of the horse, specifically the [Uffington White Horse](/wiki/Uffington_White_Horse \"Uffington White Horse\"), an example of the tradition of horse carvings upon hillsides, which having existed for thousands of years continues into the current age.[BBC video.Retrieved 09/09/2011](https://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/stories/secrets/whitehorse.shtml)", "The [Upper Palaeolithic](/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic \"Upper Palaeolithic\") [Vogelherd figurines](/wiki/Vogelherd_Cave%23Vogelherd_figurines \"Vogelherd Cave#Vogelherd figurines\") discovered in Germany, miniature sculptures made of [mammoth](/wiki/Mammoth \"Mammoth\") [ivory](/wiki/Ivory \"Ivory\") attributed to paleo\\-humans of the [Aurignacian](/wiki/Aurignacian \"Aurignacian\") culture that are among the world's oldest\\-known works of figurative art, include a figure of a horse.", "### Ancient World", "[thumb\\\|Horse and saddle, [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\")](/wiki/File:%E4%B8%89%E5%BD%A9%E9%A9%AC_%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%B1.jpg \"三彩马铜山.jpg\")\nThe equine image was common in ancient Egyptian and Grecian art, more refined images displaying greater knowledge of equine anatomy appeared in [Classical Greece](/wiki/Classical_Greece \"Classical Greece\") and later Roman work.\n{{cite book \n\\\|editor\\= Candace Raney \n\\\|author\\=Oelke, Barbara \n\\\|year\\=2000 \n\\\|title\\=Drawing and \\[https://www.decorglance.com/collections/floating\\-frame/products/seven\\-horses\\-running\\-canvas\\-floating\\-frame\\-wall\\-painting?variant\\=42568803975405 Painting Horses], The Art of the Equine Form\\\|publisher\\= Watson Gupthill Publications\n\\\|location\\=New York\n\\\|pages\\= 144\n\\\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-8230\\-1419\\-4}} \nHorse\\-drawn chariots were commonly depicted in ancient works, for example on the [Standard of Ur](/wiki/Standard_of_Ur \"Standard of Ur\") circa 2500BC.", "The Greeks and Romans invented the [equestrian statue](/wiki/Equestrian_statue \"Equestrian statue\"); the best surviving example being the [Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius](/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius \"Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius\") in Rome. The [Horses of Saint Mark](/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark \"Horses of Saint Mark\") are the sole surviving example from [Classical Antiquity](/wiki/Classical_Antiquity \"Classical Antiquity\") of a monumental statue of the [Quadriga](/wiki/Quadriga \"Quadriga\").", "The horse was less prevalent in early Christian and Byzantine art, overwhelmed by the dominance of religious themes.", "### Renaissance and after", "[thumb\\\|Tricolored horse. [Luoyang Museum](/wiki/Luoyang_Museum \"Luoyang Museum\"). [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\"). 2011](/wiki/File:Tri-colored_horse._Luoyang_Museum.._Tang_dynasty._2011.jpg \"Tri-colored horse. Luoyang Museum.. Tang dynasty. 2011.jpg\")\nThe [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") period starting in the 14th century brought a resurgence of the horse in art. Painters of this period who portrayed the horse included [Paolo Uccello](/wiki/Paolo_Uccello \"Paolo Uccello\"), [Benozzo Gozzoli](/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli \"Benozzo Gozzoli\"), [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\"), [Albrecht Dürer](/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer \"Albrecht Dürer\"), [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael \"Raphael\"), [Andrea Mantegna](/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna \"Andrea Mantegna\"), and [Titian](/wiki/Titian \"Titian\"). In 1482 the [Duke of Milan](/wiki/Duke_of_Milan \"Duke of Milan\") [Ludovico il Moro](/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza \"Ludovico Sforza\"), commissioned [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\") to create the largest equestrian statue in the world, a monument to the duke's father [Francesco](/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza \"Francesco II Sforza\"), however, [Leonardo's horse](/wiki/Leonardo%27s_horse \"Leonardo's horse\") was never completed, (until it was replicated in the late 20th century).", "In the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") era, the tradition of equine portraiture was established, with artists such as [Peter Paul Rubens](/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens \"Peter Paul Rubens\"), [Anthony van Dyck](/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck \"Anthony van Dyck\") and [Diego Velázquez](/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez \"Diego Velázquez\") portraying regal subjects atop their mounts. Equine sporting art also became established in this era, as the tradition of horse racing emerged under Tudor patronage.", "### 18th and 19th centuries", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|[Eugène Delacroix](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix \"Eugène Delacroix\"), Horse Frightened by Lightning, 1825–1829, watercolour, lead white on paper, 23\\.6 × 32 cm, [Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest](/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Budapest%29 \"Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)\")](/wiki/File:Eugene_Delacroix_-_Horse_Frightened_by_Lightning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Eugene Delacroix - Horse Frightened by Lightning - Google Art Project.jpg\")", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|350px\\\|[Rosa Bonheur](/wiki/Rosa_Bonheur \"Rosa Bonheur\"), [The Horse Fair](/wiki/The_Horse_Fair \"The Horse Fair\"), 1853–1855, [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art \"Metropolitan Museum of Art\")](/wiki/Image:Rosa_bonheur_horse_fair_1835_55.jpg \"Rosa bonheur horse fair 1835 55.jpg\")", "[George Stubbs](/wiki/George_Stubbs \"George Stubbs\"), born in 1724, became so associated with his equestrian subjects that he was known as \"the horse painter\". A childhood interest in anatomy was applied to the horse. He spent eighteen months dissecting equine carcasses and had an engraver produce bookplates of his studies. These anatomical drawings aided later artists.", "The mid\\-18th century saw the emergence of [Romanticism](/wiki/Romanticism \"Romanticism\"), French artists [Théodore Géricault](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault \"Théodore Géricault\") and [Eugène Delacroix](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix \"Eugène Delacroix\") were proponents of this movement and both portrayed the horse in many of their works.", "Equine sporting art was popular in the 19th century, with notable artists of the period being [Benjamin Marshall](/wiki/Benjamin_Marshall_%28painter%29 \"Benjamin Marshall (painter)\"), [James Ward](/wiki/James_Ward_%28English_artist%29 \"James Ward (English artist)\"), [Henry Thomas Alken](/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Alken \"Henry Thomas Alken\"), [James Pollard](/wiki/James_Pollard \"James Pollard\"), [John Frederick Herring Sr.](/wiki/John_Frederick_Herring_Sr. \"John Frederick Herring Sr.\"), and [Heywood Hardy](/wiki/Heywood_Hardy \"Heywood Hardy\"). Horse racing gradually became more established in France, and [Impressionist](/wiki/Impressionist \"Impressionist\") painter [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas \"Edgar Degas\") painted many early racing scenes. Degas was one of the first horse painters to use photographic references. [Eadweard Muybridge](/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge \"Eadweard Muybridge\")'s photographic studies of animal motion had a huge influence on equine art, as they allowed artists greater understanding of the horses gaits.", "[Rosa Bonheur](/wiki/Rosa_Bonheur \"Rosa Bonheur\") became famous primarily for two chief works: Ploughing in the Nivernais (in French: Le labourage nivernais, le sombrage),[Galerie.roi\\-president.com](http://www.galerie.roi-president.com/photo-36-62-musee+d+orsay++consacre+a+l+art+de+1848+a+1914.html) and, The Horse Fair (in French: Le marché aux chevaux)[Metmuseum.org](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/435702) (which was exhibited at the [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28Paris%29 \"Salon (Paris)\") of 1853 (finished in 1855\\) and is now in the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art \"Metropolitan Museum of Art\"), in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). Bonheur is widely considered to have been the most famous female painter of the nineteenth century.Janson, H. W., Janson, Anthony F. History of Art. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. 6th edition. {{ISBN\\\|0\\-13\\-182895\\-9}}, page 674\\.", "[Isidore Bonheur](/wiki/Isidore_Bonheur \"Isidore Bonheur\"), the younger brother of Rosa Bonheur, is known as one of the 19th century's most distinguished [French](/wiki/France \"France\") [animalier](/wiki/Animalier \"Animalier\") [sculptors](/wiki/Sculptor \"Sculptor\").[Christie's New York, Isidore\\-Jules Bonheur](http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/isidore-jules-bonheur-the-steeplechase-4194354-details.aspx?from=searchresults&intObjectID=4194354&sid=a339c2b1-09f5-40ec-b5a2-a4232e433766)[Isidore\\-Jules Bonheur, Le Grand Jockey (A Horse and Jockey), bronze, Sotheby's London, 6 June 2007](http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2007/the-sporting-sale-including-the-john-poynton-collection-l07121/lot.307.html) He modeled his sculptures to catch movement or posture characteristic of the particular species. Isidore Bonheur achieved this most successfully with his sculptures of horses, usually depicted as relaxed rather than spirited, which are among his most renowned works.[Joconde, Le Ministère de la culture, Portail des collections des musées de France, Bonheur Isidore Jules](http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER&FIELD_98=AUTR&VALUE_98=BONHEUR%20Isidore%20Jules&NUMBER=1&GRP=0&REQ=%28%28BONHEUR%20Isidore%20Jules%29%20%3aAUTR%20%29&USRNAME=nobody&USRPWD=4%24%2534P&SPEC=3&SYN=1&IMLY=&MAX1=1&MAX2=1&MAX3=100&DOM=All)", "### 20th century", "[Sir Alfred Munnings](/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Munnings \"Sir Alfred Munnings\") was an acclaimed painter working in England during the 20th century. He was elected president of the [Royal Academy](/wiki/Royal_Academy \"Royal Academy\") in 1944\\. He specialised in equine subjects, including horse racing, portraiture, and studies of gypsies and rural life.", "[Mark Wallinger](/wiki/Mark_Wallinger \"Mark Wallinger\") bought a chestnut [racehorse](/wiki/Racehorse \"Racehorse\") and named her [A Real Work of Art](/wiki/A_Real_Work_of_Art \"A Real Work of Art\"), as a [readymade](/wiki/Readymade \"Readymade\"). The project also involved having 50 statuettes of a jockey on a chestnut horse, which have been exposed in art galleries around the world.{{cite book \\\|editor\\-last\\=Tait \\\|editor\\-first\\=Peta \\\|last\\=Williams \\\|first\\=David \\\|title\\=Body show/s: Australian viewings of live performance \\\|location\\=Amsterdam; Atlanta \\\|publisher\\=Rodopi \\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-420\\-1483\\-1 \\\|pages\\=52–53 \\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://archive.org/details/bodyshowsaustral0000unse/page/52/mode/2up \\\|chapter\\=Chapter 3\\. Performing animal, becoming animal\\\|year\\=2000 }}", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Born in [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead "Hampstead"), London, to Sigrid and William H. Padel, Una grew up in Wembley and was educated at [Preston Manor High School](/wiki/Preston_Manor_High_School "Preston Manor High School") and at the universities of [Durham](/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University"), [York](/wiki/University_of_York "University of York"), and [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_University "Newcastle University"), where she took a degree in psychology and diplomas in social administration and social work. She joined the [Northumbria](/wiki/Northumbria "Northumbria") Probation Service in 1980, became deputy director to [Stephen Shaw](/wiki/Stephen_Shaw_%28ombudsman%29 "Stephen Shaw (ombudsman)") at the [Prison Reform Trust](/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust "Prison Reform Trust") in 1985, and was made assistant director of the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse (now merged with the Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence to form [DrugScope](/wiki/DrugScope "DrugScope")) in 1989\. She also did work in providing HIV education in prisons. In 1988 she co\-authored the book Insiders: women’s experience in prisons with [Prue Stevenson](/wiki/Prue_Stevenson "Prue Stevenson") In 1993 she started a project called the London Prisons Community Links (LPCL) whose aim was to set up visitor centres at all of London's prisons, and by 1998 she had achieved her goal. After this she founded CLINKS, an organisation whose goal was to encourage voluntary organisations to offer services in prison. In 2000 she was a member of the Laming committee which looked at penal reform. She was appointed [OBE](/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire "Order of the British Empire") in 2003\. In the same year she became chair of the [Penal Affairs Consortium](/wiki/Penal_Affairs_Consortium "Penal Affairs Consortium"), a group that coordinates organisations involved in the penal system. From 1999 until her death from cancer in 2006, Padel was the director of the [Centre for Crime and Justice Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Crime_and_Justice_Studies "Centre for Crime and Justice Studies") (CCJS), or the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency as it was then called when she joined. During her career she was involved in numerous advocacy groups and committees.Morgan, Rod. [Obituary: Una Padel](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/sep/07/guardianobituaries.ukcrime). [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"). 7 September 2006\. Retrieved 29 September 2010\.Pearson, Tony. 2005/2006 annual report. [Centre for Crime and Justice Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Crime_and_Justice_Studies "Centre for Crime and Justice Studies"). September 2006\. p. 3\.{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c4/38/13/Comment145\.pdf \\|title\=Comment issue 145 }} {{small\\|(679 KB)}}. Comment ([King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London "King's College London")) 145. February 2003\. pp. 8–9\. Retrieved 30 October 2010\. Padel left behind a daughter, Morag, her parents, and two sisters. An obituary in [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian") noted her "profound sense of social justice" which "stemmed from an incisive understanding of and empathy with the underdog. She kept a bright, well\-organised light burning for decency and justice during a period when an increasingly party political mood of [penal populism](/wiki/Penal_populism "Penal populism") threatened to sweep away hard fought for principles and structures." Tony Pearson of the centre also paid tribute to her and used an anecdote to illustrate her qualities: "Who will forget her obvious delight only a few months ago when she appeared in court and successfully helped the driver who was ferrying her to and from the office as her health deteriorated in getting permission to start training as a black cab driver, despite his previous minor convictions." After her death the CCJS established the annual Una Padel Award in her memory to recognise organisations and individuals in penal reform. The first in 2007 was awarded to Prison Chat UK and to Gillian Margaret Butler, the chair of Yarl's Wood Befrienders.["Una Padel Award"](http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/una_padel.html). [Centre for Crime and Justice Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Crime_and_Justice_Studies "Centre for Crime and Justice Studies"). Retrieved 29 September 2010\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724053103/http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/una_padel.html) by [WebCite](/wiki/WebCite "WebCite") on 28 October 2010\.["The Una Padel Award 2007"](http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/upa07winnerslist.html). [Centre for Crime and Justice Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Crime_and_Justice_Studies "Centre for Crime and Justice Studies"). Retrieved 29 September 2010\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101204075008/http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/upa07winnerslist.html) by [WebCite](/wiki/WebCite "WebCite") on 28 October 2010\. After reforms in 2001 that threatened to restrict jury trials to only serious offences, Padel said "It seems unfair that the best quality justice is reserved for the most serious offences. Relatively minor offences can have a devastating impact on someone's life—by losing them their job, for example."["Justice reforms target jury trials"](http://cdnedge.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1588246.stm). [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). 9 October 2001\. Retrieved 30 October 2010\. She said that British criminals liked Spain because the two countries did not have an extradition treaty, and that "When a lot of criminals gather there, it becomes a community and the criminal feels like he is among 'his own'."["Bidding farewell to the Costa Del Crime"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1670820.stm). [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). 22 November 2001\. Retrieved 30 October 2010\. When her daughter was robbed at the age of 13, she said she did not want the perpetrators to be jailed—which was "true to her principles" according to [Charles Murray](/wiki/Charles_Murray_%28political_scientist%29 "Charles Murray (political scientist)"). She explained: "I want them to stop robbing people, that’s the bottom line ... In an ideal world I would like them to be made aware of the impact they’ve actually had on my daughter and, ideally, apologise."Murray, pp. 19–20\. She supported allowing [prisoners to vote](/wiki/Prisoner_voting_rights "Prisoner voting rights") and was involved in the Barred From Voting campaign by [UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders](/wiki/UNLOCK%2C_The_National_Association_of_Reformed_Offenders "UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders").{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.unlock.org.uk/userfiles/file/Votes/Barred%20From%20Voting%20Campaign%20Press%20Release%20\-%20February%202004%20\.pdf \\|title\="February 2004 – Barred From Voting" }} {{small\\|(163 KB)}}. [UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders](/wiki/UNLOCK%2C_The_National_Association_of_Reformed_Offenders "UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders"). February 2004\. Retrieved 30 October 2010\. See the campaign website at ["Voting for Prisoners (Barred from Voting)"](http://www.unlock.org.uk/staticpage.aspx?pid=15). [UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders](/wiki/UNLOCK%2C_The_National_Association_of_Reformed_Offenders "UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders"). Retrieved 30 October 2010\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101114055535/http://www.unlock.org.uk/staticpage.aspx?pid=15) by [WebCite](/wiki/WebCite "WebCite") on 30 October 2010\.	[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Born in [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead \"Hampstead\"), London, to Sigrid and William H. Padel, Una grew up in Wembley and was educated at [Preston Manor High School](/wiki/Preston_Manor_High_School \"Preston Manor High School\") and at the universities of [Durham](/wiki/Durham_University \"Durham University\"), [York](/wiki/University_of_York \"University of York\"), and [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_University \"Newcastle University\"), where she took a degree in psychology and diplomas in social administration and social work. She joined the [Northumbria](/wiki/Northumbria \"Northumbria\") Probation Service in 1980, became deputy director to [Stephen Shaw](/wiki/Stephen_Shaw_%28ombudsman%29 \"Stephen Shaw (ombudsman)\") at the [Prison Reform Trust](/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust \"Prison Reform Trust\") in 1985, and was made assistant director of the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse (now merged with the Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence to form [DrugScope](/wiki/DrugScope \"DrugScope\")) in 1989\\. She also did work in providing HIV education in prisons. In 1988 she co\\-authored the book Insiders: women’s experience in prisons with [Prue Stevenson](/wiki/Prue_Stevenson \"Prue Stevenson\")", "In 1993 she started a project called the London Prisons Community Links (LPCL) whose aim was to set up visitor centres at all of London's prisons, and by 1998 she had achieved her goal. After this she founded CLINKS, an organisation whose goal was to encourage voluntary organisations to offer services in prison. In 2000 she was a member of the Laming committee which looked at penal reform. She was appointed [OBE](/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Order of the British Empire\") in 2003\\. In the same year she became chair of the [Penal Affairs Consortium](/wiki/Penal_Affairs_Consortium \"Penal Affairs Consortium\"), a group that coordinates organisations involved in the penal system.", "From 1999 until her death from cancer in 2006, Padel was the director of the [Centre for Crime and Justice Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Crime_and_Justice_Studies \"Centre for Crime and Justice Studies\") (CCJS), or the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency as it was then called when she joined. During her career she was involved in numerous advocacy groups and committees.Morgan, Rod. [Obituary: Una Padel](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/sep/07/guardianobituaries.ukcrime). [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\"). 7 September 2006\\. Retrieved 29 September 2010\\.Pearson, Tony. 2005/2006 annual report. [Centre for Crime and Justice Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Crime_and_Justice_Studies \"Centre for Crime and Justice Studies\"). September 2006\\. p. 3\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c4/38/13/Comment145\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Comment issue 145 }} {{small\\\|(679 KB)}}. Comment ([King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London \"King's College London\")) 145. February 2003\\. pp. 8–9\\. Retrieved 30 October 2010\\.", "Padel left behind a daughter, Morag, her parents, and two sisters. An obituary in [The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\") noted her \"profound sense of social justice\" which \"stemmed from an incisive understanding of and empathy with the underdog. She kept a bright, well\\-organised light burning for decency and justice during a period when an increasingly party political mood of [penal populism](/wiki/Penal_populism \"Penal populism\") threatened to sweep away hard fought for principles and structures.\" Tony Pearson of the centre also paid tribute to her and used an anecdote to illustrate her qualities: \"Who will forget her obvious delight only a few months ago when she appeared in court and successfully helped the driver who was ferrying her to and from the office as her health deteriorated in getting permission to start training as a black cab driver, despite his previous minor convictions.\"", "After her death the CCJS established the annual Una Padel Award in her memory to recognise organisations and individuals in penal reform. The first in 2007 was awarded to Prison Chat UK and to Gillian Margaret Butler, the chair of Yarl's Wood Befrienders.[\"Una Padel Award\"](http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/una_padel.html). [Centre for Crime and Justice Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Crime_and_Justice_Studies \"Centre for Crime and Justice Studies\"). Retrieved 29 September 2010\\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724053103/http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/una_padel.html) by [WebCite](/wiki/WebCite \"WebCite\") on 28 October 2010\\.[\"The Una Padel Award 2007\"](http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/upa07winnerslist.html). [Centre for Crime and Justice Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Crime_and_Justice_Studies \"Centre for Crime and Justice Studies\"). Retrieved 29 September 2010\\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101204075008/http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/upa07winnerslist.html) by [WebCite](/wiki/WebCite \"WebCite\") on 28 October 2010\\.", "After reforms in 2001 that threatened to restrict jury trials to only serious offences, Padel said \"It seems unfair that the best quality justice is reserved for the most serious offences. Relatively minor offences can have a devastating impact on someone's life—by losing them their job, for example.\"[\"Justice reforms target jury trials\"](http://cdnedge.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1588246.stm). [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 9 October 2001\\. Retrieved 30 October 2010\\. She said that British criminals liked Spain because the two countries did not have an extradition treaty, and that \"When a lot of criminals gather there, it becomes a community and the criminal feels like he is among 'his own'.\"[\"Bidding farewell to the Costa Del Crime\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1670820.stm). [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 22 November 2001\\. Retrieved 30 October 2010\\.", "When her daughter was robbed at the age of 13, she said she did not want the perpetrators to be jailed—which was \"true to her principles\" according to [Charles Murray](/wiki/Charles_Murray_%28political_scientist%29 \"Charles Murray (political scientist)\"). She explained: \"I want them to stop robbing people, that’s the bottom line ... In an ideal world I would like them to be made aware of the impact they’ve actually had on my\ndaughter and, ideally, apologise.\"Murray, pp. 19–20\\. She supported allowing [prisoners to vote](/wiki/Prisoner_voting_rights \"Prisoner voting rights\") and was involved in the Barred From Voting campaign by [UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders](/wiki/UNLOCK%2C_The_National_Association_of_Reformed_Offenders \"UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders\").{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.unlock.org.uk/userfiles/file/Votes/Barred%20From%20Voting%20Campaign%20Press%20Release%20\\-%20February%202004%20\\.pdf \\\|title\\=\"February 2004 – Barred From Voting\" }} {{small\\\|(163 KB)}}. [UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders](/wiki/UNLOCK%2C_The_National_Association_of_Reformed_Offenders \"UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders\"). February 2004\\. Retrieved 30 October 2010\\. See the campaign website at [\"Voting for Prisoners (Barred from Voting)\"](http://www.unlock.org.uk/staticpage.aspx?pid=15). [UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders](/wiki/UNLOCK%2C_The_National_Association_of_Reformed_Offenders \"UNLOCK, The National Association of Reformed Offenders\"). Retrieved 30 October 2010\\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101114055535/http://www.unlock.org.uk/staticpage.aspx?pid=15) by [WebCite](/wiki/WebCite \"WebCite\") on 30 October 2010\\.", "" ]
Classification -------------- The concept of retrometabolic drug design encompasses two distinct approaches. One approach is the design of soft drugs (SDs),{{cite book\\|last\=Rapoport\\|first\=S.I.\\|title\=Blood\-Brain Barrier in Psychology and Medicine\\|year\=1976\\|publisher\=Raven Press, New York}}{{cite book\\|last\=Bradbury\\|first\=M.\\|title\=The Concept of a Blood\-Brain Barrier\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/conceptofbloodbr0000brad\\|url\-access\=registration\\|year\=1979\\|publisher\=Wiley, New York\\|isbn\=9780471996880 }}{{cite journal\\|last\=Bodor\\|first\=N.\\|author2\=Brewster, M.E. \\|title\=Problems of delivery of drugs to the brain\\|journal\=Pharmacol. Ther.\\|year\=1983\\|volume\=19\\|issue\=3\\|pages\=337–386\\|doi\=10\.1016/0163\-7258(82\)90073\-0\\|pmid\=6765182}}{{cite book\\|title\=Handbook of Physiology, Section 2: The Cardiovascular System, Vol. 4\\|year\=1984\\|publisher\=American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD\\|pages\=969–1000\\|author\=Fenstermacher, J.D.\\|chapter\=The blood–brain barrier. In Microcirculation, Part 2\\|author2\=Rapoport, S.I. \\|editor\=Renkin, E.M. \\|editor2\=Michel, C.C.}}{{cite journal\\|last\=Goldstein\\|first\=G.W.\\|author2\=Betz, A.L. \\|title\=The blood–brain barrier\\|journal\=Sci. Am.\\|year\=1986\\|volume\=255\\|issue\=3\\|pages\=74–83\\|doi\=10\.1038/scientificamerican0986\-74\\|pmid\=3749857\\|bibcode\=1986SciAm.255c..74G}}{{cite book\\|title\=Physiology and Pharmacology of the Blood\-Brain Barrier, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 103\\|year\=1992\\|publisher\=Springer, Berlin\\|editor\=Bradbury, M.W.B.}}{{cite journal\\|last\=Begley\\|first\=D.J.\\|title\=The blood–brain barrier: principles for targeting peptides and drugs to the central nervous system\\|journal\=J. Pharm. Pharmacol.\\|year\=1996\\|volume\=48\\|issue\=2\\|pages\=136–146\\|doi\=10\.1111/j.2042\-7158\.1996\.tb07112\.x\\|pmid\=8935161\\|s2cid\=22909691 \\|doi\-access\=free}}{{cite journal\\|last\=Schlossauer\\|first\=B.\\|author2\=Steuer, H. \\|title\=Comparative anatomy, physiology and in vitro models of the blood–brain and blood\-retina barrier\\|journal\= Current Medicinal Chemistry \- Central Nervous System Agents\\|year\=2002\\|volume\=2\\|issue\=3\\|pages\=175–186\\|doi\=10\.2174/1568015023357978}}{{cite book\\|title\=Structural Elements of the Nervous System; Handbook of Neurochemistry, Vol. 7\\|publisher\=Plenum Press, New York\\|pages\=465–484\\|author1 \=Betz, A.L.\\|chapter\=Brain capillaries: structure and function\\|author2\=Goldstein, G.W. \\|editor\=Lajtha, A.}} new, active therapeutic agents, often isosteric or isolelectronic analogs of a lead compound, with a chemical structure specifically designed to allow predictable metabolism into inactive metabolites after exerting their desired therapeutic effect(s). The other approach is the design of chemical delivery systems (CDSs).{{cite book\\|last\=Pardridge\\|first\=W.M.\\|title\=Peptide Drug Delivery to the Brain\\|year\=1991\\|publisher\=Raven Press, New York}}{{cite book\\|title\=The Blood\-Brain Barrier in Health and Disease\\|year\=1986\\|publisher\=Ellis Horwood: Chichester, UK\\|pages\=52–72\\|author\=Abbott, N.J.\\|chapter\=Comparative physiology of the blood–brain barrier \\|author2\=Bundgaard, M. \\|author3\=Cserr, H.F.\\|editor1\=Suckling, A.J. \\|editor2\=Rumsby, M.G. \\|editor3\=Bradbury, M.W.B. }}{{cite journal\\|last\=Lo\\|first\=E.H. \\|author2\=Singhal, A.B. \\|author3\-link\=Torchilin \\|author3\=Torchilin, V.P. \\|author4\=Abbott, N.J. \\|title\=Drug delivery to damaged brain\\|journal\=Brain Res. Rev.\\|year\=2001\\|volume\=38\\|issue\=1–2 \\|pages\=140–148\\|doi\=10\.1016/s0165\-0173(01\)00083\-2\\|pmid\=11750930\\|s2cid\=23679546 }}{{cite book\\|title\=Implications of the Blood\-Brain Barrier and its Manipulation\\|year\=1989\\|publisher\=Plenum Press, New York\\|pages\=85–113\\|author\=Smith, Q.R.\\|chapter\=Quantitation of blood–brain barrier permeability\\|editor\=Neuwelt, E.A.}}{{cite journal\\|last\=Stewart\\|first\=P.A.\\|author2\=Tuor, U.I. \\|title\=Blood\-eye barriers in the rat: Correlation of ultrastructure with function\\|journal\=J. Comp. Neurol.\\|year\=1994\\|volume\=340\\|issue\=4\\|pages\=566–576\\|doi\=10\.1002/cne.903400409\\|pmid\=8006217\\|s2cid\=46222465 }}{{cite journal\\|last\=Siegal\\|first\=T.\\|author2\=Zylber\-Katz, E. \\|title\=Strategies for increasing drug delivery to the brain: focus on brain lymphoma.\\|journal\=Clin. Pharmacokinet.\\|year\=2002\\|volume\=41\\|issue\=3\\|pages\=171–186\\|doi\=10\.2165/00003088\-200241030\-00002\\|pmid\=11929318\\|s2cid\=24034568 }}{{cite book\\|last\=Ehrlich\\|first\=P.\\|title\=Das Sauerstoff Bedürfnis des Organismus: Eine farbenanalytische Studie\\|year\=1885\\|publisher\=Hirschwald, Berlin\\|language\=German}}{{cite journal\\|last\=Janzer\\|first\=R.C.\\|author2\=Raff, M.C. \\|title\=Astrocytes induce blood–brain barrier properties in endothelial\-cells.\\|journal\=Nature\\|year\=1987\\|volume\=325\\|issue\=6101\\|pages\=253–257\\|doi\=10\.1038/325253a0\\|pmid\=3543687\\|bibcode\=1987Natur.325\..253J\\|s2cid\=4311724 }} CDSs are biologically inert molecules intended to enhance drug delivery to a particular organ or site and requiring several conversion steps before releasing the active drug. Although both retrometabolic design approaches involve chemical modifications of the molecular structure and both require enzymatic reactions to fulfill drug targeting, the principles of SD and CDS design are distinctly different. While CDSs are inactive as administered and sequential enzymatic reactions provide the differential distribution and ultimately release the active drug, SDs are active as administered and are designed to be easily metabolized into inactive species. Assuming an ideal situation, with a CDS the drug is present at the site and nowhere else in the body because enzymatic processes destroy the drug at those sites. Whereas, CDSs are designed to achieve drug targeting at a selected organ or site, SDs are designed to afford a differential distribution that can be regarded as reverse targeting. ### Soft drugs Since its introduction by Nicholas Bodor in the late 1970s, the soft drug concept generated considerable research both in academic and in industrial settings. Bodor defined soft drugs as biologically active, therapeutically useful chemical compounds characterized by a predictable and controllable in vivo metabolism to non\-toxic moieties after they achieve their therapeutic role.{{Cite journal \\| doi \= 10\.1002/med.2610040402 \\| pmid \= 6387331 \\| title \= Soft drugs: Principles and methods for the design of safe drugs \\| journal \= Medicinal Research Reviews \\| volume \= 4 \\| issue \= 4 \\| pages \= 449–469 \\| year \= 1984 \\| last1 \= Bodor \\| first1 \= Nicholas \\| s2cid \= 11444679 }} There are several rationally designed soft drugs that have either already reached the market, such as * [esmolol](/wiki/Esmolol "Esmolol") (Breviblock) * [landiolol](/wiki/Landiolol "Landiolol") (Onoact) * [remifentanil](/wiki/Remifentanil "Remifentanil") (Ultiva) * [loteprednol etabonate](/wiki/Loteprednol_etabonate "Loteprednol etabonate") (Lotemax, Alrex, Zylet) * [clevidipine](/wiki/Clevidipine "Clevidipine") (Cleviprex) * [remimazolam](/wiki/Remimazolam "Remimazolam") (Byfavo) or are in late\-stage development ([budiodarone](/wiki/Budiodarone "Budiodarone"), [celivarone](/wiki/Celivarone "Celivarone"), [AZD3043](/wiki/AZD3043 "AZD3043"), [tecafarin](/wiki/Tecafarin "Tecafarin")).{{cite book\\|title\=Retrometabolic Drug Design and Targeting\\|year\=2012\\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons, New York\\|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-94945\-0\\|author\=Bodor, N.\\|author2\=Buchwald, P. }} There are also compounds that can be considered as soft chemicals (e.g., malathion) or soft drugs (e.g., articaine, methylphenidate) even though they were not developed as such. ### Chemical delivery systems Since their introduction in the early 1980s, CDSs have also generated considerable research work, especially for brain and eye targeting of various therapeutic agents, including those that cannot cross the blood–brain barrier or the blood–retinal barrier on their own. Within this approach, three major general CDS classes have been identified: * Enzymatic physicochemical\-based (e.g., brain\-targeting) CDSs: exploit site\-specific traffic properties by sequential metabolic conversions that result in considerably altered properties * Site\-specific enzyme\-activated (e.g., eye\-targeting) CDSs: exploit specific enzymes found primarily, exclusively, or at higher activity at the site of action * Receptor\-based transient anchor\-type (e.g., lung\-targeting) CDSs: provide enhanced selectivity and activity through transient, reversible binding at the receptor This concept has been extended to many drugs and peptides, its importance illustrated by the fact that its first applications and uses were published in Science{{cite journal\\|last\=Bodor\\|first\=N.\\|author2\=Shek, E. \\|author3\=Higuchi, T. \\|title\=Delivery of a quaternary pyridinium salt across the blood–brain barrier by its dihydropyridine derivative\\|journal\=Science\\|year\=1975\\|volume\=190\\|issue\=4210\\|pages\=155–156\\|doi\=10\.1126/science.1166305\\|pmid\=1166305\\|bibcode\=1975Sci...190\..155B\\|s2cid\=34242024 }}{{cite journal\\|last\=Bodor\\|first\=N.\\|author2\=Farag, H.H. \\|author3\=Brewster, M.E. \\|title\=Site\-specific, sustained release of drugs to the brain\\|journal\=Science\\|year\=1981\\|volume\=214\\|issue\=4527\\|pages\=1370–1372\\|doi\=10\.1126/science.7313698\\|pmid\=7313698 \\|bibcode\=1981Sci...214\.1370B}}{{cite journal\\|last\=Bodor\\|first\=N.\\|author2\=Simpkins, J.W. \\|title\=Redox delivery system for brain\-specific, sustained release of dopamine\\|journal\=Science\\|year\=1983\\|volume\=221\\|issue\=4605\\|pages\=65–67\\|doi\=10\.1126/science.6857264\\|pmid\=6857264 \\|bibcode\=1983Sci...221\...65B}} in 1975, 1981 and 1983\. Its extension to the targeted brain\-delivery of neuropeptides was included by the Harvard Health Letter{{cite journal\\|last\=Thomas\\|first\=P.\\|title\=Top ten advances of 1992\\|journal\=Harvard Health Letter\\|year\=1993\\|volume\=18\\|pages\=1–4}} as one of the top 10 medical advances of 1992\. Several compounds have reached advanced clinical development phase, such as * E2\-CDS (Estredox) for the brain\-targeted delivery of estradiol{{cite journal\\|last\=Bodor\\|first\=N.\\|author2\=Buchwald, P. \\|title\=Brain\-targeted delivery of estradiol: therapeutic potential and results obtained with a chemical delivery system approach\\|journal\=Am. J. Drug Deliv.\\|year\=2006\\|volume\=4\\|pages\=161–175\\|doi\=10\.2165/00137696\-200604030\-00004\\|s2cid\=68203212 }} and * betaxoxime for the eye\-targeted delivery of betaxolol{{cite journal\\|last\=Bodor\\|first\=N.\\|author2\=Buchwald, P. \\|title\=Ophthalmic drug design based on the metabolic activity of the eye: soft drugs and chemical delivery systems\\|journal\=AAPS J.\\|year\=2005\\|volume\=7\\|issue\=4\\|pages\=article 79 (E820\-E833\)\\|doi\=10\.1208/aapsj070479\\|pmid\=16594634\\|pmc\=2750951}} In the first example above, brain\-targeted CDSs employ a sequential metabolic conversion of a redox\-based targetor moiety, which is closely related to the ubiquitous NAD(P)H ⇌ NAD(P)\+ coenzyme system, to exploit the unique properties of the [blood–brain barrier](/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier "Blood–brain barrier") (BBB). After enzymatic oxidation of the NADH type drug conjugate to its corresponding NAD\+\- drug, the still inactive precursor, "locks\-in" behind the BBB to provide targeted and sustained CNS\-delivery of the compound of interest. The second example involves eye\-specific delivery of [betaxoxime](/wiki/Betaxoxime "Betaxoxime"), the [oxime](/wiki/Oxime "Oxime") derivative of [betaxolol](/wiki/Betaxolol "Betaxolol"). The administered, inactive β\-amino\-ketoxime is converted to the corresponding ketone via [oxime hydrolase](/wiki/Oxime_hydrolase "Oxime hydrolase"), an enzyme recently identified with preferential activity in the eye, and then stereospecifically reduced to its alcohol form. IOP\-lowering activity is demonstrated without producing the active [β\-blockers](/wiki/%CE%92-blocker "Β-blocker") systemically, making them void of any cardiovascular activity, a major drawback of classical antiglaucoma agents. Because of the advantages provided by this unique eye\-targeting profile, oxime\-based eye\-targeting CDSs could replace the β\-blockers currently used for ophthalmic applications.	[ "Classification\n--------------", "The concept of retrometabolic drug design encompasses two distinct approaches. One approach is the design of soft drugs (SDs),{{cite book\\\|last\\=Rapoport\\\|first\\=S.I.\\\|title\\=Blood\\-Brain Barrier in Psychology and Medicine\\\|year\\=1976\\\|publisher\\=Raven Press, New York}}{{cite book\\\|last\\=Bradbury\\\|first\\=M.\\\|title\\=The Concept of a Blood\\-Brain Barrier\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/conceptofbloodbr0000brad\\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\\|year\\=1979\\\|publisher\\=Wiley, New York\\\|isbn\\=9780471996880 }}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Bodor\\\|first\\=N.\\\|author2\\=Brewster, M.E. \\\|title\\=Problems of delivery of drugs to the brain\\\|journal\\=Pharmacol. Ther.\\\|year\\=1983\\\|volume\\=19\\\|issue\\=3\\\|pages\\=337–386\\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0163\\-7258(82\\)90073\\-0\\\|pmid\\=6765182}}{{cite book\\\|title\\=Handbook of Physiology, Section 2: The Cardiovascular System, Vol. 4\\\|year\\=1984\\\|publisher\\=American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD\\\|pages\\=969–1000\\\|author\\=Fenstermacher, J.D.\\\|chapter\\=The blood–brain barrier. In Microcirculation, Part 2\\\|author2\\=Rapoport, S.I. \\\|editor\\=Renkin, E.M. \\\|editor2\\=Michel, C.C.}}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Goldstein\\\|first\\=G.W.\\\|author2\\=Betz, A.L. \\\|title\\=The blood–brain barrier\\\|journal\\=Sci. Am.\\\|year\\=1986\\\|volume\\=255\\\|issue\\=3\\\|pages\\=74–83\\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/scientificamerican0986\\-74\\\|pmid\\=3749857\\\|bibcode\\=1986SciAm.255c..74G}}{{cite book\\\|title\\=Physiology and Pharmacology of the Blood\\-Brain Barrier, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 103\\\|year\\=1992\\\|publisher\\=Springer, Berlin\\\|editor\\=Bradbury, M.W.B.}}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Begley\\\|first\\=D.J.\\\|title\\=The blood–brain barrier: principles for targeting peptides and drugs to the central nervous system\\\|journal\\=J. Pharm. Pharmacol.\\\|year\\=1996\\\|volume\\=48\\\|issue\\=2\\\|pages\\=136–146\\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.2042\\-7158\\.1996\\.tb07112\\.x\\\|pmid\\=8935161\\\|s2cid\\=22909691 \\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Schlossauer\\\|first\\=B.\\\|author2\\=Steuer, H. \\\|title\\=Comparative anatomy, physiology and in vitro models of the blood–brain and blood\\-retina barrier\\\|journal\\= Current Medicinal Chemistry \\- Central Nervous System Agents\\\|year\\=2002\\\|volume\\=2\\\|issue\\=3\\\|pages\\=175–186\\\|doi\\=10\\.2174/1568015023357978}}{{cite book\\\|title\\=Structural Elements of the Nervous System; Handbook of Neurochemistry, Vol. 7\\\|publisher\\=Plenum Press, New York\\\|pages\\=465–484\\\|author1 \\=Betz, A.L.\\\|chapter\\=Brain capillaries: structure and function\\\|author2\\=Goldstein, G.W. \\\|editor\\=Lajtha, A.}} new, active therapeutic agents, often isosteric or isolelectronic analogs of a lead compound, with a chemical structure specifically designed to allow predictable metabolism into inactive metabolites after exerting their desired therapeutic effect(s). The other approach is the design of chemical delivery systems (CDSs).{{cite book\\\|last\\=Pardridge\\\|first\\=W.M.\\\|title\\=Peptide Drug Delivery to the Brain\\\|year\\=1991\\\|publisher\\=Raven Press, New York}}{{cite book\\\|title\\=The Blood\\-Brain Barrier in Health and Disease\\\|year\\=1986\\\|publisher\\=Ellis Horwood: Chichester, UK\\\|pages\\=52–72\\\|author\\=Abbott, N.J.\\\|chapter\\=Comparative physiology of the blood–brain barrier \\\|author2\\=Bundgaard, M. \\\|author3\\=Cserr, H.F.\\\|editor1\\=Suckling, A.J. \\\|editor2\\=Rumsby, M.G. \\\|editor3\\=Bradbury, M.W.B. }}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Lo\\\|first\\=E.H. \\\|author2\\=Singhal, A.B. \\\|author3\\-link\\=Torchilin \\\|author3\\=Torchilin, V.P. \\\|author4\\=Abbott, N.J. \\\|title\\=Drug delivery to damaged brain\\\|journal\\=Brain Res. Rev.\\\|year\\=2001\\\|volume\\=38\\\|issue\\=1–2 \\\|pages\\=140–148\\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0165\\-0173(01\\)00083\\-2\\\|pmid\\=11750930\\\|s2cid\\=23679546 }}{{cite book\\\|title\\=Implications of the Blood\\-Brain Barrier and its Manipulation\\\|year\\=1989\\\|publisher\\=Plenum Press, New York\\\|pages\\=85–113\\\|author\\=Smith, Q.R.\\\|chapter\\=Quantitation of blood–brain barrier permeability\\\|editor\\=Neuwelt, E.A.}}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Stewart\\\|first\\=P.A.\\\|author2\\=Tuor, U.I. \\\|title\\=Blood\\-eye barriers in the rat: Correlation of ultrastructure with function\\\|journal\\=J. Comp. Neurol.\\\|year\\=1994\\\|volume\\=340\\\|issue\\=4\\\|pages\\=566–576\\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/cne.903400409\\\|pmid\\=8006217\\\|s2cid\\=46222465 }}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Siegal\\\|first\\=T.\\\|author2\\=Zylber\\-Katz, E. \\\|title\\=Strategies for increasing drug delivery to the brain: focus on brain lymphoma.\\\|journal\\=Clin. Pharmacokinet.\\\|year\\=2002\\\|volume\\=41\\\|issue\\=3\\\|pages\\=171–186\\\|doi\\=10\\.2165/00003088\\-200241030\\-00002\\\|pmid\\=11929318\\\|s2cid\\=24034568 }}{{cite book\\\|last\\=Ehrlich\\\|first\\=P.\\\|title\\=Das Sauerstoff Bedürfnis des Organismus: Eine farbenanalytische Studie\\\|year\\=1885\\\|publisher\\=Hirschwald, Berlin\\\|language\\=German}}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Janzer\\\|first\\=R.C.\\\|author2\\=Raff, M.C. \\\|title\\=Astrocytes induce blood–brain barrier properties in endothelial\\-cells.\\\|journal\\=Nature\\\|year\\=1987\\\|volume\\=325\\\|issue\\=6101\\\|pages\\=253–257\\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/325253a0\\\|pmid\\=3543687\\\|bibcode\\=1987Natur.325\\..253J\\\|s2cid\\=4311724 }} CDSs are biologically inert molecules intended to enhance drug delivery to a particular organ or site and requiring several conversion steps before releasing the active drug.", "Although both retrometabolic design approaches involve chemical modifications of the molecular structure and both require enzymatic reactions to fulfill drug targeting, the principles of SD and CDS design are distinctly different. While CDSs are inactive as administered and sequential enzymatic reactions provide the differential distribution and ultimately release the active drug, SDs are active as administered and are designed to be easily metabolized into inactive species. Assuming an ideal situation, with a CDS the drug is present at the site and nowhere else in the body because enzymatic processes destroy the drug at those sites. Whereas, CDSs are designed to achieve drug targeting at a selected organ or site, SDs are designed to afford a differential distribution that can be regarded as reverse targeting.", "### Soft drugs", "Since its introduction by Nicholas Bodor in the late 1970s, the soft drug concept generated considerable research both in academic and in industrial settings. Bodor defined soft drugs as biologically active, therapeutically useful chemical compounds characterized by a predictable and controllable in vivo metabolism to non\\-toxic moieties after they achieve their therapeutic role.{{Cite journal \\\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/med.2610040402 \\\| pmid \\= 6387331 \\\| title \\= Soft drugs: Principles and methods for the design of safe drugs \\\| journal \\= Medicinal Research Reviews \\\| volume \\= 4 \\\| issue \\= 4 \\\| pages \\= 449–469 \\\| year \\= 1984 \\\| last1 \\= Bodor \\\| first1 \\= Nicholas \\\| s2cid \\= 11444679 }} There are several rationally designed soft drugs that have either already reached the market, such as\n* [esmolol](/wiki/Esmolol \"Esmolol\") (Breviblock)\n* [landiolol](/wiki/Landiolol \"Landiolol\") (Onoact)\n* [remifentanil](/wiki/Remifentanil \"Remifentanil\") (Ultiva)\n* [loteprednol etabonate](/wiki/Loteprednol_etabonate \"Loteprednol etabonate\") (Lotemax, Alrex, Zylet)\n* [clevidipine](/wiki/Clevidipine \"Clevidipine\") (Cleviprex)\n* [remimazolam](/wiki/Remimazolam \"Remimazolam\") (Byfavo)\nor are in late\\-stage development ([budiodarone](/wiki/Budiodarone \"Budiodarone\"), [celivarone](/wiki/Celivarone \"Celivarone\"), [AZD3043](/wiki/AZD3043 \"AZD3043\"), [tecafarin](/wiki/Tecafarin \"Tecafarin\")).{{cite book\\\|title\\=Retrometabolic Drug Design and Targeting\\\|year\\=2012\\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons, New York\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-94945\\-0\\\|author\\=Bodor, N.\\\|author2\\=Buchwald, P. }} There are also compounds that can be considered as soft chemicals (e.g., malathion) or soft drugs (e.g., articaine, methylphenidate) even though they were not developed as such.", "### Chemical delivery systems", "Since their introduction in the early 1980s, CDSs have also generated considerable research work, especially for brain and eye targeting of various therapeutic agents, including those that cannot cross the blood–brain barrier or the blood–retinal barrier on their own. Within this approach, three major general CDS classes have been identified:\n* Enzymatic physicochemical\\-based (e.g., brain\\-targeting) CDSs: exploit site\\-specific traffic properties by sequential metabolic conversions that result in considerably altered properties\n* Site\\-specific enzyme\\-activated (e.g., eye\\-targeting) CDSs: exploit specific enzymes found primarily, exclusively, or at higher activity at the site of action\n* Receptor\\-based transient anchor\\-type (e.g., lung\\-targeting) CDSs: provide enhanced selectivity and activity through transient, reversible binding at the receptor", "This concept has been extended to many drugs and peptides, its importance illustrated by the fact that its first applications and uses were published in Science{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Bodor\\\|first\\=N.\\\|author2\\=Shek, E. \\\|author3\\=Higuchi, T. \\\|title\\=Delivery of a quaternary pyridinium salt across the blood–brain barrier by its dihydropyridine derivative\\\|journal\\=Science\\\|year\\=1975\\\|volume\\=190\\\|issue\\=4210\\\|pages\\=155–156\\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1166305\\\|pmid\\=1166305\\\|bibcode\\=1975Sci...190\\..155B\\\|s2cid\\=34242024 }}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Bodor\\\|first\\=N.\\\|author2\\=Farag, H.H. \\\|author3\\=Brewster, M.E. \\\|title\\=Site\\-specific, sustained release of drugs to the brain\\\|journal\\=Science\\\|year\\=1981\\\|volume\\=214\\\|issue\\=4527\\\|pages\\=1370–1372\\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.7313698\\\|pmid\\=7313698 \\\|bibcode\\=1981Sci...214\\.1370B}}{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Bodor\\\|first\\=N.\\\|author2\\=Simpkins, J.W. \\\|title\\=Redox delivery system for brain\\-specific, sustained release of dopamine\\\|journal\\=Science\\\|year\\=1983\\\|volume\\=221\\\|issue\\=4605\\\|pages\\=65–67\\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.6857264\\\|pmid\\=6857264 \\\|bibcode\\=1983Sci...221\\...65B}} in 1975, 1981 and 1983\\. Its extension to the targeted brain\\-delivery of neuropeptides was included by the Harvard Health Letter{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Thomas\\\|first\\=P.\\\|title\\=Top ten advances of 1992\\\|journal\\=Harvard Health Letter\\\|year\\=1993\\\|volume\\=18\\\|pages\\=1–4}} as one of the top 10 medical advances of 1992\\. Several compounds have reached advanced clinical development phase, such as\n* E2\\-CDS (Estredox) for the brain\\-targeted delivery of estradiol{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Bodor\\\|first\\=N.\\\|author2\\=Buchwald, P. \\\|title\\=Brain\\-targeted delivery of estradiol: therapeutic potential and results obtained with a chemical delivery system approach\\\|journal\\=Am. J. Drug Deliv.\\\|year\\=2006\\\|volume\\=4\\\|pages\\=161–175\\\|doi\\=10\\.2165/00137696\\-200604030\\-00004\\\|s2cid\\=68203212 }} and\n* betaxoxime for the eye\\-targeted delivery of betaxolol{{cite journal\\\|last\\=Bodor\\\|first\\=N.\\\|author2\\=Buchwald, P. \\\|title\\=Ophthalmic drug design based on the metabolic activity of the eye: soft drugs and chemical delivery systems\\\|journal\\=AAPS J.\\\|year\\=2005\\\|volume\\=7\\\|issue\\=4\\\|pages\\=article 79 (E820\\-E833\\)\\\|doi\\=10\\.1208/aapsj070479\\\|pmid\\=16594634\\\|pmc\\=2750951}}\nIn the first example above, brain\\-targeted CDSs employ a sequential metabolic conversion of a redox\\-based targetor moiety, which is closely related to the ubiquitous NAD(P)H ⇌ NAD(P)\\+ coenzyme system, to exploit the unique properties of the [blood–brain barrier](/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier \"Blood–brain barrier\") (BBB). After enzymatic oxidation of the NADH type drug conjugate to its corresponding NAD\\+\\- drug, the still inactive precursor, \"locks\\-in\" behind the BBB to provide targeted and sustained CNS\\-delivery of the compound of interest.", "The second example involves eye\\-specific delivery of [betaxoxime](/wiki/Betaxoxime \"Betaxoxime\"), the [oxime](/wiki/Oxime \"Oxime\") derivative of [betaxolol](/wiki/Betaxolol \"Betaxolol\"). The administered, inactive β\\-amino\\-ketoxime is converted to the corresponding ketone via [oxime hydrolase](/wiki/Oxime_hydrolase \"Oxime hydrolase\"), an enzyme recently identified with preferential activity in the eye, and then stereospecifically reduced to its alcohol form. IOP\\-lowering activity is demonstrated without producing the active [β\\-blockers](/wiki/%CE%92-blocker \"Β-blocker\") systemically, making them void of any cardiovascular activity, a major drawback of classical antiglaucoma agents. Because of the advantages provided by this unique eye\\-targeting profile, oxime\\-based eye\\-targeting CDSs could replace the β\\-blockers currently used for ophthalmic applications.", "" ]
Racing career ------------- ### Beginnings Scott has been racing competitively since the age of 12\. One of his early career highlights came at the 360 Nationals at Skagit Speedway in [Alger, Washington](/wiki/Alger%2C_Washington "Alger, Washington"), when he competed against an elite field of dirt racers and brought home an impressive second\-place finish. He recently was the first Idaho native to make a debut at the Daytona 500\. ### NASCAR #### Camping World Truck Series While splitting time between [USAR](/wiki/CARS_X-1R_Pro_Cup_Series "CARS X-1R Pro Cup Series") and Late Models, Scott's father, JB, announced he had purchased the [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") [Camping World Truck Series](/wiki/Camping_World_Truck_Series "Camping World Truck Series") team [Xpress Motorsports](/wiki/Xpress_Motorsports "Xpress Motorsports"). Scott then made his NASCAR debut at the [Smith's Las Vegas 350](/wiki/Smith%27s_350 "Smith's 350") and in 2008 moved to the Trucks full\-time to run for and eventually finish second for the Rookie of the Year. [Albertsons](/wiki/Albertsons_%28SuperValu%29 "Albertsons (SuperValu)") became the team's new sponsor and after a change to [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") they end the year strong with five top\-tens in the last seven races, including a second\-place finish at the season\-ending Ford 200\. He went on to finish out his Truck resume with a win in the 2009 [AAA Insurance 200](/wiki/AAA_Insurance_200_%28Dover%29 "AAA Insurance 200 (Dover)") at [Dover International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway "Dover International Speedway"), twenty top\-tens, nine top\-fives, and several runner up finishes. On November 9, 2012, Scott added his second win in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series at Phoenix International Raceway in the Lucas Oil 150 and delivered [Kyle Busch Motorsports](/wiki/Kyle_Busch_Motorsports "Kyle Busch Motorsports") their second win of the season. #### Xfinity Series [thumb\\|left\\|Scott's 2010 Nationwide car for [Braun Racing](/wiki/Braun_Racing "Braun Racing")](/wiki/File:11BrianScott2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg "11BrianScott2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|Scott's 2011 Nationwide car for [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing "Joe Gibbs Racing")](/wiki/File:Nationwide_11_Brian_Scott_2011_Road_America_Bucyrus_200.jpg "Nationwide 11 Brian Scott 2011 Road America Bucyrus 200.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Scott's 2012 Nationwide car for Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/File:11_Brian_Scott_2012_Road_America_Sargento_200.jpg "11 Brian Scott 2012 Road America Sargento 200.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Scott's 2014 Nationwide car for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing")](/wiki/File:2_Brian_Scott_NASCAR_Nationwide_2014_Gardner_Denver_200_at_Road_America.jpg "2 Brian Scott NASCAR Nationwide 2014 Gardner Denver 200 at Road America.jpg") His Nationwide Series debut came in 2009 with seven starts in the series driving No. 10 and No. 11 for [Braun Racing](/wiki/Braun_Racing "Braun Racing"). Scott's first full season in the Nationwide Series was completed in 2010 with one Top 5 and five Top 10 finishes en route to finishing the season as the runner\-up for Raybestos Rookie of the Year honors. Scott ran the first 28 races in the Braun Racing No. 11 but was released from the ride when Steve Turner bought the team. Scott finished the season in the RAB Racing No. 09\. Scott joined Joe Gibbs Racing in 2011 driving No. 11\. His 2011 Nationwide Series campaign earned him two top\-five finishes, seven top\-10 finishes and one pole under the Joe Gibbs Racing banner. He also scored the Featherlite Most Improved driver of the year award. Scott finished eighth in the Nationwide Series point standings in 2011\. Scott and crew chief Kevin Kidd returned to the No. 11 team in 2012, gaining a sponsorship from [Dollar General](/wiki/Dollar_General "Dollar General"). In addition, Scott signed to drive the No. 18 in the Camping World Truck Series for Kyle Busch Motorsports in a few races.{{cite web\\|url\=http://kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid\=404\\|title\=Hoping to Make Truck Series Start No. 50 Very Nifty\\|date\=April 17, 2012\\|publisher\=Kyle Busch Motorsports\\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-18\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011093225/http://kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid\=404\\|archive\-date\=October 11, 2013}} Scott would have a best finish of 3rd at Dover in the Nationwide Series, and returned to Victory Lane in the Truck Series at Phoenix. However, Scott would later be released from JGR in favor of championship runner\-up [Elliott Sadler](/wiki/Elliott_Sadler "Elliott Sadler"). Scott later took over Sadler's previous No. 2 ride at [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing").{{cite news \\|title\=Ex\-Gibbs Driver Brian Scott joins RCR \\|url\=http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/nns\-ex\-gibbs\-driver\-brian\-scott\-joins\-rcr/ \\|access\-date\=6 December 2012 \\|date\=December 6, 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209010713/http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/nns\-ex\-gibbs\-driver\-brian\-scott\-joins\-rcr \\|archive\-date\=9 December 2012 }} Scott earned his career best finish of 2nd at [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") in 2013 after getting by Kyle Busch on a late race restart. Busch passed him only two laps later and Scott had to settle for second.{{cite web\\|last\=Spencer\\|first\=Reid\\|url\=http://www.nascar.com/en\_us/news\-media/articles/2013/07/27/indianapolis\-nationwide\-race\-results\-recap.html\\|title\=Kyle Busch nabs his eighth Nationwide win\\|publisher\=\[\[NASCAR]]\\|date\=27 July 2013\\|access\-date\=27 July 2013}} At [Richmond International Raceway](/wiki/Richmond_International_Raceway "Richmond International Raceway") that September Scott started on the pole and led 239 of 250 laps before being passed by [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski "Brad Keselowski") and finishing second.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/09/06/keselowski\-denies\-scott\-perfect\-nationwide\-race\-at\-richmond/\\|title\=Keselowski denies Scott a perfect Nationwide race at Richmond\\|date\=September 6, 2013\\|work\=Fox Sports\\|access\-date\=2013\-09\-24}} Scott had a remarkable 2014 season, earning 23 top ten finishes and finished 4th in the championship standings. #### Sprint Cup Series [thumb\\|left\\|Scott's 2016 Cup car for [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports "Richard Petty Motorsports")](/wiki/File:Brian_Scott_44_Richard_Petty_Motorsports_Ford.jpg "Brian Scott 44 Richard Petty Motorsports Ford.jpg") In August 2013, it was announced that Scott would make his debut in the [Sprint Cup Series](/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series "Sprint Cup Series"), driving the No. 33 for RCR in the [Bank of America 500](/wiki/2013_Bank_of_America_500 "2013 Bank of America 500") at [Charlotte Motor Speedway](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway "Charlotte Motor Speedway").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/24/2778936/boises\-brian\-scott\-to\-make\-nascar.html\\|title\=Boise's Brian Scott to make NASCAR Sprint Cup debut\\|last\=Murphy\\|first\=Brian\\|date\=September 24, 2013\\|work\=\[\[Idaho Statesman]]\\|access\-date\=2013\-09\-24\\|location\=Boise, ID}} Scott started the race in 19th, and finished 27th, four laps down.{{cite news\\|last\=Scott\\|first\=David\\|url\=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/10/12/4384742/larson\-finishes\-37th\-in\-cup\-debut.html\#.UlyEch\_n\-mR\\|title\=Kyle Larson finishes 37th in Cup debut, but learned plenty\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\=October 13, 2013\\|access\-date\=2013\-10\-14\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015081213/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/10/12/4384742/larson\-finishes\-37th\-in\-cup\-debut.html\#.UlyEch\_n\-mR\\|archive\-date\=October 15, 2013\\|url\-status\=dead}} Scott returned to the No. 33 for the [2014 Daytona 500](/wiki/2014_Daytona_500 "2014 Daytona 500").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nascar.com/en\_us/news\-media/articles/2014/1/7/brian\-scott\-to\-drive\-daytona\-500\-sprint\-cup\-series\-rcr\-fourth\-car.html\\|title\=BRIAN SCOTT TO DRIVE IN DAYTONA 500 WITH RCR\\|work\=\[\[NASCAR]]\\|date\=January 7, 2014\\|access\-date\=2014\-01\-07}} At Daytona, Scott led some laps and was collected in the big one late in the race. At Fontana a few weeks later, he tangled with [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola "Aric Almirola") when Almirola lifted the throttle, causing Scott to run into the back of Almirola and wrecking both cars.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nascar.com/en\_us/news\-media/videos/2014/3/23/sprint\-cup\-series\-fontana\-brian\-scott\-aric\-almirola\-collide.html\\|title\=Almirola Fired Up After Wreck With Scott (Video)\\|work\=NASCAR\\|publisher\=NASCAR Media Group\\|date\=March 23, 2014\\|access\-date\=July 16, 2015}} At Talladega, Scott won his first career Sprint Cup pole for the [2014 Aaron's 499](/wiki/2014_Aaron%27s_499 "2014 Aaron's 499") in the 33\. In round \#2, Scott had driven his fastest lap and for a total of 5 rounds, nobody was able to break the track record. In the race, Scott ran in the top 15 the entire race but was collected in "[The Big One](/wiki/The_Big_One_%28NASCAR%29 "The Big One (NASCAR)")" that struck with 45 laps to go. It was announced that Scott would drive the No. 29 for RCR in the [2015 Daytona 500](/wiki/2015_Daytona_500 "2015 Daytona 500"), however just before the entry list was released, RCR cancelled plans to field the car for him. Instead, he was hired to drive the No. 62 Chevrolet of [Premium Motorsports](/wiki/Premium_Motorsports "Premium Motorsports") with RCR support, though Shore Lodge still sponsored the effort. Scott failed to qualify for the Daytona 500\. Scott then successfully qualified RCR's No. 33 entry the next week at Atlanta. However, after [Michael Annett](/wiki/Michael_Annett "Michael Annett") failed to qualify, Scott gave up his ride to allow the Sprint Cup regular to earn driver points. After that, Scott finished 13th at Las Vegas, then his best finish in the series. On December 9, 2015, [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports "Richard Petty Motorsports") announced that Scott would take over [Sam Hornish Jr.](/wiki/Sam_Hornish_Jr. "Sam Hornish Jr.")'s No. 9 ride for the 2016 season.{{cite web\\|last\=Utter\\|first\=Jim\\|url\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\-cup/news/brian\-scott\-to\-replace\-hornish\-at\-richard\-petty\-motorsports\-in\-2016/\\|title\=Brian Scott to replace Hornish at Richard Petty Motorsports in 2016\\|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport.com]]\\|date\=December 9, 2015\\|access\-date\=December 9, 2015}} The car was later renumbered to No. 44\.{{cite web\\|last\=Long\\|first\=Dustin\\|url\=http://nascar.nbcsports.com/2016/01/11/rpm\-brings\-back\-history\-with\-number\-change\-for\-brian\-scott/\\|title\=RPM brings back history with number change for Brian Scott\\|publisher\=\[\[NBC Sports]]\\|date\=January 11, 2016\\|access\-date\=January 11, 2016}} Scott started the 2016 season crashing on the last lap in his [Can\-Am Duel](/wiki/Can-Am_Duel "Can-Am Duel") qualifying race. Then at Auto Club Speedway, Scott scored a career\-best 12th\-place finish. After a dismal 2016 with no top 10s going into October, he finished second on the bumper of [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano "Joey Logano")'s car at Talladega. It was the first top 5 and 10 in his career, his first top 10 for Richard Petty Motorsports, and his best career finish.{{cite news\\|last1\=Spencer\\|first1\=Lee\\|title\=Brian Scott comes one spot short of first Cup win at Talladega\\|url\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\-cup/news/brian\-scott\-comes\-one\-spot\-short\-of\-first\-cup\-win\-at\-talladega\-842374/\\|access\-date\=21 November 2016\\|work\=\[\[Motorsport.com]]\\|date\=October 24, 2016}} On November 10, 2016, Scott announced his retirement from NASCAR competition following the remainder of the 2016 season.{{cite press release\\|url\=http://richardpettymotorsports.com/news/richard\-petty\-motorsports\-driver\-brian\-scott\-announces\-retirement/\\|title\=Richard Petty Motorsports Driver Brian Scott Announces Retirement\\|publisher\=Richard Petty Motorsports\\|date\=November 10, 2016\\|access\-date\=November 10, 2016\\|archive\-date\=November 11, 2016\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061832/http://richardpettymotorsports.com/news/richard\-petty\-motorsports\-driver\-brian\-scott\-announces\-retirement/\\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\\|last1\=Catanzareti\\|first1\=Zach\\|title\=Beyond the Cockpit: Brian Scott on Why He Retired from NASCAR\\|url\=https://frontstretch.com/2016/11/19/brian\-scott\-why\-i\-retired\-from\-nascar/\\|access\-date\=21 November 2016\\|work\=FrontStretch.com\\|date\=November 19, 2016}} Scott finished 15th in his last NASCAR race at Homestead. #### Return to Xfinity Series On July 3, 2017, Scott announced that he would come out of retirement to drive the No. 3 Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing at Iowa and Kentucky in July and September respectively.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/jayski/nxs/2017/story/\_/id/19799185/brian\-scott\-drive\-3\-daniel\-defense\-chevrolet\-richard\-childress\-racing\\|title\=Brian Scott to drive the \#3 Daniel Defense Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing\\|author\=Jayski.com Staff\\|work\=ESPN\\|publisher\=ESPN Internet Ventures\\|date\=July 3, 2017\\|access\-date\=July 3, 2017}} In his first race of 2017 at Iowa, Scott finished a strong 3rd place.	[ "Racing career\n-------------", "### Beginnings", "Scott has been racing competitively since the age of 12\\. One of his early career highlights came at the 360 Nationals at Skagit Speedway in [Alger, Washington](/wiki/Alger%2C_Washington \"Alger, Washington\"), when he competed against an elite field of dirt racers and brought home an impressive second\\-place finish. He recently was the first Idaho native to make a debut at the Daytona 500\\.", "### NASCAR", "#### Camping World Truck Series", "While splitting time between [USAR](/wiki/CARS_X-1R_Pro_Cup_Series \"CARS X-1R Pro Cup Series\") and Late Models, Scott's father, JB, announced he had purchased the [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") [Camping World Truck Series](/wiki/Camping_World_Truck_Series \"Camping World Truck Series\") team [Xpress Motorsports](/wiki/Xpress_Motorsports \"Xpress Motorsports\"). Scott then made his NASCAR debut at the [Smith's Las Vegas 350](/wiki/Smith%27s_350 \"Smith's 350\") and in 2008 moved to the Trucks full\\-time to run for and eventually finish second for the Rookie of the Year. [Albertsons](/wiki/Albertsons_%28SuperValu%29 \"Albertsons (SuperValu)\") became the team's new sponsor and after a change to [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") they end the year strong with five top\\-tens in the last seven races, including a second\\-place finish at the season\\-ending Ford 200\\. He went on to finish out his Truck resume with a win in the 2009 [AAA Insurance 200](/wiki/AAA_Insurance_200_%28Dover%29 \"AAA Insurance 200 (Dover)\") at [Dover International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway \"Dover International Speedway\"), twenty top\\-tens, nine top\\-fives, and several runner up finishes. On November 9, 2012, Scott added his second win in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series at Phoenix International Raceway in the Lucas Oil 150 and delivered [Kyle Busch Motorsports](/wiki/Kyle_Busch_Motorsports \"Kyle Busch Motorsports\") their second win of the season.", "#### Xfinity Series", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Scott's 2010 Nationwide car for [Braun Racing](/wiki/Braun_Racing \"Braun Racing\")](/wiki/File:11BrianScott2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg \"11BrianScott2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Scott's 2011 Nationwide car for [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\")](/wiki/File:Nationwide_11_Brian_Scott_2011_Road_America_Bucyrus_200.jpg \"Nationwide 11 Brian Scott 2011 Road America Bucyrus 200.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Scott's 2012 Nationwide car for Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/File:11_Brian_Scott_2012_Road_America_Sargento_200.jpg \"11 Brian Scott 2012 Road America Sargento 200.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Scott's 2014 Nationwide car for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\")](/wiki/File:2_Brian_Scott_NASCAR_Nationwide_2014_Gardner_Denver_200_at_Road_America.jpg \"2 Brian Scott NASCAR Nationwide 2014 Gardner Denver 200 at Road America.jpg\")\nHis Nationwide Series debut came in 2009 with seven starts in the series driving No. 10 and No. 11 for [Braun Racing](/wiki/Braun_Racing \"Braun Racing\"). Scott's first full season in the Nationwide Series was completed in 2010 with one Top 5 and five Top 10 finishes en route to finishing the season as the runner\\-up for Raybestos Rookie of the Year honors. Scott ran the first 28 races in the Braun Racing No. 11 but was released from the ride when Steve Turner bought the team. Scott finished the season in the RAB Racing No. 09\\.", "Scott joined Joe Gibbs Racing in 2011 driving No. 11\\. His 2011 Nationwide Series campaign earned him two top\\-five finishes, seven top\\-10 finishes and one pole under the Joe Gibbs Racing banner. He also scored the Featherlite Most Improved driver of the year award. Scott finished eighth in the Nationwide Series point standings in 2011\\.", "Scott and crew chief Kevin Kidd returned to the No. 11 team in 2012, gaining a sponsorship from [Dollar General](/wiki/Dollar_General \"Dollar General\"). In addition, Scott signed to drive the No. 18 in the Camping World Truck Series for Kyle Busch Motorsports in a few races.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid\\=404\\\|title\\=Hoping to Make Truck Series Start No. 50 Very Nifty\\\|date\\=April 17, 2012\\\|publisher\\=Kyle Busch Motorsports\\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-18\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011093225/http://kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid\\=404\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 11, 2013}} Scott would have a best finish of 3rd at Dover in the Nationwide Series, and returned to Victory Lane in the Truck Series at Phoenix. However, Scott would later be released from JGR in favor of championship runner\\-up [Elliott Sadler](/wiki/Elliott_Sadler \"Elliott Sadler\"). Scott later took over Sadler's previous No. 2 ride at [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\").{{cite news \\\|title\\=Ex\\-Gibbs Driver Brian Scott joins RCR \\\|url\\=http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/nns\\-ex\\-gibbs\\-driver\\-brian\\-scott\\-joins\\-rcr/ \\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2012 \\\|date\\=December 6, 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209010713/http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/nns\\-ex\\-gibbs\\-driver\\-brian\\-scott\\-joins\\-rcr \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2012 }}", "Scott earned his career best finish of 2nd at [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") in 2013 after getting by Kyle Busch on a late race restart. Busch passed him only two laps later and Scott had to settle for second.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Spencer\\\|first\\=Reid\\\|url\\=http://www.nascar.com/en\\_us/news\\-media/articles/2013/07/27/indianapolis\\-nationwide\\-race\\-results\\-recap.html\\\|title\\=Kyle Busch nabs his eighth Nationwide win\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NASCAR]]\\\|date\\=27 July 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2013}} At [Richmond International Raceway](/wiki/Richmond_International_Raceway \"Richmond International Raceway\") that September Scott started on the pole and led 239 of 250 laps before being passed by [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski \"Brad Keselowski\") and finishing second.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/09/06/keselowski\\-denies\\-scott\\-perfect\\-nationwide\\-race\\-at\\-richmond/\\\|title\\=Keselowski denies Scott a perfect Nationwide race at Richmond\\\|date\\=September 6, 2013\\\|work\\=Fox Sports\\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-24}} Scott had a remarkable 2014 season, earning 23 top ten finishes and finished 4th in the championship standings.", "#### Sprint Cup Series", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Scott's 2016 Cup car for [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports \"Richard Petty Motorsports\")](/wiki/File:Brian_Scott_44_Richard_Petty_Motorsports_Ford.jpg \"Brian Scott 44 Richard Petty Motorsports Ford.jpg\")\nIn August 2013, it was announced that Scott would make his debut in the [Sprint Cup Series](/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series \"Sprint Cup Series\"), driving the No. 33 for RCR in the [Bank of America 500](/wiki/2013_Bank_of_America_500 \"2013 Bank of America 500\") at [Charlotte Motor Speedway](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway \"Charlotte Motor Speedway\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/24/2778936/boises\\-brian\\-scott\\-to\\-make\\-nascar.html\\\|title\\=Boise's Brian Scott to make NASCAR Sprint Cup debut\\\|last\\=Murphy\\\|first\\=Brian\\\|date\\=September 24, 2013\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Idaho Statesman]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-24\\\|location\\=Boise, ID}} Scott started the race in 19th, and finished 27th, four laps down.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Scott\\\|first\\=David\\\|url\\=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/10/12/4384742/larson\\-finishes\\-37th\\-in\\-cup\\-debut.html\\#.UlyEch\\_n\\-mR\\\|title\\=Kyle Larson finishes 37th in Cup debut, but learned plenty\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\\|date\\=October 13, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-14\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015081213/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/10/12/4384742/larson\\-finishes\\-37th\\-in\\-cup\\-debut.html\\#.UlyEch\\_n\\-mR\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Scott returned to the No. 33 for the [2014 Daytona 500](/wiki/2014_Daytona_500 \"2014 Daytona 500\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nascar.com/en\\_us/news\\-media/articles/2014/1/7/brian\\-scott\\-to\\-drive\\-daytona\\-500\\-sprint\\-cup\\-series\\-rcr\\-fourth\\-car.html\\\|title\\=BRIAN SCOTT TO DRIVE IN DAYTONA 500 WITH RCR\\\|work\\=\\[\\[NASCAR]]\\\|date\\=January 7, 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-07}} At Daytona, Scott led some laps and was collected in the big one late in the race. At Fontana a few weeks later, he tangled with [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola \"Aric Almirola\") when Almirola lifted the throttle, causing Scott to run into the back of Almirola and wrecking both cars.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nascar.com/en\\_us/news\\-media/videos/2014/3/23/sprint\\-cup\\-series\\-fontana\\-brian\\-scott\\-aric\\-almirola\\-collide.html\\\|title\\=Almirola Fired Up After Wreck With Scott (Video)\\\|work\\=NASCAR\\\|publisher\\=NASCAR Media Group\\\|date\\=March 23, 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2015}}", "At Talladega, Scott won his first career Sprint Cup pole for the [2014 Aaron's 499](/wiki/2014_Aaron%27s_499 \"2014 Aaron's 499\") in the 33\\. In round \\#2, Scott had driven his fastest lap and for a total of 5 rounds, nobody was able to break the track record. In the race, Scott ran in the top 15 the entire race but was collected in \"[The Big One](/wiki/The_Big_One_%28NASCAR%29 \"The Big One (NASCAR)\")\" that struck with 45 laps to go.", "It was announced that Scott would drive the No. 29 for RCR in the [2015 Daytona 500](/wiki/2015_Daytona_500 \"2015 Daytona 500\"), however just before the entry list was released, RCR cancelled plans to field the car for him. Instead, he was hired to drive the No. 62 Chevrolet of [Premium Motorsports](/wiki/Premium_Motorsports \"Premium Motorsports\") with RCR support, though Shore Lodge still sponsored the effort. Scott failed to qualify for the Daytona 500\\. Scott then successfully qualified RCR's No. 33 entry the next week at Atlanta. However, after [Michael Annett](/wiki/Michael_Annett \"Michael Annett\") failed to qualify, Scott gave up his ride to allow the Sprint Cup regular to earn driver points. After that, Scott finished 13th at Las Vegas, then his best finish in the series.", "On December 9, 2015, [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports \"Richard Petty Motorsports\") announced that Scott would take over [Sam Hornish Jr.](/wiki/Sam_Hornish_Jr. \"Sam Hornish Jr.\")'s No. 9 ride for the 2016 season.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Utter\\\|first\\=Jim\\\|url\\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\\-cup/news/brian\\-scott\\-to\\-replace\\-hornish\\-at\\-richard\\-petty\\-motorsports\\-in\\-2016/\\\|title\\=Brian Scott to replace Hornish at Richard Petty Motorsports in 2016\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]]\\\|date\\=December 9, 2015\\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2015}} The car was later renumbered to No. 44\\.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Long\\\|first\\=Dustin\\\|url\\=http://nascar.nbcsports.com/2016/01/11/rpm\\-brings\\-back\\-history\\-with\\-number\\-change\\-for\\-brian\\-scott/\\\|title\\=RPM brings back history with number change for Brian Scott\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC Sports]]\\\|date\\=January 11, 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2016}}", "Scott started the 2016 season crashing on the last lap in his [Can\\-Am Duel](/wiki/Can-Am_Duel \"Can-Am Duel\") qualifying race. Then at Auto Club Speedway, Scott scored a career\\-best 12th\\-place finish. After a dismal 2016 with no top 10s going into October, he finished second on the bumper of [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano \"Joey Logano\")'s car at Talladega. It was the first top 5 and 10 in his career, his first top 10 for Richard Petty Motorsports, and his best career finish.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Spencer\\\|first1\\=Lee\\\|title\\=Brian Scott comes one spot short of first Cup win at Talladega\\\|url\\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\\-cup/news/brian\\-scott\\-comes\\-one\\-spot\\-short\\-of\\-first\\-cup\\-win\\-at\\-talladega\\-842374/\\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2016\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]]\\\|date\\=October 24, 2016}}", "On November 10, 2016, Scott announced his retirement from NASCAR competition following the remainder of the 2016 season.{{cite press release\\\|url\\=http://richardpettymotorsports.com/news/richard\\-petty\\-motorsports\\-driver\\-brian\\-scott\\-announces\\-retirement/\\\|title\\=Richard Petty Motorsports Driver Brian Scott Announces Retirement\\\|publisher\\=Richard Petty Motorsports\\\|date\\=November 10, 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2016\\\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2016\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061832/http://richardpettymotorsports.com/news/richard\\-petty\\-motorsports\\-driver\\-brian\\-scott\\-announces\\-retirement/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Catanzareti\\\|first1\\=Zach\\\|title\\=Beyond the Cockpit: Brian Scott on Why He Retired from NASCAR\\\|url\\=https://frontstretch.com/2016/11/19/brian\\-scott\\-why\\-i\\-retired\\-from\\-nascar/\\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2016\\\|work\\=FrontStretch.com\\\|date\\=November 19, 2016}} Scott finished 15th in his last NASCAR race at Homestead.", "#### Return to Xfinity Series", "On July 3, 2017, Scott announced that he would come out of retirement to drive the No. 3 Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing at Iowa and Kentucky in July and September respectively.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/jayski/nxs/2017/story/\\_/id/19799185/brian\\-scott\\-drive\\-3\\-daniel\\-defense\\-chevrolet\\-richard\\-childress\\-racing\\\|title\\=Brian Scott to drive the \\#3 Daniel Defense Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing\\\|author\\=Jayski.com Staff\\\|work\\=ESPN\\\|publisher\\=ESPN Internet Ventures\\\|date\\=July 3, 2017\\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2017}} In his first race of 2017 at Iowa, Scott finished a strong 3rd place.", "" ]
### NASCAR #### Camping World Truck Series While splitting time between [USAR](/wiki/CARS_X-1R_Pro_Cup_Series "CARS X-1R Pro Cup Series") and Late Models, Scott's father, JB, announced he had purchased the [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") [Camping World Truck Series](/wiki/Camping_World_Truck_Series "Camping World Truck Series") team [Xpress Motorsports](/wiki/Xpress_Motorsports "Xpress Motorsports"). Scott then made his NASCAR debut at the [Smith's Las Vegas 350](/wiki/Smith%27s_350 "Smith's 350") and in 2008 moved to the Trucks full\-time to run for and eventually finish second for the Rookie of the Year. [Albertsons](/wiki/Albertsons_%28SuperValu%29 "Albertsons (SuperValu)") became the team's new sponsor and after a change to [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") they end the year strong with five top\-tens in the last seven races, including a second\-place finish at the season\-ending Ford 200\. He went on to finish out his Truck resume with a win in the 2009 [AAA Insurance 200](/wiki/AAA_Insurance_200_%28Dover%29 "AAA Insurance 200 (Dover)") at [Dover International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway "Dover International Speedway"), twenty top\-tens, nine top\-fives, and several runner up finishes. On November 9, 2012, Scott added his second win in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series at Phoenix International Raceway in the Lucas Oil 150 and delivered [Kyle Busch Motorsports](/wiki/Kyle_Busch_Motorsports "Kyle Busch Motorsports") their second win of the season. #### Xfinity Series [thumb\\|left\\|Scott's 2010 Nationwide car for [Braun Racing](/wiki/Braun_Racing "Braun Racing")](/wiki/File:11BrianScott2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg "11BrianScott2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|Scott's 2011 Nationwide car for [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing "Joe Gibbs Racing")](/wiki/File:Nationwide_11_Brian_Scott_2011_Road_America_Bucyrus_200.jpg "Nationwide 11 Brian Scott 2011 Road America Bucyrus 200.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Scott's 2012 Nationwide car for Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/File:11_Brian_Scott_2012_Road_America_Sargento_200.jpg "11 Brian Scott 2012 Road America Sargento 200.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Scott's 2014 Nationwide car for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing")](/wiki/File:2_Brian_Scott_NASCAR_Nationwide_2014_Gardner_Denver_200_at_Road_America.jpg "2 Brian Scott NASCAR Nationwide 2014 Gardner Denver 200 at Road America.jpg") His Nationwide Series debut came in 2009 with seven starts in the series driving No. 10 and No. 11 for [Braun Racing](/wiki/Braun_Racing "Braun Racing"). Scott's first full season in the Nationwide Series was completed in 2010 with one Top 5 and five Top 10 finishes en route to finishing the season as the runner\-up for Raybestos Rookie of the Year honors. Scott ran the first 28 races in the Braun Racing No. 11 but was released from the ride when Steve Turner bought the team. Scott finished the season in the RAB Racing No. 09\. Scott joined Joe Gibbs Racing in 2011 driving No. 11\. His 2011 Nationwide Series campaign earned him two top\-five finishes, seven top\-10 finishes and one pole under the Joe Gibbs Racing banner. He also scored the Featherlite Most Improved driver of the year award. Scott finished eighth in the Nationwide Series point standings in 2011\. Scott and crew chief Kevin Kidd returned to the No. 11 team in 2012, gaining a sponsorship from [Dollar General](/wiki/Dollar_General "Dollar General"). In addition, Scott signed to drive the No. 18 in the Camping World Truck Series for Kyle Busch Motorsports in a few races.{{cite web\\|url\=http://kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid\=404\\|title\=Hoping to Make Truck Series Start No. 50 Very Nifty\\|date\=April 17, 2012\\|publisher\=Kyle Busch Motorsports\\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-18\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011093225/http://kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid\=404\\|archive\-date\=October 11, 2013}} Scott would have a best finish of 3rd at Dover in the Nationwide Series, and returned to Victory Lane in the Truck Series at Phoenix. However, Scott would later be released from JGR in favor of championship runner\-up [Elliott Sadler](/wiki/Elliott_Sadler "Elliott Sadler"). Scott later took over Sadler's previous No. 2 ride at [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing").{{cite news \\|title\=Ex\-Gibbs Driver Brian Scott joins RCR \\|url\=http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/nns\-ex\-gibbs\-driver\-brian\-scott\-joins\-rcr/ \\|access\-date\=6 December 2012 \\|date\=December 6, 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209010713/http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/nns\-ex\-gibbs\-driver\-brian\-scott\-joins\-rcr \\|archive\-date\=9 December 2012 }} Scott earned his career best finish of 2nd at [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") in 2013 after getting by Kyle Busch on a late race restart. Busch passed him only two laps later and Scott had to settle for second.{{cite web\\|last\=Spencer\\|first\=Reid\\|url\=http://www.nascar.com/en\_us/news\-media/articles/2013/07/27/indianapolis\-nationwide\-race\-results\-recap.html\\|title\=Kyle Busch nabs his eighth Nationwide win\\|publisher\=\[\[NASCAR]]\\|date\=27 July 2013\\|access\-date\=27 July 2013}} At [Richmond International Raceway](/wiki/Richmond_International_Raceway "Richmond International Raceway") that September Scott started on the pole and led 239 of 250 laps before being passed by [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski "Brad Keselowski") and finishing second.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/09/06/keselowski\-denies\-scott\-perfect\-nationwide\-race\-at\-richmond/\\|title\=Keselowski denies Scott a perfect Nationwide race at Richmond\\|date\=September 6, 2013\\|work\=Fox Sports\\|access\-date\=2013\-09\-24}} Scott had a remarkable 2014 season, earning 23 top ten finishes and finished 4th in the championship standings. #### Sprint Cup Series [thumb\\|left\\|Scott's 2016 Cup car for [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports "Richard Petty Motorsports")](/wiki/File:Brian_Scott_44_Richard_Petty_Motorsports_Ford.jpg "Brian Scott 44 Richard Petty Motorsports Ford.jpg") In August 2013, it was announced that Scott would make his debut in the [Sprint Cup Series](/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series "Sprint Cup Series"), driving the No. 33 for RCR in the [Bank of America 500](/wiki/2013_Bank_of_America_500 "2013 Bank of America 500") at [Charlotte Motor Speedway](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway "Charlotte Motor Speedway").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/24/2778936/boises\-brian\-scott\-to\-make\-nascar.html\\|title\=Boise's Brian Scott to make NASCAR Sprint Cup debut\\|last\=Murphy\\|first\=Brian\\|date\=September 24, 2013\\|work\=\[\[Idaho Statesman]]\\|access\-date\=2013\-09\-24\\|location\=Boise, ID}} Scott started the race in 19th, and finished 27th, four laps down.{{cite news\\|last\=Scott\\|first\=David\\|url\=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/10/12/4384742/larson\-finishes\-37th\-in\-cup\-debut.html\#.UlyEch\_n\-mR\\|title\=Kyle Larson finishes 37th in Cup debut, but learned plenty\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\=October 13, 2013\\|access\-date\=2013\-10\-14\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015081213/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/10/12/4384742/larson\-finishes\-37th\-in\-cup\-debut.html\#.UlyEch\_n\-mR\\|archive\-date\=October 15, 2013\\|url\-status\=dead}} Scott returned to the No. 33 for the [2014 Daytona 500](/wiki/2014_Daytona_500 "2014 Daytona 500").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nascar.com/en\_us/news\-media/articles/2014/1/7/brian\-scott\-to\-drive\-daytona\-500\-sprint\-cup\-series\-rcr\-fourth\-car.html\\|title\=BRIAN SCOTT TO DRIVE IN DAYTONA 500 WITH RCR\\|work\=\[\[NASCAR]]\\|date\=January 7, 2014\\|access\-date\=2014\-01\-07}} At Daytona, Scott led some laps and was collected in the big one late in the race. At Fontana a few weeks later, he tangled with [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola "Aric Almirola") when Almirola lifted the throttle, causing Scott to run into the back of Almirola and wrecking both cars.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nascar.com/en\_us/news\-media/videos/2014/3/23/sprint\-cup\-series\-fontana\-brian\-scott\-aric\-almirola\-collide.html\\|title\=Almirola Fired Up After Wreck With Scott (Video)\\|work\=NASCAR\\|publisher\=NASCAR Media Group\\|date\=March 23, 2014\\|access\-date\=July 16, 2015}} At Talladega, Scott won his first career Sprint Cup pole for the [2014 Aaron's 499](/wiki/2014_Aaron%27s_499 "2014 Aaron's 499") in the 33\. In round \#2, Scott had driven his fastest lap and for a total of 5 rounds, nobody was able to break the track record. In the race, Scott ran in the top 15 the entire race but was collected in "[The Big One](/wiki/The_Big_One_%28NASCAR%29 "The Big One (NASCAR)")" that struck with 45 laps to go. It was announced that Scott would drive the No. 29 for RCR in the [2015 Daytona 500](/wiki/2015_Daytona_500 "2015 Daytona 500"), however just before the entry list was released, RCR cancelled plans to field the car for him. Instead, he was hired to drive the No. 62 Chevrolet of [Premium Motorsports](/wiki/Premium_Motorsports "Premium Motorsports") with RCR support, though Shore Lodge still sponsored the effort. Scott failed to qualify for the Daytona 500\. Scott then successfully qualified RCR's No. 33 entry the next week at Atlanta. However, after [Michael Annett](/wiki/Michael_Annett "Michael Annett") failed to qualify, Scott gave up his ride to allow the Sprint Cup regular to earn driver points. After that, Scott finished 13th at Las Vegas, then his best finish in the series. On December 9, 2015, [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports "Richard Petty Motorsports") announced that Scott would take over [Sam Hornish Jr.](/wiki/Sam_Hornish_Jr. "Sam Hornish Jr.")'s No. 9 ride for the 2016 season.{{cite web\\|last\=Utter\\|first\=Jim\\|url\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\-cup/news/brian\-scott\-to\-replace\-hornish\-at\-richard\-petty\-motorsports\-in\-2016/\\|title\=Brian Scott to replace Hornish at Richard Petty Motorsports in 2016\\|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport.com]]\\|date\=December 9, 2015\\|access\-date\=December 9, 2015}} The car was later renumbered to No. 44\.{{cite web\\|last\=Long\\|first\=Dustin\\|url\=http://nascar.nbcsports.com/2016/01/11/rpm\-brings\-back\-history\-with\-number\-change\-for\-brian\-scott/\\|title\=RPM brings back history with number change for Brian Scott\\|publisher\=\[\[NBC Sports]]\\|date\=January 11, 2016\\|access\-date\=January 11, 2016}} Scott started the 2016 season crashing on the last lap in his [Can\-Am Duel](/wiki/Can-Am_Duel "Can-Am Duel") qualifying race. Then at Auto Club Speedway, Scott scored a career\-best 12th\-place finish. After a dismal 2016 with no top 10s going into October, he finished second on the bumper of [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano "Joey Logano")'s car at Talladega. It was the first top 5 and 10 in his career, his first top 10 for Richard Petty Motorsports, and his best career finish.{{cite news\\|last1\=Spencer\\|first1\=Lee\\|title\=Brian Scott comes one spot short of first Cup win at Talladega\\|url\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\-cup/news/brian\-scott\-comes\-one\-spot\-short\-of\-first\-cup\-win\-at\-talladega\-842374/\\|access\-date\=21 November 2016\\|work\=\[\[Motorsport.com]]\\|date\=October 24, 2016}} On November 10, 2016, Scott announced his retirement from NASCAR competition following the remainder of the 2016 season.{{cite press release\\|url\=http://richardpettymotorsports.com/news/richard\-petty\-motorsports\-driver\-brian\-scott\-announces\-retirement/\\|title\=Richard Petty Motorsports Driver Brian Scott Announces Retirement\\|publisher\=Richard Petty Motorsports\\|date\=November 10, 2016\\|access\-date\=November 10, 2016\\|archive\-date\=November 11, 2016\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061832/http://richardpettymotorsports.com/news/richard\-petty\-motorsports\-driver\-brian\-scott\-announces\-retirement/\\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\\|last1\=Catanzareti\\|first1\=Zach\\|title\=Beyond the Cockpit: Brian Scott on Why He Retired from NASCAR\\|url\=https://frontstretch.com/2016/11/19/brian\-scott\-why\-i\-retired\-from\-nascar/\\|access\-date\=21 November 2016\\|work\=FrontStretch.com\\|date\=November 19, 2016}} Scott finished 15th in his last NASCAR race at Homestead. #### Return to Xfinity Series On July 3, 2017, Scott announced that he would come out of retirement to drive the No. 3 Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing at Iowa and Kentucky in July and September respectively.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/jayski/nxs/2017/story/\_/id/19799185/brian\-scott\-drive\-3\-daniel\-defense\-chevrolet\-richard\-childress\-racing\\|title\=Brian Scott to drive the \#3 Daniel Defense Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing\\|author\=Jayski.com Staff\\|work\=ESPN\\|publisher\=ESPN Internet Ventures\\|date\=July 3, 2017\\|access\-date\=July 3, 2017}} In his first race of 2017 at Iowa, Scott finished a strong 3rd place.	[ "### NASCAR", "#### Camping World Truck Series", "While splitting time between [USAR](/wiki/CARS_X-1R_Pro_Cup_Series \"CARS X-1R Pro Cup Series\") and Late Models, Scott's father, JB, announced he had purchased the [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") [Camping World Truck Series](/wiki/Camping_World_Truck_Series \"Camping World Truck Series\") team [Xpress Motorsports](/wiki/Xpress_Motorsports \"Xpress Motorsports\"). Scott then made his NASCAR debut at the [Smith's Las Vegas 350](/wiki/Smith%27s_350 \"Smith's 350\") and in 2008 moved to the Trucks full\\-time to run for and eventually finish second for the Rookie of the Year. [Albertsons](/wiki/Albertsons_%28SuperValu%29 \"Albertsons (SuperValu)\") became the team's new sponsor and after a change to [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") they end the year strong with five top\\-tens in the last seven races, including a second\\-place finish at the season\\-ending Ford 200\\. He went on to finish out his Truck resume with a win in the 2009 [AAA Insurance 200](/wiki/AAA_Insurance_200_%28Dover%29 \"AAA Insurance 200 (Dover)\") at [Dover International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway \"Dover International Speedway\"), twenty top\\-tens, nine top\\-fives, and several runner up finishes. On November 9, 2012, Scott added his second win in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series at Phoenix International Raceway in the Lucas Oil 150 and delivered [Kyle Busch Motorsports](/wiki/Kyle_Busch_Motorsports \"Kyle Busch Motorsports\") their second win of the season.", "#### Xfinity Series", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Scott's 2010 Nationwide car for [Braun Racing](/wiki/Braun_Racing \"Braun Racing\")](/wiki/File:11BrianScott2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg \"11BrianScott2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Scott's 2011 Nationwide car for [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\")](/wiki/File:Nationwide_11_Brian_Scott_2011_Road_America_Bucyrus_200.jpg \"Nationwide 11 Brian Scott 2011 Road America Bucyrus 200.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Scott's 2012 Nationwide car for Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/File:11_Brian_Scott_2012_Road_America_Sargento_200.jpg \"11 Brian Scott 2012 Road America Sargento 200.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Scott's 2014 Nationwide car for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\")](/wiki/File:2_Brian_Scott_NASCAR_Nationwide_2014_Gardner_Denver_200_at_Road_America.jpg \"2 Brian Scott NASCAR Nationwide 2014 Gardner Denver 200 at Road America.jpg\")\nHis Nationwide Series debut came in 2009 with seven starts in the series driving No. 10 and No. 11 for [Braun Racing](/wiki/Braun_Racing \"Braun Racing\"). Scott's first full season in the Nationwide Series was completed in 2010 with one Top 5 and five Top 10 finishes en route to finishing the season as the runner\\-up for Raybestos Rookie of the Year honors. Scott ran the first 28 races in the Braun Racing No. 11 but was released from the ride when Steve Turner bought the team. Scott finished the season in the RAB Racing No. 09\\.", "Scott joined Joe Gibbs Racing in 2011 driving No. 11\\. His 2011 Nationwide Series campaign earned him two top\\-five finishes, seven top\\-10 finishes and one pole under the Joe Gibbs Racing banner. He also scored the Featherlite Most Improved driver of the year award. Scott finished eighth in the Nationwide Series point standings in 2011\\.", "Scott and crew chief Kevin Kidd returned to the No. 11 team in 2012, gaining a sponsorship from [Dollar General](/wiki/Dollar_General \"Dollar General\"). In addition, Scott signed to drive the No. 18 in the Camping World Truck Series for Kyle Busch Motorsports in a few races.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid\\=404\\\|title\\=Hoping to Make Truck Series Start No. 50 Very Nifty\\\|date\\=April 17, 2012\\\|publisher\\=Kyle Busch Motorsports\\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-18\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011093225/http://kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid\\=404\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 11, 2013}} Scott would have a best finish of 3rd at Dover in the Nationwide Series, and returned to Victory Lane in the Truck Series at Phoenix. However, Scott would later be released from JGR in favor of championship runner\\-up [Elliott Sadler](/wiki/Elliott_Sadler \"Elliott Sadler\"). Scott later took over Sadler's previous No. 2 ride at [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\").{{cite news \\\|title\\=Ex\\-Gibbs Driver Brian Scott joins RCR \\\|url\\=http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/nns\\-ex\\-gibbs\\-driver\\-brian\\-scott\\-joins\\-rcr/ \\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2012 \\\|date\\=December 6, 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209010713/http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/nns\\-ex\\-gibbs\\-driver\\-brian\\-scott\\-joins\\-rcr \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2012 }}", "Scott earned his career best finish of 2nd at [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") in 2013 after getting by Kyle Busch on a late race restart. Busch passed him only two laps later and Scott had to settle for second.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Spencer\\\|first\\=Reid\\\|url\\=http://www.nascar.com/en\\_us/news\\-media/articles/2013/07/27/indianapolis\\-nationwide\\-race\\-results\\-recap.html\\\|title\\=Kyle Busch nabs his eighth Nationwide win\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NASCAR]]\\\|date\\=27 July 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2013}} At [Richmond International Raceway](/wiki/Richmond_International_Raceway \"Richmond International Raceway\") that September Scott started on the pole and led 239 of 250 laps before being passed by [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski \"Brad Keselowski\") and finishing second.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/09/06/keselowski\\-denies\\-scott\\-perfect\\-nationwide\\-race\\-at\\-richmond/\\\|title\\=Keselowski denies Scott a perfect Nationwide race at Richmond\\\|date\\=September 6, 2013\\\|work\\=Fox Sports\\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-24}} Scott had a remarkable 2014 season, earning 23 top ten finishes and finished 4th in the championship standings.", "#### Sprint Cup Series", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Scott's 2016 Cup car for [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports \"Richard Petty Motorsports\")](/wiki/File:Brian_Scott_44_Richard_Petty_Motorsports_Ford.jpg \"Brian Scott 44 Richard Petty Motorsports Ford.jpg\")\nIn August 2013, it was announced that Scott would make his debut in the [Sprint Cup Series](/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series \"Sprint Cup Series\"), driving the No. 33 for RCR in the [Bank of America 500](/wiki/2013_Bank_of_America_500 \"2013 Bank of America 500\") at [Charlotte Motor Speedway](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway \"Charlotte Motor Speedway\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/24/2778936/boises\\-brian\\-scott\\-to\\-make\\-nascar.html\\\|title\\=Boise's Brian Scott to make NASCAR Sprint Cup debut\\\|last\\=Murphy\\\|first\\=Brian\\\|date\\=September 24, 2013\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Idaho Statesman]]\\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-24\\\|location\\=Boise, ID}} Scott started the race in 19th, and finished 27th, four laps down.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Scott\\\|first\\=David\\\|url\\=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/10/12/4384742/larson\\-finishes\\-37th\\-in\\-cup\\-debut.html\\#.UlyEch\\_n\\-mR\\\|title\\=Kyle Larson finishes 37th in Cup debut, but learned plenty\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\\|date\\=October 13, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-14\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015081213/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/10/12/4384742/larson\\-finishes\\-37th\\-in\\-cup\\-debut.html\\#.UlyEch\\_n\\-mR\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Scott returned to the No. 33 for the [2014 Daytona 500](/wiki/2014_Daytona_500 \"2014 Daytona 500\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nascar.com/en\\_us/news\\-media/articles/2014/1/7/brian\\-scott\\-to\\-drive\\-daytona\\-500\\-sprint\\-cup\\-series\\-rcr\\-fourth\\-car.html\\\|title\\=BRIAN SCOTT TO DRIVE IN DAYTONA 500 WITH RCR\\\|work\\=\\[\\[NASCAR]]\\\|date\\=January 7, 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-07}} At Daytona, Scott led some laps and was collected in the big one late in the race. At Fontana a few weeks later, he tangled with [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola \"Aric Almirola\") when Almirola lifted the throttle, causing Scott to run into the back of Almirola and wrecking both cars.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nascar.com/en\\_us/news\\-media/videos/2014/3/23/sprint\\-cup\\-series\\-fontana\\-brian\\-scott\\-aric\\-almirola\\-collide.html\\\|title\\=Almirola Fired Up After Wreck With Scott (Video)\\\|work\\=NASCAR\\\|publisher\\=NASCAR Media Group\\\|date\\=March 23, 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2015}}", "At Talladega, Scott won his first career Sprint Cup pole for the [2014 Aaron's 499](/wiki/2014_Aaron%27s_499 \"2014 Aaron's 499\") in the 33\\. In round \\#2, Scott had driven his fastest lap and for a total of 5 rounds, nobody was able to break the track record. In the race, Scott ran in the top 15 the entire race but was collected in \"[The Big One](/wiki/The_Big_One_%28NASCAR%29 \"The Big One (NASCAR)\")\" that struck with 45 laps to go.", "It was announced that Scott would drive the No. 29 for RCR in the [2015 Daytona 500](/wiki/2015_Daytona_500 \"2015 Daytona 500\"), however just before the entry list was released, RCR cancelled plans to field the car for him. Instead, he was hired to drive the No. 62 Chevrolet of [Premium Motorsports](/wiki/Premium_Motorsports \"Premium Motorsports\") with RCR support, though Shore Lodge still sponsored the effort. Scott failed to qualify for the Daytona 500\\. Scott then successfully qualified RCR's No. 33 entry the next week at Atlanta. However, after [Michael Annett](/wiki/Michael_Annett \"Michael Annett\") failed to qualify, Scott gave up his ride to allow the Sprint Cup regular to earn driver points. After that, Scott finished 13th at Las Vegas, then his best finish in the series.", "On December 9, 2015, [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports \"Richard Petty Motorsports\") announced that Scott would take over [Sam Hornish Jr.](/wiki/Sam_Hornish_Jr. \"Sam Hornish Jr.\")'s No. 9 ride for the 2016 season.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Utter\\\|first\\=Jim\\\|url\\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\\-cup/news/brian\\-scott\\-to\\-replace\\-hornish\\-at\\-richard\\-petty\\-motorsports\\-in\\-2016/\\\|title\\=Brian Scott to replace Hornish at Richard Petty Motorsports in 2016\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]]\\\|date\\=December 9, 2015\\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2015}} The car was later renumbered to No. 44\\.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Long\\\|first\\=Dustin\\\|url\\=http://nascar.nbcsports.com/2016/01/11/rpm\\-brings\\-back\\-history\\-with\\-number\\-change\\-for\\-brian\\-scott/\\\|title\\=RPM brings back history with number change for Brian Scott\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC Sports]]\\\|date\\=January 11, 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2016}}", "Scott started the 2016 season crashing on the last lap in his [Can\\-Am Duel](/wiki/Can-Am_Duel \"Can-Am Duel\") qualifying race. Then at Auto Club Speedway, Scott scored a career\\-best 12th\\-place finish. After a dismal 2016 with no top 10s going into October, he finished second on the bumper of [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano \"Joey Logano\")'s car at Talladega. It was the first top 5 and 10 in his career, his first top 10 for Richard Petty Motorsports, and his best career finish.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Spencer\\\|first1\\=Lee\\\|title\\=Brian Scott comes one spot short of first Cup win at Talladega\\\|url\\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\\-cup/news/brian\\-scott\\-comes\\-one\\-spot\\-short\\-of\\-first\\-cup\\-win\\-at\\-talladega\\-842374/\\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2016\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]]\\\|date\\=October 24, 2016}}", "On November 10, 2016, Scott announced his retirement from NASCAR competition following the remainder of the 2016 season.{{cite press release\\\|url\\=http://richardpettymotorsports.com/news/richard\\-petty\\-motorsports\\-driver\\-brian\\-scott\\-announces\\-retirement/\\\|title\\=Richard Petty Motorsports Driver Brian Scott Announces Retirement\\\|publisher\\=Richard Petty Motorsports\\\|date\\=November 10, 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2016\\\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2016\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061832/http://richardpettymotorsports.com/news/richard\\-petty\\-motorsports\\-driver\\-brian\\-scott\\-announces\\-retirement/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Catanzareti\\\|first1\\=Zach\\\|title\\=Beyond the Cockpit: Brian Scott on Why He Retired from NASCAR\\\|url\\=https://frontstretch.com/2016/11/19/brian\\-scott\\-why\\-i\\-retired\\-from\\-nascar/\\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2016\\\|work\\=FrontStretch.com\\\|date\\=November 19, 2016}} Scott finished 15th in his last NASCAR race at Homestead.", "#### Return to Xfinity Series", "On July 3, 2017, Scott announced that he would come out of retirement to drive the No. 3 Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing at Iowa and Kentucky in July and September respectively.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/jayski/nxs/2017/story/\\_/id/19799185/brian\\-scott\\-drive\\-3\\-daniel\\-defense\\-chevrolet\\-richard\\-childress\\-racing\\\|title\\=Brian Scott to drive the \\#3 Daniel Defense Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing\\\|author\\=Jayski.com Staff\\\|work\\=ESPN\\\|publisher\\=ESPN Internet Ventures\\\|date\\=July 3, 2017\\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2017}} In his first race of 2017 at Iowa, Scott finished a strong 3rd place.", "" ]
Academic career --------------- He subsequently won a [sizarship](/wiki/Sizar "Sizar") to Trinity College Dublin. He was [elected a Scholar](/wiki/List_of_scholars_of_Trinity_College_Dublin "List of scholars of Trinity College Dublin") in his first year at Trinity,J.V. Luce, 'William Bedell Stanford: A memorial address' in Ross Hinds (ed.), William Bedell Stanford: Regius Professor of Greek 1940–80: Trinity College, Dublin: Memoirs (Hinds, Dublin 2002\) p. 229\. having become an undergraduate in October 1928\.Hinds (2002\), p. 59\. He also served as auditor of the College Classical Society. He was editor of [TCD: A College Miscellany](/wiki/TCD:A_College_Miscellany "A College Miscellany") in Hilary term of 1931\. He became a Fellow in 1934 and was one of the last Fellows to be elected by examination. Stanford was one of seven candidates nominated for the [Provostship of the Trinity College](/wiki/List_of_provosts_of_Trinity_College_Dublin "List of provosts of Trinity College Dublin") on 11 March 1952 but was eliminated along with two other candidates in the first round of the election. He was considered, at the age of 42, to be too junior.{{cite book \\| author\=R.B. McDowell \& D.A. Webb \\| title\=Trinity College Dublin 1592–1952: An academic history \\| year\=1982 \\| pages\= 493–494}} The successful candidate on that occasion was the mathematician, [Albert Joseph McConnell](/wiki/Albert_Joseph_McConnell "Albert Joseph McConnell"), who remained in office for 22 years. Stanford established himself as a [Greek scholar](/wiki/Ancient_Greek "Ancient Greek") in his twenties with the publication of two books which approached Greek literature as a subject for literary criticism, Greek Metaphor and Ambiguity in Greek Literature. He is perhaps best remembered for his commentaries aimed at students on [Homer's Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey "Odyssey"), [Aristophanes' Frogs](/wiki/The_Frogs "The Frogs"), and [Sophocles' Ajax](/wiki/Ajax_%28Sophocles%29 "Ajax (Sophocles)"). In 1965, Stanford gave the Sather Lectures at the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"), on the topic of the pronunciation of Ancient Greek. The lectures were revised into a book published in 1967\. Stanford had a particular interest in the classical tradition, in Ireland and elsewhere, and published a number of articles on this topic in the Trinity journal [Hermathena](/wiki/Hermathena_%28journal%29 "Hermathena (journal)"), as well as a wide\-ranging book entitled Ireland and the Classical Tradition. A long\-time member of the [Royal Irish Academy](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy "Royal Irish Academy"), Stanford was appointed chairman of the [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies](/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies "Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies") by the [President of Ireland](/wiki/President_of_Ireland "President of Ireland"), [Éamon de Valera](/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera "Éamon de Valera"). Stanford's poetry appears in several anthologies and his posthumously published memoirs. After Stanford's death, a series of lectures in his honour was established at Trinity College, Dublin. The first lecturer in the series was Duncan F. Kennedy, a former student of Stanford's.	[ "Academic career\n---------------", "He subsequently won a [sizarship](/wiki/Sizar \"Sizar\") to Trinity College Dublin. He was [elected a Scholar](/wiki/List_of_scholars_of_Trinity_College_Dublin \"List of scholars of Trinity College Dublin\") in his first year at Trinity,J.V. Luce, 'William Bedell Stanford: A memorial address' in Ross Hinds (ed.), William Bedell Stanford: Regius Professor of Greek 1940–80: Trinity College, Dublin: Memoirs (Hinds, Dublin 2002\\) p. 229\\. having become an undergraduate in October 1928\\.Hinds (2002\\), p. 59\\. He also served as auditor of the College Classical Society. He was editor of [TCD: A College Miscellany](/wiki/TCD:A_College_Miscellany \"A College Miscellany\") in Hilary term of 1931\\. He became a Fellow in 1934 and was one of the last Fellows to be elected by examination. Stanford was one of seven candidates nominated for the [Provostship of the Trinity College](/wiki/List_of_provosts_of_Trinity_College_Dublin \"List of provosts of Trinity College Dublin\") on 11 March 1952 but was eliminated along with two other candidates in the first round of the election. He was considered, at the age of 42, to be too junior.{{cite book \\\| author\\=R.B. McDowell \\& D.A. Webb \\\| title\\=Trinity College Dublin 1592–1952: An academic history \\\| year\\=1982 \\\| pages\\= 493–494}} The successful candidate on that occasion was the mathematician, [Albert Joseph McConnell](/wiki/Albert_Joseph_McConnell \"Albert Joseph McConnell\"), who remained in office for 22 years.", "Stanford established himself as a [Greek scholar](/wiki/Ancient_Greek \"Ancient Greek\") in his twenties with the publication of two books which approached Greek literature as a subject for literary criticism, Greek Metaphor and Ambiguity in Greek Literature. He is perhaps best remembered for his commentaries aimed at students on [Homer's Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey \"Odyssey\"), [Aristophanes' Frogs](/wiki/The_Frogs \"The Frogs\"), and [Sophocles' Ajax](/wiki/Ajax_%28Sophocles%29 \"Ajax (Sophocles)\").", "In 1965, Stanford gave the Sather Lectures at the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\"), on the topic of the pronunciation of Ancient Greek. The lectures were revised into a book published in 1967\\.", "Stanford had a particular interest in the classical tradition, in Ireland and elsewhere, and published a number of articles on this topic in the Trinity journal [Hermathena](/wiki/Hermathena_%28journal%29 \"Hermathena (journal)\"), as well as a wide\\-ranging book entitled Ireland and the Classical Tradition.", "A long\\-time member of the [Royal Irish Academy](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy \"Royal Irish Academy\"), Stanford was appointed chairman of the [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies](/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies \"Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies\") by the [President of Ireland](/wiki/President_of_Ireland \"President of Ireland\"), [Éamon de Valera](/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera \"Éamon de Valera\").", "Stanford's poetry appears in several anthologies and his posthumously published memoirs.", "After Stanford's death, a series of lectures in his honour was established at Trinity College, Dublin. The first lecturer in the series was Duncan F. Kennedy, a former student of Stanford's.", "" ]
Glendalough ----------- {{Main\\|Glendalough}} Glendalough, or the Glen of Two Lakes, is one of the most important sites of monastic ruins in Ireland. Before the arrival of Kevin, this glen would have been lonely and remote and would have been ideal for a secluded retreat. ### Hermitage [thumb\\|St. Kevin's bed](/wiki/File:S.kevin%27s_bed.jpg "S.kevin's bed.jpg") Bishop Lugidus ordained Kevin who, following his ordination, moved on to Glendalough in order to avoid the company of his followers. He lived as a hermit in a partially man\-made cave (sometimes incorrectly described as a Bronze Age tomb) now known as St. Kevin's Bed, to which he was led, in the account of the Vita, by an angel. St. Kevin's Bed can best be described as a man\-made cave cut in the rock face very close to the mountain's edge. It overlooks the [upper lake](/wiki/Glendalough_Upper_Lake "Glendalough Upper Lake") from a height of about {{convert\\|30\\|ft\\|m\\|\-1\\|abbr\=off\\|order\=flip}}. The approach to the cave is very difficult, with access to it through a rectangular space and a short passageway {{convert\\|3\\|ft\\|m\\|round\=0\.5\\|abbr\=off\\|order\=flip}} high and {{convert\\|2\+1/2\\|ft\\|cm\\|\-1\\|abbr\=off\\|order\=flip}} wide. The inner or main part of the cave is just {{convert\\|4\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\=off\\|order\=flip}} wide and less than {{convert\\|3\\|ft\\|m\\|round\=0\.5\\|abbr\=off\\|order\=flip}} high. It is reasonable to assume that the cave could only have been used as a sleeping place, and would have been impossible for an adult to stand upright in, so it is quite likely that Kevin only used it as his bed, or a place for pious prayer or [meditation](/wiki/Meditation "Meditation"). There is a legend that claims that [Laurence O'Toole](/wiki/Lorc%C3%A1n_Ua_Tuathail "Lorcán Ua Tuathail") used the "bed" as he frequently made penitential visits to Glendalough, especially during the season of [Lent](/wiki/Lent "Lent").Glendalough Visitors Guide, Produced by "The Office of Public Works" (Oifig na nOibreacha Poibli), Glendalough, County Wicklow. [Michael Dwyer](/wiki/Michael_Dwyer "Michael Dwyer"), the famous Wicklow rebel, is reputed to have taken shelter in the "bed" while he was on the run from British soldiers. The story goes that he escaped capturing one morning by diving into the lake and swimming to the opposite side. Today, it is perilous to try to approach the "bed" from the side of Lugduff Mountain. Visitors, in the interests of their own safety, should be content with a distant view of it. ### Monastery [thumb\\|right\\|The chapel of St Kevin at [Glendalough](/wiki/Glendalough "Glendalough")](/wiki/Image:Glendalough%2C_Co._Wicklow_-_2022.jpg "Glendalough, Co. Wicklow - 2022.jpg") Kevin lived the life of a hermit there with an extraordinary closeness to nature. His companions were the animals and birds all around him. He lived as a hermit for seven years wearing only animal skins, sleeping on stones, and eating very sparingly. He went barefoot and spent his time in prayer. Disciples were soon attracted to Kevin and a further settlement enclosed by a wall, called Kevin's Cell, was established nearer the lakeshore. By 540 Kevin's fame as a teacher and holy man had spread far and wide. Many people came to seek his help and guidance. Glendalough grew into a renowned seminary of saints and scholars and the parent of several other monasteries. In 544, Kevin went to the Hill of Uisneach in [County Westmeath](/wiki/County_Westmeath "County Westmeath") to visit the holy abbots, [Columba](/wiki/Columba "Columba"), [Comgall](/wiki/Comgall "Comgall") and Cannich. He then proceeded to [Clonmacnoise](/wiki/Clonmacnoise "Clonmacnoise"), where [Cieran](/wiki/Cieran "Cieran") had died three days before. Having firmly established his community, he retired into solitude for four years and only returned to Glendalough at the earnest request of his monks. Until his death around 618, Kevin presided over his monastery in Glendalough, living his life by fasting, praying, and teaching. Kevin is one of the patron saints of the Diocese of Dublin. He belonged to the second order of Irish saints. Eventually, Glendalough, with its seven churches, became one of the chiefs [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage "Pilgrimage") destinations in Ireland. [thumb\\|right\\|St Kevin's Church, with the Round Tower of Glendalough in the background at right](/wiki/Image:Stkevinschurch2.jpg "Stkevinschurch2.jpg")	[ "Glendalough\n-----------", "{{Main\\\|Glendalough}}\nGlendalough, or the Glen of Two Lakes, is one of the most important sites of monastic ruins in Ireland. Before the arrival of Kevin, this glen would have been lonely and remote and would have been ideal for a secluded retreat.", "### Hermitage", "[thumb\\\|St. Kevin's bed](/wiki/File:S.kevin%27s_bed.jpg \"S.kevin's bed.jpg\")\nBishop Lugidus ordained Kevin who, following his ordination, moved on to Glendalough in order to avoid the company of his followers. He lived as a hermit in a partially man\\-made cave (sometimes incorrectly described as a Bronze Age tomb) now known as St. Kevin's Bed, to which he was led, in the account of the Vita, by an angel.", "St. Kevin's Bed can best be described as a man\\-made cave cut in the rock face very close to the mountain's edge. It overlooks the [upper lake](/wiki/Glendalough_Upper_Lake \"Glendalough Upper Lake\") from a height of about {{convert\\\|30\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|\\-1\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|order\\=flip}}. The approach to the cave is very difficult, with access to it through a rectangular space and a short passageway {{convert\\\|3\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|round\\=0\\.5\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|order\\=flip}} high and {{convert\\\|2\\+1/2\\\|ft\\\|cm\\\|\\-1\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|order\\=flip}} wide. The inner or main part of the cave is just {{convert\\\|4\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|order\\=flip}} wide and less than {{convert\\\|3\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|round\\=0\\.5\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|order\\=flip}} high. It is reasonable to assume that the cave could only have been used as a sleeping place, and would have been impossible for an adult to stand upright in, so it is quite likely that Kevin only used it as his bed, or a place for pious prayer or [meditation](/wiki/Meditation \"Meditation\").", "There is a legend that claims that [Laurence O'Toole](/wiki/Lorc%C3%A1n_Ua_Tuathail \"Lorcán Ua Tuathail\") used the \"bed\" as he frequently made penitential visits to Glendalough, especially during the season of [Lent](/wiki/Lent \"Lent\").Glendalough Visitors Guide, Produced by \"The Office of Public Works\" (Oifig na nOibreacha Poibli), Glendalough, County Wicklow. [Michael Dwyer](/wiki/Michael_Dwyer \"Michael Dwyer\"), the famous Wicklow rebel, is reputed to have taken shelter in the \"bed\" while he was on the run from British soldiers. The story goes that he escaped capturing one morning by diving into the lake and swimming to the opposite side. Today, it is perilous to try to approach the \"bed\" from the side of Lugduff Mountain. Visitors, in the interests of their own safety, should be content with a distant view of it.", "### Monastery", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The chapel of St Kevin at [Glendalough](/wiki/Glendalough \"Glendalough\")](/wiki/Image:Glendalough%2C_Co._Wicklow_-_2022.jpg \"Glendalough, Co. Wicklow - 2022.jpg\")\nKevin lived the life of a hermit there with an extraordinary closeness to nature. His companions were the animals and birds all around him. He lived as a hermit for seven years wearing only animal skins, sleeping on stones, and eating very sparingly.", "He went barefoot and spent his time in prayer. Disciples were soon attracted to Kevin and a further settlement enclosed by a wall, called Kevin's Cell, was established nearer the lakeshore. By 540 Kevin's fame as a teacher and holy man had spread far and wide. Many people came to seek his help and guidance. Glendalough grew into a renowned seminary of saints and scholars and the parent of several other monasteries.", "In 544, Kevin went to the Hill of Uisneach in [County Westmeath](/wiki/County_Westmeath \"County Westmeath\") to visit the holy abbots, [Columba](/wiki/Columba \"Columba\"), [Comgall](/wiki/Comgall \"Comgall\") and Cannich. He then proceeded to [Clonmacnoise](/wiki/Clonmacnoise \"Clonmacnoise\"), where [Cieran](/wiki/Cieran \"Cieran\") had died three days before. Having firmly established his community, he retired into solitude for four years and only returned to Glendalough at the earnest request of his monks. Until his death around 618, Kevin presided over his monastery in Glendalough, living his life by fasting, praying, and teaching.\nKevin is one of the patron saints of the Diocese of Dublin.", "He belonged to the second order of Irish saints. Eventually, Glendalough, with its seven churches, became one of the chiefs [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage \"Pilgrimage\") destinations in Ireland.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|St Kevin's Church, with the Round Tower of Glendalough in the background at right](/wiki/Image:Stkevinschurch2.jpg \"Stkevinschurch2.jpg\")", "" ]
Political career ---------------- Groden\-Kranich joined the [Young Union](/wiki/Young_Union "Young Union") of Germany (Junge Union), the youth branch of the CDU and [CSU](/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria "Christian Social Union in Bavaria"), in 1982 and later worked on the board of the CDU in Hechtsheim. She was also a member of the federal committee for Kommunalpolitischen Vereinigung (KPV) of the party. ### Career in local politics In 1994 Groden\-Kranich was elected to the local council in Hechtsheim and subsequently joined the [city council](/wiki/City_council "City council") in 1999\. As a member of the city council she was the vice chairman of the CDU parliamentary group of the council and sat on the following committees: * Haupt\- und Personalausschuss * Financial committee * Subcommittee on airport expansion and protection from aircraft noise pollution * Advisory committee on Aircraft Noise in Layenhof * Neighbourhood committee for City of Mainz and the Mainz\-Bingen region * Layenhof association * Governing body for the maintenance of public services in Mainz * Governing body for the “Zentralen Beteiligungsgesellschaft Mainz“ (ZBM) * Member of the General Assembly of the Savings Banks Association In 2004 Groden\-Kranich was elected to be the local representative for Mainz\-Hechtsheim and was reelected in 2009\. ### Member of the German Bundestag, 2013–2021 Groden\-Kranich decided to succeed [Ute Granold](/wiki/Ute_Granold "Ute Granold") and stand as the CDU candidate for the [Mainz constituency](/wiki/Mainz_%28electoral_district%29 "Mainz (electoral district)") in the [2013 general election](/wiki/2013_German_federal_election "2013 German federal election"). She was directly elected to the Bundestag. Due to the subsequent increase in work commitments she decided to retire from her role as local representative for Hechtsheim in 2014\. In parliament, Groden\-Kranich first served on the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth from 2013 until 2017; during that time, she was her parliamentary group's [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur "Rapporteur") on European affairs, [equal pay](/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work "Equal pay for equal work"), [adoption](/wiki/Adoption "Adoption"), [social integration](/wiki/Social_integration "Social integration") and [citizenship](/wiki/Citizenship "Citizenship"). Also from 2013, she served on the Committee on European Affairs, where she covered relations with [France](/wiki/France "France"),Stefan Wagstyl (April 6, 2017\), [Berlin watches anxiously as France poll approaches](https://www.ft.com/content/1f9fedc2-1925-11e7-a53d-df09f373be87parti) [Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times"). [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland "Iceland"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") and [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"). In 2020, she also joined the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Foreign Cultural and Educational Policy. In addition to her committee assignments, Groden\-Kranich was a member of the [German\-French Parliamentary Friendship Group](/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations "France–Germany relations"), the [German\-British Parliamentary Friendship Group](/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Germany–United Kingdom relations") and the German Parliamentary Friendship Group with the Nordic States. From 2019 to 2021, she was a member of the German delegation to the [Franco\-German Parliamentary Assembly](/wiki/Franco-German_Parliamentary_Assembly "Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly").[Franco\-German Parliamentary Assembly](https://www.bundestag.de/dfv) Deutscher Bundestag. In the [2021 federal election](/wiki/2021_German_federal_election "2021 German federal election"), she [lost her seat](/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2021_German_federal_election "List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2021 German federal election") to [Daniel Baldy](/wiki/Daniel_Baldy "Daniel Baldy") from the [SPD](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany").{{Cite web \\|title\=Ergebnisse Mainz \- Der Bundeswahlleiter \\|url\=https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahlen/2021/ergebnisse/bund\-99/land\-7/wahlkreis\-205\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-08 \\|website\=www.bundeswahlleiter.de}}	[ "Political career\n----------------", "Groden\\-Kranich joined the [Young Union](/wiki/Young_Union \"Young Union\") of Germany (Junge Union), the youth branch of the CDU and [CSU](/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria \"Christian Social Union in Bavaria\"), in 1982 and later worked on the board of the CDU in Hechtsheim. She was also a member of the federal committee for Kommunalpolitischen Vereinigung (KPV) of the party.", "### Career in local politics", "In 1994 Groden\\-Kranich was elected to the local council in Hechtsheim and subsequently joined the [city council](/wiki/City_council \"City council\") in 1999\\. As a member of the city council she was the vice chairman of the CDU parliamentary group of the council and sat on the following committees:\n* Haupt\\- und Personalausschuss\n* Financial committee\n* Subcommittee on airport expansion and protection from aircraft noise pollution\n* Advisory committee on Aircraft Noise in Layenhof\n* Neighbourhood committee for City of Mainz and the Mainz\\-Bingen region\n* Layenhof association\n* Governing body for the maintenance of public services in Mainz\n* Governing body for the “Zentralen Beteiligungsgesellschaft Mainz“ (ZBM)\n* Member of the General Assembly of the Savings Banks Association", "In 2004 Groden\\-Kranich was elected to be the local representative for Mainz\\-Hechtsheim and was reelected in 2009\\.", "### Member of the German Bundestag, 2013–2021", "Groden\\-Kranich decided to succeed [Ute Granold](/wiki/Ute_Granold \"Ute Granold\") and stand as the CDU candidate for the [Mainz constituency](/wiki/Mainz_%28electoral_district%29 \"Mainz (electoral district)\") in the [2013 general election](/wiki/2013_German_federal_election \"2013 German federal election\"). She was directly elected to the Bundestag. Due to the subsequent increase in work commitments she decided to retire from her role as local representative for Hechtsheim in 2014\\.", "In parliament, Groden\\-Kranich first served on the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth from 2013 until 2017; during that time, she was her parliamentary group's [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur \"Rapporteur\") on European affairs, [equal pay](/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work \"Equal pay for equal work\"), [adoption](/wiki/Adoption \"Adoption\"), [social integration](/wiki/Social_integration \"Social integration\") and [citizenship](/wiki/Citizenship \"Citizenship\"). Also from 2013, she served on the Committee on European Affairs, where she covered relations with [France](/wiki/France \"France\"),Stefan Wagstyl (April 6, 2017\\), [Berlin watches anxiously as France poll approaches](https://www.ft.com/content/1f9fedc2-1925-11e7-a53d-df09f373be87parti) [Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\"). [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland \"Iceland\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") and [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"). In 2020, she also joined the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Foreign Cultural and Educational Policy.", "In addition to her committee assignments, Groden\\-Kranich was a member of the [German\\-French Parliamentary Friendship Group](/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations \"France–Germany relations\"), the [German\\-British Parliamentary Friendship Group](/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Germany–United Kingdom relations\") and the German Parliamentary Friendship Group with the Nordic States. From 2019 to 2021, she was a member of the German delegation to the [Franco\\-German Parliamentary Assembly](/wiki/Franco-German_Parliamentary_Assembly \"Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly\").[Franco\\-German Parliamentary Assembly](https://www.bundestag.de/dfv) Deutscher Bundestag.", "In the [2021 federal election](/wiki/2021_German_federal_election \"2021 German federal election\"), she [lost her seat](/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2021_German_federal_election \"List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2021 German federal election\") to [Daniel Baldy](/wiki/Daniel_Baldy \"Daniel Baldy\") from the [SPD](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany \"Social Democratic Party of Germany\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Ergebnisse Mainz \\- Der Bundeswahlleiter \\\|url\\=https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahlen/2021/ergebnisse/bund\\-99/land\\-7/wahlkreis\\-205\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-08 \\\|website\\=www.bundeswahlleiter.de}}", "" ]
Differences from Catan and gameplay ------------------------------------- Settlers of Canaan is playable by two to four players. Much like Catan, players play the role of settlers, creating settlements, harvesting resources and trading with other players. In Settlers of Canaan, the settlers are represented by the various tribes of [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") which settled in Canaan. The game is different from Catan in a couple of ways, such as the differences in the development cards and what certain aspects of the game are known as. The main difference is the "fixed" nature of the board, where (like many other Catan variants) both the hexagonal land tiles and the numerical disks are printed directly onto the board, while Catan's board is randomized at the start of each game. Additionally, one land tile known as the "copper hex" (equivalent to the gold hex in Catan) allows players bordering it to select which resources it produces. Several trading ports are also spread across the board, meant to represent the [Great Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") on the western side of the board and the coast of the [Sea of Galilee](/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee "Sea of Galilee") which is surrounded by land hexes. In Settlers of Canaan, the robber tile of Catan is replaced by the "plague" tile. The tiles work the same way, which is to stop any production on a hex. The plague tile can be "cleansed" (moved) through the use of a "priest"; itself a replacement of the knight or soldier card in Catan. Should a player have the most priests, the player is awarded the "most priests" card, which gives the player an additional two victory points. If ties exist in competition for either the longest road or the most priests, then the corresponding two\-point bonus is removed from play. The game ends when a player reaches 12 victory points or when the "Wall of Jerusalem" is completed, whichever comes first. In the latter scenario, the player with the most victory points wins the game. (If two or more players tie, then the winner is the player who has contributed more stones to the Wall of Jerusalem. If a tie exists in this tiebreaker, then gameplay continues until a clear winner emerges.){{Cite web \\|title\=The Settlers of Canaan \\|url\=https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/3655/settlers\-canaan \\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-02 \\|website\=BoardGameGeek \\|language\=en\-US}} ### The Wall of Jerusalem and the King's Blessing A player may build a "stone for Jerusalem" at a cost of one stone resource (called "clay" in Catan) and one ore resource, during his or her turn under one of two conditions: 1. The player owns a settlement or city on the southern border of Canaan (west of the [Salt Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea")), or 2. Another player owns a settlement or city on the southern border of Canaan, and the current player owns a settlement or city that is connected to the other player's settlement or city by a (multiplayer) trade route. When a player builds a stone for Jerusalem, this stone is immediately placed in the Wall of Jerusalem, an area in the desert south of Canaan which can hold up to 28 such stones. If a player builds a stone using a multiplayer trade route, then that player must pay one resource card of his or her choice to the owner of the trade route's final settlement or city. The player who has contributed the most stones to the Wall of Jerusalem earns the King's Blessing, which is worth 2 victory points and gives that player the privilege of trading a resource of his or her choice at a 2:1 ratio. If another player later ties for the most stones in the Wall of Jerusalem, then the King's Blessing is removed from play until someone achieves a singular majority. Every time a 7 is rolled during gameplay, a black stone is added to the Wall of Jerusalem. These stones do not affect the King's Blessing, but they may help bring the end of the game before anyone reaches the required 12 victory points. Additionally, anyone with more than 7 resource tiles in their hand will lose half of them and the person who rolled a 7 gets to move the plague. This can be placed on a hex on the board in order to stop the hex from producing any resources and allows the roller to steal a card from a player who has a settlement of city that borders the hex. ### Development cards Many development cards in this game resemble those from Settlers of Catan; several are similar to progress cards from [Cities and Knights of Catan](/wiki/Cities_and_Knights_of_Catan "Cities and Knights of Catan"). Some, however, are unique to this game. Below is a list of available development cards; the quantity of each type of card is given in parentheses: #### Settlers of Catan development cards * The "Road Building" card is called "New Trade Route." (1\) * The "Year of Plenty" card is called "Plentiful Lands." (1\) * The "Knight/Soldier" card is called "Priest." (20\) * The "Monopoly" card is called "[Caleb's Blessing](/wiki/Caleb "Caleb")" (1\) * The single victory point cards are called "Divine Guidance," "[City of Refuge](/wiki/Cities_of_Refuge "Cities of Refuge")," "[Ladder to Heaven](/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder_%28Bible%29 "Jacob's Ladder (Bible)")," and "[Ten Commandments](/wiki/Ten_Commandments "Ten Commandments")." (4\) #### Cities and Knights of Catan progress cards * The "Spy" card is called "[Gibeon/Gibeonite Trickery](/wiki/Gibeon_%28ancient_city%29 "Gibeon (ancient city)")." (1\) * The "Merchant Fleet" card is called "Caravan." (2\) * The "Medicine" card is called "Improvements." (1\) * The "Irrigation" card is called "Bountiful Harvest." (1\) * The "Alchemist" card is called "Prophet." (1\) #### Unique development cards * The "[Korah's Rebellion](/wiki/Korah "Korah")" card allows a player to remove another player's Priest card and shuffle it into the remaining development cards. (1\) * The "[Deborah's Song](/wiki/Deborah "Deborah")" card allows each player to select one resource card from the bank, regardless of whose turn it is. (1\)	[ "Differences from Catan and gameplay\n-------------------------------------", "Settlers of Canaan is playable by two to four players. Much like Catan, players play the role of settlers, creating settlements, harvesting resources and trading with other players. In Settlers of Canaan, the settlers are represented by the various tribes of [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") which settled in Canaan.", "The game is different from Catan in a couple of ways, such as the differences in the development cards and what certain aspects of the game are known as. The main difference is the \"fixed\" nature of the board, where (like many other Catan variants) both the hexagonal land tiles and the numerical disks are printed directly onto the board, while Catan's board is randomized at the start of each game.", "Additionally, one land tile known as the \"copper hex\" (equivalent to the gold hex in Catan) allows players bordering it to select which resources it produces. Several trading ports are also spread across the board, meant to represent the [Great Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\") on the western side of the board and the coast of the [Sea of Galilee](/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee \"Sea of Galilee\") which is surrounded by land hexes.", "In Settlers of Canaan, the robber tile of Catan is replaced by the \"plague\" tile. The tiles work the same way, which is to stop any production on a hex. The plague tile can be \"cleansed\" (moved) through the use of a \"priest\"; itself a replacement of the knight or soldier card in Catan. Should a player have the most priests, the player is awarded the \"most priests\" card, which gives the player an additional two victory points.", "If ties exist in competition for either the longest road or the most priests, then the corresponding two\\-point bonus is removed from play.", "The game ends when a player reaches 12 victory points or when the \"Wall of Jerusalem\" is completed, whichever comes first. In the latter scenario, the player with the most victory points wins the game. (If two or more players tie, then the winner is the player who has contributed more stones to the Wall of Jerusalem. If a tie exists in this tiebreaker, then gameplay continues until a clear winner emerges.){{Cite web \\\|title\\=The Settlers of Canaan \\\|url\\=https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/3655/settlers\\-canaan \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-02 \\\|website\\=BoardGameGeek \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### The Wall of Jerusalem and the King's Blessing", "A player may build a \"stone for Jerusalem\" at a cost of one stone resource (called \"clay\" in Catan) and one ore resource, during his or her turn under one of two conditions:\n1. The player owns a settlement or city on the southern border of Canaan (west of the [Salt Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea \"Dead Sea\")), or\n2. Another player owns a settlement or city on the southern border of Canaan, and the current player owns a settlement or city that is connected to the other player's settlement or city by a (multiplayer) trade route.", "When a player builds a stone for Jerusalem, this stone is immediately placed in the Wall of Jerusalem, an area in the desert south of Canaan which can hold up to 28 such stones. If a player builds a stone using a multiplayer trade route, then that player must pay one resource card of his or her choice to the owner of the trade route's final settlement or city.", "The player who has contributed the most stones to the Wall of Jerusalem earns the King's Blessing, which is worth 2 victory points and gives that player the privilege of trading a resource of his or her choice at a 2:1 ratio. If another player later ties for the most stones in the Wall of Jerusalem, then the King's Blessing is removed from play until someone achieves a singular majority.", "Every time a 7 is rolled during gameplay, a black stone is added to the Wall of Jerusalem. These stones do not affect the King's Blessing, but they may help bring the end of the game before anyone reaches the required 12 victory points. Additionally, anyone with more than 7 resource tiles in their hand will lose half of them and the person who rolled a 7 gets to move the plague. This can be placed on a hex on the board in order to stop the hex from producing any resources and allows the roller to steal a card from a player who has a settlement of city that borders the hex.", "### Development cards", "Many development cards in this game resemble those from Settlers of Catan; several are similar to progress cards from [Cities and Knights of Catan](/wiki/Cities_and_Knights_of_Catan \"Cities and Knights of Catan\"). Some, however, are unique to this game. Below is a list of available development cards; the quantity of each type of card is given in parentheses:", "#### Settlers of Catan development cards", "* The \"Road Building\" card is called \"New Trade Route.\" (1\\)\n* The \"Year of Plenty\" card is called \"Plentiful Lands.\" (1\\)\n* The \"Knight/Soldier\" card is called \"Priest.\" (20\\)\n* The \"Monopoly\" card is called \"[Caleb's Blessing](/wiki/Caleb \"Caleb\")\" (1\\)\n* The single victory point cards are called \"Divine Guidance,\" \"[City of Refuge](/wiki/Cities_of_Refuge \"Cities of Refuge\"),\" \"[Ladder to Heaven](/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder_%28Bible%29 \"Jacob's Ladder (Bible)\"),\" and \"[Ten Commandments](/wiki/Ten_Commandments \"Ten Commandments\").\" (4\\)", "#### Cities and Knights of Catan progress cards", "* The \"Spy\" card is called \"[Gibeon/Gibeonite Trickery](/wiki/Gibeon_%28ancient_city%29 \"Gibeon (ancient city)\").\" (1\\)\n* The \"Merchant Fleet\" card is called \"Caravan.\" (2\\)\n* The \"Medicine\" card is called \"Improvements.\" (1\\)\n* The \"Irrigation\" card is called \"Bountiful Harvest.\" (1\\)\n* The \"Alchemist\" card is called \"Prophet.\" (1\\)", "#### Unique development cards", "* The \"[Korah's Rebellion](/wiki/Korah \"Korah\")\" card allows a player to remove another player's Priest card and shuffle it into the remaining development cards. (1\\)\n* The \"[Deborah's Song](/wiki/Deborah \"Deborah\")\" card allows each player to select one resource card from the bank, regardless of whose turn it is. (1\\)" ]
Examples -------- Let us split \\mathbb{N} in intervals: \[g\_0\+1,\\,g\_1],\\,\\ldots,\\,\[g\_{k\-1}\+1,\\,g\_k],\\,\\ldots\\;, where g\_0\=0 and g\_k\>g\_{k\-1} for any k \\in \\mathbb{N}. Let us also consider a permutation p\=p\_1 \\circ \\cdots \\circ p\_k \\circ \\cdots composed of an infinite number of permutations p\_k that permute numbers within corresponding intervals: \\begin{cases} p\_k(n) \\in \[g\_{k\-1}\+1,\\,g\_k] \&\\text{if}\\;\\; n \\in \[g\_{k\-1}\+1,\\,g\_k]\\\\ p\_k(n) \= n \&\\text{otherwise} \\end{cases} Since each p\_k maps \[g\_{k\-1}\+1,\\,g\_k] to itself, it follows that p maps \[1,n] to: 1. itself, if n\=g\_k for some k, or 2. the union of \[1,\\,g\_{k\-1}] and the [image](/wiki/Image_%28mathematics%29%23Image_of_a_subset "Image (mathematics)#Image of a subset") under p\_k of \[g\_{k\-1}\+1,\\,n], if n \\in \[g\_{k\-1}\+1,\\,g\_k\-1] for some k. Hence, the total number of intervals in the image under p of \[1,n] equals 1 plus whatever number of additional intervals is created by p\_k. ### Bounded intervals Permutation p\_k can create at most \\left\\lfloor\\frac{g\_k\-g\_{k\-1}}{2}\\right\\rfloor additional intervals by mapping the first half of its interval, \[g\_{k\-1}\+1,\\,g\_{k\-1}\+\\left\\lfloor\\frac{g\_k\-g\_{k\-1}}{2}\\right\\rfloor], in an interleaving fashion: p\_k(g\_{k\-1}\+n) \= g\_{k\-1}\+2n\\;. If the lengths of the intervals are bounded, i.e., g\_k\-g\_{k\-1} \\le L, then permutation p\_k can create at most \\left\\lfloor\\frac{L}{2}\\right\\rfloor additional intervals, fulfilling the criterion in Agnew's theorem. Therefore, any p\_k may be used. This means that the terms of any convergent series \\sum\_{n\=1}^\\infty a\_n may be rearranged freely within groups, if the lengths of these groups are bounded by a constant. ### Unbounded intervals Permutations p\_k that mirror their interval: p\_k(g\_{k\-1}\+n) \= g\_k\+1\-n\\;, permutations p\_k that perform right [circular shifts](/wiki/Circular_shift "Circular shift") of their interval by S positions (0 \< S \< g\_k\-g\_{k\-1}): p\_k(g\_{k\-1}\+n) \= g\_{k\-1}\+1\+\\left((n\-1\+S) \\bmod (g\_k\-g\_{k\-1})\\right)\\;, and permutations p\_k that are the inverses of the interleaving permutations described above: p\_k(g\_{k\-1}\+n) \= \\begin{cases} g\_{k\-1}\+\\left\\lfloor\\frac{g\_k\-g\_{k\-1}}{2}\\right\\rfloor\+\\frac{n\+1}{2} \&\\text{if}\\;n\\;\\text{odd}\\\\ g\_{k\-1}\+\\frac{n}{2} \&\\text{if}\\;n\\;\\text{even} \\end{cases} all create 1 additional interval, fulfilling the criterion in Agnew's theorem. Permutations p\_k that rearrange their interval as B \> 1 blocks can create at most \\min(\\left\\lceil\\frac{B}{2}\\right\\rceil,\\left\\lfloor\\frac{g\_k\-g\_{k\-1}}{2}\\right\\rfloor) additional intervals. If the number of these blocks is bounded, then the criterion in Agnew's theorem is fulfilled. This means that within groups of arbitrary unbounded length the terms of any convergent series \\sum\_{n\=1}^\\infty a\_n may be mirrored, circularly shifted and rearranged in blocks (if the number of these blocks is bounded by a constant); terms at even positions within groups may be gathered at the beginning of the group (in the same order).	[ "Examples\n--------", "Let us split \\\\mathbb{N} in intervals:", "\\[g\\_0\\+1,\\\\,g\\_1],\\\\,\\\\ldots,\\\\,\\[g\\_{k\\-1}\\+1,\\\\,g\\_k],\\\\,\\\\ldots\\\\;,", "where g\\_0\\=0 and g\\_k\\>g\\_{k\\-1} for any k \\\\in \\\\mathbb{N}.", "Let us also consider a permutation p\\=p\\_1 \\\\circ \\\\cdots \\\\circ p\\_k \\\\circ \\\\cdots composed of an infinite number of permutations p\\_k that permute numbers within corresponding intervals:", "\\\\begin{cases}\np\\_k(n) \\\\in \\[g\\_{k\\-1}\\+1,\\\\,g\\_k] \\&\\\\text{if}\\\\;\\\\; n \\\\in \\[g\\_{k\\-1}\\+1,\\\\,g\\_k]\\\\\\\\\np\\_k(n) \\= n \\&\\\\text{otherwise}\n\\\\end{cases}", "Since each p\\_k maps \\[g\\_{k\\-1}\\+1,\\\\,g\\_k] to itself, it follows that p maps \\[1,n] to:", "1. itself, if n\\=g\\_k for some k, or\n2. the union of \\[1,\\\\,g\\_{k\\-1}] and the [image](/wiki/Image_%28mathematics%29%23Image_of_a_subset \"Image (mathematics)#Image of a subset\") under p\\_k of \\[g\\_{k\\-1}\\+1,\\\\,n], if n \\\\in \\[g\\_{k\\-1}\\+1,\\\\,g\\_k\\-1] for some k.", "Hence, the total number of intervals in the image under p of \\[1,n] equals 1 plus whatever number of additional intervals is created by p\\_k.", "### Bounded intervals", "Permutation p\\_k can create at most \\\\left\\\\lfloor\\\\frac{g\\_k\\-g\\_{k\\-1}}{2}\\\\right\\\\rfloor additional intervals by mapping the first half of its interval, \\[g\\_{k\\-1}\\+1,\\\\,g\\_{k\\-1}\\+\\\\left\\\\lfloor\\\\frac{g\\_k\\-g\\_{k\\-1}}{2}\\\\right\\\\rfloor], in an interleaving fashion:", "p\\_k(g\\_{k\\-1}\\+n) \\= g\\_{k\\-1}\\+2n\\\\;.", "If the lengths of the intervals are bounded, i.e., g\\_k\\-g\\_{k\\-1} \\\\le L, then permutation p\\_k can create at most \\\\left\\\\lfloor\\\\frac{L}{2}\\\\right\\\\rfloor additional intervals, fulfilling the criterion in Agnew's theorem. Therefore, any p\\_k may be used.", "This means that the terms of any convergent series \\\\sum\\_{n\\=1}^\\\\infty a\\_n may be rearranged freely within groups, if the lengths of these groups are bounded by a constant.", "### Unbounded intervals", "Permutations p\\_k that mirror their interval:", "p\\_k(g\\_{k\\-1}\\+n) \\= g\\_k\\+1\\-n\\\\;,", "permutations p\\_k that perform right [circular shifts](/wiki/Circular_shift \"Circular shift\") of their interval by S positions (0 \\< S \\< g\\_k\\-g\\_{k\\-1}):", "p\\_k(g\\_{k\\-1}\\+n) \\= g\\_{k\\-1}\\+1\\+\\\\left((n\\-1\\+S) \\\\bmod (g\\_k\\-g\\_{k\\-1})\\\\right)\\\\;,", "and permutations p\\_k that are the inverses of the interleaving permutations described above:", "p\\_k(g\\_{k\\-1}\\+n) \\= \\\\begin{cases}\ng\\_{k\\-1}\\+\\\\left\\\\lfloor\\\\frac{g\\_k\\-g\\_{k\\-1}}{2}\\\\right\\\\rfloor\\+\\\\frac{n\\+1}{2} \\&\\\\text{if}\\\\;n\\\\;\\\\text{odd}\\\\\\\\\ng\\_{k\\-1}\\+\\\\frac{n}{2} \\&\\\\text{if}\\\\;n\\\\;\\\\text{even}\n\\\\end{cases}", "all create 1 additional interval, fulfilling the criterion in Agnew's theorem.", "Permutations p\\_k that rearrange their interval as B \\> 1 blocks can create at most \\\\min(\\\\left\\\\lceil\\\\frac{B}{2}\\\\right\\\\rceil,\\\\left\\\\lfloor\\\\frac{g\\_k\\-g\\_{k\\-1}}{2}\\\\right\\\\rfloor) additional intervals. If the number of these blocks is bounded, then the criterion in Agnew's theorem is fulfilled.", "This means that within groups of arbitrary unbounded length the terms of any convergent series \\\\sum\\_{n\\=1}^\\\\infty a\\_n may be mirrored, circularly shifted and rearranged in blocks (if the number of these blocks is bounded by a constant); terms at even positions within groups may be gathered at the beginning of the group (in the same order).", "" ]
Plot ---- Anse Rainier, an American professor at [Lahore University](/wiki/Lahore_University "Lahore University"), is kidnapped and held for ransom. Bobby Lincoln, an American journalist in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), arranges to interview Rainer’s colleague Changez Khan, whom he suspects is involved in the kidnapping. Meeting Lincoln at a café, Changez declares his admiration for America’s "level playing fields" (though he's shown playing soccer on an immaculately lawned field as he says this, equal opportunities for economic advancement are the obvious implication). His father is a respected poet, but money was always difficult for the family and Changez was only able to attend [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") on a scholarship. After graduating, he joins a top Wall Street valuation firm, Underwood Samson, and starts a relationship with an American photographer, Erica. In [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") on business during the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), Changez returns to the US and is quickly picked out, then invasively strip\-searched at the airport, leaving him furious at being unfairly targeted/treated. Leaving work, he is further mistakenly arrested and interrogated by federal agents. His relationship with Erica is strained, largely because she feels responsible for the death of her former boyfriend in a drunk\-driving crash and still feels as though she's cheating on him. At the opening of Erica’s art show, Changez is angered to discover she has used intimate details of their relationship in her art, and breaks up with her. Valuating a publishing house in Istanbul, Changez learns the firm is financially worthless, but when given a published copy of his father's work/poems, he is surprised to discover (from the firm's owner) they were translated into Turkish. This causes him to have a change of heart, and he refuses to close down the company, infuriating his boss and mentor Jim Cross. Changez resigns from Underwood Samson. During his interview with Lincoln, Changez says he was approached by a terrorist cell to become a [mujahid](/wiki/Mujahid "Mujahid") and was tempted to accept, angry and disillusioned by "the arrogance, the blindness, the hypocrisy" of the US. He refused when told about the "fundamental truths" of the [Quran](/wiki/Quran "Quran"), echoing a phrase from Jim Cross during their first encounter, "focusing on the fundamentals." Changez explains that both Islamic fundamentalists and blind capitalists like Underwood Samson similarly simplify and exploit people for their own means. Changez’s visa expires and he returns home to [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore "Lahore") and is hired as a university lecturer, as departing foreign professors have left vacancies. He voices dissatisfaction with US intrusions in Pakistan, bringing him to the attention of the authorities, who raid his office and home, threatening his family. Lincoln is seen nearby, and Changez reveals that he knows Lincoln is working for the [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency"), (having taken a photograph of him surveilling when Changez's office was raided previously) and deducing that Rainier was the one who recruited him.{{clarify\\|who did the deducing? recruiting whom?\\|date\=December 2021}} As Lincoln and Changez talk in the café, protestors gather outside, and Lincoln is pressured by his superiors to learn Rainier’s location and complete "turning his target". The protests grow hostile, and Changez mentions he has heard of a butcher shop and discloses the address of a possible location. Contact is lost before the information can be phoned to Lincoln’s fellow operatives. Changez raises Lincoln’s suspicions by texting, but says he was communicating with his sister, Bina. Furious at receiving a picture of Rainer, dead, Lincoln blames Changez and demands to see his phone. Holding Changez at gunpoint, Lincoln uses him as a shield in the crowd of his protester students. The crowd destabilizes and Lincoln falls, accidentally shooting and killing Changez’s "brother" Sameer. Another student fires at Lincoln, wounding him. Lincoln is quickly removed by CIA agents, who've learned Rainer was found dead that morning, and that Changez had told them the truth about having no involvement in it. Checking his phone, he confirms the text was indeed sent to his sister. Changez delivers a eulogy at Sameer's funeral, as Lincoln recuperates in a hospital, recalling Changez's words as he listens to the recording of the interview – "Looks can be deceiving. I am a lover of America... although I was raised to feel very Pakistani..."	[ "Plot\n----", "Anse Rainier, an American professor at [Lahore University](/wiki/Lahore_University \"Lahore University\"), is kidnapped and held for ransom. Bobby Lincoln, an American journalist in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), arranges to interview Rainer’s colleague Changez Khan, whom he suspects is involved in the kidnapping.", "Meeting Lincoln at a café, Changez declares his admiration for America’s \"level playing fields\" (though he's shown playing soccer on an immaculately lawned field as he says this, equal opportunities for economic advancement are the obvious implication). His father is a respected poet, but money was always difficult for the family and Changez was only able to attend [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\") on a scholarship. After graduating, he joins a top Wall Street valuation firm, Underwood Samson, and starts a relationship with an American photographer, Erica.", "In [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") on business during the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"), Changez returns to the US and is quickly picked out, then invasively strip\\-searched at the airport, leaving him furious at being unfairly targeted/treated. Leaving work, he is further mistakenly arrested and interrogated by federal agents. His relationship with Erica is strained, largely because she feels responsible for the death of her former boyfriend in a drunk\\-driving crash and still feels as though she's cheating on him. At the opening of Erica’s art show, Changez is angered to discover she has used intimate details of their relationship in her art, and breaks up with her.", "Valuating a publishing house in Istanbul, Changez learns the firm is financially worthless, but when given a published copy of his father's work/poems, he is surprised to discover (from the firm's owner) they were translated into Turkish. This causes him to have a change of heart, and he refuses to close down the company, infuriating his boss and mentor Jim Cross. Changez resigns from Underwood Samson.", "During his interview with Lincoln, Changez says he was approached by a terrorist cell to become a [mujahid](/wiki/Mujahid \"Mujahid\") and was tempted to accept, angry and disillusioned by \"the arrogance, the blindness, the hypocrisy\" of the US. He refused when told about the \"fundamental truths\" of the [Quran](/wiki/Quran \"Quran\"), echoing a phrase from Jim Cross during their first encounter, \"focusing on the fundamentals.\" Changez explains that both Islamic fundamentalists and blind capitalists like Underwood Samson similarly simplify and exploit people for their own means.", "Changez’s visa expires and he returns home to [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore \"Lahore\") and is hired as a university lecturer, as departing foreign professors have left vacancies. He voices dissatisfaction with US intrusions in Pakistan, bringing him to the attention of the authorities, who raid his office and home, threatening his family. Lincoln is seen nearby, and Changez reveals that he knows Lincoln is working for the [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\"), (having taken a photograph of him surveilling when Changez's office was raided previously) and deducing that Rainier was the one who recruited him.{{clarify\\\|who did the deducing? recruiting whom?\\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "As Lincoln and Changez talk in the café, protestors gather outside, and Lincoln is pressured by his superiors to learn Rainier’s location and complete \"turning his target\". The protests grow hostile, and Changez mentions he has heard of a butcher shop and discloses the address of a possible location. Contact is lost before the information can be phoned to Lincoln’s fellow operatives.", "Changez raises Lincoln’s suspicions by texting, but says he was communicating with his sister, Bina. Furious at receiving a picture of Rainer, dead, Lincoln blames Changez and demands to see his phone. Holding Changez at gunpoint, Lincoln uses him as a shield in the crowd of his protester students. The crowd destabilizes and Lincoln falls, accidentally shooting and killing Changez’s \"brother\" Sameer. Another student fires at Lincoln, wounding him. Lincoln is quickly removed by CIA agents, who've learned Rainer was found dead that morning, and that Changez had told them the truth about having no involvement in it. Checking his phone, he confirms the text was indeed sent to his sister.", "Changez delivers a eulogy at Sameer's funeral, as Lincoln recuperates in a hospital, recalling Changez's words as he listens to the recording of the interview – \"Looks can be deceiving. I am a lover of America... although I was raised to feel very Pakistani...\"", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- [thumb\\|Sussex Street view, 2019](/wiki/File:Corn_Exchange%2C_Sydney.jpg "Corn Exchange, Sydney.jpg") The Corn Exchange and the Central Warehouse (No. 139–151\) are the last remaining remnants of this warehousing and commercial area which serviced Sydney's developing commercial and trading sector in the mid to later 19th century. These mid to late 19th century warehouse and commercial buildings, together with other remaining buildings of this era in Sussex Street, comprise a homogeneous group which demonstrate a careful attention to design, materials, and workmanship. The Corn Exchange is the earliest remaining market building in Sydney. It was designed by the noted architect George McRae, who later designed the Queen Victoria Building. It is a landmark building; forming part of the city portal at [Pyrmont Bridge](/wiki/Pyrmont_Bridge "Pyrmont Bridge"). The Corn Exchange was extensively restored, reconstructed and adapted for retail purposes as part of the hotel redevelopment in the early 1990s, but still remains a fine representative example of a late 19th century warehouse complex. It demonstrates the essential role that warehouse development has played in the development of Sydney as a commercial and trading centre. Corn Exchange was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 28 June 2002 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The development of the Corn Exchange and Central Warehouse Buildings demonstrates the development of commercial activities in Sydney Central Business District (CBD). Their original use as a market and warehouses, then office spaces followed by a period of neglect before an adaptive reuse development for commercial and retail tenancies reflects the evolution of built uses in this part of Sydney. The most recent use represents a conscious acceptance of adaptive reuse of existing building stock by government and private enterprise, reflecting the changing attitudes to heritage development in Sydney. The Corn Exchange is the earliest remaining market building in Sydney. As a fruit market, and then as a private grain market it played an important part in the commercial development of Sydney in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Corn Exchange was designed by George McRae, the City Architect, who later designed the Queen Victoria Building. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The Corn Exchange and Central Warehouse Buildings comprise a sample of mid to late 19th century warehouse buildings, that together with other remaining buildings of this era in Sussex Street comprise a homogeneous group with careful attention to design, materials and workmanship. At the city portal to Pyrmont Bridge, they form a key part of an admirable streetscape. Together with a similar contribution to this part of Sydney. The Corn Exchange is a landmark building as part of the City portal of Pyrmont Bridge. It still features an unusually richly detailed Queen Anne style warehouse facade, of a type now rare in Sydney. Its incorporation of an imported proprietary fire\-resistant cast\-iron structural system is an early Sydney example of developing building science being used to address safety issues. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Corn Exchange and Central Warehouse Buildings are the last remnants of this warehousing area, which serviced Sydney's developing commercial sector. The Corn Exchange is the earliest remaining market building in Sydney. It is an uncommonly intact example of a late 19th century public building built for market purposes.	[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "[thumb\\\|Sussex Street view, 2019](/wiki/File:Corn_Exchange%2C_Sydney.jpg \"Corn Exchange, Sydney.jpg\")\nThe Corn Exchange and the Central Warehouse (No. 139–151\\) are the last remaining remnants of this warehousing and commercial area which serviced Sydney's developing commercial and trading sector in the mid to later 19th century. These mid to late 19th century warehouse and commercial buildings, together with other remaining buildings of this era in Sussex Street, comprise a homogeneous group which demonstrate a careful attention to design, materials, and workmanship.", "The Corn Exchange is the earliest remaining market building in Sydney. It was designed by the noted architect George McRae, who later designed the Queen Victoria Building. It is a landmark building; forming part of the city portal at [Pyrmont Bridge](/wiki/Pyrmont_Bridge \"Pyrmont Bridge\").", "The Corn Exchange was extensively restored, reconstructed and adapted for retail purposes as part of the hotel redevelopment in the early 1990s, but still remains a fine representative example of a late 19th century warehouse complex. It demonstrates the essential role that warehouse development has played in the development of Sydney as a commercial and trading centre.", "Corn Exchange was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 28 June 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "The development of the Corn Exchange and Central Warehouse Buildings demonstrates the development of commercial activities in Sydney Central Business District (CBD). Their original use as a market and warehouses, then office spaces followed by a period of neglect before an adaptive reuse development for commercial and retail tenancies reflects the evolution of built uses in this part of Sydney. The most recent use represents a conscious acceptance of adaptive reuse of existing building stock by government and private enterprise, reflecting the changing attitudes to heritage development in Sydney.", "The Corn Exchange is the earliest remaining market building in Sydney. As a fruit market, and then as a private grain market it played an important part in the commercial development of Sydney in the 19th and 20th centuries.", "The Corn Exchange was designed by George McRae, the City Architect, who later designed the Queen Victoria Building.", "The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "The Corn Exchange and Central Warehouse Buildings comprise a sample of mid to late 19th century warehouse buildings, that together with other remaining buildings of this era in Sussex Street comprise a homogeneous group with careful attention to design, materials and workmanship. At the city portal to Pyrmont Bridge, they form a key part of an admirable streetscape. Together with a similar contribution to this part of Sydney.", "The Corn Exchange is a landmark building as part of the City portal of Pyrmont Bridge. It still features an unusually richly detailed Queen Anne style warehouse facade, of a type now rare in Sydney. Its incorporation of an imported proprietary fire\\-resistant cast\\-iron structural system is an early Sydney example of developing building science being used to address safety issues.", "The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "The Corn Exchange and Central Warehouse Buildings are the last remnants of this warehousing area, which serviced Sydney's developing commercial sector. The Corn Exchange is the earliest remaining market building in Sydney. It is an uncommonly intact example of a late 19th century public building built for market purposes.", "" ]
Pre\-stack seismic resolution inversion --------------------------------------- Pre\-stack inversion is often used when post\-stack inversion fails to sufficiently differentiate geologic features with similar P\-impedance signatures.Pendrel, J., "Seismic Inversion—The Best Tool for Reservoir Characterization", CSEG Recorder. Simultaneous inversion solves for S\-impedance and density, in addition to P\-impedance. While many geologic features can express similar P\-impedance characteristics, few will share combined P\-impedance and S\-impedance traits (allowing improved separation and clarity). Often a feasibility study using the wells logs will indicate whether separation of the desired lithotype can be achieved with P\-impedance alone or whether S\-impedance is also required. This will dictate whether a pre\- or post\-stack inversion is needed. Simultaneous Inversion (SI) is a pre\-stack method that uses multiple offset or angle seismic sub\-stacks and their associated wavelets as input; it generates P\-impedance, S\-impedance and [density](/wiki/Density "Density") as outputs (although the density output resolution is rarely as high as the impedances). This helps improve discrimination between lithology, porosity and fluid effects. For each input partial stack, a unique wavelet is estimated. All models, partial stacks and wavelets are input to a single inversion algorithm — enabling inversion to effectively compensate for offset\-dependent phase, bandwidth, tuning and [NMO](/wiki/Normal_Move_Out "Normal Move Out") stretch effects.Pendrel, J., Dickson, T., "Simultaneous AVO Inversion to P Impedance and Vp/Vs", SEG. The inversion algorithm works by first estimating angle\-dependent P\-wave reflectivities for the input\-partial stacks. Next, these are used with the full [Zoeppritz equations](/wiki/Zoeppritz_equations "Zoeppritz equations") (or approximations, such as Aki–Richards, for some algorithms) to find band\-limited elastic reflectivities. These are in turn merged with their low\-frequency counterparts from the model and integrated to [elastic properties](/wiki/Elastic_modulus "Elastic modulus"). This approximate result is then improved in a final inversion for P\-impedance, S\-impedance and density, subject to various hard and soft constraints. One constraint can control the relation between density and compressional velocity; this is necessary when the range of angles is not great enough to be diagnostic of density. An important part in the inversion procedure is the estimation of the seismic wavelets. This is accomplished by computing a filter that best shapes the angle\-dependent well log reflection coefficients in the region of interest to the corresponding offset stack at the well locations. Reflection coefficients are calculated from P\-sonic, S\-sonic and density logs using the [Zoeppritz equations](/wiki/Zoeppritz_equations "Zoeppritz equations"). The wavelets, with amplitudes representative of each offset stack, are input directly into the inversion algorithm. Since a different wavelet is computed for each offset volume, compensation is automatically done for offset\-dependent bandwidth, scaling and tuning effects. A near\-stack wavelet can be used as the starting point for estimating the far\-angle (or offset) wavelet. No prior knowledge of the elastic parameters and density beyond the solution space defined by any hard constraints is provided at the well locations. This makes comparison of the filtered well logs and the inversion outputs at these locations a natural quality control. The lowest frequencies from the inversion are replaced with information from the geologic model since they are poorly constrained by the seismic data. When applied in global mode a spatial control term is added to the objective function and large subsets of traces are inverted simultaneously. The simultaneous inversion algorithm takes multiple angle\-stacked seismic data sets and generates three elastic parameter volumes as output. The resulting elastic parameters are real\-rock properties that can be directly related to reservoir properties. The more advanced algorithms use the full Knott–Zoeppritz equations and there is full allowance for amplitude and phase variations with offset. This is done by deriving unique wavelets for each input\-partial stack. The elastic parameters themselves can be directly constrained during the seismic inversion and rock\-physics relationships can be applied, constraining pairs of elastic parameters to each other. Final elastic\-parameter models optimally reproduce the input seismic, as this is part of the seismic inversion optimization.	[ "Pre\\-stack seismic resolution inversion\n---------------------------------------", "Pre\\-stack inversion is often used when post\\-stack inversion fails to sufficiently differentiate geologic features with similar P\\-impedance signatures.Pendrel, J., \"Seismic Inversion—The Best Tool for Reservoir Characterization\", CSEG Recorder. Simultaneous inversion solves for S\\-impedance and density, in addition to P\\-impedance. While many geologic features can express similar P\\-impedance characteristics, few will share combined P\\-impedance and S\\-impedance traits (allowing improved separation and clarity). Often a feasibility study using the wells logs will indicate whether separation of the desired lithotype can be achieved with P\\-impedance alone or whether S\\-impedance is also required. This will dictate whether a pre\\- or post\\-stack inversion is needed.", "Simultaneous Inversion (SI) is a pre\\-stack method that uses multiple offset or angle seismic sub\\-stacks and their associated wavelets as input; it generates P\\-impedance, S\\-impedance and [density](/wiki/Density \"Density\") as outputs (although the density output resolution is rarely as high as the impedances). This helps improve discrimination between lithology, porosity and fluid effects. For each input partial stack, a unique wavelet is estimated. All models, partial stacks and wavelets are input to a single inversion algorithm — enabling inversion to effectively compensate for offset\\-dependent phase, bandwidth, tuning and [NMO](/wiki/Normal_Move_Out \"Normal Move Out\") stretch effects.Pendrel, J., Dickson, T., \"Simultaneous AVO Inversion to P Impedance and Vp/Vs\", SEG.", "The inversion algorithm works by first estimating angle\\-dependent P\\-wave reflectivities for the input\\-partial stacks. Next, these are used with the full [Zoeppritz equations](/wiki/Zoeppritz_equations \"Zoeppritz equations\") (or approximations, such as Aki–Richards, for some algorithms) to find band\\-limited elastic reflectivities. These are in turn merged with their low\\-frequency counterparts from the model and integrated to [elastic properties](/wiki/Elastic_modulus \"Elastic modulus\"). This approximate result is then improved in a final inversion for P\\-impedance, S\\-impedance and density, subject to various hard and soft constraints. One constraint can control the relation between density and compressional velocity; this is necessary when the range of angles is not great enough to be diagnostic of density.", "An important part in the inversion procedure is the estimation of the seismic wavelets. This is accomplished by computing a filter that best shapes the angle\\-dependent well log reflection coefficients in the region of interest to the corresponding offset stack at the well locations. Reflection coefficients are calculated from P\\-sonic, S\\-sonic and density logs using the [Zoeppritz equations](/wiki/Zoeppritz_equations \"Zoeppritz equations\"). The wavelets, with amplitudes representative of each offset stack, are input directly into the inversion algorithm. Since a different wavelet is computed for each offset volume, compensation is automatically done for offset\\-dependent bandwidth, scaling and tuning effects. A near\\-stack wavelet can be used as the starting point for estimating the far\\-angle (or offset) wavelet.", "No prior knowledge of the elastic parameters and density beyond the solution space defined by any hard constraints is provided at the well locations. This makes comparison of the filtered well logs and the inversion outputs at these locations a natural quality control. The lowest frequencies from the inversion are replaced with information from the geologic model since they are poorly constrained by the seismic data. When applied in global mode a spatial control term is added to the objective function and large subsets of traces are inverted simultaneously. The simultaneous inversion algorithm takes multiple angle\\-stacked seismic data sets and generates three elastic parameter volumes as output.", "The resulting elastic parameters are real\\-rock properties that can be directly related to reservoir properties. The more advanced algorithms use the full Knott–Zoeppritz equations and there is full allowance for amplitude and phase variations with offset. This is done by deriving unique wavelets for each input\\-partial stack. The elastic parameters themselves can be directly constrained during the seismic inversion and rock\\-physics relationships can be applied, constraining pairs of elastic parameters to each other. Final elastic\\-parameter models optimally reproduce the input seismic, as this is part of the seismic inversion optimization.", "" ]
TransApex projects ------------------ ### Clem Jones Tunnel (North South Bypass Tunnel) {{Main\\|Clem Jones Tunnel}} This tunnel was the largest project in the original TransApex proposal, and commenced construction in 2006 after the [Royal Queensland Show](/wiki/Ekka "Ekka") in August. It links [Woolloongabba](/wiki/Woolloongabba "Woolloongabba") to [Bowen Hills](/wiki/Bowen_Hills "Bowen Hills") via [Kangaroo Point](/wiki/Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland "Kangaroo Point, Queensland") under the [Story Bridge](/wiki/Story_Bridge "Story Bridge"). This project was delivered as a [Public Private Partnership](/wiki/Public_Private_Partnership "Public Private Partnership") (PPP) by the [RiverCity Motorway](/wiki/RiverCity_Motorway "RiverCity Motorway") consortium at a final cost of $3\.2 billion. The tunnel was opened on 18 March 2010, with traffic able to use the tunnel toll\-free for 3 weeks due to its early opening. When the $3\.95 toll was instated, poor initial patronage forced the operators to reduce the toll to $2 to encourage usage.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/clem7\-traffic\-hits\-the\-30000\-mark\-20100703\-zuo0\.html\\|title\=Clem7 traffic hits the 30,000 mark\\|author\=Tony Moore\\|date\=3 July 2010\\|work\=Brisbane Times\\|accessdate\=9 June 2011}} The toll has since returned to its original value of $3\.95\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.clem7\.com.au/content/2172/WHAT\-ARE\-THE\-TOLL\-CHARGES\\|title\=Clem Jones Tunnel – What are the toll charges?\\|publisher\=Rivercity Motorway Pty Ltd \\|accessdate\=9 June 2011}} ### Airport Link {{Main\\|Airport Link, Brisbane\\|l1\=Airport Link}} This project was not part of the original TransApex proposal, and was first proposed by Soorley as Stages 2 and 3 of the North\-South Bypass Tunnel. The tunnel originates at the northern end of the Clem Jones Tunnel at Bowen Hills and links the CBD to the [Brisbane Airport](/wiki/Brisbane_Airport "Brisbane Airport") via [Kedron](/wiki/Kedron%2C_Queensland "Kedron, Queensland"). For ease of construction, this tunnel was built in conjunction with the [Northern Busway](/wiki/Northern_Busway%2C_Brisbane "Northern Busway, Brisbane") project and the Airport Roundabout Upgrade project. Airport Link was constructed by the Brisconnections consortium of [Macquarie Group](/wiki/Macquarie_Group "Macquarie Group"), [Thiess](/wiki/Thiess_%28company%29 "Thiess (company)") and [John Holland](/wiki/John_Holland_Group "John Holland Group") and also used the PPP model. Construction costs for the project were estimated to be $4\.8 billion and the toll is expected to be $4\.90 per trip when full tolling commences in November 2013\. The Airport Link project is the largest road infrastructure project in Australia{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.leighton.com.au/about\_us/projects/airport\_link.html\\|title\=Airport Link\\|publisher\=\[\[CIMIC Group\\|Leighton Holdings]]\\|accessdate\=10 June 2011\\|archive\-date\=25 July 2011\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725110510/http://www.leighton.com.au/about\_us/projects/airport\_link.html\\|url\-status\=dead}} and is the most expensive of the TransApex projects. ### Go Between Bridge {{Main\\|Go Between Bridge}} Although originally proposed as a tunnel, a feasibility study favoured a bridge for economic and engineering reasons. It connects the western end of the [Inner City Bypass](/wiki/Inner_City_Bypass%2C_Brisbane "Inner City Bypass, Brisbane") with Merivale and Cordelia Streets in [South Brisbane](/wiki/South_Brisbane "South Brisbane") to the west of the existing [William Jolly Bridge](/wiki/William_Jolly_Bridge "William Jolly Bridge"). The bridge was constructed by the Hale Street Link Alliance at a final cost of $338 million. As of 1 July 2011 the toll will be $2\.35 (adjusted for CPI),{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.flowtoll.com.au/content/2096/GO\-BETWEEN\-BRIDGE\\|title\=Flow Tolling – Go Between Bridge\\|publisher\=Rivercity Motorway\\|accessdate\=9 June 2011\\|archive\-date\=12 June 2011\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612140457/http://www.flowtoll.com.au/content/2096/GO\-BETWEEN\-BRIDGE\\|url\-status\=dead}} which is the lowest of all the TransApex projects. ### Legacy Way {{Main\\|Legacy Way}} This tunnel links the [Western Freeway](/wiki/Western_Freeway%2C_Brisbane "Western Freeway, Brisbane") at the Toowong roundabout to the Inner City Bypass near Victoria Park golf course. The Transcity joint venture commenced construction in April 2011 and the project was finished in mid\-2015{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.transcityjv.com.au/construction\\|title\=Construction – Legacy Way\\|publisher\=Transcity\\|accessdate\=9 June 2011\\|archive\-date\=6 July 2011\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706112716/http://www.transcityjv.com.au/construction\\|url\-status\=dead}} at an estimated cost of $1\.8 billion, including over $1 billion borrowed from the State Government and $500 million of federal funding.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.news.com.au/campbell\-newmans\-final\-tunnel\-for\-east\-west\-link\-could\-be\-built\-sooner/story\-e6freoof\-1225877638121\\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121230165245/http://www.news.com.au/campbell\-newmans\-final\-tunnel\-for\-east\-west\-link\-could\-be\-built\-sooner/story\-e6freoof\-1225877638121\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=30 December 2012\\|title\=Campbell Newman's final tunnel for East\-West link could be built sooner\\|author\=Ursula Heger\\|date\=10 June 2010\\|work\=\[\[The Courier\- Mail]]\\|accessdate\=9 June 2011}} The toll was set at $3 for the first year after opening and as of April 2020, the toll is $5\.19 per trip.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.news.com.au/northern\-link\-tunnel\-named\-legacy\-way\-to\-honour\-diggers/story\-e6freoof\-1225950922274\\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120904125904/http://www.news.com.au/northern\-link\-tunnel\-named\-legacy\-way\-to\-honour\-diggers/story\-e6freoof\-1225950922274\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=4 September 2012\\|title\=Northern Link tunnel named Legacy Way to honour Diggers\\|author\=Ursula Heger\\|date\=10 November 2011\\|work\=The Courier\-Mail\\|accessdate\=9 June 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.linkt.com.au/brisbane/using\-toll\-roads/about\-brisbane\-toll\-roads/toll\-pricing\\|title\=Toll Pricing\\|website\=\[\[Linkt]]\\|accessdate\=15 April 2020}} ### East\-West Link {{Main\\|East\-West Link, Brisbane}} This tunnel is proposed to link the [Western Freeway](/wiki/Western_Freeway%2C_Brisbane "Western Freeway, Brisbane") at the Toowong roundabout to the [Pacific Motorway](/wiki/Pacific_Motorway_%28Brisbane-Ballina%29 "Pacific Motorway (Brisbane-Ballina)") at [Buranda](/wiki/Buranda "Buranda"). It is currently expected to commence sometime around 2026 but may be brought forward depending on the findings of a review currently underway by Brisbane City Council. The project does not appear in the Queensland State Government [South East Queensland Infrastructure Plan and Program](/wiki/South_East_Queensland_Infrastructure_Plan_and_Program "South East Queensland Infrastructure Plan and Program") running to 2031\. As of June 2011 the proposed delivery model and toll and construction costs for the project have not been released.	[ "TransApex projects\n------------------", "### Clem Jones Tunnel (North South Bypass Tunnel)", "{{Main\\\|Clem Jones Tunnel}}", "This tunnel was the largest project in the original TransApex proposal, and commenced construction in 2006 after the [Royal Queensland Show](/wiki/Ekka \"Ekka\") in August. It links [Woolloongabba](/wiki/Woolloongabba \"Woolloongabba\") to [Bowen Hills](/wiki/Bowen_Hills \"Bowen Hills\") via [Kangaroo Point](/wiki/Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland \"Kangaroo Point, Queensland\") under the [Story Bridge](/wiki/Story_Bridge \"Story Bridge\").", "This project was delivered as a [Public Private Partnership](/wiki/Public_Private_Partnership \"Public Private Partnership\") (PPP) by the [RiverCity Motorway](/wiki/RiverCity_Motorway \"RiverCity Motorway\") consortium at a final cost of $3\\.2 billion. The tunnel was opened on 18 March 2010, with traffic able to use the tunnel toll\\-free for 3 weeks due to its early opening. When the $3\\.95 toll was instated, poor initial patronage forced the operators to reduce the toll to $2 to encourage usage.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/clem7\\-traffic\\-hits\\-the\\-30000\\-mark\\-20100703\\-zuo0\\.html\\\|title\\=Clem7 traffic hits the 30,000 mark\\\|author\\=Tony Moore\\\|date\\=3 July 2010\\\|work\\=Brisbane Times\\\|accessdate\\=9 June 2011}} The toll has since returned to its original value of $3\\.95\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.clem7\\.com.au/content/2172/WHAT\\-ARE\\-THE\\-TOLL\\-CHARGES\\\|title\\=Clem Jones Tunnel – What are the toll charges?\\\|publisher\\=Rivercity Motorway Pty Ltd \\\|accessdate\\=9 June 2011}}", "### Airport Link", "{{Main\\\|Airport Link, Brisbane\\\|l1\\=Airport Link}}", "This project was not part of the original TransApex proposal, and was first proposed by Soorley as Stages 2 and 3 of the North\\-South Bypass Tunnel. The tunnel originates at the northern end of the Clem Jones Tunnel at Bowen Hills and links the CBD to the [Brisbane Airport](/wiki/Brisbane_Airport \"Brisbane Airport\") via [Kedron](/wiki/Kedron%2C_Queensland \"Kedron, Queensland\").", "For ease of construction, this tunnel was built in conjunction with the [Northern Busway](/wiki/Northern_Busway%2C_Brisbane \"Northern Busway, Brisbane\") project and the Airport Roundabout Upgrade project. Airport Link was constructed by the Brisconnections consortium of [Macquarie Group](/wiki/Macquarie_Group \"Macquarie Group\"), [Thiess](/wiki/Thiess_%28company%29 \"Thiess (company)\") and [John Holland](/wiki/John_Holland_Group \"John Holland Group\") and also used the PPP model. Construction costs for the project were estimated to be $4\\.8 billion and the toll is expected to be $4\\.90 per trip when full tolling commences in November 2013\\. The Airport Link project is the largest road infrastructure project in Australia{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.leighton.com.au/about\\_us/projects/airport\\_link.html\\\|title\\=Airport Link\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CIMIC Group\\\|Leighton Holdings]]\\\|accessdate\\=10 June 2011\\\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2011\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725110510/http://www.leighton.com.au/about\\_us/projects/airport\\_link.html\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and is the most expensive of the TransApex projects.", "### Go Between Bridge", "{{Main\\\|Go Between Bridge}}", "Although originally proposed as a tunnel, a feasibility study favoured a bridge for economic and engineering reasons. It connects the western end of the [Inner City Bypass](/wiki/Inner_City_Bypass%2C_Brisbane \"Inner City Bypass, Brisbane\") with Merivale and Cordelia Streets in [South Brisbane](/wiki/South_Brisbane \"South Brisbane\") to the west of the existing [William Jolly Bridge](/wiki/William_Jolly_Bridge \"William Jolly Bridge\").", "The bridge was constructed by the Hale Street Link Alliance at a final cost of $338 million. As of 1 July 2011 the toll will be $2\\.35 (adjusted for CPI),{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.flowtoll.com.au/content/2096/GO\\-BETWEEN\\-BRIDGE\\\|title\\=Flow Tolling – Go Between Bridge\\\|publisher\\=Rivercity Motorway\\\|accessdate\\=9 June 2011\\\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2011\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612140457/http://www.flowtoll.com.au/content/2096/GO\\-BETWEEN\\-BRIDGE\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} which is the lowest of all the TransApex projects.", "### Legacy Way", "{{Main\\\|Legacy Way}}", "This tunnel links the [Western Freeway](/wiki/Western_Freeway%2C_Brisbane \"Western Freeway, Brisbane\") at the Toowong roundabout to the Inner City Bypass near Victoria Park golf course. The Transcity joint venture commenced construction in April 2011 and the project was finished in mid\\-2015{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.transcityjv.com.au/construction\\\|title\\=Construction – Legacy Way\\\|publisher\\=Transcity\\\|accessdate\\=9 June 2011\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 July 2011\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706112716/http://www.transcityjv.com.au/construction\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} at an estimated cost of $1\\.8 billion, including over $1 billion borrowed from the State Government and $500 million of federal funding.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.news.com.au/campbell\\-newmans\\-final\\-tunnel\\-for\\-east\\-west\\-link\\-could\\-be\\-built\\-sooner/story\\-e6freoof\\-1225877638121\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121230165245/http://www.news.com.au/campbell\\-newmans\\-final\\-tunnel\\-for\\-east\\-west\\-link\\-could\\-be\\-built\\-sooner/story\\-e6freoof\\-1225877638121\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2012\\\|title\\=Campbell Newman's final tunnel for East\\-West link could be built sooner\\\|author\\=Ursula Heger\\\|date\\=10 June 2010\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Courier\\- Mail]]\\\|accessdate\\=9 June 2011}} The toll was set at $3 for the first year after opening and as of April 2020, the toll is $5\\.19 per trip.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.news.com.au/northern\\-link\\-tunnel\\-named\\-legacy\\-way\\-to\\-honour\\-diggers/story\\-e6freoof\\-1225950922274\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120904125904/http://www.news.com.au/northern\\-link\\-tunnel\\-named\\-legacy\\-way\\-to\\-honour\\-diggers/story\\-e6freoof\\-1225950922274\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2012\\\|title\\=Northern Link tunnel named Legacy Way to honour Diggers\\\|author\\=Ursula Heger\\\|date\\=10 November 2011\\\|work\\=The Courier\\-Mail\\\|accessdate\\=9 June 2011}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.linkt.com.au/brisbane/using\\-toll\\-roads/about\\-brisbane\\-toll\\-roads/toll\\-pricing\\\|title\\=Toll Pricing\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Linkt]]\\\|accessdate\\=15 April 2020}}", "### East\\-West Link", "{{Main\\\|East\\-West Link, Brisbane}}", "This tunnel is proposed to link the [Western Freeway](/wiki/Western_Freeway%2C_Brisbane \"Western Freeway, Brisbane\") at the Toowong roundabout to the [Pacific Motorway](/wiki/Pacific_Motorway_%28Brisbane-Ballina%29 \"Pacific Motorway (Brisbane-Ballina)\") at [Buranda](/wiki/Buranda \"Buranda\"). It is currently expected to commence sometime around 2026 but may be brought forward depending on the findings of a review currently underway by Brisbane City Council. The project does not appear in the Queensland State Government [South East Queensland Infrastructure Plan and Program](/wiki/South_East_Queensland_Infrastructure_Plan_and_Program \"South East Queensland Infrastructure Plan and Program\") running to 2031\\.", "As of June 2011 the proposed delivery model and toll and construction costs for the project have not been released.", "" ]
History ------- The station first signed on the air in 1983 as KSQU, in Weed, California. It was later purchased in 1984 by Tom Erickson of [Lake Havasu City, Arizona](/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City%2C_Arizona "Lake Havasu City, Arizona"), moved to Mount Shasta and renamed KWHO. The station was one of two country music radio stations in [Siskiyou County](/wiki/Siskiyou_County "Siskiyou County") and the first to broadcast country music on the FM band in the market. KWHO was sold to Huth Broadcasting in 1997 and the format was changed to adult contemporary. Then the station was flipped to Four Rivers Broadcasting, which already owned [KSYC\-AM](/wiki/KSYC_%28AM%29 "KSYC (AM)"), [KSYC\-FM](/wiki/KSYC-FM "KSYC-FM"), [KMJC](/wiki/KMJC "KMJC"), and [KMJC\-FM](/wiki/KKLC "KKLC"). The format remained until 2003 when the news talk format moved from the AM stations to KWHO. The call sign was changed to KNTK in 2004\. On August 1, 2008, KNTK — along with sister station KSYC\-FM in Yreka — was sold to Jamison\-Wolf Broadcasting. The new owners changed the station's format from [news/talk](/wiki/News_Talk_Information "News Talk Information") to [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits "Classic hits"). In December 2008, the call sign was again changed, this time to KCWH. On August 1, 2009, Jamison\-Wolf entered into an LMA ([Local Marketing Agreement](/wiki/Local_Marketing_Agreement "Local Marketing Agreement")) with TRC Enterprises, LLC, a company owned and operated by long\-time morning show host and Program Director Rick Martin. The LMA was a precursor to an outright purchase of the station pending FCC approval. The sale became official in late August 2009\.[Radio station is Martin's now](http://www.mtshastanews.com/homepage/x1373203988/Radio-station-is-Martin-s-now) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227112719/http://www.mtshastanews.com/homepage/x1373203988/Radio\-station\-is\-Martin\-s\-now \\|date\=2012\-02\-27 }}, Steve Gerace, Mount Shasta News, August 26, 2009 Rick Martin had been on the air in the market for 20 straight years, longer than any other local personality. Martin sold the station and translators K257CA and K269AT to Buffalo Broadcasting, LLC, owned by Mark and Cindy Baird, and on July 24, 2012, KCWH went silent (off the air). The sale to Buffalo Broadcasting was consummated on December 26, 2012, at a purchase price of $295,000\.{{cite news \\|url\=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cdbs/CDBS\_Attachment/getattachment.jsp?appn\=101520050\&qnum\=5040\&copynum\=1\&exhcnum\=1 \\|title\=Asset Purchase Agreement \\|work\=\[\[Federal Communications Commission]] \\|date\=August 8, 2012 \\|accessdate\=June 14, 2017}} The station would return to the air as a [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock "Classic rock") station under the new call sign KSIZ at the same frequencies with Joe Kesterson as lead deejay and the new program director. Kesterson also hosted the evening show on KSYC from 2013 to 2017 before leaving the station to battle esophageal cancer. On March 23, 2017, the broadcast tower collapsed, knocking the station off the air once again. The station went silent as of March 23, 2017, but returned to the air on November 1, 2017\. On September 28, 2017, Joe Kesterson died after a lengthy battle with esophageal cancer. On April 29, 2019, the station changed its call sign to KHWA. In 2021, the station once again went [silent](/wiki/Dark_%28broadcasting%29 "Dark (broadcasting)") with no timetable for a return to the air. Sister station [KSYC\-FM](/wiki/KSYC-FM "KSYC-FM") was the lone Buffalo Broadcasting station to remain on the air until October 1, 2021\. Effective July 19, 2022, KHWA was officially purchased by Southern Oregon University and began broadcasting programming from Jefferson Public Radio.	[ "History\n-------", "The station first signed on the air in 1983 as KSQU, in Weed, California. It was later purchased in 1984 by Tom Erickson of [Lake Havasu City, Arizona](/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City%2C_Arizona \"Lake Havasu City, Arizona\"), moved to Mount Shasta and renamed KWHO. The station was one of two country music radio stations in [Siskiyou County](/wiki/Siskiyou_County \"Siskiyou County\") and the first to broadcast country music on the FM band in the market.", "KWHO was sold to Huth Broadcasting in 1997 and the format was changed to adult contemporary. Then the station was flipped to Four Rivers Broadcasting, which already owned [KSYC\\-AM](/wiki/KSYC_%28AM%29 \"KSYC (AM)\"), [KSYC\\-FM](/wiki/KSYC-FM \"KSYC-FM\"), [KMJC](/wiki/KMJC \"KMJC\"), and [KMJC\\-FM](/wiki/KKLC \"KKLC\"). The format remained until 2003 when the news talk format moved from the AM stations to KWHO. The call sign was changed to KNTK in 2004\\.", "On August 1, 2008, KNTK — along with sister station KSYC\\-FM in Yreka — was sold to Jamison\\-Wolf Broadcasting. The new owners changed the station's format from [news/talk](/wiki/News_Talk_Information \"News Talk Information\") to [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits \"Classic hits\"). In December 2008, the call sign was again changed, this time to KCWH.", "On August 1, 2009, Jamison\\-Wolf entered into an LMA ([Local Marketing Agreement](/wiki/Local_Marketing_Agreement \"Local Marketing Agreement\")) with TRC Enterprises, LLC, a company owned and operated by long\\-time morning show host and Program Director Rick Martin. The LMA was a precursor to an outright purchase of the station pending FCC approval. The sale became official in late August 2009\\.[Radio station is Martin's now](http://www.mtshastanews.com/homepage/x1373203988/Radio-station-is-Martin-s-now) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227112719/http://www.mtshastanews.com/homepage/x1373203988/Radio\\-station\\-is\\-Martin\\-s\\-now \\\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-27 }}, Steve Gerace, Mount Shasta News, August 26, 2009 Rick Martin had been on the air in the market for 20 straight years, longer than any other local personality.", "Martin sold the station and translators K257CA and K269AT to Buffalo Broadcasting, LLC, owned by Mark and Cindy Baird, and on July 24, 2012, KCWH went silent (off the air). The sale to Buffalo Broadcasting was consummated on December 26, 2012, at a purchase price of $295,000\\.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cdbs/CDBS\\_Attachment/getattachment.jsp?appn\\=101520050\\&qnum\\=5040\\&copynum\\=1\\&exhcnum\\=1 \\\|title\\=Asset Purchase Agreement \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Federal Communications Commission]] \\\|date\\=August 8, 2012 \\\|accessdate\\=June 14, 2017}} The station would return to the air as a [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock \"Classic rock\") station under the new call sign KSIZ at the same frequencies with Joe Kesterson as lead deejay and the new program director. Kesterson also hosted the evening show on KSYC from 2013 to 2017 before leaving the station to battle esophageal cancer.", "On March 23, 2017, the broadcast tower collapsed, knocking the station off the air once again. The station went silent as of March 23, 2017, but returned to the air on November 1, 2017\\. On September 28, 2017, Joe Kesterson died after a lengthy battle with esophageal cancer.", "On April 29, 2019, the station changed its call sign to KHWA. In 2021, the station once again went [silent](/wiki/Dark_%28broadcasting%29 \"Dark (broadcasting)\") with no timetable for a return to the air. Sister station [KSYC\\-FM](/wiki/KSYC-FM \"KSYC-FM\") was the lone Buffalo Broadcasting station to remain on the air until October 1, 2021\\.", "Effective July 19, 2022, KHWA was officially purchased by Southern Oregon University and began broadcasting programming from Jefferson Public Radio.", "" ]
Career ------ Following his studies in the United States, Torre taught broadcast media at the [University of the Philippines](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines "University of the Philippines"). He also became involved in the [performing arts](/wiki/Performing_arts "Performing arts") becoming a director, scriptwriter and actor for theater acts. He started his career as director after he was asked by Pete Roa to direct the 1960s talk show Two For the Road which aired in [ABS\-CBN](/wiki/ABS-CBN "ABS-CBN"). Roa was the partner of Boots Anson\-Roa who was Torre's mentor as a broadcast media student.{{cite news \\|title\=Veteran writer\-director Nestor Torre dies at 78 \\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/782724/veteran\-writer\-director\-nestor\-torre\-dies\-at\-78/story/ \\|access\-date\=9 April 2021 \\|work\=GMA News \\|date\=7 April 2021 \\|language\=en}}{{cite news \\|title\=Writer\-director Nestor Torre Jr. dies, 78 \\|url\=https://manilastandard.net/news/national/351202/writer\-director\-nestor\-torre\-jr\-dies\-78\.html \\|access\-date\=9 April 2021 \\|work\=Manila Standard \\|date\=7 April 2021 \\|language\=en}} The show was hosted by Elvira Manahan and Joey Lardizabal. Following Lardizabal's death, Torre became a co\-host of the show he directed. The 1971 film Crush Ko Si Sir which starred [Hilda Koronel](/wiki/Hilda_Koronel "Hilda Koronel") was directed and written by Torre. Torre went on to write screenplays for other films; among these were Khayam and I (1974\) and Ang Isinilang Ko Ba'y Kasalanan? (1977\). As a writer, Torre worked as a columnist for Mr \& Ms magazine from the late 1970s to the 1980s. He also worked as an editor for the publication. For the [Philippine Daily Inquirer](/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer "Philippine Daily Inquirer"), he wrote the long\-running Viewfinder column and was the editor for its Saturday Special. Torre also worked with Filipino composer [Ryan Cayabyab](/wiki/Ryan_Cayabyab "Ryan Cayabyab"). He did work for Cayabyab's first biographical musical Katy (1998\) and directed Magsimula Ka where Gines Tan provided the music and Cayabyab lent music\-direction. Torre also wrote Cayabyab's musical Magnificat. He was also a film and television critic, with his critiques at one point being posted at bulletin boards in the offices of [ABS\-CBN](/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation "ABS-CBN Corporation") for the actors and production staff to take note of.	[ "Career\n------", "Following his studies in the United States, Torre taught broadcast media at the [University of the Philippines](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines \"University of the Philippines\"). He also became involved in the [performing arts](/wiki/Performing_arts \"Performing arts\") becoming a director, scriptwriter and actor for theater acts.", "He started his career as director after he was asked by Pete Roa to direct the 1960s talk show Two For the Road which aired in [ABS\\-CBN](/wiki/ABS-CBN \"ABS-CBN\"). Roa was the partner of Boots Anson\\-Roa who was Torre's mentor as a broadcast media student.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Veteran writer\\-director Nestor Torre dies at 78 \\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/782724/veteran\\-writer\\-director\\-nestor\\-torre\\-dies\\-at\\-78/story/ \\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2021 \\\|work\\=GMA News \\\|date\\=7 April 2021 \\\|language\\=en}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=Writer\\-director Nestor Torre Jr. dies, 78 \\\|url\\=https://manilastandard.net/news/national/351202/writer\\-director\\-nestor\\-torre\\-jr\\-dies\\-78\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2021 \\\|work\\=Manila Standard \\\|date\\=7 April 2021 \\\|language\\=en}} The show was hosted by Elvira Manahan and Joey Lardizabal. Following Lardizabal's death, Torre became a co\\-host of the show he directed. The 1971 film Crush Ko Si Sir which starred [Hilda Koronel](/wiki/Hilda_Koronel \"Hilda Koronel\") was directed and written by Torre. Torre went on to write screenplays for other films; among these were Khayam and I (1974\\) and Ang Isinilang Ko Ba'y Kasalanan? (1977\\).", "As a writer, Torre worked as a columnist for Mr \\& Ms magazine from the late 1970s to the 1980s. He also worked as an editor for the publication. For the [Philippine Daily Inquirer](/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer \"Philippine Daily Inquirer\"), he wrote the long\\-running Viewfinder column and was the editor for its Saturday Special.", "Torre also worked with Filipino composer [Ryan Cayabyab](/wiki/Ryan_Cayabyab \"Ryan Cayabyab\"). He did work for Cayabyab's first biographical musical Katy (1998\\) and directed Magsimula Ka where Gines Tan provided the music and Cayabyab lent music\\-direction. Torre also wrote Cayabyab's musical Magnificat.", "He was also a film and television critic, with his critiques at one point being posted at bulletin boards in the offices of [ABS\\-CBN](/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation \"ABS-CBN Corporation\") for the actors and production staff to take note of.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\\|Aircraft of Fighter Command on display for the press at Grangemouth in Scotland, 25 April 1941\. In the foreground is a Hawker Hurricane Mk I of No. 315 (Polish) Squadron; in the background a Bristol Blenheim Mk IF of No. 23 Squadron; and overhead, three Supermarine Spitfires of No. 58 Operational Training Unit.](/wiki/File:Aircraft_of_Fighter_Command_on_display_for_the_press_at_Grangemouth_in_Scotland%2C_25_April_1941._In_the_foreground_is_a_Hawker_Hurricane_Mk_I_of_No._315_%28Polish%29_Squadron%3B_in_the_background_a_Bristol_Blenheim_M_H9179.jpg "Aircraft of Fighter Command on display for the press at Grangemouth in Scotland, 25 April 1941. In the foreground is a Hawker Hurricane Mk I of No. 315 (Polish) Squadron; in the background a Bristol Blenheim M H9179.jpg") [thumb\\|Squadron Leader [Eugeniusz Horbaczewski](/wiki/Eugeniusz_Horbaczewski "Eugeniusz Horbaczewski"), the CO of the No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron, standing by his new North American Mustang Mark III, FB387 'PK\-G, at Brenzett, Kent. He was shot down and killed on 18 August 1944, after destroying three Focke Wulf Fw 190s to bring his score to 16 and a half victories.](/wiki/File:Squadron_Leader_Horbaczewski_of_315_Polish_Squadron_RAF_Aug_1944_IWM_MH_1936.jpg "Squadron Leader Horbaczewski of 315 Polish Squadron RAF Aug 1944 IWM MH 1936.jpg") The squadron was formed at [RAF Acklington](/wiki/RAF_Acklington "RAF Acklington"), [England](/wiki/England "England"), on 21 January 1941\. The squadron, equipped with [Hurricanes](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane "Hawker Hurricane"), was moved in March to [RAF Speke](/wiki/Speke_Airport "Speke Airport"), [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"), where it made frequent patrols over naval convoys as part of [No. 9 Group RAF](/wiki/No._9_Group_RAF "No. 9 Group RAF"). Before July, when it came under Polish command. No 315 was commanded by [Squadron Leader](/wiki/Squadron_Leader "Squadron Leader") H. D. Cooke. In July it was moved to [RAF Northolt](/wiki/RAF_Northolt "RAF Northolt"), West [London](/wiki/London "London"), re\-equipped with [Spitfires](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfires "Supermarine Spitfires") and began to conduct offensive fighter sweeps over occupied [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). During two operations over France, on 9 August, the squadron achieved its first aircraft claims—two [Bf 109s](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109 "Messerschmitt Bf 109") destroyed, three probables and three damaged. The squadron returned to [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire "Lancashire") in April 1942, located at [RAF Woodvale](/wiki/RAF_Woodvale "RAF Woodvale"), [Sefton](/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton "Metropolitan Borough of Sefton"). The squadron returned to Northolt in September and resumed operations over France. In June 1943, the squadron was withdrawn to Yorkshire, then to [County Down](/wiki/County_Down "County Down"), [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") in July. Having returned to England in November, the squadron moved to the [south west](/wiki/South_West_England "South West England") in April 1944, where it joined [No. 133 Wing RAF](/wiki/No._133_Wing_RAF "No. 133 Wing RAF") of the [2nd Tactical Air Force](/wiki/2nd_Tactical_Air_Force "2nd Tactical Air Force"). The squadron was re\-equipped with the [Mustang](/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang "North American P-51 Mustang") Mk III, which the squadron used for the remainder of the war. The squadron formed part of southern England's defence against the [V\-1 flying bombs](/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb "V-1 flying bomb") and served in the [Battle of Normandy](/wiki/Operation_Overlord "Operation Overlord"). During a sweep over [France](/wiki/France "France") on 18 August, 12 Mustangs of No. 315 engaged 60 German fighters of JG2 and JG26, which was in the process of taking off and landing near [Beauvais](/wiki/Beauvais "Beauvais"), France. In the ensuing battle, the squadron was credited with 16 victories, 1 probable and 3 damaged for the loss of one pilot, Squadron Leader [Eugeniusz Horbaczewski](/wiki/Eugeniusz_Horbaczewski "Eugeniusz Horbaczewski"). Conversely, German claims were that 12 aircraft had been lost and that they had themselves shot down 6 aircraft (one of which was claimed to be a [Lockheed P\-38 Lightning](/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning "Lockheed P-38 Lightning")). The squadron later carried out operations over Germany, [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") and the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), where the squadron carried out sorties until the end of the war. The squadron claimed 86\.33 confirmed victories, 18 probable and 26 damaged. After the war, 315 Squadron remained part of [RAF Fighter Command](/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command "RAF Fighter Command") until it was disbanded on 14 January 1947\.	[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\\|Aircraft of Fighter Command on display for the press at Grangemouth in Scotland, 25 April 1941\\. In the foreground is a Hawker Hurricane Mk I of No. 315 (Polish) Squadron; in the background a Bristol Blenheim Mk IF of No. 23 Squadron; and overhead, three Supermarine Spitfires of No. 58 Operational Training Unit.](/wiki/File:Aircraft_of_Fighter_Command_on_display_for_the_press_at_Grangemouth_in_Scotland%2C_25_April_1941._In_the_foreground_is_a_Hawker_Hurricane_Mk_I_of_No._315_%28Polish%29_Squadron%3B_in_the_background_a_Bristol_Blenheim_M_H9179.jpg \"Aircraft of Fighter Command on display for the press at Grangemouth in Scotland, 25 April 1941. In the foreground is a Hawker Hurricane Mk I of No. 315 (Polish) Squadron; in the background a Bristol Blenheim M H9179.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Squadron Leader [Eugeniusz Horbaczewski](/wiki/Eugeniusz_Horbaczewski \"Eugeniusz Horbaczewski\"), the CO of the No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron, standing by his new North American Mustang Mark III, FB387 'PK\\-G, at Brenzett, Kent. He was shot down and killed on 18 August 1944, after destroying three Focke Wulf Fw 190s to bring his score to 16 and a half victories.](/wiki/File:Squadron_Leader_Horbaczewski_of_315_Polish_Squadron_RAF_Aug_1944_IWM_MH_1936.jpg \"Squadron Leader Horbaczewski of 315 Polish Squadron RAF Aug 1944 IWM MH 1936.jpg\")", "The squadron was formed at [RAF Acklington](/wiki/RAF_Acklington \"RAF Acklington\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), on 21 January 1941\\. The squadron, equipped with [Hurricanes](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane \"Hawker Hurricane\"), was moved in March to [RAF Speke](/wiki/Speke_Airport \"Speke Airport\"), [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"), where it made frequent patrols over naval convoys as part of [No. 9 Group RAF](/wiki/No._9_Group_RAF \"No. 9 Group RAF\"). Before July, when it came under Polish command. No 315 was commanded by [Squadron Leader](/wiki/Squadron_Leader \"Squadron Leader\") H. D. Cooke.", "In July it was moved to [RAF Northolt](/wiki/RAF_Northolt \"RAF Northolt\"), West [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), re\\-equipped with [Spitfires](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfires \"Supermarine Spitfires\") and began to conduct offensive fighter sweeps over occupied [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). During two operations over France, on 9 August, the squadron achieved its first aircraft claims—two [Bf 109s](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109 \"Messerschmitt Bf 109\") destroyed, three probables and three damaged. The squadron returned to [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire \"Lancashire\") in April 1942, located at [RAF Woodvale](/wiki/RAF_Woodvale \"RAF Woodvale\"), [Sefton](/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton \"Metropolitan Borough of Sefton\"). The squadron returned to Northolt in September and resumed operations over France. In June 1943, the squadron was withdrawn to Yorkshire, then to [County Down](/wiki/County_Down \"County Down\"), [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\") in July.", "Having returned to England in November, the squadron moved to the [south west](/wiki/South_West_England \"South West England\") in April 1944, where it joined [No. 133 Wing RAF](/wiki/No._133_Wing_RAF \"No. 133 Wing RAF\") of the [2nd Tactical Air Force](/wiki/2nd_Tactical_Air_Force \"2nd Tactical Air Force\"). The squadron was re\\-equipped with the [Mustang](/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang \"North American P-51 Mustang\") Mk III, which the squadron used for the remainder of the war. The squadron formed part of southern England's defence against the [V\\-1 flying bombs](/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb \"V-1 flying bomb\") and served in the [Battle of Normandy](/wiki/Operation_Overlord \"Operation Overlord\").", "During a sweep over [France](/wiki/France \"France\") on 18 August, 12 Mustangs of No. 315 engaged 60 German fighters of JG2 and JG26, which was in the process of taking off and landing near [Beauvais](/wiki/Beauvais \"Beauvais\"), France. In the ensuing battle, the squadron was credited with 16 victories, 1 probable and 3 damaged for the loss of one pilot, Squadron Leader [Eugeniusz Horbaczewski](/wiki/Eugeniusz_Horbaczewski \"Eugeniusz Horbaczewski\"). Conversely, German claims were that 12 aircraft had been lost and that they had themselves shot down 6 aircraft (one of which was claimed to be a [Lockheed P\\-38 Lightning](/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning \"Lockheed P-38 Lightning\")).", "The squadron later carried out operations over Germany, [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") and the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), where the squadron carried out sorties until the end of the war. The squadron claimed 86\\.33 confirmed victories, 18 probable and 26 damaged. After the war, 315 Squadron remained part of [RAF Fighter Command](/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command \"RAF Fighter Command\") until it was disbanded on 14 January 1947\\.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \\|1830\= 269 \\|1840\= 394 \\|1850\= 295 \\|1860\= 360 \\|1870\= 243 \\|1880\= 302 \\|1890\= 343 \\|1900\= 409 \\|1910\= 445 \\|1920\= 354 \\|1930\= 325 \\|1940\= 277 \\|1950\= 331 \\|1960\= 355 \\|1970\= 326 \\|1980\= 430 \\|1990\= 428 \\|2000\= 441 \\|2010\= 374 \\|2020\= 356 \\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\=Census.gov\\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\\|title\=U.S. Census website\\|url\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\-date\=December 16, 2012}} of 2010, there were 374 people, 159 households, and 103 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\\|16\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 197 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|8\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 95\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.8% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), and 3\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.8% of the population. There were 159 households, of which 27\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35\.2% were non\-families. 27\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.35 and the average family size was 2\.81\. The median age in the town was 45\.1 years. 20\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\.2% were from 25 to 44; 31\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 18\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48\.9% male and 51\.1% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\-date\=January 31, 2008\\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 441 people, 172 households, and 129 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 19\.2 people per square mile (7\.4/km{{sup\\|2}}). There were 203 housing units at an average density of 8\.9 per square mile (3\.4/km{{sup\\|2}}). The racial makeup of the town was 98\.41% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.45% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.23% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.91% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.45% of the population. There were 172 households, out of which 32\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 5\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25\.0% were non\-families. 21\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.56 and the average family size was 2\.94\. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26\.3% under the age of 18, 7\.3% from 18 to 24, 29\.7% from 25 to 44, 21\.8% from 45 to 64, and 15\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100\.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $35,250, and the median income for a family was $40,625\. Males had a median income of $38,194 versus $22,083 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $15,812\. About 8\.8% of families and 11\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 13\.9% of those under age 18 and 8\.1% of those age 65 or over.	[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\\|1830\\= 269\n\\\|1840\\= 394\n\\\|1850\\= 295\n\\\|1860\\= 360\n\\\|1870\\= 243\n\\\|1880\\= 302\n\\\|1890\\= 343\n\\\|1900\\= 409\n\\\|1910\\= 445\n\\\|1920\\= 354\n\\\|1930\\= 325\n\\\|1940\\= 277\n\\\|1950\\= 331\n\\\|1960\\= 355\n\\\|1970\\= 326\n\\\|1980\\= 430\n\\\|1990\\= 428\n\\\|2000\\= 441\n\\\|2010\\= 374\n\\\|2020\\= 356\n\\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2012}} of 2010, there were 374 people, 159 households, and 103 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\\|16\\.3\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|1}}. There were 197 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|8\\.6\\\|/sqmi\\\|/km2\\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 95\\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.8% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), and 3\\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.8% of the population.", "There were 159 households, of which 27\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35\\.2% were non\\-families. 27\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.35 and the average family size was 2\\.81\\.", "The median age in the town was 45\\.1 years. 20\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\\.2% were from 25 to 44; 31\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 18\\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48\\.9% male and 51\\.1% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008\\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 441 people, 172 households, and 129 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 19\\.2 people per square mile (7\\.4/km{{sup\\\|2}}). There were 203 housing units at an average density of 8\\.9 per square mile (3\\.4/km{{sup\\\|2}}). The racial makeup of the town was 98\\.41% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.45% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.23% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.91% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.45% of the population.", "There were 172 households, out of which 32\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25\\.0% were non\\-families. 21\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.56 and the average family size was 2\\.94\\.", "In the town, the population was spread out, with 26\\.3% under the age of 18, 7\\.3% from 18 to 24, 29\\.7% from 25 to 44, 21\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 15\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100\\.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the town was $35,250, and the median income for a family was $40,625\\. Males had a median income of $38,194 versus $22,083 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $15,812\\. About 8\\.8% of families and 11\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 13\\.9% of those under age 18 and 8\\.1% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Historical museum ----------------- The [Arch Street Meeting House Preservation Trust](https://www.historicasmh.org/), an entity of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, has responsibility for the building and grounds. Its mission is to “preserve, operate, and interpret the meeting house and grounds which will serve to increase public understanding of the impact and continued relevance of Quakers and Quaker history.”{{Cite web \\|title\=Our Story \\|url\=https://www.historicasmh.org/ourstory \\|access\-date\=2024\-03\-15 \\|website\=Arch Street Meeting House \\|language\=en\-US}} [alt\=Sounding board and benches for Quakers in large open room\\|thumb\\|Sounding board and facing benches in East Room of Arch Street Friends Meeting House circa 1970](/wiki/File:Sounding_board_at_Arch_Street_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg "Sounding board at Arch Street Friends Meeting House.jpg") The East Room has dioramas representing significant events of the Quaker experience in Pennsylvania and North America as well as artifacts offering views into common experiences of Friends. The West Room, still used for large Quaker gatherings and private events, features interpretive panels about Friends’ worship. Notable in the West Room is the [sounding board](/wiki/Sounding_board "Sounding board") on the south wall, amplifying the voices of Friends seated on benches facing the congregation so that they could be heard throughout the balconied room. The Reception Room in the center of the building has display cases which change seasonally as well as a small collection of religious books on open shelves. The Meeting Room is used by the Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia for weekly worship services and is often open to view. Notable in this room are the horsehair\-filled bench cushions. The building’s basement has restrooms, and its second floor houses administrative offices and private meeting rooms not open to the public. The building is open seasonally from Thursday to Sunday. The grounds are open from 9 am to dusk year round. Arch Street Meeting House is featured on the cover of the 2018 edition of [Faith and Practice](https://www.pym.org/faith-and-practice/), Philadelphia Yearly Meeting's book of discipline (standards and practices). A [Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Historical_and_Museum_Commission "Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission") marker [is located](https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B057'08.5%22N+75%C2%B008'44.8%22W/@39.95237,-75.1483449,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d39.95237!4d-75.14577?entry=ttu) at the front of the building. It was dedicated on December 17, 1954\.	[ "Historical museum\n-----------------", "The [Arch Street Meeting House Preservation Trust](https://www.historicasmh.org/), an entity of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, has responsibility for the building and grounds. Its mission is to “preserve, operate, and interpret the meeting house and grounds which will serve to increase public understanding of the impact and continued relevance of Quakers and Quaker history.”{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Our Story \\\|url\\=https://www.historicasmh.org/ourstory \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-15 \\\|website\\=Arch Street Meeting House \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}\n[alt\\=Sounding board and benches for Quakers in large open room\\\|thumb\\\|Sounding board and facing benches in East Room of Arch Street Friends Meeting House circa 1970](/wiki/File:Sounding_board_at_Arch_Street_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg \"Sounding board at Arch Street Friends Meeting House.jpg\")\nThe East Room has dioramas representing significant events of the Quaker experience in Pennsylvania and North America as well as artifacts offering views into common experiences of Friends. The West Room, still used for large Quaker gatherings and private events, features interpretive panels about Friends’ worship. Notable in the West Room is the [sounding board](/wiki/Sounding_board \"Sounding board\") on the south wall, amplifying the voices of Friends seated on benches facing the congregation so that they could be heard throughout the balconied room.", "The Reception Room in the center of the building has display cases which change seasonally as well as a small collection of religious books on open shelves.", "The Meeting Room is used by the Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia for weekly worship services and is often open to view. Notable in this room are the horsehair\\-filled bench cushions.", "The building’s basement has restrooms, and its second floor houses administrative offices and private meeting rooms not open to the public.", "The building is open seasonally from Thursday to Sunday. The grounds are open from 9 am to dusk year round.", "Arch Street Meeting House is featured on the cover of the 2018 edition of [Faith and Practice](https://www.pym.org/faith-and-practice/), Philadelphia Yearly Meeting's book of discipline (standards and practices).", "A [Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Historical_and_Museum_Commission \"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission\") marker [is located](https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B057'08.5%22N+75%C2%B008'44.8%22W/@39.95237,-75.1483449,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d39.95237!4d-75.14577?entry=ttu) at the front of the building. It was dedicated on December 17, 1954\\.", "" ]
History ------- Saint Lambert, [bishop of Maastricht](/wiki/Bishop_of_Maastricht "Bishop of Maastricht"), was assassinated in Liège about 705, and was initially buried in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht "Maastricht"). The site of his martyrdom became a place of pilgrimage, and his successor, [Saint Hubert](/wiki/Saint_Hubert "Saint Hubert"), returned the body and reburied it there. Shortly afterwards, the bishop's seat was transferred from Maastricht to Liège, and Lambert's shrine became a cathedral. Several structures succeeded each other on the site. The first was a martyr's shrine or [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum "Mausoleum") (martyrium), commissioned by Saint Hubert. Unusually, it was oriented to the west, which may account for the existence of a west choir in later cathedral buildings. Two cathedrals followed. The first, built towards the end of the 8th century, was in [Carolingian](/wiki/Carolingian_architecture "Carolingian architecture") style. In 978, Bishop [Notger](/wiki/Notker_of_Li%C3%A8ge "Notker of Liège") installed a [chapter](/wiki/Cathedral_chapter "Cathedral chapter") of sixty [canons](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 "Canon (priest)"). He then built a new church from around the year 1000, in [Ottonian](/wiki/Ottonian_architecture "Ottonian architecture") style, with a special [crypt](/wiki/Crypt "Crypt") for the [relics](/wiki/Relic "Relic") of the martyred saint. The architecture was that of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"). The new cathedral had a massive [westwork](/wiki/Westwork "Westwork"), two [choirs](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 "Choir (architecture)") at opposite ends, two [transepts](/wiki/Transept "Transept"), each with a tower over the crossing, adding to the monumentality of the structure, and a [cloister](/wiki/Cloister "Cloister") at the east end. It is noticeable from the groundplan that the entrances were in the north and south sides of the building, and not along the east–west axis.This may possibly be the consequence of a superstition that evil would come from the west, and that an entrance on that side might allow it to enter the house of God. Many religious buildings in the Meuse region have this feature. Frederic of Lorraine, later [Pope Stephen IX](/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX "Pope Stephen IX"), was canon and archdeacon of this churchPatrick Healy, The Chronicle of Hugh of Flavigny: Reform and the Investiture Contest in the Late Eleventh Century, (Ashgate Publishing, 2006\), 50\. before being raised to the cardinalate by Pope Victor II.Charles Radding and Francis Newton, Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics in the Eucharistic Controversy, 1078–1079, (Columbia University Press, 2003\), 89\. Many alterations were made to it during the decades 1140–1180\. The disgraced and excommunicated [Emperor Henry IV](/wiki/Henry_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor"), who died on 7 August 1106, was buried here by the Prince\-Bishop [Otbert](/wiki/Otbert_of_Li%C3%A8ge "Otbert of Liège"), after the entrails and heart had been removed. The German bishops protested and declared that the cathedral would be considered contaminated as long as the body stayed there. [Emperor Henry V](/wiki/Henry_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor") therefore had his father's remains disinterred and moved to [Speyer Cathedral](/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral "Speyer Cathedral"), on 15 August 1106\.D. Droixhe, "Une histoire des Lumières au pays de Liège", les Editions de l'Université de Liège, 2007, p. 15 During the night of 28–29 April 1185, a violent fire broke out in one of the houses next to the cloisters, to which it immediately spread, and from there to the rest of the cathedral, which was destroyed. Reconstruction began the next day, in the [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture") style, extensively using the previous foundations. Part of the cathedral had been restored by 1189, when the [Archbishop of Cologne](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne "Archbishop of Cologne") visited to reconsecrate the church. In 1197, the relics of Saint Lambert, which had been in safe storage since the fire, were reinstalled in the new building. The reconstruction was far from complete, for lack of funds. Processions criss\-crossed the diocese in an effort to raise the necessary money. In the middle of the 13th century, [Pope Innocent IV](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV "Pope Innocent IV") granted indulgences to anyone who helped with the rebuilding of the cathedral. From 1391, work started on a tower 135 metres high, west of the south arm of the eastern transept, whose [bell tower](/wiki/Bell_tower "Bell tower") was as high as the hill of the [citadel](/wiki/Citadel_of_Li%C3%A8ge "Citadel of Liège"), and for the rest of its existence was a landmark for all who approached the city. Its completion in 1433 marked the end of the major works. St. Lambert's Cathedral was 96 metres long (or 173 metres including the cloisters). With the side chapels it was 37 metres wide. It was some 30 metres high to the top of the ceiling vault. In style, if not in size, it was comparable to the cathedral of [Notre\-Dame de Paris](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris "Notre-Dame de Paris"). The sandstone towers that characterised the west front were closely related to those of the [Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula](/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula "Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula") in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"), and of the [Grote Kerk](/wiki/Grote_kerk_%28Breda%29 "Grote kerk (Breda)") in [Breda](/wiki/Breda "Breda"), in the Netherlands, as well as of the [Basilica of Our Lady](/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady%2C_Tongeren "Basilica of Our Lady, Tongeren") in [Tongeren](/wiki/Tongeren "Tongeren"). The [Archéoforum](/wiki/Arch%C3%A9oforum "Archéoforum")<http://www.archeoforumdeliege.be> of Liège, beneath the [Place Saint\-Lambert](/wiki/Place_Saint-Lambert "Place Saint-Lambert"), makes it possible to see the ruins of the cathedral, besides the traces of other occupations of the site from the prehistoric period up to the 18th century. ### Church of Our Lady with the Font The Church of Our Lady with the Font ({{lang\-fr\\|Église Notre\-Dame\-des\-Fonts\\|link\=no}}) was a small church adjacent to the cathedral.{{cite book \\|last\=Beckwith \\|first\=John \\|date\=1964 \\|title\= ''Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque'' \\|publisher\=Thames and Hudson \\|page\=178 \\|isbn\=0\-500\-20019\-X}} The church held a notable [baptismal font](/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church%2C_Li%C3%A8ge "Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège"). [Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany](/wiki/Charlotte_Stuart%2C_Duchess_of_Albany "Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany"), illegitimate daughter of [Charles Edward Stuart](/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart "Charles Edward Stuart"), was baptised there on 29 October 1753\.{{cite book \\|last1\=Pininski \\|first1\=Peter \\|title\=Bonnie Prince Charlie. A Life. \\|publisher\=Amberley \\|date\=2010 \\|page\=70 \\|isbn\=978\-1\-84868\-194\-1}}	[ "History\n-------", "Saint Lambert, [bishop of Maastricht](/wiki/Bishop_of_Maastricht \"Bishop of Maastricht\"), was assassinated in Liège about 705, and was initially buried in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht \"Maastricht\"). The site of his martyrdom became a place of pilgrimage, and his successor, [Saint Hubert](/wiki/Saint_Hubert \"Saint Hubert\"), returned the body and reburied it there. Shortly afterwards, the bishop's seat was transferred from Maastricht to Liège, and Lambert's shrine became a cathedral.", "Several structures succeeded each other on the site. The first was a martyr's shrine or [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum \"Mausoleum\") (martyrium), commissioned by Saint Hubert. Unusually, it was oriented to the west, which may account for the existence of a west choir in later cathedral buildings. Two cathedrals followed. The first, built towards the end of the 8th century, was in [Carolingian](/wiki/Carolingian_architecture \"Carolingian architecture\") style.", "In 978, Bishop [Notger](/wiki/Notker_of_Li%C3%A8ge \"Notker of Liège\") installed a [chapter](/wiki/Cathedral_chapter \"Cathedral chapter\") of sixty [canons](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 \"Canon (priest)\"). He then built a new church from around the year 1000, in [Ottonian](/wiki/Ottonian_architecture \"Ottonian architecture\") style, with a special [crypt](/wiki/Crypt \"Crypt\") for the [relics](/wiki/Relic \"Relic\") of the martyred saint. The architecture was that of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\"). The new cathedral had a massive [westwork](/wiki/Westwork \"Westwork\"), two [choirs](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 \"Choir (architecture)\") at opposite ends, two [transepts](/wiki/Transept \"Transept\"), each with a tower over the crossing, adding to the monumentality of the structure, and a [cloister](/wiki/Cloister \"Cloister\") at the east end. It is noticeable from the groundplan that the entrances were in the north and south sides of the building, and not along the east–west axis.This may possibly be the consequence of a superstition that evil would come from the west, and that an entrance on that side might allow it to enter the house of God. Many religious buildings in the Meuse region have this feature. Frederic of Lorraine, later [Pope Stephen IX](/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX \"Pope Stephen IX\"), was canon and archdeacon of this churchPatrick Healy, The Chronicle of Hugh of Flavigny: Reform and the Investiture Contest in the Late Eleventh Century, (Ashgate Publishing, 2006\\), 50\\. before being raised to the cardinalate by Pope Victor II.Charles Radding and Francis Newton, Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics in the Eucharistic Controversy, 1078–1079, (Columbia University Press, 2003\\), 89\\.", "Many alterations were made to it during the decades 1140–1180\\.", "The disgraced and excommunicated [Emperor Henry IV](/wiki/Henry_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor\"), who died on 7 August 1106, was buried here by the Prince\\-Bishop [Otbert](/wiki/Otbert_of_Li%C3%A8ge \"Otbert of Liège\"), after the entrails and heart had been removed. The German bishops protested and declared that the cathedral would be considered contaminated as long as the body stayed there. [Emperor Henry V](/wiki/Henry_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor\") therefore had his father's remains disinterred and moved to [Speyer Cathedral](/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral \"Speyer Cathedral\"), on 15 August 1106\\.D. Droixhe, \"Une histoire des Lumières au pays de Liège\", les Editions de l'Université de Liège, 2007, p. 15", "During the night of 28–29 April 1185, a violent fire broke out in one of the houses next to the cloisters, to which it immediately spread, and from there to the rest of the cathedral, which was destroyed. Reconstruction began the next day, in the [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\") style, extensively using the previous foundations. Part of the cathedral had been restored by 1189, when the [Archbishop of Cologne](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne \"Archbishop of Cologne\") visited to reconsecrate the church. In 1197, the relics of Saint Lambert, which had been in safe storage since the fire, were reinstalled in the new building.", "The reconstruction was far from complete, for lack of funds. Processions criss\\-crossed the diocese in an effort to raise the necessary money. In the middle of the 13th century, [Pope Innocent IV](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV \"Pope Innocent IV\") granted indulgences to anyone who helped with the rebuilding of the cathedral.", "From 1391, work started on a tower 135 metres high, west of the south arm of the eastern transept, whose [bell tower](/wiki/Bell_tower \"Bell tower\") was as high as the hill of the [citadel](/wiki/Citadel_of_Li%C3%A8ge \"Citadel of Liège\"), and for the rest of its existence was a landmark for all who approached the city. Its completion in 1433 marked the end of the major works.", "St. Lambert's Cathedral was 96 metres long (or 173 metres including the cloisters). With the side chapels it was 37 metres wide. It was some 30 metres high to the top of the ceiling vault. In style, if not in size, it was comparable to the cathedral of [Notre\\-Dame de Paris](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris \"Notre-Dame de Paris\"). The sandstone towers that characterised the west front were closely related to those of the [Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula](/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula \"Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula\") in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\"), and of the [Grote Kerk](/wiki/Grote_kerk_%28Breda%29 \"Grote kerk (Breda)\") in [Breda](/wiki/Breda \"Breda\"), in the Netherlands, as well as of the [Basilica of Our Lady](/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady%2C_Tongeren \"Basilica of Our Lady, Tongeren\") in [Tongeren](/wiki/Tongeren \"Tongeren\").", "The [Archéoforum](/wiki/Arch%C3%A9oforum \"Archéoforum\")<http://www.archeoforumdeliege.be> of Liège, beneath the [Place Saint\\-Lambert](/wiki/Place_Saint-Lambert \"Place Saint-Lambert\"), makes it possible to see the ruins of the cathedral, besides the traces of other occupations of the site from the prehistoric period up to the 18th century.", "### Church of Our Lady with the Font", "The Church of Our Lady with the Font ({{lang\\-fr\\\|Église Notre\\-Dame\\-des\\-Fonts\\\|link\\=no}}) was a small church adjacent to the cathedral.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Beckwith \\\|first\\=John \\\|date\\=1964 \\\|title\\= ''Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque'' \\\|publisher\\=Thames and Hudson \\\|page\\=178 \\\|isbn\\=0\\-500\\-20019\\-X}} The church held a notable [baptismal font](/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church%2C_Li%C3%A8ge \"Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège\"). [Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany](/wiki/Charlotte_Stuart%2C_Duchess_of_Albany \"Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany\"), illegitimate daughter of [Charles Edward Stuart](/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart \"Charles Edward Stuart\"), was baptised there on 29 October 1753\\.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Pininski \\\|first1\\=Peter \\\|title\\=Bonnie Prince Charlie. A Life. \\\|publisher\\=Amberley \\\|date\\=2010 \\\|page\\=70 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84868\\-194\\-1}}", "" ]
Professional Experience ----------------------- Dr. Edward Sandoyan has experience in financial, educational and science sectors of Armenia. He started his academic career in Yerevan State Polytechnic Institute (currently [National Polytechnic University of Armenia](/wiki/National_Polytechnic_University_of_Armenia "National Polytechnic University of Armenia")) in 1983 as researcher, and became Associate Professor of the Faculty of Economics and Management of Machine\-Building Industry, where he worked until 1991\. In 1990 (July\-September) was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Board of the commercial bank "Masis". In 1990\-1991\. was appointed President of the Menua Insurance Company. In 1991\-1993 E. Sandoyan was appointed the Deputy Chief of the Tax Inspectorate of the Republic of Armenia – Deputy Minister, Head of the Main Department of Regulation, Supervision and Licensing at the Central Bank of Armenia, and the Minister of Finance and Economy. He has been the President of CJSC "Armaudit Service" and Deputy Chairman of the Board of Commercial Bank "Albank" from 1993 to 1994\. In 1994 he was appointed to the position of the Head of the Main Department for Supervision, Regulation and Licensing of the [Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia](/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia "Central Bank of Armenia"). From 1995 to 1997 he received professional qualifications from the Federal Reserve Bank (Cleveland, Ohio, USA), the Bank of England (London), the National Bank of France (Paris), the National Bank of the Netherlands (Amsterdam). In 1998 Edward Sandoyan became the Minister of Finance and Economy of the Republic of Armenia until 1999\. Afterwards he worked as the General Executive Director, Chairman of the Board of "Armagrobank" OJSC for one year. From December 2000 to November 2002 he was the Deputy Chairman of the Association of Banks of Armenia. From January 2000 to May 2004 he worked as [Associate Professor](/wiki/Associate_professor "Associate professor") of the Department of Labor Economics of the [Armenian State University of Economics](/wiki/Armenian_State_University_of_Economics "Armenian State University of Economics"). At the same time he has been the Chairman of the Supervisory Board of SRO "Armenian Stock Exchange" (February 2001 – April 2003\) and Deputy Chairman of the Board of "Armsberbank" CJSC, Chairman of the Bank's Strategic Development Committee (September 2001 – April 2004\), becoming the Advisor to the Chairman of the Board in 2004\. Dr. Sandoyan has been the Head of the Business School of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education of the Russian\-Armenian (Slavonic) University since September 2009, Professor of the Russian\-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Head of the Department of Economics and Finance, Member of the Academic Council of the University since March 2002\. From June 2004 – May 2012 he has been the Vice\-Rector for the Development of University Education of the Russian\-Armenian University. Since 2012 he was the Director, Chairman of the Academic Council of the Institute of Economics and Business of the Russian\-Armenian University. In June 2023 he was appointed to the position of the rector of [Russian\-Armenian University](/wiki/Russian-Armenian_University "Russian-Armenian University"). From 2009 to 2014 was a member of the Specialized Council 014 of the [Higher Attestation Commission](/wiki/Higher_Attestation_Commission "Higher Attestation Commission") of the Republic of Armenia at the Armenian State University of Economics.{{Cite web \\|title\=Supreme Certifying Committee \\|url\=https://bok.am/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-26 \\|website\=bok.am \\|language\=en}} From 2014 to May 2023, he has been the Deputy Chairman, since June 2023 Chairman of the Specialized Council 008 of the [Higher Attestation Commission](/wiki/Higher_Attestation_Commission "Higher Attestation Commission") of the [Republic of Armenia](/wiki/Armenia "Armenia"), operating at the [Russian\-Armenian University](/wiki/Russian-Armenian_University "Russian-Armenian University"). Since 2022, Edward Sandoyan is a full member (Academic) of the Academy of Pedagogical and Psychological Sciences of Armenia, a member of the Presidium of the Academy.	[ "Professional Experience\n-----------------------", "Dr. Edward Sandoyan has experience in financial, educational and science sectors of Armenia. He started his academic career in Yerevan State Polytechnic Institute (currently [National Polytechnic University of Armenia](/wiki/National_Polytechnic_University_of_Armenia \"National Polytechnic University of Armenia\")) in 1983 as researcher, and became Associate Professor of the Faculty of Economics and Management of Machine\\-Building Industry, where he worked until 1991\\. In 1990 (July\\-September) was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Board of the commercial bank \"Masis\". In 1990\\-1991\\. was appointed President of the Menua Insurance Company. In 1991\\-1993 E. Sandoyan was appointed the Deputy Chief of the Tax Inspectorate of the Republic of Armenia – Deputy Minister, Head of the Main Department of Regulation, Supervision and Licensing at the Central Bank of Armenia, and the Minister of Finance and Economy. He has been the President of CJSC \"Armaudit Service\" and Deputy Chairman of the Board of Commercial Bank \"Albank\" from 1993 to 1994\\. In 1994 he was appointed to the position of the Head of the Main Department for Supervision, Regulation and Licensing of the [Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia](/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia \"Central Bank of Armenia\"). From 1995 to 1997 he received professional qualifications from the Federal Reserve Bank (Cleveland, Ohio, USA), the Bank of England (London), the National Bank of France (Paris), the National Bank of the Netherlands (Amsterdam).", "In 1998 Edward Sandoyan became the Minister of Finance and Economy of the Republic of Armenia until 1999\\. Afterwards he worked as the General Executive Director, Chairman of the Board of \"Armagrobank\" OJSC for one year. From December 2000 to November 2002 he was the Deputy Chairman of the Association of Banks of Armenia. From January 2000 to May 2004 he worked as [Associate Professor](/wiki/Associate_professor \"Associate professor\") of the Department of Labor Economics of the [Armenian State University of Economics](/wiki/Armenian_State_University_of_Economics \"Armenian State University of Economics\"). At the same time he has been the Chairman of the Supervisory Board of SRO \"Armenian Stock Exchange\" (February 2001 – April 2003\\) and Deputy Chairman of the Board of \"Armsberbank\" CJSC, Chairman of the Bank's Strategic Development Committee (September 2001 – April 2004\\), becoming the Advisor to the Chairman of the Board in 2004\\.", "Dr. Sandoyan has been the Head of the Business School of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education of the Russian\\-Armenian (Slavonic) University since September 2009, Professor of the Russian\\-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Head of the Department of Economics and Finance, Member of the Academic Council of the University since March 2002\\. From June 2004 – May 2012 he has been the Vice\\-Rector for the Development of University Education of the Russian\\-Armenian University. Since 2012 he was the Director, Chairman of the Academic Council of the Institute of Economics and Business of the Russian\\-Armenian University. In June 2023 he was appointed to the position of the rector of [Russian\\-Armenian University](/wiki/Russian-Armenian_University \"Russian-Armenian University\").", "From 2009 to 2014 was a member of the Specialized Council 014 of the [Higher Attestation Commission](/wiki/Higher_Attestation_Commission \"Higher Attestation Commission\") of the Republic of Armenia at the Armenian State University of Economics.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Supreme Certifying Committee \\\|url\\=https://bok.am/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-26 \\\|website\\=bok.am \\\|language\\=en}} From 2014 to May 2023, he has been the Deputy Chairman, since June 2023 Chairman of the Specialized Council 008 of the [Higher Attestation Commission](/wiki/Higher_Attestation_Commission \"Higher Attestation Commission\") of the [Republic of Armenia](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\"), operating at the [Russian\\-Armenian University](/wiki/Russian-Armenian_University \"Russian-Armenian University\").", "Since 2022, Edward Sandoyan is a full member (Academic) of the Academy of Pedagogical and Psychological Sciences of Armenia, a member of the Presidium of the Academy.", "" ]
Description ----------- WSIF enables developers to interact with abstract representations of Web services through their WSDL descriptions instead of working directly with the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) APIs, which is the usual programming model. With WSIF, developers can work with the same programming model regardless of how the Web service is implemented and accessed. WSIF allows stubless or completely dynamic invocation of a Web service, based upon examination of the metadata about the service at runtime. It also allows updated implementations of a binding to be plugged into WSIF at runtime, allowing the calling service to defer choosing a binding until runtime. It is closely based on WSDL enabling it to invoke any service that can be described in the language. If a complicated enterprise software system consists of various pieces of software, developed over a period of decades—EJBs, legacy apps accessed using Java's connector architecture, SOAP services hosted on external servers, old code accessed through messaging middleware—it is necessary to write software applications that use all these pieces to do useful things, where differences in protocols and mobility of software conflict with each other. If the software is moved to a different server, the code breaks. The SOAP libraries used change—for example, when transitioning from using Apache SOAP to Apache Axis, as it employs a now\-deprecated SOAP API. Something that was previously accessible as an EJB is now available through messaging middleware via JMS—again, the code that uses the software must be fixed, or if one has an EJB which is offered as a SOAP service to external clients. Using SOAP results in a performance penalty compared to accessing the EJB directly. WSIF resolves these issues by enabling WSDL to serve as a normalized description of disparate software and allowing users to access this software without depending on a specific protocol or location. The separation of the API from the actual protocol also means there is flexibility—protocols, location, etc. can be switched without having to recompile client code. If an externally available SOAP service becomes available as an EJB, users can use RMI/IIOP by changing the service description (the WSDL), without making any modification in applications that use the service. WSDL's extensibility, its capability to offer multiple bindings for the same service, deciding on a binding at runtime, etc. can be exploited.	[ "Description\n-----------", "WSIF enables developers to interact with abstract representations of Web services through their WSDL descriptions instead of working directly with the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) APIs, which is the usual programming model. With WSIF, developers can work with the same programming model regardless of how the Web service is implemented and accessed.", "WSIF allows stubless or completely dynamic invocation of a Web service, based upon examination of the metadata about the service at runtime. It also allows updated implementations of a binding to be plugged into WSIF at runtime, allowing the calling service to defer choosing a binding until runtime.", "It is closely based on WSDL enabling it to invoke any service that can be described in the language.", "If a complicated enterprise software system consists of various pieces of software, developed over a period of decades—EJBs, legacy apps accessed using Java's connector architecture, SOAP services hosted on external servers, old code accessed through messaging middleware—it is necessary to write software applications that use all these pieces to do useful things, where differences in protocols and mobility of software conflict with each other.", "If the software is moved to a different server, the code breaks. The SOAP libraries used change—for example, when transitioning from using Apache SOAP to Apache Axis, as it employs a now\\-deprecated SOAP API. Something that was previously accessible as an EJB is now available through messaging middleware via JMS—again, the code that uses the software must be fixed, or if one has an EJB which is offered as a SOAP service to external clients. Using SOAP results in a performance penalty compared to accessing the EJB directly.", "WSIF resolves these issues by enabling WSDL to serve as a normalized description of disparate software and allowing users to access this software without depending on a specific protocol or location. The separation of the API from the actual protocol also means there is flexibility—protocols, location, etc. can be switched without having to recompile client code. If an externally available SOAP service becomes available as an EJB, users can use RMI/IIOP by changing the service description (the WSDL), without making any modification in applications that use the service. WSDL's extensibility, its capability to offer multiple bindings for the same service, deciding on a binding at runtime, etc. can be exploited.", "" ]
Products -------- Arcimoto produces multiple products based on the same vehicle platform. The vehicles have {{convert\\|102\\|mi}} of range from the battery electric powertrain. The platform is divided into the FUV for personal use, the Rapid Responder for emergency services, and the Deliverator for last\-mile and local delivery. Future variations of the platform have been announced, such as the Cameo and flatbed truck variants; public information is still limited. ### Three\-Wheeled Platform #### Technical specifications Claimed Performance{{Cite web \\|title\=Arcimoto gets down to business with MUV electric three\-wheeler \\|url\=https://newatlas.com/urban\-transport/arcimoto\-modular\-utility\-vehicle/}} \| Acceleration \| [{{convert\\|0\\|\-\\|60\\|mph}}](/wiki/0_to_60_mph "0 to 60 mph") in 7\.5s \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Top Speed \| {{convert\\|75\\|mph\\|abbr\=on}} \| \| [Turning Radius](/wiki/Turning_radius "Turning radius") \| {{convert\\|29\\|ft}} \| \| Power \| {{convert\\|77\\|bhp\\|abbr\=on}} \| \| Range \| {{convert\\|100\\|mi}} city{{convert\\|66\\|mi}} @ {{convert\\|55\\|mph\\|abbr\=on}}{{convert\\|32\\|mi}} @ {{convert\\|70\\|mph\\|abbr\=on}} \| Weight \& Measures \| Overall Length \| {{convert\\|113\\|in\\|abbr\=on}} \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Overall Width \| {{convert\\|61\\|in\\|abbr\=on}} \| \| Max Height \| {{convert\\|65\\|in\\|abbr\=on}} \| \| Ground Clearance \| {{convert\\|5\.5\\|in\\|abbr\=on}} unladen \| \| Wheelbase \| {{convert\\|80\\|in\\|abbr\=on}} \| \| Shipping Weight \| {{convert\\|300\\|lb\\|abbr\=on}} \| \| [GVWR](/wiki/Vehicle_weight "Vehicle weight") \| {{convert\\|1800\\|lb\\|abbr\=on}} \| Features \| Battery System \| Lithium\-Ion (NMC) \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Integrated Charger \| 120V (Level 1\) \& 240V (Level 2\) Auto\-Switching \| \| Passengers \| 2 in Tandem Configuration \| \| Brakes \| Hydraulic with Regenerative Assist \| \| Seat Belts \| Dual Shoulder/Lap Belts on Both Seats \| \| Direction \| Forward \& Reverse w/40\-Degree Turning \| #### Additional product specs In an interview, the CEO of Arcimoto stated that the vehicles use [off\-the\-shelf](/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf "Commercial off-the-shelf") motor controllers, battery cells, and [switched reluctance motors](/wiki/Switched_reluctance_motor "Switched reluctance motor"), as well as a two\-stage reduction gearbox developed and built in house. He also stated that the vehicles contain two single speed parallel gear trains with a 7:1 ratio.{{Cite web \\|title\=Why this $20k EV will Disrupt City Transport: Arcimoto CEO Interview \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=aq9ii3Ulx0Y \\|url\-status\=live \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/aq9ii3Ulx0Y \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \\|via\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} The Arcimoto website contains none of this technical information, and these claims have not yet been confirmed by a third\-party source. #### Manufacturing/AMP The Arcimoto Manufacturing Plant is Arcimoto's original production facility. The company began leasing the building October 1, 2017\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170928005622/en/Arcimoto\-Inc.\-Announces\-New\-U.S.\-Manufacturing\-Plant\-in\-Oregon\\|title\=Arcimoto, Inc. Announces New U.S. Manufacturing Plant in Oregon\\|date\=September 28, 2017\\|website\=www.businesswire.com}} Arcimoto held a grand opening ceremony on November 29, 2017, where Arcimoto's president reflected on the progress made over eight generations of their vehicle platform.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=5lAbNf3gCy8 \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5lAbNf3gCy8 \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \\|url\-status\=live\\|title\=Arcimoto Manufacturing Plant Grand Opening\\|via\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} Upon building out the interior with equipment capable of producing up to 5,000 units per year, they began production on September 19, 2019\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=obLMIJ08hvw \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/obLMIJ08hvw \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \\|url\-status\=live\\|title\=Arcimoto FUV Retail Production Launch Event 9\.19\.19\\|via\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} The company plans to refine their manufacturing processes and product platform, and then use the AMP as a template for future AMPs. According to an Arcimoto earnings review, the CEO stated plans for subsequent AMPs that are projected to support 50,000 to 100,000 units per year. Except for an east coast AMP in the US, new AMPs will be built as joint ventures. The company plans to have local production capacity in Europe, Southeast Asia, and another, undetermined location.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Nem69y\-E0\-4 \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Nem69y\-E0\-4 \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \\|url\-status\=live\\|title\=Arcimoto 2020 Q2 Earnings Webinar\\|via\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} #### Second manufacturing facility In 2021, Arcimoto purchased a manufacturing facility, unofficially dubbed the RAMP, about a city block away from AMP 1\.{{cite web \\|title\=RAMP purchase press release \\|url\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210106005696/en/ \\|website\=Business Wire \\|date\=January 6, 2021 \\|access\-date\=9 March 2021}} It was previously owned by Pacific Metal Fab, a metal fabrication business, resulting in minimal remodel work needing to be completed. RAMP is 185,000 square feet or roughly five times larger than AMP 1\. Once fully ramped, the company expects to produce 25,000 vehicles in this facility. The first vehicles off the line are due by the end of 2021\.{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-02\-23 \\|title\=Arcimoto opens doors to new RAMP production facility, latest innovations \\|url\=https://www.klcc.org/2022\-02\-23/arcimoto\-opens\-doors\-to\-new\-ramp\-production\-facility\-latest\-innovations \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \\|website\=KLCC {{!}} NPR for Oregonians \\|language\=en}} #### Batteries As of 2021, Arcimoto is utilizing cells made by the manufacturer Farasis Energy, a Chinese\-based battery cell supplier. Farasis will add additional production capacity in the United States and Europe. This will enable lower costs for Arcimoto, reduced lead time, and decrease the likelihood of logistical delays concerning the physical distance and political climate between the US and China. As of May 2020, their supplier was conducting site selection in the US.{{cite web \\|url\=http://farasis.com/en/index.html \\|title\=孚能科技 \\|website\=farasis.com \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728041443/http://farasis.com/en/index.html \\|archive\-date\=2020\-07\-28}} The FUV platform uses pouch cells with a Lithium\-Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) battery chemistry{{Cite web\\|title\=The Fun Utility Vehicle {{!}} Ultra Efficient Electric Vehicles\\|url\=https://www.arcimoto.com/fuv\\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-12\\|website\=Arcimoto\\|language\=en\-US\\|archive\-date\=June 27, 2020\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627201647/https://www.arcimoto.com/fuv\\|url\-status\=dead}} of about 30 Ah each from Farasis Energy, which are the same as Zero Motorcycle's cells or the cells in the Polaris / Brammo Empulse. The cells combine to a total of 19\.2 kWh in the FUV battery in a 28s 6p configuration. In conventional EV battery notation, "6p" means that cells are combined in groups of 6 cells in parallel (for 180 Ah of total capacity), and "28s" means that 28 of those groups are connected in series. A smaller battery pack of 12 kWh has a 28s 4p configuration of the same cells, for the same pack voltage but only two\-thirds of the capacity. Arcimoto developed their own interconnect system for the batteries using a "novel way of crimping bus bars."{{Quote without source\\|date\=April 2021}}{{Cite web \\|title\=US Patent for Busbar system featuring externally crimped connections for electrical contacts Patent (Patent \# 10,615,553 issued April 7, 2020\) \- Justia Patents Search \\|url\=https://patents.justia.com/patent/10615553 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \\|website\=patents.justia.com}} The battery is capable of accepting level 2 charging; however, the company plans on making their fleet vehicles handle higher charging rates in the future. ### Software Arcimoto vehicles will have custom software in the vehicle, along with a mobile application. Arcimotos will be subject to over\-the\-air updates. Updates can affect all components, including the display and the handling characteristics. In addition to controlling driving dynamics, the mobile application will control how the vehicle behaves. For example, golf courses may construct geofences which will limit the top speed of an FUV while the passengers are golfing. The company also plans to use the application to enable Arcimoto owners to rent their vehicle to others.{{cite web \\|title\=Interview with the president of Arcimoto: Electric Vehicles, the FUV, Tesla, and the new Roadster! \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dje2WD\_YfpQ \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/dje2WD\_YfpQ \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \\|url\-status\=live\\|website\=YouTube \\|publisher\=Dr. Know\-it\-all Knows it all \\|access\-date\=9 March 2021}}{{cbignore}} ### FUV The company's first vehicle, the Fun Utility Vehicle, or FUV,{{Cite web \\|last\=Roberson \\|first\=William \\|title\=Ride Review: Arcimoto’s Smile\-Generating ‘Fun Utility Vehicle’ Is Surprisingly Practical \- And Fun \\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/billroberson/2021/08/13/ride\-review\-arcimotos\-smile\-generating\-fun\-utility\-vehicle\-is\-\-surprisingly\-practicaland\-fun/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \\|website\=Forbes \\|language\=en}} is a [tandem](/wiki/Tandem "Tandem") two\-seat three wheeled electric motorcycle with an EPA\-rated range of 102 city miles per charge{{cite web \\|last\=Gitlin \\|first\=Jonathan M. \\|date\=January 9, 2016 \\|url\=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/01/the\-arcimoto\-srk\-electric\-vehicle\-is\-the\-most\-fun\-thing\-we\-did\-at\-ces/ \\|title\=The Arcimoto FUV electric vehicle is the most fun thing we did at CES \\|website\=\[\[Ars Technica]] \\|publisher\=\[\[Condé Nast]] \\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-16}} The vehicle will have a [fuel economy](/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles "Fuel economy in automobiles") of 173\.7 [MPGe](/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent") at city driving speeds.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190919005026/en/Arcimoto\-Begins\-Retail\-Production\-and\-Delivery\-of\-Ultra\-Efficient\-Pure\-Electric\-Fun\-Utility\-Vehicles\\|title\=Arcimoto Begins Retail Production and Delivery of Ultra\-Efficient, Pure\-Electric Fun Utility Vehicles\\|date\=September 19, 2019\\|website\=www.businesswire.com}} The FUV is freeway capable, with a maximum speed of {{Convert\\|75\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\=on}}. The company officially launched production and delivery of the retail Fun Utility Vehicle on September 19, 2019\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/billroberson/2019/09/24/let\-the\-fuv\-begin\-ev\-startup\-arcimoto\-starts\-production\-of\-all\-electric\-three\-wheeler/\\|title\=Let The FUV Begin: EV Startup Arcimoto Starts Retail Production Of All\-Electric Three\-Wheeler\\|first\=Bill\\|last\=Roberson\\|website\=Forbes}} ### Rapid Responder The Rapid Responder variant is built for emergency services and security professionals. Due to its smaller footprint compared to traditional emergency vehicles, the Rapid Responder can arrive at the scene of an incident more quickly and easily. The core of the Rapid Responder is an FUV with a roof rack available to store equipment and is outfitted with emergency flashing lights, including forward facing lights for increased visibility. The Rapid Responder also comes with a siren and 360\-degree scene lights situated around the vehicle.{{Cite web \\|last\=Gitlin \\|first\=Jonathan M. \\|date\=2020\-03\-10 \\|title\=Arcimoto is testing its electric Rapid Responder with fire department \\|url\=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2020/03/arcimoto\-is\-testing\-its\-electric\-rapid\-responder\-with\-fire\-department/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \\|website\=Ars Technica \\|language\=en\-us}} Arcimoto is conducting pilot programs of the Rapid Responder with the City of Eugene, the Eugene Springfield Fire Department, and the city of Eastvale, California.{{Cite web \\|title\=Eugene\-Springfield Fire Department Is Using Arcimoto’s Rapid Responder – Eugene Weekly \\|url\=https://eugeneweekly.com/2020/03/10/eugene\-springfield\-fire\-department\-is\-using\-arcimotos\-rapid\-responder/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \\|website\=eugeneweekly.com}} ### Deliverator The Deliverator is built for businesses who offer local and last\-mile delivery to their customers. This variant comes with only one seat. The back seat is replaced by an extra\-large cargo area that is accessible by a door on the right side (when seated in the vehicle). The Deliverator offers a top speed of 75 mph, 102 city miles of range, carrying capacity of 350 pounds,{{Cite web \\|first\=Linda\\|last\= Baker\\|date\=2019\-03\-19 \\|title\=Arcimoto announces new last\-mile delivery vehicle: the Deliverator \\|url\=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/startups/arcimoto\-announces\-deliverator \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-16 \\|website\=FreightWaves \\|language\=en\-US}} and 28 claimed cubic feet of storage,{{Cite web \\|last\=Arcimoto \\|date\=2022\-10\-13 \\|title\=Arcimoto Deliverator Named Overall Electric Vehicle of the Year in 2022 AutoTech Breakthrough Awards \\|url\=https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news\-release/2022/10/13/2533948/0/en/Arcimoto\-Deliverator\-Named\-Overall\-Electric\-Vehicle\-of\-the\-Year\-in\-2022\-AutoTech\-Breakthrough\-Awards.html \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-16 \\|website\=GlobeNewswire News Room \\|language\=fr}} enabling deliveries of parcels. Arcimoto is conducting pilot programs with companies and organizations around the US. The production version of the Deliverator will be ready by the end of 2020\. Production is expected to ramp up to volume production during 2021\. ### Roadster This FUV variant features no roof or roll cage, similar to a three\-wheeled motorcycle. According to the company, removing the roof reduces the vehicle's weight by about 100 pounds, although this has not been independently verified.{{cite web \\|title\=Arcimoto Roadster?! w/ Mark Frohnmayer \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=JRkLvsaIV0Q\&ab\_channel\=HyperChange \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/JRkLvsaIV0Q \\|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \\|url\-status\=live\\|website\=YouTube \\|publisher\=HyperChange \\|access\-date\=9 March 2021}}{{cbignore}} The seats are being developed by Corbin\-Pacific while the windshield is being developed by National Cycle. Corbin\-Pacific and National Cycle also manufacture the seats, windshield and roof for the FUV, Rapid Responder, and Deliverator.{{cite news \\|title\=Arcimoto Begins Development Of The Roadster \\|url\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201116005595/en/ \\|access\-date\=9 March 2021 \\|agency\=Business Wire}} Pricing starts at $23,900 and will begin production in Q2 2021\.{{cite web \\|title\=Preorder Roadster {{!}} Ultra Efficient Electric Vehicles \\|url\=https://www.arcimoto.com/roadster/preorder \\|website\=Arcimoto \\|access\-date\=9 March 2021 \\|archive\-date\=January 24, 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124070615/https://www.arcimoto.com/roadster/preorder \\|url\-status\=dead }} Finalized specs have not been announced for the Roadster. ### Future versions #### Cameo The Cameo is the fourth variant of the Arcimoto platform that is specifically designed for filming applications. The passenger seat and storage compartment is replaced with a rear\-facing seat. This configuration provides free range of motion for a cameraperson to film. #### Flatbed pickup truck The Cameo variant lays the groundwork for the fifth variant, a flatbed pickup serving the general utility market.	[ "Products\n--------", "Arcimoto produces multiple products based on the same vehicle platform. The vehicles have {{convert\\\|102\\\|mi}} of range from the battery electric powertrain. The platform is divided into the FUV for personal use, the Rapid Responder for emergency services, and the Deliverator for last\\-mile and local delivery. Future variations of the platform have been announced, such as the Cameo and flatbed truck variants; public information is still limited.", "### Three\\-Wheeled Platform", "#### Technical specifications", "Claimed Performance{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Arcimoto gets down to business with MUV electric three\\-wheeler \\\|url\\=https://newatlas.com/urban\\-transport/arcimoto\\-modular\\-utility\\-vehicle/}}", "\| Acceleration \| [{{convert\\\|0\\\|\\-\\\|60\\\|mph}}](/wiki/0_to_60_mph \"0 to 60 mph\") in 7\\.5s \|\n\| --- \| --- \|\n\| Top Speed \| {{convert\\\|75\\\|mph\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|\n\| [Turning Radius](/wiki/Turning_radius \"Turning radius\") \| {{convert\\\|29\\\|ft}} \|\n\| Power \| {{convert\\\|77\\\|bhp\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|\n\| Range \| {{convert\\\|100\\\|mi}} city{{convert\\\|66\\\|mi}} @ {{convert\\\|55\\\|mph\\\|abbr\\=on}}{{convert\\\|32\\\|mi}} @ {{convert\\\|70\\\|mph\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|", "", "Weight \\& Measures", "\| Overall Length \| {{convert\\\|113\\\|in\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|\n\| --- \| --- \|\n\| Overall Width \| {{convert\\\|61\\\|in\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|\n\| Max Height \| {{convert\\\|65\\\|in\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|\n\| Ground Clearance \| {{convert\\\|5\\.5\\\|in\\\|abbr\\=on}} unladen \|\n\| Wheelbase \| {{convert\\\|80\\\|in\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|\n\| Shipping Weight \| {{convert\\\|300\\\|lb\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|\n\| [GVWR](/wiki/Vehicle_weight \"Vehicle weight\") \| {{convert\\\|1800\\\|lb\\\|abbr\\=on}} \|", "", "Features", "\| Battery System \| Lithium\\-Ion (NMC) \|\n\| --- \| --- \|\n\| Integrated Charger \| 120V (Level 1\\) \\& 240V (Level 2\\) Auto\\-Switching \|\n\| Passengers \| 2 in Tandem Configuration \|\n\| Brakes \| Hydraulic with Regenerative Assist \|\n\| Seat Belts \| Dual Shoulder/Lap Belts on Both Seats \|\n\| Direction \| Forward \\& Reverse w/40\\-Degree Turning \|", "", "#### Additional product specs", "In an interview, the CEO of Arcimoto stated that the vehicles use [off\\-the\\-shelf](/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf \"Commercial off-the-shelf\") motor controllers, battery cells, and [switched reluctance motors](/wiki/Switched_reluctance_motor \"Switched reluctance motor\"), as well as a two\\-stage reduction gearbox developed and built in house. He also stated that the vehicles contain two single speed parallel gear trains with a 7:1 ratio.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Why this $20k EV will Disrupt City Transport: Arcimoto CEO Interview \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=aq9ii3Ulx0Y \\\|url\\-status\\=live \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/aq9ii3Ulx0Y \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\\|via\\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} The Arcimoto website contains none of this technical information, and these claims have not yet been confirmed by a third\\-party source.", "#### Manufacturing/AMP", "The Arcimoto Manufacturing Plant is Arcimoto's original production facility. The company began leasing the building October 1, 2017\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170928005622/en/Arcimoto\\-Inc.\\-Announces\\-New\\-U.S.\\-Manufacturing\\-Plant\\-in\\-Oregon\\\|title\\=Arcimoto, Inc. Announces New U.S. Manufacturing Plant in Oregon\\\|date\\=September 28, 2017\\\|website\\=www.businesswire.com}} Arcimoto held a grand opening ceremony on November 29, 2017, where Arcimoto's president reflected on the progress made over eight generations of their vehicle platform.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=5lAbNf3gCy8 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5lAbNf3gCy8 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|title\\=Arcimoto Manufacturing Plant Grand Opening\\\|via\\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} Upon building out the interior with equipment capable of producing up to 5,000 units per year, they began production on September 19, 2019\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=obLMIJ08hvw \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/obLMIJ08hvw \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|title\\=Arcimoto FUV Retail Production Launch Event 9\\.19\\.19\\\|via\\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}", "The company plans to refine their manufacturing processes and product platform, and then use the AMP as a template for future AMPs. According to an Arcimoto earnings review, the CEO stated plans for subsequent AMPs that are projected to support 50,000 to 100,000 units per year. Except for an east coast AMP in the US, new AMPs will be built as joint ventures. The company plans to have local production capacity in Europe, Southeast Asia, and another, undetermined location.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Nem69y\\-E0\\-4 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Nem69y\\-E0\\-4 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|title\\=Arcimoto 2020 Q2 Earnings Webinar\\\|via\\=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}", "#### Second manufacturing facility", "In 2021, Arcimoto purchased a manufacturing facility, unofficially dubbed the RAMP, about a city block away from AMP 1\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=RAMP purchase press release \\\|url\\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210106005696/en/ \\\|website\\=Business Wire \\\|date\\=January 6, 2021 \\\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2021}} It was previously owned by Pacific Metal Fab, a metal fabrication business, resulting in minimal remodel work needing to be completed. RAMP is 185,000 square feet or roughly five times larger than AMP 1\\. Once fully ramped, the company expects to produce 25,000 vehicles in this facility. The first vehicles off the line are due by the end of 2021\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-23 \\\|title\\=Arcimoto opens doors to new RAMP production facility, latest innovations \\\|url\\=https://www.klcc.org/2022\\-02\\-23/arcimoto\\-opens\\-doors\\-to\\-new\\-ramp\\-production\\-facility\\-latest\\-innovations \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\\|website\\=KLCC {{!}} NPR for Oregonians \\\|language\\=en}}", "#### Batteries", "As of 2021, Arcimoto is utilizing cells made by the manufacturer Farasis Energy, a Chinese\\-based battery cell supplier. Farasis will add additional production capacity in the United States and Europe. This will enable lower costs for Arcimoto, reduced lead time, and decrease the likelihood of logistical delays concerning the physical distance and political climate between the US and China. As of May 2020, their supplier was conducting site selection in the US.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://farasis.com/en/index.html \\\|title\\=孚能科技 \\\|website\\=farasis.com \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728041443/http://farasis.com/en/index.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-28}}", "The FUV platform uses pouch cells with a Lithium\\-Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) battery chemistry{{Cite web\\\|title\\=The Fun Utility Vehicle {{!}} Ultra Efficient Electric Vehicles\\\|url\\=https://www.arcimoto.com/fuv\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-12\\\|website\\=Arcimoto\\\|language\\=en\\-US\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 27, 2020\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627201647/https://www.arcimoto.com/fuv\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} of about 30 Ah each from Farasis Energy, which are the same as Zero Motorcycle's cells or the cells in the Polaris / Brammo Empulse. The cells combine to a total of 19\\.2 kWh in the FUV battery in a 28s 6p configuration. In conventional EV battery notation, \"6p\" means that cells are combined in groups of 6 cells in parallel (for 180 Ah of total capacity), and \"28s\" means that 28 of those groups are connected in series. A smaller battery pack of 12 kWh has a 28s 4p configuration of the same cells, for the same pack voltage but only two\\-thirds of the capacity. Arcimoto developed their own interconnect system for the batteries using a \"novel way of crimping bus bars.\"{{Quote without source\\\|date\\=April 2021}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=US Patent for Busbar system featuring externally crimped connections for electrical contacts Patent (Patent \\# 10,615,553 issued April 7, 2020\\) \\- Justia Patents Search \\\|url\\=https://patents.justia.com/patent/10615553 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\\|website\\=patents.justia.com}} The battery is capable of accepting level 2 charging; however, the company plans on making their fleet vehicles handle higher charging rates in the future.", "### Software", "Arcimoto vehicles will have custom software in the vehicle, along with a mobile application.", "Arcimotos will be subject to over\\-the\\-air updates. Updates can affect all components, including the display and the handling characteristics.", "In addition to controlling driving dynamics, the mobile application will control how the vehicle behaves. For example, golf courses may construct geofences which will limit the top speed of an FUV while the passengers are golfing.", "The company also plans to use the application to enable Arcimoto owners to rent their vehicle to others.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Interview with the president of Arcimoto: Electric Vehicles, the FUV, Tesla, and the new Roadster! \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dje2WD\\_YfpQ \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/dje2WD\\_YfpQ \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|website\\=YouTube \\\|publisher\\=Dr. Know\\-it\\-all Knows it all \\\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}", "### FUV", "The company's first vehicle, the Fun Utility Vehicle, or FUV,{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Roberson \\\|first\\=William \\\|title\\=Ride Review: Arcimoto’s Smile\\-Generating ‘Fun Utility Vehicle’ Is Surprisingly Practical \\- And Fun \\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/billroberson/2021/08/13/ride\\-review\\-arcimotos\\-smile\\-generating\\-fun\\-utility\\-vehicle\\-is\\-\\-surprisingly\\-practicaland\\-fun/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\\|website\\=Forbes \\\|language\\=en}} is a [tandem](/wiki/Tandem \"Tandem\") two\\-seat three wheeled electric motorcycle with an EPA\\-rated range of 102 city miles per charge{{cite web \\\|last\\=Gitlin \\\|first\\=Jonathan M. \\\|date\\=January 9, 2016 \\\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/01/the\\-arcimoto\\-srk\\-electric\\-vehicle\\-is\\-the\\-most\\-fun\\-thing\\-we\\-did\\-at\\-ces/ \\\|title\\=The Arcimoto FUV electric vehicle is the most fun thing we did at CES \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Ars Technica]] \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Condé Nast]] \\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-16}} The vehicle will have a [fuel economy](/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles \"Fuel economy in automobiles\") of 173\\.7 [MPGe](/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent \"Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent\") at city driving speeds.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190919005026/en/Arcimoto\\-Begins\\-Retail\\-Production\\-and\\-Delivery\\-of\\-Ultra\\-Efficient\\-Pure\\-Electric\\-Fun\\-Utility\\-Vehicles\\\|title\\=Arcimoto Begins Retail Production and Delivery of Ultra\\-Efficient, Pure\\-Electric Fun Utility Vehicles\\\|date\\=September 19, 2019\\\|website\\=www.businesswire.com}} The FUV is freeway capable, with a maximum speed of {{Convert\\\|75\\\|mi/h\\\|km/h\\\|abbr\\=on}}. The company officially launched production and delivery of the retail Fun Utility Vehicle on September 19, 2019\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/billroberson/2019/09/24/let\\-the\\-fuv\\-begin\\-ev\\-startup\\-arcimoto\\-starts\\-production\\-of\\-all\\-electric\\-three\\-wheeler/\\\|title\\=Let The FUV Begin: EV Startup Arcimoto Starts Retail Production Of All\\-Electric Three\\-Wheeler\\\|first\\=Bill\\\|last\\=Roberson\\\|website\\=Forbes}}", "### Rapid Responder", "The Rapid Responder variant is built for emergency services and security professionals. Due to its smaller footprint compared to traditional emergency vehicles, the Rapid Responder can arrive at the scene of an incident more quickly and easily. The core of the Rapid Responder is an FUV with a roof rack available to store equipment and is outfitted with emergency flashing lights, including forward facing lights for increased visibility. The Rapid Responder also comes with a siren and 360\\-degree scene lights situated around the vehicle.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Gitlin \\\|first\\=Jonathan M. \\\|date\\=2020\\-03\\-10 \\\|title\\=Arcimoto is testing its electric Rapid Responder with fire department \\\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2020/03/arcimoto\\-is\\-testing\\-its\\-electric\\-rapid\\-responder\\-with\\-fire\\-department/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\\|website\\=Ars Technica \\\|language\\=en\\-us}}", "Arcimoto is conducting pilot programs of the Rapid Responder with the City of Eugene, the Eugene Springfield Fire Department, and the city of Eastvale, California.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Eugene\\-Springfield Fire Department Is Using Arcimoto’s Rapid Responder – Eugene Weekly \\\|url\\=https://eugeneweekly.com/2020/03/10/eugene\\-springfield\\-fire\\-department\\-is\\-using\\-arcimotos\\-rapid\\-responder/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\\|website\\=eugeneweekly.com}}", "### Deliverator", "The Deliverator is built for businesses who offer local and last\\-mile delivery to their customers. This variant comes with only one seat. The back seat is replaced by an extra\\-large cargo area that is accessible by a door on the right side (when seated in the vehicle). The Deliverator offers a top speed of 75 mph, 102 city miles of range, carrying capacity of 350 pounds,{{Cite web \\\|first\\=Linda\\\|last\\= Baker\\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-19 \\\|title\\=Arcimoto announces new last\\-mile delivery vehicle: the Deliverator \\\|url\\=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/startups/arcimoto\\-announces\\-deliverator \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-16 \\\|website\\=FreightWaves \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} and 28 claimed cubic feet of storage,{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Arcimoto \\\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-13 \\\|title\\=Arcimoto Deliverator Named Overall Electric Vehicle of the Year in 2022 AutoTech Breakthrough Awards \\\|url\\=https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news\\-release/2022/10/13/2533948/0/en/Arcimoto\\-Deliverator\\-Named\\-Overall\\-Electric\\-Vehicle\\-of\\-the\\-Year\\-in\\-2022\\-AutoTech\\-Breakthrough\\-Awards.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-16 \\\|website\\=GlobeNewswire News Room \\\|language\\=fr}} enabling deliveries of parcels.", "Arcimoto is conducting pilot programs with companies and organizations around the US. The production version of the Deliverator will be ready by the end of 2020\\. Production is expected to ramp up to volume production during 2021\\.", "### Roadster", "This FUV variant features no roof or roll cage, similar to a three\\-wheeled motorcycle. According to the company, removing the roof reduces the vehicle's weight by about 100 pounds, although this has not been independently verified.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Arcimoto Roadster?! w/ Mark Frohnmayer \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=JRkLvsaIV0Q\\&ab\\_channel\\=HyperChange \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/JRkLvsaIV0Q \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|website\\=YouTube \\\|publisher\\=HyperChange \\\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2021}}{{cbignore}} The seats are being developed by Corbin\\-Pacific while the windshield is being developed by National Cycle. Corbin\\-Pacific and National Cycle also manufacture the seats, windshield and roof for the FUV, Rapid Responder, and Deliverator.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Arcimoto Begins Development Of The Roadster \\\|url\\=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201116005595/en/ \\\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2021 \\\|agency\\=Business Wire}} Pricing starts at $23,900 and will begin production in Q2 2021\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Preorder Roadster {{!}} Ultra Efficient Electric Vehicles \\\|url\\=https://www.arcimoto.com/roadster/preorder \\\|website\\=Arcimoto \\\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2021 \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124070615/https://www.arcimoto.com/roadster/preorder \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Finalized specs have not been announced for the Roadster.", "### Future versions", "#### Cameo", "The Cameo is the fourth variant of the Arcimoto platform that is specifically designed for filming applications. The passenger seat and storage compartment is replaced with a rear\\-facing seat. This configuration provides free range of motion for a cameraperson to film.", "#### Flatbed pickup truck", "The Cameo variant lays the groundwork for the fifth variant, a flatbed pickup serving the general utility market.", "" ]
Background ---------- {{main\\|History of the Jews in Spain}} {{Antisemitism sidebar}} By the end of the 8th century, [Arab Muslim forces](/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania "Umayyad conquest of Hispania") had conquered and settled most of the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula"). Under [Islamic law](/wiki/Sharia "Sharia"), the [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews"), who had lived in the region since at least [Roman times](/wiki/Hispania "Hispania"), were considered "[People of the Book](/wiki/People_of_the_Book "People of the Book")" and treated as [dhimmi](/wiki/Dhimmi "Dhimmi"), which was a protected status.{{Cite book\\|title\=The ornament of the world: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians created a culture of tolerance in medieval Spain\\|last\=Menocal\\|first\=María Rosa\\|publisher\=Back Bay Books\\|year\=2012\\|isbn\=9780316168717\\|edition\=Reprint\\|oclc\=183353253\\|author\-link\=María Rosa Menocal\\|orig\-year\=2002\\|url\-access\=registration\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/ornamentofworldh00meno}} Compared to the repressive policies of the [Visigothic Kingdom](/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom "Visigothic Kingdom"), who, starting in the sixth century had enacted a series of anti\-Jewish statutes which culminated in their forced conversion and enslavement, the tolerance of the Muslim Moorish rulers of [al\-Andalus](/wiki/Al-Andalus "Al-Andalus") allowed Jewish communities to thrive. Jewish merchants were able to trade freely across the [Islamic world](/wiki/Islamic_world "Islamic world"), which allowed them to flourish, and made Jewish enclaves in Muslim Iberian cities great centers of learning and commerce. This led to a [flowering of Jewish culture in Spain during the Middle Ages](/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain "Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain"), as Jewish scholars were able to gain favor in Muslim courts as skilled physicians, diplomats, translators, and poets. Although Jews never enjoyed equal status to Muslims, in some [Taifas](/wiki/Taifa "Taifa"), such as [Granada](/wiki/Taifa_of_Granada "Taifa of Granada"), Jewish men were appointed to very high offices, including that of [Grand vizier](/wiki/Grand_vizier "Grand vizier").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/ha\-nagid.asp\\|title \= Internet History Sourcebooks Project}} The [Reconquista](/wiki/Reconquista "Reconquista"), or the gradual reconquest of [Muslim Iberia](/wiki/Al-Andalus "Al-Andalus") by the [Christian kingdoms](/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages "Christianity in the Middle Ages") in the North, was driven by a powerful religious motivation: to reclaim Iberia for [Christendom](/wiki/Christendom "Christendom") following the [Umayyad conquest of Hispania](/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania "Umayyad conquest of Hispania") centuries before. By the 14th century, most of the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula") (present\-day Spain and [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal")) had been reconquered by the Christian kingdoms of [Castile](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile "Kingdom of Castile"), [Aragon](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon "Crown of Aragon"), [León](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n "Kingdom of León"), [Galicia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia "Kingdom of Galicia"), [Navarre](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre "Kingdom of Navarre"), and [Portugal](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal "Kingdom of Portugal"). During the [Christian re\-conquest of Iberia](/wiki/Reconquista "Reconquista"), the Muslim kingdoms in Spain became less welcoming to the [dhimmi](/wiki/Dhimmi "Dhimmi"). In the late 12th century, the Muslims in [al\-Andalus](/wiki/Al-Andalus "Al-Andalus") invited the fanatical [Almohad dynasty](/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate "Almohad Caliphate") from [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa") to push the Christians back to the North. After they gained control of the Iberian Peninsula, the Almohads offered the Jews a choice between expulsion, conversion, and death. Many Jewish people fled to other parts of the Muslim world, and also to the Christian kingdoms, which initially welcomed them. In Christian Spain, Jews functioned as courtiers, government officials, merchants, and [moneylenders](/wiki/Jewish_usury "Jewish usury"). Therefore, the Jewish community was both useful to the ruling classes and to an extent protected by them.{{Cite book\\|title\=The Faith of the Fallen Jews: Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History (The Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry)\\|publisher\=Brandeis University Press\\|year\=2014\\|isbn\=978\-1611684872\\|editor\-last\=Kaye\\|editor\-first\=Alexander\\|location\=Massachusetts\\|pages\=252–253\\|editor2\-last\=Meyers\\|editor2\-first\=David}} As the [Reconquista](/wiki/Reconquista "Reconquista") drew to a close, overt hostility against Jews in Christian Spain became more pronounced, finding expression in brutal episodes of violence and oppression. In the early fourteenth century, the Christian kings vied to prove their piety by allowing the clergy to subject the Jewish population to forced sermons and disputations. More deadly attacks came later in the century from mobs of angry Catholics, led by popular preachers, who would storm into the Jewish quarter, destroy synagogues, and break into houses, forcing the inhabitants to choose between conversion and death. Thousands of Jews sought to escape these attacks by converting to Christianity. These Jewish converts were commonly called [conversos](/wiki/Converso "Converso"), [Cristianos nuevos](/wiki/New_Christians "New Christians"), or [marranos](/wiki/Marrano "Marrano"); the latter term was used as an insult. At first, these conversions seemed an effective solution to the cultural conflict: many converso families met with social and commercial success. But eventually their success made these new Catholics unpopular with their neighbors, including some of the [clergy of the Catholic Church](/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church "Hierarchy of the Catholic Church") and [Spanish aristocrats](/wiki/Spanish_nobility "Spanish nobility") competing with them for influence over the royal families. By the mid\-15th century, the demands of the Old Christians that the Catholic Church and the monarchy differentiate them from the conversos led to the first [limpieza de sangre](/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre "Limpieza de sangre") laws, which restricted opportunities for converts. These suspicions on the part of Christians were only heightened by the fact that some of the conversions were insincere. Some conversos, also known as [crypto\-Jews](/wiki/Crypto-Judaism "Crypto-Judaism"), embraced Christianity and underwent [baptism](/wiki/Baptism "Baptism") while privately adhering to Jewish practices and faith. Recently converted families who continued to intermarry were especially viewed with suspicion. For their part, the Jewish community viewed conversos with compassion, because Jewish law held that conversion under threat of violence was not necessarily legitimate. Although the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") was also officially opposed to forced conversion, under [ecclesiastical law](/wiki/Ecclesiastical_law "Ecclesiastical law") all baptisms were lawful, and once baptized, converts were not allowed to rejoin their former religion. ### European context {{Main\\|History of the Jews in Europe}} [thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600](/wiki/File:Expulsion_judios-en.svg "Expulsion judios-en.svg") From the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, European countries expelled the Jews from their territories on at least fifteen occasions. Before the Spanish expulsion, the Jews had been expelled from England in 1290, several times from France between 1182 and 1354, and from some German states. The French case is typical of most expulsions: whether the expulsion was local or national, the Jews usually were allowed to return after a few years.{{Cite book\\|title\=Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe\\|last\=Stow\\|first\=Kenneth\\|publisher\=Harvard University Press\\|year\=1992\\|isbn\=978\-0674015937\\|location\=Massachusetts\\|pages\=181–308}} The Spanish expulsion was succeeded by at least five expulsions from other European countries,{{cite book\\|title\=Anti\-Semitism: Israel Pocket Library\\|publisher\=Keter Books\\|year\=1974\\|isbn\=9780706513271\\|volume\=12\\|location\=Jerusalem, IS}}{{cite web \\|title\=Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe \\|url\=https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery/expuls.htm \\|work\=A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust \\|publisher\=Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida \\|access\-date\=9 September 2016}} but the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was both the largest of its kind and, officially, the longest lasting in western European history. Over the four\-hundred\-year period during which most of these decrees were implemented, the causes of expulsion gradually changed. At first, expulsions of Jews (or absence of expulsions) were exercises of royal prerogatives. Jewish communities in medieval Europe often were protected by and associated with monarchs because, under the feudal system, Jews often were a monarch's only reliable source of taxes. Jews further had reputations as moneylenders because they were the only social group allowed to loan money at a profit under the prevailing interpretation of the [Vulgate](/wiki/Vulgate "Vulgate") (the Latin translation of the Bible used in Roman Catholic western Europe as the official text), which forbade Christians to charge interest on loans. Jews, therefore, became the lenders to and creditors of merchants, aristocrats, and even monarchs. Most expulsions before the Alhambra Decree were related to this financial situation: to raise additional monies, a monarch would tax the Jewish community heavily, forcing Jews to call in loans; the monarch then would expel the Jews; at the time of expulsion, the monarch would seize their remaining valuable assets, including debts owed them by other subjects of the monarch and, in some instances, by the monarch himself. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain was thus an innovation not only in scale but also in its motivations. ### Ferdinand and Isabella {{Main\\|Catholic Monarchs}} [thumb\\|250px\\|Expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 by [Emilio Sala Francés](/wiki/Emilio_Sala_%28painter%29 "Emilio Sala (painter)")](/wiki/File:Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg "Expulsión de los judíos.jpg") Hostility towards the Jews in Spain was brought to a climax during the reign of the "Catholic Monarchs," [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon "Ferdinand II of Aragon") and [Isabella](/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile "Isabella I of Castile"). Their marriage in 1469, which formed a [personal union](/wiki/Personal_union "Personal union") of the crowns of [Aragon](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon "Crown of Aragon") and [Castile](/wiki/Crown_of_Castile "Crown of Castile"), with coordinated policies between their distinct kingdoms, eventually led to the final unification of Spain. Although their initial policies towards the Jews were protective, Ferdinand and Isabella were disturbed by reports claiming that most Jewish converts to Christianity were insincere in their conversion. As mentioned above, some claims that [conversos](/wiki/Converso "Converso") continued to practice Judaism in secret (see [Crypto\-Judaism](/wiki/Crypto-Judaism "Crypto-Judaism")) were true, but the "Old" Christians exaggerated the scale of the phenomenon. It was also claimed that Jews were trying to draw conversos back into the Jewish fold. In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella made a formal application to [Rome](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See") to set up an Inquisition in Castile to investigate these and other suspicions. In 1487, King Ferdinand promoted the establishment of the [Spanish Inquisition](/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition "Spanish Inquisition") Tribunals in Castile. In the Crown of Aragon, it had been first instituted in the 13th century to combat the [Albigensian heresy](/wiki/Albigensian_heresy "Albigensian heresy"). However, the focus of this new Inquisition was to find and punish conversos who were practicing Judaism in secret.{{Cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0DoY6VKNSC0C\\|title\=Imperial Spain 1469–1716\\|last\=Huxtable\\|first\=Elliott John\\|publisher\=Penguin\\|year\=2002\\|isbn\=9780141925578\\|location\=London, UK\\|oclc\=759581255\\|orig\-year\=1964}} {{Page needed\\|date\=April 2020}} These issues came to a head during Ferdinand and Isabella's final conquest of Granada. The independent Islamic [Emirate of Granada](/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada "Emirate of Granada") had been a [tributary state](/wiki/Tributary_state "Tributary state") to Castile since 1238\. Jews and conversos played an important role during this campaign because they had the ability to raise money and acquire weapons through their extensive trade networks. This perceived increase in Jewish influence further infuriated the Old Christians and the hostile elements of the clergy. Finally, in 1491 in preparation for an imminent transition to Castilian territory, the [Treaty of Granada](/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada_%281491%29 "Treaty of Granada (1491)") was signed by Emir [Muhammad XII](/wiki/Muhammad_XII_of_Granada "Muhammad XII of Granada") and the Queen of Castile, protecting the religious freedom of the Muslims there. By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella had won the [Battle of Granada](/wiki/Battle_of_Granada "Battle of Granada") and completed the Catholic [Reconquista](/wiki/Reconquista "Reconquista") of the Iberian Peninsula from Islamic [forces](/wiki/Al-Andalus "Al-Andalus"). However, the Jewish population emerged from the campaign more hated by the populace and less useful to the monarchs.	[ "Background\n----------", "{{main\\\|History of the Jews in Spain}}\n{{Antisemitism sidebar}}", "By the end of the 8th century, [Arab Muslim forces](/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania \"Umayyad conquest of Hispania\") had conquered and settled most of the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\"). Under [Islamic law](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\"), the [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\"), who had lived in the region since at least [Roman times](/wiki/Hispania \"Hispania\"), were considered \"[People of the Book](/wiki/People_of_the_Book \"People of the Book\")\" and treated as [dhimmi](/wiki/Dhimmi \"Dhimmi\"), which was a protected status.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=The ornament of the world: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians created a culture of tolerance in medieval Spain\\\|last\\=Menocal\\\|first\\=María Rosa\\\|publisher\\=Back Bay Books\\\|year\\=2012\\\|isbn\\=9780316168717\\\|edition\\=Reprint\\\|oclc\\=183353253\\\|author\\-link\\=María Rosa Menocal\\\|orig\\-year\\=2002\\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ornamentofworldh00meno}} Compared to the repressive policies of the [Visigothic Kingdom](/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom \"Visigothic Kingdom\"), who, starting in the sixth century had enacted a series of anti\\-Jewish statutes which culminated in their forced conversion and enslavement, the tolerance of the Muslim Moorish rulers of [al\\-Andalus](/wiki/Al-Andalus \"Al-Andalus\") allowed Jewish communities to thrive. Jewish merchants were able to trade freely across the [Islamic world](/wiki/Islamic_world \"Islamic world\"), which allowed them to flourish, and made Jewish enclaves in Muslim Iberian cities great centers of learning and commerce. This led to a [flowering of Jewish culture in Spain during the Middle Ages](/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain \"Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain\"), as Jewish scholars were able to gain favor in Muslim courts as skilled physicians, diplomats, translators, and poets. Although Jews never enjoyed equal status to Muslims, in some [Taifas](/wiki/Taifa \"Taifa\"), such as [Granada](/wiki/Taifa_of_Granada \"Taifa of Granada\"), Jewish men were appointed to very high offices, including that of [Grand vizier](/wiki/Grand_vizier \"Grand vizier\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/ha\\-nagid.asp\\\|title \\= Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}", "The [Reconquista](/wiki/Reconquista \"Reconquista\"), or the gradual reconquest of [Muslim Iberia](/wiki/Al-Andalus \"Al-Andalus\") by the [Christian kingdoms](/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages \"Christianity in the Middle Ages\") in the North, was driven by a powerful religious motivation: to reclaim Iberia for [Christendom](/wiki/Christendom \"Christendom\") following the [Umayyad conquest of Hispania](/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania \"Umayyad conquest of Hispania\") centuries before. By the 14th century, most of the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\") (present\\-day Spain and [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\")) had been reconquered by the Christian kingdoms of [Castile](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile \"Kingdom of Castile\"), [Aragon](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon \"Crown of Aragon\"), [León](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n \"Kingdom of León\"), [Galicia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia \"Kingdom of Galicia\"), [Navarre](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre \"Kingdom of Navarre\"), and [Portugal](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal \"Kingdom of Portugal\").", "During the [Christian re\\-conquest of Iberia](/wiki/Reconquista \"Reconquista\"), the Muslim kingdoms in Spain became less welcoming to the [dhimmi](/wiki/Dhimmi \"Dhimmi\"). In the late 12th century, the Muslims in [al\\-Andalus](/wiki/Al-Andalus \"Al-Andalus\") invited the fanatical [Almohad dynasty](/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate \"Almohad Caliphate\") from [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\") to push the Christians back to the North. After they gained control of the Iberian Peninsula, the Almohads offered the Jews a choice between expulsion, conversion, and death. Many Jewish people fled to other parts of the Muslim world, and also to the Christian kingdoms, which initially welcomed them. In Christian Spain, Jews functioned as courtiers, government officials, merchants, and [moneylenders](/wiki/Jewish_usury \"Jewish usury\"). Therefore, the Jewish community was both useful to the ruling classes and to an extent protected by them.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=The Faith of the Fallen Jews: Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History (The Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry)\\\|publisher\\=Brandeis University Press\\\|year\\=2014\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1611684872\\\|editor\\-last\\=Kaye\\\|editor\\-first\\=Alexander\\\|location\\=Massachusetts\\\|pages\\=252–253\\\|editor2\\-last\\=Meyers\\\|editor2\\-first\\=David}}", "As the [Reconquista](/wiki/Reconquista \"Reconquista\") drew to a close, overt hostility against Jews in Christian Spain became more pronounced, finding expression in brutal episodes of violence and oppression. In the early fourteenth century, the Christian kings vied to prove their piety by allowing the clergy to subject the Jewish population to forced sermons and disputations. More deadly attacks came later in the century from mobs of angry Catholics, led by popular preachers, who would storm into the Jewish quarter, destroy synagogues, and break into houses, forcing the inhabitants to choose between conversion and death. Thousands of Jews sought to escape these attacks by converting to Christianity. These Jewish converts were commonly called [conversos](/wiki/Converso \"Converso\"), [Cristianos nuevos](/wiki/New_Christians \"New Christians\"), or [marranos](/wiki/Marrano \"Marrano\"); the latter term was used as an insult. At first, these conversions seemed an effective solution to the cultural conflict: many converso families met with social and commercial success. But eventually their success made these new Catholics unpopular with their neighbors, including some of the [clergy of the Catholic Church](/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church \"Hierarchy of the Catholic Church\") and [Spanish aristocrats](/wiki/Spanish_nobility \"Spanish nobility\") competing with them for influence over the royal families. By the mid\\-15th century, the demands of the Old Christians that the Catholic Church and the monarchy differentiate them from the conversos led to the first [limpieza de sangre](/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre \"Limpieza de sangre\") laws, which restricted opportunities for converts.", "These suspicions on the part of Christians were only heightened by the fact that some of the conversions were insincere. Some conversos, also known as [crypto\\-Jews](/wiki/Crypto-Judaism \"Crypto-Judaism\"), embraced Christianity and underwent [baptism](/wiki/Baptism \"Baptism\") while privately adhering to Jewish practices and faith. Recently converted families who continued to intermarry were especially viewed with suspicion. For their part, the Jewish community viewed conversos with compassion, because Jewish law held that conversion under threat of violence was not necessarily legitimate. Although the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") was also officially opposed to forced conversion, under [ecclesiastical law](/wiki/Ecclesiastical_law \"Ecclesiastical law\") all baptisms were lawful, and once baptized, converts were not allowed to rejoin their former religion.", "### European context", "{{Main\\\|History of the Jews in Europe}}\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|250px\\\|Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600](/wiki/File:Expulsion_judios-en.svg \"Expulsion judios-en.svg\")", "From the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, European countries expelled the Jews from their territories on at least fifteen occasions. Before the Spanish expulsion, the Jews had been expelled from England in 1290, several times from France between 1182 and 1354, and from some German states. The French case is typical of most expulsions: whether the expulsion was local or national, the Jews usually were allowed to return after a few years.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe\\\|last\\=Stow\\\|first\\=Kenneth\\\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press\\\|year\\=1992\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0674015937\\\|location\\=Massachusetts\\\|pages\\=181–308}} The Spanish expulsion was succeeded by at least five expulsions from other European countries,{{cite book\\\|title\\=Anti\\-Semitism: Israel Pocket Library\\\|publisher\\=Keter Books\\\|year\\=1974\\\|isbn\\=9780706513271\\\|volume\\=12\\\|location\\=Jerusalem, IS}}{{cite web \\\|title\\=Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe \\\|url\\=https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery/expuls.htm \\\|work\\=A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust \\\|publisher\\=Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida \\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2016}} but the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was both the largest of its kind and, officially, the longest lasting in western European history.", "Over the four\\-hundred\\-year period during which most of these decrees were implemented, the causes of expulsion gradually changed. At first, expulsions of Jews (or absence of expulsions) were exercises of royal prerogatives. Jewish communities in medieval Europe often were protected by and associated with monarchs because, under the feudal system, Jews often were a monarch's only reliable source of taxes. Jews further had reputations as moneylenders because they were the only social group allowed to loan money at a profit under the prevailing interpretation of the [Vulgate](/wiki/Vulgate \"Vulgate\") (the Latin translation of the Bible used in Roman Catholic western Europe as the official text), which forbade Christians to charge interest on loans. Jews, therefore, became the lenders to and creditors of merchants, aristocrats, and even monarchs. Most expulsions before the Alhambra Decree were related to this financial situation: to raise additional monies, a monarch would tax the Jewish community heavily, forcing Jews to call in loans; the monarch then would expel the Jews; at the time of expulsion, the monarch would seize their remaining valuable assets, including debts owed them by other subjects of the monarch and, in some instances, by the monarch himself. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain was thus an innovation not only in scale but also in its motivations.", "### Ferdinand and Isabella", "{{Main\\\|Catholic Monarchs}}\n[thumb\\\|250px\\\|Expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 by [Emilio Sala Francés](/wiki/Emilio_Sala_%28painter%29 \"Emilio Sala (painter)\")](/wiki/File:Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg \"Expulsión de los judíos.jpg\")\nHostility towards the Jews in Spain was brought to a climax during the reign of the \"Catholic Monarchs,\" [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon \"Ferdinand II of Aragon\") and [Isabella](/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile \"Isabella I of Castile\"). Their marriage in 1469, which formed a [personal union](/wiki/Personal_union \"Personal union\") of the crowns of [Aragon](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon \"Crown of Aragon\") and [Castile](/wiki/Crown_of_Castile \"Crown of Castile\"), with coordinated policies between their distinct kingdoms, eventually led to the final unification of Spain.", "Although their initial policies towards the Jews were protective, Ferdinand and Isabella were disturbed by reports claiming that most Jewish converts to Christianity were insincere in their conversion. As mentioned above, some claims that [conversos](/wiki/Converso \"Converso\") continued to practice Judaism in secret (see [Crypto\\-Judaism](/wiki/Crypto-Judaism \"Crypto-Judaism\")) were true, but the \"Old\" Christians exaggerated the scale of the phenomenon. It was also claimed that Jews were trying to draw conversos back into the Jewish fold. In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella made a formal application to [Rome](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\") to set up an Inquisition in Castile to investigate these and other suspicions. In 1487, King Ferdinand promoted the establishment of the [Spanish Inquisition](/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition \"Spanish Inquisition\") Tribunals in Castile. In the Crown of Aragon, it had been first instituted in the 13th century to combat the [Albigensian heresy](/wiki/Albigensian_heresy \"Albigensian heresy\"). However, the focus of this new Inquisition was to find and punish conversos who were practicing Judaism in secret.{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0DoY6VKNSC0C\\\|title\\=Imperial Spain 1469–1716\\\|last\\=Huxtable\\\|first\\=Elliott John\\\|publisher\\=Penguin\\\|year\\=2002\\\|isbn\\=9780141925578\\\|location\\=London, UK\\\|oclc\\=759581255\\\|orig\\-year\\=1964}} {{Page needed\\\|date\\=April 2020}}", "These issues came to a head during Ferdinand and Isabella's final conquest of Granada. The independent Islamic [Emirate of Granada](/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada \"Emirate of Granada\") had been a [tributary state](/wiki/Tributary_state \"Tributary state\") to Castile since 1238\\. Jews and conversos played an important role during this campaign because they had the ability to raise money and acquire weapons through their extensive trade networks. This perceived increase in Jewish influence further infuriated the Old Christians and the hostile elements of the clergy. Finally, in 1491 in preparation for an imminent transition to Castilian territory, the [Treaty of Granada](/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada_%281491%29 \"Treaty of Granada (1491)\") was signed by Emir [Muhammad XII](/wiki/Muhammad_XII_of_Granada \"Muhammad XII of Granada\") and the Queen of Castile, protecting the religious freedom of the Muslims there. By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella had won the [Battle of Granada](/wiki/Battle_of_Granada \"Battle of Granada\") and completed the Catholic [Reconquista](/wiki/Reconquista \"Reconquista\") of the Iberian Peninsula from Islamic [forces](/wiki/Al-Andalus \"Al-Andalus\"). However, the Jewish population emerged from the campaign more hated by the populace and less useful to the monarchs.", "" ]