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Career
------
[thumb\|Mronz (left) and his longtime partner, German foreign minister [Guido Westerwelle](/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle "Guido Westerwelle") (2009\)](/wiki/File:Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg "Guido Westerwelle & Michael Mronz.jpg")
In 1989, Mronz organised his first tennis tournament, the Pohland Cup in Cologne, then later the [Cologne Open](/wiki/Cologne_Open "Cologne Open").
Michael Mronz e.K. was founded by Mronz in 1992 as MM Promotion Michael Mronz and was renamed Michael Mronz e.K. in November 2016\. The focal point of the events that he organises are sports events such as [marathons](/wiki/Marathon "Marathon"), [equestrian](/wiki/Equestrianism "Equestrianism"), [tennis](/wiki/Tennis "Tennis"), [beach volleyball](/wiki/Beach_volleyball "Beach volleyball") and [hockey](/wiki/Hockey "Hockey") tournaments. Mronz advises companies, associations as well as individual people and clubs on issues concerning sports [sponsoring](/wiki/Sponsor_%28commercial%29 "Sponsor (commercial)") and sports [marketing](/wiki/Marketing "Marketing"). He is also responsible for the marketing of major TV events, the most well\-known of which are [Stefan Raab](/wiki/Stefan_Raab "Stefan Raab")’s Wok World Championships, the [Bundesvision Song Contest](/wiki/Bundesvision_Song_Contest "Bundesvision Song Contest") and the TV total Diving Competition.
Mronz (who himself does not ride) has been the General Manager of the Aachener Reitturnier GmbH (ART) since 1 October 1997, which is responsible for the marketing of the [CHIO Aachen](/wiki/CHIO_Aachen "CHIO Aachen"), the largest equestrian event in the world.{{Cite journal\|url\=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d\-65955024\.html\|title\=REITEN: "Geld, Macht und Ruhm" \- DER SPIEGEL 28/2009\|last\=Germany\|first\=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg\|journal\=Spiegel Online\|volume\=28\|language\=de\|access\-date\=31 January 2017\|date\=6 July 2009}} Based on the competences he acquired in this position, Mronz was also appointed Head of the Organising Committee of the [World Equestrian Games](/wiki/World_Equestrian_Games "World Equestrian Games") in 2006, the second largest sporting event in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") after the [Football World Cup](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup "2006 FIFA World Cup") that was staged in the same year. For the first time since the Equestrian and Driving World Championships were founded in 1990, this event succeeded in closing on a positive net result. After the great success of the [FEI World Equestrian Games](/wiki/FEI_World_Equestrian_Games "FEI World Equestrian Games"), the trade magazine "Horizont" elected Michael Mronz as "Sports Manager of the Year".
In his capacity as Marketing Director, Mronz was responsible for the marketing and ticketing of the [World Athletics Championships](/wiki/World_Athletics_Championships "World Athletics Championships") in 2009 in Berlin.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ftd.de/koepfe/whoiswho/%3AKopf\-des\-Tages\-Michael\-Mronz\-Smarter\-Balljunge/553321\.html \|title\=FTD.de \- Kopf des Tages: Michael Mronz \- Smarter Balljunge \- Who's who \|date\=16 August 2009 \|access\-date\=31 January 2017 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816151308/http://www.ftd.de/koepfe/whoiswho/%3AKopf\-des\-Tages\-Michael\-Mronz\-Smarter\-Balljunge/553321\.html \|archivedate\=16 August 2009 }}
In 2002, Mronz became a member of the board of the Hanne\-Nüsslein Foundation of the KTHC Red\-White stadium. The foundation has set itself the aim of promoting young tennis talents. Up until December 2003, he was [shareholder](/wiki/Shareholder "Shareholder") and [Managing Director](/wiki/Managing_Director "Managing Director") of the American Sports GmbH, under the umbrella of which the first ladies’ and the first men’s team of the German basketball league club, [RheinEnergie Cologne](/wiki/RheinStars_K%C3%B6ln "RheinStars Köln"), fall. He stepped down due to differences of opinion concerning the future alignment of the organisation’s structure. Since January 2007, Michael Mronz has been a member of the board of the German America's Cup team, [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany"), where he is responsible for the press activities.
Since 2013, he has been the organiser of the famous ATP tournament, [BMW Open](/wiki/Bavarian_International_Tennis_Championships "Bavarian International Tennis Championships") by FWU AG, in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"). He advises the organisers of the German racing series [DTM](/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Masters "Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters") and of the [2018 European Athletics Championships](/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships "2018 European Athletics Championships") in Berlin.
Mronz is the initiator and organiser of the "Rhine\-Ruhr Olympic City 2028" initiative that is backed by the private sector. This idea of the Rhine\-Ruhr region putting in a bid to stage the 2028 [Summer Olympics](/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") is being met with great enthusiasm from economic and political circles. Mronz has developed a concept that relies upon sustainability and the usage of existing sports and event facilities.
Mronz took over the Chair of the Westerwelle Foundation in 2016, which asserts itself on an international basis for [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy"), the [rule of law](/wiki/Rule_of_law "Rule of law"), the [social market economy](/wiki/Social_market_economy "Social market economy"), [tolerance](/wiki/wikt:Tolerance "Tolerance") and political and economic participation.
He became an [IOC member](/wiki/IOC_members "IOC members") in 2023\. [https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc\-executive\-board\-proposes\-eight\-new\-ioc\-members\-for\-election\-to\-the\-session\-in\-mumbai](https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-proposes-eight-new-ioc-members-for-election-to-the-session-in-mumbai)
|
[
"Career\n------",
"[thumb\\|Mronz (left) and his longtime partner, German foreign minister [Guido Westerwelle](/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle \"Guido Westerwelle\") (2009\\)](/wiki/File:Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg \"Guido Westerwelle & Michael Mronz.jpg\")\nIn 1989, Mronz organised his first tennis tournament, the Pohland Cup in Cologne, then later the [Cologne Open](/wiki/Cologne_Open \"Cologne Open\").",
"Michael Mronz e.K. was founded by Mronz in 1992 as MM Promotion Michael Mronz and was renamed Michael Mronz e.K. in November 2016\\. The focal point of the events that he organises are sports events such as [marathons](/wiki/Marathon \"Marathon\"), [equestrian](/wiki/Equestrianism \"Equestrianism\"), [tennis](/wiki/Tennis \"Tennis\"), [beach volleyball](/wiki/Beach_volleyball \"Beach volleyball\") and [hockey](/wiki/Hockey \"Hockey\") tournaments. Mronz advises companies, associations as well as individual people and clubs on issues concerning sports [sponsoring](/wiki/Sponsor_%28commercial%29 \"Sponsor (commercial)\") and sports [marketing](/wiki/Marketing \"Marketing\"). He is also responsible for the marketing of major TV events, the most well\\-known of which are [Stefan Raab](/wiki/Stefan_Raab \"Stefan Raab\")’s Wok World Championships, the [Bundesvision Song Contest](/wiki/Bundesvision_Song_Contest \"Bundesvision Song Contest\") and the TV total Diving Competition.",
"Mronz (who himself does not ride) has been the General Manager of the Aachener Reitturnier GmbH (ART) since 1 October 1997, which is responsible for the marketing of the [CHIO Aachen](/wiki/CHIO_Aachen \"CHIO Aachen\"), the largest equestrian event in the world.{{Cite journal\\|url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d\\-65955024\\.html\\|title\\=REITEN: \"Geld, Macht und Ruhm\" \\- DER SPIEGEL 28/2009\\|last\\=Germany\\|first\\=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg\\|journal\\=Spiegel Online\\|volume\\=28\\|language\\=de\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2017\\|date\\=6 July 2009}} Based on the competences he acquired in this position, Mronz was also appointed Head of the Organising Committee of the [World Equestrian Games](/wiki/World_Equestrian_Games \"World Equestrian Games\") in 2006, the second largest sporting event in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") after the [Football World Cup](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup \"2006 FIFA World Cup\") that was staged in the same year. For the first time since the Equestrian and Driving World Championships were founded in 1990, this event succeeded in closing on a positive net result. After the great success of the [FEI World Equestrian Games](/wiki/FEI_World_Equestrian_Games \"FEI World Equestrian Games\"), the trade magazine \"Horizont\" elected Michael Mronz as \"Sports Manager of the Year\".",
"In his capacity as Marketing Director, Mronz was responsible for the marketing and ticketing of the [World Athletics Championships](/wiki/World_Athletics_Championships \"World Athletics Championships\") in 2009 in Berlin.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ftd.de/koepfe/whoiswho/%3AKopf\\-des\\-Tages\\-Michael\\-Mronz\\-Smarter\\-Balljunge/553321\\.html \\|title\\=FTD.de \\- Kopf des Tages: Michael Mronz \\- Smarter Balljunge \\- Who's who \\|date\\=16 August 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816151308/http://www.ftd.de/koepfe/whoiswho/%3AKopf\\-des\\-Tages\\-Michael\\-Mronz\\-Smarter\\-Balljunge/553321\\.html \\|archivedate\\=16 August 2009 }}",
"In 2002, Mronz became a member of the board of the Hanne\\-Nüsslein Foundation of the KTHC Red\\-White stadium. The foundation has set itself the aim of promoting young tennis talents. Up until December 2003, he was [shareholder](/wiki/Shareholder \"Shareholder\") and [Managing Director](/wiki/Managing_Director \"Managing Director\") of the American Sports GmbH, under the umbrella of which the first ladies’ and the first men’s team of the German basketball league club, [RheinEnergie Cologne](/wiki/RheinStars_K%C3%B6ln \"RheinStars Köln\"), fall. He stepped down due to differences of opinion concerning the future alignment of the organisation’s structure. Since January 2007, Michael Mronz has been a member of the board of the German America's Cup team, [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\"), where he is responsible for the press activities.",
"Since 2013, he has been the organiser of the famous ATP tournament, [BMW Open](/wiki/Bavarian_International_Tennis_Championships \"Bavarian International Tennis Championships\") by FWU AG, in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"). He advises the organisers of the German racing series [DTM](/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Masters \"Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters\") and of the [2018 European Athletics Championships](/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships \"2018 European Athletics Championships\") in Berlin.",
"Mronz is the initiator and organiser of the \"Rhine\\-Ruhr Olympic City 2028\" initiative that is backed by the private sector. This idea of the Rhine\\-Ruhr region putting in a bid to stage the 2028 [Summer Olympics](/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games \"Summer Olympic Games\") is being met with great enthusiasm from economic and political circles. Mronz has developed a concept that relies upon sustainability and the usage of existing sports and event facilities.",
"Mronz took over the Chair of the Westerwelle Foundation in 2016, which asserts itself on an international basis for [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\"), the [rule of law](/wiki/Rule_of_law \"Rule of law\"), the [social market economy](/wiki/Social_market_economy \"Social market economy\"), [tolerance](/wiki/wikt:Tolerance \"Tolerance\") and political and economic participation.",
"He became an [IOC member](/wiki/IOC_members \"IOC members\") in 2023\\. [https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc\\-executive\\-board\\-proposes\\-eight\\-new\\-ioc\\-members\\-for\\-election\\-to\\-the\\-session\\-in\\-mumbai](https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-proposes-eight-new-ioc-members-for-election-to-the-session-in-mumbai)",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|180px\|left\|A 1915 photograph of the railroad under construction.](/wiki/File:Railroad_construction_-_ties_awaiting_rails%2C_Alaska%2C_1915.jpg "Railroad construction - ties awaiting rails, Alaska, 1915.jpg")
In 1903 a company called the Alaska Central Railroad began to build a rail line beginning at [Seward](/wiki/Seward%2C_Alaska "Seward, Alaska"), near the southern tip of the [Kenai Peninsula](/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula "Kenai Peninsula") in Alaska, northward. The company built {{convert\|51\|mi\|km}} of track by 1909 and went into [receivership](/wiki/Receivership "Receivership"). This route carried passengers, freight and mail to the upper [Turnagain Arm](/wiki/Cook_Inlet "Cook Inlet"). From there, goods were taken by boat at high tide, and by dog team or [pack train](/wiki/Pack_train "Pack train") to [Eklutna](/wiki/Eklutna%2C_Alaska "Eklutna, Alaska") and the [Matanuska\-Susitna Valley](/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Valley "Matanuska-Susitna Valley").
In 1909, another company, the Alaska Northern Railroad Company, bought the rail line and extended it another {{convert\|21\|mi\|km}} northward. From the new end, goods were floated down the Turnagain Arm in small boats. The Alaska Northern Railroad went into receivership in 1914\.
At about this time, the United States government was planning a railroad route from Seward to the interior town of Fairbanks. President [William Howard Taft](/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft") authorized a commission to survey a route in 1912\. The line would be {{convert\|656\|mi\|km}} long and provide an all\-weather route to the interior.Cohen, Stan (1981\). The Forgotten War: A Pictorial History of World War II in Alaska and Northwestern Canada. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., Inc. {{ISBN\|0\-933126\-13\-1}}, p. 61
In 1914, the government bought the Alaska Northern Railroad and moved its headquarters to [Ship Creek](/wiki/Ship_Creek_%28Alaska%29 "Ship Creek (Alaska)"), in what would later become [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska"). The government began to extend the rail line northward.
In 1917, the [Tanana Valley Railroad](/wiki/Tanana_Valley_Railroad "Tanana Valley Railroad") in Fairbanks was heading into bankruptcy. It owned a small {{convert\|45\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} {{RailGauge\|3ft\|lk\=on}} ([narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway "Narrow gauge railway")) line that serviced the towns of Fairbanks and the mining communities in the area as well as the boat docks on the [Tanana River](/wiki/Tanana_River "Tanana River") near Fairbanks.
The government bought the Tanana Valley Railroad, principally for its terminal facilities. The section between [Fairbanks](/wiki/Fairbanks%2C_Alaska "Fairbanks, Alaska") and Happy was converted to [dual gauge](/wiki/Dual_gauge "Dual gauge") to complete the {{RailGauge\|4ft8\.5in\|allk\=on}} line from [Seward](/wiki/Seward%2C_Alaska "Seward, Alaska") to Fairbanks. The government extended the southern portion of the track to Nenana, and later converted the extension to standard gauge. The Alaska Railroad continued to operate the remaining TVRR narrow gauge line as the Chatanika Branch (the terminus was near the [Yukon River](/wiki/Yukon_River "Yukon River")), until decommissioning it in 1930\.
[thumb\|left\|An Alaska Railroad [steam locomotive](/wiki/Steam_locomotive "Steam locomotive") crossing the [Tanana River](/wiki/Tanana_River "Tanana River") on the ice at [Nenana](/wiki/Nenana%2C_Alaska "Nenana, Alaska") just prior to completion of the railroad in 1923\.](/wiki/File:Alaska_Railroad_engine_crossing_the_Tanana_River_on_the_ice_at_Nenana_just_prior_to_completion_of_the_railroad.jpg "Alaska Railroad engine crossing the Tanana River on the ice at Nenana just prior to completion of the railroad.jpg")
In 1923 they built the {{convert\|700\|ft\|m\|0\|adj\=on}} [Mears Memorial Bridge](/wiki/Mears_Memorial_Bridge "Mears Memorial Bridge") across the Tanana River at Nenana. This was the final link in the Alaska Railroad and at the time, was the second longest single\-span steel railroad bridge in the country. U.S. President [Warren G. Harding](/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding") drove the [golden spike](/wiki/Golden_spike "Golden spike") that completed the railroad on July 15, 1923, on the north side of the bridge. The railroad was part of the US Department of the Interior.
[thumb\|An Alaska Railroad passenger train rolling between Anchorage, Denali National Park and Fairbanks.](/wiki/File:The_Alaska_Railroad.jpg "The Alaska Railroad.jpg")
The Alaska Railroad's first diesel locomotive entered service in 1944\. The railroad retired its last steam locomotive in 1966\.
In 1958, land for the future [Clear Air Force Station](/wiki/Clear_Air_Force_Station "Clear Air Force Station") was purchased. (Clear is about {{convert\|15\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} south of Nenana.) Approximately {{convert\|40,000\|ft\|km}} of track were diverted, and later a spur was constructed to deliver coal to its power station.
The railroad was greatly affected by the [Good Friday earthquake](/wiki/Good_Friday_earthquake "Good Friday earthquake"), which struck southern Alaska in 1964\. The yard and trackage around Seward buckled and the trackage along Turnagain Arm was damaged by floodwaters and landslides. It took several months to restore full service along the line.{{Cite book \|last1\=McCulloch \|first1\=David S. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xD8rAAAAYAAJ\&pg\=PA543 \|title\=The Great Alaska Earthquake Of 1964, Vol 1, Part 2: Effects On The Alaska Railroad \|last2\=Manuel G. Bonilla \|publisher\=National Academy of Sciences \|year\=1971 \|isbn\=978\-0\-309\-01601\-8 \|location\=Washington \|pages\=543–640 \|access\-date\=2009\-08\-14}}
In 1967, the railroad was transferred to the Federal Railroad Administration, an agency within the newly created [United States Department of Transportation](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation "United States Department of Transportation").
In 1975\-76, an infusion of $15 million from the DOT enabled various capital improvements including those to facilitate hauling materials for the [Alaska Pipeline](/wiki/Alaska_Pipeline "Alaska Pipeline").{{cite magazine\|last\=Anderson\|first\=Bill\|magazine\=\[\[Trains (magazine)\|Trains]]\|publisher\=\[\[Kalmbach Media]]\|pages\=20–27\|title\=Greasing the Skids for Alaska Oil\|number\=9 Vol 83\|date\= September 2023}}
On January 6, 1985, the state of Alaska bought the railroad from the U.S. government for $22\.3 million, based on a valuation determined by the US Railway Association.State Buys Alaska Railroad *[Pacific RailNews](/wiki/Pacific_RailNews "Pacific RailNews")* issue 254 January 1985 page 38Alaska RR Sold *Pacific RailNews* issue 258 May 1985 page 6 The state immediately invested over $70 million on improvements and repairs that compensated for years of deferred maintenance. The purchase agreement prohibits the Alaska Railroad from paying dividends or otherwise returning capital to the state of Alaska, unlike the state's other quasi\-corporations: the [Alaska Permanent Fund](/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund "Alaska Permanent Fund"), the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation, and the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority.
[thumb\|A northbound Alaska Railroad passenger train idles at the [Seward, Alaska](/wiki/Seward%2C_Alaska "Seward, Alaska"), depot on June 30, 2010](/wiki/File:AlaskaRailroadPassenger.jpg "AlaskaRailroadPassenger.jpg")
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|left\\|A 1915 photograph of the railroad under construction.](/wiki/File:Railroad_construction_-_ties_awaiting_rails%2C_Alaska%2C_1915.jpg \"Railroad construction - ties awaiting rails, Alaska, 1915.jpg\")\nIn 1903 a company called the Alaska Central Railroad began to build a rail line beginning at [Seward](/wiki/Seward%2C_Alaska \"Seward, Alaska\"), near the southern tip of the [Kenai Peninsula](/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula \"Kenai Peninsula\") in Alaska, northward. The company built {{convert\\|51\\|mi\\|km}} of track by 1909 and went into [receivership](/wiki/Receivership \"Receivership\"). This route carried passengers, freight and mail to the upper [Turnagain Arm](/wiki/Cook_Inlet \"Cook Inlet\"). From there, goods were taken by boat at high tide, and by dog team or [pack train](/wiki/Pack_train \"Pack train\") to [Eklutna](/wiki/Eklutna%2C_Alaska \"Eklutna, Alaska\") and the [Matanuska\\-Susitna Valley](/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Valley \"Matanuska-Susitna Valley\").",
"In 1909, another company, the Alaska Northern Railroad Company, bought the rail line and extended it another {{convert\\|21\\|mi\\|km}} northward. From the new end, goods were floated down the Turnagain Arm in small boats. The Alaska Northern Railroad went into receivership in 1914\\.",
"At about this time, the United States government was planning a railroad route from Seward to the interior town of Fairbanks. President [William Howard Taft](/wiki/William_Howard_Taft \"William Howard Taft\") authorized a commission to survey a route in 1912\\. The line would be {{convert\\|656\\|mi\\|km}} long and provide an all\\-weather route to the interior.Cohen, Stan (1981\\). The Forgotten War: A Pictorial History of World War II in Alaska and Northwestern Canada. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., Inc. {{ISBN\\|0\\-933126\\-13\\-1}}, p. 61",
"In 1914, the government bought the Alaska Northern Railroad and moved its headquarters to [Ship Creek](/wiki/Ship_Creek_%28Alaska%29 \"Ship Creek (Alaska)\"), in what would later become [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska \"Anchorage, Alaska\"). The government began to extend the rail line northward.",
"In 1917, the [Tanana Valley Railroad](/wiki/Tanana_Valley_Railroad \"Tanana Valley Railroad\") in Fairbanks was heading into bankruptcy. It owned a small {{convert\\|45\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} {{RailGauge\\|3ft\\|lk\\=on}} ([narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway \"Narrow gauge railway\")) line that serviced the towns of Fairbanks and the mining communities in the area as well as the boat docks on the [Tanana River](/wiki/Tanana_River \"Tanana River\") near Fairbanks.",
"The government bought the Tanana Valley Railroad, principally for its terminal facilities. The section between [Fairbanks](/wiki/Fairbanks%2C_Alaska \"Fairbanks, Alaska\") and Happy was converted to [dual gauge](/wiki/Dual_gauge \"Dual gauge\") to complete the {{RailGauge\\|4ft8\\.5in\\|allk\\=on}} line from [Seward](/wiki/Seward%2C_Alaska \"Seward, Alaska\") to Fairbanks. The government extended the southern portion of the track to Nenana, and later converted the extension to standard gauge. The Alaska Railroad continued to operate the remaining TVRR narrow gauge line as the Chatanika Branch (the terminus was near the [Yukon River](/wiki/Yukon_River \"Yukon River\")), until decommissioning it in 1930\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|An Alaska Railroad [steam locomotive](/wiki/Steam_locomotive \"Steam locomotive\") crossing the [Tanana River](/wiki/Tanana_River \"Tanana River\") on the ice at [Nenana](/wiki/Nenana%2C_Alaska \"Nenana, Alaska\") just prior to completion of the railroad in 1923\\.](/wiki/File:Alaska_Railroad_engine_crossing_the_Tanana_River_on_the_ice_at_Nenana_just_prior_to_completion_of_the_railroad.jpg \"Alaska Railroad engine crossing the Tanana River on the ice at Nenana just prior to completion of the railroad.jpg\")\nIn 1923 they built the {{convert\\|700\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|adj\\=on}} [Mears Memorial Bridge](/wiki/Mears_Memorial_Bridge \"Mears Memorial Bridge\") across the Tanana River at Nenana. This was the final link in the Alaska Railroad and at the time, was the second longest single\\-span steel railroad bridge in the country. U.S. President [Warren G. Harding](/wiki/Warren_G._Harding \"Warren G. Harding\") drove the [golden spike](/wiki/Golden_spike \"Golden spike\") that completed the railroad on July 15, 1923, on the north side of the bridge. The railroad was part of the US Department of the Interior.",
"[thumb\\|An Alaska Railroad passenger train rolling between Anchorage, Denali National Park and Fairbanks.](/wiki/File:The_Alaska_Railroad.jpg \"The Alaska Railroad.jpg\")\nThe Alaska Railroad's first diesel locomotive entered service in 1944\\. The railroad retired its last steam locomotive in 1966\\.",
"In 1958, land for the future [Clear Air Force Station](/wiki/Clear_Air_Force_Station \"Clear Air Force Station\") was purchased. (Clear is about {{convert\\|15\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} south of Nenana.) Approximately {{convert\\|40,000\\|ft\\|km}} of track were diverted, and later a spur was constructed to deliver coal to its power station.",
"The railroad was greatly affected by the [Good Friday earthquake](/wiki/Good_Friday_earthquake \"Good Friday earthquake\"), which struck southern Alaska in 1964\\. The yard and trackage around Seward buckled and the trackage along Turnagain Arm was damaged by floodwaters and landslides. It took several months to restore full service along the line.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=McCulloch \\|first1\\=David S. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xD8rAAAAYAAJ\\&pg\\=PA543 \\|title\\=The Great Alaska Earthquake Of 1964, Vol 1, Part 2: Effects On The Alaska Railroad \\|last2\\=Manuel G. Bonilla \\|publisher\\=National Academy of Sciences \\|year\\=1971 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-309\\-01601\\-8 \\|location\\=Washington \\|pages\\=543–640 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-14}}",
"In 1967, the railroad was transferred to the Federal Railroad Administration, an agency within the newly created [United States Department of Transportation](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation \"United States Department of Transportation\").",
"In 1975\\-76, an infusion of $15 million from the DOT enabled various capital improvements including those to facilitate hauling materials for the [Alaska Pipeline](/wiki/Alaska_Pipeline \"Alaska Pipeline\").{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Anderson\\|first\\=Bill\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Trains (magazine)\\|Trains]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Kalmbach Media]]\\|pages\\=20–27\\|title\\=Greasing the Skids for Alaska Oil\\|number\\=9 Vol 83\\|date\\= September 2023}}",
"On January 6, 1985, the state of Alaska bought the railroad from the U.S. government for $22\\.3 million, based on a valuation determined by the US Railway Association.State Buys Alaska Railroad *[Pacific RailNews](/wiki/Pacific_RailNews \"Pacific RailNews\")* issue 254 January 1985 page 38Alaska RR Sold *Pacific RailNews* issue 258 May 1985 page 6 The state immediately invested over $70 million on improvements and repairs that compensated for years of deferred maintenance. The purchase agreement prohibits the Alaska Railroad from paying dividends or otherwise returning capital to the state of Alaska, unlike the state's other quasi\\-corporations: the [Alaska Permanent Fund](/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund \"Alaska Permanent Fund\"), the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation, and the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority.",
"[thumb\\|A northbound Alaska Railroad passenger train idles at the [Seward, Alaska](/wiki/Seward%2C_Alaska \"Seward, Alaska\"), depot on June 30, 2010](/wiki/File:AlaskaRailroadPassenger.jpg \"AlaskaRailroadPassenger.jpg\")",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early years
Robert Whitaker McAll was son of the [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") minister Robert Stephens McAll and of Sarah Whitaker. He was born on 17 December 1821 in Macclesfield, Cheshire.1851,1871,1891 census, etc. His father who was a very charismatic pastor in Manchester died in 1838 when Robert McAll was only 17\. Passionate about religious architecture Robert McAll started to work in an architect's study in 1839 but after 5 years he turned to Protestant theology, which he studied from 1844 to 1848 in [Lancashire Independent College](/wiki/Lancashire_Independent_College "Lancashire Independent College") , in [Whalley Range](/wiki/Whalley_Range%2C_Manchester "Whalley Range, Manchester") College, in Manchester.
### Church minister in England (1848–1871\)
Before the end of his studies Robert McAll was called as pastor of the Bethel [congregationalist](/wiki/Congregationalist "Congregationalist") chapel in [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear "Sunderland, Tyne and Wear").Non\-conformist parish first established in 1817 at 12–14, Villiers Street, in Sunniside. See the website of the Sunderland historical society, consulted 29 August 2014 [http://www.sunderland\-antiquarians.org/members\-area/villiers\-street/](http://www.sunderland-antiquarians.org/members-area/villiers-street/). The chapel was demolished in 1978 and in 2010 vaulted tombs were accidentally discovered under a garage which had been built on the chapel's premises. See the article of the Sunderland Echo on 22 January 2010 , consulted 29 August 2014 [http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/local/all\-news/mass\-tomb\-found\-under\-chapel\-1\-1094868](http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/local/all-news/mass-tomb-found-under-chapel-1-1094868) There, in 1847, he marries Elizabeth Siddall Hayward, only daughter of one of his university professors. He worked ceaselessly for his parish, adding to the usual pastoral activities, youth meetings, open air public preaching and hymn writing – his own hymn book will soon be in use in his parish. His health is shaken by this intense work, and will remain a limitation for him. In 1855, he was counting with some satisfaction that the parish had gained 310 new members during his tenure, in other words one per Sunday...
In 1855 he accepted the invitation of the Bond Street nonconformist chapel, in Leicester.[Nonconformist church built in 1708, now a Unitarian church](http://www.leicesterunitarians.co.uk/leicesterunitarians-history.html) His preaching and his action are successful there too. However he resigned after two years to open a new church in Leicester, on London Road. There he imposed his terms: the new parish should be open to people of the neighbourhood and inviting to newcomers, the old habits of pew\-rent and fixed contributions should be replaced by voluntary gifts. His intention was to rid the church from widespread prejudices held by the working class. Additional endeavours included launching a mission in the nearby village of Reasby, establishing anti\-alcoholic work. During his nine years as a pastor in London Road Chapel, the parish grew from 120 members to 450\. In 1866 he moved to Grosvenor Street's parish, in Picadilly, [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"). In 1867 he intervened publicly to ask for mercy for 3 [Fenians](/wiki/Fenian "Fenian") who had been condemned to death after their attack on a prisoners transfer vehicle which had left one policeman dead. Robert McAll organised a meeting with the participation of the victim's widow, where she expressed her forgiveness to the murderers of her husband. In spite of his efforts, he didn't succeed in obtaining the commutation of the death penalty of the Irish convicts.
Between 1867 and 1871, he was pastor in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham") and in [Hadleigh](/wiki/Hadleigh%2C_Suffolk "Hadleigh, Suffolk") in Suffolk.
The experience of Robert McAll in his various English parishes was a good preparation for his subsequent ministry in France: he was confronted with the material and moral misery of the working class, he tried various reach out methods including open air preaching, he refined his oratory talent and knew how to convince an audience with a fine mix of charm, humour and conviction.
### Call to start a Mission for the Workers of Paris
In July 1871, Robert McAll was moved by the suffering of the Parisians (due to the long 1870 German siege and to the 1871 [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune "Paris Commune")'s second siege, and he decided to make a trip to Paris. Dutifully armed with French New Testaments and leaflets to distribute, Robert and Elizabeth McAll crossed the Channel on 12 August 1871\. They visited different areas in and around Paris: [Saint\-Ouen](/wiki/Saint-Ouen%2C_Seine-Saint-Denis "Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis"), [champ de Mars](/wiki/Champ_de_Mars "Champ de Mars"), [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles_%28city%29 "Versailles (city)"), [Tuileries](/wiki/Tuileries "Tuileries"), [Ménilmontant](/wiki/M%C3%A9nilmontant "Ménilmontant")... On the last day of their visit they were visiting [Belleville](/wiki/Belleville%2C_Paris "Belleville, Paris"), trying to meet workers on their way back home after their day of labour. Although they had been formally advised to avoid such supposedly risky neighbourhoods where remains of barricades of the [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune "Paris Commune") were still to be seen, they kept meeting friendly and open\-minded people. The Belleville inhabitants they met even seemed to be grateful for the attention and token of solidarity of these foreign visitors, at a time when so many French didn't even dare to get into this deemed dangerous part of the city. The McAlls soon run out of New Testaments and leaflets. At some point a man who could speak some English came up to them and asked: “Are you a Christian minister? Sir, I have something to tell you. Throughout this whole district, containing tens of thousands of workmen, we cannot accept an imposed religion. But if anyone would come to teach us religion of freedom and reality, many of us are ready for it.”
This appeal, which is very often quoted, awoke McAll's missionary calling. On 17 November 1871, Robert McAll and his wife leave the United Kingdom for good, only armed with a hundred pounds, product of the sale of their belongings, and their trunks, which they struggled to retrieve in Paris. They settled in a flat in one of the high points of Paris, [rue des Mignottes](/wiki/Rue_des_Mignottes "Rue des Mignottes") near Buttes Chaumont! They then got acquainted with the Parisian Protestant leadership, like pastors Georges Fisch, Eugène Bersier or Théodore Monod. On 30 November 1871, after a long and difficult search, they rented a space in Belleville at 103, rue Julien\-Lacroix. They managed to buy chairs, harmonium, books, and secure the necessary authorisations. On 17 January 1872 at 7 o'clock in the evening, they open " with trembling hand " the door of their " free library " for an evening during which, according to the invitation, "hymns will be sung and chosen pieces will be read" while "English friends will welcome all equally well". There were finally 40 people at this first evening. But on the Sunday of the same week where Robert McAll delivers his first sermon in French, not without difficulties, the attendance was in excess of 100 people. In March 1872 the McAlls opened a second meeting place in Ménilmontant. After a month there were more than 100 people who attended the services there too. This success led them to open a series of other meeting rooms in Charonne, boulevard Ornano, boulevard Saint\-Antoine, rue de la Chapelle, Bercy, Grenelle, Auteuil...
### Development of the Mission for the Workers of Paris
In her memoirs, Mrs Elizabeth McAll examined all ten first yearly reports' covers edited by Robert McAll.
* The first two showed him alone,
* the fifth report showed a team of 6 : McAll as the responsible, two other pastors, Théodore Monod et M. Naef, and three evangelists ;
* the sixth year the team had 9 members\- and the mission received the medal of the "National Society for the development of Good" (*Société nationale d'encouragement au bien*).
* the seventh year, one could see two responsible persons: Robert McAll, with a team of 10 people in Paris and pastor Bernard de Watteville in [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon"), and, this time, it was the medal of the Free Society for Popular Instruction and Education (*Société libre d'Instruction et d'Éducation Populaires*) which was awarded to the work of Reverend McAll.
* the eighth year, the mission had been launched in two other cities: [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux") et [Boulogne\-sur\-Mer](/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer "Boulogne-sur-Mer") (in two meeting rooms) and the Paris team was 15 people strong.
* the ninth year, the mission had been launched in [Arcachon](/wiki/Arcachon "Arcachon"), [la Rochelle](/wiki/La_Rochelle "La Rochelle"), [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime "Rochefort, Charente-Maritime") and in several places around Paris.
* the tenth year, conferences were organised at the [Élysée Montmartre](/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Montmartre "Élysée Montmartre") theatre in Paris while the mission was being launched in [Roubaix](/wiki/Roubaix "Roubaix"), [Croix](/wiki/Croix%2C_Nord "Croix, Nord"), [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk "Dunkirk"), [Saint\-Étienne](/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne "Saint-Étienne"), [Saintes](/wiki/Saintes%2C_Charente-Maritime "Saintes, Charente-Maritime"), [Cognac](/wiki/Cognac_%28Charente%29 "Cognac (Charente)"), [Clermont\-Ferrand](/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand "Clermont-Ferrand"), [Montauban](/wiki/Montauban "Montauban") and [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse "Toulouse").
Robert McAll needed help to run this big organisation. The English pastor Dodds came from Britain and helped McAll from 1877 to 1882\. From 1882 onwards, the French evangelical pastor [Ruben Saillens](/wiki/Ruben_Saillens "Ruben Saillens") became the efficient assistant of Robert McAll.
### The apex of the McAll Mission
In 1879, the initial name of Mission for the Workers of Paris (" Mission aux Ouvriers de Paris ") is replaced by the more appropriate Evangelical Popular Mission of France (" Mission populaire évangélique de France "), while in everyday life the unofficial name ever was the "MacAll Mission" (Robert McAll had an "a” added to make his name more legible for French readers).
In 1893, when McAll died, the Evangelical Popular Mission of France ran 136 meeting rooms in 57 cities and 37 departments, including [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica "Corsica") and the then [French Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria "French Algeria") and [Tunisia](/wiki/French_Tunisia "French Tunisia"), all of this having been built up in only 21 years.
In 1892 at the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the mission, Robert McAll, who was 70, had been awarded the highest decoration in France, the [Legion of honour](/wiki/Legion_of_honour "Legion of honour"). However he was exhausted and had to retire in England to rest. However he couldn't resist transforming this trip into a fundraising trip, because the finances of the mission were highly unbalanced.
He died soon after coming back to France, on 11 May 1893, (on Ascension Day noted Elizabeth McAll in her memoirs.) His funeral was held at the historical Paris Protestant church of Oratoire du [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre "Louvre").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early years",
"Robert Whitaker McAll was son of the [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") minister Robert Stephens McAll and of Sarah Whitaker. He was born on 17 December 1821 in Macclesfield, Cheshire.1851,1871,1891 census, etc. His father who was a very charismatic pastor in Manchester died in 1838 when Robert McAll was only 17\\. Passionate about religious architecture Robert McAll started to work in an architect's study in 1839 but after 5 years he turned to Protestant theology, which he studied from 1844 to 1848 in [Lancashire Independent College](/wiki/Lancashire_Independent_College \"Lancashire Independent College\") , in [Whalley Range](/wiki/Whalley_Range%2C_Manchester \"Whalley Range, Manchester\") College, in Manchester.",
"### Church minister in England (1848–1871\\)",
"Before the end of his studies Robert McAll was called as pastor of the Bethel [congregationalist](/wiki/Congregationalist \"Congregationalist\") chapel in [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear \"Sunderland, Tyne and Wear\").Non\\-conformist parish first established in 1817 at 12–14, Villiers Street, in Sunniside. See the website of the Sunderland historical society, consulted 29 August 2014 [http://www.sunderland\\-antiquarians.org/members\\-area/villiers\\-street/](http://www.sunderland-antiquarians.org/members-area/villiers-street/). The chapel was demolished in 1978 and in 2010 vaulted tombs were accidentally discovered under a garage which had been built on the chapel's premises. See the article of the Sunderland Echo on 22 January 2010 , consulted 29 August 2014 [http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/local/all\\-news/mass\\-tomb\\-found\\-under\\-chapel\\-1\\-1094868](http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/local/all-news/mass-tomb-found-under-chapel-1-1094868) There, in 1847, he marries Elizabeth Siddall Hayward, only daughter of one of his university professors. He worked ceaselessly for his parish, adding to the usual pastoral activities, youth meetings, open air public preaching and hymn writing – his own hymn book will soon be in use in his parish. His health is shaken by this intense work, and will remain a limitation for him. In 1855, he was counting with some satisfaction that the parish had gained 310 new members during his tenure, in other words one per Sunday...\nIn 1855 he accepted the invitation of the Bond Street nonconformist chapel, in Leicester.[Nonconformist church built in 1708, now a Unitarian church](http://www.leicesterunitarians.co.uk/leicesterunitarians-history.html) His preaching and his action are successful there too. However he resigned after two years to open a new church in Leicester, on London Road. There he imposed his terms: the new parish should be open to people of the neighbourhood and inviting to newcomers, the old habits of pew\\-rent and fixed contributions should be replaced by voluntary gifts. His intention was to rid the church from widespread prejudices held by the working class. Additional endeavours included launching a mission in the nearby village of Reasby, establishing anti\\-alcoholic work. During his nine years as a pastor in London Road Chapel, the parish grew from 120 members to 450\\. In 1866 he moved to Grosvenor Street's parish, in Picadilly, [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"). In 1867 he intervened publicly to ask for mercy for 3 [Fenians](/wiki/Fenian \"Fenian\") who had been condemned to death after their attack on a prisoners transfer vehicle which had left one policeman dead. Robert McAll organised a meeting with the participation of the victim's widow, where she expressed her forgiveness to the murderers of her husband. In spite of his efforts, he didn't succeed in obtaining the commutation of the death penalty of the Irish convicts.\nBetween 1867 and 1871, he was pastor in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\") and in [Hadleigh](/wiki/Hadleigh%2C_Suffolk \"Hadleigh, Suffolk\") in Suffolk.\nThe experience of Robert McAll in his various English parishes was a good preparation for his subsequent ministry in France: he was confronted with the material and moral misery of the working class, he tried various reach out methods including open air preaching, he refined his oratory talent and knew how to convince an audience with a fine mix of charm, humour and conviction.",
"### Call to start a Mission for the Workers of Paris",
"In July 1871, Robert McAll was moved by the suffering of the Parisians (due to the long 1870 German siege and to the 1871 [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune \"Paris Commune\")'s second siege, and he decided to make a trip to Paris. Dutifully armed with French New Testaments and leaflets to distribute, Robert and Elizabeth McAll crossed the Channel on 12 August 1871\\. They visited different areas in and around Paris: [Saint\\-Ouen](/wiki/Saint-Ouen%2C_Seine-Saint-Denis \"Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis\"), [champ de Mars](/wiki/Champ_de_Mars \"Champ de Mars\"), [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles_%28city%29 \"Versailles (city)\"), [Tuileries](/wiki/Tuileries \"Tuileries\"), [Ménilmontant](/wiki/M%C3%A9nilmontant \"Ménilmontant\")... On the last day of their visit they were visiting [Belleville](/wiki/Belleville%2C_Paris \"Belleville, Paris\"), trying to meet workers on their way back home after their day of labour. Although they had been formally advised to avoid such supposedly risky neighbourhoods where remains of barricades of the [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune \"Paris Commune\") were still to be seen, they kept meeting friendly and open\\-minded people. The Belleville inhabitants they met even seemed to be grateful for the attention and token of solidarity of these foreign visitors, at a time when so many French didn't even dare to get into this deemed dangerous part of the city. The McAlls soon run out of New Testaments and leaflets. At some point a man who could speak some English came up to them and asked: “Are you a Christian minister? Sir, I have something to tell you. Throughout this whole district, containing tens of thousands of workmen, we cannot accept an imposed religion. But if anyone would come to teach us religion of freedom and reality, many of us are ready for it.”\nThis appeal, which is very often quoted, awoke McAll's missionary calling. On 17 November 1871, Robert McAll and his wife leave the United Kingdom for good, only armed with a hundred pounds, product of the sale of their belongings, and their trunks, which they struggled to retrieve in Paris. They settled in a flat in one of the high points of Paris, [rue des Mignottes](/wiki/Rue_des_Mignottes \"Rue des Mignottes\") near Buttes Chaumont! They then got acquainted with the Parisian Protestant leadership, like pastors Georges Fisch, Eugène Bersier or Théodore Monod. On 30 November 1871, after a long and difficult search, they rented a space in Belleville at 103, rue Julien\\-Lacroix. They managed to buy chairs, harmonium, books, and secure the necessary authorisations. On 17 January 1872 at 7 o'clock in the evening, they open \" with trembling hand \" the door of their \" free library \" for an evening during which, according to the invitation, \"hymns will be sung and chosen pieces will be read\" while \"English friends will welcome all equally well\". There were finally 40 people at this first evening. But on the Sunday of the same week where Robert McAll delivers his first sermon in French, not without difficulties, the attendance was in excess of 100 people. In March 1872 the McAlls opened a second meeting place in Ménilmontant. After a month there were more than 100 people who attended the services there too. This success led them to open a series of other meeting rooms in Charonne, boulevard Ornano, boulevard Saint\\-Antoine, rue de la Chapelle, Bercy, Grenelle, Auteuil...",
"### Development of the Mission for the Workers of Paris",
"In her memoirs, Mrs Elizabeth McAll examined all ten first yearly reports' covers edited by Robert McAll. \n* The first two showed him alone,\n* the fifth report showed a team of 6 : McAll as the responsible, two other pastors, Théodore Monod et M. Naef, and three evangelists ;\n* the sixth year the team had 9 members\\- and the mission received the medal of the \"National Society for the development of Good\" (*Société nationale d'encouragement au bien*).\n* the seventh year, one could see two responsible persons: Robert McAll, with a team of 10 people in Paris and pastor Bernard de Watteville in [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), and, this time, it was the medal of the Free Society for Popular Instruction and Education (*Société libre d'Instruction et d'Éducation Populaires*) which was awarded to the work of Reverend McAll.\n* the eighth year, the mission had been launched in two other cities: [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\") et [Boulogne\\-sur\\-Mer](/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer \"Boulogne-sur-Mer\") (in two meeting rooms) and the Paris team was 15 people strong.\n* the ninth year, the mission had been launched in [Arcachon](/wiki/Arcachon \"Arcachon\"), [la Rochelle](/wiki/La_Rochelle \"La Rochelle\"), [Rochefort](/wiki/Rochefort%2C_Charente-Maritime \"Rochefort, Charente-Maritime\") and in several places around Paris.\n* the tenth year, conferences were organised at the [Élysée Montmartre](/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Montmartre \"Élysée Montmartre\") theatre in Paris while the mission was being launched in [Roubaix](/wiki/Roubaix \"Roubaix\"), [Croix](/wiki/Croix%2C_Nord \"Croix, Nord\"), [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk \"Dunkirk\"), [Saint\\-Étienne](/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne \"Saint-Étienne\"), [Saintes](/wiki/Saintes%2C_Charente-Maritime \"Saintes, Charente-Maritime\"), [Cognac](/wiki/Cognac_%28Charente%29 \"Cognac (Charente)\"), [Clermont\\-Ferrand](/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand \"Clermont-Ferrand\"), [Montauban](/wiki/Montauban \"Montauban\") and [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\"). \nRobert McAll needed help to run this big organisation. The English pastor Dodds came from Britain and helped McAll from 1877 to 1882\\. From 1882 onwards, the French evangelical pastor [Ruben Saillens](/wiki/Ruben_Saillens \"Ruben Saillens\") became the efficient assistant of Robert McAll.",
"### The apex of the McAll Mission",
"In 1879, the initial name of Mission for the Workers of Paris (\" Mission aux Ouvriers de Paris \") is replaced by the more appropriate Evangelical Popular Mission of France (\" Mission populaire évangélique de France \"), while in everyday life the unofficial name ever was the \"MacAll Mission\" (Robert McAll had an \"a” added to make his name more legible for French readers). \nIn 1893, when McAll died, the Evangelical Popular Mission of France ran 136 meeting rooms in 57 cities and 37 departments, including [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\") and the then [French Algeria](/wiki/French_Algeria \"French Algeria\") and [Tunisia](/wiki/French_Tunisia \"French Tunisia\"), all of this having been built up in only 21 years.\nIn 1892 at the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the mission, Robert McAll, who was 70, had been awarded the highest decoration in France, the [Legion of honour](/wiki/Legion_of_honour \"Legion of honour\"). However he was exhausted and had to retire in England to rest. However he couldn't resist transforming this trip into a fundraising trip, because the finances of the mission were highly unbalanced. \nHe died soon after coming back to France, on 11 May 1893, (on Ascension Day noted Elizabeth McAll in her memoirs.) His funeral was held at the historical Paris Protestant church of Oratoire du [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre \"Louvre\").",
""
] |
The McAll method
----------------
### A missionary project
Robert McAll's intentions were clearly [missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary"). His aim is not to transform society but to bring Parisian workers to God. This also exactly what his former [Congregationalist](/wiki/Congregationalist "Congregationalist") parishioners from Britain were willing to fund and what the French Protestant [Revivalists](/wiki/Christian_revival "Christian revival") were after. McAll preaching is deeply [evangelical](/wiki/Evangelicalism "Evangelicalism"), centred on the importance of the Bible, of [sin](/wiki/Sin "Sin") and [grace](/wiki/Grace_%28Christianity%29 "Grace (Christianity)"), of [faith](/wiki/Faith "Faith"), [sanctification](/wiki/Sanctification "Sanctification") and change of behaviour.
### A code of conduct to respect the working class
With his experience of preaching in British working class areas and having heard the Belleville appeal of 1871 loud and clear, McAll knew he should avoid at all price to criticise the political views of his auditors if he ever wanted to make inroads in the working class and introduce them to Protestant Christianity as a religion of freedom. He therefore set up a stringent code of conduct for all his preachers and evangelists. Here are its main points:
* Never mention nor allude in the slightest way to a political question;
* Never mention bars, wine merchants, theatres, ballrooms or concert halls;
* Never scold people, use « we » instead of « you » as much as possible;
* Never criticise any church; never mention the division of the Christians;
* Never go into a theological question or into a too complex one like the interpretation of prophecies;
* Never refer to God as a vengeful sovereign but as a loving and caring father;
* Avoid bitter or hard language even when referring to sin; eliminate hymn verses containing threatening or vengeful language.
With this code of conduct, McAll steered clear from any sectarian risk. He even prevented the mission from turning into an established church, at least temporarily, since he took no doctrinal position and didn't administer sacraments. He also prevented the McAll Mission's preachers and evangelists to enter into the political field, which allowed him to open the Mission to all, and at the same time to avoid any conflict with the French Police or authorities, who were extremely vigilant on this matter after the tragic revolt of the Commune.
### A well\-oiled machine
From its inception the French Mission of Robert McAll was extremely well organised. Each new location is developed in the same way: renting a meeting room, installing a library, intensive leafleting, public meeting with French and English pastors, the ladies looking after the library and the courses. Financing rested mainly upon British funds, raised in McAll former Congregationalist parishes.
“In the midst of the moral and cultural apathy which characterised the working class areas in the post [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune "Paris Commune") years, the McAll meetings brought a fresh opening towards new social relations, a salvation language which fulfilled a need and the seeds of a community. They also brought an access to culture and thus to social advancement…"passage translated from the French, out of the book {{citation
\| last \= Morley
\| first \= Jean\-Paul
\| author\-link \=
\| year \= 1993
\| title \= 1871–1984, la Mission populaire évangélique: les surprises d'un engagement
\| place \= Paris
\| publisher \= Les Bergers et les Mages
\| isbn \= 978\-2853041072
}}, pp.24–25, 43
The accuracy and consistency of statistical data collection is also part of the sense of organisation McAll brought to all his actions. Everything is counted and accounted for: meeting rooms, chairs, meetings, participants, classes, sold or distributed New Testaments, young people in meetings....
### An essential social and educational action
The social and educational dimension of the McAll Mission was extremely important even though it was only one of its secondary aims: a free library was included in each meeting room; as early as February 1872 an open school had been launched, then in 1875 a first workroom for ladies, and in 1881 a free dispensary. The McAll mission organised solidarity collections, soup kitchens, adult literacy courses, English courses, music trainings, etc. Anti\-alcoholic campaigns and hygiene development (free showers, free dispensaries, women's meetings), were also paramount.
As a result, various movements were born from the McAll mission:
* the Domestic Brush Factory (la Brosserie ménagère), created in [Nantes](/wiki/Nantes "Nantes") by Emmanuel Chastand
* the Fives\-Lille consumers' cooperative, created by pastor Henri Nick with the help of the economist [Charles Gide](/wiki/Charles_Gide "Charles Gide");
* the Rehabilitation School for War\-Disabled ('’École des Mutilés'’), founded in [Nantes](/wiki/Nantes "Nantes") during WWI;
* The Boy Scouts, launched in Grenelle in 1911 after a first experiment in Nantes in 1909;
* Summer camps which will occupy up to 15 properties and 2 preventive sanatoriums, which became the Sun and Health Association (Association Soleil et Santé) en 1931 (and has become completely independent in 1976\.)
### Uneasy finances
Mainly financed by gifts from support committees in England and Scotland, and later also in the US and Canada, the McAll mission didn't succeed in establishing financial sustainability. In McAll's lifetime already there had been a few meeting room closures, or they had to be given away to the local Protestant church, which were not always in the capacity to operate them. Financial problems snowballed after McAll's death, which led to a fairly quick decline of the '’Mission populaire évangélique'’.
|
[
"The McAll method\n----------------",
"### A missionary project",
"Robert McAll's intentions were clearly [missionary](/wiki/Missionary \"Missionary\"). His aim is not to transform society but to bring Parisian workers to God. This also exactly what his former [Congregationalist](/wiki/Congregationalist \"Congregationalist\") parishioners from Britain were willing to fund and what the French Protestant [Revivalists](/wiki/Christian_revival \"Christian revival\") were after. McAll preaching is deeply [evangelical](/wiki/Evangelicalism \"Evangelicalism\"), centred on the importance of the Bible, of [sin](/wiki/Sin \"Sin\") and [grace](/wiki/Grace_%28Christianity%29 \"Grace (Christianity)\"), of [faith](/wiki/Faith \"Faith\"), [sanctification](/wiki/Sanctification \"Sanctification\") and change of behaviour.",
"### A code of conduct to respect the working class",
"With his experience of preaching in British working class areas and having heard the Belleville appeal of 1871 loud and clear, McAll knew he should avoid at all price to criticise the political views of his auditors if he ever wanted to make inroads in the working class and introduce them to Protestant Christianity as a religion of freedom. He therefore set up a stringent code of conduct for all his preachers and evangelists. Here are its main points:\n* Never mention nor allude in the slightest way to a political question;\n* Never mention bars, wine merchants, theatres, ballrooms or concert halls;\n* Never scold people, use « we » instead of « you » as much as possible;\n* Never criticise any church; never mention the division of the Christians;\n* Never go into a theological question or into a too complex one like the interpretation of prophecies;\n* Never refer to God as a vengeful sovereign but as a loving and caring father;\n* Avoid bitter or hard language even when referring to sin; eliminate hymn verses containing threatening or vengeful language.",
"With this code of conduct, McAll steered clear from any sectarian risk. He even prevented the mission from turning into an established church, at least temporarily, since he took no doctrinal position and didn't administer sacraments. He also prevented the McAll Mission's preachers and evangelists to enter into the political field, which allowed him to open the Mission to all, and at the same time to avoid any conflict with the French Police or authorities, who were extremely vigilant on this matter after the tragic revolt of the Commune.",
"### A well\\-oiled machine",
"From its inception the French Mission of Robert McAll was extremely well organised. Each new location is developed in the same way: renting a meeting room, installing a library, intensive leafleting, public meeting with French and English pastors, the ladies looking after the library and the courses. Financing rested mainly upon British funds, raised in McAll former Congregationalist parishes. \n“In the midst of the moral and cultural apathy which characterised the working class areas in the post [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune \"Paris Commune\") years, the McAll meetings brought a fresh opening towards new social relations, a salvation language which fulfilled a need and the seeds of a community. They also brought an access to culture and thus to social advancement…\"passage translated from the French, out of the book {{citation\n \\| last \\= Morley\n \\| first \\= Jean\\-Paul\n \\| author\\-link \\= \n \\| year \\= 1993\n \\| title \\= 1871–1984, la Mission populaire évangélique: les surprises d'un engagement\n \\| place \\= Paris\n \\| publisher \\= Les Bergers et les Mages\n \\| isbn \\= 978\\-2853041072\n }}, pp.24–25, 43\nThe accuracy and consistency of statistical data collection is also part of the sense of organisation McAll brought to all his actions. Everything is counted and accounted for: meeting rooms, chairs, meetings, participants, classes, sold or distributed New Testaments, young people in meetings....",
"### An essential social and educational action",
"The social and educational dimension of the McAll Mission was extremely important even though it was only one of its secondary aims: a free library was included in each meeting room; as early as February 1872 an open school had been launched, then in 1875 a first workroom for ladies, and in 1881 a free dispensary. The McAll mission organised solidarity collections, soup kitchens, adult literacy courses, English courses, music trainings, etc. Anti\\-alcoholic campaigns and hygiene development (free showers, free dispensaries, women's meetings), were also paramount.\nAs a result, various movements were born from the McAll mission: \n* the Domestic Brush Factory (la Brosserie ménagère), created in [Nantes](/wiki/Nantes \"Nantes\") by Emmanuel Chastand\n* the Fives\\-Lille consumers' cooperative, created by pastor Henri Nick with the help of the economist [Charles Gide](/wiki/Charles_Gide \"Charles Gide\");\n* the Rehabilitation School for War\\-Disabled ('’École des Mutilés'’), founded in [Nantes](/wiki/Nantes \"Nantes\") during WWI;\n* The Boy Scouts, launched in Grenelle in 1911 after a first experiment in Nantes in 1909;\n* Summer camps which will occupy up to 15 properties and 2 preventive sanatoriums, which became the Sun and Health Association (Association Soleil et Santé) en 1931 (and has become completely independent in 1976\\.)",
"### Uneasy finances",
"Mainly financed by gifts from support committees in England and Scotland, and later also in the US and Canada, the McAll mission didn't succeed in establishing financial sustainability. In McAll's lifetime already there had been a few meeting room closures, or they had to be given away to the local Protestant church, which were not always in the capacity to operate them. Financial problems snowballed after McAll's death, which led to a fairly quick decline of the '’Mission populaire évangélique'’.",
""
] |
Mechanism of action
-------------------
### Organophosphates
Organophosphates like [tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)](/wiki/TEPP "TEPP") and [sarin](/wiki/Sarin "Sarin") inhibit [cholinesterases](/wiki/Cholinesterase "Cholinesterase"), enzymes that hydrolyze the neurotransmitter [acetylcholine](/wiki/Acetylcholine "Acetylcholine").
The active centre of cholinesterases feature two important sites, namely the anionic site and the esteratic site. After the binding of acetylcholine to the anionic site of the cholinesterase, the acetyl group of acetylcholine can bind to the esteratic site. Important amino acid residues in the esteratic site are a glutamate, a histidine, and a serine. These residues mediate the [hydrolysis](/wiki/Hydrolysis "Hydrolysis") of the acetylcholine.
[none\|thumb\|471x471px\|The hydrolysis of acetylcholine, catalyzed by cholinesterase at the esteratic site](/wiki/File:Hydrolysis_of_acetylcholine.png "Hydrolysis of acetylcholine.png")
At the esteratic site the acetylcholine is cleaved, which results in a free choline moiety and an acetylated cholinesterase. This acetylated state requires hydrolysis to regenerate itself.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Colović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević\-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM \| title \= Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology \| journal \= Current Neuropharmacology \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 315–35 \| date \= May 2013 \| pmid \= 24179466 \| pmc \= 3648782 \| doi \= 10\.2174/1570159X11311030006 }}{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fRUlBQAAQBAJ \|title\=Toxic Phosphorus Esters: Chemistry, Metabolism, and Biological Effects \|last\=O'Brien \|first\=Richard D. \| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=2013\-10\-22 \|publisher\=Elsevier \|isbn\=978\-1\-4832\-7093\-7 \|language\=en}}
Inhibitors like TEPP modify the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase.
[none\|thumb\|341x341px\|The phosphorylation mechanism by which cholinesterases are inhibited. The organophosphate binds first to the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase and after transformation to a phosphate molecule, it binds the histidine residue. This results in occupation of the esteratic site and inhibition of the cleaving activity of the cholinesterase.](/wiki/File:Inhibition_mechanism.png "Inhibition mechanism.png")
This [phosphorylation](/wiki/Phosphorylation "Phosphorylation") inhibits the binding of the acetyl group of the acetylcholine to the esteratic site of the cholinesterase. Because the acetyl group can't bind the cholinesterase, the acetylcholine can't be cleaved. Therefore, the acetylcholine will remain intact and will accumulate in the synapses. This results in continuous activation of [acetylcholine receptors](/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor "Acetylcholine receptor"), which leads to the acute symptoms of TEPP poisoning.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RZTVBQAAQBAJ \|title\=Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications \|last1\=Roberts \|first1\=Stephen M. \|last2\=James \|first2\=Robert C. \|last3\=Williams \|first3\=Phillip L. \| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=2014\-12\-08 \|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons \|isbn\=978\-1\-118\-98248\-8 \|language\=en}} The phosphorylation of cholinesterase by TEPP (or any other organophosphate) is irreversible. This makes the inhibition of the cholinesterase permanent.
The cholinesterase gets irreversible phosphorylated according to the following reaction scheme
E \+ PX \<\=\> E\-PX \-\>\[k\_3] EP \+ X
In this reaction scheme the E indicates the cholinesterase, PX the TEPP molecule, E–PX the reversible phosphorylated cholinesterase, *k*3 the reaction rate of the second step, EP the phosphorylated cholinesterase and X the leaving group of the TEPP.
The irreversible phosphorylation of the cholinesterase occurs in two steps. In the first step the cholinesterase gets reversibly phosphorylated. This reaction is very fast. Then the second step takes place. The cholinesterase forms a very stable complex with TEPP, in which TEPP is covalently bound to the cholinesterase. This is a slow reaction. But after this step the cholinesterase is irreversibly inhibited.
The time dependent irreversible inhibition of the cholinesterase can be described by the following equation.
\\ln \\frac E {E\_0} \= \\frac{k\_3 t}{1 \+ \\frac{K\_I} I}
In this formula, *E* is the remaining enzyme activity, *E*0 is the initial enzyme activity, *t* is the time interval after mixing of the cholinesterase and the TEPP, *K**I* is the dissociation constant for cholinesterase\-TEPP complex (E–PX) and I is the TEPP concentration.
The reaction mechanism and the formula above are both also compatible for other organophosphates. The process occurs in the same way.
Furthermore, certain organophosphates can cause OPIDN, organophosphate\-induced delayed polyneuropathy. This is a disease, which is characterized by degeneration of axons in the peripheral and central nervous system. This disease will show a few weeks after contamination with the organophosphate. It is believed that the neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is affected by the organophosphate which induces the disease. However, there are no references found, which indicate that TEPP is one of the organophosphates that can cause OPIDN.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lotti M, Moretto A \| title \= Organophosphate\-induced delayed polyneuropathy \| journal \= Toxicological Reviews \| volume \= 24 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 37–49 \| date \= 2005\-01\-01 \| pmid \= 16042503 \| doi \= 10\.2165/00139709\-200524010\-00003 \| s2cid \= 29313644 }}
|
[
"Mechanism of action\n-------------------",
"### Organophosphates",
"Organophosphates like [tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)](/wiki/TEPP \"TEPP\") and [sarin](/wiki/Sarin \"Sarin\") inhibit [cholinesterases](/wiki/Cholinesterase \"Cholinesterase\"), enzymes that hydrolyze the neurotransmitter [acetylcholine](/wiki/Acetylcholine \"Acetylcholine\").",
"The active centre of cholinesterases feature two important sites, namely the anionic site and the esteratic site. After the binding of acetylcholine to the anionic site of the cholinesterase, the acetyl group of acetylcholine can bind to the esteratic site. Important amino acid residues in the esteratic site are a glutamate, a histidine, and a serine. These residues mediate the [hydrolysis](/wiki/Hydrolysis \"Hydrolysis\") of the acetylcholine.\n[none\\|thumb\\|471x471px\\|The hydrolysis of acetylcholine, catalyzed by cholinesterase at the esteratic site](/wiki/File:Hydrolysis_of_acetylcholine.png \"Hydrolysis of acetylcholine.png\")\nAt the esteratic site the acetylcholine is cleaved, which results in a free choline moiety and an acetylated cholinesterase. This acetylated state requires hydrolysis to regenerate itself.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Colović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević\\-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM \\| title \\= Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology \\| journal \\= Current Neuropharmacology \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 315–35 \\| date \\= May 2013 \\| pmid \\= 24179466 \\| pmc \\= 3648782 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2174/1570159X11311030006 }}{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fRUlBQAAQBAJ \\|title\\=Toxic Phosphorus Esters: Chemistry, Metabolism, and Biological Effects \\|last\\=O'Brien \\|first\\=Richard D. \\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-22 \\|publisher\\=Elsevier \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4832\\-7093\\-7 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Inhibitors like TEPP modify the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase.\n[none\\|thumb\\|341x341px\\|The phosphorylation mechanism by which cholinesterases are inhibited. The organophosphate binds first to the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase and after transformation to a phosphate molecule, it binds the histidine residue. This results in occupation of the esteratic site and inhibition of the cleaving activity of the cholinesterase.](/wiki/File:Inhibition_mechanism.png \"Inhibition mechanism.png\")\nThis [phosphorylation](/wiki/Phosphorylation \"Phosphorylation\") inhibits the binding of the acetyl group of the acetylcholine to the esteratic site of the cholinesterase. Because the acetyl group can't bind the cholinesterase, the acetylcholine can't be cleaved. Therefore, the acetylcholine will remain intact and will accumulate in the synapses. This results in continuous activation of [acetylcholine receptors](/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor \"Acetylcholine receptor\"), which leads to the acute symptoms of TEPP poisoning.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RZTVBQAAQBAJ \\|title\\=Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications \\|last1\\=Roberts \\|first1\\=Stephen M. \\|last2\\=James \\|first2\\=Robert C. \\|last3\\=Williams \\|first3\\=Phillip L. \\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-08 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-118\\-98248\\-8 \\|language\\=en}} The phosphorylation of cholinesterase by TEPP (or any other organophosphate) is irreversible. This makes the inhibition of the cholinesterase permanent.",
"The cholinesterase gets irreversible phosphorylated according to the following reaction scheme",
"E \\+ PX \\<\\=\\> E\\-PX \\-\\>\\[k\\_3] EP \\+ X",
"In this reaction scheme the E indicates the cholinesterase, PX the TEPP molecule, E–PX the reversible phosphorylated cholinesterase, *k*3 the reaction rate of the second step, EP the phosphorylated cholinesterase and X the leaving group of the TEPP.",
"The irreversible phosphorylation of the cholinesterase occurs in two steps. In the first step the cholinesterase gets reversibly phosphorylated. This reaction is very fast. Then the second step takes place. The cholinesterase forms a very stable complex with TEPP, in which TEPP is covalently bound to the cholinesterase. This is a slow reaction. But after this step the cholinesterase is irreversibly inhibited.",
"The time dependent irreversible inhibition of the cholinesterase can be described by the following equation.",
"\\\\ln \\\\frac E {E\\_0} \\= \\\\frac{k\\_3 t}{1 \\+ \\\\frac{K\\_I} I} \nIn this formula, *E* is the remaining enzyme activity, *E*0 is the initial enzyme activity, *t* is the time interval after mixing of the cholinesterase and the TEPP, *K**I* is the dissociation constant for cholinesterase\\-TEPP complex (E–PX) and I is the TEPP concentration.",
"The reaction mechanism and the formula above are both also compatible for other organophosphates. The process occurs in the same way.",
"Furthermore, certain organophosphates can cause OPIDN, organophosphate\\-induced delayed polyneuropathy. This is a disease, which is characterized by degeneration of axons in the peripheral and central nervous system. This disease will show a few weeks after contamination with the organophosphate. It is believed that the neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is affected by the organophosphate which induces the disease. However, there are no references found, which indicate that TEPP is one of the organophosphates that can cause OPIDN.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lotti M, Moretto A \\| title \\= Organophosphate\\-induced delayed polyneuropathy \\| journal \\= Toxicological Reviews \\| volume \\= 24 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 37–49 \\| date \\= 2005\\-01\\-01 \\| pmid \\= 16042503 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2165/00139709\\-200524010\\-00003 \\| s2cid \\= 29313644 }}",
""
] |
### Organophosphates
Organophosphates like [tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)](/wiki/TEPP "TEPP") and [sarin](/wiki/Sarin "Sarin") inhibit [cholinesterases](/wiki/Cholinesterase "Cholinesterase"), enzymes that hydrolyze the neurotransmitter [acetylcholine](/wiki/Acetylcholine "Acetylcholine").
The active centre of cholinesterases feature two important sites, namely the anionic site and the esteratic site. After the binding of acetylcholine to the anionic site of the cholinesterase, the acetyl group of acetylcholine can bind to the esteratic site. Important amino acid residues in the esteratic site are a glutamate, a histidine, and a serine. These residues mediate the [hydrolysis](/wiki/Hydrolysis "Hydrolysis") of the acetylcholine.
[none\|thumb\|471x471px\|The hydrolysis of acetylcholine, catalyzed by cholinesterase at the esteratic site](/wiki/File:Hydrolysis_of_acetylcholine.png "Hydrolysis of acetylcholine.png")
At the esteratic site the acetylcholine is cleaved, which results in a free choline moiety and an acetylated cholinesterase. This acetylated state requires hydrolysis to regenerate itself.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Colović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević\-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM \| title \= Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology \| journal \= Current Neuropharmacology \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 315–35 \| date \= May 2013 \| pmid \= 24179466 \| pmc \= 3648782 \| doi \= 10\.2174/1570159X11311030006 }}{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fRUlBQAAQBAJ \|title\=Toxic Phosphorus Esters: Chemistry, Metabolism, and Biological Effects \|last\=O'Brien \|first\=Richard D. \| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=2013\-10\-22 \|publisher\=Elsevier \|isbn\=978\-1\-4832\-7093\-7 \|language\=en}}
Inhibitors like TEPP modify the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase.
[none\|thumb\|341x341px\|The phosphorylation mechanism by which cholinesterases are inhibited. The organophosphate binds first to the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase and after transformation to a phosphate molecule, it binds the histidine residue. This results in occupation of the esteratic site and inhibition of the cleaving activity of the cholinesterase.](/wiki/File:Inhibition_mechanism.png "Inhibition mechanism.png")
This [phosphorylation](/wiki/Phosphorylation "Phosphorylation") inhibits the binding of the acetyl group of the acetylcholine to the esteratic site of the cholinesterase. Because the acetyl group can't bind the cholinesterase, the acetylcholine can't be cleaved. Therefore, the acetylcholine will remain intact and will accumulate in the synapses. This results in continuous activation of [acetylcholine receptors](/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor "Acetylcholine receptor"), which leads to the acute symptoms of TEPP poisoning.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RZTVBQAAQBAJ \|title\=Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications \|last1\=Roberts \|first1\=Stephen M. \|last2\=James \|first2\=Robert C. \|last3\=Williams \|first3\=Phillip L. \| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=2014\-12\-08 \|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons \|isbn\=978\-1\-118\-98248\-8 \|language\=en}} The phosphorylation of cholinesterase by TEPP (or any other organophosphate) is irreversible. This makes the inhibition of the cholinesterase permanent.
The cholinesterase gets irreversible phosphorylated according to the following reaction scheme
E \+ PX \<\=\> E\-PX \-\>\[k\_3] EP \+ X
In this reaction scheme the E indicates the cholinesterase, PX the TEPP molecule, E–PX the reversible phosphorylated cholinesterase, *k*3 the reaction rate of the second step, EP the phosphorylated cholinesterase and X the leaving group of the TEPP.
The irreversible phosphorylation of the cholinesterase occurs in two steps. In the first step the cholinesterase gets reversibly phosphorylated. This reaction is very fast. Then the second step takes place. The cholinesterase forms a very stable complex with TEPP, in which TEPP is covalently bound to the cholinesterase. This is a slow reaction. But after this step the cholinesterase is irreversibly inhibited.
The time dependent irreversible inhibition of the cholinesterase can be described by the following equation.
\\ln \\frac E {E\_0} \= \\frac{k\_3 t}{1 \+ \\frac{K\_I} I}
In this formula, *E* is the remaining enzyme activity, *E*0 is the initial enzyme activity, *t* is the time interval after mixing of the cholinesterase and the TEPP, *K**I* is the dissociation constant for cholinesterase\-TEPP complex (E–PX) and I is the TEPP concentration.
The reaction mechanism and the formula above are both also compatible for other organophosphates. The process occurs in the same way.
Furthermore, certain organophosphates can cause OPIDN, organophosphate\-induced delayed polyneuropathy. This is a disease, which is characterized by degeneration of axons in the peripheral and central nervous system. This disease will show a few weeks after contamination with the organophosphate. It is believed that the neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is affected by the organophosphate which induces the disease. However, there are no references found, which indicate that TEPP is one of the organophosphates that can cause OPIDN.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lotti M, Moretto A \| title \= Organophosphate\-induced delayed polyneuropathy \| journal \= Toxicological Reviews \| volume \= 24 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 37–49 \| date \= 2005\-01\-01 \| pmid \= 16042503 \| doi \= 10\.2165/00139709\-200524010\-00003 \| s2cid \= 29313644 }}
|
[
"### Organophosphates",
"Organophosphates like [tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)](/wiki/TEPP \"TEPP\") and [sarin](/wiki/Sarin \"Sarin\") inhibit [cholinesterases](/wiki/Cholinesterase \"Cholinesterase\"), enzymes that hydrolyze the neurotransmitter [acetylcholine](/wiki/Acetylcholine \"Acetylcholine\").",
"The active centre of cholinesterases feature two important sites, namely the anionic site and the esteratic site. After the binding of acetylcholine to the anionic site of the cholinesterase, the acetyl group of acetylcholine can bind to the esteratic site. Important amino acid residues in the esteratic site are a glutamate, a histidine, and a serine. These residues mediate the [hydrolysis](/wiki/Hydrolysis \"Hydrolysis\") of the acetylcholine.\n[none\\|thumb\\|471x471px\\|The hydrolysis of acetylcholine, catalyzed by cholinesterase at the esteratic site](/wiki/File:Hydrolysis_of_acetylcholine.png \"Hydrolysis of acetylcholine.png\")\nAt the esteratic site the acetylcholine is cleaved, which results in a free choline moiety and an acetylated cholinesterase. This acetylated state requires hydrolysis to regenerate itself.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Colović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević\\-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM \\| title \\= Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology \\| journal \\= Current Neuropharmacology \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 315–35 \\| date \\= May 2013 \\| pmid \\= 24179466 \\| pmc \\= 3648782 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2174/1570159X11311030006 }}{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fRUlBQAAQBAJ \\|title\\=Toxic Phosphorus Esters: Chemistry, Metabolism, and Biological Effects \\|last\\=O'Brien \\|first\\=Richard D. \\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-22 \\|publisher\\=Elsevier \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4832\\-7093\\-7 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Inhibitors like TEPP modify the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase.\n[none\\|thumb\\|341x341px\\|The phosphorylation mechanism by which cholinesterases are inhibited. The organophosphate binds first to the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase and after transformation to a phosphate molecule, it binds the histidine residue. This results in occupation of the esteratic site and inhibition of the cleaving activity of the cholinesterase.](/wiki/File:Inhibition_mechanism.png \"Inhibition mechanism.png\")\nThis [phosphorylation](/wiki/Phosphorylation \"Phosphorylation\") inhibits the binding of the acetyl group of the acetylcholine to the esteratic site of the cholinesterase. Because the acetyl group can't bind the cholinesterase, the acetylcholine can't be cleaved. Therefore, the acetylcholine will remain intact and will accumulate in the synapses. This results in continuous activation of [acetylcholine receptors](/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor \"Acetylcholine receptor\"), which leads to the acute symptoms of TEPP poisoning.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RZTVBQAAQBAJ \\|title\\=Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications \\|last1\\=Roberts \\|first1\\=Stephen M. \\|last2\\=James \\|first2\\=Robert C. \\|last3\\=Williams \\|first3\\=Phillip L. \\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-08 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-118\\-98248\\-8 \\|language\\=en}} The phosphorylation of cholinesterase by TEPP (or any other organophosphate) is irreversible. This makes the inhibition of the cholinesterase permanent.",
"The cholinesterase gets irreversible phosphorylated according to the following reaction scheme",
"E \\+ PX \\<\\=\\> E\\-PX \\-\\>\\[k\\_3] EP \\+ X",
"In this reaction scheme the E indicates the cholinesterase, PX the TEPP molecule, E–PX the reversible phosphorylated cholinesterase, *k*3 the reaction rate of the second step, EP the phosphorylated cholinesterase and X the leaving group of the TEPP.",
"The irreversible phosphorylation of the cholinesterase occurs in two steps. In the first step the cholinesterase gets reversibly phosphorylated. This reaction is very fast. Then the second step takes place. The cholinesterase forms a very stable complex with TEPP, in which TEPP is covalently bound to the cholinesterase. This is a slow reaction. But after this step the cholinesterase is irreversibly inhibited.",
"The time dependent irreversible inhibition of the cholinesterase can be described by the following equation.",
"\\\\ln \\\\frac E {E\\_0} \\= \\\\frac{k\\_3 t}{1 \\+ \\\\frac{K\\_I} I} \nIn this formula, *E* is the remaining enzyme activity, *E*0 is the initial enzyme activity, *t* is the time interval after mixing of the cholinesterase and the TEPP, *K**I* is the dissociation constant for cholinesterase\\-TEPP complex (E–PX) and I is the TEPP concentration.",
"The reaction mechanism and the formula above are both also compatible for other organophosphates. The process occurs in the same way.",
"Furthermore, certain organophosphates can cause OPIDN, organophosphate\\-induced delayed polyneuropathy. This is a disease, which is characterized by degeneration of axons in the peripheral and central nervous system. This disease will show a few weeks after contamination with the organophosphate. It is believed that the neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is affected by the organophosphate which induces the disease. However, there are no references found, which indicate that TEPP is one of the organophosphates that can cause OPIDN.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lotti M, Moretto A \\| title \\= Organophosphate\\-induced delayed polyneuropathy \\| journal \\= Toxicological Reviews \\| volume \\= 24 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 37–49 \\| date \\= 2005\\-01\\-01 \\| pmid \\= 16042503 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2165/00139709\\-200524010\\-00003 \\| s2cid \\= 29313644 }}",
""
] |
Television
----------
Imogene Coca was one of network television's first comics. She starred in an early [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") series, *Buzzy Wuzzy*, which lasted four episodes in 1948\.[*Buzzy Wuzzy* profile](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0379087), imdb.com; accessed May 12, 2014\. She played opposite [Sid Caesar](/wiki/Sid_Caesar "Sid Caesar") on *[The Admiral Broadway Revue](/wiki/The_Admiral_Broadway_Revue "The Admiral Broadway Revue")* (January to June 1949\), and then in the sketch comedy program *[Your Show of Shows](/wiki/Your_Show_of_Shows "Your Show of Shows")* (1950 to 1954\), which was immensely popular, winning the Emmy for Outstanding Variety Series in 1952 and 1953\. The 90\-minute show was aired live on NBC every Saturday night in prime time. In addition to performing with Caesar on this program, she frequently starred in parodies of classic ballets opposite dancer and choreographer [James Starbuck](/wiki/James_Starbuck "James Starbuck").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/19/arts/james\-starbuck\-85\-tv\-dance\-innovator.html\|title\=James Starbuck, 85, TV Dance Innovator\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|author\=Jennifer Dunning\|date\=August 19, 1997}} She won the second\-ever [Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series") in 1951 and was nominated for four other Emmys for her work in the show. She won a 1953 [Peabody Award](/wiki/Peabody_Award "Peabody Award") for excellence in broadcasting.[1954 Peabody Award](https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Peabody_Awards/1954), imdb.com; accessed May 12, 2014\. The Caesar\-Coca partnership might have continued, but the network tried to generate more revenue by spinning off Coca into her own series. *The Imogene Coca Show* ran for one year (1954 to 1955\).
[thumb\|left\|With [Billy Booth](/wiki/Billy_Booth_%28actor%29 "Billy Booth (actor)") in the NBC comedy series *[Grindl](/wiki/Grindl "Grindl")*, circa 1964\.](/wiki/File:Grindl_Imogene_Coca_Billy_Booth_1964.jpg "Grindl Imogene Coca Billy Booth 1964.jpg")
In the 1963–64 TV season, Coca portrayed a comic temporary helper in the NBC sitcom *[Grindl](/wiki/Grindl "Grindl")*. It competed with the second half of *[The Ed Sullivan Show](/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show "The Ed Sullivan Show")* and lasted only one season. Coca later starred as a cavewoman with [Joe E. Ross](/wiki/Joe_E._Ross "Joe E. Ross") in the 1966–67 time\-travel satire sitcom *[It's About Time](/wiki/It%27s_About_Time_%28TV_series%29 "It's About Time (TV series)")*.
She continued to appear on comedy and variety series from the 1950s through the 1980s, including several appearances each on *[The Carol Burnett Show](/wiki/The_Carol_Burnett_Show "The Carol Burnett Show")*, *[The George Gobel Show](/wiki/The_George_Gobel_Show "The George Gobel Show")*, *[The Hollywood Palace](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Palace "The Hollywood Palace")*, [Ed Sullivan](/wiki/Ed_Sullivan "Ed Sullivan")'s *[Toast of the Town](/wiki/Toast_of_the_Town "Toast of the Town")*, and [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope") specials. She appeared on other shows and specials by [Dean Martin](/wiki/Dean_Martin "Dean Martin"), [Jackie Gleason](/wiki/Jackie_Gleason "Jackie Gleason"), [Jerry Lewis](/wiki/Jerry_Lewis "Jerry Lewis"), [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark "Dick Clark"), [Danny Kaye](/wiki/Danny_Kaye "Danny Kaye"), and [Andy Williams](/wiki/Andy_Williams "Andy Williams"). *The Sid Caesar, Imogene Coca, Carl Reiner, and Howard Morris Special* won a 1967 Emmy for Outstanding Variety Special. She made memorable guest appearances on sitcoms, including appearances on *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched "Bewitched")*, *[The Brady Bunch](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch "The Brady Bunch")*, and *[Mama's Family](/wiki/Mama%27s_Family "Mama's Family")*. She appeared with [Milton Berle](/wiki/Milton_Berle "Milton Berle") and *Your Show of Shows* co\-star [Howard Morris](/wiki/Howard_Morris "Howard Morris") in "Curtain Call", a 1983 episode of *[Fantasy Island](/wiki/Fantasy_Island "Fantasy Island")*.[IMDb profile of *Fantasy Island* episode "Curtain Call"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0577740); accessed May 12, 2014\.
Coca appeared in a number of literary adaptations for children. In 1960, she was Miss Clavel in Sol Saks' adaptation of [Ludwig Bemelmans](/wiki/Ludwig_Bemelmans "Ludwig Bemelmans")' *[Madeline](/wiki/Madeline "Madeline")* for *[Shirley Temple's Storybook](/wiki/Shirley_Temple%27s_Storybook "Shirley Temple's Storybook")*. In 1972, she voiced the character of Princess Jane Klockenlocher in *[The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye](/wiki/The_Enchanted_World_of_Danny_Kaye "The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye")*, a [Rankin/Bass](/wiki/Rankin/Bass "Rankin/Bass") version of [Hans Christian Andersen](/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen "Hans Christian Andersen")'s *[The Emperor's New Clothes](/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes "The Emperor's New Clothes")*. In 1978, she appeared in *[A Special Sesame Street Christmas](/wiki/A_Special_Sesame_Street_Christmas "A Special Sesame Street Christmas")*. In 1985, she played The Cook in *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_%281985_film%29 "Alice in Wonderland (1985 film)")*, an all\-star TV miniseries adaptation of the book by [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll "Lewis Carroll"). Among her final roles was voicing characters in *[Garfield and Friends](/wiki/Garfield_and_Friends "Garfield and Friends")*.[Profile](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0168042/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1), imdb.com; accessed May 12, 2014\.
In 1988, Coca appeared as the mother of [Allyce Beasley](/wiki/Allyce_Beasley "Allyce Beasley")'s Agnes in the *[Moonlighting](/wiki/Moonlighting_%28TV_series%29 "Moonlighting (TV series)")* episode "Los Dos Dipestos", written by [David Steinberg](/wiki/David_Steinberg "David Steinberg"). She received her sixth Emmy nomination, as Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series, for the role. The same year she was the female recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award in Comedy at the second annual [American Comedy Awards](/wiki/American_Comedy_Awards "American Comedy Awards"), alongside male recipient [George Burns](/wiki/George_Burns "George Burns").[IMDb general profile](https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/American_Comedy_Awards_USA); accessed May 12, 2014\.
Coca appeared only sporadically in films such as *The Incredible Incident at Independence Square*, filmed in her hometown of Philadelphia, as well as *[Under the Yum Yum Tree](/wiki/Under_the_Yum_Yum_Tree "Under the Yum Yum Tree")* (1963\), *[Nothing Lasts Forever](/wiki/Nothing_Lasts_Forever_%28film%29 "Nothing Lasts Forever (film)")*, *[Papa Was a Preacher](/wiki/Papa_Was_a_Preacher_%28film%29 "Papa Was a Preacher (film)")*, *[Buy \& Cell](/wiki/Buy_%26_Cell "Buy & Cell")*, and *[National Lampoon's Vacation](/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Vacation "National Lampoon's Vacation")* (1983\), as "Aunt Edna".
After having appeared in several Broadway musical comedy revues and plays between the 1930s and the 1950s, Coca returned to Broadway at the age of 70 with a [Tony Award](/wiki/Tony_Award "Tony Award")\-nominated performance as religious zealot Letitia Primrose in *[On the Twentieth Century](/wiki/On_the_Twentieth_Century "On the Twentieth Century")*, a 1978 stage musical adapted from the film *[Twentieth Century](/wiki/Twentieth_Century_%28film%29 "Twentieth Century (film)")* (1934\). Her role, that of a religious fanatic who plasters decals onto every available surface, had been a male in both the film and the original stage production, and was rewritten specifically as a vehicle for Coca. {{citation needed\|date\=May 2014}} She appeared in the Broadway run with [Kevin Kline](/wiki/Kevin_Kline "Kevin Kline") and [Madeline Kahn](/wiki/Madeline_Kahn "Madeline Kahn"), continued with the national tour starring [Rock Hudson](/wiki/Rock_Hudson "Rock Hudson") and [Judy Kaye](/wiki/Judy_Kaye "Judy Kaye"), and returned for a later tour revival in the mid\-1980s with Kaye and [Frank Gorshin](/wiki/Frank_Gorshin "Frank Gorshin"). She also co\-starred with singer [Maxine Sullivan](/wiki/Maxine_Sullivan "Maxine Sullivan") in *[My Old Friends](/wiki/My_Old_Friends "My Old Friends")* and touring productions, including musicals such as *[Once Upon a Mattress](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Mattress "Once Upon a Mattress")* and *[Bells Are Ringing](/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_%28musical%29 "Bells Are Ringing (musical)")* and plays such as *[The Prisoner of Second Avenue](/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Second_Avenue "The Prisoner of Second Avenue")* and *[Luv](/wiki/Luv_%28play%29 "Luv (play)")*. She rejoined [Sid Caesar](/wiki/Sid_Caesar "Sid Caesar") in 1961–62, 1977, and 1990–91 for a traveling stage revue and made an appearance with Caesar and [Howard Morris](/wiki/Howard_Morris "Howard Morris") at *Comic Relief VI* in 1994\. {{citation needed\|date\=May 2014}}
One of Coca's early stock characters on the Caesar series blended comedy with socially conscious pathos as a [bag lady](/wiki/Homelessness "Homelessness") and she was frequently asked to reprise the role, including by [Carol Burnett](/wiki/Carol_Burnett "Carol Burnett") for her '60s series and by [Red Skelton](/wiki/Red_Skelton "Red Skelton") as love interest to one of his own familiar characters in the 1981 TV special *Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner*. [New wave](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music") group [Ēbn\-Ōzn](/wiki/Ebn_Ozn "Ebn Ozn") featured Coca as the title character in the music video to their song "Bag Lady (I Wonder)", which was a top\-40 dance hit in 1984\.{{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p17230\|pure\_url\=yes}}
|
[
"Television\n----------",
"Imogene Coca was one of network television's first comics. She starred in an early [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") series, *Buzzy Wuzzy*, which lasted four episodes in 1948\\.[*Buzzy Wuzzy* profile](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0379087), imdb.com; accessed May 12, 2014\\. She played opposite [Sid Caesar](/wiki/Sid_Caesar \"Sid Caesar\") on *[The Admiral Broadway Revue](/wiki/The_Admiral_Broadway_Revue \"The Admiral Broadway Revue\")* (January to June 1949\\), and then in the sketch comedy program *[Your Show of Shows](/wiki/Your_Show_of_Shows \"Your Show of Shows\")* (1950 to 1954\\), which was immensely popular, winning the Emmy for Outstanding Variety Series in 1952 and 1953\\. The 90\\-minute show was aired live on NBC every Saturday night in prime time. In addition to performing with Caesar on this program, she frequently starred in parodies of classic ballets opposite dancer and choreographer [James Starbuck](/wiki/James_Starbuck \"James Starbuck\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/19/arts/james\\-starbuck\\-85\\-tv\\-dance\\-innovator.html\\|title\\=James Starbuck, 85, TV Dance Innovator\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|author\\=Jennifer Dunning\\|date\\=August 19, 1997}} She won the second\\-ever [Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series\") in 1951 and was nominated for four other Emmys for her work in the show. She won a 1953 [Peabody Award](/wiki/Peabody_Award \"Peabody Award\") for excellence in broadcasting.[1954 Peabody Award](https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Peabody_Awards/1954), imdb.com; accessed May 12, 2014\\. The Caesar\\-Coca partnership might have continued, but the network tried to generate more revenue by spinning off Coca into her own series. *The Imogene Coca Show* ran for one year (1954 to 1955\\).\n[thumb\\|left\\|With [Billy Booth](/wiki/Billy_Booth_%28actor%29 \"Billy Booth (actor)\") in the NBC comedy series *[Grindl](/wiki/Grindl \"Grindl\")*, circa 1964\\.](/wiki/File:Grindl_Imogene_Coca_Billy_Booth_1964.jpg \"Grindl Imogene Coca Billy Booth 1964.jpg\")\nIn the 1963–64 TV season, Coca portrayed a comic temporary helper in the NBC sitcom *[Grindl](/wiki/Grindl \"Grindl\")*. It competed with the second half of *[The Ed Sullivan Show](/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show \"The Ed Sullivan Show\")* and lasted only one season. Coca later starred as a cavewoman with [Joe E. Ross](/wiki/Joe_E._Ross \"Joe E. Ross\") in the 1966–67 time\\-travel satire sitcom *[It's About Time](/wiki/It%27s_About_Time_%28TV_series%29 \"It's About Time (TV series)\")*.",
"She continued to appear on comedy and variety series from the 1950s through the 1980s, including several appearances each on *[The Carol Burnett Show](/wiki/The_Carol_Burnett_Show \"The Carol Burnett Show\")*, *[The George Gobel Show](/wiki/The_George_Gobel_Show \"The George Gobel Show\")*, *[The Hollywood Palace](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Palace \"The Hollywood Palace\")*, [Ed Sullivan](/wiki/Ed_Sullivan \"Ed Sullivan\")'s *[Toast of the Town](/wiki/Toast_of_the_Town \"Toast of the Town\")*, and [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\") specials. She appeared on other shows and specials by [Dean Martin](/wiki/Dean_Martin \"Dean Martin\"), [Jackie Gleason](/wiki/Jackie_Gleason \"Jackie Gleason\"), [Jerry Lewis](/wiki/Jerry_Lewis \"Jerry Lewis\"), [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark \"Dick Clark\"), [Danny Kaye](/wiki/Danny_Kaye \"Danny Kaye\"), and [Andy Williams](/wiki/Andy_Williams \"Andy Williams\"). *The Sid Caesar, Imogene Coca, Carl Reiner, and Howard Morris Special* won a 1967 Emmy for Outstanding Variety Special. She made memorable guest appearances on sitcoms, including appearances on *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched \"Bewitched\")*, *[The Brady Bunch](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch \"The Brady Bunch\")*, and *[Mama's Family](/wiki/Mama%27s_Family \"Mama's Family\")*. She appeared with [Milton Berle](/wiki/Milton_Berle \"Milton Berle\") and *Your Show of Shows* co\\-star [Howard Morris](/wiki/Howard_Morris \"Howard Morris\") in \"Curtain Call\", a 1983 episode of *[Fantasy Island](/wiki/Fantasy_Island \"Fantasy Island\")*.[IMDb profile of *Fantasy Island* episode \"Curtain Call\"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0577740); accessed May 12, 2014\\.",
"Coca appeared in a number of literary adaptations for children. In 1960, she was Miss Clavel in Sol Saks' adaptation of [Ludwig Bemelmans](/wiki/Ludwig_Bemelmans \"Ludwig Bemelmans\")' *[Madeline](/wiki/Madeline \"Madeline\")* for *[Shirley Temple's Storybook](/wiki/Shirley_Temple%27s_Storybook \"Shirley Temple's Storybook\")*. In 1972, she voiced the character of Princess Jane Klockenlocher in *[The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye](/wiki/The_Enchanted_World_of_Danny_Kaye \"The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye\")*, a [Rankin/Bass](/wiki/Rankin/Bass \"Rankin/Bass\") version of [Hans Christian Andersen](/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen \"Hans Christian Andersen\")'s *[The Emperor's New Clothes](/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes \"The Emperor's New Clothes\")*. In 1978, she appeared in *[A Special Sesame Street Christmas](/wiki/A_Special_Sesame_Street_Christmas \"A Special Sesame Street Christmas\")*. In 1985, she played The Cook in *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_%281985_film%29 \"Alice in Wonderland (1985 film)\")*, an all\\-star TV miniseries adaptation of the book by [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll \"Lewis Carroll\"). Among her final roles was voicing characters in *[Garfield and Friends](/wiki/Garfield_and_Friends \"Garfield and Friends\")*.[Profile](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0168042/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1), imdb.com; accessed May 12, 2014\\.",
"In 1988, Coca appeared as the mother of [Allyce Beasley](/wiki/Allyce_Beasley \"Allyce Beasley\")'s Agnes in the *[Moonlighting](/wiki/Moonlighting_%28TV_series%29 \"Moonlighting (TV series)\")* episode \"Los Dos Dipestos\", written by [David Steinberg](/wiki/David_Steinberg \"David Steinberg\"). She received her sixth Emmy nomination, as Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series, for the role. The same year she was the female recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award in Comedy at the second annual [American Comedy Awards](/wiki/American_Comedy_Awards \"American Comedy Awards\"), alongside male recipient [George Burns](/wiki/George_Burns \"George Burns\").[IMDb general profile](https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/American_Comedy_Awards_USA); accessed May 12, 2014\\.",
"Coca appeared only sporadically in films such as *The Incredible Incident at Independence Square*, filmed in her hometown of Philadelphia, as well as *[Under the Yum Yum Tree](/wiki/Under_the_Yum_Yum_Tree \"Under the Yum Yum Tree\")* (1963\\), *[Nothing Lasts Forever](/wiki/Nothing_Lasts_Forever_%28film%29 \"Nothing Lasts Forever (film)\")*, *[Papa Was a Preacher](/wiki/Papa_Was_a_Preacher_%28film%29 \"Papa Was a Preacher (film)\")*, *[Buy \\& Cell](/wiki/Buy_%26_Cell \"Buy & Cell\")*, and *[National Lampoon's Vacation](/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Vacation \"National Lampoon's Vacation\")* (1983\\), as \"Aunt Edna\".",
"After having appeared in several Broadway musical comedy revues and plays between the 1930s and the 1950s, Coca returned to Broadway at the age of 70 with a [Tony Award](/wiki/Tony_Award \"Tony Award\")\\-nominated performance as religious zealot Letitia Primrose in *[On the Twentieth Century](/wiki/On_the_Twentieth_Century \"On the Twentieth Century\")*, a 1978 stage musical adapted from the film *[Twentieth Century](/wiki/Twentieth_Century_%28film%29 \"Twentieth Century (film)\")* (1934\\). Her role, that of a religious fanatic who plasters decals onto every available surface, had been a male in both the film and the original stage production, and was rewritten specifically as a vehicle for Coca. {{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2014}} She appeared in the Broadway run with [Kevin Kline](/wiki/Kevin_Kline \"Kevin Kline\") and [Madeline Kahn](/wiki/Madeline_Kahn \"Madeline Kahn\"), continued with the national tour starring [Rock Hudson](/wiki/Rock_Hudson \"Rock Hudson\") and [Judy Kaye](/wiki/Judy_Kaye \"Judy Kaye\"), and returned for a later tour revival in the mid\\-1980s with Kaye and [Frank Gorshin](/wiki/Frank_Gorshin \"Frank Gorshin\"). She also co\\-starred with singer [Maxine Sullivan](/wiki/Maxine_Sullivan \"Maxine Sullivan\") in *[My Old Friends](/wiki/My_Old_Friends \"My Old Friends\")* and touring productions, including musicals such as *[Once Upon a Mattress](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Mattress \"Once Upon a Mattress\")* and *[Bells Are Ringing](/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_%28musical%29 \"Bells Are Ringing (musical)\")* and plays such as *[The Prisoner of Second Avenue](/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Second_Avenue \"The Prisoner of Second Avenue\")* and *[Luv](/wiki/Luv_%28play%29 \"Luv (play)\")*. She rejoined [Sid Caesar](/wiki/Sid_Caesar \"Sid Caesar\") in 1961–62, 1977, and 1990–91 for a traveling stage revue and made an appearance with Caesar and [Howard Morris](/wiki/Howard_Morris \"Howard Morris\") at *Comic Relief VI* in 1994\\. {{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2014}}",
"One of Coca's early stock characters on the Caesar series blended comedy with socially conscious pathos as a [bag lady](/wiki/Homelessness \"Homelessness\") and she was frequently asked to reprise the role, including by [Carol Burnett](/wiki/Carol_Burnett \"Carol Burnett\") for her '60s series and by [Red Skelton](/wiki/Red_Skelton \"Red Skelton\") as love interest to one of his own familiar characters in the 1981 TV special *Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner*. [New wave](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\") group [Ēbn\\-Ōzn](/wiki/Ebn_Ozn \"Ebn Ozn\") featured Coca as the title character in the music video to their song \"Bag Lady (I Wonder)\", which was a top\\-40 dance hit in 1984\\.{{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p17230\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}",
""
] |
History
-------
{{main\|History of the Outer Hebrides}}
In Scotland, the Celtic [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") way of life, often troubled but never extinguished by Rome, re\-asserted itself when the legions abandoned any permanent occupation in 211 AD.Hanson (2003\) p. 198 Hanson (2003\) writes: "For many years it has been almost axiomatic in studies of the period that the Roman conquest must have had some major medium or long\-term impact on Scotland. On present evidence that cannot be substantiated either in terms of environment, economy, or, indeed, society. The impact appears to have been very limited. The general picture remains one of broad continuity, not of disruption ... The Roman presence in Scotland was little more than a series of brief interludes within a longer continuum of indigenous development."Hanson (2003\) p. 216 The Romans' direct impact on the Highlands and Islands was scant and there is no evidence that they ever actually landed in the Outer Hebrides.Hunter (2000\) pp. 38–39
The later [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") inhabitants of the northern and western Hebrides were probably [Pictish](/wiki/Pict "Pict"), although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000\) states that in relation to King [Bridei I of the Picts](/wiki/Bridei_I_of_the_Picts "Bridei I of the Picts") in the sixth century AD: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence."Hunter (2000\) pp. 44, 49 The island of Pabbay is the site of the Pabbay Stone, the only extant [Pictish symbol stone](/wiki/Pictish_stones "Pictish stones") in the Outer Hebrides. This 6th century [stele](/wiki/Stele "Stele") shows a flower, V\-rod and lunar crescent to which has been added a later and somewhat crude cross.Miers (2008\) p. 367
### Norse control
[thumb\|Location of the [Kingdom of the Isles](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles "Kingdom of the Isles") at the end of the eleventh century](/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg "Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg")
[Viking](/wiki/Viking "Viking") raids began on Scottish shores towards the end of the 8th century AD and the Hebrides came under Norse control and settlement during the ensuing decades, especially following the success of [Harald Fairhair](/wiki/Harald_I_of_Norway "Harald I of Norway") at the [Battle of Hafrsfjord](/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord "Battle of Hafrsfjord") in 872\.Hunter (2000\) p. 74Rotary Club (1995\) p. 12 In the Western Isles [Ketill Flatnose](/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose "Ketill Flatnose") was the dominant figure of the mid 9th century, by which time he had amassed a substantial island realm and made a variety of alliances with other [Norse](/wiki/Norsemen "Norsemen") leaders. These princelings nominally owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown, although in practice the latter's control was fairly limited.Hunter (2000\) p. 78 Norse control of the Hebrides was formalised in 1098 when [Edgar, King of Scotland](/wiki/Edgar%2C_King_of_Scotland "Edgar, King of Scotland") formally signed the islands over to [Magnus III of Norway](/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Norway "Magnus III of Norway").Hunter (2000\) p. 102 The Scottish acceptance of Magnus III as King of the Isles came after the Norwegian king had conquered [Orkney](/wiki/Orkney "Orkney"), the Hebrides and the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man") in a swift campaign earlier the same year, directed against the local Norwegian leaders of the various islands‘ petty kingdoms. By capturing the islands Magnus imposed a more direct royal control, although at a price. His [skald](/wiki/Skald "Skald") Bjorn Cripplehand recorded that in Lewis "fire played high in the heaven" as "flame spouted from the houses" and that in the Uists "the king dyed his sword red in blood". Thompson (1968\) provides a more literal translation: "Fire played in the fig\-trees of Liodhus; it mounted up to heaven. Far and wide the people were driven to flight. The fire gushed out of the houses".Thompson (1968\) p 39
The Hebrides were now part of Kingdom of the Isles, whose rulers were themselves vassals of the Kings of Norway. The Kingdom had two parts: the *{{lang\|non\|Suðr\-eyjar}}* or South Isles encompassing the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides "Hebrides") and the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man"); and the *{{lang\|non\|Norðr\-eyjar}}* or North Isles of Orkney and [Shetland](/wiki/Shetland "Shetland"). This situation lasted until the partitioning of the Western Isles in 1156, at which time the Outer Hebrides remained under Norwegian control while the Inner Hebrides broke out under [Somerled](/wiki/Somerled "Somerled"), the Norse\-Celtic kinsman of the Manx royal house.["The Kingdom of Mann and the Isles"](https://thevikingworld.pbworks.com/The-Kingdom-of-Mann-and-the-Isles) thevikingworld.com Retrieved 6 July 2010\.
Following the ill\-fated 1263 expedition of [Haakon IV of Norway](/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway "Haakon IV of Norway"), the Outer Hebrides along with the Isle of Man, were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland a result of the 1266 [Treaty of Perth](/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth "Treaty of Perth").Hunter (2000\) pp. 109–111 Although their contribution to the islands can still be found in personal and placenames, the archaeological record of the Norse period is very limited. The best known find from this time is the [Lewis chessmen](/wiki/Lewis_chessmen "Lewis chessmen"), which date from the mid 12th century.Thompson (1968\) p. 37
### Scots rule
[thumb\|left\|[Kisimul Castle](/wiki/Kisimul_Castle "Kisimul Castle"), the ancient seat of [Clan MacNeil](/wiki/Clan_MacNeil "Clan MacNeil"), [Castlebay](/wiki/Castlebay "Castlebay"), [Barra](/wiki/Barra "Barra")](/wiki/File:Kisimul_Castle.jpg "Kisimul Castle.jpg")
As the Norse era drew to a close the [Norse\-speaking](/wiki/Old_Norse "Old Norse") princes were gradually replaced by Gaelic\-speaking [clan](/wiki/Scottish_clan "Scottish clan") chiefs including the [MacLeods](/wiki/Clan_MacLeod "Clan MacLeod") of Lewis and Harris, the [MacDonalds](/wiki/Clan_Donald "Clan Donald") of the [Uists](/wiki/Uist "Uist") and [MacNeil of Barra](/wiki/Clan_MacNeil "Clan MacNeil").Rotary Club (1995\) pp. 27, 30{{\#tag:ref\|The transitional relationships between Norse and Gaelic\-speaking rulers are complex. The ''{{lang\|gd\|\[\[Norse–Gaels\|Gall\-Ghàidhels]]}}'' who dominated much of the Irish Sea region and western Scotland at this time were of joint Gaelic and Scandinavian origin. When Somerled wrested the southern Inner Hebrides from \[\[Godred II Olafsson\|Godred the Black]] in 1156, this was the beginnings of a break with nominal Norse rule in the Hebrides. Godred remained the ruler of Mann and the Outer Hebrides, but two years later Somerled's invasion of the former caused him to flee to Norway. Norse control was further weakened in the ensuring century, but the Hebrides were not formally ceded by Norway until 1266\.Gregory (1881\) pp. 13–15, 20\-21Downham (2007\) pp. 174–75\. The transitions from one language to another are also complex. For example, many Scandinavian sources from this period of time typically refer to individuals as having a Scandinavian first name and a Gaelic by\-name.Gammeltoft, Peder "Scandinavian Naming\-Systems in the Hebrides: A Way of Understanding how the Scandinavians were in Contact with Gaels and Picts?" in Ballin Smith ''et al'' (2007\) p. 480\|group\="Note"}} This transition did little to relieve the islands of internecine strife although by the early 14th century the MacDonald [Lords of the Isles](/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles "Lord of the Isles"), based on [Islay](/wiki/Islay "Islay"), were in theory these chiefs' feudal superiors and managed to exert some control.Hunter (2000\) pp. 127, 166
The growing threat that Clan Donald posed to the Scottish crown led to the forcible dissolution of the Lordship of the Isles by [James IV](/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland "James IV of Scotland") in 1493, but although the king had the power to subdue the organised military might of the Hebrides, he and his immediate successors lacked the will or ability to provide an alternative form of governance.Hunter (2000\) p. 143 The [House of Stuart](/wiki/House_of_Stuart "House of Stuart")'s attempts to control the Outer Hebrides were then at first desultory and little more than punitive expeditions. In 1506 the [Earl of Huntly](/wiki/Marquess_of_Huntly "Marquess of Huntly") besieged and captured Stornoway Castle using cannon. In 1540 [James V](/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland "James V of Scotland") himself conducted a royal tour, forcing the clan chiefs to accompany him. There followed a period of peace, but all too soon the clans were at loggerheads again.Thompson (1968\) pp. 40–41
In 1598 King [James VI](/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland "James VI of Scotland") authorised some "[Gentleman Adventurers" from Fife](/wiki/Fife_Adventurers "Fife Adventurers") to civilise the "most barbarous Isle of Lewis". Initially successful, the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod, who based their forces on {{lang\|gd\|\[\[Bearasaigh]]}} in {{lang\|gd\|Loch Ròg}}. The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result but a third attempt in 1607 was more successful, and in due course Stornoway became a [Burgh of Barony](/wiki/Burgh_of_barony "Burgh of barony").Rotary Club (1995\) pp. 12–13Haswell\-Smith (2004\) p. 312 By this time Lewis was held by the Mackenzies of Kintail, (later the [Earls of Seaforth](/wiki/Earl_of_Seaforth "Earl of Seaforth")), who pursued a more enlightened approach, investing in fishing in particular. The historian W. C. MacKenzie was moved to write:Thompson (1968\) p. 41\. It is not clear from the text which of MacKenzie's five books quoted in the bibliography spanning the years 1903–52 the quote is taken from.
{{ blockquote
\| At the end of the 17th century, the picture we have of Lewis that of a people pursuing their avocation in peace, but not in plenty. The Seaforths ..., besides establishing orderly Government in the island.. had done a great deal to rescue the people from the slough of ignorance and incivility in which they found themselves immersed. But in the sphere of economics their policy apparently was of little service to the community.
}}
The Seaforth's royalist inclinations led to Lewis becoming garrisoned during the [Wars of the Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms "Wars of the Three Kingdoms") by [Cromwell's](/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell "Oliver Cromwell") troops, who destroyed the old castle in Stornoway and in 1645 Lewismen fought on the royalist side at the [Battle of Auldearn](/wiki/Battle_of_Auldearn "Battle of Auldearn").Thompson (1968\) pp. 41–42 A new era of Hebridean involvement in the affairs of the wider world was about to commence.
### British era
[thumb\|left\|Abandoned school house, [Mingulay](/wiki/Mingulay "Mingulay")](/wiki/File:Old_School_house_Mingulay.jpg "Old School house Mingulay.jpg")
With the implementation of the [Treaty of Union](/wiki/Treaty_of_Union "Treaty of Union") in 1707 the Hebrides became part of the new [Kingdom of Great Britain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain "Kingdom of Great Britain"), but the clans' loyalties to a distant monarch were not strong. A considerable number of islandmen "came out" in support of the Jacobite [Earl of Mar](/wiki/Earl_of_Mar "Earl of Mar") in the ["15"](/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715 "Jacobite rising of 1715") although the response to the [1745 rising](/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745 "Jacobite rising of 1745") was muted. Nonetheless the aftermath of the decisive [Battle of Culloden](/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden "Battle of Culloden"), which effectively ended Jacobite hopes of a Stuart restoration, was widely felt. The British government's strategy was to estrange the clan chiefs from their kinsmen and turn their descendants into English\-speaking landlords whose main concern was the revenues their estates brought rather than the welfare of those who lived on them. This may have brought peace to the islands, but in the following century it came at a terrible price.
The [Highland Clearances](/wiki/Highland_Clearances "Highland Clearances") of the 19th century destroyed communities throughout the [Highlands and Islands](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands "Highlands and Islands") as the human populations were evicted and replaced with sheep farms.Hunter (2000\) p. 212 For example, Colonel [Gordon](/wiki/John_Gordon_%28soldier%29 "John Gordon (soldier)") of [Cluny](/wiki/Cluny_Castle "Cluny Castle"), owner of Barra, South Uist and Benbecula, evicted thousands of islanders using trickery and cruelty, and even offered to sell Barra to the government as a penal colony.Rotary Club (1995\) p. 31 Islands such as {{lang\|gd\|italic\=unset\|\[\[Fuaigh Mòr]]}} were completely cleared of their populations and even today the subject is recalled with bitterness and resentment in some areas.Haswell\-Smith (2004\) pp. 306–07 The position was exacerbated by the failure of the islands' [kelp](/wiki/Kelp "Kelp") industry, which thrived from the 18th century until the end of the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") in 1815Hunter (2000\) pp. 247, 262 and large scale emigration became endemic. For example, hundreds left North Uist for [Cape Breton](/wiki/Cape_Breton "Cape Breton"), [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia").Lawson, Bill (10 September 1999\) ["From The Outer Hebrides to Cape Breton \- Part II"](http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazbl/gazbl35.htm). globalgenealogy.com. Retrieved 14 October 2007\. The pre\-clearance population of the island had been almost 5,000, although by 1841 it had fallen to 3,870 and was only 2,349 by 1931\.Haswell\-Smith (2004\) p. 236
The [Highland potato famine](/wiki/Highland_potato_famine "Highland potato famine") (Gaiseadh a’ bhuntàta, in Scottish Gaelic), caused by a blight, started in 1846 and had a serious impact, because many islanders were crofters; potatoes were a staple of their diet.{{cite web \|url\=https://darachcroft.com/news/harris\-tweed\-and\-the\-highland\-potato\-famine \|title\=Harris Tweed and the Highland Potato Famine}} Violent riots became common.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.scotsman.com/arts\-and\-culture/books/book\-review\-insurrection\-james\-hunter\-1403805 \|title\=Book review, Insurrection, Scotland's Famine Winter, by James Hunter \|date\=30 October 2019}} Charities, encouraged by George Pole{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish\-field/20200303/281569472715194 \|title\=Scotland's Potato Famine, 3 March 2020}} and others in the Commissariat (a military agency) encouraged charities to come to the rescue. The Free Church was particularly helpful, "delivering oatmeal to famine\-affected families all across the West Highlands and Islands", according to one report. Another report states that the Church "was prompt in organising an efficient system of private charity across the Hebrides and on the Western seaboard. It cooperated with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Relief Committees".{{cite journal \|url\=https://journals.openedition.org/mimmoc/1763 \|title\=The Irish Famine in a Scottish Perspective 1845\-1851 \|year\=2015 \|doi\=10\.4000/mimmoc.1763 \|last\=Vaughan \|first\=Géraldine \|journal\=Mémoire(S), Identité(S), Marginalité(S) dans le Monde Occidental Contemporain \|issue\=12 \|doi\-access\=free}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.electricscotland.com/history/scotland/chap10\.htm \|title\=The Highland Tragedy}}
An interdenominational charity was in place by early 1847 and took the most significant role in famine relief.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.rte.ie/history/the\-great\-irish\-famine/2020/0716/1153640\-the\-other\-famine\-scotland\-and\-the\-potato\-blight/ \|title\=The other famine: Scotland and the potato blight 11 December 2020 \|date\=16 July 2020 \|last\=Hunter \|first\=James \|website\=\[\[RTÉ.ie]]}} Some landowners also provided a great deal of assistance, according to one history of the region: "MacLeod of Dunvegan bought in food for his people, some eight thousand of them" ... MacLean of Ardgour provided food, and introduced new crops into the area \- peas, cabbages and carrots ... Sir James Matheson on Lewis spent £329,000 (Equivalent to £37,000,000 in 2024{{Cite web \|title\=Inflation calculator \|url\=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary\-policy/inflation/inflation\-calculator \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-02 \|website\=www.bankofengland.co.uk \|language\=en}}) on improving his lands, hoping to provide a more secure future for his people". The government of Britain provided some assistance, thanks to Sir [Charles Trevelyan](/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet"), who arranged for food distribution at Portree and Tobermory. The *British Association for the Relief of Distress in Ireland and the Highlands and Islands of Scotland* also helped as did donations received from North America. The blight struck again over the next two years, requiring an extra tax on landowners to help feed the population. The British government began encouraging mass emigration.{{cite journal\| url \= https://journals.openedition.org/mimmoc/1763\| title \= The Irish Famine in a Scottish Perspective 1845\-1851\| year \= 2015\| doi \= 10\.4000/mimmoc.1763\| last1 \= Vaughan\| first1 \= Géraldine\| journal \= Mémoire(S), Identité(S), Marginalité(S) dans le Monde Occidental Contemporain\| issue \= 12\| doi\-access \= free}}{{cite web\| url \= https://www.electricscotland.com/history/scotland/chap10\.htm\| title \= The Highland Tragedy}}
For those who remained new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle, commercial fishing and tourism. During the summer season in the 1860s and 1870s five thousand inhabitants of Lewis could be found in [Wick](/wiki/Wick%2C_Highland "Wick, Highland") on the mainland of Scotland, employed on the fishing boats and at the quaysides.Hunter (2000\) p. 292 Nonetheless emigration and military service became the choice of manyHunter (2000\) p. 343 and the archipelago's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries. By 2001 the population of North Uist was only 1,271\.["North Uist ({{lang\|gd\|Uibhist a Tuath\|nocat\=y}})"](http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/northuist/northuist/index.html) Undiscovered Scotland. Retrieved 8 July 2010\.
The work of the [Napier Commission](/wiki/Napier_Commission "Napier Commission") and the [Congested Districts Board](/wiki/Congested_Districts_Board_%28Scotland%29 "Congested Districts Board (Scotland)"), and the passing of the [Crofting Act of 1886](/wiki/Crofters%27_Holdings_%28Scotland%29_Act_1886 "Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886") helped, but social unrest continued.Hunter (2000\) p. 320 In July 1906 grazing land on [Vatersay](/wiki/Vatersay "Vatersay") was raided by landless men from Barra and its isles. [Lady Gordon Cathcart](/wiki/Emily_Gordon_Cathcart "Emily Gordon Cathcart") took legal action against the "raiders" but the visiting judge took the view that she had neglected her duties as a landowner and that "long indifference to the necessities of the cottars had gone far to drive them to exasperation".Buxton (1995\) p. 125 Millennia of continuous occupation notwithstanding, many of the remoter islands were abandoned — [Mingulay](/wiki/Mingulay "Mingulay") in 1912, [Hirta](/wiki/Hirta "Hirta") in 1930, and {{lang\|gd\|\[\[Ceann Iar]]}} in 1942 among them. This process involved a transition from these places being perceived as relatively self\-sufficient agricultural economiesSee for example Hunter (2000\) pp. 152–158 to a view becoming held by both island residents and outsiders alike that they lacked the essential services of a modern industrial economy.See for example Maclean (1977\) Chapter 10: "Arcady Despoiled" pp. 125–35
There were gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched [blackhouse](/wiki/Blackhouse "Blackhouse") with accommodation of a more modern design.{{When\|date\=January 2023}} The creation of the [Highlands and Islands Development Board](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Development_Board "Highlands and Islands Development Board") and the discovery of substantial deposits of [North Sea oil](/wiki/North_Sea_oil "North Sea oil") in 1965, the establishment of a unitary local authority for the islands in 1975 and more recently the [renewables sector](/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland "Renewable energy in Scotland") have all contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. The [Arnish yard](/wiki/Arnish_yard "Arnish yard") has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands\_and\_islands/7136490\.stm \|title\=Yard wins biggest wind tower job \|work\=\[\[BBC News Online]] \|date\=10 December 2007 \|access\-date\=6 January 2011 }} {{lang\|gd\|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}, the local authority, employs 2,000 people, making it the largest employer in the Outer Hebrides.["Jobs and Careers"](http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/services/jobs.asp?servicename=Jobs%20and%20careers&snlid=379) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218102557/http://www.cne\-siar.gov.uk/services/jobs.asp?servicename\=Jobs%20and%20careers\&snlid\=379 \|date\=18 December 2010 }}. {{lang\|gd\|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}. Retrieved 6 January 2011\. See also the "{{lang\|gd\|Innse Gall}} area plan 2010"["Outer Hebrides/{{lang\|gd\|Innse Gall\|nocat\=y}} \- area overview"](http://www.hie.co.uk/highlands-and-islands/area-information/outer-hebrides/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203213705/http://www.hie.co.uk/highlands\-and\-islands/area\-information/outer\-hebrides/ \|date\=3 February 2011 }}. {{lang\|gd\|Innse Gall}} area plan 2010 (pdf) HIE. Retrieved 3 January 2011\. and the {{lang\|gd\|Comhairle}}'s "Factfile – Economy".
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{main\\|History of the Outer Hebrides}}\nIn Scotland, the Celtic [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") way of life, often troubled but never extinguished by Rome, re\\-asserted itself when the legions abandoned any permanent occupation in 211 AD.Hanson (2003\\) p. 198 Hanson (2003\\) writes: \"For many years it has been almost axiomatic in studies of the period that the Roman conquest must have had some major medium or long\\-term impact on Scotland. On present evidence that cannot be substantiated either in terms of environment, economy, or, indeed, society. The impact appears to have been very limited. The general picture remains one of broad continuity, not of disruption ... The Roman presence in Scotland was little more than a series of brief interludes within a longer continuum of indigenous development.\"Hanson (2003\\) p. 216 The Romans' direct impact on the Highlands and Islands was scant and there is no evidence that they ever actually landed in the Outer Hebrides.Hunter (2000\\) pp. 38–39",
"The later [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") inhabitants of the northern and western Hebrides were probably [Pictish](/wiki/Pict \"Pict\"), although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000\\) states that in relation to King [Bridei I of the Picts](/wiki/Bridei_I_of_the_Picts \"Bridei I of the Picts\") in the sixth century AD: \"As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence.\"Hunter (2000\\) pp. 44, 49 The island of Pabbay is the site of the Pabbay Stone, the only extant [Pictish symbol stone](/wiki/Pictish_stones \"Pictish stones\") in the Outer Hebrides. This 6th century [stele](/wiki/Stele \"Stele\") shows a flower, V\\-rod and lunar crescent to which has been added a later and somewhat crude cross.Miers (2008\\) p. 367",
"### Norse control",
"[thumb\\|Location of the [Kingdom of the Isles](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles \"Kingdom of the Isles\") at the end of the eleventh century](/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg \"Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg\")",
"[Viking](/wiki/Viking \"Viking\") raids began on Scottish shores towards the end of the 8th century AD and the Hebrides came under Norse control and settlement during the ensuing decades, especially following the success of [Harald Fairhair](/wiki/Harald_I_of_Norway \"Harald I of Norway\") at the [Battle of Hafrsfjord](/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord \"Battle of Hafrsfjord\") in 872\\.Hunter (2000\\) p. 74Rotary Club (1995\\) p. 12 In the Western Isles [Ketill Flatnose](/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose \"Ketill Flatnose\") was the dominant figure of the mid 9th century, by which time he had amassed a substantial island realm and made a variety of alliances with other [Norse](/wiki/Norsemen \"Norsemen\") leaders. These princelings nominally owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown, although in practice the latter's control was fairly limited.Hunter (2000\\) p. 78 Norse control of the Hebrides was formalised in 1098 when [Edgar, King of Scotland](/wiki/Edgar%2C_King_of_Scotland \"Edgar, King of Scotland\") formally signed the islands over to [Magnus III of Norway](/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Norway \"Magnus III of Norway\").Hunter (2000\\) p. 102 The Scottish acceptance of Magnus III as King of the Isles came after the Norwegian king had conquered [Orkney](/wiki/Orkney \"Orkney\"), the Hebrides and the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") in a swift campaign earlier the same year, directed against the local Norwegian leaders of the various islands‘ petty kingdoms. By capturing the islands Magnus imposed a more direct royal control, although at a price. His [skald](/wiki/Skald \"Skald\") Bjorn Cripplehand recorded that in Lewis \"fire played high in the heaven\" as \"flame spouted from the houses\" and that in the Uists \"the king dyed his sword red in blood\". Thompson (1968\\) provides a more literal translation: \"Fire played in the fig\\-trees of Liodhus; it mounted up to heaven. Far and wide the people were driven to flight. The fire gushed out of the houses\".Thompson (1968\\) p 39",
"The Hebrides were now part of Kingdom of the Isles, whose rulers were themselves vassals of the Kings of Norway. The Kingdom had two parts: the *{{lang\\|non\\|Suðr\\-eyjar}}* or South Isles encompassing the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides \"Hebrides\") and the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\"); and the *{{lang\\|non\\|Norðr\\-eyjar}}* or North Isles of Orkney and [Shetland](/wiki/Shetland \"Shetland\"). This situation lasted until the partitioning of the Western Isles in 1156, at which time the Outer Hebrides remained under Norwegian control while the Inner Hebrides broke out under [Somerled](/wiki/Somerled \"Somerled\"), the Norse\\-Celtic kinsman of the Manx royal house.[\"The Kingdom of Mann and the Isles\"](https://thevikingworld.pbworks.com/The-Kingdom-of-Mann-and-the-Isles) thevikingworld.com Retrieved 6 July 2010\\.",
"Following the ill\\-fated 1263 expedition of [Haakon IV of Norway](/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway \"Haakon IV of Norway\"), the Outer Hebrides along with the Isle of Man, were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland a result of the 1266 [Treaty of Perth](/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth \"Treaty of Perth\").Hunter (2000\\) pp. 109–111 Although their contribution to the islands can still be found in personal and placenames, the archaeological record of the Norse period is very limited. The best known find from this time is the [Lewis chessmen](/wiki/Lewis_chessmen \"Lewis chessmen\"), which date from the mid 12th century.Thompson (1968\\) p. 37",
"### Scots rule",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Kisimul Castle](/wiki/Kisimul_Castle \"Kisimul Castle\"), the ancient seat of [Clan MacNeil](/wiki/Clan_MacNeil \"Clan MacNeil\"), [Castlebay](/wiki/Castlebay \"Castlebay\"), [Barra](/wiki/Barra \"Barra\")](/wiki/File:Kisimul_Castle.jpg \"Kisimul Castle.jpg\")",
"As the Norse era drew to a close the [Norse\\-speaking](/wiki/Old_Norse \"Old Norse\") princes were gradually replaced by Gaelic\\-speaking [clan](/wiki/Scottish_clan \"Scottish clan\") chiefs including the [MacLeods](/wiki/Clan_MacLeod \"Clan MacLeod\") of Lewis and Harris, the [MacDonalds](/wiki/Clan_Donald \"Clan Donald\") of the [Uists](/wiki/Uist \"Uist\") and [MacNeil of Barra](/wiki/Clan_MacNeil \"Clan MacNeil\").Rotary Club (1995\\) pp. 27, 30{{\\#tag:ref\\|The transitional relationships between Norse and Gaelic\\-speaking rulers are complex. The ''{{lang\\|gd\\|\\[\\[Norse–Gaels\\|Gall\\-Ghàidhels]]}}'' who dominated much of the Irish Sea region and western Scotland at this time were of joint Gaelic and Scandinavian origin. When Somerled wrested the southern Inner Hebrides from \\[\\[Godred II Olafsson\\|Godred the Black]] in 1156, this was the beginnings of a break with nominal Norse rule in the Hebrides. Godred remained the ruler of Mann and the Outer Hebrides, but two years later Somerled's invasion of the former caused him to flee to Norway. Norse control was further weakened in the ensuring century, but the Hebrides were not formally ceded by Norway until 1266\\.Gregory (1881\\) pp. 13–15, 20\\-21Downham (2007\\) pp. 174–75\\. The transitions from one language to another are also complex. For example, many Scandinavian sources from this period of time typically refer to individuals as having a Scandinavian first name and a Gaelic by\\-name.Gammeltoft, Peder \"Scandinavian Naming\\-Systems in the Hebrides: A Way of Understanding how the Scandinavians were in Contact with Gaels and Picts?\" in Ballin Smith ''et al'' (2007\\) p. 480\\|group\\=\"Note\"}} This transition did little to relieve the islands of internecine strife although by the early 14th century the MacDonald [Lords of the Isles](/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles \"Lord of the Isles\"), based on [Islay](/wiki/Islay \"Islay\"), were in theory these chiefs' feudal superiors and managed to exert some control.Hunter (2000\\) pp. 127, 166",
"The growing threat that Clan Donald posed to the Scottish crown led to the forcible dissolution of the Lordship of the Isles by [James IV](/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland \"James IV of Scotland\") in 1493, but although the king had the power to subdue the organised military might of the Hebrides, he and his immediate successors lacked the will or ability to provide an alternative form of governance.Hunter (2000\\) p. 143 The [House of Stuart](/wiki/House_of_Stuart \"House of Stuart\")'s attempts to control the Outer Hebrides were then at first desultory and little more than punitive expeditions. In 1506 the [Earl of Huntly](/wiki/Marquess_of_Huntly \"Marquess of Huntly\") besieged and captured Stornoway Castle using cannon. In 1540 [James V](/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland \"James V of Scotland\") himself conducted a royal tour, forcing the clan chiefs to accompany him. There followed a period of peace, but all too soon the clans were at loggerheads again.Thompson (1968\\) pp. 40–41",
"In 1598 King [James VI](/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland \"James VI of Scotland\") authorised some \"[Gentleman Adventurers\" from Fife](/wiki/Fife_Adventurers \"Fife Adventurers\") to civilise the \"most barbarous Isle of Lewis\". Initially successful, the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod, who based their forces on {{lang\\|gd\\|\\[\\[Bearasaigh]]}} in {{lang\\|gd\\|Loch Ròg}}. The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result but a third attempt in 1607 was more successful, and in due course Stornoway became a [Burgh of Barony](/wiki/Burgh_of_barony \"Burgh of barony\").Rotary Club (1995\\) pp. 12–13Haswell\\-Smith (2004\\) p. 312 By this time Lewis was held by the Mackenzies of Kintail, (later the [Earls of Seaforth](/wiki/Earl_of_Seaforth \"Earl of Seaforth\")), who pursued a more enlightened approach, investing in fishing in particular. The historian W. C. MacKenzie was moved to write:Thompson (1968\\) p. 41\\. It is not clear from the text which of MacKenzie's five books quoted in the bibliography spanning the years 1903–52 the quote is taken from.",
"{{ blockquote\n\\| At the end of the 17th century, the picture we have of Lewis that of a people pursuing their avocation in peace, but not in plenty. The Seaforths ..., besides establishing orderly Government in the island.. had done a great deal to rescue the people from the slough of ignorance and incivility in which they found themselves immersed. But in the sphere of economics their policy apparently was of little service to the community.\n}}",
"The Seaforth's royalist inclinations led to Lewis becoming garrisoned during the [Wars of the Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms \"Wars of the Three Kingdoms\") by [Cromwell's](/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell \"Oliver Cromwell\") troops, who destroyed the old castle in Stornoway and in 1645 Lewismen fought on the royalist side at the [Battle of Auldearn](/wiki/Battle_of_Auldearn \"Battle of Auldearn\").Thompson (1968\\) pp. 41–42 A new era of Hebridean involvement in the affairs of the wider world was about to commence.",
"### British era",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Abandoned school house, [Mingulay](/wiki/Mingulay \"Mingulay\")](/wiki/File:Old_School_house_Mingulay.jpg \"Old School house Mingulay.jpg\")",
"With the implementation of the [Treaty of Union](/wiki/Treaty_of_Union \"Treaty of Union\") in 1707 the Hebrides became part of the new [Kingdom of Great Britain](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain \"Kingdom of Great Britain\"), but the clans' loyalties to a distant monarch were not strong. A considerable number of islandmen \"came out\" in support of the Jacobite [Earl of Mar](/wiki/Earl_of_Mar \"Earl of Mar\") in the [\"15\"](/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715 \"Jacobite rising of 1715\") although the response to the [1745 rising](/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745 \"Jacobite rising of 1745\") was muted. Nonetheless the aftermath of the decisive [Battle of Culloden](/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden \"Battle of Culloden\"), which effectively ended Jacobite hopes of a Stuart restoration, was widely felt. The British government's strategy was to estrange the clan chiefs from their kinsmen and turn their descendants into English\\-speaking landlords whose main concern was the revenues their estates brought rather than the welfare of those who lived on them. This may have brought peace to the islands, but in the following century it came at a terrible price.",
"The [Highland Clearances](/wiki/Highland_Clearances \"Highland Clearances\") of the 19th century destroyed communities throughout the [Highlands and Islands](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands \"Highlands and Islands\") as the human populations were evicted and replaced with sheep farms.Hunter (2000\\) p. 212 For example, Colonel [Gordon](/wiki/John_Gordon_%28soldier%29 \"John Gordon (soldier)\") of [Cluny](/wiki/Cluny_Castle \"Cluny Castle\"), owner of Barra, South Uist and Benbecula, evicted thousands of islanders using trickery and cruelty, and even offered to sell Barra to the government as a penal colony.Rotary Club (1995\\) p. 31 Islands such as {{lang\\|gd\\|italic\\=unset\\|\\[\\[Fuaigh Mòr]]}} were completely cleared of their populations and even today the subject is recalled with bitterness and resentment in some areas.Haswell\\-Smith (2004\\) pp. 306–07 The position was exacerbated by the failure of the islands' [kelp](/wiki/Kelp \"Kelp\") industry, which thrived from the 18th century until the end of the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\") in 1815Hunter (2000\\) pp. 247, 262 and large scale emigration became endemic. For example, hundreds left North Uist for [Cape Breton](/wiki/Cape_Breton \"Cape Breton\"), [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\").Lawson, Bill (10 September 1999\\) [\"From The Outer Hebrides to Cape Breton \\- Part II\"](http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazbl/gazbl35.htm). globalgenealogy.com. Retrieved 14 October 2007\\. The pre\\-clearance population of the island had been almost 5,000, although by 1841 it had fallen to 3,870 and was only 2,349 by 1931\\.Haswell\\-Smith (2004\\) p. 236",
"The [Highland potato famine](/wiki/Highland_potato_famine \"Highland potato famine\") (Gaiseadh a’ bhuntàta, in Scottish Gaelic), caused by a blight, started in 1846 and had a serious impact, because many islanders were crofters; potatoes were a staple of their diet.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://darachcroft.com/news/harris\\-tweed\\-and\\-the\\-highland\\-potato\\-famine \\|title\\=Harris Tweed and the Highland Potato Famine}} Violent riots became common.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.scotsman.com/arts\\-and\\-culture/books/book\\-review\\-insurrection\\-james\\-hunter\\-1403805 \\|title\\=Book review, Insurrection, Scotland's Famine Winter, by James Hunter \\|date\\=30 October 2019}} Charities, encouraged by George Pole{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish\\-field/20200303/281569472715194 \\|title\\=Scotland's Potato Famine, 3 March 2020}} and others in the Commissariat (a military agency) encouraged charities to come to the rescue. The Free Church was particularly helpful, \"delivering oatmeal to famine\\-affected families all across the West Highlands and Islands\", according to one report. Another report states that the Church \"was prompt in organising an efficient system of private charity across the Hebrides and on the Western seaboard. It cooperated with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Relief Committees\".{{cite journal \\|url\\=https://journals.openedition.org/mimmoc/1763 \\|title\\=The Irish Famine in a Scottish Perspective 1845\\-1851 \\|year\\=2015 \\|doi\\=10\\.4000/mimmoc.1763 \\|last\\=Vaughan \\|first\\=Géraldine \\|journal\\=Mémoire(S), Identité(S), Marginalité(S) dans le Monde Occidental Contemporain \\|issue\\=12 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.electricscotland.com/history/scotland/chap10\\.htm \\|title\\=The Highland Tragedy}}",
"An interdenominational charity was in place by early 1847 and took the most significant role in famine relief.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.rte.ie/history/the\\-great\\-irish\\-famine/2020/0716/1153640\\-the\\-other\\-famine\\-scotland\\-and\\-the\\-potato\\-blight/ \\|title\\=The other famine: Scotland and the potato blight 11 December 2020 \\|date\\=16 July 2020 \\|last\\=Hunter \\|first\\=James \\|website\\=\\[\\[RTÉ.ie]]}} Some landowners also provided a great deal of assistance, according to one history of the region: \"MacLeod of Dunvegan bought in food for his people, some eight thousand of them\" ... MacLean of Ardgour provided food, and introduced new crops into the area \\- peas, cabbages and carrots ... Sir James Matheson on Lewis spent £329,000 (Equivalent to £37,000,000 in 2024{{Cite web \\|title\\=Inflation calculator \\|url\\=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary\\-policy/inflation/inflation\\-calculator \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-02 \\|website\\=www.bankofengland.co.uk \\|language\\=en}}) on improving his lands, hoping to provide a more secure future for his people\". The government of Britain provided some assistance, thanks to Sir [Charles Trevelyan](/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet\"), who arranged for food distribution at Portree and Tobermory. The *British Association for the Relief of Distress in Ireland and the Highlands and Islands of Scotland* also helped as did donations received from North America. The blight struck again over the next two years, requiring an extra tax on landowners to help feed the population. The British government began encouraging mass emigration.{{cite journal\\| url \\= https://journals.openedition.org/mimmoc/1763\\| title \\= The Irish Famine in a Scottish Perspective 1845\\-1851\\| year \\= 2015\\| doi \\= 10\\.4000/mimmoc.1763\\| last1 \\= Vaughan\\| first1 \\= Géraldine\\| journal \\= Mémoire(S), Identité(S), Marginalité(S) dans le Monde Occidental Contemporain\\| issue \\= 12\\| doi\\-access \\= free}}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.electricscotland.com/history/scotland/chap10\\.htm\\| title \\= The Highland Tragedy}}",
"For those who remained new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle, commercial fishing and tourism. During the summer season in the 1860s and 1870s five thousand inhabitants of Lewis could be found in [Wick](/wiki/Wick%2C_Highland \"Wick, Highland\") on the mainland of Scotland, employed on the fishing boats and at the quaysides.Hunter (2000\\) p. 292 Nonetheless emigration and military service became the choice of manyHunter (2000\\) p. 343 and the archipelago's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries. By 2001 the population of North Uist was only 1,271\\.[\"North Uist ({{lang\\|gd\\|Uibhist a Tuath\\|nocat\\=y}})\"](http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/northuist/northuist/index.html) Undiscovered Scotland. Retrieved 8 July 2010\\.",
"The work of the [Napier Commission](/wiki/Napier_Commission \"Napier Commission\") and the [Congested Districts Board](/wiki/Congested_Districts_Board_%28Scotland%29 \"Congested Districts Board (Scotland)\"), and the passing of the [Crofting Act of 1886](/wiki/Crofters%27_Holdings_%28Scotland%29_Act_1886 \"Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886\") helped, but social unrest continued.Hunter (2000\\) p. 320 In July 1906 grazing land on [Vatersay](/wiki/Vatersay \"Vatersay\") was raided by landless men from Barra and its isles. [Lady Gordon Cathcart](/wiki/Emily_Gordon_Cathcart \"Emily Gordon Cathcart\") took legal action against the \"raiders\" but the visiting judge took the view that she had neglected her duties as a landowner and that \"long indifference to the necessities of the cottars had gone far to drive them to exasperation\".Buxton (1995\\) p. 125 Millennia of continuous occupation notwithstanding, many of the remoter islands were abandoned — [Mingulay](/wiki/Mingulay \"Mingulay\") in 1912, [Hirta](/wiki/Hirta \"Hirta\") in 1930, and {{lang\\|gd\\|\\[\\[Ceann Iar]]}} in 1942 among them. This process involved a transition from these places being perceived as relatively self\\-sufficient agricultural economiesSee for example Hunter (2000\\) pp. 152–158 to a view becoming held by both island residents and outsiders alike that they lacked the essential services of a modern industrial economy.See for example Maclean (1977\\) Chapter 10: \"Arcady Despoiled\" pp. 125–35",
"There were gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched [blackhouse](/wiki/Blackhouse \"Blackhouse\") with accommodation of a more modern design.{{When\\|date\\=January 2023}} The creation of the [Highlands and Islands Development Board](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Development_Board \"Highlands and Islands Development Board\") and the discovery of substantial deposits of [North Sea oil](/wiki/North_Sea_oil \"North Sea oil\") in 1965, the establishment of a unitary local authority for the islands in 1975 and more recently the [renewables sector](/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland \"Renewable energy in Scotland\") have all contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. The [Arnish yard](/wiki/Arnish_yard \"Arnish yard\") has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands\\_and\\_islands/7136490\\.stm \\|title\\=Yard wins biggest wind tower job \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News Online]] \\|date\\=10 December 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2011 }} {{lang\\|gd\\|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}, the local authority, employs 2,000 people, making it the largest employer in the Outer Hebrides.[\"Jobs and Careers\"](http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/services/jobs.asp?servicename=Jobs%20and%20careers&snlid=379) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218102557/http://www.cne\\-siar.gov.uk/services/jobs.asp?servicename\\=Jobs%20and%20careers\\&snlid\\=379 \\|date\\=18 December 2010 }}. {{lang\\|gd\\|Comhairle nan Eilean Siar}}. Retrieved 6 January 2011\\. See also the \"{{lang\\|gd\\|Innse Gall}} area plan 2010\"[\"Outer Hebrides/{{lang\\|gd\\|Innse Gall\\|nocat\\=y}} \\- area overview\"](http://www.hie.co.uk/highlands-and-islands/area-information/outer-hebrides/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203213705/http://www.hie.co.uk/highlands\\-and\\-islands/area\\-information/outer\\-hebrides/ \\|date\\=3 February 2011 }}. {{lang\\|gd\\|Innse Gall}} area plan 2010 (pdf) HIE. Retrieved 3 January 2011\\. and the {{lang\\|gd\\|Comhairle}}'s \"Factfile – Economy\".",
""
] |
History
-------
### American Revolution
Col. Moultrie took command of Sullivan's Island on March 2, 1776, which included a garrison of 413 men of the [2nd South Carolina Regiment](/wiki/2nd_South_Carolina_Regiment "2nd South Carolina Regiment") of Infantry and 22 men of the 4th South Carolina Regiment, artillery. The island included a fort, still under construction at the southern tip, which was being supervised by Capt. De Brahm. The square design, with corner [bastions](/wiki/Bastion "Bastion"), was supposed to have parallel rows of palmetto logs {{convert\|10\|ft\|m \|disp\=x \| high (\|)}}, filled in with {{convert\|16\|ft\|m\|disp\=x\| of sand (\|)}}. However, by June 28, only the front (the southeast and southeast [curtain walls](/wiki/Curtain_wall_%28fortification%29 "Curtain wall (fortification)") and bastions) was complete. The northern portion of the fort was unfinished, standing at only {{cvt\|7\|ft}}. [Cavaliers](/wiki/Cavalier_%28fortification%29 "Cavalier (fortification)") were constructed along the rear walls. The blue flag on the southeast bastion had the word "Liberty" on it. A total of 31 guns commanded the approach from Five Fathom Hole offshore, past the island and the Middle Ground [shoal](/wiki/Shoal "Shoal"), before ships could enter the harbor.{{cite book \|last1\= McCrady \|first1\=Edward \|title\= The History of South Carolina in the Revolution 1775–1780 \|url\= https://archive.org/details/historysouthcar10mccrgoog \|date\=1901 \|publisher\= The Macmillan Company \|location\=New York \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/historysouthcar10mccrgoog/page/n185 141]–145, 154, 867}}{{cite book \|last1\=Moultrie \|first1\=William \|title\= Memoirs of the American Revolution \|date\=1802 \|publisher\= David Longworth \|location\= New York \|pages\= 53,124,149,157–158}}
South Carolina patriots began to build a fort to guard [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), harbor in 1776\. [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") Admiral [Sir Peter Parker](/wiki/Sir_Peter_Parker%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet") led a fleet of nine warships in an [attack against the fort](/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island "Battle of Sullivan's Island")—known as Fort Sullivan and incomplete—on June 28, 1776, near the beginning of the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War").[Fort Moultrie at NorthAmericanForts.com](http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/sc2.html#harbor) The soft palmetto logs did not crack under bombardment but rather absorbed the shot; cannonballs reportedly even bounced off the walls of the structure. [William Moultrie](/wiki/William_Moultrie "William Moultrie"), commander of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment, and his four hundred men fought a day\-long battle that ended with Parker's heavily damaged fleet being driven from the area.Fort Moultrie brochure, [United States Department of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior "United States Department of the Interior"), [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service") The fort hence took its name, as Fort Moultrie, in his honor. Charleston locals celebrate "[Carolina Day](/wiki/Carolina_Day "Carolina Day")" to commemorate the bravery of the defenders of the fort.
During this battle, Moultrie flew a flag of his own design, authorized by the colonial government. It was later called the [Moultrie flag](/wiki/Moultrie_flag "Moultrie flag"), or Liberty flag, and became iconic to the Revolution in the South.
The British eventually captured Fort Moultrie, as part of the [Siege of Charleston](/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston "Siege of Charleston") in spring 1780, and renamed it as Fort Arbuthnot. Nevertheless, the Patriots won the war, and British troops departed in 1782, at which time the flag was presented in Charleston, by General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene "Nathanael Greene"), commander of the southern Regulars.
### Early federal period
[Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain") and [France](/wiki/France "France") began another war in 1793, heightening tensions. The United States of America thence embarked on a significant fortification program for important harbors, later called the [First System of fortifications](/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States "Seacoast defense in the United States"). Atop the decayed original Fort Moultrie, the Army completed a new fort in 1798; the Army also built nineteen other new forts along the Atlantic coast.Wade, pp. 59–60\. The fort was garrisoned by Captain Jonathan Robeson's company of the [Regiment of Artillerists](/wiki/Early_U.S._Artillery_formations "Early U.S. Artillery formations") in 1802\. However, after years of neglect, the [Antigua–Charleston hurricane](/wiki/1804_Antigua%E2%80%93Charleston_hurricane "1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane") destroyed Fort Moultrie in 1804\.Wade, pp. 85–88, 106\.
Fort Moultrie was rebuilt as part of the Second System of fortifications in 1808–09, under the direction of Army engineer [Alexander Macomb](/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_%28general%29 "Alexander Macomb (general)").Wade, p. 154\. A report by the [Secretary of War](/wiki/Secretary_of_War "Secretary of War"), on fortifications in December 1811, describes Fort Moultrie as:
"an irregular form, built of brick, presenting a battery of three sides on the sea front, and the whole is enclosed with ramparts, parapets, \&c. mounting 40 guns. … The barracks are of brick … for five hundred (soldiers)".Wade, p. 245
Fort Moultrie's main design did not change much over the next five decades. The Army altered the parapet and modernized the armament, but defense of Charleston centered increasingly around newly created [Fort Sumter](/wiki/Fort_Sumter "Fort Sumter"). By the time of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), Fort Moultrie, Fort Sumter, Fort Johnson, and [Castle Pinckney](/wiki/Castle_Pinckney "Castle Pinckney") surrounded and defended Charleston.
Fort Moultrie began to record meteorological observations in the early 1820s.
For fifty years the Army detained Native American prisoners at Fort Moultrie. [Seminole](/wiki/Seminole "Seminole") Indian fighter [Osceola](/wiki/Osceola "Osceola") and some fellow Seminoles were captured in late 1837 and transferred to the fort. Osceola died of malaria in January 1838; the Army buried his corpse at the front gate of Fort Moultrie and thereafter maintained his grave.
### Civil War
In the months leading up to the Civil War, [John L. Gardner](/wiki/John_L._Gardner_%28brigadier_general%29 "John L. Gardner (brigadier general)") was in command at Fort Moultrie. With secession growing more imminent, Gardner had made several requests to Secretary of War [John B. Floyd](/wiki/John_B._Floyd "John B. Floyd") for more troops to garrison and defend the undermanned fortress. Each time his requests were ignored, as Floyd (who joined the Confederacy) was planning to hand the forts in Charleston Harbor over to the secessionists.
South Carolina seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860, after the first election of President Abraham Lincoln. Around this time a Federal garrison from the [1st US Artillery](/wiki/1st_Regiment_of_Artillery "1st Regiment of Artillery") was sent to Fort Moultrie. Unlike the state militia at the other forts, the U.S. [Regular Army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 "Regular Army (United States)") defenders of Fort Moultrie chose not to surrender to the South Carolina forces. On December 26, 1860, Union Major [Robert Anderson](/wiki/Robert_Anderson_%28Civil_War%29 "Robert Anderson (Civil War)") moved his garrison from Fort Moultrie to the stronger [Fort Sumter](/wiki/Fort_Sumter "Fort Sumter"). On February 8, 1861, South Carolina joined the five other seceded Deep Southern states to form the [Confederate States of America](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America"). In April 1861, Confederate troops shelled Fort Sumter into submission, and the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") began.
In April 1863, Federal [ironclads](/wiki/Ironclad "Ironclad") and shore batteries began a bombardment of Fort Moultrie and the other forts around Charleston harbor. Over the ensuing twenty months, Union bombardment reduced Fort Sumter to a rubble pile and pounded Fort Moultrie below a sand hill, which protected it against further bombardment. The [rifled cannon](/wiki/Cannon%2318th_and_19th_centuries "Cannon#18th and 19th centuries") proved its superiority to brickwork fortifications but not to the endurance of the Confederate artillerymen who continued to man Fort Moultrie. In February 1865, as General Sherman marched through South Carolina, the Confederate soldiers finally abandoned the rubble of Fort Moultrie and evacuated the city of Charleston.
### Postbellum period and 20th century
The U.S. Army modernized Fort Moultrie in the 1870s with new weapons and deep concrete bunkers. Weapons of this period included 15\-inch and 10\-inch [Rodman guns](/wiki/Rodman_gun "Rodman gun") ({{cvt\|15\|and\|10\|in\|mm\|disp\=out}}), which were [smoothbores](/wiki/Smoothbore "Smoothbore"), and 8\-inch [converted rifles](/wiki/Rodman_gun%23Rifled_Rodmans "Rodman gun#Rifled Rodmans"), lined down from 10\-inch Rodmans.
Beginning in 1897, Fort Moultrie's armament was modernized under the large\-scale [Endicott Program](/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications "Board of Fortifications") of coast defenses. Eight new reinforced\-concrete batteries were completed by 1906, and part of the Second System fort was demolished to make room for batteries Bingham, McCorkle, and Lord.[Fort Moultrie article at FortWiki](http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Moultrie)Berhow, p. 213 The fort also had a [mine casemate](/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense "Submarine mines in United States harbor defense") to control a naval minefield. In 1901 Coast Artillery units were designated from heavy artillery units, and in 1907 the [United States Army Coast Artillery Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps "United States Army Coast Artillery Corps") was formed to garrison the new coast defenses.Berhow, pp. 423–427
The Endicott Program batteries at Fort Moultrie were:
| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Capron](/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron "Allyn K. Capron")\-[Butler](/wiki/Pierce_M._Butler "Pierce M. Butler") | 16 | [12\-inch mortar M1886](/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar "12-inch coast defense mortar") | [barbette](/wiki/Barbette "Barbette") M1891 | 1898–1942 |
| [Jasper](/wiki/Battery_Jasper "Battery Jasper") | 4 | [10\-inch gun M1888](/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1888 "10-inch gun M1888") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun") M1896 | 1898–1942 |
| [Thomson](/wiki/Battery_Thomson "Battery Thomson") | 2 | [10\-inch gun M1900](/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1900 "10-inch gun M1900") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun") M1901 | 1906–1945 |
| [Gadsden](/wiki/Battery_Gadsden "Battery Gadsden") | 4 | [6\-inch gun M1903](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1903 "6-inch gun M1903") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun") M1903 | 1906–1917 |
| Logan | 1 | [6\-inch Armstrong gun](/wiki/QF_6_inch_/40_naval_gun%23US_service "QF 6 inch /40 naval gun#US service") | pedestal | 1899–1904 |
| Logan | 1 | [6\-inch gun M1897](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1897 "6-inch gun M1897") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun") M1898 | 1899–1944 |
| Bingham | 2 | [4\.72\-inch 45 caliber Armstrong gun](/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV%23United_States_service "QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV#United States service") | pedestal | 1899–1919 |
| McCorkle | 3 | [3\-inch gun M1898](/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898 "3-inch gun M1898") | masking parapet M1898 | 1901–1920 |
| [Lord](/wiki/George_Edwin_Lord "George Edwin Lord") | 2 | [3\-inch M1902 seacoast gun](/wiki/3-inch_M1902_seacoast_gun "3-inch M1902 seacoast gun") | pedestal M1902 | 1905–1946 |
|
[200px\|right\|thumb\|12\-inch mortars in a pit; Battery Capron had four pits of this type](/wiki/File:12-inch_Mortars_at_Battery_Meigs%2C_Fort_Washington%2C_MD.png "12-inch Mortars at Battery Meigs, Fort Washington, MD.png")
[thumb\|right\|250px\|10\-inch disappearing gun at [Fort Casey](/wiki/Fort_Casey "Fort Casey"), Washington state, similar to those at Fort Moultrie.](/wiki/File:Fort_Casey_07.jpg "Fort Casey 07.jpg")
Battery Capron, with sixteen 12\-inch mortars, was the largest component of the new defenses. In 1906 it was organizationally split into two batteries, Capron and Butler, each with eight mortars. Batteries [Jasper](/wiki/Battery_Jasper "Battery Jasper") and [Thomson](/wiki/Battery_Thomson "Battery Thomson") provided longer\-range weapons with a total of six 10\-inch [disappearing guns](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun"). In April 1898 the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War") broke out, with Fort Moultrie's smaller, rapid\-fire batteries still years from completion. Batteries Logan and Bingham were added to the fort, mostly equipped with weapons purchased from the United Kingdom.[Congressional serial set, 1900, *Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain*, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office](https://books.google.com/books?id=RUtZAAAAIAAJ&dq=submarine+mine+kennebec&pg=PA3780) In 1901 Battery McCorkle was added to defend the minefield against [minesweepers](/wiki/Minesweeper "Minesweeper") with three 3\-inch guns on retractable masking parapet carriages. In 1905 Battery Lord was added with two 3\-inch guns, and in 1906 [Battery Gadsden](/wiki/Battery_Gadsden "Battery Gadsden") provided four 6\-inch rapid\-fire disappearing guns.
These batteries were supplemented in 1899 by a pair of [12\-inch guns](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1888 "12-inch gun M1888") at Fort Sumter. Forts Moultrie and Sumter constituted the [Coast Defenses of Charleston](/wiki/Coast_Defense_Command "Coast Defense Command"), as the Charleston Coast Artillery District was designated in 1913\.[Fort Sumter article at FortWiki](http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Sumter)[*Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview* at the Coast Defense Study Group website](http://cdsg.org/old/reprint%20PDFs/CACorg2011.pdf)Rinaldi, pp. 165–166
Battery Capron was named for Captain [Allyn K. Capron](/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron "Allyn K. Capron") of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry, the famous "[Rough Riders](/wiki/Rough_Riders "Rough Riders")", who was the first US Army officer killed in the Spanish–American War. Battery Butler was named for Colonel [Pierce M. Butler](/wiki/Pierce_M._Butler "Pierce M. Butler") of the [Palmetto Regiment](/wiki/Palmetto_Regiment "Palmetto Regiment"), killed in the [Battle of Churubusco](/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco "Battle of Churubusco") in the 1847 [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War"). Battery Jasper was named for Sergeant William Jasper of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment, a hero of the 1776 attack on the fort. Battery Thomson was named for Colonel William Thomson of the 3rd South Carolina Regiment, commended for defending Charleston in June 1776\. Battery Gadsden was named for Brigadier General [Christopher Gadsden](/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden "Christopher Gadsden"), a South Carolina officer of the Revolutionary War. Battery Logan was named for Captain William Logan, killed fighting the [Nez Perce](/wiki/Nez_Perce_people "Nez Perce people") in 1877\. Battery Bingham was named for 2nd Lieutenant Horatio Bingham, killed fighting the [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux "Sioux") in 1866\. Battery McCorkle was named for 1st Lieutenant Henry McCorkle of the [25th US Infantry Regiment](/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "25th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), killed in the [Battle of El Caney](/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney "Battle of El Caney") in the Spanish–American War. Battery Lord was named for Assistant Surgeon [George Edwin Lord](/wiki/George_Edwin_Lord "George Edwin Lord"), killed at the [Battle of the Little Big Horn](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Big_Horn "Battle of the Little Big Horn"), also called "Custer's Last Stand", in 1876\.
In 1904 Battery Logan's 6\-inch Armstrong gun was removed and most likely transferred to [Fort Adams](/wiki/Fort_Adams "Fort Adams").
After the US entered [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Battery Gadsden's four 6\-inch guns were removed for service on field carriages on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)") in 1917 and were never returned to the fort. Records show the guns arrived in France, but a history of the Coast Artillery in World War I states that none of the regiments in France equipped with 6\-inch guns completed training in time to see action before the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 "Armistice of 11 November 1918").[History of the Coast Artillery Corps in WWI](http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/defeating_the_hun.htm)
Two of Battery Jasper's four 10\-inch guns were similarly removed in 1918 for potential use as [railway guns](/wiki/Railway_gun "Railway gun"); they were never returned to the fort but were replaced with guns from [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park "Fort Washington Park") in 1919\.
Following World War I there were several changes at Fort Moultrie as part of a forcewide partial disarmament of the coast defense system. Battery Bingham's two [4\.7\-inch Armstrong guns](/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV%23United_States_service "QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV#United States service") and Battery McCorkle's three [3\-inch M1898 guns](/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898 "3-inch gun M1898") were removed in 1919–20 as part of a general removal from service of some gun types. Eight of Battery Capron\-Butler's mortars were removed and the remaining eight replaced with [M1890 mortars](/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar "12-inch coast defense mortar") on M1896 carriages in 1920\. The removal of half the mortars was a forcewide measure to increase the rate of fire by reducing overcrowding of mortar pits during reloading.
With the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") in 1939 and the [Fall of France](/wiki/Fall_of_France "Fall of France") in 1940, a comprehensive upgrade of US coastal fortifications was implemented. In the early part of the war the [Harbor Defenses of Charleston](/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command "Harbor Defense Command") were garrisoned by the [13th Coast Artillery Regiment](/wiki/13th_Coast_Artillery_%28United_States%29 "13th Coast Artillery (United States)") of the [Regular Army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 "Regular Army (United States)") and the 263rd Coast Artillery Regiment of the [South Carolina National Guard](/wiki/South_Carolina_National_Guard "South Carolina National Guard").{{cite book \|last\=Stanton \|first\=Shelby L. \|title\=World War II Order of Battle \|publisher\=Galahad Books \|year\=1991 \|pages\=456, 472, 478 \|isbn\=0\-88365\-775\-9}} The Marshall Military Reservation, a sub\-post of Fort Moultrie, was established in the northeast part of Sullivan's Island to accommodate the new batteries. The batteries built during World War II at and near Fort Moultrie were:
* BCN \= Battery Construction Number
* AMTB \= Anti\-[Motor Torpedo Boat](/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat "Motor Torpedo Boat") Battery
| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BCN 520 | 2 | [12\-inch gun M1895](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895 "12-inch gun M1895") | long\-range [barbette](/wiki/Barbette "Barbette") M1917 | 1944–1947 |
| BCN 230 | 2 | [6\-inch gun M1](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1 "6-inch gun M1") | shielded barbette M4 | Not armed |
| unnamed | 4 | [155 mm gun M1918](/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918 "155 mm gun M1918") | towed with [Panama mounts](/wiki/Panama_mount "Panama mount") | 1941–1945 |
| AMTB 2A | 4 | [90 mm gun](/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3 "90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3") | two fixed T2/M1, two towed | 1943–1946 |
|
Additionally, a battery of two [16\-inch guns](/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun "16") designated BCN 125 was proposed for [James Island](/wiki/James_Island_%28South_Carolina%29 "James Island (South Carolina)"), south of Charleston Harbor, but was never built.
The unnamed battery of four [155 mm M1918](/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918 "155 mm gun M1918") towed guns on concrete [Panama mounts](/wiki/Panama_mount "Panama mount") was established in 1941 to quickly augment Charleston's harbor defenses.[Marshall Military Reservation article at FortWiki.com](http://www.fortwiki.com/Marshall_Military_Reservation)
[thumb\|right\|200px\|12\-inch [casemated](/wiki/Casemate "Casemate") gun, similar to those of BCN 520](/wiki/File:12-inch-in-casemate.jpg "12-inch-in-casemate.jpg")
The construction of the long\-range BCN 520 with [12\-inch guns](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895 "12-inch gun M1895") rendered all previous gun defenses in the Charleston area obsolete. BCN 520 was armed with guns removed from Battery Kimble at [Fort Travis](/wiki/Fort_Crockett "Fort Crockett"), [Galveston, Texas](/wiki/Galveston%2C_Texas "Galveston, Texas"). Almost all of Fort Moultrie's previous armament was scrapped in 1942, except Battery Thomson's pair of 10\-inch guns and Battery Lord's pair of 3\-inch guns. The two fixed emplacements of AMTB 2A were built on the former 10\-inch Battery Jasper. A Harbor Entrance Control Post (HECP) to coordinate Army and Navy harbor defenses was established at the old fort and has been refurbished as an exhibit.
On August 15, 1947, the Army lowered Fort Moultrie's flag for the last time and ended 171 years of service. After the war, due to changes in military technology, including submarines and nuclear weapons, seacoast defense of the United States ceased to be a viable strategy.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### American Revolution",
"Col. Moultrie took command of Sullivan's Island on March 2, 1776, which included a garrison of 413 men of the [2nd South Carolina Regiment](/wiki/2nd_South_Carolina_Regiment \"2nd South Carolina Regiment\") of Infantry and 22 men of the 4th South Carolina Regiment, artillery. The island included a fort, still under construction at the southern tip, which was being supervised by Capt. De Brahm. The square design, with corner [bastions](/wiki/Bastion \"Bastion\"), was supposed to have parallel rows of palmetto logs {{convert\\|10\\|ft\\|m \\|disp\\=x \\| high (\\|)}}, filled in with {{convert\\|16\\|ft\\|m\\|disp\\=x\\| of sand (\\|)}}. However, by June 28, only the front (the southeast and southeast [curtain walls](/wiki/Curtain_wall_%28fortification%29 \"Curtain wall (fortification)\") and bastions) was complete. The northern portion of the fort was unfinished, standing at only {{cvt\\|7\\|ft}}. [Cavaliers](/wiki/Cavalier_%28fortification%29 \"Cavalier (fortification)\") were constructed along the rear walls. The blue flag on the southeast bastion had the word \"Liberty\" on it. A total of 31 guns commanded the approach from Five Fathom Hole offshore, past the island and the Middle Ground [shoal](/wiki/Shoal \"Shoal\"), before ships could enter the harbor.{{cite book \\|last1\\= McCrady \\|first1\\=Edward \\|title\\= The History of South Carolina in the Revolution 1775–1780 \\|url\\= https://archive.org/details/historysouthcar10mccrgoog \\|date\\=1901 \\|publisher\\= The Macmillan Company \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/historysouthcar10mccrgoog/page/n185 141]–145, 154, 867}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Moultrie \\|first1\\=William \\|title\\= Memoirs of the American Revolution \\|date\\=1802 \\|publisher\\= David Longworth \\|location\\= New York \\|pages\\= 53,124,149,157–158}}",
"South Carolina patriots began to build a fort to guard [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\"), harbor in 1776\\. [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") Admiral [Sir Peter Parker](/wiki/Sir_Peter_Parker%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet\") led a fleet of nine warships in an [attack against the fort](/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island \"Battle of Sullivan's Island\")—known as Fort Sullivan and incomplete—on June 28, 1776, near the beginning of the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\").[Fort Moultrie at NorthAmericanForts.com](http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/sc2.html#harbor) The soft palmetto logs did not crack under bombardment but rather absorbed the shot; cannonballs reportedly even bounced off the walls of the structure. [William Moultrie](/wiki/William_Moultrie \"William Moultrie\"), commander of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment, and his four hundred men fought a day\\-long battle that ended with Parker's heavily damaged fleet being driven from the area.Fort Moultrie brochure, [United States Department of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior \"United States Department of the Interior\"), [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service \"National Park Service\") The fort hence took its name, as Fort Moultrie, in his honor. Charleston locals celebrate \"[Carolina Day](/wiki/Carolina_Day \"Carolina Day\")\" to commemorate the bravery of the defenders of the fort.",
"During this battle, Moultrie flew a flag of his own design, authorized by the colonial government. It was later called the [Moultrie flag](/wiki/Moultrie_flag \"Moultrie flag\"), or Liberty flag, and became iconic to the Revolution in the South.",
"The British eventually captured Fort Moultrie, as part of the [Siege of Charleston](/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston \"Siege of Charleston\") in spring 1780, and renamed it as Fort Arbuthnot. Nevertheless, the Patriots won the war, and British troops departed in 1782, at which time the flag was presented in Charleston, by General [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene \"Nathanael Greene\"), commander of the southern Regulars.",
"### Early federal period",
"[Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\") and [France](/wiki/France \"France\") began another war in 1793, heightening tensions. The United States of America thence embarked on a significant fortification program for important harbors, later called the [First System of fortifications](/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States \"Seacoast defense in the United States\"). Atop the decayed original Fort Moultrie, the Army completed a new fort in 1798; the Army also built nineteen other new forts along the Atlantic coast.Wade, pp. 59–60\\. The fort was garrisoned by Captain Jonathan Robeson's company of the [Regiment of Artillerists](/wiki/Early_U.S._Artillery_formations \"Early U.S. Artillery formations\") in 1802\\. However, after years of neglect, the [Antigua–Charleston hurricane](/wiki/1804_Antigua%E2%80%93Charleston_hurricane \"1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane\") destroyed Fort Moultrie in 1804\\.Wade, pp. 85–88, 106\\.",
"Fort Moultrie was rebuilt as part of the Second System of fortifications in 1808–09, under the direction of Army engineer [Alexander Macomb](/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_%28general%29 \"Alexander Macomb (general)\").Wade, p. 154\\. A report by the [Secretary of War](/wiki/Secretary_of_War \"Secretary of War\"), on fortifications in December 1811, describes Fort Moultrie as:\n \"an irregular form, built of brick, presenting a battery of three sides on the sea front, and the whole is enclosed with ramparts, parapets, \\&c. mounting 40 guns. … The barracks are of brick … for five hundred (soldiers)\".Wade, p. 245",
"Fort Moultrie's main design did not change much over the next five decades. The Army altered the parapet and modernized the armament, but defense of Charleston centered increasingly around newly created [Fort Sumter](/wiki/Fort_Sumter \"Fort Sumter\"). By the time of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), Fort Moultrie, Fort Sumter, Fort Johnson, and [Castle Pinckney](/wiki/Castle_Pinckney \"Castle Pinckney\") surrounded and defended Charleston.",
"Fort Moultrie began to record meteorological observations in the early 1820s.",
"For fifty years the Army detained Native American prisoners at Fort Moultrie. [Seminole](/wiki/Seminole \"Seminole\") Indian fighter [Osceola](/wiki/Osceola \"Osceola\") and some fellow Seminoles were captured in late 1837 and transferred to the fort. Osceola died of malaria in January 1838; the Army buried his corpse at the front gate of Fort Moultrie and thereafter maintained his grave.",
"### Civil War",
"In the months leading up to the Civil War, [John L. Gardner](/wiki/John_L._Gardner_%28brigadier_general%29 \"John L. Gardner (brigadier general)\") was in command at Fort Moultrie. With secession growing more imminent, Gardner had made several requests to Secretary of War [John B. Floyd](/wiki/John_B._Floyd \"John B. Floyd\") for more troops to garrison and defend the undermanned fortress. Each time his requests were ignored, as Floyd (who joined the Confederacy) was planning to hand the forts in Charleston Harbor over to the secessionists.",
"South Carolina seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860, after the first election of President Abraham Lincoln. Around this time a Federal garrison from the [1st US Artillery](/wiki/1st_Regiment_of_Artillery \"1st Regiment of Artillery\") was sent to Fort Moultrie. Unlike the state militia at the other forts, the U.S. [Regular Army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 \"Regular Army (United States)\") defenders of Fort Moultrie chose not to surrender to the South Carolina forces. On December 26, 1860, Union Major [Robert Anderson](/wiki/Robert_Anderson_%28Civil_War%29 \"Robert Anderson (Civil War)\") moved his garrison from Fort Moultrie to the stronger [Fort Sumter](/wiki/Fort_Sumter \"Fort Sumter\"). On February 8, 1861, South Carolina joined the five other seceded Deep Southern states to form the [Confederate States of America](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\"). In April 1861, Confederate troops shelled Fort Sumter into submission, and the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") began.",
"In April 1863, Federal [ironclads](/wiki/Ironclad \"Ironclad\") and shore batteries began a bombardment of Fort Moultrie and the other forts around Charleston harbor. Over the ensuing twenty months, Union bombardment reduced Fort Sumter to a rubble pile and pounded Fort Moultrie below a sand hill, which protected it against further bombardment. The [rifled cannon](/wiki/Cannon%2318th_and_19th_centuries \"Cannon#18th and 19th centuries\") proved its superiority to brickwork fortifications but not to the endurance of the Confederate artillerymen who continued to man Fort Moultrie. In February 1865, as General Sherman marched through South Carolina, the Confederate soldiers finally abandoned the rubble of Fort Moultrie and evacuated the city of Charleston.",
"### Postbellum period and 20th century",
"The U.S. Army modernized Fort Moultrie in the 1870s with new weapons and deep concrete bunkers. Weapons of this period included 15\\-inch and 10\\-inch [Rodman guns](/wiki/Rodman_gun \"Rodman gun\") ({{cvt\\|15\\|and\\|10\\|in\\|mm\\|disp\\=out}}), which were [smoothbores](/wiki/Smoothbore \"Smoothbore\"), and 8\\-inch [converted rifles](/wiki/Rodman_gun%23Rifled_Rodmans \"Rodman gun#Rifled Rodmans\"), lined down from 10\\-inch Rodmans.",
"Beginning in 1897, Fort Moultrie's armament was modernized under the large\\-scale [Endicott Program](/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications \"Board of Fortifications\") of coast defenses. Eight new reinforced\\-concrete batteries were completed by 1906, and part of the Second System fort was demolished to make room for batteries Bingham, McCorkle, and Lord.[Fort Moultrie article at FortWiki](http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Moultrie)Berhow, p. 213 The fort also had a [mine casemate](/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense \"Submarine mines in United States harbor defense\") to control a naval minefield. In 1901 Coast Artillery units were designated from heavy artillery units, and in 1907 the [United States Army Coast Artillery Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps \"United States Army Coast Artillery Corps\") was formed to garrison the new coast defenses.Berhow, pp. 423–427",
"The Endicott Program batteries at Fort Moultrie were:",
"| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Capron](/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron \"Allyn K. Capron\")\\-[Butler](/wiki/Pierce_M._Butler \"Pierce M. Butler\") | 16 | [12\\-inch mortar M1886](/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar \"12-inch coast defense mortar\") | [barbette](/wiki/Barbette \"Barbette\") M1891 | 1898–1942 |\n| [Jasper](/wiki/Battery_Jasper \"Battery Jasper\") | 4 | [10\\-inch gun M1888](/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1888 \"10-inch gun M1888\") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\") M1896 | 1898–1942 |\n| [Thomson](/wiki/Battery_Thomson \"Battery Thomson\") | 2 | [10\\-inch gun M1900](/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1900 \"10-inch gun M1900\") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\") M1901 | 1906–1945 |\n| [Gadsden](/wiki/Battery_Gadsden \"Battery Gadsden\") | 4 | [6\\-inch gun M1903](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1903 \"6-inch gun M1903\") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\") M1903 | 1906–1917 |\n| Logan | 1 | [6\\-inch Armstrong gun](/wiki/QF_6_inch_/40_naval_gun%23US_service \"QF 6 inch /40 naval gun#US service\") | pedestal | 1899–1904 |\n| Logan | 1 | [6\\-inch gun M1897](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1897 \"6-inch gun M1897\") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\") M1898 | 1899–1944 |\n| Bingham | 2 | [4\\.72\\-inch 45 caliber Armstrong gun](/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV%23United_States_service \"QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV#United States service\") | pedestal | 1899–1919 |\n| McCorkle | 3 | [3\\-inch gun M1898](/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898 \"3-inch gun M1898\") | masking parapet M1898 | 1901–1920 |\n| [Lord](/wiki/George_Edwin_Lord \"George Edwin Lord\") | 2 | [3\\-inch M1902 seacoast gun](/wiki/3-inch_M1902_seacoast_gun \"3-inch M1902 seacoast gun\") | pedestal M1902 | 1905–1946 |\n|",
"",
"[200px\\|right\\|thumb\\|12\\-inch mortars in a pit; Battery Capron had four pits of this type](/wiki/File:12-inch_Mortars_at_Battery_Meigs%2C_Fort_Washington%2C_MD.png \"12-inch Mortars at Battery Meigs, Fort Washington, MD.png\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|10\\-inch disappearing gun at [Fort Casey](/wiki/Fort_Casey \"Fort Casey\"), Washington state, similar to those at Fort Moultrie.](/wiki/File:Fort_Casey_07.jpg \"Fort Casey 07.jpg\")\nBattery Capron, with sixteen 12\\-inch mortars, was the largest component of the new defenses. In 1906 it was organizationally split into two batteries, Capron and Butler, each with eight mortars. Batteries [Jasper](/wiki/Battery_Jasper \"Battery Jasper\") and [Thomson](/wiki/Battery_Thomson \"Battery Thomson\") provided longer\\-range weapons with a total of six 10\\-inch [disappearing guns](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\"). In April 1898 the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\") broke out, with Fort Moultrie's smaller, rapid\\-fire batteries still years from completion. Batteries Logan and Bingham were added to the fort, mostly equipped with weapons purchased from the United Kingdom.[Congressional serial set, 1900, *Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain*, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office](https://books.google.com/books?id=RUtZAAAAIAAJ&dq=submarine+mine+kennebec&pg=PA3780) In 1901 Battery McCorkle was added to defend the minefield against [minesweepers](/wiki/Minesweeper \"Minesweeper\") with three 3\\-inch guns on retractable masking parapet carriages. In 1905 Battery Lord was added with two 3\\-inch guns, and in 1906 [Battery Gadsden](/wiki/Battery_Gadsden \"Battery Gadsden\") provided four 6\\-inch rapid\\-fire disappearing guns.",
"These batteries were supplemented in 1899 by a pair of [12\\-inch guns](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1888 \"12-inch gun M1888\") at Fort Sumter. Forts Moultrie and Sumter constituted the [Coast Defenses of Charleston](/wiki/Coast_Defense_Command \"Coast Defense Command\"), as the Charleston Coast Artillery District was designated in 1913\\.[Fort Sumter article at FortWiki](http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Sumter)[*Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview* at the Coast Defense Study Group website](http://cdsg.org/old/reprint%20PDFs/CACorg2011.pdf)Rinaldi, pp. 165–166",
"Battery Capron was named for Captain [Allyn K. Capron](/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron \"Allyn K. Capron\") of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry, the famous \"[Rough Riders](/wiki/Rough_Riders \"Rough Riders\")\", who was the first US Army officer killed in the Spanish–American War. Battery Butler was named for Colonel [Pierce M. Butler](/wiki/Pierce_M._Butler \"Pierce M. Butler\") of the [Palmetto Regiment](/wiki/Palmetto_Regiment \"Palmetto Regiment\"), killed in the [Battle of Churubusco](/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco \"Battle of Churubusco\") in the 1847 [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\"). Battery Jasper was named for Sergeant William Jasper of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment, a hero of the 1776 attack on the fort. Battery Thomson was named for Colonel William Thomson of the 3rd South Carolina Regiment, commended for defending Charleston in June 1776\\. Battery Gadsden was named for Brigadier General [Christopher Gadsden](/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden \"Christopher Gadsden\"), a South Carolina officer of the Revolutionary War. Battery Logan was named for Captain William Logan, killed fighting the [Nez Perce](/wiki/Nez_Perce_people \"Nez Perce people\") in 1877\\. Battery Bingham was named for 2nd Lieutenant Horatio Bingham, killed fighting the [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux \"Sioux\") in 1866\\. Battery McCorkle was named for 1st Lieutenant Henry McCorkle of the [25th US Infantry Regiment](/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"25th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"), killed in the [Battle of El Caney](/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney \"Battle of El Caney\") in the Spanish–American War. Battery Lord was named for Assistant Surgeon [George Edwin Lord](/wiki/George_Edwin_Lord \"George Edwin Lord\"), killed at the [Battle of the Little Big Horn](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Big_Horn \"Battle of the Little Big Horn\"), also called \"Custer's Last Stand\", in 1876\\.",
"In 1904 Battery Logan's 6\\-inch Armstrong gun was removed and most likely transferred to [Fort Adams](/wiki/Fort_Adams \"Fort Adams\").",
"After the US entered [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Battery Gadsden's four 6\\-inch guns were removed for service on field carriages on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\") in 1917 and were never returned to the fort. Records show the guns arrived in France, but a history of the Coast Artillery in World War I states that none of the regiments in France equipped with 6\\-inch guns completed training in time to see action before the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 \"Armistice of 11 November 1918\").[History of the Coast Artillery Corps in WWI](http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/defeating_the_hun.htm)",
"Two of Battery Jasper's four 10\\-inch guns were similarly removed in 1918 for potential use as [railway guns](/wiki/Railway_gun \"Railway gun\"); they were never returned to the fort but were replaced with guns from [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park \"Fort Washington Park\") in 1919\\.",
"Following World War I there were several changes at Fort Moultrie as part of a forcewide partial disarmament of the coast defense system. Battery Bingham's two [4\\.7\\-inch Armstrong guns](/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV%23United_States_service \"QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV#United States service\") and Battery McCorkle's three [3\\-inch M1898 guns](/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898 \"3-inch gun M1898\") were removed in 1919–20 as part of a general removal from service of some gun types. Eight of Battery Capron\\-Butler's mortars were removed and the remaining eight replaced with [M1890 mortars](/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar \"12-inch coast defense mortar\") on M1896 carriages in 1920\\. The removal of half the mortars was a forcewide measure to increase the rate of fire by reducing overcrowding of mortar pits during reloading.",
"With the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") in 1939 and the [Fall of France](/wiki/Fall_of_France \"Fall of France\") in 1940, a comprehensive upgrade of US coastal fortifications was implemented. In the early part of the war the [Harbor Defenses of Charleston](/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command \"Harbor Defense Command\") were garrisoned by the [13th Coast Artillery Regiment](/wiki/13th_Coast_Artillery_%28United_States%29 \"13th Coast Artillery (United States)\") of the [Regular Army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 \"Regular Army (United States)\") and the 263rd Coast Artillery Regiment of the [South Carolina National Guard](/wiki/South_Carolina_National_Guard \"South Carolina National Guard\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Stanton \\|first\\=Shelby L. \\|title\\=World War II Order of Battle \\|publisher\\=Galahad Books \\|year\\=1991 \\|pages\\=456, 472, 478 \\|isbn\\=0\\-88365\\-775\\-9}} The Marshall Military Reservation, a sub\\-post of Fort Moultrie, was established in the northeast part of Sullivan's Island to accommodate the new batteries. The batteries built during World War II at and near Fort Moultrie were:\n* BCN \\= Battery Construction Number\n* AMTB \\= Anti\\-[Motor Torpedo Boat](/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat \"Motor Torpedo Boat\") Battery",
"| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| BCN 520 | 2 | [12\\-inch gun M1895](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895 \"12-inch gun M1895\") | long\\-range [barbette](/wiki/Barbette \"Barbette\") M1917 | 1944–1947 |\n| BCN 230 | 2 | [6\\-inch gun M1](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1 \"6-inch gun M1\") | shielded barbette M4 | Not armed |\n| unnamed | 4 | [155 mm gun M1918](/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918 \"155 mm gun M1918\") | towed with [Panama mounts](/wiki/Panama_mount \"Panama mount\") | 1941–1945 |\n| AMTB 2A | 4 | [90 mm gun](/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3 \"90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3\") | two fixed T2/M1, two towed | 1943–1946 |\n|",
"Additionally, a battery of two [16\\-inch guns](/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun \"16\") designated BCN 125 was proposed for [James Island](/wiki/James_Island_%28South_Carolina%29 \"James Island (South Carolina)\"), south of Charleston Harbor, but was never built.",
"The unnamed battery of four [155 mm M1918](/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918 \"155 mm gun M1918\") towed guns on concrete [Panama mounts](/wiki/Panama_mount \"Panama mount\") was established in 1941 to quickly augment Charleston's harbor defenses.[Marshall Military Reservation article at FortWiki.com](http://www.fortwiki.com/Marshall_Military_Reservation)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|12\\-inch [casemated](/wiki/Casemate \"Casemate\") gun, similar to those of BCN 520](/wiki/File:12-inch-in-casemate.jpg \"12-inch-in-casemate.jpg\")\nThe construction of the long\\-range BCN 520 with [12\\-inch guns](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895 \"12-inch gun M1895\") rendered all previous gun defenses in the Charleston area obsolete. BCN 520 was armed with guns removed from Battery Kimble at [Fort Travis](/wiki/Fort_Crockett \"Fort Crockett\"), [Galveston, Texas](/wiki/Galveston%2C_Texas \"Galveston, Texas\"). Almost all of Fort Moultrie's previous armament was scrapped in 1942, except Battery Thomson's pair of 10\\-inch guns and Battery Lord's pair of 3\\-inch guns. The two fixed emplacements of AMTB 2A were built on the former 10\\-inch Battery Jasper. A Harbor Entrance Control Post (HECP) to coordinate Army and Navy harbor defenses was established at the old fort and has been refurbished as an exhibit.",
"On August 15, 1947, the Army lowered Fort Moultrie's flag for the last time and ended 171 years of service. After the war, due to changes in military technology, including submarines and nuclear weapons, seacoast defense of the United States ceased to be a viable strategy.",
""
] |
### Postbellum period and 20th century
The U.S. Army modernized Fort Moultrie in the 1870s with new weapons and deep concrete bunkers. Weapons of this period included 15\-inch and 10\-inch [Rodman guns](/wiki/Rodman_gun "Rodman gun") ({{cvt\|15\|and\|10\|in\|mm\|disp\=out}}), which were [smoothbores](/wiki/Smoothbore "Smoothbore"), and 8\-inch [converted rifles](/wiki/Rodman_gun%23Rifled_Rodmans "Rodman gun#Rifled Rodmans"), lined down from 10\-inch Rodmans.
Beginning in 1897, Fort Moultrie's armament was modernized under the large\-scale [Endicott Program](/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications "Board of Fortifications") of coast defenses. Eight new reinforced\-concrete batteries were completed by 1906, and part of the Second System fort was demolished to make room for batteries Bingham, McCorkle, and Lord.[Fort Moultrie article at FortWiki](http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Moultrie)Berhow, p. 213 The fort also had a [mine casemate](/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense "Submarine mines in United States harbor defense") to control a naval minefield. In 1901 Coast Artillery units were designated from heavy artillery units, and in 1907 the [United States Army Coast Artillery Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps "United States Army Coast Artillery Corps") was formed to garrison the new coast defenses.Berhow, pp. 423–427
The Endicott Program batteries at Fort Moultrie were:
| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Capron](/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron "Allyn K. Capron")\-[Butler](/wiki/Pierce_M._Butler "Pierce M. Butler") | 16 | [12\-inch mortar M1886](/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar "12-inch coast defense mortar") | [barbette](/wiki/Barbette "Barbette") M1891 | 1898–1942 |
| [Jasper](/wiki/Battery_Jasper "Battery Jasper") | 4 | [10\-inch gun M1888](/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1888 "10-inch gun M1888") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun") M1896 | 1898–1942 |
| [Thomson](/wiki/Battery_Thomson "Battery Thomson") | 2 | [10\-inch gun M1900](/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1900 "10-inch gun M1900") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun") M1901 | 1906–1945 |
| [Gadsden](/wiki/Battery_Gadsden "Battery Gadsden") | 4 | [6\-inch gun M1903](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1903 "6-inch gun M1903") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun") M1903 | 1906–1917 |
| Logan | 1 | [6\-inch Armstrong gun](/wiki/QF_6_inch_/40_naval_gun%23US_service "QF 6 inch /40 naval gun#US service") | pedestal | 1899–1904 |
| Logan | 1 | [6\-inch gun M1897](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1897 "6-inch gun M1897") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun") M1898 | 1899–1944 |
| Bingham | 2 | [4\.72\-inch 45 caliber Armstrong gun](/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV%23United_States_service "QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV#United States service") | pedestal | 1899–1919 |
| McCorkle | 3 | [3\-inch gun M1898](/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898 "3-inch gun M1898") | masking parapet M1898 | 1901–1920 |
| [Lord](/wiki/George_Edwin_Lord "George Edwin Lord") | 2 | [3\-inch M1902 seacoast gun](/wiki/3-inch_M1902_seacoast_gun "3-inch M1902 seacoast gun") | pedestal M1902 | 1905–1946 |
|
[200px\|right\|thumb\|12\-inch mortars in a pit; Battery Capron had four pits of this type](/wiki/File:12-inch_Mortars_at_Battery_Meigs%2C_Fort_Washington%2C_MD.png "12-inch Mortars at Battery Meigs, Fort Washington, MD.png")
[thumb\|right\|250px\|10\-inch disappearing gun at [Fort Casey](/wiki/Fort_Casey "Fort Casey"), Washington state, similar to those at Fort Moultrie.](/wiki/File:Fort_Casey_07.jpg "Fort Casey 07.jpg")
Battery Capron, with sixteen 12\-inch mortars, was the largest component of the new defenses. In 1906 it was organizationally split into two batteries, Capron and Butler, each with eight mortars. Batteries [Jasper](/wiki/Battery_Jasper "Battery Jasper") and [Thomson](/wiki/Battery_Thomson "Battery Thomson") provided longer\-range weapons with a total of six 10\-inch [disappearing guns](/wiki/Disappearing_gun "Disappearing gun"). In April 1898 the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War") broke out, with Fort Moultrie's smaller, rapid\-fire batteries still years from completion. Batteries Logan and Bingham were added to the fort, mostly equipped with weapons purchased from the United Kingdom.[Congressional serial set, 1900, *Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain*, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office](https://books.google.com/books?id=RUtZAAAAIAAJ&dq=submarine+mine+kennebec&pg=PA3780) In 1901 Battery McCorkle was added to defend the minefield against [minesweepers](/wiki/Minesweeper "Minesweeper") with three 3\-inch guns on retractable masking parapet carriages. In 1905 Battery Lord was added with two 3\-inch guns, and in 1906 [Battery Gadsden](/wiki/Battery_Gadsden "Battery Gadsden") provided four 6\-inch rapid\-fire disappearing guns.
These batteries were supplemented in 1899 by a pair of [12\-inch guns](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1888 "12-inch gun M1888") at Fort Sumter. Forts Moultrie and Sumter constituted the [Coast Defenses of Charleston](/wiki/Coast_Defense_Command "Coast Defense Command"), as the Charleston Coast Artillery District was designated in 1913\.[Fort Sumter article at FortWiki](http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Sumter)[*Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview* at the Coast Defense Study Group website](http://cdsg.org/old/reprint%20PDFs/CACorg2011.pdf)Rinaldi, pp. 165–166
Battery Capron was named for Captain [Allyn K. Capron](/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron "Allyn K. Capron") of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry, the famous "[Rough Riders](/wiki/Rough_Riders "Rough Riders")", who was the first US Army officer killed in the Spanish–American War. Battery Butler was named for Colonel [Pierce M. Butler](/wiki/Pierce_M._Butler "Pierce M. Butler") of the [Palmetto Regiment](/wiki/Palmetto_Regiment "Palmetto Regiment"), killed in the [Battle of Churubusco](/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco "Battle of Churubusco") in the 1847 [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War"). Battery Jasper was named for Sergeant William Jasper of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment, a hero of the 1776 attack on the fort. Battery Thomson was named for Colonel William Thomson of the 3rd South Carolina Regiment, commended for defending Charleston in June 1776\. Battery Gadsden was named for Brigadier General [Christopher Gadsden](/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden "Christopher Gadsden"), a South Carolina officer of the Revolutionary War. Battery Logan was named for Captain William Logan, killed fighting the [Nez Perce](/wiki/Nez_Perce_people "Nez Perce people") in 1877\. Battery Bingham was named for 2nd Lieutenant Horatio Bingham, killed fighting the [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux "Sioux") in 1866\. Battery McCorkle was named for 1st Lieutenant Henry McCorkle of the [25th US Infantry Regiment](/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "25th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), killed in the [Battle of El Caney](/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney "Battle of El Caney") in the Spanish–American War. Battery Lord was named for Assistant Surgeon [George Edwin Lord](/wiki/George_Edwin_Lord "George Edwin Lord"), killed at the [Battle of the Little Big Horn](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Big_Horn "Battle of the Little Big Horn"), also called "Custer's Last Stand", in 1876\.
In 1904 Battery Logan's 6\-inch Armstrong gun was removed and most likely transferred to [Fort Adams](/wiki/Fort_Adams "Fort Adams").
After the US entered [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Battery Gadsden's four 6\-inch guns were removed for service on field carriages on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)") in 1917 and were never returned to the fort. Records show the guns arrived in France, but a history of the Coast Artillery in World War I states that none of the regiments in France equipped with 6\-inch guns completed training in time to see action before the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 "Armistice of 11 November 1918").[History of the Coast Artillery Corps in WWI](http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/defeating_the_hun.htm)
Two of Battery Jasper's four 10\-inch guns were similarly removed in 1918 for potential use as [railway guns](/wiki/Railway_gun "Railway gun"); they were never returned to the fort but were replaced with guns from [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park "Fort Washington Park") in 1919\.
Following World War I there were several changes at Fort Moultrie as part of a forcewide partial disarmament of the coast defense system. Battery Bingham's two [4\.7\-inch Armstrong guns](/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV%23United_States_service "QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV#United States service") and Battery McCorkle's three [3\-inch M1898 guns](/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898 "3-inch gun M1898") were removed in 1919–20 as part of a general removal from service of some gun types. Eight of Battery Capron\-Butler's mortars were removed and the remaining eight replaced with [M1890 mortars](/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar "12-inch coast defense mortar") on M1896 carriages in 1920\. The removal of half the mortars was a forcewide measure to increase the rate of fire by reducing overcrowding of mortar pits during reloading.
With the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") in 1939 and the [Fall of France](/wiki/Fall_of_France "Fall of France") in 1940, a comprehensive upgrade of US coastal fortifications was implemented. In the early part of the war the [Harbor Defenses of Charleston](/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command "Harbor Defense Command") were garrisoned by the [13th Coast Artillery Regiment](/wiki/13th_Coast_Artillery_%28United_States%29 "13th Coast Artillery (United States)") of the [Regular Army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 "Regular Army (United States)") and the 263rd Coast Artillery Regiment of the [South Carolina National Guard](/wiki/South_Carolina_National_Guard "South Carolina National Guard").{{cite book \|last\=Stanton \|first\=Shelby L. \|title\=World War II Order of Battle \|publisher\=Galahad Books \|year\=1991 \|pages\=456, 472, 478 \|isbn\=0\-88365\-775\-9}} The Marshall Military Reservation, a sub\-post of Fort Moultrie, was established in the northeast part of Sullivan's Island to accommodate the new batteries. The batteries built during World War II at and near Fort Moultrie were:
* BCN \= Battery Construction Number
* AMTB \= Anti\-[Motor Torpedo Boat](/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat "Motor Torpedo Boat") Battery
| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BCN 520 | 2 | [12\-inch gun M1895](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895 "12-inch gun M1895") | long\-range [barbette](/wiki/Barbette "Barbette") M1917 | 1944–1947 |
| BCN 230 | 2 | [6\-inch gun M1](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1 "6-inch gun M1") | shielded barbette M4 | Not armed |
| unnamed | 4 | [155 mm gun M1918](/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918 "155 mm gun M1918") | towed with [Panama mounts](/wiki/Panama_mount "Panama mount") | 1941–1945 |
| AMTB 2A | 4 | [90 mm gun](/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3 "90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3") | two fixed T2/M1, two towed | 1943–1946 |
|
Additionally, a battery of two [16\-inch guns](/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun "16") designated BCN 125 was proposed for [James Island](/wiki/James_Island_%28South_Carolina%29 "James Island (South Carolina)"), south of Charleston Harbor, but was never built.
The unnamed battery of four [155 mm M1918](/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918 "155 mm gun M1918") towed guns on concrete [Panama mounts](/wiki/Panama_mount "Panama mount") was established in 1941 to quickly augment Charleston's harbor defenses.[Marshall Military Reservation article at FortWiki.com](http://www.fortwiki.com/Marshall_Military_Reservation)
[thumb\|right\|200px\|12\-inch [casemated](/wiki/Casemate "Casemate") gun, similar to those of BCN 520](/wiki/File:12-inch-in-casemate.jpg "12-inch-in-casemate.jpg")
The construction of the long\-range BCN 520 with [12\-inch guns](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895 "12-inch gun M1895") rendered all previous gun defenses in the Charleston area obsolete. BCN 520 was armed with guns removed from Battery Kimble at [Fort Travis](/wiki/Fort_Crockett "Fort Crockett"), [Galveston, Texas](/wiki/Galveston%2C_Texas "Galveston, Texas"). Almost all of Fort Moultrie's previous armament was scrapped in 1942, except Battery Thomson's pair of 10\-inch guns and Battery Lord's pair of 3\-inch guns. The two fixed emplacements of AMTB 2A were built on the former 10\-inch Battery Jasper. A Harbor Entrance Control Post (HECP) to coordinate Army and Navy harbor defenses was established at the old fort and has been refurbished as an exhibit.
On August 15, 1947, the Army lowered Fort Moultrie's flag for the last time and ended 171 years of service. After the war, due to changes in military technology, including submarines and nuclear weapons, seacoast defense of the United States ceased to be a viable strategy.
|
[
"### Postbellum period and 20th century",
"The U.S. Army modernized Fort Moultrie in the 1870s with new weapons and deep concrete bunkers. Weapons of this period included 15\\-inch and 10\\-inch [Rodman guns](/wiki/Rodman_gun \"Rodman gun\") ({{cvt\\|15\\|and\\|10\\|in\\|mm\\|disp\\=out}}), which were [smoothbores](/wiki/Smoothbore \"Smoothbore\"), and 8\\-inch [converted rifles](/wiki/Rodman_gun%23Rifled_Rodmans \"Rodman gun#Rifled Rodmans\"), lined down from 10\\-inch Rodmans.",
"Beginning in 1897, Fort Moultrie's armament was modernized under the large\\-scale [Endicott Program](/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications \"Board of Fortifications\") of coast defenses. Eight new reinforced\\-concrete batteries were completed by 1906, and part of the Second System fort was demolished to make room for batteries Bingham, McCorkle, and Lord.[Fort Moultrie article at FortWiki](http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Moultrie)Berhow, p. 213 The fort also had a [mine casemate](/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense \"Submarine mines in United States harbor defense\") to control a naval minefield. In 1901 Coast Artillery units were designated from heavy artillery units, and in 1907 the [United States Army Coast Artillery Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps \"United States Army Coast Artillery Corps\") was formed to garrison the new coast defenses.Berhow, pp. 423–427",
"The Endicott Program batteries at Fort Moultrie were:",
"| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Capron](/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron \"Allyn K. Capron\")\\-[Butler](/wiki/Pierce_M._Butler \"Pierce M. Butler\") | 16 | [12\\-inch mortar M1886](/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar \"12-inch coast defense mortar\") | [barbette](/wiki/Barbette \"Barbette\") M1891 | 1898–1942 |\n| [Jasper](/wiki/Battery_Jasper \"Battery Jasper\") | 4 | [10\\-inch gun M1888](/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1888 \"10-inch gun M1888\") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\") M1896 | 1898–1942 |\n| [Thomson](/wiki/Battery_Thomson \"Battery Thomson\") | 2 | [10\\-inch gun M1900](/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1900 \"10-inch gun M1900\") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\") M1901 | 1906–1945 |\n| [Gadsden](/wiki/Battery_Gadsden \"Battery Gadsden\") | 4 | [6\\-inch gun M1903](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1903 \"6-inch gun M1903\") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\") M1903 | 1906–1917 |\n| Logan | 1 | [6\\-inch Armstrong gun](/wiki/QF_6_inch_/40_naval_gun%23US_service \"QF 6 inch /40 naval gun#US service\") | pedestal | 1899–1904 |\n| Logan | 1 | [6\\-inch gun M1897](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1897 \"6-inch gun M1897\") | [disappearing](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\") M1898 | 1899–1944 |\n| Bingham | 2 | [4\\.72\\-inch 45 caliber Armstrong gun](/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV%23United_States_service \"QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV#United States service\") | pedestal | 1899–1919 |\n| McCorkle | 3 | [3\\-inch gun M1898](/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898 \"3-inch gun M1898\") | masking parapet M1898 | 1901–1920 |\n| [Lord](/wiki/George_Edwin_Lord \"George Edwin Lord\") | 2 | [3\\-inch M1902 seacoast gun](/wiki/3-inch_M1902_seacoast_gun \"3-inch M1902 seacoast gun\") | pedestal M1902 | 1905–1946 |\n|",
"",
"[200px\\|right\\|thumb\\|12\\-inch mortars in a pit; Battery Capron had four pits of this type](/wiki/File:12-inch_Mortars_at_Battery_Meigs%2C_Fort_Washington%2C_MD.png \"12-inch Mortars at Battery Meigs, Fort Washington, MD.png\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|10\\-inch disappearing gun at [Fort Casey](/wiki/Fort_Casey \"Fort Casey\"), Washington state, similar to those at Fort Moultrie.](/wiki/File:Fort_Casey_07.jpg \"Fort Casey 07.jpg\")\nBattery Capron, with sixteen 12\\-inch mortars, was the largest component of the new defenses. In 1906 it was organizationally split into two batteries, Capron and Butler, each with eight mortars. Batteries [Jasper](/wiki/Battery_Jasper \"Battery Jasper\") and [Thomson](/wiki/Battery_Thomson \"Battery Thomson\") provided longer\\-range weapons with a total of six 10\\-inch [disappearing guns](/wiki/Disappearing_gun \"Disappearing gun\"). In April 1898 the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\") broke out, with Fort Moultrie's smaller, rapid\\-fire batteries still years from completion. Batteries Logan and Bingham were added to the fort, mostly equipped with weapons purchased from the United Kingdom.[Congressional serial set, 1900, *Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain*, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office](https://books.google.com/books?id=RUtZAAAAIAAJ&dq=submarine+mine+kennebec&pg=PA3780) In 1901 Battery McCorkle was added to defend the minefield against [minesweepers](/wiki/Minesweeper \"Minesweeper\") with three 3\\-inch guns on retractable masking parapet carriages. In 1905 Battery Lord was added with two 3\\-inch guns, and in 1906 [Battery Gadsden](/wiki/Battery_Gadsden \"Battery Gadsden\") provided four 6\\-inch rapid\\-fire disappearing guns.",
"These batteries were supplemented in 1899 by a pair of [12\\-inch guns](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1888 \"12-inch gun M1888\") at Fort Sumter. Forts Moultrie and Sumter constituted the [Coast Defenses of Charleston](/wiki/Coast_Defense_Command \"Coast Defense Command\"), as the Charleston Coast Artillery District was designated in 1913\\.[Fort Sumter article at FortWiki](http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Sumter)[*Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview* at the Coast Defense Study Group website](http://cdsg.org/old/reprint%20PDFs/CACorg2011.pdf)Rinaldi, pp. 165–166",
"Battery Capron was named for Captain [Allyn K. Capron](/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron \"Allyn K. Capron\") of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry, the famous \"[Rough Riders](/wiki/Rough_Riders \"Rough Riders\")\", who was the first US Army officer killed in the Spanish–American War. Battery Butler was named for Colonel [Pierce M. Butler](/wiki/Pierce_M._Butler \"Pierce M. Butler\") of the [Palmetto Regiment](/wiki/Palmetto_Regiment \"Palmetto Regiment\"), killed in the [Battle of Churubusco](/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco \"Battle of Churubusco\") in the 1847 [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\"). Battery Jasper was named for Sergeant William Jasper of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment, a hero of the 1776 attack on the fort. Battery Thomson was named for Colonel William Thomson of the 3rd South Carolina Regiment, commended for defending Charleston in June 1776\\. Battery Gadsden was named for Brigadier General [Christopher Gadsden](/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden \"Christopher Gadsden\"), a South Carolina officer of the Revolutionary War. Battery Logan was named for Captain William Logan, killed fighting the [Nez Perce](/wiki/Nez_Perce_people \"Nez Perce people\") in 1877\\. Battery Bingham was named for 2nd Lieutenant Horatio Bingham, killed fighting the [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux \"Sioux\") in 1866\\. Battery McCorkle was named for 1st Lieutenant Henry McCorkle of the [25th US Infantry Regiment](/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"25th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"), killed in the [Battle of El Caney](/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney \"Battle of El Caney\") in the Spanish–American War. Battery Lord was named for Assistant Surgeon [George Edwin Lord](/wiki/George_Edwin_Lord \"George Edwin Lord\"), killed at the [Battle of the Little Big Horn](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Big_Horn \"Battle of the Little Big Horn\"), also called \"Custer's Last Stand\", in 1876\\.",
"In 1904 Battery Logan's 6\\-inch Armstrong gun was removed and most likely transferred to [Fort Adams](/wiki/Fort_Adams \"Fort Adams\").",
"After the US entered [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Battery Gadsden's four 6\\-inch guns were removed for service on field carriages on the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\") in 1917 and were never returned to the fort. Records show the guns arrived in France, but a history of the Coast Artillery in World War I states that none of the regiments in France equipped with 6\\-inch guns completed training in time to see action before the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 \"Armistice of 11 November 1918\").[History of the Coast Artillery Corps in WWI](http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/defeating_the_hun.htm)",
"Two of Battery Jasper's four 10\\-inch guns were similarly removed in 1918 for potential use as [railway guns](/wiki/Railway_gun \"Railway gun\"); they were never returned to the fort but were replaced with guns from [Fort Washington](/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park \"Fort Washington Park\") in 1919\\.",
"Following World War I there were several changes at Fort Moultrie as part of a forcewide partial disarmament of the coast defense system. Battery Bingham's two [4\\.7\\-inch Armstrong guns](/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV%23United_States_service \"QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV#United States service\") and Battery McCorkle's three [3\\-inch M1898 guns](/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898 \"3-inch gun M1898\") were removed in 1919–20 as part of a general removal from service of some gun types. Eight of Battery Capron\\-Butler's mortars were removed and the remaining eight replaced with [M1890 mortars](/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar \"12-inch coast defense mortar\") on M1896 carriages in 1920\\. The removal of half the mortars was a forcewide measure to increase the rate of fire by reducing overcrowding of mortar pits during reloading.",
"With the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") in 1939 and the [Fall of France](/wiki/Fall_of_France \"Fall of France\") in 1940, a comprehensive upgrade of US coastal fortifications was implemented. In the early part of the war the [Harbor Defenses of Charleston](/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command \"Harbor Defense Command\") were garrisoned by the [13th Coast Artillery Regiment](/wiki/13th_Coast_Artillery_%28United_States%29 \"13th Coast Artillery (United States)\") of the [Regular Army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 \"Regular Army (United States)\") and the 263rd Coast Artillery Regiment of the [South Carolina National Guard](/wiki/South_Carolina_National_Guard \"South Carolina National Guard\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Stanton \\|first\\=Shelby L. \\|title\\=World War II Order of Battle \\|publisher\\=Galahad Books \\|year\\=1991 \\|pages\\=456, 472, 478 \\|isbn\\=0\\-88365\\-775\\-9}} The Marshall Military Reservation, a sub\\-post of Fort Moultrie, was established in the northeast part of Sullivan's Island to accommodate the new batteries. The batteries built during World War II at and near Fort Moultrie were:\n* BCN \\= Battery Construction Number\n* AMTB \\= Anti\\-[Motor Torpedo Boat](/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat \"Motor Torpedo Boat\") Battery",
"| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| BCN 520 | 2 | [12\\-inch gun M1895](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895 \"12-inch gun M1895\") | long\\-range [barbette](/wiki/Barbette \"Barbette\") M1917 | 1944–1947 |\n| BCN 230 | 2 | [6\\-inch gun M1](/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1 \"6-inch gun M1\") | shielded barbette M4 | Not armed |\n| unnamed | 4 | [155 mm gun M1918](/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918 \"155 mm gun M1918\") | towed with [Panama mounts](/wiki/Panama_mount \"Panama mount\") | 1941–1945 |\n| AMTB 2A | 4 | [90 mm gun](/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3 \"90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3\") | two fixed T2/M1, two towed | 1943–1946 |\n|",
"Additionally, a battery of two [16\\-inch guns](/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun \"16\") designated BCN 125 was proposed for [James Island](/wiki/James_Island_%28South_Carolina%29 \"James Island (South Carolina)\"), south of Charleston Harbor, but was never built.",
"The unnamed battery of four [155 mm M1918](/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918 \"155 mm gun M1918\") towed guns on concrete [Panama mounts](/wiki/Panama_mount \"Panama mount\") was established in 1941 to quickly augment Charleston's harbor defenses.[Marshall Military Reservation article at FortWiki.com](http://www.fortwiki.com/Marshall_Military_Reservation)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|12\\-inch [casemated](/wiki/Casemate \"Casemate\") gun, similar to those of BCN 520](/wiki/File:12-inch-in-casemate.jpg \"12-inch-in-casemate.jpg\")\nThe construction of the long\\-range BCN 520 with [12\\-inch guns](/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895 \"12-inch gun M1895\") rendered all previous gun defenses in the Charleston area obsolete. BCN 520 was armed with guns removed from Battery Kimble at [Fort Travis](/wiki/Fort_Crockett \"Fort Crockett\"), [Galveston, Texas](/wiki/Galveston%2C_Texas \"Galveston, Texas\"). Almost all of Fort Moultrie's previous armament was scrapped in 1942, except Battery Thomson's pair of 10\\-inch guns and Battery Lord's pair of 3\\-inch guns. The two fixed emplacements of AMTB 2A were built on the former 10\\-inch Battery Jasper. A Harbor Entrance Control Post (HECP) to coordinate Army and Navy harbor defenses was established at the old fort and has been refurbished as an exhibit.",
"On August 15, 1947, the Army lowered Fort Moultrie's flag for the last time and ended 171 years of service. After the war, due to changes in military technology, including submarines and nuclear weapons, seacoast defense of the United States ceased to be a viable strategy.",
""
] |
{{anchor\|fifth\|S200\|2009}} Fifth generation (S200; 2009\)
------------------------------------------------------------
{{Infobox automobile
\| name \= Fifth generation (S200\)
\| image \= 2009 Toyota Crown\-Majesta 01\.jpg
\| aka \= Toyota Crown Royal Saloon VIP (China)
\| production \= {{unbulleted list
\| March 2009 – September 2013
\| 2009–2015 (China)
}}
\| assembly \= {{unbulleted list
\| Japan: \[\[Toyota, Aichi\|Toyota City, Aichi]] (Motomachi plant)
\| China: \[\[Tianjin]] (\[\[Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co. Ltd.\|TFTM]])
}}
\| body\_style \= 4\-door sedan
\| platform \= \[\[Toyota N platform]]
\| related \= {{unbulleted list
\| \[\[Toyota Crown (S200\)]]
\| \[\[Lexus GS (S190\)]]
\| \[\[Hongqi H7]]
}}
\| engine \= {{unbulleted list
\| '''Petrol:'''
\| 2\.5 L ''\[\[Toyota GR engine\#5GR\-FE\|5GR\-FE]]'' V6 (China)
\| 3\.0 L ''3GR\-FE'' V6 (except Japan)
\| 4\.3 L ''3UZ\-FE'' V8 (UZS207\)
\| 4\.6 L ''\[\[Toyota UR engine\#1UR\-FSE\|1UR\-FSE]]'' V8 (URS206\)
}}
\| powerout \= {{unbulleted list
\| {{convert\|145\|kW\|hp PS\|abbr\=on\|0}} (''5GR\-FE'')
\| {{convert\|170\|kW\|hp PS\|abbr\=on\|0}} (''3GR\-FE'')
\| {{convert\|206\|kW\|hp PS\|abbr\=on\|0}} (''3UZ\-FE'')
\| {{convert\|255\|kW\|hp PS\|abbr\=on\|0}} (''1UR\-FSE'')
}}
\| transmission \= {{unbulleted list
\| 6\-speed automatic
\| 8\-speed ''\[\[Toyota A transmission\#AAxx\|AA80E]]'' automatic (4\.6 L)
}}
\| wheelbase \= {{convert\|2925\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.toyota\-global.com/company/history\_of\_toyota/75years/vehicle\_lineage/car/id60000957/index.html \|title\=75 Years of TOYOTA {{!}} In\-depth Vehicle Information, Specification {{!}} Crown Majesta 5th \|publisher\=Toyota \|year\=2012 \|access\-date\=2017\-07\-23}}
\| length \= {{convert\|4995\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on}}
\| width \= {{convert\|1810\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on}}
\| height \= {{convert\|1475\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on}}
\| weight \= {{convert\|1770\|–\|1810\|kg\|lb\|0\|abbr\=on}}
\| sp \= uk
}}
On 26 March 2009, The fifth\-generation Crown Majesta was released, evolving substantially while retaining the overall styling of its predecessor. Although it was initially reported that the name "Crown" would be removed, establishing the Majesta as an independent car, this did not happen and the car remained called the Crown Majesta. The body size expanded from the previous generation, comparable to the [LS](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF40%29 "Lexus LS (XF40)").
As with the GS and LS, the 4\.6\-litre *[1UR\-FSE](/wiki/Toyota_UR_engine%231UR-FSE "Toyota UR engine#1UR-FSE")* V8 engine is standard, however, four\-wheel drive option employed the 4\.3 L *3UZ\-FE* one. The larger engine incurs a higher [road tax liability](/wiki/Road_tax%23Japan "Road tax#Japan") than the smaller 4\.3\-litre unit.
In China, [FAW Toyota](/wiki/FAW_Toyota_Motor_Sales_Co._Ltd. "FAW Toyota Motor Sales Co. Ltd.") assembled a limited number of [left\-hand\-drive](/wiki/Left-hand-drive "Left-hand-drive") S200 series Crown Majesta, which is called Crown Royal Saloon VIP.{{cite web \| url\=https://car.autohome.com.cn/pic/series\-s6319/882\.html\#pvareaid\=3454542 \| title \= Toyota Crown Royal Saloon VIP (China)}} Another car based on the Crown was called the [Hongqi H7](/wiki/Hongqi_H7 "Hongqi H7") and has been in production since 2013\.
The body dimensions became slightly larger, and the wheelbase was extended by 75 mm to add more space to the cabin. The same 4\.6\-liter V8 engine mounted on the Lexus LS/GS (1UR\-FSE) was adopted for the front\-engine, rear\-wheel\-drive (FR) model, while the 4\-wheel\-drive (4WD) model retained the 4\.3\-liter V8 engine (3UZ\-FE).
The transmission system was an 8\-speed Super ECT automatic for the FR model, and a 6\-speed Super ECT automatic for the 4WD model. Added to the electronically controlled air suspension equipped on all models was a feature that used the GPS map data to optimize damper control.
**Trim Levels**
The URS206 comes in 3 main trim levels, although an additional 2 models are available as sub\-packages to the A and G type. The main 3 types are A Type, C Type and G Type.
* A Type is the entry level, with 5 cloth seats and a reduced entertainment system.
+ A Type with L Package is the same, but with the optional premium leather interior.
* C Type is mid spec 5 seater model. It has options for cloth or leather interior. It has a fridge behind the rear middle seat.
* G Type is the premium model 5 seater, full leather interior. Premium sound system. Heated and Cooled front seats, and heated rears.
+ G Type with F Package is the flagship model, with a 4 seat layout with rear center console. It is fully optioned, including all above features with electric ottoman reclining rear left seat. both rear seats are heated and cooled. Premium Sound package includes 19 channel amplifier and 20 speaker system.
* Options such as Sunroof, Digital Dash, automatic parking assist, and read mood lighting can be applied to C Type or higher.
On top of the existing A and C grade models, the high\-end G model was newly introduced. The standard A grade model offered an optional L package including the steering support system that enabled the driver to handle the car more effortlessly. The F package option for the 4\-seater G model included a large rear seat center console and an ottoman for the left rear seat, offering greater comfort to passengers in the rear.{{Cite web \|title\=75 Years of TOYOTA {{!}} TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE {{!}} Vehicle Lineage {{!}} In\-depth Vehicle Information, Specification \|url\=https://www.toyota\-global.com/company/history\_of\_toyota/75years/vehicle\_lineage/car/id60000957/index.html \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-08 \|website\=www.toyota\-global.com}}
File:Toyota CROWN MAJESTA (S200\) rear.JPG\|Rear view
File:Toyota Crown RoyalSaloon VIP V8 (China) (cropped).JPG\|Crown Royal Saloon VIP (China)
File:2009 Toyota Crown\-Majesta 03\.jpg\|Interior
{{clear}}
|
[
"{{anchor\\|fifth\\|S200\\|2009}} Fifth generation (S200; 2009\\)\n------------------------------------------------------------",
"{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= Fifth generation (S200\\)\n\\| image \\= 2009 Toyota Crown\\-Majesta 01\\.jpg\n\\| aka \\= Toyota Crown Royal Saloon VIP (China)\n\\| production \\= {{unbulleted list\n \\| March 2009 – September 2013\n \\| 2009–2015 (China)\n }}\n\\| assembly \\= {{unbulleted list\n \\| Japan: \\[\\[Toyota, Aichi\\|Toyota City, Aichi]] (Motomachi plant)\n \\| China: \\[\\[Tianjin]] (\\[\\[Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co. Ltd.\\|TFTM]])\n }}\n\\| body\\_style \\= 4\\-door sedan\n\\| platform \\= \\[\\[Toyota N platform]]\n\\| related \\= {{unbulleted list\n \\| \\[\\[Toyota Crown (S200\\)]]\n \\| \\[\\[Lexus GS (S190\\)]]\n \\| \\[\\[Hongqi H7]]\n }}\n\\| engine \\= {{unbulleted list\n \\| '''Petrol:'''\n \\| 2\\.5 L ''\\[\\[Toyota GR engine\\#5GR\\-FE\\|5GR\\-FE]]'' V6 (China)\n \\| 3\\.0 L ''3GR\\-FE'' V6 (except Japan)\n \\| 4\\.3 L ''3UZ\\-FE'' V8 (UZS207\\)\n \\| 4\\.6 L ''\\[\\[Toyota UR engine\\#1UR\\-FSE\\|1UR\\-FSE]]'' V8 (URS206\\)\n }}\n\\| powerout \\= {{unbulleted list\n \\| {{convert\\|145\\|kW\\|hp PS\\|abbr\\=on\\|0}} (''5GR\\-FE'')\n \\| {{convert\\|170\\|kW\\|hp PS\\|abbr\\=on\\|0}} (''3GR\\-FE'')\n \\| {{convert\\|206\\|kW\\|hp PS\\|abbr\\=on\\|0}} (''3UZ\\-FE'')\n \\| {{convert\\|255\\|kW\\|hp PS\\|abbr\\=on\\|0}} (''1UR\\-FSE'')\n }}\n\\| transmission \\= {{unbulleted list\n \\| 6\\-speed automatic\n \\| 8\\-speed ''\\[\\[Toyota A transmission\\#AAxx\\|AA80E]]'' automatic (4\\.6 L)\n }}\n\\| wheelbase \\= {{convert\\|2925\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.toyota\\-global.com/company/history\\_of\\_toyota/75years/vehicle\\_lineage/car/id60000957/index.html \\|title\\=75 Years of TOYOTA {{!}} In\\-depth Vehicle Information, Specification {{!}} Crown Majesta 5th \\|publisher\\=Toyota \\|year\\=2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-23}}\n\\| length \\= {{convert\\|4995\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| width \\= {{convert\\|1810\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| height \\= {{convert\\|1475\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| weight \\= {{convert\\|1770\\|–\\|1810\\|kg\\|lb\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| sp \\= uk\n}}",
"On 26 March 2009, The fifth\\-generation Crown Majesta was released, evolving substantially while retaining the overall styling of its predecessor. Although it was initially reported that the name \"Crown\" would be removed, establishing the Majesta as an independent car, this did not happen and the car remained called the Crown Majesta. The body size expanded from the previous generation, comparable to the [LS](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF40%29 \"Lexus LS (XF40)\").",
"As with the GS and LS, the 4\\.6\\-litre *[1UR\\-FSE](/wiki/Toyota_UR_engine%231UR-FSE \"Toyota UR engine#1UR-FSE\")* V8 engine is standard, however, four\\-wheel drive option employed the 4\\.3 L *3UZ\\-FE* one. The larger engine incurs a higher [road tax liability](/wiki/Road_tax%23Japan \"Road tax#Japan\") than the smaller 4\\.3\\-litre unit.",
"In China, [FAW Toyota](/wiki/FAW_Toyota_Motor_Sales_Co._Ltd. \"FAW Toyota Motor Sales Co. Ltd.\") assembled a limited number of [left\\-hand\\-drive](/wiki/Left-hand-drive \"Left-hand-drive\") S200 series Crown Majesta, which is called Crown Royal Saloon VIP.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://car.autohome.com.cn/pic/series\\-s6319/882\\.html\\#pvareaid\\=3454542 \\| title \\= Toyota Crown Royal Saloon VIP (China)}} Another car based on the Crown was called the [Hongqi H7](/wiki/Hongqi_H7 \"Hongqi H7\") and has been in production since 2013\\.",
"The body dimensions became slightly larger, and the wheelbase was extended by 75 mm to add more space to the cabin. The same 4\\.6\\-liter V8 engine mounted on the Lexus LS/GS (1UR\\-FSE) was adopted for the front\\-engine, rear\\-wheel\\-drive (FR) model, while the 4\\-wheel\\-drive (4WD) model retained the 4\\.3\\-liter V8 engine (3UZ\\-FE).",
"The transmission system was an 8\\-speed Super ECT automatic for the FR model, and a 6\\-speed Super ECT automatic for the 4WD model. Added to the electronically controlled air suspension equipped on all models was a feature that used the GPS map data to optimize damper control.",
"**Trim Levels**",
"The URS206 comes in 3 main trim levels, although an additional 2 models are available as sub\\-packages to the A and G type. The main 3 types are A Type, C Type and G Type. \n* A Type is the entry level, with 5 cloth seats and a reduced entertainment system.\n\t+ A Type with L Package is the same, but with the optional premium leather interior.\n* C Type is mid spec 5 seater model. It has options for cloth or leather interior. It has a fridge behind the rear middle seat.\n* G Type is the premium model 5 seater, full leather interior. Premium sound system. Heated and Cooled front seats, and heated rears.\n\t+ G Type with F Package is the flagship model, with a 4 seat layout with rear center console. It is fully optioned, including all above features with electric ottoman reclining rear left seat. both rear seats are heated and cooled. Premium Sound package includes 19 channel amplifier and 20 speaker system.",
"* Options such as Sunroof, Digital Dash, automatic parking assist, and read mood lighting can be applied to C Type or higher.",
"On top of the existing A and C grade models, the high\\-end G model was newly introduced. The standard A grade model offered an optional L package including the steering support system that enabled the driver to handle the car more effortlessly. The F package option for the 4\\-seater G model included a large rear seat center console and an ottoman for the left rear seat, offering greater comfort to passengers in the rear.{{Cite web \\|title\\=75 Years of TOYOTA {{!}} TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE {{!}} Vehicle Lineage {{!}} In\\-depth Vehicle Information, Specification \\|url\\=https://www.toyota\\-global.com/company/history\\_of\\_toyota/75years/vehicle\\_lineage/car/id60000957/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-08 \\|website\\=www.toyota\\-global.com}}",
"",
"File:Toyota CROWN MAJESTA (S200\\) rear.JPG\\|Rear view\nFile:Toyota Crown RoyalSaloon VIP V8 (China) (cropped).JPG\\|Crown Royal Saloon VIP (China)\nFile:2009 Toyota Crown\\-Majesta 03\\.jpg\\|Interior",
"",
"{{clear}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Smith was born on December 22, 1944, in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and earned his [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts") and [Juris Doctor](/wiki/Juris_Doctor "Juris Doctor") from [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University") and [Northwestern University School of Law](/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law "Northwestern University School of Law"), respectively.
Smith worked as a consultant for the Chicago law firm [Sidley \& Austin](/wiki/Sidley_Austin "Sidley Austin") from 1972\-73\. He then worked as an attorney for the Federal Communications Commission (1973\) before serving as Assistant to the Special Counsel to the President (1973–74\) amid the [Watergate Scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal "Watergate scandal"). Smith later served as a Special Assistant [U.S. Attorney](/wiki/United_States_Attorney "United States Attorney") for the District of Columbia (1974\-75\) and a professor of law at [Delaware Law School](/wiki/Delaware_Law_School "Delaware Law School") (1976\-84\).
Smith joined the Reagan for President campaign as Chief Counsel (1976\) and (1980\) and served as director of the Executive Branch Management Office of Presidential Transition (1980–81\).
President Reagan appointed Smith Chairman of the [Administrative Conference of the United States](/wiki/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States "Administrative Conference of the United States") (1981–85\), during which time he was also a member of the president's Cabinet Councils on Legal Policy and on Management and Administration. He also served as the chairman of the [Council of Independent Regulatory Agencies](/wiki/Council_of_Independent_Regulatory_Agencies "Council of Independent Regulatory Agencies").
Smith is an adjunct professor of law at [George Mason University School of Law](/wiki/George_Mason_University_School_of_Law "George Mason University School of Law"); [American University Washington College of Law](/wiki/American_University_Washington_College_of_Law "American University Washington College of Law"); [Georgetown University Law Center](/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center "Georgetown University Law Center"); and the [Columbus School of Law](/wiki/Columbus_School_of_Law "Columbus School of Law") at [The Catholic University of America](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America "Catholic University of America"). He taught as an adjunct professor of law at The International School of Law (now [Antonin Scalia University School of Law](/wiki/Antonin_Scalia_Law_School "Antonin Scalia Law School")) during 1973–74\.
### Federal Judicial Service
Smith was appointed a judge of the [United States Court of Federal Claims](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims "United States Court of Federal Claims") by President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") and confirmed by the Senate on July 1, 1985,{{Cite web \|date\=July 10, 1985 \|title\=Congressional Record \- Daily Digest \|url\=https://www.congress.gov/bound\-congressional\-record/1985/07/10/131/daily\-digest/article/435\-442?q\=%7B%22search%22%3A%22%5C%22Loren\+A.\+Smith%5C%22%22%7D\&s\=1\&r\=10 \|access\-date\=August 7, 2024 \|website\=Congress.gov}} and entered duty on September 12, 1985\. He was designated Chief Judge on January 14, 1986, also by President Reagan. After serving 15 years as chief judge, Smith took [senior status](/wiki/Senior_status "Senior status") on July 10, 2000\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Smith was born on December 22, 1944, in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and earned his [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts \"Bachelor of Arts\") and [Juris Doctor](/wiki/Juris_Doctor \"Juris Doctor\") from [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University \"Northwestern University\") and [Northwestern University School of Law](/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law \"Northwestern University School of Law\"), respectively.",
"Smith worked as a consultant for the Chicago law firm [Sidley \\& Austin](/wiki/Sidley_Austin \"Sidley Austin\") from 1972\\-73\\. He then worked as an attorney for the Federal Communications Commission (1973\\) before serving as Assistant to the Special Counsel to the President (1973–74\\) amid the [Watergate Scandal](/wiki/Watergate_scandal \"Watergate scandal\"). Smith later served as a Special Assistant [U.S. Attorney](/wiki/United_States_Attorney \"United States Attorney\") for the District of Columbia (1974\\-75\\) and a professor of law at [Delaware Law School](/wiki/Delaware_Law_School \"Delaware Law School\") (1976\\-84\\).",
"Smith joined the Reagan for President campaign as Chief Counsel (1976\\) and (1980\\) and served as director of the Executive Branch Management Office of Presidential Transition (1980–81\\).",
"President Reagan appointed Smith Chairman of the [Administrative Conference of the United States](/wiki/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States \"Administrative Conference of the United States\") (1981–85\\), during which time he was also a member of the president's Cabinet Councils on Legal Policy and on Management and Administration. He also served as the chairman of the [Council of Independent Regulatory Agencies](/wiki/Council_of_Independent_Regulatory_Agencies \"Council of Independent Regulatory Agencies\").",
"Smith is an adjunct professor of law at [George Mason University School of Law](/wiki/George_Mason_University_School_of_Law \"George Mason University School of Law\"); [American University Washington College of Law](/wiki/American_University_Washington_College_of_Law \"American University Washington College of Law\"); [Georgetown University Law Center](/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center \"Georgetown University Law Center\"); and the [Columbus School of Law](/wiki/Columbus_School_of_Law \"Columbus School of Law\") at [The Catholic University of America](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America \"Catholic University of America\"). He taught as an adjunct professor of law at The International School of Law (now [Antonin Scalia University School of Law](/wiki/Antonin_Scalia_Law_School \"Antonin Scalia Law School\")) during 1973–74\\.",
"### Federal Judicial Service",
"Smith was appointed a judge of the [United States Court of Federal Claims](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims \"United States Court of Federal Claims\") by President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") and confirmed by the Senate on July 1, 1985,{{Cite web \\|date\\=July 10, 1985 \\|title\\=Congressional Record \\- Daily Digest \\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/bound\\-congressional\\-record/1985/07/10/131/daily\\-digest/article/435\\-442?q\\=%7B%22search%22%3A%22%5C%22Loren\\+A.\\+Smith%5C%22%22%7D\\&s\\=1\\&r\\=10 \\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2024 \\|website\\=Congress.gov}} and entered duty on September 12, 1985\\. He was designated Chief Judge on January 14, 1986, also by President Reagan. After serving 15 years as chief judge, Smith took [senior status](/wiki/Senior_status \"Senior status\") on July 10, 2000\\.",
""
] |
Race Summary
------------
### The "Big One"
On lap 4, as the field entered turn 1, [Ryan Newman](/wiki/Ryan_Newman_%28racing_driver%29 "Ryan Newman (racing driver)") (who already had a violent blowover at the [rain shortened Daytona 500](/wiki/2003_Daytona_500 "2003 Daytona 500") in February) blew a tire and smashed hard into the turn 1 wall, almost turning over on his side and spinning across the middle of the track, collecting an additional 26 cars. Mayhem ensued as cars behind him checked up trying to avoid Newman, whose car suddenly burst into flames. One of Newman's tires came off and got struck by [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd")'s hood, causing it to bounce right over the catch fence and land in a restricted access area.
A total of 27 cars were involved, making it the largest recorded crash in the history of the [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") Winston Cup Series. It was also the second largest\-crash overall in modern NASCAR, behind a 30 car crash on the back straightaway in [Talladega's Busch race the year before](/wiki/2002_Aaron%27s_312_at_Talladega "2002 Aaron's 312 at Talladega"). Damage to the cars involved ranged from no damage to severe damage; [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler "Hermie Sadler"), [Casey Mears](/wiki/Casey_Mears "Casey Mears"), [Johnny Benson](/wiki/Johnny_Benson "Johnny Benson"), and some others were out immediately. [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") and [Jerry Nadeau](/wiki/Jerry_Nadeau "Jerry Nadeau") returned but retired after making a limited number of laps following repairs. [Matt Kenseth](/wiki/Matt_Kenseth "Matt Kenseth") and race winner [Dale Earnhardt Jr.](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr. "Dale Earnhardt Jr.") also had minor damage. Kenseth finished inside the Top 10 on the lead lap. After the wreck, there were only 16 cars that did not have damage. Coincidentally, during the Busch race the day prior, the "Big One" occurred in turn 4 on lap 10 when [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter "Johnny Sauter") blew a tire in the middle of the pack, collecting 22 cars.
#### Cars involved in the crash
1. 0\- [Jack Sprague](/wiki/Jack_Sprague "Jack Sprague")
2. 01\- [Jerry Nadeau](/wiki/Jerry_Nadeau "Jerry Nadeau")
3. 02\- [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler "Hermie Sadler")
4. 09\- [Mike Wallace](/wiki/Mike_Wallace_%28racing_driver%29 "Mike Wallace (racing driver)")
5. 1\- [Steve Park](/wiki/Steve_Park "Steve Park")
6. 2\- [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace")
7. 4\- [Mike Skinner](/wiki/Mike_Skinner_%28racing_driver%29 "Mike Skinner (racing driver)")
8. 6\- [Mark Martin](/wiki/Mark_Martin "Mark Martin")
9. 7\- [Jimmy Spencer](/wiki/Jimmy_Spencer_%28racing_driver%29 "Jimmy Spencer (racing driver)")
10. 8\- [Dale Earnhardt Jr.](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr. "Dale Earnhardt Jr.") (eventual winner)
11. 10\- [Johnny Benson](/wiki/Johnny_Benson "Johnny Benson")
12. 12\- [Ryan Newman](/wiki/Ryan_Newman_%28racing_driver%29 "Ryan Newman (racing driver)")
13. 16\- [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle "Greg Biffle")
14. 17\- [Matt Kenseth](/wiki/Matt_Kenseth "Matt Kenseth") (championship points leader)
15. 18\- [Bobby Labonte](/wiki/Bobby_Labonte "Bobby Labonte")
16. 20\- [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart "Tony Stewart")
17. 21\- [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd")
18. 25\- [Joe Nemechek](/wiki/Joe_Nemechek "Joe Nemechek")
19. 30\- [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 "Jeff Green (racing driver)")
20. 41\- [Casey Mears](/wiki/Casey_Mears "Casey Mears")
21. 42\- [Jamie McMurray](/wiki/Jamie_McMurray "Jamie McMurray")
22. 43\- [John Andretti](/wiki/John_Andretti "John Andretti")
23. 45\- [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty")
24. 49\- [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader")
25. 54\- [Todd Bodine](/wiki/Todd_Bodine "Todd Bodine")
26. 77\- [Dave Blaney](/wiki/Dave_Blaney "Dave Blaney")
27. 99\- [Jeff Burton](/wiki/Jeff_Burton "Jeff Burton")
### Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s comeback
Perhaps the most well noted one involved in the Big One was [Dale Earnhardt Jr.](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr. "Dale Earnhardt Jr."), who started in 43rd place because of an engine change after qualifying. In the crash, Earnhardt Jr. went off the banking and down into the grass, making contact with [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 "Jeff Green (racing driver)")'s car that damaged his fender. He struggled for most of the race, at times going close to a half\-lap down, until late in the race when he took the lead away from [Matt Kenseth](/wiki/Matt_Kenseth "Matt Kenseth"), who was also involved earlier, and won his fourth straight race at Talladega. Earnhardt Jr. swept the weekend, having won the [Busch Series race](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") the previous day. [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson "Jimmie Johnson") led the most laps of the race, but had a 15th\-place finish when he spun out right before the white flag. By coincidence, the Big Ones that unfolded in both the weekend's Cup and Busch races at Talladega were the result of a car blowing a tire in the middle of the track (Ryan Newman in turn 1 in the Cup race, and Johnny Sauter in turn 4 in the Busch race the day prior).
### Double yellow line controversy
Earnhardt Jr. was involved in a controversial decision at the end of the race where it appeared he went below the yellow line in an attempt to improve position. As the cars were racing down the back straightaway, leader [Matt Kenseth](/wiki/Matt_Kenseth "Matt Kenseth") made a lane change, going to the outside to block [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson "Jimmie Johnson"). Earnhardt Jr. was on the inside and was drafting with [Elliott Sadler](/wiki/Elliott_Sadler "Elliott Sadler") when Kenseth started moving low in an attempt to block Earnhardt; Earnhardt stormed well below the line entering the turn three apron as he passed Kenseth. NASCAR ruled that Earnhardt was forced below the line as his car's nose had already passed Kenseth's nose by the time Kenseth made the block, making it a clean pass in their opinion, this even though Earnhardt was nowhere close to clearing Kenseth when he hit the apron — what the rule was ostensibly intended to prevent. Some sanctioning bodies, such as the [Indy Racing League](/wiki/Indy_Racing_League "Indy Racing League"), would have called Kenseth for violating the blocking rule — a driver is not allowed to make two lane changes on a straightaway, which is a penalty; the ethic against blocking, however, holds no weight in NASCAR given the fendered nature of the cars. The yellow line rule's absurdity belatedly led to discussion in the sanctioning body in January 2010 to possibly rescind it, though it was decided to maintain the rule "for the time being," according to NASCAR official [Robin Pemberton](/wiki/Robin_Pemberton "Robin Pemberton").
In the years to come, the yellow lines would provide several controversial moments, such as [Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 "Regan Smith (racing driver)") being penalized by passing [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart "Tony Stewart") below the yellow line [in the fall race in 2008](/wiki/2008_AMP_Energy_500 "2008 AMP Energy 500"), as well as a confusing finish [in 2020](/wiki/2020_YellaWood_500 "2020 YellaWood 500"). NASCAR decided to put another yellow line for the next year, in both [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway") and Talladega.
|
[
"Race Summary\n------------",
"### The \"Big One\"",
"On lap 4, as the field entered turn 1, [Ryan Newman](/wiki/Ryan_Newman_%28racing_driver%29 \"Ryan Newman (racing driver)\") (who already had a violent blowover at the [rain shortened Daytona 500](/wiki/2003_Daytona_500 \"2003 Daytona 500\") in February) blew a tire and smashed hard into the turn 1 wall, almost turning over on his side and spinning across the middle of the track, collecting an additional 26 cars. Mayhem ensued as cars behind him checked up trying to avoid Newman, whose car suddenly burst into flames. One of Newman's tires came off and got struck by [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")'s hood, causing it to bounce right over the catch fence and land in a restricted access area.",
"A total of 27 cars were involved, making it the largest recorded crash in the history of the [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") Winston Cup Series. It was also the second largest\\-crash overall in modern NASCAR, behind a 30 car crash on the back straightaway in [Talladega's Busch race the year before](/wiki/2002_Aaron%27s_312_at_Talladega \"2002 Aaron's 312 at Talladega\"). Damage to the cars involved ranged from no damage to severe damage; [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler \"Hermie Sadler\"), [Casey Mears](/wiki/Casey_Mears \"Casey Mears\"), [Johnny Benson](/wiki/Johnny_Benson \"Johnny Benson\"), and some others were out immediately. [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") and [Jerry Nadeau](/wiki/Jerry_Nadeau \"Jerry Nadeau\") returned but retired after making a limited number of laps following repairs. [Matt Kenseth](/wiki/Matt_Kenseth \"Matt Kenseth\") and race winner [Dale Earnhardt Jr.](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr. \"Dale Earnhardt Jr.\") also had minor damage. Kenseth finished inside the Top 10 on the lead lap. After the wreck, there were only 16 cars that did not have damage. Coincidentally, during the Busch race the day prior, the \"Big One\" occurred in turn 4 on lap 10 when [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter \"Johnny Sauter\") blew a tire in the middle of the pack, collecting 22 cars.",
"#### Cars involved in the crash",
"1. 0\\- [Jack Sprague](/wiki/Jack_Sprague \"Jack Sprague\")\n2. 01\\- [Jerry Nadeau](/wiki/Jerry_Nadeau \"Jerry Nadeau\")\n3. 02\\- [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler \"Hermie Sadler\")\n4. 09\\- [Mike Wallace](/wiki/Mike_Wallace_%28racing_driver%29 \"Mike Wallace (racing driver)\")\n5. 1\\- [Steve Park](/wiki/Steve_Park \"Steve Park\")\n6. 2\\- [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n7. 4\\- [Mike Skinner](/wiki/Mike_Skinner_%28racing_driver%29 \"Mike Skinner (racing driver)\")\n8. 6\\- [Mark Martin](/wiki/Mark_Martin \"Mark Martin\")\n9. 7\\- [Jimmy Spencer](/wiki/Jimmy_Spencer_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jimmy Spencer (racing driver)\")\n10. 8\\- [Dale Earnhardt Jr.](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr. \"Dale Earnhardt Jr.\") (eventual winner)\n11. 10\\- [Johnny Benson](/wiki/Johnny_Benson \"Johnny Benson\")\n12. 12\\- [Ryan Newman](/wiki/Ryan_Newman_%28racing_driver%29 \"Ryan Newman (racing driver)\")\n13. 16\\- [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle \"Greg Biffle\")\n14. 17\\- [Matt Kenseth](/wiki/Matt_Kenseth \"Matt Kenseth\") (championship points leader)\n15. 18\\- [Bobby Labonte](/wiki/Bobby_Labonte \"Bobby Labonte\")\n16. 20\\- [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart \"Tony Stewart\")\n17. 21\\- [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n18. 25\\- [Joe Nemechek](/wiki/Joe_Nemechek \"Joe Nemechek\")\n19. 30\\- [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jeff Green (racing driver)\")\n20. 41\\- [Casey Mears](/wiki/Casey_Mears \"Casey Mears\")\n21. 42\\- [Jamie McMurray](/wiki/Jamie_McMurray \"Jamie McMurray\")\n22. 43\\- [John Andretti](/wiki/John_Andretti \"John Andretti\")\n23. 45\\- [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\n24. 49\\- [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\")\n25. 54\\- [Todd Bodine](/wiki/Todd_Bodine \"Todd Bodine\")\n26. 77\\- [Dave Blaney](/wiki/Dave_Blaney \"Dave Blaney\")\n27. 99\\- [Jeff Burton](/wiki/Jeff_Burton \"Jeff Burton\")",
"### Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s comeback",
"Perhaps the most well noted one involved in the Big One was [Dale Earnhardt Jr.](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr. \"Dale Earnhardt Jr.\"), who started in 43rd place because of an engine change after qualifying. In the crash, Earnhardt Jr. went off the banking and down into the grass, making contact with [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jeff Green (racing driver)\")'s car that damaged his fender. He struggled for most of the race, at times going close to a half\\-lap down, until late in the race when he took the lead away from [Matt Kenseth](/wiki/Matt_Kenseth \"Matt Kenseth\"), who was also involved earlier, and won his fourth straight race at Talladega. Earnhardt Jr. swept the weekend, having won the [Busch Series race](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") the previous day. [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson \"Jimmie Johnson\") led the most laps of the race, but had a 15th\\-place finish when he spun out right before the white flag. By coincidence, the Big Ones that unfolded in both the weekend's Cup and Busch races at Talladega were the result of a car blowing a tire in the middle of the track (Ryan Newman in turn 1 in the Cup race, and Johnny Sauter in turn 4 in the Busch race the day prior).",
"### Double yellow line controversy",
"Earnhardt Jr. was involved in a controversial decision at the end of the race where it appeared he went below the yellow line in an attempt to improve position. As the cars were racing down the back straightaway, leader [Matt Kenseth](/wiki/Matt_Kenseth \"Matt Kenseth\") made a lane change, going to the outside to block [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson \"Jimmie Johnson\"). Earnhardt Jr. was on the inside and was drafting with [Elliott Sadler](/wiki/Elliott_Sadler \"Elliott Sadler\") when Kenseth started moving low in an attempt to block Earnhardt; Earnhardt stormed well below the line entering the turn three apron as he passed Kenseth. NASCAR ruled that Earnhardt was forced below the line as his car's nose had already passed Kenseth's nose by the time Kenseth made the block, making it a clean pass in their opinion, this even though Earnhardt was nowhere close to clearing Kenseth when he hit the apron — what the rule was ostensibly intended to prevent. Some sanctioning bodies, such as the [Indy Racing League](/wiki/Indy_Racing_League \"Indy Racing League\"), would have called Kenseth for violating the blocking rule — a driver is not allowed to make two lane changes on a straightaway, which is a penalty; the ethic against blocking, however, holds no weight in NASCAR given the fendered nature of the cars. The yellow line rule's absurdity belatedly led to discussion in the sanctioning body in January 2010 to possibly rescind it, though it was decided to maintain the rule \"for the time being,\" according to NASCAR official [Robin Pemberton](/wiki/Robin_Pemberton \"Robin Pemberton\").",
"In the years to come, the yellow lines would provide several controversial moments, such as [Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Regan Smith (racing driver)\") being penalized by passing [Tony Stewart](/wiki/Tony_Stewart \"Tony Stewart\") below the yellow line [in the fall race in 2008](/wiki/2008_AMP_Energy_500 \"2008 AMP Energy 500\"), as well as a confusing finish [in 2020](/wiki/2020_YellaWood_500 \"2020 YellaWood 500\"). NASCAR decided to put another yellow line for the next year, in both [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\") and Talladega.",
""
] |
Storylines
----------
### Backstory
Gabrielle Márquez"[Children and Art](/wiki/Children_and_Art "Children and Art")". [Wendey Stanzler](/wiki/Wendey_Stanzler "Wendey Stanzler") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten "Kevin Etten") (writer), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans "Jenna Bans"). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 12, 2006\. Season 3, no. 8\. was born in [Las Colinas, Texas](/wiki/Las_Colinas%2C_Irving%2C_Texas "Las Colinas, Irving, Texas")."[Farewell Letter](/wiki/Farewell_Letter "Farewell Letter")". David Grossman (director), [Marco Pennette](/wiki/Marco_Pennette "Marco Pennette") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). February 20, 2011\. Season 7, no. 15\. Her family is from [Guadalajara, Mexico](/wiki/Guadalajara%2C_Mexico "Guadalajara, Mexico"). Born on December 8, 1976,"[Could I Leave You?](/wiki/Could_I_Leave_You%3F "Could I Leave You?")". [Pam Thomas](/wiki/Pam_Thomas "Pam Thomas") (director), Scott Sanford Tobis (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). March 26, 2006\. Season 2, no. 17\. she has a brother and a sister."[You Gotta Get a Gimmick](/wiki/You_Gotta_Get_a_Gimmick "You Gotta Get a Gimmick")". David Grossman (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 "Joe Keenan (writer)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 10, 2010\. Season 6, no. 11\. Her father died of cancer when she was five years old."[Smiles of a Summer Night](/wiki/Smiles_of_a_Summer_Night_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Smiles of a Summer Night (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily "Bob Daily") (writer), [Matt Berry](/wiki/Matt_Berry "Matt Berry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 7, 2007\. Season 4, no. 2\. From that point on, her mother, Lucía Márquez ([María Conchita Alonso](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Conchita_Alonso "María Conchita Alonso")), married [Alejandro Perez](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Alejandro_Perez "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Alejandro Perez") ([Tony Plana](/wiki/Tony_Plana "Tony Plana")) who sexually abused Gabrielle throughout her teenage years."[Thank You So Much](/wiki/Thank_You_So_Much "Thank You So Much")". David Grossman (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller "Dahvi Waller") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). February 19, 2006\. Season 2, no. 15\. According to Gabrielle, her mother overlooked the matter, and a nun at her school refused to believe her claims of having been raped. When she was fifteen, Gabrielle ran away to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to pursue a career in modeling."[Suspicious Minds](/wiki/Suspicious_Minds_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Suspicious Minds (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans "Jenna Bans") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). December 12, 2004\. Season 1, no. 9\. Gabrielle achieved significant success but earned a reputation for being difficult."[Chromolume No. 7](/wiki/Chromolume_No._7 "Chromolume No. 7"). [Lonny Price](/wiki/Lonny_Price "Lonny Price") (director), [Marco Pennette](/wiki/Marco_Pennette "Marco Pennette") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). March 14, 2010\. Season 6, no. 17\. As her career began to fade, she married wealthy businessman [Carlos Solis](/wiki/Carlos_Solis "Carlos Solis") ([Ricardo Antonio Chavira](/wiki/Ricardo_Antonio_Chavira "Ricardo Antonio Chavira")), who proposed after only three dates."[Pilot](/wiki/Pilot_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Pilot (Desperate Housewives)")". [Charles McDougall](/wiki/Charles_McDougall "Charles McDougall") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 3, 2003\. Season 1, no. 1\. They then relocated to [Wisteria Lane](/wiki/Wisteria_Lane "Wisteria Lane") in the fictional suburb of Fairview, Eagle State, where Gabrielle befriended [Susan Mayer](/wiki/Susan_Mayer "Susan Mayer") ([Teri Hatcher](/wiki/Teri_Hatcher "Teri Hatcher")), [Lynette Scavo](/wiki/Lynette_Scavo "Lynette Scavo") ([Felicity Huffman](/wiki/Felicity_Huffman "Felicity Huffman")), [Bree Van de Kamp](/wiki/Bree_Van_de_Kamp "Bree Van de Kamp") ([Marcia Cross](/wiki/Marcia_Cross "Marcia Cross")), and [Mary Alice Young](/wiki/Mary_Alice_Young "Mary Alice Young") ([Brenda Strong](/wiki/Brenda_Strong "Brenda Strong")).
### Season 1
In the [pilot episode](/wiki/Pilot_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Pilot (Desperate Housewives)"), Gabrielle is unhappy with her marriage to Carlos, whose priority is work. She is shown to be extremely lonely while Carlos is money\-minded and oblivious to her unhappiness. To keep herself entertained, she has an extramaterial affair with [John Rowland](/wiki/John_Rowland_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "John Rowland (Desperate Housewives)") ([Jesse Metcalfe](/wiki/Jesse_Metcalfe "Jesse Metcalfe")), her teenage gardener. Carlos suspects that Gabrielle is being unfaithful and he enlists the help of his mother, [Juanita "Mama" Solis](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Juanita_%22Mama%22_Solis "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Juanita ") ([Lupe Ontiveros](/wiki/Lupe_Ontiveros "Lupe Ontiveros"))."[Come In, Stranger](/wiki/Come_In%2C_Stranger_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Come In, Stranger (Desperate Housewives)")". [Arlene Sanford](/wiki/Arlene_Sanford "Arlene Sanford") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 31, 2004\. Season 1, no. 5\. Mama Solis catches Gabrielle and John having sex and takes a photograph to document Gabrielle's betrayal. However, while fleeing the house, she is hit by a car driven by [Andrew Van de Kamp](/wiki/Andrew_Van_de_Kamp "Andrew Van de Kamp"), and Gabrielle is able to dispose of the evidence against her."[Anything You Can Do](/wiki/Anything_You_Can_Do_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Anything You Can Do (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee "John Pardee") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy "Joey Murphy") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). Season 1, no. 7\. Mama Solis falls into a coma and dies a few months later without having the opportunity to tell Carlos about Gabrielle's affair."[There Won't Be Trumpets](/wiki/There_Won%27t_Be_Trumpets "There Won't Be Trumpets")". [Jeff Melman](/wiki/Jeff_Melman "Jeff Melman") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee "John Pardee") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy "Joey Murphy") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 3, 2005\. Season 1, no. 17\."[Guilty](/wiki/Guilty_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Guilty (Desperate Housewives)")". [Fred Gerber](/wiki/Fred_Gerber "Fred Gerber") (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 "Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 28, 2004\. Season 1, no. 8\. Gabrielle and John end the affair after Susan and Helen ([Kathryn Harrold](/wiki/Kathryn_Harrold "Kathryn Harrold")), John's mother, find out about it. Soon after, Carlos is indicted for importing goods made by [slave labor](/wiki/Slave_labor "Slave labor")."[Come Back to Me](/wiki/Come_Back_to_Me_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Come Back to Me (Desperate Housewives)")". [Fred Gerber](/wiki/Fred_Gerber "Fred Gerber") (director), [Patty Lin](/wiki/Patty_Lin "Patty Lin") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). December 19, 2004\. Season 1, no. 10\. The government freezes the Solis' bank accounts, forcing Gabrielle to perform low\-wage modeling jobs to pay bills."[Move On](/wiki/Move_On_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Move On (Desperate Housewives)")". John David Cole (director), [David Schulner](/wiki/David_Schulner "David Schulner") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 9, 2005\. Season 1, no. 11\. Carlos is eventually released under house arrest while awaiting trial,"[Every Day a Little Death](/wiki/Every_Day_a_Little_Death "Every Day a Little Death")". David Grossman (director), [Chris Black](/wiki/Chris_Black_%28screenwriter%29 "Chris Black (screenwriter)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 16, 2005\. Season 1, no 11\. during which time the couple faces several financial crises."[The Ladies Who Lunch](/wiki/The_Ladies_Who_Lunch_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "The Ladies Who Lunch (Desperate Housewives)")". [Arlene Sanford](/wiki/Arlene_Sanford "Arlene Sanford") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). March 27, 2005\. Season 1, no. 16\.
Carlos continually asks Gabrielle for a child, as well as a post\-nuptial agreement that she will not divorce him while he is in jail. After Carlos physically forces Gabrielle to sign the documents, she reignites her affair with John."[Children Will Listen](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives_season_1%23ep18 "Desperate Housewives season 1#ep18")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 "Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 10, 2005\. Season 1, no. 18\. Later, Gabrielle discovers that she is pregnant and is unsure of who the father is."[Fear No More](/wiki/Fear_No_More_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Fear No More (Desperate Housewives)")". [Jeff Melman](/wiki/Jeff_Melman "Jeff Melman") (director), [Adam Barr](/wiki/Adam_Barr "Adam Barr") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 1, 2005\. Season 1, no. 19\. John hopes to help take care of the baby, but Gabrielle tells him she will only acknowledge Carlos as the father."[Sunday in the Park with George](/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George "Sunday in the Park with George")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Katie Ford](/wiki/Katie_Ford_%28screenwriter%29 "Katie Ford (screenwriter)") (screenwriter). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). Season 1, no. 21\. Later, Gabrielle finds out that Carlos had tampered with her birth control in order to orchestrate her pregnancy."[Goodbye for Now](/wiki/Goodbye_for_Now_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Goodbye for Now (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter "Josh Senter") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 15, 2005\. Season 1, no. 22\. While Carlos is facing a separate trial for assaulting two different gay men he mistook for being Gabrielle's lovers (the first being a cable repairman who slipped in their bathroom after interrupting a tryst between Gabrielle and John, the second being John's roommate Justin), John admits to his affair with Gabrielle. Carlos attempts to attack John in court, and is subsequently convicted for hate crimes."[One Wonderful Day](/wiki/One_Wonderful_Day_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "One Wonderful Day (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee "John Pardee") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy "Joey Murphy") (writer), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer), [Tom Spezialy](/wiki/Tom_Spezialy "Tom Spezialy") (writer), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 "Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 22, 2005\. Season 1, no. 23\.
### Season 2
With Carlos now in jail and a child on the way, Gabrielle alienates John and attempts to salvage her marriage."[Next](/wiki/Next_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Next (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans "Jenna Bans") (writer), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 "Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). September 25, 2005\. Season 2, no. 1\. Gabrielle and Carlos continue sparring until she apologizes for the affair wholeheartedly for the first time."[You'll Never Get Away from Me](/wiki/You%27ll_Never_Get_Away_from_Me "You'll Never Get Away from Me")". [Arlene Sanford](/wiki/Arlene_Sanford "Arlene Sanford") (director), [Tom Spezialy](/wiki/Tom_Spezialy "Tom Spezialy") (writer), [Ellie Herman](/wiki/Ellie_Herman "Ellie Herman") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 9, 2005\. Season 2, no. 3\. Hoping to be granted a [conjugal visit](/wiki/Conjugal_visit "Conjugal visit") and eventually get Carlos released on parole, Gabrielle hires David Bradley ([Adrian Pasdar](/wiki/Adrian_Pasdar "Adrian Pasdar")), a womanizing lawyer who later professes his love to Gabrielle, to get Carlos' hate crime conviction overturned."[My Heart Belong to Daddy](/wiki/My_Heart_Belongs_to_Daddy_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "My Heart Belongs to Daddy (Desperate Housewives)")". [Robert Duncan McNeill](/wiki/Robert_Duncan_McNeill "Robert Duncan McNeill"), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy "Joey Murphy") (writer), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee "John Pardee") (writer. *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 16, 2005\. Season 2, no. 4\."[They Asked Me Why I Believe in You](/wiki/They_Asked_Me_Why_I_Believe_in_You "They Asked Me Why I Believe in You")". David Grossman (director), Alan Cross (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 23, 2005\. Season 2, no. 5\."[I Wish I Could Forget You](/wiki/I_Wish_I_Could_Forget_You "I Wish I Could Forget You")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten "Kevin Etten") (writer), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter "Josh Senter") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 6, 2006\. Season 2, no. 6\. Later, [Caleb Applewhite](/wiki/Caleb_Applewhite "Caleb Applewhite") ([Page Kennedy](/wiki/Page_Kennedy "Page Kennedy")), [Betty Applewhite](/wiki/Betty_Applewhite "Betty Applewhite")'s ([Alfre Woodard](/wiki/Alfre_Woodard "Alfre Woodard")) allegedly violent and mentally ill son, breaks into Gabrielle's home and chases her. She falls down the stairs,"[Color and Light](/wiki/Color_and_Light "Color and Light")". David Grossman (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 13, 2005\. Season 2, no. 7\. resulting in a miscarriage."[The Sun Won't Set](/wiki/The_Sun_Won%27t_Set_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "The Sun Won't Set (Desperate Housewives)")". Stephen Cragg (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans "Jenna Bans") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 20, 2005\. Season 2, no. 8\. Afterwards, Carlos is paroled thanks to the influence of a nun named Sister Mary Bernard ([Melinda Page Hamilton](/wiki/Melinda_Page_Hamilton "Melinda Page Hamilton")). Gabrielle objects to Carlos' attempts to become a better and more spiritual man, as it threatens her lavish lifestyle, thus prompting Sister Mary to suggest Carlos annul his marriage to Gabrielle."[That's Good, That's Bad](/wiki/That%27s_Good%2C_That%27s_Bad_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "That's Good, That's Bad (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 "Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 27, 2005\. Season 8, no. 9\. Gabrielle intervenes when Carlos attempts to accompany Sister Mary on a charity trip to Botswana."[Coming Home](/wiki/Coming_Home_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Coming Home (Desperate Housewives)")". [Arlene Sanford](/wiki/Arlene_Sanford "Arlene Sanford") (director), [Chris Black](/wiki/Chris_Black_%28screenwriter%29 "Chris Black (screenwriter)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). December 4, 2005\. Season 2, no. 10\. To rid herself of Sister Mary permanently, Gabrielle tells a priest at the church that Sister Mary and Carlos had an affair. Consequently, Sister Mary is transferred to Alaska."[There's Something About a War](/wiki/There%27s_Something_About_a_War "There's Something About a War")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten "Kevin Etten") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 22, 2006\. Season 2, no. 13\.
Gabrielle agrees to have a child with Carlos, but her miscarriage leads to complications, forcing them to consider adoption."[There Is No Other Way](/wiki/There_Is_No_Other_Way_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "There Is No Other Way (Desperate Housewives)")". [Randy Zisk](/wiki/Randall_Zisk "Randall Zisk") (director), [Bruce Zimmerman](/wiki/Bruce_Zimmerman "Bruce Zimmerman") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). March 12, 2006\. Season 2, no. 16\. They prepare to adopt the unborn baby of pole dancer Libby Collins ([Nichole Hiltz](/wiki/Nichole_Hiltz "Nichole Hiltz")). However, Libby's boyfriend, Frank Helm ([Eddie McClintock](/wiki/Eddie_McClintock "Eddie McClintock")), and his teenaged brother and the baby's father, Dale (Sam Horrigan), try to intervene."[Everybody Says Don't](/wiki/Everybody_Says_Don%27t_%28Desperate_Housewives_season_two_episode%29 "Everybody Says Don't (Desperate Housewives season two episode)")". [Tom Cherones](/wiki/Tom_Cherones "Tom Cherones") (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans "Jenna Bans") (writer), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 2, 2006\. Season 2, no. 18\."[It Wasn't Meant to Happen](/wiki/It_Wasn%27t_Meant_to_Happen "It Wasn't Meant to Happen")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer), [Tom Spezialy](/wiki/Tom_Spezialy "Tom Spezialy") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 30, 2006\. Season 2, no. 20\. When the baby, Lily, is born, a judge grants Carlos and Gabrielle temporary custody;"[Don't Look at Me](/wiki/Don%27t_Look_at_Me_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Don't Look at Me (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter "Josh Senter") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 16, 2006\. Season 2, no. 19\. however, Libby ultimately decides to take Lily back and raise her with Frank. Meanwhile, Gabrielle learns that her maid, [Xiao\-Mei](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Xiao-Mei "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Xiao-Mei") ([Gwendoline Yeo](/wiki/Gwendoline_Yeo "Gwendoline Yeo")), is in danger of being deported to China. Xiao\-Mei agrees to be Gabrielle and Carlos' [surrogate](/wiki/Surrogacy "Surrogacy") in order to stay in the country."[I Know Things Now](/wiki/I_Know_Things_Now "I Know Things Now")". [Wendey Stanzler](/wiki/Wendey_Stanzler "Wendey Stanzler") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten "Kevin Etten") (writer), [Bruce Zimmerman](/wiki/Bruce_Zimmerman "Bruce Zimmerman") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 7, 2006\. Season 2, no. 21\. As the pregnancy progresses, Gabrielle suspects that Carlos and Xiao\-Mei are having an affair. When she catches them having sex, she kicks Carlos out of the house and informs Xiao\-Mei that she is not allowed to leave until the baby is born."[Remember (Parts I \& II)](/wiki/Remember_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Remember (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans "Jenna Bans") (writer), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer), [Tom Spezialy](/wiki/Tom_Spezialy "Tom Spezialy") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 21, 2006\. Season 2, nos. 23 \& 24\.
### Season 3
The third season opens six months later, near the end of Xiao\-Mei's pregnancy and in the midst of Gabrielle and Carlos' divorce proceedings."[Listen to the Rain on the Roof](/wiki/Listen_to_the_Rain_on_the_Roof "Listen to the Rain on the Roof")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer), [Jeff Greenstein](/wiki/Jeff_Greenstein "Jeff Greenstein") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). September 24, 2006\. Season 3, no. 1\. When Xiao\-Mei gives birth, doctors discover that they had accidentally switched the Solis' embryo with another couple's and the Solis' embryo was not successfully inseminated. Xiao\-Mei moves out and Gabrielle and Carlos are left without a child."[It Takes Two](/wiki/It_Takes_Two_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "It Takes Two (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 "Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)") (writer), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans "Jenna Bans") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 1, 2006\. Season 3, no. 2\. Despite this, their divorce proceedings become complicated and vindictive."[Like It Was](/wiki/Like_It_Was "Like It Was")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee "John Pardee") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy "Joey Murphy") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 15, 2006\. Season 3, no. 4\."[Nice She Ain't](/wiki/Nice_She_Ain%27t "Nice She Ain't")". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 "David Warren (director)") (director), Alexandra Cummings (writer), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee "Susan Nirah Jaffee") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 22, 2006\. Season 3, no. 5\."[Sweetheart, I Have to Confess](/wiki/Sweetheart%2C_I_Have_to_Confess "Sweetheart, I Have to Confess")". David Grossman (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller "Dahvi Waller") (writer), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter "Josh Senter") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 29, 2006\. Season 3, no. 6\."[Bang](/wiki/Bang_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Bang (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 "Joe Keenan (writer)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 5, 2006\. Season 3, no. 7\. Following Gabrielle's divorce, she teams up with her personal shopper Vern ([Alec Mapa](/wiki/Alec_Mapa "Alec Mapa")) to coach a group of young misfit girls for the Little Miss Snowflake Beauty Pageant."[Beautiful Girls](/wiki/Beautiful_Girls_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Beautiful Girls (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller "Dahvi Waller") (writer), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee "Susan Nirah Jaffee") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 19, 2006\. Season 3, no. 9\. She briefly dates Bill Pearce ([Mark Deklin](/wiki/Mark_Deklin "Mark Deklin")) the widowed father of a girl in the pageant, before realizing that she is not yet ready to date again."[The Miracle Song](/wiki/The_Miracle_Song_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "The Miracle Song (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily "Bob Daily") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 26, 2006\. Season 3, no. 10\."[No Fits, No Fights, No Feuds](/wiki/No_Fits%2C_No_Fights%2C_No_Feuds "No Fits, No Fights, No Feuds")". [Sanaa Hamri](/wiki/Sanaa_Hamri "Sanaa Hamri") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter "Josh Senter") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 7, 2007\. Season 3, no. 11\. Soon after, [Zach Young](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Zach_Young "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Zach Young") ([Cody Kasch](/wiki/Cody_Kasch "Cody Kasch")) the recently wealthy son of Gabrielle's deceased friend, Mary Alice, begins pursuing Gabrielle."[Not While I'm Around](/wiki/Not_While_I%27m_Around "Not While I'm Around")". David Grossman (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 "Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)") (writer), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten "Kevin Etten") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 14, 2007\. Season 3, no. 12\. Though Gabrielle refuses to date him, she agrees to befriend the irresponsible and disturbed Zach."[Come Play Wiz Me](/wiki/Come_Play_Wiz_Me "Come Play Wiz Me")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Valerie Ahern](/wiki/Valerie_Ahern "Valerie Ahern") (writer), [Christian McLaughlin](/wiki/Christian_McLaughlin_%28television_writer%29 "Christian McLaughlin (television writer)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 21, 2007\. Season 3, no. 13\. When Zach proposes to Gabrielle at the grand opening of the Scavos' new pizzeria, she rejects him and terminates their friendship."[The Little Things You Do Together](/wiki/The_Little_Things_You_Do_Together "The Little Things You Do Together")". David Grossman (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 "Joe Keenan (writer)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). February 18, 2007\. Season 3, no. 15\.
Later, [Victor Lang](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Victor_Lang "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Victor Lang") ([John Slattery](/wiki/John_Slattery "John Slattery")), a candidate for the mayor of Fairview, takes notice of Gabrielle, and arranges an encounter with her by having his chauffeur intentionally rear\-end her car with his limo. They date casually, but Gabrielle insists that she is not interested."[My Husband, the Pig](/wiki/My_Husband%2C_the_Pig "My Husband, the Pig")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), Brian A. Alexander (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). March 4, 2007\. Season 3, no. 16\. Nevertheless, they have mutual feelings of love."[Dress Big](/wiki/Dress_Big "Dress Big")". [Matthew Diamond](/wiki/Matthew_Diamond "Matthew Diamond") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten "Kevin Etten") (writer), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee "Susan Nirah Jaffee") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 8, 2007\. Season 3, no. 17\."[Liaisons](/wiki/Liaisons_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Liaisons (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans "Jenna Bans") (writer), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 15, 2007\. Season 3, no. 18\. When Gabrielle learns that Carlos has started dating her neighbor, the promiscuous [Edie Britt](/wiki/Edie_Britt "Edie Britt") ([Nicollette Sheridan](/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan "Nicollette Sheridan")), she accepts Victor's marriage proposal."[God, That's Good](/wiki/God%2C_That%27s_Good "God, That's Good")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller "Dahvi Waller") (writer), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter "Josh Senter") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 22, 2007\. Season 3, no. 19\. As the wedding draws near, Gabrielle begins to have second thoughts about marrying Victor, especially after he wins the election and neglects her for his political career."[Into the Woods](/wiki/Into_the_Woods_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Into the Woods (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 6, 2007\. Season 3, no. 21\. Despite this, she marries Victor. However, after the wedding, Gabrielle overhears a conversation Victor has with his father Milton ([Mike Farrell](/wiki/Mike_Farrell "Mike Farrell")), where he admits to only having married her for his political gain, thus; prompting her to reignite her relationship with Carlos."[Getting Married Today](/wiki/Getting_Married_Today_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Getting Married Today (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 "Joe Keenan (writer)") (writer), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 "Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 20, 2007\. Season 3, no. 23\.
### Season 4
The season premiere, "[Now You Know](/wiki/Now_You_Know_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Now You Know (Desperate Housewives)")", opens with Gaby and Carlos' plan to run away together on Gaby's wedding night; however, after Edie stages a suicide attempt, Carlos calls off the plan. One month later, Gaby and Carlos reignite their affair despite their commitments to Victor and Edie, respectively."[Now You Know](/wiki/Now_You_Know_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Now You Know (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). Season 4, no. 1\. Edie soon becomes suspicious of Carlos, and eventually pieces together that he is cheating on her with Gabrielle when she, Carlos, and Victor all come down with [crabs](/wiki/Crab_louse "Crab louse")."[If There's Anything I Can't Stand](/wiki/If_There%27s_Anything_I_Can%27t_Stand "If There's Anything I Can't Stand")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer), [Lori Kirkland Baker](/wiki/Lori_Kirkland_Baker "Lori Kirkland Baker") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 21, 2007\. Season 4, no. 4\. She hires a private investigator, who photographs the couple sharing a final kiss after having just decided to end their affair."[Art Isn't Easy](/wiki/Art_Isn%27t_Easy "Art Isn't Easy")". David Grossman (director), Jason Ganzel (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 28, 2007\. Season 4, no. 5\. Edie shows the photographs to Victor."[Now I Know, Don't Be Scared](/wiki/Now_I_Know%2C_Don%27t_Be_Scared "Now I Know, Don't Be Scared")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee "Susan Nirah Jaffee") (writer), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller "Dahvi Waller") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 4, 2007\. Season 4, no. 6\. Victor takes Gabrielle on his boat, where she learns that he has found about the affair. Fearing that he might try to kill her, she knocks him overboard twice (first by herself and then with Carlos' help) and leaves him at sea."[You Can't Judge a Book by Its Cover](/wiki/You_Can%27t_Judge_a_Book_by_Its_Cover_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "You Can't Judge a Book by Its Cover (Desperate Housewives)")". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 "David Warren (director)") (director), Chuck Ranberg (writer), [Anne Flett\-Giordano](/wiki/Anne_Flett-Giordano "Anne Flett-Giordano") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 11, 2007\. Season 4, no. 7\. Victor survives the ordeal and vows to get revenge on Gabrielle and Carlos."[Distant Past](/wiki/Distant_Past_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Distant Past (Desperate Housewives)")". Jay Torres (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 "Joe Keenan (writer)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 25, 2007\. Season 4, no. 8\. He attempts to kill Carlos during a tornado, only to be killed when he is impaled from behind by a fencepost."[Something's Coming](/wiki/Something%27s_Coming_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Something's Coming (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee "John Pardee") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy "Joey Murphy") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). December 4, 2007\. Season 4, no. 9\. In the same storm, Carlos is blinded while the only documents giving him access to an offshore bank account are destroyed."[Welcome to Kanagawa](/wiki/Welcome_to_Kanagawa "Welcome to Kanagawa")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg "Jamie Gorenberg") (writer), Jordon Nordino (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 6, 2008\. Season 4, no. 10\. The couple remarries soon after."[Sunday](/wiki/Sunday_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Sunday (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Lori Kirkland Baker](/wiki/Lori_Kirkland_Baker "Lori Kirkland Baker") (writer), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 13, 2008\. Season 4, no. 11\.
While Gabrielle learns to cope with Carlos' blindness,"[In Buddy's Eyes](/wiki/In_Buddy%27s_Eyes "In Buddy's Eyes")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Jeff Greenstein](/wiki/Jeff_Greenstein "Jeff Greenstein") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 20, 2008\. Season 4, no. 12\."[Hello, Little Girl](/wiki/Hello%2C_Little_Girl "Hello, Little Girl")". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney "Bethany Rooney") (director), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee "Susan Nirah Jaffee") (writer), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg "Jamie Gorenberg") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). April 27, 2008\. Season 4, no. 13\. the Solises rent out a room in their house to Ellie Leonard ([Justine Bateman](/wiki/Justine_Bateman "Justine Bateman")) to improve their financial circumstances."[Opening Doors](/wiki/Opening_Doors_%28Television_Episode%29 "Opening Doors (Television Episode)")". David Grossman (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller "Dahvi Waller") (writer), [Jordon Nardino](/wiki/Jordon_Nardino "Jordon Nardino") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 4, 2008\. Season 4, no. 14\. Gabrielle later discovers that Ellie is a drug dealer and alerts the authorities; however, after she and Ellie bond, Gabrielle helps her escape before the police arrest her."[Mother Said](/wiki/Mother_Said "Mother Said")". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 "David Warren (director)") (director), Chuck Ranberg (writer), [Anne Flett\-Giordano](/wiki/Anne_Flett-Giordano "Anne Flett-Giordano") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 11, 2008\. Season 4, no. 15\."[The Gun Song](/wiki/The_Gun_Song "The Gun Song")". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney "Bethany Rooney") (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily "Bob Daily") (writer), [Matt Berry](/wiki/Matt_Berry "Matt Berry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 18, 2008\. Season 4, no. 16\. Gabrielle later discovers several thousand dollars in Ellie's abandoned belongings. Ellie comes back to retrieve it, but Gabrielle tries to keep it from her. When police arrive to the Solis home, Ellie escapes and seeks refuge in [Katherine Mayfair](/wiki/Katherine_Mayfair "Katherine Mayfair")'s house, where she is shot and killed by Wayne Davis ([Gary Cole](/wiki/Gary_Cole "Gary Cole"))."[Free](/wiki/Free_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Free (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Jeff Greenstein](/wiki/Jeff_Greenstein "Jeff Greenstein") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 18, 2008\. Season 4, no. 17\.
### Season 5
Five years after the events in season four, Gabrielle is not as beautiful, Carlos is still blind, and they are now raising two disobedient daughters, [Juanita](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Juanita_Solis "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Juanita Solis") ([Madison De La Garza](/wiki/Madison_De_La_Garza "Madison De La Garza")) and [Celia](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Celia_Solis "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Celia Solis") (Daniella Baltodano)."[You're Gonna Love Tomorrow](/wiki/You%27re_Gonna_Love_Tomorrow "You're Gonna Love Tomorrow")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). September 28, 2008\. Season 5, no. 1\. The family struggles financially, forcing Carlos to take a job as a masseur at a local country club, which further alienates them from high society."[We're So Happy You're So Happy](/wiki/We%27re_So_Happy_You%27re_So_Happy "We're So Happy You're So Happy")". David Grossman (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 5, 2008\. Season 5, no. 2\. One of Carlos' elderly and wealthy clients, Virginia Hildebrand ([Frances Conroy](/wiki/Frances_Conroy "Frances Conroy")), offers him a job as her personal masseur."[There's Always a Woman](/wiki/There%27s_Always_a_Woman_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "There's Always a Woman (Desperate Housewives)")". [Matthew Diamond](/wiki/Matthew_Diamond "Matthew Diamond") (director), John Paul Bullock III (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. November 2, 2008\. Season 5, no. 6\. Virginia becomes close with the Solises. Initially, Gabrielle does not mind, as she enjoys the luxuries Virginia provides for them; however, she starts to feel uncomfortable."[What More Do I Need?](/wiki/What_More_Do_I_Need%3F "What More Do I Need?")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Matt Berry](/wiki/Matt_Berry "Matt Berry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 9, 2008\. Season 5, no. 7\. Virginia revises her will to make the Solises the sole heirs to her estate, but Gabrielle eventually rejects the offer when Virginia tries to make important decisions in Juanita's and Celia's lives."[City on Fire](/wiki/City_on_Fire_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "City on Fire (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily "Bob Daily") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 16, 2008\. Season 5, no. 8\. Later, Carlos regains his sight after having surgery."[Me and My Town](/wiki/Me_and_My_Town "Me and My Town")". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 "David Warren (director)") (director), [Lori Kirkland Baker](/wiki/Lori_Kirkland_Baker "Lori Kirkland Baker") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 30, 2008\. Season 5, no. 9\."[A Vision's Just a Vision](/wiki/A_Vision%27s_Just_a_Vision "A Vision's Just a Vision")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), David Flebotte (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). December 7, 2008\. Season 5, no. 10\.
Carlos plans to take a job at the community center to help blind people. Tired of struggling, Gabrielle forces Carlos to take a high\-salary office job."[Home Is the Place](/wiki/Home_Is_the_Place "Home Is the Place")". David Grossman (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg "Jamie Gorenberg") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 4, 2009\. Season 5, no. 11\. Meanwhile, Gabrielle works to lose weight and return to her model figure."[Mama Spent Money When She Had None](/wiki/Mama_Spent_Money_When_She_Had_None "Mama Spent Money When She Had None")". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 "David Warren (director)") (director), Jason Ganzel (writer). February 8, 2009\. Season 5, no. 14\. When Gabrielle discovers that Carlos' new boss, Bradley Scott ([David Starzyk](/wiki/David_Starzyk "David Starzyk")), is cheating on his wife, she promises to remain silent so long as Carlos receives a generous salary bonus."[In a World Where the Kings Are Employers](/wiki/In_a_World_Where_the_Kings_Are_Employers "In a World Where the Kings Are Employers")". David Grossman (director), [Lori Kirkland Baker](/wiki/Lori_Kirkland_Baker "Lori Kirkland Baker") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). February 15, 2009\. Season 5, no. 15\. Eventually, Bradley's wife, Maria Scott ([Ion Overman](/wiki/Ion_Overman "Ion Overman")), finds out about his affair and kills him."[Crime Doesn't Pay](/wiki/Crime_Doesn%27t_Pay "Crime Doesn't Pay")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg "Jamie Gorenberg") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). March 8, 2009\. Season 5, no. 16\. As a result of Bradley's death, Carlos is promoted."[The Story of Lucy and Jessie](/wiki/The_Story_of_Lucy_and_Jessie "The Story of Lucy and Jessie")". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney "Bethany Rooney") (director), [Jordon Nardino](/wiki/Jordon_Nardino "Jordon Nardino") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). March 15, 2009\. Season 5, no. 17\. Later, Gabrielle hesitantly agrees to take in Carlos' teenage niece, [Ana](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Ana_Solis "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Ana Solis") ([Maiara Walsh](/wiki/Maiara_Walsh "Maiara Walsh")), when her grandmother can no longer care for her."[Everybody Says Don't](/wiki/Everybody_Says_Don%27t_%28Desperate_Housewives_season_five_episode%29 "Everybody Says Don't (Desperate Housewives season five episode)")". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney "Bethany Rooney") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee "John Pardee") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy "Joey Murphy") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 17, 2009\. Season 5, no. 23\. Gabrielle attempts to foster a positive relationship with Ana; however, she soon sees how entitled and manipulative Ana is."[If It's Only In Your Head](/wiki/If_It%27s_Only_In_Your_Head "If It's Only In Your Head")". David Grossman (director), Jeffrey Richmond (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 17, 2009\. Season 5, no. 24\.
### Season 6
Gabrielle's relationship with Ana becomes more problematic, as Ana shows no regard for the household rules."[Nice Is Different Than Good](/wiki/Nice_Is_Different_Than_Good "Nice Is Different Than Good")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry "Marc Cherry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). September 27, 2009\. Season 6, no. 1\. Ana begins pursuing [Danny Bolen](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Danny_Bolen "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Danny Bolen") ([Beau Mirchoff](/wiki/Beau_Mirchoff "Beau Mirchoff")), the teenage son of their new neighbors, [Angie](/wiki/Angie_Bolen "Angie Bolen") ([Drea de Matteo](/wiki/Drea_de_Matteo "Drea de Matteo")) and [Nick Bolen](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Nick_Bolen "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Nick Bolen") ([Jeffrey Nordling](/wiki/Jeffrey_Nordling "Jeffrey Nordling")). When Danny is accused of strangling Susan's daughter, [Julie Mayer](/wiki/Julie_Mayer_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Julie Mayer (Desperate Housewives)") ([Andrea Bowen](/wiki/Andrea_Bowen "Andrea Bowen")), Ana attempts to provide him a false alibi until Gabrielle forces her to tell the truth."[Being Alive](/wiki/Being_Alive_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Being Alive (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Matt Berry](/wiki/Matt_Berry "Matt Berry") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 4, 2009\. Season 6, no. 2\. Later, Ana gets a job at John Rowland's restaurant."[Never Judge a Lady by Her Lover](/wiki/Never_Judge_a_Lady_by_Her_Lover "Never Judge a Lady by Her Lover")". Andrew Doerfer (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily "Bob Daily") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 11, 2009\. Season 6, no. 3\. John attempts to win Gabrielle back, forcing her to question whether or not she still has feelings for him. She ultimately decides that she is happy with her life, and Ana quits her job after Gabrielle confesses to her affair with John in the first season."[The God\-Why\-Don't\-You\-Love\-Me Blues](/wiki/The_God-Why-Don%27t-You-Love-Me_Blues "The God-Why-Don't-You-Love-Me Blues")". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 "David Warren (director)") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 18, 2009\. Season 6, no. 4\. Gabrielle also begins experiencing difficulties in her relationship with Juanita: her poor parenting skills make other parents reluctant to let their children play with Juanita;"[Everybody Ought to Have a Maid](/wiki/Everybody_Ought_to_Have_a_Maid "Everybody Ought to Have a Maid")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg "Jamie Gorenberg") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). October 25, 2009\. Season 6, no. 5\. Gabrielle's hot temper gets Juanita expelled from school;"[Don't Walk on the Grass](/wiki/Don%27t_Walk_on_the_Grass "Don't Walk on the Grass")". David Grossman (director), [Marco Pennette](/wiki/Marco_Pennette "Marco Pennette") (writer). November 1, 2009\. Season 6, no. 6\. and her attempts to home school Juanita only strain their relationship further."[Careful the Things You Say](/wiki/Careful_the_Things_You_Say "Careful the Things You Say")". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney "Bethany Rooney") (director), [Peter Lefcourt](/wiki/Peter_Lefcourt "Peter Lefcourt") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 8, 2009\. Season 6, no. 7\. Gabrielle and Carlos then enroll Juanita in private school."[You Gotta Get a Gimmick](/wiki/You_Gotta_Get_a_Gimmick "You Gotta Get a Gimmick")". David Grossman (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 "Joe Keenan (writer)") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 10, 2010\. Season 6, no. 12\. Later, Gabrielle discovers that Lynette has been hiding her pregnancy in order to secure a promotion at Carlos' company."[The Coffee Cup](/wiki/The_Coffee_Cup "The Coffee Cup")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), Dave Flebotte (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 15, 2009\. Season 6, no. 8\. Feeling betrayed, Gabrielle ends their friendship and Carlos tries to drive Lynette to quit her job."[Would I Think of Suicide?](/wiki/Would_I_Think_of_Suicide%3F "Would I Think of Suicide?")". [Ken Whittingham](/wiki/Ken_Whittingham "Ken Whittingham") (director), Jason Ganzel (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). November 29, 2009\. Season 6, no. 9\. However, when a small plane hired by [Karl Mayer](/wiki/Karl_Mayer "Karl Mayer") makes a crash landing on Wisteria Lane, Lynette saves Celia from its path,"[Boom Crunch](/wiki/Boom_Crunch "Boom Crunch")". David Grossman (director), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy "Joey Murphy") (writer), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee "John Pardee") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). December 6, 2009\. Season 6, no. 10\. thus restoring her friendship with Gabrielle."[If...](/wiki/If..._%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "If... (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg "Jamie Gorenberg") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 3, 2010\. Season 6, no. 11\.
Gabrielle's friendship with Angie is complicated when Ana and Danny begin dating, especially when Gabrielle and Carlos discover that the Bolens are keeping a dangerous secret."[The Glamorous Life](/wiki/The_Glamorous_Life_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "The Glamorous Life (Desperate Housewives)")". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney "Bethany Rooney") (director), Dave Flebotte (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). January 31, 2010\. Season 6, no. 14\. To break up Ana and Danny, Gabrielle and Carlos send her to a modeling academy in New York; unbeknownst to them or the Bolens, however, Danny follows her there."[Lovely](/wiki/Lovely_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "Lovely (Desperate Housewives)")". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 "David Warren (director)") (director), David Schladweiler (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). February 21, 2010\. Season 6, no. 15\. Gabrielle accompanies Angie to New York to retrieve Danny, during which time she learns about Angie's mysterious past, which involves Danny's biological father."[Chromolume No. 7](/wiki/Chromolume_No._7 "Chromolume No. 7")". [Lonny Price](/wiki/Lonny_Price "Lonny Price") (director), [Marco Pennette](/wiki/Marco_Pennette "Marco Pennette") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). March 14, 2010\. Season 6, no. 17\. [Patrick Logan](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Patrick_Logan "List of Desperate Housewives characters#Patrick Logan") ([John Barrowman](/wiki/John_Barrowman "John Barrowman")), an environmental terrorist and Danny's real father, tracks them down to Wisteria Lane. He runs over Nick, placing him in the hospital, and holds Angie and Danny hostage."[The Ballad of Booth](/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Booth_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "The Ballad of Booth (Desperate Housewives)")". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 "Larry Shaw (director)") (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily "Bob Daily") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 9, 2010\. Season 6, no. 22\. Gabrielle helps rescue the Bolens and send them to Atlanta, as the government is still searching for them due to their involvement in Patrick's terrorism."[I Guess This Is Goodbye](/wiki/I_Guess_This_Is_Goodbye_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 "I Guess This Is Goodbye (Desperate Housewives)")". David Grossman (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham "Alexandra Cunningham") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). May 16, 2010\. Season 6, no. 23\.
### Season 7
Gabrielle is told the truth of Andrew killing Carlos' mother but decides to keep it quiet, fearing Carlos' reaction and not wanting to hurt him. She finds out later that Juanita is not her real daughter due to a hospital mix\-up. Gabrielle soon realizes she wants to meet her true daughter and convinces a lawyer to find the other family. Carlos is angered when he finds out, telling her that the family could take Juanita away and if that happens, he'll never forgive Gabrielle. When they meet the family, they automatically know that Grace is Gaby's daughter as she is throwing a fit over a jumper. Gabrielle grows closer to Grace, causing jealousy in Juanita, who doesn't know the truth. When Grace's legal parents are discovered to be undocumented immigrants, her legal father Hector is arrested and her legal mother Carmen is forced to go on the run. Since Grace was born in the United States, she is a citizen and Gabrielle and Carlos agree to take her in to raise her.
To make sure they can get Grace to live with them, Gabrielle turns Grace's legal mother into [U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement](/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement") (ICE) but then has second thoughts when ICE shows up, posing as Carmen and letting Carmen get away. But when Gabrielle and Carlos go to pick up Grace, Carmen insists on taking Grace. Distraught over losing Grace, Gabrielle confides in Lynette, the only person she knows who has lost a child. Lynette tells Gabrielle that she wrote a letter to the child she lost, and that this might help Gabrielle, who wouldn't have to actually send it. Gabrielle writes the letter; Juanita finds it and runs away, hiding in the back of Bob and Lee's car, where Gabrielle sees her just in time for her to be rescued during a riot. A therapist suggests that Carlos and Gabrielle cut off all ties and reminders of Grace in order to let the tension with Juanita heal. Gabrielle is reluctant, keeping photos of Grace but Carlos demands she do this for Juanita.
Gabrielle seems to agree, but goes to a boutique and buys a doll that resembles Grace and keeps it hidden from her family. After Juanita and Celia find it and play with it, ultimately breaking its arm, Gabrielle goes back to the boutique and has the owner repair "Princess Valerie". The owner promises to repair it, and Gabrielle, feeling she is too attached to the doll, asks the owner if she thinks Gabrielle is strange. The owner disagrees, and shows Gabrielle her own doll, Mrs. Humphreys. The owner tells Gabrielle that she fell in love with the doll and bought it, ultimately learning the doll's "story". The owner says that Mrs. Humphreys is a music teacher whose sister died around the same time the owner's did (hinting that the owner bought the doll as a replacement for her passed on sister, much as Gabrielle did). Gabrielle sees the owner's pain, and the owner asks Gabrielle about Princess Valerie's story. Although reluctant, Gabrielle emotionally tells her that the doll was a princess who was accidentally given to the wrong family, but she found her way back eventually, and her mother, the Queen, had her hid so that no one could take her away again. When she gets home, Gabrielle puts Princess Valerie in a box behind her closet. Carlos finds out about Gabrielle's obsession with the doll so they go out to get rid of it and get carjacked by an unknown gunman. Gabrielle tries to take Princess Valerie out of the car but she had to let her go because the gunman threatened to kill her.
Carlos insists she go to therapy but she ignores it, going to spa treatments instead. Eventually, Carlos goes with her as she confesses to the therapist how she was molested as a child. At the therapist's suggestion, Gabrielle and Carlos go to her hometown where Gaby is surprised to learn she is a celebrity. She enjoys being admired by the townspeople until she meets the nun she had once confided in about her abuse as a child. The nun had then refused to believe Gabrielle's story and remains stubborn as Gabrielle lets out the shame she has long since been forced to feel by the cold nun's words; passing it back onto this woman who was in a position to prevent a childhood of torment and failed to do anything, gives Gaby the sense of closure she has been seeking. Finally Gabrielle tells Carlos she is ready to go home and leave the past behind. Making amends for his past while in AA, Andrew decides to tell Carlos about running over his mother. While Carlos does forgive Andrew, he is furious with Gabrielle over keeping the secret from him. He tells Bree that he won't forgive her for hiding the truth and bans Gabrielle from seeing Bree again. Gabrielle takes her girls and temporarily moves in with Bree. She shortly returns to Carlos.
Gabrielle shows a horror movie to Juanita, which gives her nightmares. She claims that a man is standing on the family's front lawn every night. Gabrielle is doubtful of this until she too notices the mysterious stranger. She sees him while shopping one day and asks a security officer to see a security camera. She realizes that her stalker is the stepfather who raped her as a child. This horrifies Gabrielle, especially because she thought that he was dead. Gabrielle learns her stepfather has been following her everywhere she goes. She drives to a deserted area when she knows he is following her, and walks into a clearing, armed with a gun that she acquired for her protection. She confronts him about raping her as a young girl. He admits to the terrible deed. During Susan's coming home dinner, Gabrielle runs home to begin preparations for dessert course. Once she enters her house, her stepfather confronts her again, pretending to have her gun. He begins to attack her and attempts to rape her. However, Carlos comes home and intervenes, accidentally killing him with a blow to the head from a candlestick. Bree, Susan, and Lynette come into the house and discover the body. With help from Bree, they are able to clean up before the rest of the guests arrive. The group agrees to keep the situation secret.
### Season 8
Gabrielle and Carlos deal with keeping the murder of her stepfather quiet, Carlos unable to be intimate due to his guilt. Gabrielle challenges the antagonistic PTA head at Juanita's school after a parking dispute only to accidentally hit the woman with her car. The woman gets revenge by making Gabrielle her replacement, warning her that being PTA head will drive Gabrielle crazy. The first meeting does not go well as Gabrielle is late due to a spa appointment and the other members berate her over putting her high\-living lifestyle over her responsibilities. Assuming they're jealous, Gabrielle gives them massages and makeovers but they still refuse to help. They snap that Gabrielle has no idea how people like them live and her life is so perfect. However, when a drunken Carlos comes in, the PTA members realize that Gabrielle faces many struggles as well and she really isn't that different from them after all. They take over the luncheon project and allow Gabrielle to help her husband. When Carlos gets drunk before work, Gabrielle attempts to cover for him but his boss figures it out. Rather than be upset, the man tells Carlos he understands, being a recovering alcoholic himself, and urges Carlos to get help. Carlos checks himself into a rehab center but vanishes the same night detective Chuck Vance is killed, making Gabrielle worry Carlos might have done it while drunk. When a guilty Susan checks in on Alejandro's family, his suspicious widow, Claudia, follows her, believing Susan is having an affair with her husband. Gabrielle is upset with Susan until she hears Susan's suspicion that Claudia's daughter, Marisa, was also molested. Gabrielle invites Claudia over, telling her the truth about Alejandro. Claudia refuses to believe it until Marisa finally confesses what the man did to her, Claudia distraught to have had her daughter hurt like that. She later comes to Gabrielle, thanking her for letting her see the truth. She spots the rug stained with Alejandro's blood that Gabrielle was having replaced and tells Gabrielle to get rid of it, clearly knowing what happened to Alejandro and willing to keep it quiet.
When Carlos gets out of rehab, he surprises Gabrielle by having a new attitude of giving away money, not wanting to be so greedy anymore. Gabrielle is upset at first but at Mike's funeral, realizes it's better to let Carlos do what makes him happy. She tries to calm her nerves by shopping and ends up being offered a job as a "personal shopper." At first, Gabrielle is good with it but also has to pretend to be single to win over male shoppers. Carlos is upset with this and Gabrielle tells him she is doing what she wants and is enjoying it. When Bree is put on trial for killing Alejandro, both Carlos and Gabrielle want to tell the truth but Karen McCluskey (overhearing them talking about it) confesses on the stand to killing Alejandro herself. Gabrielle is eventually offered a promotion at her job with Carlos upset at first but coming to accept it. In the final moments of the series, it's stated that Carlos helps Gabrielle start her own online shopper company, which earns her a show on the [Home Shopping Network](/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network "Home Shopping Network"). They eventually move to a mansion in Los Angeles where "they argued happily ever after."
|
[
"Storylines\n----------",
"### Backstory",
"Gabrielle Márquez\"[Children and Art](/wiki/Children_and_Art \"Children and Art\")\". [Wendey Stanzler](/wiki/Wendey_Stanzler \"Wendey Stanzler\") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten \"Kevin Etten\") (writer), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans \"Jenna Bans\"). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 12, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 8\\. was born in [Las Colinas, Texas](/wiki/Las_Colinas%2C_Irving%2C_Texas \"Las Colinas, Irving, Texas\").\"[Farewell Letter](/wiki/Farewell_Letter \"Farewell Letter\")\". David Grossman (director), [Marco Pennette](/wiki/Marco_Pennette \"Marco Pennette\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). February 20, 2011\\. Season 7, no. 15\\. Her family is from [Guadalajara, Mexico](/wiki/Guadalajara%2C_Mexico \"Guadalajara, Mexico\"). Born on December 8, 1976,\"[Could I Leave You?](/wiki/Could_I_Leave_You%3F \"Could I Leave You?\")\". [Pam Thomas](/wiki/Pam_Thomas \"Pam Thomas\") (director), Scott Sanford Tobis (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). March 26, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 17\\. she has a brother and a sister.\"[You Gotta Get a Gimmick](/wiki/You_Gotta_Get_a_Gimmick \"You Gotta Get a Gimmick\")\". David Grossman (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 \"Joe Keenan (writer)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 10, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 11\\. Her father died of cancer when she was five years old.\"[Smiles of a Summer Night](/wiki/Smiles_of_a_Summer_Night_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Smiles of a Summer Night (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily \"Bob Daily\") (writer), [Matt Berry](/wiki/Matt_Berry \"Matt Berry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 7, 2007\\. Season 4, no. 2\\. From that point on, her mother, Lucía Márquez ([María Conchita Alonso](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Conchita_Alonso \"María Conchita Alonso\")), married [Alejandro Perez](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Alejandro_Perez \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Alejandro Perez\") ([Tony Plana](/wiki/Tony_Plana \"Tony Plana\")) who sexually abused Gabrielle throughout her teenage years.\"[Thank You So Much](/wiki/Thank_You_So_Much \"Thank You So Much\")\". David Grossman (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller \"Dahvi Waller\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). February 19, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 15\\. According to Gabrielle, her mother overlooked the matter, and a nun at her school refused to believe her claims of having been raped. When she was fifteen, Gabrielle ran away to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to pursue a career in modeling.\"[Suspicious Minds](/wiki/Suspicious_Minds_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Suspicious Minds (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans \"Jenna Bans\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). December 12, 2004\\. Season 1, no. 9\\. Gabrielle achieved significant success but earned a reputation for being difficult.\"[Chromolume No. 7](/wiki/Chromolume_No._7 \"Chromolume No. 7\"). [Lonny Price](/wiki/Lonny_Price \"Lonny Price\") (director), [Marco Pennette](/wiki/Marco_Pennette \"Marco Pennette\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). March 14, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 17\\. As her career began to fade, she married wealthy businessman [Carlos Solis](/wiki/Carlos_Solis \"Carlos Solis\") ([Ricardo Antonio Chavira](/wiki/Ricardo_Antonio_Chavira \"Ricardo Antonio Chavira\")), who proposed after only three dates.\"[Pilot](/wiki/Pilot_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Pilot (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Charles McDougall](/wiki/Charles_McDougall \"Charles McDougall\") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 3, 2003\\. Season 1, no. 1\\. They then relocated to [Wisteria Lane](/wiki/Wisteria_Lane \"Wisteria Lane\") in the fictional suburb of Fairview, Eagle State, where Gabrielle befriended [Susan Mayer](/wiki/Susan_Mayer \"Susan Mayer\") ([Teri Hatcher](/wiki/Teri_Hatcher \"Teri Hatcher\")), [Lynette Scavo](/wiki/Lynette_Scavo \"Lynette Scavo\") ([Felicity Huffman](/wiki/Felicity_Huffman \"Felicity Huffman\")), [Bree Van de Kamp](/wiki/Bree_Van_de_Kamp \"Bree Van de Kamp\") ([Marcia Cross](/wiki/Marcia_Cross \"Marcia Cross\")), and [Mary Alice Young](/wiki/Mary_Alice_Young \"Mary Alice Young\") ([Brenda Strong](/wiki/Brenda_Strong \"Brenda Strong\")).",
"### Season 1",
"In the [pilot episode](/wiki/Pilot_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Pilot (Desperate Housewives)\"), Gabrielle is unhappy with her marriage to Carlos, whose priority is work. She is shown to be extremely lonely while Carlos is money\\-minded and oblivious to her unhappiness. To keep herself entertained, she has an extramaterial affair with [John Rowland](/wiki/John_Rowland_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"John Rowland (Desperate Housewives)\") ([Jesse Metcalfe](/wiki/Jesse_Metcalfe \"Jesse Metcalfe\")), her teenage gardener. Carlos suspects that Gabrielle is being unfaithful and he enlists the help of his mother, [Juanita \"Mama\" Solis](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Juanita_%22Mama%22_Solis \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Juanita \") ([Lupe Ontiveros](/wiki/Lupe_Ontiveros \"Lupe Ontiveros\")).\"[Come In, Stranger](/wiki/Come_In%2C_Stranger_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Come In, Stranger (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Arlene Sanford](/wiki/Arlene_Sanford \"Arlene Sanford\") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 31, 2004\\. Season 1, no. 5\\. Mama Solis catches Gabrielle and John having sex and takes a photograph to document Gabrielle's betrayal. However, while fleeing the house, she is hit by a car driven by [Andrew Van de Kamp](/wiki/Andrew_Van_de_Kamp \"Andrew Van de Kamp\"), and Gabrielle is able to dispose of the evidence against her.\"[Anything You Can Do](/wiki/Anything_You_Can_Do_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Anything You Can Do (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee \"John Pardee\") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy \"Joey Murphy\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). Season 1, no. 7\\. Mama Solis falls into a coma and dies a few months later without having the opportunity to tell Carlos about Gabrielle's affair.\"[There Won't Be Trumpets](/wiki/There_Won%27t_Be_Trumpets \"There Won't Be Trumpets\")\". [Jeff Melman](/wiki/Jeff_Melman \"Jeff Melman\") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee \"John Pardee\") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy \"Joey Murphy\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 3, 2005\\. Season 1, no. 17\\.\"[Guilty](/wiki/Guilty_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Guilty (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Fred Gerber](/wiki/Fred_Gerber \"Fred Gerber\") (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 \"Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 28, 2004\\. Season 1, no. 8\\. Gabrielle and John end the affair after Susan and Helen ([Kathryn Harrold](/wiki/Kathryn_Harrold \"Kathryn Harrold\")), John's mother, find out about it. Soon after, Carlos is indicted for importing goods made by [slave labor](/wiki/Slave_labor \"Slave labor\").\"[Come Back to Me](/wiki/Come_Back_to_Me_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Come Back to Me (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Fred Gerber](/wiki/Fred_Gerber \"Fred Gerber\") (director), [Patty Lin](/wiki/Patty_Lin \"Patty Lin\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). December 19, 2004\\. Season 1, no. 10\\. The government freezes the Solis' bank accounts, forcing Gabrielle to perform low\\-wage modeling jobs to pay bills.\"[Move On](/wiki/Move_On_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Move On (Desperate Housewives)\")\". John David Cole (director), [David Schulner](/wiki/David_Schulner \"David Schulner\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 9, 2005\\. Season 1, no. 11\\. Carlos is eventually released under house arrest while awaiting trial,\"[Every Day a Little Death](/wiki/Every_Day_a_Little_Death \"Every Day a Little Death\")\". David Grossman (director), [Chris Black](/wiki/Chris_Black_%28screenwriter%29 \"Chris Black (screenwriter)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 16, 2005\\. Season 1, no 11\\. during which time the couple faces several financial crises.\"[The Ladies Who Lunch](/wiki/The_Ladies_Who_Lunch_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"The Ladies Who Lunch (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Arlene Sanford](/wiki/Arlene_Sanford \"Arlene Sanford\") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). March 27, 2005\\. Season 1, no. 16\\.",
"Carlos continually asks Gabrielle for a child, as well as a post\\-nuptial agreement that she will not divorce him while he is in jail. After Carlos physically forces Gabrielle to sign the documents, she reignites her affair with John.\"[Children Will Listen](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives_season_1%23ep18 \"Desperate Housewives season 1#ep18\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 \"Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 10, 2005\\. Season 1, no. 18\\. Later, Gabrielle discovers that she is pregnant and is unsure of who the father is.\"[Fear No More](/wiki/Fear_No_More_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Fear No More (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Jeff Melman](/wiki/Jeff_Melman \"Jeff Melman\") (director), [Adam Barr](/wiki/Adam_Barr \"Adam Barr\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 1, 2005\\. Season 1, no. 19\\. John hopes to help take care of the baby, but Gabrielle tells him she will only acknowledge Carlos as the father.\"[Sunday in the Park with George](/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George \"Sunday in the Park with George\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Katie Ford](/wiki/Katie_Ford_%28screenwriter%29 \"Katie Ford (screenwriter)\") (screenwriter). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). Season 1, no. 21\\. Later, Gabrielle finds out that Carlos had tampered with her birth control in order to orchestrate her pregnancy.\"[Goodbye for Now](/wiki/Goodbye_for_Now_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Goodbye for Now (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter \"Josh Senter\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 15, 2005\\. Season 1, no. 22\\. While Carlos is facing a separate trial for assaulting two different gay men he mistook for being Gabrielle's lovers (the first being a cable repairman who slipped in their bathroom after interrupting a tryst between Gabrielle and John, the second being John's roommate Justin), John admits to his affair with Gabrielle. Carlos attempts to attack John in court, and is subsequently convicted for hate crimes.\"[One Wonderful Day](/wiki/One_Wonderful_Day_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"One Wonderful Day (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee \"John Pardee\") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy \"Joey Murphy\") (writer), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer), [Tom Spezialy](/wiki/Tom_Spezialy \"Tom Spezialy\") (writer), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 \"Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 22, 2005\\. Season 1, no. 23\\.",
"### Season 2",
"With Carlos now in jail and a child on the way, Gabrielle alienates John and attempts to salvage her marriage.\"[Next](/wiki/Next_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Next (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans \"Jenna Bans\") (writer), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 \"Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). September 25, 2005\\. Season 2, no. 1\\. Gabrielle and Carlos continue sparring until she apologizes for the affair wholeheartedly for the first time.\"[You'll Never Get Away from Me](/wiki/You%27ll_Never_Get_Away_from_Me \"You'll Never Get Away from Me\")\". [Arlene Sanford](/wiki/Arlene_Sanford \"Arlene Sanford\") (director), [Tom Spezialy](/wiki/Tom_Spezialy \"Tom Spezialy\") (writer), [Ellie Herman](/wiki/Ellie_Herman \"Ellie Herman\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 9, 2005\\. Season 2, no. 3\\. Hoping to be granted a [conjugal visit](/wiki/Conjugal_visit \"Conjugal visit\") and eventually get Carlos released on parole, Gabrielle hires David Bradley ([Adrian Pasdar](/wiki/Adrian_Pasdar \"Adrian Pasdar\")), a womanizing lawyer who later professes his love to Gabrielle, to get Carlos' hate crime conviction overturned.\"[My Heart Belong to Daddy](/wiki/My_Heart_Belongs_to_Daddy_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"My Heart Belongs to Daddy (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Robert Duncan McNeill](/wiki/Robert_Duncan_McNeill \"Robert Duncan McNeill\"), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy \"Joey Murphy\") (writer), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee \"John Pardee\") (writer. *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 16, 2005\\. Season 2, no. 4\\.\"[They Asked Me Why I Believe in You](/wiki/They_Asked_Me_Why_I_Believe_in_You \"They Asked Me Why I Believe in You\")\". David Grossman (director), Alan Cross (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 23, 2005\\. Season 2, no. 5\\.\"[I Wish I Could Forget You](/wiki/I_Wish_I_Could_Forget_You \"I Wish I Could Forget You\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten \"Kevin Etten\") (writer), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter \"Josh Senter\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 6, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 6\\. Later, [Caleb Applewhite](/wiki/Caleb_Applewhite \"Caleb Applewhite\") ([Page Kennedy](/wiki/Page_Kennedy \"Page Kennedy\")), [Betty Applewhite](/wiki/Betty_Applewhite \"Betty Applewhite\")'s ([Alfre Woodard](/wiki/Alfre_Woodard \"Alfre Woodard\")) allegedly violent and mentally ill son, breaks into Gabrielle's home and chases her. She falls down the stairs,\"[Color and Light](/wiki/Color_and_Light \"Color and Light\")\". David Grossman (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 13, 2005\\. Season 2, no. 7\\. resulting in a miscarriage.\"[The Sun Won't Set](/wiki/The_Sun_Won%27t_Set_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"The Sun Won't Set (Desperate Housewives)\")\". Stephen Cragg (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans \"Jenna Bans\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 20, 2005\\. Season 2, no. 8\\. Afterwards, Carlos is paroled thanks to the influence of a nun named Sister Mary Bernard ([Melinda Page Hamilton](/wiki/Melinda_Page_Hamilton \"Melinda Page Hamilton\")). Gabrielle objects to Carlos' attempts to become a better and more spiritual man, as it threatens her lavish lifestyle, thus prompting Sister Mary to suggest Carlos annul his marriage to Gabrielle.\"[That's Good, That's Bad](/wiki/That%27s_Good%2C_That%27s_Bad_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"That's Good, That's Bad (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 \"Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 27, 2005\\. Season 8, no. 9\\. Gabrielle intervenes when Carlos attempts to accompany Sister Mary on a charity trip to Botswana.\"[Coming Home](/wiki/Coming_Home_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Coming Home (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Arlene Sanford](/wiki/Arlene_Sanford \"Arlene Sanford\") (director), [Chris Black](/wiki/Chris_Black_%28screenwriter%29 \"Chris Black (screenwriter)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). December 4, 2005\\. Season 2, no. 10\\. To rid herself of Sister Mary permanently, Gabrielle tells a priest at the church that Sister Mary and Carlos had an affair. Consequently, Sister Mary is transferred to Alaska.\"[There's Something About a War](/wiki/There%27s_Something_About_a_War \"There's Something About a War\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten \"Kevin Etten\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 22, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 13\\.",
"Gabrielle agrees to have a child with Carlos, but her miscarriage leads to complications, forcing them to consider adoption.\"[There Is No Other Way](/wiki/There_Is_No_Other_Way_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"There Is No Other Way (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Randy Zisk](/wiki/Randall_Zisk \"Randall Zisk\") (director), [Bruce Zimmerman](/wiki/Bruce_Zimmerman \"Bruce Zimmerman\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). March 12, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 16\\. They prepare to adopt the unborn baby of pole dancer Libby Collins ([Nichole Hiltz](/wiki/Nichole_Hiltz \"Nichole Hiltz\")). However, Libby's boyfriend, Frank Helm ([Eddie McClintock](/wiki/Eddie_McClintock \"Eddie McClintock\")), and his teenaged brother and the baby's father, Dale (Sam Horrigan), try to intervene.\"[Everybody Says Don't](/wiki/Everybody_Says_Don%27t_%28Desperate_Housewives_season_two_episode%29 \"Everybody Says Don't (Desperate Housewives season two episode)\")\". [Tom Cherones](/wiki/Tom_Cherones \"Tom Cherones\") (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans \"Jenna Bans\") (writer), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 2, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 18\\.\"[It Wasn't Meant to Happen](/wiki/It_Wasn%27t_Meant_to_Happen \"It Wasn't Meant to Happen\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer), [Tom Spezialy](/wiki/Tom_Spezialy \"Tom Spezialy\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 30, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 20\\. When the baby, Lily, is born, a judge grants Carlos and Gabrielle temporary custody;\"[Don't Look at Me](/wiki/Don%27t_Look_at_Me_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Don't Look at Me (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter \"Josh Senter\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 16, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 19\\. however, Libby ultimately decides to take Lily back and raise her with Frank. Meanwhile, Gabrielle learns that her maid, [Xiao\\-Mei](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Xiao-Mei \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Xiao-Mei\") ([Gwendoline Yeo](/wiki/Gwendoline_Yeo \"Gwendoline Yeo\")), is in danger of being deported to China. Xiao\\-Mei agrees to be Gabrielle and Carlos' [surrogate](/wiki/Surrogacy \"Surrogacy\") in order to stay in the country.\"[I Know Things Now](/wiki/I_Know_Things_Now \"I Know Things Now\")\". [Wendey Stanzler](/wiki/Wendey_Stanzler \"Wendey Stanzler\") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten \"Kevin Etten\") (writer), [Bruce Zimmerman](/wiki/Bruce_Zimmerman \"Bruce Zimmerman\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 7, 2006\\. Season 2, no. 21\\. As the pregnancy progresses, Gabrielle suspects that Carlos and Xiao\\-Mei are having an affair. When she catches them having sex, she kicks Carlos out of the house and informs Xiao\\-Mei that she is not allowed to leave until the baby is born.\"[Remember (Parts I \\& II)](/wiki/Remember_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Remember (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans \"Jenna Bans\") (writer), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer), [Tom Spezialy](/wiki/Tom_Spezialy \"Tom Spezialy\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 21, 2006\\. Season 2, nos. 23 \\& 24\\.",
"### Season 3",
"The third season opens six months later, near the end of Xiao\\-Mei's pregnancy and in the midst of Gabrielle and Carlos' divorce proceedings.\"[Listen to the Rain on the Roof](/wiki/Listen_to_the_Rain_on_the_Roof \"Listen to the Rain on the Roof\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer), [Jeff Greenstein](/wiki/Jeff_Greenstein \"Jeff Greenstein\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). September 24, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 1\\. When Xiao\\-Mei gives birth, doctors discover that they had accidentally switched the Solis' embryo with another couple's and the Solis' embryo was not successfully inseminated. Xiao\\-Mei moves out and Gabrielle and Carlos are left without a child.\"[It Takes Two](/wiki/It_Takes_Two_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"It Takes Two (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 \"Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)\") (writer), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans \"Jenna Bans\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 1, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 2\\. Despite this, their divorce proceedings become complicated and vindictive.\"[Like It Was](/wiki/Like_It_Was \"Like It Was\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee \"John Pardee\") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy \"Joey Murphy\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 15, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 4\\.\"[Nice She Ain't](/wiki/Nice_She_Ain%27t \"Nice She Ain't\")\". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 \"David Warren (director)\") (director), Alexandra Cummings (writer), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee \"Susan Nirah Jaffee\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 22, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 5\\.\"[Sweetheart, I Have to Confess](/wiki/Sweetheart%2C_I_Have_to_Confess \"Sweetheart, I Have to Confess\")\". David Grossman (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller \"Dahvi Waller\") (writer), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter \"Josh Senter\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 29, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 6\\.\"[Bang](/wiki/Bang_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Bang (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 \"Joe Keenan (writer)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 5, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 7\\. Following Gabrielle's divorce, she teams up with her personal shopper Vern ([Alec Mapa](/wiki/Alec_Mapa \"Alec Mapa\")) to coach a group of young misfit girls for the Little Miss Snowflake Beauty Pageant.\"[Beautiful Girls](/wiki/Beautiful_Girls_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Beautiful Girls (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller \"Dahvi Waller\") (writer), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee \"Susan Nirah Jaffee\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 19, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 9\\. She briefly dates Bill Pearce ([Mark Deklin](/wiki/Mark_Deklin \"Mark Deklin\")) the widowed father of a girl in the pageant, before realizing that she is not yet ready to date again.\"[The Miracle Song](/wiki/The_Miracle_Song_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"The Miracle Song (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily \"Bob Daily\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 26, 2006\\. Season 3, no. 10\\.\"[No Fits, No Fights, No Feuds](/wiki/No_Fits%2C_No_Fights%2C_No_Feuds \"No Fits, No Fights, No Feuds\")\". [Sanaa Hamri](/wiki/Sanaa_Hamri \"Sanaa Hamri\") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter \"Josh Senter\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 7, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 11\\. Soon after, [Zach Young](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Zach_Young \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Zach Young\") ([Cody Kasch](/wiki/Cody_Kasch \"Cody Kasch\")) the recently wealthy son of Gabrielle's deceased friend, Mary Alice, begins pursuing Gabrielle.\"[Not While I'm Around](/wiki/Not_While_I%27m_Around \"Not While I'm Around\")\". David Grossman (director), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 \"Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)\") (writer), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten \"Kevin Etten\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 14, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 12\\. Though Gabrielle refuses to date him, she agrees to befriend the irresponsible and disturbed Zach.\"[Come Play Wiz Me](/wiki/Come_Play_Wiz_Me \"Come Play Wiz Me\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Valerie Ahern](/wiki/Valerie_Ahern \"Valerie Ahern\") (writer), [Christian McLaughlin](/wiki/Christian_McLaughlin_%28television_writer%29 \"Christian McLaughlin (television writer)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 21, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 13\\. When Zach proposes to Gabrielle at the grand opening of the Scavos' new pizzeria, she rejects him and terminates their friendship.\"[The Little Things You Do Together](/wiki/The_Little_Things_You_Do_Together \"The Little Things You Do Together\")\". David Grossman (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 \"Joe Keenan (writer)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). February 18, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 15\\.",
"Later, [Victor Lang](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Victor_Lang \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Victor Lang\") ([John Slattery](/wiki/John_Slattery \"John Slattery\")), a candidate for the mayor of Fairview, takes notice of Gabrielle, and arranges an encounter with her by having his chauffeur intentionally rear\\-end her car with his limo. They date casually, but Gabrielle insists that she is not interested.\"[My Husband, the Pig](/wiki/My_Husband%2C_the_Pig \"My Husband, the Pig\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), Brian A. Alexander (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). March 4, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 16\\. Nevertheless, they have mutual feelings of love.\"[Dress Big](/wiki/Dress_Big \"Dress Big\")\". [Matthew Diamond](/wiki/Matthew_Diamond \"Matthew Diamond\") (director), [Kevin Etten](/wiki/Kevin_Etten \"Kevin Etten\") (writer), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee \"Susan Nirah Jaffee\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 8, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 17\\.\"[Liaisons](/wiki/Liaisons_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Liaisons (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Jenna Bans](/wiki/Jenna_Bans \"Jenna Bans\") (writer), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 15, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 18\\. When Gabrielle learns that Carlos has started dating her neighbor, the promiscuous [Edie Britt](/wiki/Edie_Britt \"Edie Britt\") ([Nicollette Sheridan](/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan \"Nicollette Sheridan\")), she accepts Victor's marriage proposal.\"[God, That's Good](/wiki/God%2C_That%27s_Good \"God, That's Good\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller \"Dahvi Waller\") (writer), [Josh Senter](/wiki/Josh_Senter \"Josh Senter\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 22, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 19\\. As the wedding draws near, Gabrielle begins to have second thoughts about marrying Victor, especially after he wins the election and neglects her for his political career.\"[Into the Woods](/wiki/Into_the_Woods_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Into the Woods (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 6, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 21\\. Despite this, she marries Victor. However, after the wedding, Gabrielle overhears a conversation Victor has with his father Milton ([Mike Farrell](/wiki/Mike_Farrell \"Mike Farrell\")), where he admits to only having married her for his political gain, thus; prompting her to reignite her relationship with Carlos.\"[Getting Married Today](/wiki/Getting_Married_Today_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Getting Married Today (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 \"Joe Keenan (writer)\") (writer), [Kevin Murphy](/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_%28screenwriter%29 \"Kevin Murphy (screenwriter)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 20, 2007\\. Season 3, no. 23\\.",
"### Season 4",
"The season premiere, \"[Now You Know](/wiki/Now_You_Know_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Now You Know (Desperate Housewives)\")\", opens with Gaby and Carlos' plan to run away together on Gaby's wedding night; however, after Edie stages a suicide attempt, Carlos calls off the plan. One month later, Gaby and Carlos reignite their affair despite their commitments to Victor and Edie, respectively.\"[Now You Know](/wiki/Now_You_Know_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Now You Know (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). Season 4, no. 1\\. Edie soon becomes suspicious of Carlos, and eventually pieces together that he is cheating on her with Gabrielle when she, Carlos, and Victor all come down with [crabs](/wiki/Crab_louse \"Crab louse\").\"[If There's Anything I Can't Stand](/wiki/If_There%27s_Anything_I_Can%27t_Stand \"If There's Anything I Can't Stand\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer), [Lori Kirkland Baker](/wiki/Lori_Kirkland_Baker \"Lori Kirkland Baker\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 21, 2007\\. Season 4, no. 4\\. She hires a private investigator, who photographs the couple sharing a final kiss after having just decided to end their affair.\"[Art Isn't Easy](/wiki/Art_Isn%27t_Easy \"Art Isn't Easy\")\". David Grossman (director), Jason Ganzel (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 28, 2007\\. Season 4, no. 5\\. Edie shows the photographs to Victor.\"[Now I Know, Don't Be Scared](/wiki/Now_I_Know%2C_Don%27t_Be_Scared \"Now I Know, Don't Be Scared\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee \"Susan Nirah Jaffee\") (writer), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller \"Dahvi Waller\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 4, 2007\\. Season 4, no. 6\\. Victor takes Gabrielle on his boat, where she learns that he has found about the affair. Fearing that he might try to kill her, she knocks him overboard twice (first by herself and then with Carlos' help) and leaves him at sea.\"[You Can't Judge a Book by Its Cover](/wiki/You_Can%27t_Judge_a_Book_by_Its_Cover_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"You Can't Judge a Book by Its Cover (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 \"David Warren (director)\") (director), Chuck Ranberg (writer), [Anne Flett\\-Giordano](/wiki/Anne_Flett-Giordano \"Anne Flett-Giordano\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 11, 2007\\. Season 4, no. 7\\. Victor survives the ordeal and vows to get revenge on Gabrielle and Carlos.\"[Distant Past](/wiki/Distant_Past_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Distant Past (Desperate Housewives)\")\". Jay Torres (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 \"Joe Keenan (writer)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 25, 2007\\. Season 4, no. 8\\. He attempts to kill Carlos during a tornado, only to be killed when he is impaled from behind by a fencepost.\"[Something's Coming](/wiki/Something%27s_Coming_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Something's Coming (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee \"John Pardee\") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy \"Joey Murphy\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). December 4, 2007\\. Season 4, no. 9\\. In the same storm, Carlos is blinded while the only documents giving him access to an offshore bank account are destroyed.\"[Welcome to Kanagawa](/wiki/Welcome_to_Kanagawa \"Welcome to Kanagawa\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg \"Jamie Gorenberg\") (writer), Jordon Nordino (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 6, 2008\\. Season 4, no. 10\\. The couple remarries soon after.\"[Sunday](/wiki/Sunday_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Sunday (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Lori Kirkland Baker](/wiki/Lori_Kirkland_Baker \"Lori Kirkland Baker\") (writer), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 13, 2008\\. Season 4, no. 11\\.",
"While Gabrielle learns to cope with Carlos' blindness,\"[In Buddy's Eyes](/wiki/In_Buddy%27s_Eyes \"In Buddy's Eyes\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Jeff Greenstein](/wiki/Jeff_Greenstein \"Jeff Greenstein\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 20, 2008\\. Season 4, no. 12\\.\"[Hello, Little Girl](/wiki/Hello%2C_Little_Girl \"Hello, Little Girl\")\". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney \"Bethany Rooney\") (director), [Susan Nirah Jaffee](/wiki/Susan_Nirah_Jaffee \"Susan Nirah Jaffee\") (writer), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg \"Jamie Gorenberg\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). April 27, 2008\\. Season 4, no. 13\\. the Solises rent out a room in their house to Ellie Leonard ([Justine Bateman](/wiki/Justine_Bateman \"Justine Bateman\")) to improve their financial circumstances.\"[Opening Doors](/wiki/Opening_Doors_%28Television_Episode%29 \"Opening Doors (Television Episode)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Dahvi Waller](/wiki/Dahvi_Waller \"Dahvi Waller\") (writer), [Jordon Nardino](/wiki/Jordon_Nardino \"Jordon Nardino\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 4, 2008\\. Season 4, no. 14\\. Gabrielle later discovers that Ellie is a drug dealer and alerts the authorities; however, after she and Ellie bond, Gabrielle helps her escape before the police arrest her.\"[Mother Said](/wiki/Mother_Said \"Mother Said\")\". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 \"David Warren (director)\") (director), Chuck Ranberg (writer), [Anne Flett\\-Giordano](/wiki/Anne_Flett-Giordano \"Anne Flett-Giordano\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 11, 2008\\. Season 4, no. 15\\.\"[The Gun Song](/wiki/The_Gun_Song \"The Gun Song\")\". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney \"Bethany Rooney\") (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily \"Bob Daily\") (writer), [Matt Berry](/wiki/Matt_Berry \"Matt Berry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 18, 2008\\. Season 4, no. 16\\. Gabrielle later discovers several thousand dollars in Ellie's abandoned belongings. Ellie comes back to retrieve it, but Gabrielle tries to keep it from her. When police arrive to the Solis home, Ellie escapes and seeks refuge in [Katherine Mayfair](/wiki/Katherine_Mayfair \"Katherine Mayfair\")'s house, where she is shot and killed by Wayne Davis ([Gary Cole](/wiki/Gary_Cole \"Gary Cole\")).\"[Free](/wiki/Free_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Free (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Jeff Greenstein](/wiki/Jeff_Greenstein \"Jeff Greenstein\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 18, 2008\\. Season 4, no. 17\\.",
"### Season 5",
"Five years after the events in season four, Gabrielle is not as beautiful, Carlos is still blind, and they are now raising two disobedient daughters, [Juanita](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Juanita_Solis \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Juanita Solis\") ([Madison De La Garza](/wiki/Madison_De_La_Garza \"Madison De La Garza\")) and [Celia](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Celia_Solis \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Celia Solis\") (Daniella Baltodano).\"[You're Gonna Love Tomorrow](/wiki/You%27re_Gonna_Love_Tomorrow \"You're Gonna Love Tomorrow\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). September 28, 2008\\. Season 5, no. 1\\. The family struggles financially, forcing Carlos to take a job as a masseur at a local country club, which further alienates them from high society.\"[We're So Happy You're So Happy](/wiki/We%27re_So_Happy_You%27re_So_Happy \"We're So Happy You're So Happy\")\". David Grossman (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 5, 2008\\. Season 5, no. 2\\. One of Carlos' elderly and wealthy clients, Virginia Hildebrand ([Frances Conroy](/wiki/Frances_Conroy \"Frances Conroy\")), offers him a job as her personal masseur.\"[There's Always a Woman](/wiki/There%27s_Always_a_Woman_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"There's Always a Woman (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Matthew Diamond](/wiki/Matthew_Diamond \"Matthew Diamond\") (director), John Paul Bullock III (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. November 2, 2008\\. Season 5, no. 6\\. Virginia becomes close with the Solises. Initially, Gabrielle does not mind, as she enjoys the luxuries Virginia provides for them; however, she starts to feel uncomfortable.\"[What More Do I Need?](/wiki/What_More_Do_I_Need%3F \"What More Do I Need?\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Matt Berry](/wiki/Matt_Berry \"Matt Berry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 9, 2008\\. Season 5, no. 7\\. Virginia revises her will to make the Solises the sole heirs to her estate, but Gabrielle eventually rejects the offer when Virginia tries to make important decisions in Juanita's and Celia's lives.\"[City on Fire](/wiki/City_on_Fire_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"City on Fire (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily \"Bob Daily\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 16, 2008\\. Season 5, no. 8\\. Later, Carlos regains his sight after having surgery.\"[Me and My Town](/wiki/Me_and_My_Town \"Me and My Town\")\". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 \"David Warren (director)\") (director), [Lori Kirkland Baker](/wiki/Lori_Kirkland_Baker \"Lori Kirkland Baker\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 30, 2008\\. Season 5, no. 9\\.\"[A Vision's Just a Vision](/wiki/A_Vision%27s_Just_a_Vision \"A Vision's Just a Vision\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), David Flebotte (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). December 7, 2008\\. Season 5, no. 10\\.",
"Carlos plans to take a job at the community center to help blind people. Tired of struggling, Gabrielle forces Carlos to take a high\\-salary office job.\"[Home Is the Place](/wiki/Home_Is_the_Place \"Home Is the Place\")\". David Grossman (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg \"Jamie Gorenberg\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 4, 2009\\. Season 5, no. 11\\. Meanwhile, Gabrielle works to lose weight and return to her model figure.\"[Mama Spent Money When She Had None](/wiki/Mama_Spent_Money_When_She_Had_None \"Mama Spent Money When She Had None\")\". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 \"David Warren (director)\") (director), Jason Ganzel (writer). February 8, 2009\\. Season 5, no. 14\\. When Gabrielle discovers that Carlos' new boss, Bradley Scott ([David Starzyk](/wiki/David_Starzyk \"David Starzyk\")), is cheating on his wife, she promises to remain silent so long as Carlos receives a generous salary bonus.\"[In a World Where the Kings Are Employers](/wiki/In_a_World_Where_the_Kings_Are_Employers \"In a World Where the Kings Are Employers\")\". David Grossman (director), [Lori Kirkland Baker](/wiki/Lori_Kirkland_Baker \"Lori Kirkland Baker\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). February 15, 2009\\. Season 5, no. 15\\. Eventually, Bradley's wife, Maria Scott ([Ion Overman](/wiki/Ion_Overman \"Ion Overman\")), finds out about his affair and kills him.\"[Crime Doesn't Pay](/wiki/Crime_Doesn%27t_Pay \"Crime Doesn't Pay\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg \"Jamie Gorenberg\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). March 8, 2009\\. Season 5, no. 16\\. As a result of Bradley's death, Carlos is promoted.\"[The Story of Lucy and Jessie](/wiki/The_Story_of_Lucy_and_Jessie \"The Story of Lucy and Jessie\")\". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney \"Bethany Rooney\") (director), [Jordon Nardino](/wiki/Jordon_Nardino \"Jordon Nardino\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). March 15, 2009\\. Season 5, no. 17\\. Later, Gabrielle hesitantly agrees to take in Carlos' teenage niece, [Ana](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Ana_Solis \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Ana Solis\") ([Maiara Walsh](/wiki/Maiara_Walsh \"Maiara Walsh\")), when her grandmother can no longer care for her.\"[Everybody Says Don't](/wiki/Everybody_Says_Don%27t_%28Desperate_Housewives_season_five_episode%29 \"Everybody Says Don't (Desperate Housewives season five episode)\")\". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney \"Bethany Rooney\") (director), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee \"John Pardee\") (writer), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy \"Joey Murphy\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 17, 2009\\. Season 5, no. 23\\. Gabrielle attempts to foster a positive relationship with Ana; however, she soon sees how entitled and manipulative Ana is.\"[If It's Only In Your Head](/wiki/If_It%27s_Only_In_Your_Head \"If It's Only In Your Head\")\". David Grossman (director), Jeffrey Richmond (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 17, 2009\\. Season 5, no. 24\\.",
"### Season 6",
"Gabrielle's relationship with Ana becomes more problematic, as Ana shows no regard for the household rules.\"[Nice Is Different Than Good](/wiki/Nice_Is_Different_Than_Good \"Nice Is Different Than Good\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Marc Cherry](/wiki/Marc_Cherry \"Marc Cherry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). September 27, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 1\\. Ana begins pursuing [Danny Bolen](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Danny_Bolen \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Danny Bolen\") ([Beau Mirchoff](/wiki/Beau_Mirchoff \"Beau Mirchoff\")), the teenage son of their new neighbors, [Angie](/wiki/Angie_Bolen \"Angie Bolen\") ([Drea de Matteo](/wiki/Drea_de_Matteo \"Drea de Matteo\")) and [Nick Bolen](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Nick_Bolen \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Nick Bolen\") ([Jeffrey Nordling](/wiki/Jeffrey_Nordling \"Jeffrey Nordling\")). When Danny is accused of strangling Susan's daughter, [Julie Mayer](/wiki/Julie_Mayer_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Julie Mayer (Desperate Housewives)\") ([Andrea Bowen](/wiki/Andrea_Bowen \"Andrea Bowen\")), Ana attempts to provide him a false alibi until Gabrielle forces her to tell the truth.\"[Being Alive](/wiki/Being_Alive_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Being Alive (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Matt Berry](/wiki/Matt_Berry \"Matt Berry\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 4, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 2\\. Later, Ana gets a job at John Rowland's restaurant.\"[Never Judge a Lady by Her Lover](/wiki/Never_Judge_a_Lady_by_Her_Lover \"Never Judge a Lady by Her Lover\")\". Andrew Doerfer (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily \"Bob Daily\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 11, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 3\\. John attempts to win Gabrielle back, forcing her to question whether or not she still has feelings for him. She ultimately decides that she is happy with her life, and Ana quits her job after Gabrielle confesses to her affair with John in the first season.\"[The God\\-Why\\-Don't\\-You\\-Love\\-Me Blues](/wiki/The_God-Why-Don%27t-You-Love-Me_Blues \"The God-Why-Don't-You-Love-Me Blues\")\". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 \"David Warren (director)\") (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 18, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 4\\. Gabrielle also begins experiencing difficulties in her relationship with Juanita: her poor parenting skills make other parents reluctant to let their children play with Juanita;\"[Everybody Ought to Have a Maid](/wiki/Everybody_Ought_to_Have_a_Maid \"Everybody Ought to Have a Maid\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg \"Jamie Gorenberg\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). October 25, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 5\\. Gabrielle's hot temper gets Juanita expelled from school;\"[Don't Walk on the Grass](/wiki/Don%27t_Walk_on_the_Grass \"Don't Walk on the Grass\")\". David Grossman (director), [Marco Pennette](/wiki/Marco_Pennette \"Marco Pennette\") (writer). November 1, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 6\\. and her attempts to home school Juanita only strain their relationship further.\"[Careful the Things You Say](/wiki/Careful_the_Things_You_Say \"Careful the Things You Say\")\". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney \"Bethany Rooney\") (director), [Peter Lefcourt](/wiki/Peter_Lefcourt \"Peter Lefcourt\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 8, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 7\\. Gabrielle and Carlos then enroll Juanita in private school.\"[You Gotta Get a Gimmick](/wiki/You_Gotta_Get_a_Gimmick \"You Gotta Get a Gimmick\")\". David Grossman (director), [Joe Keenan](/wiki/Joe_Keenan_%28writer%29 \"Joe Keenan (writer)\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 10, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 12\\. Later, Gabrielle discovers that Lynette has been hiding her pregnancy in order to secure a promotion at Carlos' company.\"[The Coffee Cup](/wiki/The_Coffee_Cup \"The Coffee Cup\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), Dave Flebotte (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 15, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 8\\. Feeling betrayed, Gabrielle ends their friendship and Carlos tries to drive Lynette to quit her job.\"[Would I Think of Suicide?](/wiki/Would_I_Think_of_Suicide%3F \"Would I Think of Suicide?\")\". [Ken Whittingham](/wiki/Ken_Whittingham \"Ken Whittingham\") (director), Jason Ganzel (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). November 29, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 9\\. However, when a small plane hired by [Karl Mayer](/wiki/Karl_Mayer \"Karl Mayer\") makes a crash landing on Wisteria Lane, Lynette saves Celia from its path,\"[Boom Crunch](/wiki/Boom_Crunch \"Boom Crunch\")\". David Grossman (director), [Joey Murphy](/wiki/Joey_Murphy \"Joey Murphy\") (writer), [John Pardee](/wiki/John_Pardee \"John Pardee\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). December 6, 2009\\. Season 6, no. 10\\. thus restoring her friendship with Gabrielle.\"[If...](/wiki/If..._%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"If... (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Jamie Gorenberg](/wiki/Jamie_Gorenberg \"Jamie Gorenberg\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 3, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 11\\.",
"Gabrielle's friendship with Angie is complicated when Ana and Danny begin dating, especially when Gabrielle and Carlos discover that the Bolens are keeping a dangerous secret.\"[The Glamorous Life](/wiki/The_Glamorous_Life_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"The Glamorous Life (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Bethany Rooney](/wiki/Bethany_Rooney \"Bethany Rooney\") (director), Dave Flebotte (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). January 31, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 14\\. To break up Ana and Danny, Gabrielle and Carlos send her to a modeling academy in New York; unbeknownst to them or the Bolens, however, Danny follows her there.\"[Lovely](/wiki/Lovely_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"Lovely (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [David Warren](/wiki/David_Warren_%28director%29 \"David Warren (director)\") (director), David Schladweiler (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). February 21, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 15\\. Gabrielle accompanies Angie to New York to retrieve Danny, during which time she learns about Angie's mysterious past, which involves Danny's biological father.\"[Chromolume No. 7](/wiki/Chromolume_No._7 \"Chromolume No. 7\")\". [Lonny Price](/wiki/Lonny_Price \"Lonny Price\") (director), [Marco Pennette](/wiki/Marco_Pennette \"Marco Pennette\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). March 14, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 17\\. [Patrick Logan](/wiki/List_of_Desperate_Housewives_characters%23Patrick_Logan \"List of Desperate Housewives characters#Patrick Logan\") ([John Barrowman](/wiki/John_Barrowman \"John Barrowman\")), an environmental terrorist and Danny's real father, tracks them down to Wisteria Lane. He runs over Nick, placing him in the hospital, and holds Angie and Danny hostage.\"[The Ballad of Booth](/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Booth_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"The Ballad of Booth (Desperate Housewives)\")\". [Larry Shaw](/wiki/Larry_Shaw_%28director%29 \"Larry Shaw (director)\") (director), [Bob Daily](/wiki/Bob_Daily \"Bob Daily\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 9, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 22\\. Gabrielle helps rescue the Bolens and send them to Atlanta, as the government is still searching for them due to their involvement in Patrick's terrorism.\"[I Guess This Is Goodbye](/wiki/I_Guess_This_Is_Goodbye_%28Desperate_Housewives%29 \"I Guess This Is Goodbye (Desperate Housewives)\")\". David Grossman (director), [Alexandra Cunningham](/wiki/Alexandra_Cunningham \"Alexandra Cunningham\") (writer). *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). May 16, 2010\\. Season 6, no. 23\\.",
"### Season 7",
"Gabrielle is told the truth of Andrew killing Carlos' mother but decides to keep it quiet, fearing Carlos' reaction and not wanting to hurt him. She finds out later that Juanita is not her real daughter due to a hospital mix\\-up. Gabrielle soon realizes she wants to meet her true daughter and convinces a lawyer to find the other family. Carlos is angered when he finds out, telling her that the family could take Juanita away and if that happens, he'll never forgive Gabrielle. When they meet the family, they automatically know that Grace is Gaby's daughter as she is throwing a fit over a jumper. Gabrielle grows closer to Grace, causing jealousy in Juanita, who doesn't know the truth. When Grace's legal parents are discovered to be undocumented immigrants, her legal father Hector is arrested and her legal mother Carmen is forced to go on the run. Since Grace was born in the United States, she is a citizen and Gabrielle and Carlos agree to take her in to raise her.",
"To make sure they can get Grace to live with them, Gabrielle turns Grace's legal mother into [U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement](/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement \"U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement\") (ICE) but then has second thoughts when ICE shows up, posing as Carmen and letting Carmen get away. But when Gabrielle and Carlos go to pick up Grace, Carmen insists on taking Grace. Distraught over losing Grace, Gabrielle confides in Lynette, the only person she knows who has lost a child. Lynette tells Gabrielle that she wrote a letter to the child she lost, and that this might help Gabrielle, who wouldn't have to actually send it. Gabrielle writes the letter; Juanita finds it and runs away, hiding in the back of Bob and Lee's car, where Gabrielle sees her just in time for her to be rescued during a riot. A therapist suggests that Carlos and Gabrielle cut off all ties and reminders of Grace in order to let the tension with Juanita heal. Gabrielle is reluctant, keeping photos of Grace but Carlos demands she do this for Juanita.",
"Gabrielle seems to agree, but goes to a boutique and buys a doll that resembles Grace and keeps it hidden from her family. After Juanita and Celia find it and play with it, ultimately breaking its arm, Gabrielle goes back to the boutique and has the owner repair \"Princess Valerie\". The owner promises to repair it, and Gabrielle, feeling she is too attached to the doll, asks the owner if she thinks Gabrielle is strange. The owner disagrees, and shows Gabrielle her own doll, Mrs. Humphreys. The owner tells Gabrielle that she fell in love with the doll and bought it, ultimately learning the doll's \"story\". The owner says that Mrs. Humphreys is a music teacher whose sister died around the same time the owner's did (hinting that the owner bought the doll as a replacement for her passed on sister, much as Gabrielle did). Gabrielle sees the owner's pain, and the owner asks Gabrielle about Princess Valerie's story. Although reluctant, Gabrielle emotionally tells her that the doll was a princess who was accidentally given to the wrong family, but she found her way back eventually, and her mother, the Queen, had her hid so that no one could take her away again. When she gets home, Gabrielle puts Princess Valerie in a box behind her closet. Carlos finds out about Gabrielle's obsession with the doll so they go out to get rid of it and get carjacked by an unknown gunman. Gabrielle tries to take Princess Valerie out of the car but she had to let her go because the gunman threatened to kill her.",
"Carlos insists she go to therapy but she ignores it, going to spa treatments instead. Eventually, Carlos goes with her as she confesses to the therapist how she was molested as a child. At the therapist's suggestion, Gabrielle and Carlos go to her hometown where Gaby is surprised to learn she is a celebrity. She enjoys being admired by the townspeople until she meets the nun she had once confided in about her abuse as a child. The nun had then refused to believe Gabrielle's story and remains stubborn as Gabrielle lets out the shame she has long since been forced to feel by the cold nun's words; passing it back onto this woman who was in a position to prevent a childhood of torment and failed to do anything, gives Gaby the sense of closure she has been seeking. Finally Gabrielle tells Carlos she is ready to go home and leave the past behind. Making amends for his past while in AA, Andrew decides to tell Carlos about running over his mother. While Carlos does forgive Andrew, he is furious with Gabrielle over keeping the secret from him. He tells Bree that he won't forgive her for hiding the truth and bans Gabrielle from seeing Bree again. Gabrielle takes her girls and temporarily moves in with Bree. She shortly returns to Carlos.",
"Gabrielle shows a horror movie to Juanita, which gives her nightmares. She claims that a man is standing on the family's front lawn every night. Gabrielle is doubtful of this until she too notices the mysterious stranger. She sees him while shopping one day and asks a security officer to see a security camera. She realizes that her stalker is the stepfather who raped her as a child. This horrifies Gabrielle, especially because she thought that he was dead. Gabrielle learns her stepfather has been following her everywhere she goes. She drives to a deserted area when she knows he is following her, and walks into a clearing, armed with a gun that she acquired for her protection. She confronts him about raping her as a young girl. He admits to the terrible deed. During Susan's coming home dinner, Gabrielle runs home to begin preparations for dessert course. Once she enters her house, her stepfather confronts her again, pretending to have her gun. He begins to attack her and attempts to rape her. However, Carlos comes home and intervenes, accidentally killing him with a blow to the head from a candlestick. Bree, Susan, and Lynette come into the house and discover the body. With help from Bree, they are able to clean up before the rest of the guests arrive. The group agrees to keep the situation secret.",
"### Season 8",
"Gabrielle and Carlos deal with keeping the murder of her stepfather quiet, Carlos unable to be intimate due to his guilt. Gabrielle challenges the antagonistic PTA head at Juanita's school after a parking dispute only to accidentally hit the woman with her car. The woman gets revenge by making Gabrielle her replacement, warning her that being PTA head will drive Gabrielle crazy. The first meeting does not go well as Gabrielle is late due to a spa appointment and the other members berate her over putting her high\\-living lifestyle over her responsibilities. Assuming they're jealous, Gabrielle gives them massages and makeovers but they still refuse to help. They snap that Gabrielle has no idea how people like them live and her life is so perfect. However, when a drunken Carlos comes in, the PTA members realize that Gabrielle faces many struggles as well and she really isn't that different from them after all. They take over the luncheon project and allow Gabrielle to help her husband. When Carlos gets drunk before work, Gabrielle attempts to cover for him but his boss figures it out. Rather than be upset, the man tells Carlos he understands, being a recovering alcoholic himself, and urges Carlos to get help. Carlos checks himself into a rehab center but vanishes the same night detective Chuck Vance is killed, making Gabrielle worry Carlos might have done it while drunk. When a guilty Susan checks in on Alejandro's family, his suspicious widow, Claudia, follows her, believing Susan is having an affair with her husband. Gabrielle is upset with Susan until she hears Susan's suspicion that Claudia's daughter, Marisa, was also molested. Gabrielle invites Claudia over, telling her the truth about Alejandro. Claudia refuses to believe it until Marisa finally confesses what the man did to her, Claudia distraught to have had her daughter hurt like that. She later comes to Gabrielle, thanking her for letting her see the truth. She spots the rug stained with Alejandro's blood that Gabrielle was having replaced and tells Gabrielle to get rid of it, clearly knowing what happened to Alejandro and willing to keep it quiet.",
"When Carlos gets out of rehab, he surprises Gabrielle by having a new attitude of giving away money, not wanting to be so greedy anymore. Gabrielle is upset at first but at Mike's funeral, realizes it's better to let Carlos do what makes him happy. She tries to calm her nerves by shopping and ends up being offered a job as a \"personal shopper.\" At first, Gabrielle is good with it but also has to pretend to be single to win over male shoppers. Carlos is upset with this and Gabrielle tells him she is doing what she wants and is enjoying it. When Bree is put on trial for killing Alejandro, both Carlos and Gabrielle want to tell the truth but Karen McCluskey (overhearing them talking about it) confesses on the stand to killing Alejandro herself. Gabrielle is eventually offered a promotion at her job with Carlos upset at first but coming to accept it. In the final moments of the series, it's stated that Carlos helps Gabrielle start her own online shopper company, which earns her a show on the [Home Shopping Network](/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network \"Home Shopping Network\"). They eventually move to a mansion in Los Angeles where \"they argued happily ever after.\"",
""
] |
### Season 7
Gabrielle is told the truth of Andrew killing Carlos' mother but decides to keep it quiet, fearing Carlos' reaction and not wanting to hurt him. She finds out later that Juanita is not her real daughter due to a hospital mix\-up. Gabrielle soon realizes she wants to meet her true daughter and convinces a lawyer to find the other family. Carlos is angered when he finds out, telling her that the family could take Juanita away and if that happens, he'll never forgive Gabrielle. When they meet the family, they automatically know that Grace is Gaby's daughter as she is throwing a fit over a jumper. Gabrielle grows closer to Grace, causing jealousy in Juanita, who doesn't know the truth. When Grace's legal parents are discovered to be undocumented immigrants, her legal father Hector is arrested and her legal mother Carmen is forced to go on the run. Since Grace was born in the United States, she is a citizen and Gabrielle and Carlos agree to take her in to raise her.
To make sure they can get Grace to live with them, Gabrielle turns Grace's legal mother into [U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement](/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement") (ICE) but then has second thoughts when ICE shows up, posing as Carmen and letting Carmen get away. But when Gabrielle and Carlos go to pick up Grace, Carmen insists on taking Grace. Distraught over losing Grace, Gabrielle confides in Lynette, the only person she knows who has lost a child. Lynette tells Gabrielle that she wrote a letter to the child she lost, and that this might help Gabrielle, who wouldn't have to actually send it. Gabrielle writes the letter; Juanita finds it and runs away, hiding in the back of Bob and Lee's car, where Gabrielle sees her just in time for her to be rescued during a riot. A therapist suggests that Carlos and Gabrielle cut off all ties and reminders of Grace in order to let the tension with Juanita heal. Gabrielle is reluctant, keeping photos of Grace but Carlos demands she do this for Juanita.
Gabrielle seems to agree, but goes to a boutique and buys a doll that resembles Grace and keeps it hidden from her family. After Juanita and Celia find it and play with it, ultimately breaking its arm, Gabrielle goes back to the boutique and has the owner repair "Princess Valerie". The owner promises to repair it, and Gabrielle, feeling she is too attached to the doll, asks the owner if she thinks Gabrielle is strange. The owner disagrees, and shows Gabrielle her own doll, Mrs. Humphreys. The owner tells Gabrielle that she fell in love with the doll and bought it, ultimately learning the doll's "story". The owner says that Mrs. Humphreys is a music teacher whose sister died around the same time the owner's did (hinting that the owner bought the doll as a replacement for her passed on sister, much as Gabrielle did). Gabrielle sees the owner's pain, and the owner asks Gabrielle about Princess Valerie's story. Although reluctant, Gabrielle emotionally tells her that the doll was a princess who was accidentally given to the wrong family, but she found her way back eventually, and her mother, the Queen, had her hid so that no one could take her away again. When she gets home, Gabrielle puts Princess Valerie in a box behind her closet. Carlos finds out about Gabrielle's obsession with the doll so they go out to get rid of it and get carjacked by an unknown gunman. Gabrielle tries to take Princess Valerie out of the car but she had to let her go because the gunman threatened to kill her.
Carlos insists she go to therapy but she ignores it, going to spa treatments instead. Eventually, Carlos goes with her as she confesses to the therapist how she was molested as a child. At the therapist's suggestion, Gabrielle and Carlos go to her hometown where Gaby is surprised to learn she is a celebrity. She enjoys being admired by the townspeople until she meets the nun she had once confided in about her abuse as a child. The nun had then refused to believe Gabrielle's story and remains stubborn as Gabrielle lets out the shame she has long since been forced to feel by the cold nun's words; passing it back onto this woman who was in a position to prevent a childhood of torment and failed to do anything, gives Gaby the sense of closure she has been seeking. Finally Gabrielle tells Carlos she is ready to go home and leave the past behind. Making amends for his past while in AA, Andrew decides to tell Carlos about running over his mother. While Carlos does forgive Andrew, he is furious with Gabrielle over keeping the secret from him. He tells Bree that he won't forgive her for hiding the truth and bans Gabrielle from seeing Bree again. Gabrielle takes her girls and temporarily moves in with Bree. She shortly returns to Carlos.
Gabrielle shows a horror movie to Juanita, which gives her nightmares. She claims that a man is standing on the family's front lawn every night. Gabrielle is doubtful of this until she too notices the mysterious stranger. She sees him while shopping one day and asks a security officer to see a security camera. She realizes that her stalker is the stepfather who raped her as a child. This horrifies Gabrielle, especially because she thought that he was dead. Gabrielle learns her stepfather has been following her everywhere she goes. She drives to a deserted area when she knows he is following her, and walks into a clearing, armed with a gun that she acquired for her protection. She confronts him about raping her as a young girl. He admits to the terrible deed. During Susan's coming home dinner, Gabrielle runs home to begin preparations for dessert course. Once she enters her house, her stepfather confronts her again, pretending to have her gun. He begins to attack her and attempts to rape her. However, Carlos comes home and intervenes, accidentally killing him with a blow to the head from a candlestick. Bree, Susan, and Lynette come into the house and discover the body. With help from Bree, they are able to clean up before the rest of the guests arrive. The group agrees to keep the situation secret.
|
[
"### Season 7",
"Gabrielle is told the truth of Andrew killing Carlos' mother but decides to keep it quiet, fearing Carlos' reaction and not wanting to hurt him. She finds out later that Juanita is not her real daughter due to a hospital mix\\-up. Gabrielle soon realizes she wants to meet her true daughter and convinces a lawyer to find the other family. Carlos is angered when he finds out, telling her that the family could take Juanita away and if that happens, he'll never forgive Gabrielle. When they meet the family, they automatically know that Grace is Gaby's daughter as she is throwing a fit over a jumper. Gabrielle grows closer to Grace, causing jealousy in Juanita, who doesn't know the truth. When Grace's legal parents are discovered to be undocumented immigrants, her legal father Hector is arrested and her legal mother Carmen is forced to go on the run. Since Grace was born in the United States, she is a citizen and Gabrielle and Carlos agree to take her in to raise her.",
"To make sure they can get Grace to live with them, Gabrielle turns Grace's legal mother into [U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement](/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement \"U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement\") (ICE) but then has second thoughts when ICE shows up, posing as Carmen and letting Carmen get away. But when Gabrielle and Carlos go to pick up Grace, Carmen insists on taking Grace. Distraught over losing Grace, Gabrielle confides in Lynette, the only person she knows who has lost a child. Lynette tells Gabrielle that she wrote a letter to the child she lost, and that this might help Gabrielle, who wouldn't have to actually send it. Gabrielle writes the letter; Juanita finds it and runs away, hiding in the back of Bob and Lee's car, where Gabrielle sees her just in time for her to be rescued during a riot. A therapist suggests that Carlos and Gabrielle cut off all ties and reminders of Grace in order to let the tension with Juanita heal. Gabrielle is reluctant, keeping photos of Grace but Carlos demands she do this for Juanita.",
"Gabrielle seems to agree, but goes to a boutique and buys a doll that resembles Grace and keeps it hidden from her family. After Juanita and Celia find it and play with it, ultimately breaking its arm, Gabrielle goes back to the boutique and has the owner repair \"Princess Valerie\". The owner promises to repair it, and Gabrielle, feeling she is too attached to the doll, asks the owner if she thinks Gabrielle is strange. The owner disagrees, and shows Gabrielle her own doll, Mrs. Humphreys. The owner tells Gabrielle that she fell in love with the doll and bought it, ultimately learning the doll's \"story\". The owner says that Mrs. Humphreys is a music teacher whose sister died around the same time the owner's did (hinting that the owner bought the doll as a replacement for her passed on sister, much as Gabrielle did). Gabrielle sees the owner's pain, and the owner asks Gabrielle about Princess Valerie's story. Although reluctant, Gabrielle emotionally tells her that the doll was a princess who was accidentally given to the wrong family, but she found her way back eventually, and her mother, the Queen, had her hid so that no one could take her away again. When she gets home, Gabrielle puts Princess Valerie in a box behind her closet. Carlos finds out about Gabrielle's obsession with the doll so they go out to get rid of it and get carjacked by an unknown gunman. Gabrielle tries to take Princess Valerie out of the car but she had to let her go because the gunman threatened to kill her.",
"Carlos insists she go to therapy but she ignores it, going to spa treatments instead. Eventually, Carlos goes with her as she confesses to the therapist how she was molested as a child. At the therapist's suggestion, Gabrielle and Carlos go to her hometown where Gaby is surprised to learn she is a celebrity. She enjoys being admired by the townspeople until she meets the nun she had once confided in about her abuse as a child. The nun had then refused to believe Gabrielle's story and remains stubborn as Gabrielle lets out the shame she has long since been forced to feel by the cold nun's words; passing it back onto this woman who was in a position to prevent a childhood of torment and failed to do anything, gives Gaby the sense of closure she has been seeking. Finally Gabrielle tells Carlos she is ready to go home and leave the past behind. Making amends for his past while in AA, Andrew decides to tell Carlos about running over his mother. While Carlos does forgive Andrew, he is furious with Gabrielle over keeping the secret from him. He tells Bree that he won't forgive her for hiding the truth and bans Gabrielle from seeing Bree again. Gabrielle takes her girls and temporarily moves in with Bree. She shortly returns to Carlos.",
"Gabrielle shows a horror movie to Juanita, which gives her nightmares. She claims that a man is standing on the family's front lawn every night. Gabrielle is doubtful of this until she too notices the mysterious stranger. She sees him while shopping one day and asks a security officer to see a security camera. She realizes that her stalker is the stepfather who raped her as a child. This horrifies Gabrielle, especially because she thought that he was dead. Gabrielle learns her stepfather has been following her everywhere she goes. She drives to a deserted area when she knows he is following her, and walks into a clearing, armed with a gun that she acquired for her protection. She confronts him about raping her as a young girl. He admits to the terrible deed. During Susan's coming home dinner, Gabrielle runs home to begin preparations for dessert course. Once she enters her house, her stepfather confronts her again, pretending to have her gun. He begins to attack her and attempts to rape her. However, Carlos comes home and intervenes, accidentally killing him with a blow to the head from a candlestick. Bree, Susan, and Lynette come into the house and discover the body. With help from Bree, they are able to clean up before the rest of the guests arrive. The group agrees to keep the situation secret.",
""
] |
Plot
----
While stargazing on the station's Promenade level at night, Sisko meets a woman named Fenna. After a brief conversation, Sisko finds she has left him without a word. Later, when the two meet again, Sisko takes Fenna on a tour of the station, and they rapidly fall in love. It is the first spark of romance he has felt since the death of his wife Jennifer four years earlier. However, Fenna is evasive when Sisko asks her about her life. Fearing that she may be in trouble, Sisko asks security chief [Odo](/wiki/Odo_%28Star_Trek%29 "Odo (Star Trek)") to check on her, but Odo can find no record of anyone meeting her description on the station.
Meanwhile, the renowned but [egomaniacal](/wiki/Egomania "Egomania") [terraformer](/wiki/Terraforming "Terraforming") Gideon Seyetik is visiting Deep Space Nine en route to his next project. The project, which he considers his [magnum opus](/wiki/Magnum_opus "Magnum opus"), is to re\-ignite a dying star so that planets orbiting it can support life; the plan is to send an unmanned vessel carrying the necessary fuel on a collision course with the star.
Seyetik invites the senior staff of Deep Space Nine for dinner on board the *Prometheus*, the ship escorting him on his mission. He introduces his wife, Nidell, who looks exactly like Fenna. After dinner, Sisko privately converses with Nidell; however, she acts as if she has never met him before. Later that evening, Fenna appears at Sisko's quarters; she claims to know nothing about Nidell. As she is kissing Sisko, she suddenly vanishes into a beam of energy.
Sisko and science officer [Dax](/wiki/Jadzia_Dax "Jadzia Dax") accompany Seyetik aboard the *Prometheus* to observe the terraforming mission. When Fenna appears again, Dax determines that Fenna is nothing more than pure energy. Meanwhile, Nidell is unconscious and dying. Seyetik explains that Fenna is a [telepathic](/wiki/Telepathy "Telepathy") projection of Nidell's subconscious, who appears during times of emotional stress. She is no longer happy in her marriage, but since her people mate for life she cannot leave her husband. Her projected dreams of freedom have created Fenna, but are also killing her.
While Sisko and Fenna are discussing the nature of her existence, Dax calls Sisko to the command bridge: Seyetik has boarded the vessel carrying the fuel and is piloting it directly toward the star. Sisko tries to deter him, but Seyetik is determined to set his wife free. With a final shout of "[Let there be light](/wiki/Let_there_be_light "Let there be light")!", he detonates the fuel and reignites the star, killing himself in the blast. Later, Nidell leaves to return to her homeworld, with no memory of Fenna's romance with Sisko.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"While stargazing on the station's Promenade level at night, Sisko meets a woman named Fenna. After a brief conversation, Sisko finds she has left him without a word. Later, when the two meet again, Sisko takes Fenna on a tour of the station, and they rapidly fall in love. It is the first spark of romance he has felt since the death of his wife Jennifer four years earlier. However, Fenna is evasive when Sisko asks her about her life. Fearing that she may be in trouble, Sisko asks security chief [Odo](/wiki/Odo_%28Star_Trek%29 \"Odo (Star Trek)\") to check on her, but Odo can find no record of anyone meeting her description on the station.",
"Meanwhile, the renowned but [egomaniacal](/wiki/Egomania \"Egomania\") [terraformer](/wiki/Terraforming \"Terraforming\") Gideon Seyetik is visiting Deep Space Nine en route to his next project. The project, which he considers his [magnum opus](/wiki/Magnum_opus \"Magnum opus\"), is to re\\-ignite a dying star so that planets orbiting it can support life; the plan is to send an unmanned vessel carrying the necessary fuel on a collision course with the star.",
"Seyetik invites the senior staff of Deep Space Nine for dinner on board the *Prometheus*, the ship escorting him on his mission. He introduces his wife, Nidell, who looks exactly like Fenna. After dinner, Sisko privately converses with Nidell; however, she acts as if she has never met him before. Later that evening, Fenna appears at Sisko's quarters; she claims to know nothing about Nidell. As she is kissing Sisko, she suddenly vanishes into a beam of energy.",
"Sisko and science officer [Dax](/wiki/Jadzia_Dax \"Jadzia Dax\") accompany Seyetik aboard the *Prometheus* to observe the terraforming mission. When Fenna appears again, Dax determines that Fenna is nothing more than pure energy. Meanwhile, Nidell is unconscious and dying. Seyetik explains that Fenna is a [telepathic](/wiki/Telepathy \"Telepathy\") projection of Nidell's subconscious, who appears during times of emotional stress. She is no longer happy in her marriage, but since her people mate for life she cannot leave her husband. Her projected dreams of freedom have created Fenna, but are also killing her.",
"While Sisko and Fenna are discussing the nature of her existence, Dax calls Sisko to the command bridge: Seyetik has boarded the vessel carrying the fuel and is piloting it directly toward the star. Sisko tries to deter him, but Seyetik is determined to set his wife free. With a final shout of \"[Let there be light](/wiki/Let_there_be_light \"Let there be light\")!\", he detonates the fuel and reignites the star, killing himself in the blast. Later, Nidell leaves to return to her homeworld, with no memory of Fenna's romance with Sisko.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
After being drafted in the first round (14th pick) of the 1978 amateur draft by the [California Angels](/wiki/California_Angels "California Angels")' organization after his senior year at [West Covina High School](/wiki/West_Covina_High_School "West Covina High School") in [California](/wiki/California "California"), Brunansky spent the next four years working his way up the Angels' minor league system before appearing in 11 games in 1981 after making his major league debut on April 19\. On May 11, 1982, he was traded by the Angels, along with pitcher [Mike Walters](/wiki/Mike_Walters "Mike Walters"), to the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") for pitcher [Doug Corbett](/wiki/Doug_Corbett "Doug Corbett") and infielder [Rob Wilfong](/wiki/Rob_Wilfong "Rob Wilfong"). The 21\-year\-old Brunansky was then inserted into the Twins' lineup, where he saw time at all three outfield positions and slugged his way to the first of his eight consecutive seasons in which he hit at least 20 home runs.
Following the 1982 season, Brunansky became a fixture in right field for the Twins, starting there through the 1987 season. In 1982, Brunansky became the only Twin in franchise history to hit a grand slam, [inside\-the\-park home run](/wiki/Inside-the-park_home_run "Inside-the-park home run"). He accomplished this in a July 19 home game at the [Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome](/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome") in the third inning off the Brewers' [Jerry Augustine](/wiki/Jerry_Augustine "Jerry Augustine"). Ironically, all four runs were considered unearned because of two Brewers' [fielding errors](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 "Error (baseball)") earlier in the inning. Only 40 major league players have hit a grand slam, inside\-the\-park home run since 1950\.
Brunansky was the Twins' sole [All\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "Major League Baseball All-Star Game") representative in 1985 and was a starter for the [World Champion](/wiki/1987_World_Series "1987 World Series") [1987 Minnesota Twins](/wiki/1987_Minnesota_Twins "1987 Minnesota Twins") during what was arguably his best overall season (hitting .259, with 32 HR, 85 RBI and 83 Runs). Brunansky helped the Twins upset the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") in the American League Championship Series by hitting .412 with 2 home runs and 9 RBI in the five\-game series. He then had a somewhat invisible World Series, only hitting .200 with one RBI. Just months after playing each other in the World Series, the Twins shocked both their fans and Brunansky by trading him on April 22, 1988, to the St. Louis Cardinals for [second baseman](/wiki/Second_baseman "Second baseman") [Tom Herr](/wiki/Tom_Herr "Tom Herr"). Although the move was meant to strengthen the top of the order, Herr spent one lackluster season with the Twins, during which he complained about being in Minnesota, while Brunansky continued his home run hitting ways for six more seasons.
On May 4, 1990, he was traded by the Cardinals to the Red Sox for [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 "Closer (baseball)") [Lee Smith](/wiki/Lee_Smith_%28baseball%29 "Lee Smith (baseball)"). Brunansky played three seasons for the Red Sox, and is best remembered by Boston fans for his diving catch of an [Ozzie Guillén](/wiki/Ozzie_Guill%C3%A9n "Ozzie Guillén") line drive in the ninth inning of the season ending game that preserved the Red Sox victory, sending them to the [1990 ALCS](/wiki/1990_American_League_Championship_Series "1990 American League Championship Series"). However, Brunansky hit .083, and the team as a whole hit a pitiful .183, as the [Oakland A's](/wiki/Oakland_A%27s "Oakland A's") swept the Sox in four games (before being swept themselves by the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds") in the 1990 World Series).
At the end of the 1992 season, he became a free agent and signed with the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers") on January 28, 1993\. Brunansky struggled with the Brewers, batting just .183 with six home runs over 80 games that season. He played only 16 games the following season before being traded back to the Red Sox on June 16, 1994, for [Dave Valle](/wiki/Dave_Valle "Dave Valle"). He put up decent power numbers in Boston, hitting 10 doubles and 10 home runs in 48 games, but the strike\-shortened 1994 season would be his last in the majors.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"After being drafted in the first round (14th pick) of the 1978 amateur draft by the [California Angels](/wiki/California_Angels \"California Angels\")' organization after his senior year at [West Covina High School](/wiki/West_Covina_High_School \"West Covina High School\") in [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), Brunansky spent the next four years working his way up the Angels' minor league system before appearing in 11 games in 1981 after making his major league debut on April 19\\. On May 11, 1982, he was traded by the Angels, along with pitcher [Mike Walters](/wiki/Mike_Walters \"Mike Walters\"), to the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") for pitcher [Doug Corbett](/wiki/Doug_Corbett \"Doug Corbett\") and infielder [Rob Wilfong](/wiki/Rob_Wilfong \"Rob Wilfong\"). The 21\\-year\\-old Brunansky was then inserted into the Twins' lineup, where he saw time at all three outfield positions and slugged his way to the first of his eight consecutive seasons in which he hit at least 20 home runs.",
"Following the 1982 season, Brunansky became a fixture in right field for the Twins, starting there through the 1987 season. In 1982, Brunansky became the only Twin in franchise history to hit a grand slam, [inside\\-the\\-park home run](/wiki/Inside-the-park_home_run \"Inside-the-park home run\"). He accomplished this in a July 19 home game at the [Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome](/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome \"Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome\") in the third inning off the Brewers' [Jerry Augustine](/wiki/Jerry_Augustine \"Jerry Augustine\"). Ironically, all four runs were considered unearned because of two Brewers' [fielding errors](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 \"Error (baseball)\") earlier in the inning. Only 40 major league players have hit a grand slam, inside\\-the\\-park home run since 1950\\.",
"Brunansky was the Twins' sole [All\\-Star](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\") representative in 1985 and was a starter for the [World Champion](/wiki/1987_World_Series \"1987 World Series\") [1987 Minnesota Twins](/wiki/1987_Minnesota_Twins \"1987 Minnesota Twins\") during what was arguably his best overall season (hitting .259, with 32 HR, 85 RBI and 83 Runs). Brunansky helped the Twins upset the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") in the American League Championship Series by hitting .412 with 2 home runs and 9 RBI in the five\\-game series. He then had a somewhat invisible World Series, only hitting .200 with one RBI. Just months after playing each other in the World Series, the Twins shocked both their fans and Brunansky by trading him on April 22, 1988, to the St. Louis Cardinals for [second baseman](/wiki/Second_baseman \"Second baseman\") [Tom Herr](/wiki/Tom_Herr \"Tom Herr\"). Although the move was meant to strengthen the top of the order, Herr spent one lackluster season with the Twins, during which he complained about being in Minnesota, while Brunansky continued his home run hitting ways for six more seasons.",
"On May 4, 1990, he was traded by the Cardinals to the Red Sox for [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 \"Closer (baseball)\") [Lee Smith](/wiki/Lee_Smith_%28baseball%29 \"Lee Smith (baseball)\"). Brunansky played three seasons for the Red Sox, and is best remembered by Boston fans for his diving catch of an [Ozzie Guillén](/wiki/Ozzie_Guill%C3%A9n \"Ozzie Guillén\") line drive in the ninth inning of the season ending game that preserved the Red Sox victory, sending them to the [1990 ALCS](/wiki/1990_American_League_Championship_Series \"1990 American League Championship Series\"). However, Brunansky hit .083, and the team as a whole hit a pitiful .183, as the [Oakland A's](/wiki/Oakland_A%27s \"Oakland A's\") swept the Sox in four games (before being swept themselves by the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") in the 1990 World Series).",
"At the end of the 1992 season, he became a free agent and signed with the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\") on January 28, 1993\\. Brunansky struggled with the Brewers, batting just .183 with six home runs over 80 games that season. He played only 16 games the following season before being traded back to the Red Sox on June 16, 1994, for [Dave Valle](/wiki/Dave_Valle \"Dave Valle\"). He put up decent power numbers in Boston, hitting 10 doubles and 10 home runs in 48 games, but the strike\\-shortened 1994 season would be his last in the majors.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
He was born on August 5, 1925, in [Chundzha (Shonzhy) village](/wiki/Chundzha "Chundzha"), [Semirechenskaya region](/wiki/Semirechye_Oblast "Semirechye Oblast"), [Kyrgyz ASSR](/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281920%E2%80%9325%29 "Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)"), [RSFSR](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"), [USSR](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"),According to the administrative and territorial dividing of the USSR territories on August 5, 1924; now it is the Uyghur district of Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. to a family of rural teacher Nysanbay TanekeulyAccording to family legend, Nysanbay was the principal of the secondary school in Togyzbulak, which he headed until the 1920s. and Zhanlis Zhakypkyzy, his wife of his second marriage.
In 1940/41 academic year he worked as a primary school teacher of Uyghur RDPE.These years it was a usual practice in Kazakhstan because of authorities' national policy the significant part of Kazakh intellectuals was killed or left the country.
In April 1942, at the age of less than seventeen, he graduated from secondary school with honors in AksuAccording to the memoirs of S. N. Tanekeyev, he went to school every day on foot and back for 20 km. village of the Uyghur district in Almaty region and then added one year to his age. On [May 1](/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day "International Workers' Day"), 1942, he volunteered the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army").
### World War II
In June–July 1942, he studied and graduated from the regimental school for junior commanders with the assignment of military rank to [senior sergeant](/wiki/Senior_sergeant "Senior sergeant") and was sent to the front in the army in the [Stalingrad](/wiki/Stalingrad "Stalingrad") area.
However, in the middle of August 1942, as a warrior with a secondary education, he was recalled from the unit and sent to study at the Tashkent Military Rifle and Mortar School located in [Termez city](/wiki/Termez "Termez") of the [Uzbek SSR](/wiki/Uzbek_SSR "Uzbek SSR"). In June 1943, he graduated from this school with the assignment of the rank of [junior lieutenant](/wiki/Junior_lieutenant "Junior lieutenant").
From June 1943 to [May 9](/wiki/Victory_Day_%289_May%29 "Victory Day (9 May)"), 1945, he participated in battles at fronts of the [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War "Great Patriotic War") with breaks for recovery from injury:
– In July–September 1943, as commander of a rifle platoon, 212th rifle regiment, [77th Guards Rifle Division](/wiki/77th_Guards_Rifle_Division "77th Guards Rifle Division") of the [61st army](/wiki/61st_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 "61st Army (Soviet Union)"), he participated in battles on the northern face of the [Kursk Salient](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk "Battle of Kursk"), then – in offensive operations on the Smolensk direction
– From July 1944, as commander of a tank destroyers’ separate platoon of the same unit, he took part in battles for the liberation of [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus") and Eastern [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland") ([the 1st Belorussian Front](/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front "1st Belorussian Front"), [Operation Bagration](/wiki/Operation_Bagration "Operation Bagration")), and in February 1945 – in battles for the liberation of [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") and other territories of Poland.
– In May 1945, as [company commander](/wiki/Company_commander "Company commander"), he took part in battles for the [capture of Berlin](/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin "Battle of Berlin"); reached the [Reichstag](/wiki/Reichstag_building "Reichstag building") and signed on its wall.
After [victory](/wiki/Victory_Day_%289_May%29 "Victory Day (9 May)") from May 1945 to March 1946, he served in the [Soviet Occupation Forces](/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany "Group of Soviet Forces in Germany") in Germany at the [Commandant's Service](/wiki/Commandant%27s_Service "Commandant's Service") (he was a commandant of [Stolberg](/wiki/Stolberg_%28Harz%29 "Stolberg (Harz)")), then returned to the USSR. In March 1947, he retired from the [Soviet Army](/wiki/Soviet_Army "Soviet Army") as disabled person of the Great Patriotic War.
### Postwar
In September 1947, he entered the full\-time study of the [Kazakh State University (KazSU)](/wiki/Al-Farabi_Kazakh_National_University "Al-Farabi Kazakh National University"), History Faculty. In February 1949, he went to externe status to participate in the national economy restoration.
From March 1949 to February 1950, he worked as an instructor, then (until November 1951\) – a department head for Uyghur District Committee of the [Communist Party of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan "Communist Party of Kazakhstan"). In June 1952, he graduated from the Kazakh State University with honors.
In August 1952, he was elected the Second Secretary for Dzhambul District Party Committee of [Alma\-Ata region](/wiki/Almaty_Region "Almaty Region") of the Kazakh SSR.
In December 1954, he was elected the chairman for the Executive Committee of the [Ili District](/wiki/Ile_District%2C_Kazakhstan "Ile District, Kazakhstan") Council of People's Deputies ([Talgar](/wiki/Talgar "Talgar")). In October 1956, he was elected the First Secretary for [Uighur District](/wiki/Uygur_District "Uygur District") Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.
In June 1959, at the time of [Taldy\-Kurgan](/wiki/Taldy-Kurgan_Oblast "Taldy-Kurgan Oblast") and Alma\-Ata regions’ merger, he was appointed the Chief of Alma\-Ata Regional Department for Culture – the time of the rise of [Kazakh national culture](/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan "Culture of Kazakhstan"); he maintained friendly relations with many of its personalities.
In June 1960, he was elected the First Secretary for [Panfilovsky District](/wiki/Zharkent "Zharkent") Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.
In January 1963, he was elected a secretary of [Kzyl\-Orda Regional](/wiki/Kyzylorda_Region "Kyzylorda Region") Party Committee, and in July of the same year – the Second Secretary for Kzyl\-Orda Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. That time he entered the correspondence study of the Kazakh Agricultural Institute, Agricultural and Economy Faculty in [Alma\-Ata](/wiki/Alma-Ata "Alma-Ata") (he graduated from four courses).
* From The "Gold" of Party article:Article "Gold" of Party. A.Artsishevsky. September 26, 2005\. Central Asia Monitor.
{{ quote box \|quote\=
– I didn't want to go to \[\[Kzyl\-Orda]]. I was a Secretary of \[\[Panfilov District, Kazakhstan\|Panfilovsky District]] Party Committee, raising corn much to \[\[Khrushchev]]'s delight, moreover I was considering as a candidate to Alma\-Ata country regional party committee's Secretary position. In opposite in Kzyl\-Orda there were leper\-lazaret and insane hospital, outhouse etc.. No joy at all. Later on I had got an appointment with \[\[Ismail Yusupov\|Yusupov]], then\-secretary of the Central Committee. It was a short chat.
– Are you communist? – asked me Yusupov. I silently nodded. – Any question?
– No
– Bon voyage.}}
In February 1974, he was transferred and appointed the First Deputy Chairman of the [People's Control](/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union") of Kazakh SSR.
In July 1978, he was elected the chairman of the board of [Consumer Society Union](/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative "Consumers' co-operative") of Kazakhstan (Kazpotrebsoyuz). In December 1985, got retired due to pension age.
From 1963 until 1986 – a Deputy of the [Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet "Supreme Soviet") of Kazakh SSR continuously and elected to the [Central Committee of the Communist Party](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party "Central Committee of the Communist Party") of Kazakhstan.
From 1980 until 1986 – a member of the Central Committee of the [World Co\-operative Alliance](/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance "International Co-operative Alliance") (WCA).
Founder and from December 1988 until July 2009 he was pro\-bono Chairman of the Kazakhstan Voluntary Society of Disabled Persons Non\-state Union.
After retirement he got actively involved with authorship although hitherto was an editor of Rice of Kazakhstan (opening chapter, 1968\) and Reflection on Cooperatives (1979\) books and issued his first fiction Қиян асу (Steep Paths, 1979\). A member of the [Union of Writers](/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers "Union of Soviet Writers") of Kazakhstan, member if the Board of Literary Fund.
He died April 19, 2017 in [Almaty](/wiki/Almaty "Almaty"), [Republic of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"He was born on August 5, 1925, in [Chundzha (Shonzhy) village](/wiki/Chundzha \"Chundzha\"), [Semirechenskaya region](/wiki/Semirechye_Oblast \"Semirechye Oblast\"), [Kyrgyz ASSR](/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281920%E2%80%9325%29 \"Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)\"), [RSFSR](/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic \"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\"), [USSR](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"),According to the administrative and territorial dividing of the USSR territories on August 5, 1924; now it is the Uyghur district of Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. to a family of rural teacher Nysanbay TanekeulyAccording to family legend, Nysanbay was the principal of the secondary school in Togyzbulak, which he headed until the 1920s. and Zhanlis Zhakypkyzy, his wife of his second marriage.",
"In 1940/41 academic year he worked as a primary school teacher of Uyghur RDPE.These years it was a usual practice in Kazakhstan because of authorities' national policy the significant part of Kazakh intellectuals was killed or left the country.",
"In April 1942, at the age of less than seventeen, he graduated from secondary school with honors in AksuAccording to the memoirs of S. N. Tanekeyev, he went to school every day on foot and back for 20 km. village of the Uyghur district in Almaty region and then added one year to his age. On [May 1](/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day \"International Workers' Day\"), 1942, he volunteered the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\").",
"### World War II",
"In June–July 1942, he studied and graduated from the regimental school for junior commanders with the assignment of military rank to [senior sergeant](/wiki/Senior_sergeant \"Senior sergeant\") and was sent to the front in the army in the [Stalingrad](/wiki/Stalingrad \"Stalingrad\") area.",
"However, in the middle of August 1942, as a warrior with a secondary education, he was recalled from the unit and sent to study at the Tashkent Military Rifle and Mortar School located in [Termez city](/wiki/Termez \"Termez\") of the [Uzbek SSR](/wiki/Uzbek_SSR \"Uzbek SSR\"). In June 1943, he graduated from this school with the assignment of the rank of [junior lieutenant](/wiki/Junior_lieutenant \"Junior lieutenant\").",
"From June 1943 to [May 9](/wiki/Victory_Day_%289_May%29 \"Victory Day (9 May)\"), 1945, he participated in battles at fronts of the [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War \"Great Patriotic War\") with breaks for recovery from injury:",
"– In July–September 1943, as commander of a rifle platoon, 212th rifle regiment, [77th Guards Rifle Division](/wiki/77th_Guards_Rifle_Division \"77th Guards Rifle Division\") of the [61st army](/wiki/61st_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"61st Army (Soviet Union)\"), he participated in battles on the northern face of the [Kursk Salient](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk \"Battle of Kursk\"), then – in offensive operations on the Smolensk direction",
"– From July 1944, as commander of a tank destroyers’ separate platoon of the same unit, he took part in battles for the liberation of [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\") and Eastern [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") ([the 1st Belorussian Front](/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front \"1st Belorussian Front\"), [Operation Bagration](/wiki/Operation_Bagration \"Operation Bagration\")), and in February 1945 – in battles for the liberation of [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") and other territories of Poland.",
"– In May 1945, as [company commander](/wiki/Company_commander \"Company commander\"), he took part in battles for the [capture of Berlin](/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin \"Battle of Berlin\"); reached the [Reichstag](/wiki/Reichstag_building \"Reichstag building\") and signed on its wall.\nAfter [victory](/wiki/Victory_Day_%289_May%29 \"Victory Day (9 May)\") from May 1945 to March 1946, he served in the [Soviet Occupation Forces](/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany \"Group of Soviet Forces in Germany\") in Germany at the [Commandant's Service](/wiki/Commandant%27s_Service \"Commandant's Service\") (he was a commandant of [Stolberg](/wiki/Stolberg_%28Harz%29 \"Stolberg (Harz)\")), then returned to the USSR. In March 1947, he retired from the [Soviet Army](/wiki/Soviet_Army \"Soviet Army\") as disabled person of the Great Patriotic War.",
"### Postwar",
"In September 1947, he entered the full\\-time study of the [Kazakh State University (KazSU)](/wiki/Al-Farabi_Kazakh_National_University \"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University\"), History Faculty. In February 1949, he went to externe status to participate in the national economy restoration.",
"From March 1949 to February 1950, he worked as an instructor, then (until November 1951\\) – a department head for Uyghur District Committee of the [Communist Party of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan \"Communist Party of Kazakhstan\"). In June 1952, he graduated from the Kazakh State University with honors.",
"In August 1952, he was elected the Second Secretary for Dzhambul District Party Committee of [Alma\\-Ata region](/wiki/Almaty_Region \"Almaty Region\") of the Kazakh SSR.",
"In December 1954, he was elected the chairman for the Executive Committee of the [Ili District](/wiki/Ile_District%2C_Kazakhstan \"Ile District, Kazakhstan\") Council of People's Deputies ([Talgar](/wiki/Talgar \"Talgar\")). In October 1956, he was elected the First Secretary for [Uighur District](/wiki/Uygur_District \"Uygur District\") Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.",
"In June 1959, at the time of [Taldy\\-Kurgan](/wiki/Taldy-Kurgan_Oblast \"Taldy-Kurgan Oblast\") and Alma\\-Ata regions’ merger, he was appointed the Chief of Alma\\-Ata Regional Department for Culture – the time of the rise of [Kazakh national culture](/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan \"Culture of Kazakhstan\"); he maintained friendly relations with many of its personalities.",
"In June 1960, he was elected the First Secretary for [Panfilovsky District](/wiki/Zharkent \"Zharkent\") Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.",
"In January 1963, he was elected a secretary of [Kzyl\\-Orda Regional](/wiki/Kyzylorda_Region \"Kyzylorda Region\") Party Committee, and in July of the same year – the Second Secretary for Kzyl\\-Orda Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. That time he entered the correspondence study of the Kazakh Agricultural Institute, Agricultural and Economy Faculty in [Alma\\-Ata](/wiki/Alma-Ata \"Alma-Ata\") (he graduated from four courses).",
"* From The \"Gold\" of Party article:Article \"Gold\" of Party. A.Artsishevsky. September 26, 2005\\. Central Asia Monitor.\n{{ quote box \\|quote\\=\n– I didn't want to go to \\[\\[Kzyl\\-Orda]]. I was a Secretary of \\[\\[Panfilov District, Kazakhstan\\|Panfilovsky District]] Party Committee, raising corn much to \\[\\[Khrushchev]]'s delight, moreover I was considering as a candidate to Alma\\-Ata country regional party committee's Secretary position. In opposite in Kzyl\\-Orda there were leper\\-lazaret and insane hospital, outhouse etc.. No joy at all. Later on I had got an appointment with \\[\\[Ismail Yusupov\\|Yusupov]], then\\-secretary of the Central Committee. It was a short chat.",
"– Are you communist? – asked me Yusupov. I silently nodded. – Any question?",
"– No",
"– Bon voyage.}}",
"In February 1974, he was transferred and appointed the First Deputy Chairman of the [People's Control](/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") of Kazakh SSR.",
"In July 1978, he was elected the chairman of the board of [Consumer Society Union](/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative \"Consumers' co-operative\") of Kazakhstan (Kazpotrebsoyuz). In December 1985, got retired due to pension age.",
"From 1963 until 1986 – a Deputy of the [Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet \"Supreme Soviet\") of Kazakh SSR continuously and elected to the [Central Committee of the Communist Party](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party \"Central Committee of the Communist Party\") of Kazakhstan.",
"From 1980 until 1986 – a member of the Central Committee of the [World Co\\-operative Alliance](/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance \"International Co-operative Alliance\") (WCA).",
"Founder and from December 1988 until July 2009 he was pro\\-bono Chairman of the Kazakhstan Voluntary Society of Disabled Persons Non\\-state Union.",
"After retirement he got actively involved with authorship although hitherto was an editor of Rice of Kazakhstan (opening chapter, 1968\\) and Reflection on Cooperatives (1979\\) books and issued his first fiction Қиян асу (Steep Paths, 1979\\). A member of the [Union of Writers](/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers \"Union of Soviet Writers\") of Kazakhstan, member if the Board of Literary Fund.",
"He died April 19, 2017 in [Almaty](/wiki/Almaty \"Almaty\"), [Republic of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\")."
] |
### Postwar
In September 1947, he entered the full\-time study of the [Kazakh State University (KazSU)](/wiki/Al-Farabi_Kazakh_National_University "Al-Farabi Kazakh National University"), History Faculty. In February 1949, he went to externe status to participate in the national economy restoration.
From March 1949 to February 1950, he worked as an instructor, then (until November 1951\) – a department head for Uyghur District Committee of the [Communist Party of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan "Communist Party of Kazakhstan"). In June 1952, he graduated from the Kazakh State University with honors.
In August 1952, he was elected the Second Secretary for Dzhambul District Party Committee of [Alma\-Ata region](/wiki/Almaty_Region "Almaty Region") of the Kazakh SSR.
In December 1954, he was elected the chairman for the Executive Committee of the [Ili District](/wiki/Ile_District%2C_Kazakhstan "Ile District, Kazakhstan") Council of People's Deputies ([Talgar](/wiki/Talgar "Talgar")). In October 1956, he was elected the First Secretary for [Uighur District](/wiki/Uygur_District "Uygur District") Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.
In June 1959, at the time of [Taldy\-Kurgan](/wiki/Taldy-Kurgan_Oblast "Taldy-Kurgan Oblast") and Alma\-Ata regions’ merger, he was appointed the Chief of Alma\-Ata Regional Department for Culture – the time of the rise of [Kazakh national culture](/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan "Culture of Kazakhstan"); he maintained friendly relations with many of its personalities.
In June 1960, he was elected the First Secretary for [Panfilovsky District](/wiki/Zharkent "Zharkent") Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.
In January 1963, he was elected a secretary of [Kzyl\-Orda Regional](/wiki/Kyzylorda_Region "Kyzylorda Region") Party Committee, and in July of the same year – the Second Secretary for Kzyl\-Orda Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. That time he entered the correspondence study of the Kazakh Agricultural Institute, Agricultural and Economy Faculty in [Alma\-Ata](/wiki/Alma-Ata "Alma-Ata") (he graduated from four courses).
* From The "Gold" of Party article:Article "Gold" of Party. A.Artsishevsky. September 26, 2005\. Central Asia Monitor.
{{ quote box \|quote\=
– I didn't want to go to \[\[Kzyl\-Orda]]. I was a Secretary of \[\[Panfilov District, Kazakhstan\|Panfilovsky District]] Party Committee, raising corn much to \[\[Khrushchev]]'s delight, moreover I was considering as a candidate to Alma\-Ata country regional party committee's Secretary position. In opposite in Kzyl\-Orda there were leper\-lazaret and insane hospital, outhouse etc.. No joy at all. Later on I had got an appointment with \[\[Ismail Yusupov\|Yusupov]], then\-secretary of the Central Committee. It was a short chat.
– Are you communist? – asked me Yusupov. I silently nodded. – Any question?
– No
– Bon voyage.}}
In February 1974, he was transferred and appointed the First Deputy Chairman of the [People's Control](/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union") of Kazakh SSR.
In July 1978, he was elected the chairman of the board of [Consumer Society Union](/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative "Consumers' co-operative") of Kazakhstan (Kazpotrebsoyuz). In December 1985, got retired due to pension age.
From 1963 until 1986 – a Deputy of the [Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet "Supreme Soviet") of Kazakh SSR continuously and elected to the [Central Committee of the Communist Party](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party "Central Committee of the Communist Party") of Kazakhstan.
From 1980 until 1986 – a member of the Central Committee of the [World Co\-operative Alliance](/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance "International Co-operative Alliance") (WCA).
Founder and from December 1988 until July 2009 he was pro\-bono Chairman of the Kazakhstan Voluntary Society of Disabled Persons Non\-state Union.
After retirement he got actively involved with authorship although hitherto was an editor of Rice of Kazakhstan (opening chapter, 1968\) and Reflection on Cooperatives (1979\) books and issued his first fiction Қиян асу (Steep Paths, 1979\). A member of the [Union of Writers](/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers "Union of Soviet Writers") of Kazakhstan, member if the Board of Literary Fund.
He died April 19, 2017 in [Almaty](/wiki/Almaty "Almaty"), [Republic of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan").
|
[
"### Postwar",
"In September 1947, he entered the full\\-time study of the [Kazakh State University (KazSU)](/wiki/Al-Farabi_Kazakh_National_University \"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University\"), History Faculty. In February 1949, he went to externe status to participate in the national economy restoration.",
"From March 1949 to February 1950, he worked as an instructor, then (until November 1951\\) – a department head for Uyghur District Committee of the [Communist Party of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan \"Communist Party of Kazakhstan\"). In June 1952, he graduated from the Kazakh State University with honors.",
"In August 1952, he was elected the Second Secretary for Dzhambul District Party Committee of [Alma\\-Ata region](/wiki/Almaty_Region \"Almaty Region\") of the Kazakh SSR.",
"In December 1954, he was elected the chairman for the Executive Committee of the [Ili District](/wiki/Ile_District%2C_Kazakhstan \"Ile District, Kazakhstan\") Council of People's Deputies ([Talgar](/wiki/Talgar \"Talgar\")). In October 1956, he was elected the First Secretary for [Uighur District](/wiki/Uygur_District \"Uygur District\") Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.",
"In June 1959, at the time of [Taldy\\-Kurgan](/wiki/Taldy-Kurgan_Oblast \"Taldy-Kurgan Oblast\") and Alma\\-Ata regions’ merger, he was appointed the Chief of Alma\\-Ata Regional Department for Culture – the time of the rise of [Kazakh national culture](/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan \"Culture of Kazakhstan\"); he maintained friendly relations with many of its personalities.",
"In June 1960, he was elected the First Secretary for [Panfilovsky District](/wiki/Zharkent \"Zharkent\") Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.",
"In January 1963, he was elected a secretary of [Kzyl\\-Orda Regional](/wiki/Kyzylorda_Region \"Kyzylorda Region\") Party Committee, and in July of the same year – the Second Secretary for Kzyl\\-Orda Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. That time he entered the correspondence study of the Kazakh Agricultural Institute, Agricultural and Economy Faculty in [Alma\\-Ata](/wiki/Alma-Ata \"Alma-Ata\") (he graduated from four courses).",
"* From The \"Gold\" of Party article:Article \"Gold\" of Party. A.Artsishevsky. September 26, 2005\\. Central Asia Monitor.\n{{ quote box \\|quote\\=\n– I didn't want to go to \\[\\[Kzyl\\-Orda]]. I was a Secretary of \\[\\[Panfilov District, Kazakhstan\\|Panfilovsky District]] Party Committee, raising corn much to \\[\\[Khrushchev]]'s delight, moreover I was considering as a candidate to Alma\\-Ata country regional party committee's Secretary position. In opposite in Kzyl\\-Orda there were leper\\-lazaret and insane hospital, outhouse etc.. No joy at all. Later on I had got an appointment with \\[\\[Ismail Yusupov\\|Yusupov]], then\\-secretary of the Central Committee. It was a short chat.",
"– Are you communist? – asked me Yusupov. I silently nodded. – Any question?",
"– No",
"– Bon voyage.}}",
"In February 1974, he was transferred and appointed the First Deputy Chairman of the [People's Control](/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") of Kazakh SSR.",
"In July 1978, he was elected the chairman of the board of [Consumer Society Union](/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative \"Consumers' co-operative\") of Kazakhstan (Kazpotrebsoyuz). In December 1985, got retired due to pension age.",
"From 1963 until 1986 – a Deputy of the [Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet \"Supreme Soviet\") of Kazakh SSR continuously and elected to the [Central Committee of the Communist Party](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party \"Central Committee of the Communist Party\") of Kazakhstan.",
"From 1980 until 1986 – a member of the Central Committee of the [World Co\\-operative Alliance](/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance \"International Co-operative Alliance\") (WCA).",
"Founder and from December 1988 until July 2009 he was pro\\-bono Chairman of the Kazakhstan Voluntary Society of Disabled Persons Non\\-state Union.",
"After retirement he got actively involved with authorship although hitherto was an editor of Rice of Kazakhstan (opening chapter, 1968\\) and Reflection on Cooperatives (1979\\) books and issued his first fiction Қиян асу (Steep Paths, 1979\\). A member of the [Union of Writers](/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers \"Union of Soviet Writers\") of Kazakhstan, member if the Board of Literary Fund.",
"He died April 19, 2017 in [Almaty](/wiki/Almaty \"Almaty\"), [Republic of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\")."
] |
United States Senator
---------------------
{{main\|US Senate career of Strom Thurmond}}
### 1950s and early 1960s
The incumbent U.S. senator from South Carolina, [Burnet R. Maybank](/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank "Burnet R. Maybank"), was unopposed for re\-election in 1954, but he died two months before election day. The state Democratic Party selected [Edgar A. Brown](/wiki/Edgar_A._Brown "Edgar A. Brown") to replace Maybank without conducting a primary election.
Thurmond organized a [write\-in campaign](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina%2C_1954 "United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1954") for the vacant Senate seat. He pledged that if he won, he would resign in 1956 to force a primary election. He easily won the 1954 election. He was the first person to be elected to the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/South_Carolina_United_States_Senate_election%2C_1954 "South Carolina United States Senate election, 1954") as a [write\-in candidate](/wiki/Write-in_candidate "Write-in candidate").{{Efn\|It has only been repeated once, in 2010, by \[\[Lisa Murkowski]]}} In January 1955, Thurmond expressed his view that federal encroachment on states' rights was among the biggest threats to American life and violated the Constitution.{{cite news\|date\=January 9, 1955\|title\=Solon Says States' Rights Great\|work\=\[\[The Times (Shreveport)\|The Times]]\|publisher\=Monroe Morning World\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83088256/solon\-says\-states\-rights\-great/\|access\-date\=August 9, 2021\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In July, Thurmond supported the Republican [Eisenhower Administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower"){{'s}} bill for an expanded military reserve law over the alternate plan proposed by fellow Democratic Senator [Richard Russell](/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr. "Richard Russell Jr.").{{cite news\|date\=July 11, 1955\|title\=Sen. Thurmond Backs Fight For Military Reserve Law\|newspaper\=\[\[The Tuscaloosa News]]\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=FSYeAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=0pkEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2787%2C1216950\|access\-date\=August 9, 2021}}
Thurmond co\-wrote the first version of the [Southern Manifesto](/wiki/Southern_Manifesto "Southern Manifesto"), stating disagreement with the 1954 [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court "U.S. Supreme Court") ruling in *[Brown v. Board of Education](/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education "Brown v. Board of Education"),* that declared that segregated public schools were unconstitutional and ordered them integrated.{{Cite journal\|last\=Crespino\|first\=Joseph\|date\=April 29, 2010\|title\=The Scarred Stone: The Strom Thurmond Monument\|url\=https://southernspaces.org/2010/scarred\-stone\-strom\-thurmond\-monument\|journal\=\[\[Southern Spaces]]\|doi\=10\.18737/M7P315\|doi\-broken\-date\=May 26, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 9, 2021\|doi\-access\=free\|archive\-date\=August 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809055137/https://southernspaces.org/2010/scarred\-stone\-strom\-thurmond\-monument\|url\-status\=dead}} He was part of the group of Southern senators who opposed the ruling in *Brown v. Board of Education*.{{cite book\|last\=Woods\|first\=Randall Bennett\|url\=https://archive.org/details/lbj00rand/page/303\|title\=LBJ: Architect of American Ambition\|publisher\=Free Press\|year\=2006\|isbn\=978\-0684834580\|location\=\[\[New York (state)\|New York]]\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/lbj00rand/page/303 303]\|lccn\=2006041259\|ol\=7721570M\|access\-date\=August 9, 2021\|url\-access\=registration}} In early 1956, Thurmond resigned from the Senate, keeping the promise he had made two years earlier.{{Cite news\|date\=March 4, 1956\|title\=Thurmond Resigns His Senate Seat to Keep Promise He Made\|work\=\[\[Springfield News\-Leader\|The Springfield News\-Leader]]\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83088971/thurmond\-resigns\-his\-senate\-seat\-to/\|access\-date\=August 9, 2021\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He won the primary as well as the general election unopposed. Thereafter, he returned to the Senate in November 1956\.
In 1957, the Eisenhower administration introduced an amended version of the Civil Rights Bill, imposing expansion of federal supervision of integration in Southern states.{{cite book\|last\=Newton\|first\=Jim\|url\=https://archive.org/details/eisenhowerwhiteh00newt/page/242\|title\=Eisenhower: The White House Years\|publisher\=Doubleday\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-0385523530\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/eisenhowerwhiteh00newt/page/242 242]\|lccn\=2011010759\|ol\=25045949M\|access\-date\=August 9, 2021\|url\-access\=registration}} In an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the bill{{'s}} passage,{{cite news\|date\=August 31, 1957\|title\=Thurmond's Filibuster Angers Dixie Senators\|work\=\[\[The Herald Journal]]\|publisher\=\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1876\&dat\=19570831\&id\=PWssAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3968,4300592\|access\-date\=August 9, 2021}} Thurmond [filibustered](/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate "Filibuster in the United States Senate") the bill, [speaking for a total of 24 hours and 18 minutes](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond_filibuster_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957 "Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957"), the longest filibuster ever conducted by a single senator.{{Cite news\|last\=Memmott\|first\=Mark\|date\=March 7, 2013\|title\=How Did Strom Thurmond Last Through His 24\-Hour Filibuster?\|work\=\[\[NPR]]\|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo\-way/2013/03/07/173736882/how\-did\-strom\-thurmond\-last\-through\-his\-24\-hour\-filibuster\|access\-date\=August 9, 2021}} Other Southern senators, who had agreed as part of a compromise not to filibuster this bill, were upset with Thurmond because they thought his defiance made them look incompetent to their constituents.{{cite book \|last\=Caro \|first\= Robert \|date\= 2002\|title\= \[\[Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson]]\|location\= New York\|publisher\= Knopf\|chapter\= Chapter 41 Omens\|pages\=997–998\|isbn\=0\-394\-52836\-0}} Despite his efforts, the Congress passed the [Civil Rights Act of 1957](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957 "Civil Rights Act of 1957") on August 29\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.politico.com/story/2007/08/congress\-passes\-civil\-rights\-act\-aug\-29\-1957\-005470\|title\=Congress passes Civil Rights Act Aug. 29, 1957\|date\=August 29, 2007\|work\=Politico}} During his filibuster, Thurmond relied on the book *The Case for the South*, written by W. D. Workman Jr.; Thurmond had known the author for fifteen years. Workman had covered both Thurmond's tenure as South Carolina governor and his presidential campaign, in addition to having served in the military unit which Thurmond had organized in Columbia. He had turned down an offer by Thurmond to serve as his Washington, DC office press secretary.
Thurmond sent a copy of *The Case for the South* to each of his Senate colleagues and then\-vice president [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon"). The book was described in 2013 by [Loyola](/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago "Loyola University Chicago") history professor and author Elizabeth Shermer as "a compendium of segregationist arguments that hit all the high points of regional apologia".{{cite book\|last\=Shermer\|first\=Elizabeth Tandy\|title\=Barry Goldwater and the Remaking of the American Political Landscape\|publisher\=\[\[University of Arizona Press]]\|year\=2013\|isbn\=978\-0816521098\|pages\=152–153\|lccn\=2012029636\|ol\=25404808M}}
In January 1959, the Senate held a debate over changing the rules to curb filibusters. Thurmond expressed the view that the Senate should return to the rule prior to 1917, when there were no regulations on the time for debate.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=Z610oKUqOA4C\&dat\=19590113\&printsec\=frontpage\&hl\=en\|title\=Liberals Claim South Won Filibuster Battle\|date\=January 13, 1959\|newspaper\=Gadsden Times}} In February 1960, Thurmond requested a [quorum call](/wiki/Quorum_call "Quorum call") that would produce at least half the membership of the Senate, the call being seen as one of the delay tactics employed by Southerners during the meeting. 51 senators assembled, allowing the Senate to adjourn in spite of Thurmond's calls for another quorum call. Thurmond afterward denied his responsibility in convening the Saturday session, attributing it to Democrat [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson"). He said that those insistent on passing a civil rights bill should be around during discussions on the matter.{{Cite news\|date\=February 28, 1960\|title\=Senator Russell Ties Rights Bakers To Race Riots\|work\=\[\[Toledo Blade]]\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=wggwAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=\_gAEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6818%2C4468116\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021}} In the [1960 United States presidential election](/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election "1960 United States presidential election"), Thurmond refused to back the Democratic nominee, his senate colleague [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy"), due to the latter's support for civil rights. In the [1960 South Carolina Senate race](/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina "1960 United States Senate election in South Carolina"), Thurmond ran unopposed in the general election; no Republican candidate was on the ballot. As of 2022, 1960 remains the last time a Democrat won South Carolina's Class 2 Senate seat.{{Sfn\|Bass\|Thompson\|1998\|p\=189}} In the presidential election, Thurmond received 14 electoral votes for vice president (as [Harry Byrd Sr.](/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd "Harry F. Byrd")'s running mate). Though both Byrd and Thurmond had long since moved on from the States Rights' Democratic Party, they were the decided protest ticket of several Southern delegates and [unpledged electors](/wiki/Unpledged_elector "Unpledged elector"), who refused to give their support to Kennedy.{{Cite journal\|last\=Middleton\|first\=Russell\|date\=1962\|title\=The Civil Rights Issue And Presidential Voting Among Southern Negroes And Whites\|journal\=\[\[Social Forces]]\|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]]\|volume\=40\|issue\=3\|pages\=209–215\|doi\=10\.2307/2573630\|jstor\=2573630}}
Thurmond predicted the [87th Congress](/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress "87th United States Congress") would begin with a move to remove him from the Senate Democratic Caucus.{{cite news\|date\=January 3, 1961\|title\=Thurmond Invites Fight To Oust Him\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/01/03/archives/thurmond\-invites\-fight\-to\-oust\-him.html\|url\-access\=limited\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021}} This did not happen, and an aide for Senator [Joseph S. Clark Jr.](/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark_Jr. "Joseph S. Clark Jr.") said there was never an intention to pursue recourse against Thurmond, though in his opinion Thurmond should no longer be a member of the party.{{cite news\|date\=January 4, 1961\|title\=Thurmond Not Purge Target\|work\=\[\[The Item]]\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=6gEvAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=xqkFAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6411%2C158793\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021}}
In August 1961, Thurmond formally requested the [Senate Armed Services Committee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services "United States Senate Committee on Armed Services") to vote on whether to vote for "a conspiracy to muzzle military anti\-Communist drives." The appearance prompted the cancellation of another public appearance in [Fort Jackson](/wiki/Fort_Jackson%2C_South_Carolina "Fort Jackson, South Carolina"), as Thurmond favored marking his proposal with his presence, and his request for a $75,000 committee study was slated for consideration.{{Cite news\|date\=August 31, 1961\|title\=Military Gag Probe Asked\|work\=\[\[Daily Herald (Utah)\|Daily Herald]]\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83660013/military\-gag\-probe\-asked/\|access\-date\=August 18, 2021\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In November, Thurmond said that President Kennedy had lost support in the South due to the formation of the National Relations Boards, what he called Kennedy's softness on communism, and an increase in military men being muzzled for speaking out against communism.{{cite news\|date\=November 28, 1961\|title\=Thurmond Defends Military Leaders\|work\=\[\[Madera Tribune]]\|publisher\=\|url\=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi\-bin/cdnc?a\=d\&d\=MT19611130\.2\.42\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021}}
In May 1962, Thurmond was part of a group of Senate orators headed by [John C. Stennis](/wiki/John_C._Stennis "John C. Stennis") who expressed opposition to the Kennedy administration's literacy test bill, arguing that the measure was in violation of states' rights as defined by the Constitution. The bill was an effort to reduce the use of discriminatory and subjective [literacy tests](/wiki/Literacy_tests "Literacy tests") in the South; ostensibly used to establish voters' competency, in practice they were used against African\-American voters and preventing their registration.{{cite news\|date\=May 1, 1962\|title\=Justice Dept. Move Sparks New Debate\|newspaper\=\[\[Times\-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)\|Times\-News]]\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1665\&dat\=19620501\&id\=EPMZAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5477,6510\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021}} After the Supreme Court ruled [state composed prayer in public schools](/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale "Engel v. Vitale") was unconstitutional, Thurmond urged Congress to take steps to prevent the Court from making similar decisions.{{cite news\|date\=July 26, 1962\|title\=Thurmond Blasts Court's Decision\|work\=\[\[Madera Tribune]]\|url\=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a\=d\&d\=MT19620726\&dliv\=userclipping\&cliparea\=1\.2%2C4168%2C2460%2C649%2C1353\&factor\=4\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-\-en\-\-20\-\-1\-\-txt\-txIN\-strom\+thurmond\-\-\-\-\-\-\-1\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021}} In September 1962, Thurmond called for an invasion of Cuba.{{cite news\|last\=Marlow\|first\=James\|date\=September 5, 1962\|title\=Cuba, Soviet Warned\|work\=\[\[Springfield News\-Leader]]\|publisher\=\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/299255121/\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In February 1963, Thurmond stated that "the brush curtain around Cuba is a formidable Soviet strategic military base" and estimated between 30,000 and 40,000 Cuban troops were under the leadership of a Soviet general. Hours after the statement was made public, a Pentagon official disputed his claims as being "at wide variance with carefully evaluated data collected by U.S. intelligence" and called for Thurmond to release his proof to the Defense Department.{{cite news\|date\=February 2, 1963\|title\=Soviet Has Around 40,000 Military Personnel In Cuba\|newspaper\=\[\[Sarasota Herald\-Tribune]]\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=A7\-hzOuI2KQC\&dat\=19630202\&printsec\=frontpage\&hl\=en}} During [Paul Nitze](/wiki/Paul_Nitze "Paul Nitze")'s nomination hearing for [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy "United States Secretary of the Navy"), Thurmond was noted for asking "rapid fire questions" on military action and focusing on Nitze's participation as a moderator in the 1958 National Council of Churches conference.{{cite news\|date\=November 7, 1963\|title\=Thurmond Fires Queries Senate Group Grills Nitze, Navy Secretary Nominee\|work\=\[\[The San Bernardino Sun]]\|publisher\=\|url\=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi\-bin/cdnc?a\=d\&d\=SBS19631108\.1\.3\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021}} Along with Arizona Senator [Barry Goldwater](/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater"), Thurmond delayed the Nitze nomination.{{cite news\|last\=Raymond\|first\=Jack\|date\=November 16, 1963\|title\=Senators Delay Approving Nitze {{endash}} Questions Are Raised About Parley and Land Sale Asked About Views\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/11/16/archives/senators\-delay\-approving\-nitze\-questions\-are\-raised\-about\-parley.html\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021}} In spite of Thurmond voting against him, the nomination was approved.{{cite news\|date\=November 22, 1963\|title\=Senate Group Backs Nitze As Navy Head\|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]]\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83357006/senate\-group\-backs\-nitze\-as\-navy\-head/\|access\-date\=August 13, 2021\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}}
The day after the Nitze vote, President Kennedy was [assassinated](/wiki/Assassination_of_President_Kennedy "Assassination of President Kennedy") in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas").{{Cite web\|title\=November 22, 1963 {{endash}} Death of the President\|url\=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about\-jfk/jfk\-in\-history/november\-22\-1963\-death\-of\-the\-president\|access\-date\=August 23, 2021\|website\=\[\[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]}} Thurmond expressed the view that a conspiracy would be found by investigators to have been responsible for JFK's death.{{cite news\|date\=February 14, 1967\|title\=Thurmond Says a Red Plot Led to Death of Kennedy\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/14/archives/thurmond\-says\-a\-red\-plot\-led\-to\-death\-of\-kennedy.html\|access\-date\=August 23, 2021}} Vice President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") [ascended to the presidency](/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson "First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson").{{Cite news\|date\=November 23, 2021\|title\=Johnson Takes Over Presidency; Nation, World Mourn Kennedy\|work\=\[\[Carroll Daily Times Herald]]\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83977834/johnson\-takes\-over\-presidency\-nation/\|access\-date\=August 23, 2021\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He began campaigning to secure passage of the [Civil Rights Act of 1964](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 "Civil Rights Act of 1964") and the [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 "Voting Rights Act of 1965"), which angered white segregationists. These laws ended segregation and committed the federal government to enforce voting rights of citizens by the supervision of elections in states in which the pattern of voting showed black people had been disenfranchised. During the signing ceremony for the Civil Rights Act, President Johnson nominated [LeRoy Collins](/wiki/LeRoy_Collins "LeRoy Collins") as the first Director of the Community Relations Service.{{cite web\|last\=Johnson\|first\=Lyndon B.\|author\-link\=Lyndon B. Johnson\|date\=July 2, 1964\|title\=446 – Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=26361\|access\-date\=August 23, 2021\|website\=The American Presidency Project\|quote\=First, I will send to the Senate my nomination of LeRoy Collins to be Director of the Community Relations Service. Governor Collins will bring the experience of a long career of distinguished public service to the task of helping communities solve problems of human relations through reason and commonsense.}} Subsequently, Thurmond reminded Collins of his past support for segregation and implied that he was a traitor to the South, Thurmond having particular disdain for an address by Collins the previous winter in which he charged Southern leaders with being harsh and intemperate.{{cite book\|last\=Cohodas\|first\=Nadine\|title\=Strom Thurmond \& the Politics of Southern Change\|publisher\=Mercer University Press\|year\=1995\|isbn\=978\-0865544468\|page\=353}} Thurmond also suggested that Collins had sought to fault southern leaders for President Kennedy's assassination.{{Sfn\|Cohodas\|1993\|p\=353}} Thurmond was the only senator to vote against Collins' nomination being sent to the Senate, and later one of eight senators to vote against his nomination in the chamber.{{Sfn\|Cohodas\|1993\|p\=355}}
### Party switch and late 1960s
On September 16, 1964, Thurmond confirmed he was leaving the Democratic Party to work on the [presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater](/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign "Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign"), charging the Democrats with having "abandoned the people" and having repudiated the [U.S. Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States "Constitution of the United States").{{cite news\|date\=September 17, 1964\|title\=Thurmond Break Is Made Official {{endash}} He Will Work as Republican for Goldwater Election\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/17/archives/thurmond\-break\-is\-made\-official\-he\-will\-work\-as\-republican\-for.html\|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=August 23, 2021}} During the campaign, Thurmond told reporters that he believed [Barry Goldwater](/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater") could carry South Carolina and other southern states.{{cite news\|date\=September 18, 1964\|title\=Thurmond Joins Goldwater Drive\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/18/thurmond\-joins\-goldwater\-drive.html\|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=August 23, 2021}} Though Goldwater lost in a [landslide](/wiki/Landslide_victory "Landslide victory"), he won South Carolina with 59% of the vote compared to President Johnson's 41%.{{cite news\|last\=Sabato\|first\=Larry J.\|date\=October 27, 2014\|title\=How Goldwater Changed Campaigns Forever\|work\=\[\[Politico\|Politico (magazine)]]\|url\=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/barry\-goldwater\-lasting\-legacy\-112210/\|access\-date\=August 23, 2021}} Senate Republicans were lukewarm to Thurmond due to their "super minority" of only 32 seats in the Senate prior to Thurmond's switch,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/682280/generalelection\_USSenator.pdf \|title\=United States Senator: 1914–2014 \|website\=Vermont State Archives and Records Administration \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053355/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/682280/generalelection\_USSenator.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016 \|access\-date\=February 10, 2021 }} and voted for committee assignments granting Thurmond the ability "to keep at least some of the seniority power he had gained as a Democrat."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/16/archives/gop\-senators\-approve\-assignments\-to\-thurmond.html\|title\=G.O.P. Senators Approve Assignments to Thurmond\|date\=January 16, 1965\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Following the election, Johnson continued to push through Civil Rights legislation, most notably the [Voting Rights Act](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act "Voting Rights Act") in 1965, which committed the federal government to enforce voting rights of citizens by the supervision of elections in states with noted record of voter suppression and disenfranchisement.One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work in the public domain: "Introduction to Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Effect of the Voting Rights Act". www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro\_c.php. U.S. Department of Justice. June 19, 2009\. Retrieved February 10, 2021\. Thurmond explained his opposition to the Voting Rights Act as being opposed to its authorization of the federal government to determine the processes behind how statewide elections are conducted and insisted he was not against black voter turnout.Cohodas, p. 13\. During floor debate on the bill, Thurmond espoused that the VRA would lead to "despotism and tyranny."May, Gary (April 9, 2013\). Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy (Kindle ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-465\-01846\-8}}. With the Voting Rights Act passing into law by a slightly larger margin than the Civil Rights Act, Thurmond's opposition to civil rights had proven as ineffective as a Republican as it had been as a Democrat."Senate Vote \#78 in 1965: To Pass S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965". govtrack.us. Civic Impulse, LLC. www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89\-1965/s78\. Retrieved February 10, 2021\.
In 1965, [L. Mendel Rivers](/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers "L. Mendel Rivers") became chairman of the [House Armed Services Committee](/wiki/House_Armed_Services_Committee "House Armed Services Committee"), commentator Wayne King crediting Thurmond's involvement with Rivers as giving Rivers' district "an even dozen military installations that are said to account for one‐third to one‐half of the jobs in the area."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/09/archives/federal\-funds\-pour\-into\-sunbelt\-states.html\|title\=Federal Funds Pour Into Sunbelt States\|date\=February 9, 1976\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In his [1966 re\-election campaign](/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina "1966 United States Senate election in South Carolina"), the new Republican senator faced no opposition in the primary,{{cite news\|date\=June 12, 1966\|title\=Major Democrats Go To Line In Primaries\|newspaper\=The Santa Fe New Mexican}} and competed against Bradley Morrah Jr. in the general election campaign.{{cite news\|date\=February 19, 1992\|title\=P. Bradley Morrah Jr.\|newspaper\=Orlando Sentinel\|url\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1992/02/19/p\-bradley\-morrah\-jr/}} Morrah avoided direct charges against Thurmond's record and generally spoke of his own ambitions in the event he was elected,{{cite news\|date\=May 7, 1966\|title\=Democratic Hopefuls Seek U.S. Senate Votes\|newspaper\=The Greenville News}} later referring to Thurmond's time in the Senate as being ineffective.{{cite news\|date\=November 8, 1966\|title\=S. C. Voters Face Extra\-Long Ballot In Today's Election\|publisher\=Aiken Standard and Review}} Thurmond won election with 62\.2 percent of the vote (271,297 votes) to Morrah's 37\.8 percent (164,955 votes). In 1966, former governor [Ernest "Fritz" Hollings](/wiki/Ernest_Hollings "Ernest Hollings") won South Carolina's other Senate seat in a special election. He and Thurmond served together for just over 36 years, making them the longest\-serving Senate duo in American history.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/06/710570942/former\-sen\-fritz\-hollings\-97\-has\-died\|title\=Former Sen. 'Fritz' Hollings, 97, Has Died\|date\=April 6, 2019\|publisher\=NPR}}
At the start of the [89th United States Congress](/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress "89th United States Congress"), Thurmond was appointed to the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on Constitutional Rights.{{cite news\|date\=January 18, 1967\|title\=Thurmond Replaces Javits On a Rights Subcommittee\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/18/archives/thurmond\-replaces\-javits\-on\-a\-rights\-subcommittee.html}} In March, Thurmond won unanimous approval to have Clark's remarks removed from the record following an argument the senators had after Clark mentioned that [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina") would be included in the Pentagon's list of twenty\-five American cities that would get priority in their antimissile protection and attributed this to House Armed Services Committee Chairman Rivers' influence.{{cite news\|date\=March 22, 1967\|title\=Senate Endorses Defenses, Then Argues About Locale\|newspaper\=Lawrence Journal\-World\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2199\&dat\=19670322\&id\=gcxTAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5578,2338235}} In June 1967, Johnson nominated [Thurgood Marshall](/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall "Thurgood Marshall") to be the first African\-American Justice on the Supreme Court,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/thinktank/Supreme\-Court\-nomination\-that\-changed\-the\-nation.html\|title\=Supreme Court nomination that changed the nation\|date\=September 28, 2015\|first\=Wil\|last\=Haygood\|access\-date\=January 26, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094350/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/thinktank/Supreme\-Court\-nomination\-that\-changed\-the\-nation.html\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} Thurmond joined [Sam Ervin](/wiki/Sam_Ervin "Sam Ervin"), [Spessard Holland](/wiki/Spessard_Holland "Spessard Holland"), and [James Eastland](/wiki/James_Eastland "James Eastland") in calling Marshall a "Constitutional iconoclast" in Senate debate.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/marshall\-confirmed\-supreme\-court\-justice\-1967\-article\-1\.2340894\|title\=Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as Supreme Court Justice in 1967\|date\=August 29, 2015\|newspaper\=The New York Daily News}} Thurmond questioned Marshall for an hour "on fine points of constitutional law and history",{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/20/archives/marshall\-is\-questioned\-on\-fine\-points\-of\-the\-law\-thurmond\-presses.html\|title\=Marshall Is Questioned on Fine Points of the Law; Thurmond Presses Nominee to Court With More Than 60 Complicated Queries\|date\=July 20, 1967\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} and accused Marshall of having evaded questions on his legal principles during committee hearings.{{cite news\|title\=In Hearing Strom Raps Marshall For Ducking Issue\|date\=August 11, 1967\|newspaper\=The Greenville News}} Marshall was still confirmed by the Senate at the end of that month.Graham, Fred P. (August 31, 1967\), ["Senate Confirms Marshall As the First Negro Justice; 10 Southerners Oppose High Court Nominee in 69\-to\-11 Vote"](https://www.nytimes.com/1967/08/31/archives/senate-confirms-marshall-as-the-first-negro-justice-10-southerners.html), *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*. Later that year, Thurmond attributed the [1967 USS *Forrestal* fire](/wiki/1967_USS_Forrestal_fire "1967 USS Forrestal fire") to being precipitated by communists,{{cite news\|date\=July 31, 1967\|title\=Thurmond Charges Red\-Inspired\|publisher\=Panama City News\-Herald}} and warned against enacting any of the three proposed [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal "Panama Canal") treaties on the grounds that they would lead to Communist control of the waterway if enacted.{{cite news\|date\=September 3, 1967\|title\=Thurmond Warns of Peril To Panama Canal in Pacts\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/09/03/archives/thurmond\-warns\-of\-peril\-to\-panama\-canal\-in\-pacts.html}}
In 1968, Chief Justice [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren") decided to retire, and Johnson subsequently nominated [Abe Fortas](/wiki/Abe_Fortas "Abe Fortas") to succeed him.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/gop\-cynicism\-on\-the\-supreme\-court\-reaches\-a\-new\-low\|title\=GOP Cynicism on the Supreme Court Reaches a New Low\|first\=Jay\|last\=Michaelson\|date\=February 15, 2016\|newspaper\=The Daily Beast}} On the third day of hearings, Thurmond questioned Fortas over *[Mallory v. United States](/wiki/McNabb-Mallory_rule "McNabb-Mallory rule")* (1957\), a case taking place before Fortas's tenure, but for which he was nonetheless held responsible by Thurmond.{{cite book\|title\=Abe Fortas: A Biography\|first\=Laura\|last\=Kalman\|pages\=340–341\|year\=1992\|publisher\=Yale University Press\|isbn\=978\-0300052589}} Thurmond asked Fortas if the Supreme Court decision in the *Mallory v. United States* case was an encouragement of individuals to commit serious crimes such as rape and if he believed in "that kind of justice", an inquiry that shocked even the usually stoic Fortas. Thurmond displayed sex magazines, which he called "obscene, foul, putrid, filthy and repulsive", to validate his charges that Supreme Court rulings overturning obscenity convictions had led to a large wave of hardcore pornography material. Thurmond stated that Fortas had backed overturning 23 of the 26 lower court obscenity decisions.{{cite news\|title\=Senate Committee Asks Fortas to Testify Again: Thurmond Brandishes Nude Magazines, Assails Justice for Rulings on Obscenity\|date\=July 24, 1968\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times}} Thurmond also arranged for the screening of explicit films that Fortas had purportedly legalized to be played before reporters and his own Senate colleagues.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2005\-may\-03\-oe\-greenberg3\-story.html\|title\=The Republicans' Filibuster Lie\|date\=May 3, 2005\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times}} In September, Vice President [Hubert Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") spoke of a deal made between Thurmond and Nixon over Thurmond's opposition to the Fortas nomination.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/09/14/archives/humphrey\-scores\-the\-same\-nixon\-sees\-a\-deal\-with\-thurmond\-on\-fortas.html\|title\=Humphrey Scores 'the Same Nixon'; Sees a Deal With Thurmond on Fortas \-\- Also Chides Opponent on Atom Pact Humphrey Criticizes 'The Same Nixon' \|date\=September 14, 1968\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Both Nixon{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/09/14/archives/nixon\-rejects\-charge.html\|title\=Nixon Rejects Charge\|date\=September 14, 1968\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} and Thurmond denied Humphrey's claims, Thurmond saying that he had never discussed the nomination with Nixon while conceding the latter had unsuccessfully tried to sway him from opposing Fortas.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/09/14/archives/thurmond\-denies\-deal.html\|title\=Thurmond Promotes Nixon's Cause Deep in Wallace Country\|date\=September 14, 1968\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In the lead\-up to the [1968 United States Presidential election](/wiki/1968_United_States_Presidential_election "1968 United States Presidential election"), Thurmond stated that President Johnson could be defeated in a re\-election bid by a Republican challenger since the candidate was likely to be less obnoxious than the president.{{cite news\|title\=Sen. Thurmond Sees Defeat Of Johnson\|date\=October 24, 1966\|publisher\=Aiken Standard And Review}} Thurmond was an early supporter of a second presidential campaign by Nixon, his backing coming from the latter's position on the Vietnam War,Black, p. 474\. Thurmond promising Nixon that he would not give in to the "depredations of the [Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") forces."{{cite book\|title\=Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full\|first\=Conrad\|last\=Black\|isbn\=978\-1586485191\|year\=2007\|publisher\=PublicAffairs\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9781586485191/page/526 526]\|url\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9781586485191/page/526}} During the general election campaign, Nixon's running mate [Spiro Agnew](/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew") stated that he did not believe Thurmond was a racist when asked his opinion on the matter,{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1913\&dat\=19680921\&id\=LZwgAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2769,2154085\|title\=Agnew's Worries Are Over\|first\=Clayton\|last\=Fritchey\|publisher\=Lewiston Evening Journal\|date\=September 21, 1968}} and Thurmond participated in a two\-day tour of Georgia during October where he warned that [American Independent Party](/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") candidate [George Wallace](/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace") would split the vote and give the election to Democratic nominee [Hubert Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") by having the Democratic\-majority House of Representatives select him in the event none of the candidates received enough electoral votes to win the presidency outright. Thurmond also predicted that Nixon would carry Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, Texas and Tennessee.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/60323366/\|title\=Thurmond Woos Wallace Voters\|publisher\=The Bridgepost Post\|date\=October 24, 1968}} Nixon carried each of these states with the exception of Texas.{{cite web\|url\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?f\=0\&fips\=48\&year\=1968\|title\=1968 Presidential General Election Results – Texas\|access\-date\=April 16, 2018}}
Thurmond decried the Supreme Court opinion in *[Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education](/wiki/Alexander_v._Holmes_County_Board_of_Education "Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education")* (1969\), which ordered the immediate desegregation of schools in the American South.Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (September 1979\). *The Brethren*, Simon \& Schuster. {{ISBN\|0\-671\-24110\-9}}. Page 56\. This had followed continued Southern resistance for more than a decade to desegregation following the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in *[Brown v. Board of Education](/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education "Brown v. Board of Education")* that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Thurmond praised President Nixon and his "Southern Strategy" of delaying desegregation, saying Nixon "stood with the South in this case". In 1969, Thurmond opined that *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* "had a conflict of interest in its attacks on Otto F. Otepka's appointment to the Subversive Activities Control Board."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/04/26/archives/thurmond\-scores\-times\-on\-otepka\-charges\-newspaper\-has\-a\-conflict\-of.html\|title\=Thurmond Scores Times on Otepka; Charges Newspaper Has a Conflict of Interest\|date\=April 25, 1969\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} and called for Associate Justice [William O. Douglas](/wiki/William_O._Douglas "William O. Douglas") to resign over what he considered political activities,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/05/30/archives/thurmond\-urges\-douglas\-to\-quit\-in\-newsletter\-he\-denounces\-political.html\|title\=Thurmond Urges Douglas to Quit; In Newsletter, He Denounces 'Political Activity' \|date\=May 30, 1969\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} a request which Douglas ignored.{{cite web \|title\=Members of the Supreme Court of the United States \|publisher\=\[\[Supreme Court of the United States]] \|url\=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx \|access\-date\=April 21, 2010 \|archive\-date\=April 29, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429170327/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx \|url\-status\=dead }} In the latter part of the year, President Nixon nominated [Clement Haynsworth](/wiki/Clement_Haynsworth "Clement Haynsworth") for associate justice.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/22/archives/nixon\-submits\-nomination\-of\-haynsworth\-to\-senate.html\|title\=Nixon Submits Nomination Of Haynsworth to Senate\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=August 22, 1969 }}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/18/archives/haynsworth\-gains\-votes\-of\-2\-more.html\|title\=Haynsworth Gains Votes Of 2 More\|date\=November 18, 1969\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} This came after the White House consulted with Thurmond throughout all of July, as Thurmond had become impressed with Haynsworth following their close collaboration. Thurmond wrote to Haynsworth that he had worked harder on his nomination than any other that had occurred since his Senate career began.{{cite book\|title\=The Origins of the Southern Strategy\|year\=2001\|first\=Bruce H.\|last\=Kalk\|page\=94\|isbn\=978\-0739102428\|publisher\=Lexington Books}} The Haynsworth nomination was rejected in the Senate.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=2355\|title\=472 – Remarks on the Decision of Judge Clement F. Haynsworth Jr., To Continue as Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit\|date\=December 4, 1969\|first\=Richard\|last\=Nixon\|author\-link\=Richard Nixon}} Years later, at a 1977 hearing, Thurmond told Haynsworth, "It's a pity you are not on the Supreme Court today. Several senators who voted against you have told me they would vote for you if they had it to do again."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/03/15/senate\-views\-on\-haynsworth\-changed/7ef35b47\-dd26\-4402\-badc\-8b55908f8e92/\|title\=Senate Views on Haynsworth Changed\|date\=March 15, 1977\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}
In 1969, *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* ran a story accusing Thurmond of receiving "an extraordinarily high payment for land". Thurmond responded to the claim by calling the tale a liberal smear intended to damage his political influence,{{cite news\|date\=September 16, 1969\|title\=Thurmond Scores an Article in Life; Terms Contention on Land Deal a 'Liberal Smear'\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/09/16/archives/thurmond\-scores\-an\-article\-in\-life\-terms\-contention\-on\-land\-deal\-a.html}} later calling the magazine "anti\-South".{{cite news\|date\=September 20, 1969\|title\=Thurmond Rebuts the Life Article; Says Magazine Is Trying to 'Destroy' Him Politically\|newspaper\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/09/20/archives/thurmond\-rebuts\-the\-life\-article\-says\-magazine\-is\-trying\-to\-destroy.html}} and a few days later, Thurmond named executive director of the South Carolina Democratic Party [Donald L. Fowler](/wiki/Donald_L._Fowler "Donald L. Fowler") as the individual who had spread the story, a charge that Fowler denied.{{cite news\|date\=September 22, 1969\|title\=Thurmond Says Fowler Aided Magazine Team; Latter Denies It\|publisher\=Aiken Standard\|url\=https://newspaperarchive.com/aiken\-standard\-and\-review\-sep\-22\-1969\-p\-1/}}
### Early 1970s
In 1970, African\-Americans constituted about 30 percent of South Carolina's population.Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay (September 2002\). ["Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States"](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056\.html \|date\=December 24, 2014 }}. U.S. Bureau of the Census – Population Division. After the [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 "Voting Rights Act of 1965"), African Americans were legally protected in exercising their constitutional rights to register and vote in South Carolina. Thurmond appointed Thomas Moss, an African American, to his Senate staff in 1971\. It has been described as the first such appointment by a member of the South Carolina congressional delegation (it was incorrectly reported by many sources as the first senatorial appointment of an African American, but Mississippi Senator [Pat Harrison](/wiki/Pat_Harrison "Pat Harrison") had hired clerk\-librarian Jesse Nichols in 1937\). In 1983, Thurmond supported legislation to make the birthday of [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.") a [federal holiday](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day "Martin Luther King Jr. Day"). In South Carolina, the honor was diluted; until 2000 the state offered employees the option to celebrate this holiday or substitute one of three Confederate holidays instead. Despite this, Thurmond never explicitly renounced his earlier views on racial segregation.{{cite news
\|last\=Stroud
\|first\=Joseph
\|title\=Dixiecrat Legacy: An end, a beginning
\|work\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]
\|page\=1Y
\|date\=July 12, 1998
\|url\=http://www.slate.com/id/2075662
\|access\-date\=September 17, 2007}}{{cite news\|title\=What About Byrd?\|work\=Slate\|date\=December 18, 2002\|url\=http://www.slate.com/id/2075662\|access\-date\=September 17, 2007}}{{cite news
\|title\=Strom Thurmond's Evolution.
\|work\=\[\[The Ledger]]
\|location\=\[\[Lakeland, FL]]
\|page\=6A
\|date\=November 23, 1977
\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1347\&dat\=19771123\&id\=KL8SAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2976,6847917
\|access\-date\=November 29, 2011
}}{{Dead link\|date\=March 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite news\|title\=Jesse R. Nichols\|url\=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Nichols\_preface.pdf\|access\-date\=April 22, 2010}}
In January 1970, Thurmond asserted that he would work "to reverse the unreasonable and impractical decisions of the Supreme Court", as well as assist with the appointment of "sound judges" and uphold the Nixon administration's position for resumption of tax‐exempt status among all private schools.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/16/archives/southern\-white\-leaders\-voice\-anger\-and\-dismay\-over\-integration.html\|title\=Southern White Leaders Voice Anger and Dismay Over Integration Ruling\|first\=Murray\|last\=Illson\|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=January 16, 1970}} In a 1970 speech, Thurmond called on [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") to increase defense spending and take a larger role in resisting communism in Asia. Thurmond also defended the Vietnam policy of the Nixon administration, saying that the president was making the best of the situation that he had inherited from Kennedy and Johnson while admitting he personally favored a total victory in the war.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/21/archives/thurmond\-urges\-japan\-to\-step\-up\-defense\-effort\-senator\-speaking\-in.html\|title\=Thurmond Urges Japan to Step Up Defense Effort\|date\=September 21, 1970\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} On April 11, 1971, Thurmond called for the exoneration of [William Calley](/wiki/William_Calley "William Calley") following his conviction of participating in the [My Lai Massacre](/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre "My Lai Massacre"), stating that the "victims at Mylai were casualties to the brutality of war" and Calley had acted off of order.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/12/archives/calley\-exoneration\-urged\-by\-thurmond.html\|title\=Calley Exoneration Urged by Thurmond\|date\=April 12, 1971\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Calley's petition for habeas corpus was granted three years later, in addition to his immediate release from house arrest.Linder, Douglas. "JURIST – The My Lai Massacre Trial", JURIST – The My Lai Massacre Trial. March 2000\. In January 1975, Thurmond and [William Scott](/wiki/William_L._Scott "William L. Scott") toured South Vietnam, Thurmond receiving a medal from President of South Vietnam [Nguyễn Văn Thiệu](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u "Nguyễn Văn Thiệu"). The award was seen as part of an attempt by South Vietnam to court American congressional votes in its favor.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/04/archives/a\-gain\-in\-battle\-is\-reported\-by\-saigon.html\|title\=A Gain in Battle Is Reported by Saigon\|date\=January 4, 1975\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In February 1971, Senate Republicans voted unanimously to bestow Thurmond full seniority, the vote being seen as "little more than a gesture since committee assignments are the major item settled by seniority and Senator Thurmond has his."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/10/archives/senate\-republicans\-give\-thurmond\-full\-seniority.html\|title\=Senate Republicans Give Thurmond Full Seniority\|date\=February 10, 1971\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In June, Thurmond advocated against lifting the trade embargo on the [People's Republic of China](/wiki/China "China"), stating that its [communist regime](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") had engaged in a propaganda effort to weaken support for the embargo.{{cite news\|title\=Strom, Nixon rift\|date\=June 14, 1971\|publisher\=The Delta Democrat\-Times}} Nevertheless, days later, President Nixon ordered an end to the embargo.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/inatl/longterm/flash/june/china71\.htm\|title\=U.S. Ends Ban on China Trade; Items Are Listed\|first\=Carroll\|last\=Kilpatrick\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/11/archives/president\-ends\-21year\-embargo\-on\-peking\-trade\-authorizes\-export\-of.html\|title\=President Ends 21\-year Embargo on Peking Trade\|first\=Robert B. Jr.\|last\=Semple\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=June 11, 1971 }}
On February 4, 1972, Thurmond sent a secret memo to [William Timmons](/wiki/William_Timmons_%28lobbyist%29 "William Timmons (lobbyist)") (in his capacity as an aide to Richard Nixon) and [United States Attorney General](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") [John N. Mitchell](/wiki/John_N._Mitchell "John N. Mitchell"), with an attached file from the [Senate Internal Security Subcommittee](/wiki/Senate_Internal_Security_Subcommittee "Senate Internal Security Subcommittee"), urging that British musician [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon%23Political_activism "John Lennon#Political activism") (then living in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")) be deported from the United States as an [undesirable alien](/wiki/Undesirable_alien "Undesirable alien"), due to Lennon's political views and activism.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/08/archives/deportation\-of\-lennon\-barred\-by\-court\-of\-appeals.html\|title\=Deportation of Lennon Barred by Court of Appeals\|date\=October 8, 1975\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} The document claimed Lennon's influence on young people could affect Nixon's chances of [re\-election](/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election "1972 United States presidential election"), and suggested that terminating Lennon's visa might be "a strategy counter\-measure". Thurmond's memo and attachment, received by the White House on February 7, 1972, initiated the Nixon administration's persecution of John Lennon that threatened the former [Beatle](/wiki/Beatle "Beatle") with deportation for nearly five years from 1972 to 1976\. The documents were discovered in the [FBI](/wiki/FBI "FBI") files after a [Freedom of Information Act](/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_%28United_States%29 "Freedom of Information Act (United States)") search by Professor [Jon Wiener](/wiki/Jon_Wiener "Jon Wiener"), and published in Weiner's book *Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files* (2000\).{{cite book \|title\=Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files \|author\=Wiener, Jon \|year\=2000
\|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-22246\-5\|publisher\=University of California \|url\=https://archive.org/details/gimmesometruthjo00wien\|url\-access\=registration }} They are discussed in the [documentary](/wiki/Documentary "Documentary") film, *[The U.S. vs. John Lennon](/wiki/The_U.S._vs._John_Lennon "The U.S. vs. John Lennon")* (2006\).
In July 1973, Thurmond was one of ten Republican senators in a group headed by [Carl T. Curtis](/wiki/Carl_T._Curtis "Carl T. Curtis") invited to the White House to reaffirm their support for President Nixon in light of recent scandals and criticism of the president within his own party.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/12/archives/10\-at\-white\-house\-conservative\-senators\-tell\-president\-they\-still.html\|title\=10 AT WHITE HOUSE\|first\=R. W. Jr.\|last\=Apple\|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=July 12, 1973}} In October, after President Nixon ordered the firing of independent special prosecutor [Archibald Cox](/wiki/Archibald_Cox "Archibald Cox"), Democrat [Birch Bayh](/wiki/Birch_Bayh "Birch Bayh") charged Thurmond with "browbeating" Cox during Senate Judiciary Committee hearings on the firing. Thurmond replied that Bayh was "below a snake" in the event that he had intended to impugn his motives. Thurmond was noted for joining [Edward J. Gurney](/wiki/Edward_J._Gurney "Edward J. Gurney") in questioning Cox "at length in an attempt to show that he was biased against" Nixon and his administration, as Thurmond asked Cox if eleven members of his staff had worked for Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/01/archives/senate\-panels\-hearings\-on\-dismissal\-of\-cox\-fall\-into\-partisan.html\|title\=Senate Panel's Hearings on Dismissal of Cox Fall Into Partisan Bickering\|date\=November 1, 1973\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In May 1974, Thurmond, along with [William L. Scott](/wiki/William_L._Scott "William L. Scott") and [James B. Allen](/wiki/James_Allen_%28U.S._senator%29 "James Allen (U.S. senator)") agreed with Senator [Carl T. Curtis](/wiki/Carl_T._Curtis "Carl T. Curtis") on the equation of resignation with mob rule and the group declined defending Nixon's conduct. Thurmond opined that Nixon was "the only President we have" and questioned why Congress would want to weaken his hand in negotiating with other countries.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/14/archives/leading\-senators\-refuse\-to\-press\-nixon\-on\-quitting\-conservatives\-of.html\|title\=Leading Senators Refuse to Press Nixon on Quitting\|date\=May 15, 1974\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In August, *[Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* published a list by the White House including Thurmond as one of thirty\-six senators that the administration believed would support President Nixon in the event of his impeachment and being brought to trial by the Senate.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/05/archives/36\-senators\-seen\-as\-nixon\-backers\-magazine\-says\-7\-democrats\-may.html\|title\=36 SENATORS SEEN AS NIXON BACKERS\|date\=August 5, 1974\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Nixon resigned on August 9 in light of near\-certain impeachment.{{cite news\| newspaper \= The Washington Post\| title \= Nixon Resigns\| series \= The Watergate Story \| url \= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3\.html\| access\-date \= July 16, 2011}}
Throughout the 1970s, Thurmond took several actions against [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). In June 1974, Senator [Henry M. Jackson](/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson "Henry M. Jackson") informed Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee [John C. Stennis](/wiki/John_C._Stennis "John C. Stennis") that he had arranged for Thurmond to cosponsor an amendment revising the present export control system and restricting trade with the Soviet Union while granting the Defense Secretary power to veto any export that might "significantly increase the military capability" of either the Soviet Union or other Communist countries.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/08/archives/mansfield\-stalls\-a\-jackson\-trade\-plan\-quiet\-day\-chosen.html\|title\=Mansfield Stalls a Jackson Trade Plan\|date\=June 8, 1974\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In June 1975, as the Senate weighed a reduction in a $25 billion weapons procurement measure and to delete research funds to improve the accuracy and power of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads, Thurmond and [Harry F. Byrd Jr.](/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr. "Harry F. Byrd Jr.") warned that the Soviet Union was attempting an increase on its missile accuracy and advocated for the United States to follow suit with its own missiles.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/05/archives/senate\-rejects\-a\-12billion\-cut\-in\-arms\-budget\-it\-also\-defeats\-5242\.html\|title\=Senate Rejects $1\.2–81 Won Cut in Arms Budget\|date\=June 5, 1975\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Later that month, Thurmond and [Jesse Helms](/wiki/Jesse_Helms "Jesse Helms") wrote to President Ford requesting he meet with [Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn](/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn") ahead of a speech on June 30 during an [AFL–CIO](/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO "AFL–CIO") dinner. The White House responded that Ford was too busy to meet with Solzhenitsyn, while later sources indicate Ford declined the meeting at the counsel of his advisors.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/17/archives/kissinger\-sees\-perils\-in\-solzhenitsyns\-views\-secretary\-says\-meeting.html\|title\=Kissinger Sees Perils in Solzhenitsyn's Views\|date\=July 17, 1975\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In December 1979, Thurmond was one of ten senators on the Senate Armed Services Committee to sign a report urging President Carter to delay the vote on a proposed treaty between the US and Soviet Union to limit nuclear arms.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/21/archives/senate\-panel\-votes\-antitreaty\-report\-armed\-services\-committee\-says.html\|title\=Senate Panel Votes Antitreaty Report\|date\=December 21, 1979\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
### Late 1970s
In the 1976 Republican primary, President Ford faced a challenge from former California Governor Ronald Reagan, who selected [Richard Schweiker](/wiki/Richard_Schweiker "Richard Schweiker") as his running mate.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/us/richard\-s\-schweiker\-reagan\-confidant\-dies\-at\-89\.html\|title\=Richard S. Schweiker, Former Senator and Reagan Confidant, Dies at 89\|first\=Robert D.\|last\=McFadden\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=August 4, 2015}} Though Thurmond backed Reagan's candidacy, he, along with North Carolina Senator [Jesse Helms](/wiki/Jesse_Helms "Jesse Helms"), led efforts to oust Schweiker from the ticket.{{cite book\|title\=Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/reagansrevolutio0000shir/page/302 302]\|first\=Craig\|last\=Shirley\|year\=2005\|isbn\=978\-0785260493\|publisher\=Thomas Nelson Inc.\|url\=https://archive.org/details/reagansrevolutio0000shir/page/302}} During the subsequent [general election](/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election "1976 United States presidential election"), Thurmond appeared in a campaign commercial for incumbent U.S. President [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") in his race against Thurmond's fellow [Southerner](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States"), former [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)") [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia "Governor of Georgia") [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter"). In the commercial, Thurmond said Ford (who was born in [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska") and spent most of his life in [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan")) "sound\[ed] more like a [Southerner](/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States "Politics of the Southern United States") than [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter")".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1976/strom\-thurmond\|title\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1976 – Strom Thurmond\|website\=www.livingroomcandidate.org}} After President\-elect Carter nominated [Theodore C. Sorensen](/wiki/Theodore_C._Sorensen "Theodore C. Sorensen") as his choice to become [Director of the Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency"), Thurmond expressed reservations{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/17/archives/carter\-stands\-firm\-supports\-sorensen\-as\-director\-of\-cia\-calls.html\|title\=Carter Stands Firm, Supports Sorensen As Director of C.I.A.\|date\=January 17, 1977\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} and fellow Senator [Jake Garn](/wiki/Jake_Garn "Jake Garn") said he believed Thurmond would not vote for the nomination.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/01/16/sorensen\-nomination\-in\-trouble/f87dfb27\-eece\-4aa5\-a4fe\-91e45df23c97/\|title\=Sorensen Nomination In Trouble\|date\=January 16, 1977\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} Sorensen withdrew from consideration days later, before a vote could be had.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/01/18/sorensen\-withdraws\-as\-nominee\-for\-cia/15e7e124\-d5b6\-4256\-a9ae\-7947e8a27952/\|title\=Sorensen Withdraws As Nominee for CIA\|date\=January 18, 1977\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/01/ted\-sorensen\-jfk\-speechwriter\-dies\|title\=Ted Sorensen, JFK's speechwriter and confidant, dies at 82 \|date\=November 1, 2010\|newspaper\=The Guardian}}
In 1974,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/16/archives/storm\-over\-the\-crnal\-the\-military\-and\-economic\-importance\-of\-the.html\|title\=Storm Over the Canal\|first\=Richard\|last\=Hudson\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=May 16, 1976}} Thurmond and Democrat [John L. McClellan](/wiki/John_L._McClellan "John L. McClellan") wrote a resolution to continue American sovereignty by the Panama Canal and zone. Thurmond stated that the rhetoric delivered by Secretary of State [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") suggested that the "Canal Zone is already Panamanian territory and the only question involved is the transfer of jurisdiction."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/30/archives/32\-senators\-back\-resolution\-opposing\-panama\-canal\-pact\-false.html\|title\=32 Senators Back Resolution Opposing Panama Canal Pact\|date\=March 30, 1974\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In the late 1970s, Thurmond advocated for forging a new relationship with Panama but against the U.S. giving up sovereignty to the Canal Zone. Thurmond doubted Panama's ability to govern alone: "There is no way that a Panamanian government could be objective about the administration of an enterprise so large in comparison to the rest of the national enterprise, public and private."{{cite news\|title\=Keep Sovereignty, Maintains Thurmond\|date\=August 9, 1977\|publisher\=Florence Morning News}} In late August 1977, *The New York Times* wrote "President Carter can be grateful that the opposition to his compromise Panama treaty is now being led by Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina and Senator [Jesse Helms](/wiki/Jesse_Helms "Jesse Helms") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina")."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/24/archives/carter\-panama\-and\-china.html\|title\=Carter, Panama And China\|first\=James\|last\=Reston\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=August 24, 1977}} Speaking on the Panama Canal neutrality treaty, Thurmond said it was "the big giveaway of the century."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/17/archives/new\-jersey\-pages\-senate\-6832\-approves\-first\-of\-2\-panama\-pacts.html\|title\=Senate, 68\-32, Approves First of 2 Panama Pacts; Carter Hails 'Courage'\|date\=March 17, 1978\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/17/senate\-votes\-1st\-canal\-treaty\-68\-32/25bd9307\-63f9\-4cfb\-a03c\-0d607b638c0f/\|title\=Senate Votes 1st Canal Treaty, 68\-32\|first\=Haynes\|last\=Johnson\|date\=March 17, 1978\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} The treaty was ratified by the Senate on March 16, 1978\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/17/senate\-votes\-1st\-canal\-treaty\-68\-32/3ef6d749\-d62f\-4705\-a610\-0dda73f978f7/\|title\=Senate Votes 1st Canal Treaty, 68\-32\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=March 17, 1978}}
In his general election campaign, Thurmond faced Charles Ravenel, a local banker and former gubernatorial candidate.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/former\-charleston\-political\-figure\-charles\-pug\-ravenel\-passed\-away\-saturday/article\_828625f2\-122a\-11e7\-9d23\-3bb1f230ff6f.html\|title\=Former Charleston political figure Charles 'Pug' Ravenel passed away Saturday \|first\=Schuyler\|last\=Kropfc\|publisher\=postandcourier.com\|date\=March 26, 2017}} Ravenel charged Thurmond with not standing up for South Carolina's educational needs and having been behind the lack of funding. Thurmond responded to the charges by stating that he thought the state had made advancements in its education system.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1876\&dat\=19781017\&id\=O1YsAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6872,4518017\|title\=Thurmond Defends Education\|publisher\=Herald\=Journal}} Thurmond and Ravenel made a joint appearance in April, where Thurmond discussed his position on a variety of issues.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/07/archives/thurmonds\-years\-in\-the\-nation.html\|title\=Thurmond's Years\|date\=April 7, 1978\|first\=Toni\|last\=Wicker\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} The higher amount of African\-Americans voting in elections was taken into account by the Ravenel campaign, which sought to gain this group of voters by reviving interest in older statements by Thurmond. In his courting of black voters, Thurmond was noted to have not undergone "any ideological transformation" but instead devoted himself to making personal contact with members of the minority group. Thurmond's influence in national politics allowed him to have correspondence with staffers from the Nixon administration which gave him "a unique advantage in announcing federal grants and bird\-dogging federal projects of particular interest to black voters."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/17/thurmonds\-black\-hope/49fe22d8\-a223\-4e9a\-aa07\-7d8b452fe395/\|title\=Thurmond's Black Hope\|date\=March 17, 1978\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} By May 1978, Thurmond held a 30\-point lead over Ravenel among double digits of undecided voters.{{cite news\|title\=Polls Shows Thurmond Is Landsliding Ravenel\|date\=May 23, 1978\|newspaper\=The Atlanta Constitution}} Thurmond won a sixth term with 351,733 votes to Ravenel's 281,119\. The race would later be assessed as the last serious challenge to Thurmond during his career.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1996\-02\-14\-mn\-35881\-story.html\|title\=Campaign '96 / THE SENATE : Thurmond Thinking of an Eighth Term; Voters Aren't So Sure : Though popular, the 93\-year\-old Republican risks handing his seat to a Democrat if he runs again, observers say.\|date\=February 14, 1996\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times}}
In March 1979, after the Carter administration made an appeal to Congress for new powers to aid with the enforcement of federal laws as it pertains to housing discrimination, Thurmond refused to back the administration as he charged it with "injecting itself in every facet of people's lives" and said housing disputes should be settled in court.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/22/archives/congress\-is\-asked\-for\-power\-to\-fight\-housing\-bias\-an\-empty\-promise.html\|title\=Congress Is Asked for Power to Fight Housing Bias\|date\=March 22, 1979\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In July, as the Senate weighed voting on the nomination of Assistant Attorney General [Patricia M. Wald](/wiki/Patricia_M._Wald "Patricia M. Wald") to the United States Court of Appeals in Washington, Thurmond joined [Paul Laxalt](/wiki/Paul_Laxalt "Paul Laxalt") and [Alan Simpson](/wiki/Alan_Simpson_%28U.S._politician%29 "Alan Simpson (U.S. politician)") in recording their opposition.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/18/archives/senate\-panel\-approves\-13\-judges.html\|title\=Senate Panel Approves 13 Judges\|date\=July 18, 1979\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Later that month, Thurmond asked Attorney General nominee [Benjamin R. Civiletti](/wiki/Benjamin_R._Civiletti "Benjamin R. Civiletti") if President Carter had made him give a pledge of loyalty or an assurance of complete independence.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/26/archives/civiletti\-is\-praised\-at\-senate\-hearing\-nominee\-for\-attorney\-general.html\|title\=Civiletti Is Praised at Senate Hearing\|first\=Philip\|last\=Taubman\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=July 26, 1979}} In September, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved 30 of President Carter's nominees, the closest vote being waged against Abner J. Mikva, who the president had nominated for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Thurmond was one of the five Republicans to vote against Mikva.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/12/archives/senate\-unit\-approves\-30\-nominees\-for\-judgeships\-rights\-group.html\|title\=Senate Unit Approves 30 Nominees for Judgeships\|date\=September 12, 1979\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In November, President Carter nominated [José A. Cabranes](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Cabranes "José A. Cabranes") to fill a vacancy on the [United States District Court for the District of Connecticut](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Connecticut "United States District Court for the District of Connecticut"). Thurmond submitted a series of written questions to Cabranes, whose answers were credited with clarifying his views on issues.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/21/archives/a\-puerto\-rican\-for\-the\-federal\-court\-jose\-alberto\-cabranes.html\|title\=A Puerto Rican for the Federal Court\|date\=December 12, 1979\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Cabranes was confirmed for the position.
Thurmond demonstrated several instances of bipartisanship with Democrats and President Carter. In May 1977, Thurmond made a joint appearance with President Carter in the Rose Garden in a show of unified support for proposed foreign intelligence surveillance legislation. Thurmond stated he had become convinced the legislation was needed from his service on the Armed Services Committee, the Judiciary Committee and the Intelligence Committee the previous year and lauded the bill for concurrently protecting the rights of Americans, as a warrant would have to be obtained from a judge in order to fulfill any inquiries.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=7526\|title\=Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Remarks of the President, Attorney General Bell, and Several Members of Congress on Proposed Legislation.\|date\=May 18, 1977\|first\=Jimmy\|last\=Carter\|author\-link\=Jimmy Carter\|publisher\=American Presidency Project}} In July 1979, after the Carter administration unveiled a proposed governing charter for the FBI, Thurmond stated his support for its enactment, his backing being seen by *The New York Times* as an indication that the governing charter would face little conservative opposition.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/01/archives/carter\-administration\-unveils\-proposed\-fbi\-charter\-plans\-to\-review.html\|title\=Carter Administration Unveils Proposed F.B.I. Charter\|first\=Philip\|last\=Taubman\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=August 1, 1979}} In September, the Senate approved [Bailey Brown](/wiki/Bailey_Brown "Bailey Brown") as Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The nomination was one of the few votes in which Thurmond and Ted Kennedy joined forces in confirming.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/26/archives/javits\-and\-kennedy\-clash\-in\-vote\-on\-judge\-tied\-to\-allwhite\-club.html\|title\=Javits and Kennedy Clash in Vote On Judge Tied to All\-White Club\|first\=Jo\|last\=Thomas\|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=September 26, 1979}} In October, President Carter signed the Federal Magistrate Act of 1979, an expansion of the jurisdiction of American magistrates in regards to civil and criminal cases. Carter noted Thurmond as one of the members of Congress who had shown leadership on the measure, without whose efforts it would have never passed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=31499\|title\=Federal Magistrate Act of 1979 Statement on Signing S. 237 Into Law\|date\=October 10, 1979\|publisher\=American Presidency Project\|first\=Jimmy\|last\=Carter\|author\-link\=Jimmy Carter}}
### Early 1980s
In December 1979, Thurmond endorsed the presidential campaign of former [Governor of Texas](/wiki/Governor_of_Texas "Governor of Texas") [John Connally](/wiki/John_Connally "John Connally").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/12/27/sc\-ex\-gov\-edwards\-thurmond\-back\-connally/51b5157c\-cd2e\-43db\-876a\-1b223be1bbc9/\|title\=S.C. Ex\-Gov. Edwards, Thurmond Back Connally\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=December 27, 1979}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/28/archives/thurmond\-and\-exgov\-edwards\-turn\-to\-connally.html\|title\=Thurmond and Ex\-Gov. Edwards Turn to Connally\|date\=December 28, 1979\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In an election cycle that also featured Reagan,{{cite web\|title\=Intent to Run for President \|date\=November 13, 1979 \|url\=http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/speech.asp?spid\=4 \|work\=Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation \& Library \|access\-date\=February 2, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124210257/http://reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/speech.asp?spid\=4 \|archive\-date\=January 24, 2009 }} Thurmond chose to back Connally because he believed the latter's wide government experience would benefit the U.S. in both domestic and foreign matters.{{cite news\|title\=Reagan heavily favored in South Carolina\|date\=March 9, 1980\|newspaper\=Clarion\-Ledger}} *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* noted Thurmond seeming "to cast himself for a role of regional leadership in the Connally campaign similar to the one he played in 1968" for the Nixon campaign.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/12/28/connally\-criticizes\-president\-for\-inaction\-policy\-on\-iran/f03f6b4f\-a223\-482f\-9cce\-f31111109723/\|title\=Connally Criticizes President For 'Inaction Policy' on Iran\|date\=December 28, 1979\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} After Connally lost the South Carolina primary to Reagan, he thanked Thurmond and his wife for doing more to support his campaign in the state than anyone else.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/03/09/reagan\-crushes\-connally\-bush\-in\-sc/f68f2009\-19a1\-44e2\-a4c5\-7854187635a3/\|title\=Reagan Crushes Connally, Bush in S.C.\|date\=March 9, 1980\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} In August 1980, Thurmond gave a "tense cross examination" of President Carter's brother, [Billy Carter](/wiki/Billy_Carter "Billy Carter"), who had come under scrutiny for his relationship with Libya and receiving funds from the country. The Billy Carter controversy also was favored by Democrats wishing to replace Carter as the party's nominee in the general election.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/08/05/no\-impropriety\-in\-billy\-affair\-carter\-says\-no\-impropriety\-committed\-in\-billy\-affair\-president\-says/364efcf7\-1271\-4f8f\-bea7\-68fb7a2fe549/\|title\=No 'Impropriety' in Billy Affair, Carter Says, No 'Impropriety' Committed In Billy Affair, President Says\|date\=August 5, 1980\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} Thurmond questioned Carter over his prior refusal to disclose the amount of funds he had received from public appearances after the 1976 Presidential election,{{cite news\|title\=Billy Claims $20,000 Not Gift From Libyans\|date\=August 22, 1980\|publisher\=Altoona Mirror}} and stated his skepticism with some of the points made.{{cite news\|title\= Billy: $20,000 was not Libyan gift\|date\=August 22, 1980\|publisher\=Ukiah Daily Journal}}
After Republicans won a majority in the [1980 Senate election](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election%2C_1980 "United States Senate election, 1980"),{{cite news \|first\=Nicolas \|last\=Ashford \|title\=Democrats aim to regain lost ground \|work\=\[\[The Times]] \|page\=10 \|date\=February 10, 1984 }} Thurmond pledged that he would seek a death penalty law,{{cite news\|title\=Thurmond returning to power as 'friend' of minority groups\|date\=November 7, 1980\|publisher\=Florida Today}} and stated his conviction that "the death penalty is a deterrent to crime" in an interview the following year.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1981/04/26/the\-four\-men\-strom\-thurmond\-sent\-to\-the\-chair/61a15184\-fd6a\-40df\-a6a8\-932358d29ef5/\|title\=The Four Men Strom Thurmond Sent to the Chair\|first\=David I.\|last\=Bruck\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} Following the presidential election, Thurmond and North Carolina senator [Jesse Helms](/wiki/Jesse_Helms "Jesse Helms") sponsored a Senate amendment to a [Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") appropriations bill denying the department the power to participate in [busing](/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States "Desegregation busing in the United States"), due to objections over federal involvement, but, although passed by Congress, was vetoed by a [lame duck](/wiki/Lame_duck_%28politics%29 "Lame duck (politics)") Carter.{{cite news \|first\=B. Drummond Jr. \|last\=Ayres \|title\=Civil Rights Groups Fear a Slowdown In Busing for Desegregation of Schools \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=December 21, 1980 \|page\=28 }}{{cite news \|first\=Tom \|last\=Wicker \|author\-link\=Tom Wicker \|title\=Why Not The Best? \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=November 16, 1980 \|page\=E21 }} In December 1980, Thurmond met with President\-elect Reagan and recommended former South Carolina governor [James B. Edwards](/wiki/James_B._Edwards "James B. Edwards") for [United States Secretary of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy "United States Secretary of Energy") in the incoming administration.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/12/16/Sen\-Strom\-Thurmond\-R\-SC\-said\-Tuesday\-that\-former\-South/1735345790800/\|title\=Sen. Strom Thurmond, R\-S.C., said Tuesday that former South...\|date\=December 16, 1980\|publisher\=UPI}} Reagan later named Edwards Energy Secretary, and the latter served in that position for over a year.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/27/us/politics/james\-b\-edwards\-a\-long\-shot\-as\-governor\-of\-south\-carolina\-dies\-at\-87\.html\|title\=James B. Edwards, a Long\-Shot as Governor of South Carolina, Dies at 87\|first\=Bruce\|last\=Weber\|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=December 27, 2014}}{{cite news \| url\=http://www.thestate.com/2014/12/26/3894147/former\-gov\-james\-edwards\-dies.html \| title\=Former Gov. James Edwards dies \| work\=\[\[The State (newspaper)\|The State]] \| date\=December 26, 2014 \| access\-date\=December 26, 2014 \| author\=Click, Carolyn \| archive\-date\=December 29, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229011716/http://www.thestate.com/2014/12/26/3894147/former\-gov\-james\-edwards\-dies.html \| url\-status\=dead }} In January 1981, after the Justice Department revealed it was carrying out a suit against [Charleston County](/wiki/Charleston_County "Charleston County") for school officials declining to propose a desegregation method for its public schools, Thurmond theorized the Justice Department's decision may have been due to South Carolina not supporting President Carter in the general election,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/09/us/us\-to\-sue\-a\-school\-district\-in\-carolina\-over\-racial\-bias.html\|title\=U.S. TO SUE A SCHOOL DISTRICT IN CAROLINA OVER RACIAL BIAS\|date\=January 9, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} and stated his intent to have the incoming Reagan administration to look into the facts of the case before proceeding.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/11/us/around\-the\-nation\-thurmond\-to\-ask\-review\-on\-school\-segregation\-suit.html\|title\=Around the Nation; Thurmond to Ask Review On School Segregation Suit\|date\=January 11, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
[thumb\|right\|[Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher "Margaret Thatcher") and Thurmond at a state dinner in 1981](/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_Strom_Thurmond_1981.jpg "Margaret Thatcher Strom Thurmond 1981.jpg")
Thurmond became [President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate](/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate "President pro tempore of the United States Senate") in 1981, and was part of the U.S. delegation to the funeral of Egyptian President [Anwar Sadat](/wiki/Anwar_Sadat "Anwar Sadat"), Thurmond being accompanied by Sadat's pen pal Sam Brown.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/08/President\-Reagan\-invited\-three\-former\-presidents\-to\-the\-White/1243371361600/\|title\=President Reagan invited three former presidents to the White...\|date\=October 8, 1981\|publisher\=UPI}} At the beginning of Reagan's term, Thurmond as the new chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee and the new president were seen as obstacles to any gun laws passing in the Senate. Thurmond publicly stated his belief that any measures introduced would be defeated in his committee.{{cite news\|title\=Sen. Thurmond predicts gun control bill's defeat\|date\=February 1, 1981\|newspaper\=Poughkeepsie Journal}} After the March assassination attempt on President Reagan,{{cite news\|url\=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0103/30/lkl.00\.html\|title\=Remembering the Assassination Attempt on Ronald Reagan\|date\=March 30, 2001\|access\-date\=December 19, 2007\|work\=CNN\|archive\-date\=December 19, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043617/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0103/30/lkl.00\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news \| url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=WIFIAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5701%2C5352489 \| title\=Reagan is shot \| work\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette \| agency\=Associated Press \| date\=March 31, 1981 \| access\-date\=April 23, 2011 \| author\=Hunt, Terence \| location\=Washington DC \| page\=1}} Thurmond stated his support for legislation imposing a ban on the gun components on a seven\-point anti\-crime program.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/01/us/a\-ban\-on\-gun\-parts\-is\-urged\-in\-congress.html\|title\=A Ban on Gun Parts Is Urged in Congress\|date\=April 1, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} He indicated his backing would only be in favor of passing measures to restrict criminals accessing guns{{cite journal\|title\=Administration unlikely to drop opposition to handgun\|journal\=Stevens Point Journal\|date\=April 1, 1981}} and his announcement was seen as possibly indicating a change in the debate of regulations relating to firearms in the U.S.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/02/us/kennedy\-set\-to\-compromise\-to\-obtain\-gun\-control\-bill.html\|title\=Kennedy Set to Compromise to Obtain Gun Control Bill\|date\=April 2, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Thurmond also announced plans to hold hearings on the seven\-point proposal intended to address the questions surrounding the Reagan assassination attempt.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/04/01/Senate\-Judiciary\-Committee\-chairman\-Strom\-Thurmond\-R\-SC\-said\-Tuesday/4627354949200/\|title\=Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Strom Thurmond, R\-S.C., said Tuesday...\|date\=April 1, 1981\|publisher\=UPI}}
Thurmond and Helms urged President Reagan to curb textile imports, with Thurmond saying later that year that the first four months of 1981 had seen a 16 percent increase in textile imports "over a similar period in 1980\."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/06/04/Republican\-Sens\-Jesse\-Helms\-of\-North\-Carolina\-and\-Strom/7618360475200/ph\|title\=Republican Sens. Jesse Helms of North Carolina and Strom...\|date\=June 4, 1981\|publisher\=UPI}} President Reagan pledged in a letter to Thurmond to help South Carolina textile mills against their foreign competitors.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1984/04/01/reagan\-is\-the\-real\-king\-of\-special\-interest\-groups/5d0958ba\-3df6\-49a7\-8988\-3b7b0861f91d/\|title\=Reagan is the Real King Of Special Interest Groups\|date\=April 1, 1984\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} President Reagan stated his support for tightening control of textile imports,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/17/business/reagan\-decides\-to\-tighten\-controls\-on\-textile\-imports.html\|title\=Reagan Decides to Tighten Controls on Textile Imports\|date\=December 17, 1983\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} and the following year, vetoed H.R. 1562\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/speeches/1985/121785d.htm\|title\=Message to the House of Representatives Returning Without Approval the Textile and Apparel Industries Bill\|date\=December 17, 1985\|first\=Ronald\|last\=Reagan\|author\-link\=Ronald Reagan\|publisher\=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum\|access\-date\=April 9, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410072456/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/speeches/1985/121785d.htm\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} Thurmond responded to the decision by stating that Reagan had heeded bad advice and added that the veto would produce "more layoffs, more plant shutdowns and more long\-term economic damage to an industry that is crucial to this nation."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/12/18/President\-Reagan\-in\-a\-blow\-to\-the\-import\-battered\-textile/6904503730000/\|title\=President Reagan, in a blow to the import\-battered textile,...\|date\=December 18, 1985\|publisher\=UPI}} In late 1981, Thurmond presided over the hearings of [Sandra Day O'Connor](/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor "Sandra Day O'Connor"), who President Reagan had nominated for associate justice.{{cite web\|last1\=U.S. National Archives\|title\=Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor\|url\=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html\|access\-date\=August 19, 2014}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/\|title\=News, Photos, Audio \| Archives \- UPI.com\|website\=UPI}} Thurmond granted Alabama Senator [Jeremiah Denton](/wiki/Jeremiah_Denton "Jeremiah Denton") an hour of questioning of O'Connor, twice the time allotted for other members of the chamber.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/12/us/abortion\-foes\-assail\-judge\-o\-connor.html\|title\=Abortion Foes Assail Judge O'connor\|date\=September 12, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Thurmond stated that O'Connor was "one of the choice nominees" for the Supreme Court that he had seen in all of his Senate career,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/16/us/panel\-approves\-judge\-o\-connor.html\|title\=Panel Approves Judge O'Connor\|date\=September 16, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} and she was confirmed by the Senate.{{cite web\|title \= Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor\|url \= https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html\|publisher \= archives.gov\|access\-date \= November 7, 2015}} Also in 1981, Thurmond was one of the leaders in opposition to extending the Voting Rights Act,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/08/us/congress\-begins\-fight\-over\-extension\-of\-voting\-rights\-act.html\|title\=Congress Begins Fight Over Extension of Voting Rights Act\|date\=April 8, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} and said parts of the law were discriminatory toward states' rights as well as too strict toward communities that had adhered to it in the past.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/27/magazine/once\-again\-a\-clash\-over\-voting\-rights.html\|title\=Once Again, a Clash Over Voting Rights\|date\=September 27, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
Thurmond was a supporter of the [foreign policy of the Reagan administration](/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration "Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration"). In April 1981, Thurmond stated that the U.S. could move some of its [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") soldiers to the East German and Czechoslovak borders in an attempt to improve both morale and combat readiness.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/19/world/us\-may\-shift\-gi\-s\-in\-germany.html\|title\=U.S. May Shift G.I.'s in Germany\|date\=April 19, 1981\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In October 1983, Thurmond announced his support for the [United States invasion of Grenada](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada "United States invasion of Grenada"), saying American efforts with other countries were "providing an opportunity for Grenadan citizens to regain control over their lives" and the U.S. would be forced to watch centuries of progress crumble if the country was unwilling to make sacrifices.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/29/us/required\-reading\-sampling\-of\-opinions\-on\-invasion\-of\-grenada.html\|title\=Required Reading; Sampling of Opinions on Invasion of Grenada\|date\=October 29, 1983\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Thurmond voted against the Senate resolution declaring that American troops in [Grenada](/wiki/Grenada "Grenada") would be "withdrawn no more than 60 days later unless Congress authorized their continued presence there".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/29/world/o\-neill\-criticizes\-president\-war\-powers\-act\-is\-invoked.html\|title\=O'Neill Criticizes President; War Powers Act Is Invoked\|date\=October 29, 1983\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} President Reagan sent Thurmond a letter containing a report in line with the [War Powers Resolution](/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution "War Powers Resolution").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/10/25/Reagan\-gives\-Congress\-war\-powers\-notice/4017435902400/\|title\=Reagan gives Congress war powers notice\|first\=Ira A.\|last\=Allen\|publisher\=UPI\|date\=October 25, 1983}} Thurmond said the "ruling junta in Grenada" was directly threatening American lives.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/10/25/Congress\-gave\-cautious\-support\-to\-the\-invasion\-of\-Grenada/4533435902400/\|title\=Congress gave cautious support to the invasion of Grenada...\|first\=John F.\|last\=Barton\|publisher\=UPI\|date\=October 25, 1983}}
In December 1984, as the United States and [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") moved to negotiate a free\-trade pact where tariffs between the two countries would eventually be wiped out following the Reagan administration receiving congressional approval to negotiate such an agreement, Thurmond wrote a letter to United States trade representative Bill Brock calling on Brock to "reformulate" the negotiating position of the US as the senator had been informed by his aides that the American position in the negotiation was "more generous" than the one specified to Congress. Brock replied to Thurmond weeks later, asserting that he had "every intention" of fulfilling his commitment to Congress "to take account of the import sensitivity of specific products" in the agreement and that Israel had acknowledged the irregularity of export subsidy programs "with the concept of a free\-trade area."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/10/business/israel\-and\-us\-facing\-hurdles\-on\-trade\-pact.html\|title\=Israel and U.S. Facing Hurdles on Trade Pact\|date\=January 10, 1985\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In 1984, as the Senate voted on a bill granting federal prosecution to weapon\-carrying career robbers and giving 15 years of incarceration to those convicted, Thurmond and Democratic Senator [Ted Kennedy](/wiki/Ted_Kennedy "Ted Kennedy") sponsored an amendment limiting the bill to third\-time federal offenders, which passed 77 to 12\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/24/us/bill\-to\-permit\-federal\-prosecution\-of\-career\-criminals\-passes\-senate.html\|title\=Bill to Permit Federal Prosecution of Career Criminals Passes Senate\|date\=February 24, 1984\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In the 1984 presidential election, Thurmond was cited along with [Carroll Campbell](/wiki/Carroll_Campbell "Carroll Campbell") and South Carolina Republican Party Director Warren Tompkins by Republicans as the forces binding the Reagan\-Bush ticket to South Carolina's electoral votes.{{cite news\|title\=Both sides in presidential battle agree turnout is key\|date\=October 28, 1984\|publisher\=The Index\-Journal}} Thurmond attended President Reagan's October 15 re\-election campaign speech in the Allied Health Building on the Greenville Technical College campus in [Greenville, South Carolina](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina "Greenville, South Carolina").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=39247\|title\=Remarks at a Reagan\-Bush Rally in Greenville, South Carolina\|date\=October 15, 1984\|first\=Ronald\|last\=Reagan\|author\-link\=Ronald Reagan\|quote\=And Dr. Thomas Barton, a Clemson Tiger; Mayor Bill Workman, and Senator Strom Thurmond.}}
Running for a fifth full term in 1984,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/20/us/campaign\-notes\-thurmond\-will\-seek6th\-full\-term\-in\-senate.html\|title\=Campaign Notes; Thurmond Will Seek6th Full Term in Senate\|date\=March 20, 1984\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Thurmond faced his first primary challenge in 20 years, from retired CIA agent Robert Cunningham, and won the Republican nomination on June 12, 1984\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/13/us/thurmond\-gains\-bid\-for\-6th\-term.html\|title\=Thurmond Gains Bid for 6th Term\|date\=June 13, 1984\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/13/Strom\-Thurmond\-wins\-nomination\-as\-five\-states\-hold\-primaries/3062455947200/\|title\=Strom Thurmond wins nomination as five states hold primaries\|date\=June 13, 1984\|publisher\=UPI}} The previous year, at a fundraising dinner for Thurmond's re\-election campaign in [Columbia, South Carolina](/wiki/Columbia%2C_South_Carolina "Columbia, South Carolina"), President Reagan delivered an address both praising Thurmond and noting the similarities in his views and that of the administration.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=40487\|title\=Remarks at a Fundraising Dinner for Senator Strom Thurmond in Columbia, South Carolina\|date\=September 20, 1983\|publisher\=American Presidency Project}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/20/President\-Reagan\-praised\-Sen\-Strom\-Thurmond\-R\-SC\-Tuesday\-as/4567432878400/\|title\=President Reagan praised Sen. Strom Thurmond, R\-S.C., Tuesday as...\|date\=September 20, 1983\|publisher\=UPI}} Cunningham charged Thurmond with being a follower who no one could validate the seriousness of as a candidate since he had not been challenged in eighteen years, furthering that the South Carolina Republican Party had been involved with the decline in his opposition. Cunningham said that Thurmond had a "bad track record" and noted his past comments on race, saying that he would not be crushed like Thurmond's past opponents and was getting much encouragement in his bid to unseat him.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/04/17/Ex\-CIA\-agent\-battles\-Thurmond/9425054120006/\|title\=Ex\-CIA agent battles Thurmond\|first\=Sidney\|last\=Bedingfield\|publisher\=UPI\|date\=April 17, 1984}} Thurmond addressed the issue of age during the primary, the 81\-year\-old senator stating that he exercised each day for an hour and a half and that he was in the same shape as a person in their 30s or 40s.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/12/Strom\-Thurmond\-wins\-nomination\-to\-sixth\-Senate\-term/8026455860800/\|title\=Strom Thurmond wins nomination to sixth Senate term\|date\=June 12, 1984\|publisher\=UPI}} Cunningham received less than 6% of the primary vote. Thurmond then defeated Melvin Purvis III in the general election, the latter receiving half of the votes cast for Thurmond.{{cite news\|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1986\-10\-21/news/8603030969\_1\_strom\-thurmond\-mr\-purvis\-minister\|title\=Melvin Purvis Iii, Minister, Candidate\|date\=October 21, 1986\|publisher\=Sun Sentinel\|access\-date\=March 29, 2018\|archive\-date\=March 29, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329121142/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1986\-10\-21/news/8603030969\_1\_strom\-thurmond\-mr\-purvis\-minister\|url\-status\=dead}} Purvis, noted to have few differences in ideology with Thurmond, cited the latter's age as reason to retire him from the Senate.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/obituaries/melvin\-h\-purvis\-3d.html\|title\=Melvin H. Purvis 3d\|date\=October 21, 1986\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
### Late 1980s
Thurmond's support of Reagan's judicial nominees continued into the president's second term. In 1986, [Daniel Anthony Manion](/wiki/Daniel_Anthony_Manion "Daniel Anthony Manion"), President Reagan's choice for the U.S. Court of Appeals in Chicago, answered a question by Thurmond,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/03/13/nominee\-questioned\-on\-creationist\-bill/\|title\=Nominee Questioned On Creationist Bill\|date\=March 13, 1986\|first\=Glen\|last\=Elsasser\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune}} who cited Manion as "entitled to have a vote by the Senate",{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/06/25/senate\-gop\-leaders\-attempting\-to\-limit\-debate\-on\-manion/4e6c58d9\-f08e\-4aed\-82e1\-fb7358ac213d/\|title\=Senate GOP Leaders Attempting to Limit Debate on Manion\|date\=June 25, 1986\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} and predicted there were enough votes to confirm him.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/06/24/judge\-nominees\-verdict\-near/\|title\=Judge Nominee's Verdict Near\|date\=June 24, 1986\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune}} In 1987, after President Reagan nominated [Robert Bork](/wiki/Robert_Bork "Robert Bork") as Associate Justice on the Supreme Court,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/speeches/1987/070187d.htm\|title\=Nomination of Robert H. Bork To Be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States\|date\=July 1, 1987\|publisher\=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum\|access\-date\=December 6, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200826/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/speeches/1987/070187d.htm\|archive\-date\=April 4, 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")* noted Thurmond as "one of Bork's key supporters on the Judiciary Committee."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1987\-09\-21\-mn\-6092\-story.html\|title\=Packwood Opposes Bork, 1st Gop Senator to Defect : Willing to Join Senate Filibuster\|date\=September 21, 1987\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times}} Following Bork's nomination being rejected by the Senate,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/us/senate\-s\-roll\-call\-on\-the\-bork\-vote.html\|title\=Senate's Roll\-Call On the Bork Vote\|date\=October 24, 1987 \|work\=The New York Times \|agency\=Associated Press}} Thurmond stated that President Reagan's next nominee should be a person not "as controversial" and should be someone from the South.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/us/bork\-s\-nomination\-is\-rejected\-58\-42\-reagan\-saddened.html\|title\=Bork's Nomination Is Rejected, 58\-42; Reagan 'Saddened'\|date\=October 24, 1987\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In June 1985, Thurmond introduced legislation providing stiffer federal penalties for individuals and financial institutions engaged in laundering money earned from activities of illegality. The bill was supported by the Reagan administration in its efforts to expose the financial activities of criminals and was hailed by Thurmond as "an important step in our continuing war on organized crime and those financial institutions and individuals which hide the ill\-gotten assets of law\-breakers, especially drug traffickers."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/23/us/money\-laundering\-bill\-seen\-as\-privacy\-threat.html\|title\=Money\-laundering Bill Seen As Privacy Threat\|date\=June 23, 1985\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In September 1985, Thurmond was one of eight members of a delegation that met with [General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union](/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union") [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/04/world/gorbachev\-hints\-he\-ll\-be\-flexible.html\|title\=Gorbachev Hints He'll Be Flexible\|date\=September 4, 1985\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In March 1986, after American warplanes took action against Libyan land, Thurmond stated the U.S. "has the right and the duty to protect and defend itself when attacked, as it was today, without provocation." He opposed statements by the Libyan government that the attacks on U.S. ships occurred in international waters and named [Muammar Gaddafi](/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi "Muammar Gaddafi") as the individual who had orchestrated the acts of aggression toward the U.S.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/25/world/lawmakers\-back\-actions\-on\-libya.html\|title\=Lawmakers Back Actions on Libya\|date\=March 25, 1986\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Thurmond was a supporter of the Nicaragua rebels, saying that support for the group on the part of the United States was central to furthering America's view "in freedom and in protecting ourselves against Soviet totalitarianism."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/19/world/senate\-votes\-52\-48\-not\-to\-block\-aid\-to\-contras.html\|title\=Senate Votes, 52\-48 Not to Block Aid to Contras\|date\=March 19, 1987\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In August 1988, Senator [Robert Byrd](/wiki/Robert_Byrd "Robert Byrd") presented the White House with a modified version of the Democratic proposal on Contra aid. Thurmond responded to the plan by calling it unsatisfactory.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/09/world/republicans\-object\-to\-new\-contra\-deal.html\|title\=Republicans Object to New Contra Deal\|date\=August 9, 1988\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} A month later, after some members of the Senate gave support to a law that would impose American participation in an international treaty outlawing genocide, Thurmond stated his intent to add a death penalty amendment in the event the bill reached the Senate floor and Democrats charged Thurmond with using parliamentary devices and Senate traditions to prevent a vote.{{cite news\|url\=https://mobile.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/world/bill\-banning\-genocide\-still\-snagged\-in\-senate.html\|title\=Bill Banning Genocide Still Snagged in Senate\|date\=September 27, 1988\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Thurmond dropped the death penalty amendment when Democrats agreed to proceed with the confirmation of Republican judges.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/15/world/senate\-votes\-to\-carry\-out\-treaty\-banning\-genocide.html\|title\=Senate Votes to Carry Out Treaty Banning Genocide\|date\=October 15, 1988\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In September 1986, Thurmond sponsored a drug law package that included a provision imposing the death penalty for some drug offenses and federal crimes of "treason, espionage and killing American hostages in a terrorist attack".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/20/us/senate\-gop\-adds\-its\-own\-drug\-bill.html\|title\=Senate G.O.P. Adds Its Own Drug Bill\|date\=September 20, 1986\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} A week later, as the Senate opened debate on proposals aimed at ending both the supply of dangerous drugs as well as their demand, Thurmond offered changes to criminal law in the form of amendments that would include imposing the death penalty for drug traffickers guilty of murder and an expansion of the proposal that would add the death penalty for other federal crimes, such as espionage and hostage taking.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/27/us/senate\-takes\-up\-drug\-bill\-with\-session\-waning.html\|title\=Senate Takes up Drug Bill With Session Waning\|date\=September 27, 1986\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} President Reagan signed the [Anti\-Drug Abuse Act of 1986](/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1986 "Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986") on October 27, 1986, noting Thurmond as one of the "real champions in the battle to get this legislation through Congress".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid\=36654\|title\=Remarks on Signing the Anti\-Drug Abuse Act of 1986\|date\=October 27, 1986\|publisher\=American Presidency Project\|first\=Ronald\|last\=Reagan\|author\-link\=Ronald Reagan\|access\-date\=April 10, 2018\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201728/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid\=36654\|url\-status\=dead}}
[thumb\|left\|President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") with Thurmond in the Oval Office in 1987](/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_Meeting_with_Senator_Strom_Thurmond_in_The_Oval_Office.jpg "President Ronald Reagan Meeting with Senator Strom Thurmond in The Oval Office.jpg")
In November 1987, Thurmond introduced legislation that if enacted would require "alcoholic beverages to carry health warning labels similar to those on cigarettes", saying the legislation would be effective if it prevented anyone from drinking while being in a compromising position of health.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/11/18/Sen\-Strom\-Thurmond\-R\-SC\-continued\-his\-attack\-on\-alcohol/7822564210000/\|title\=Sen. Strom Thurmond, R\-S.C., continued his attack on alcohol...\|first\=Karen Lee\|last\=Scrivo\|publisher\=UPI}} The following year, Thurmond sponsored legislation designed to impose "five rotating warning labels on alcoholic beverages cautioning pregnant women not to drink, warning that alcohol is addictive and can increase the risks of hypertension, liver disease and cancer, that it impairs a person's ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and that alcohol consumption can be hazardous in combination with some drugs."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/10/Health\-warning\-on\-liquor\-bottles\-urged/1575587188800/ph\|title\=Health warning on liquor bottles urged\|first\=Mary Beth\|last\=Franklin\|date\=August 10, 1988\|publisher\=UPI}}
On February 23, 1988, Thurmond endorsed fellow senator [Bob Dole](/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole") in the Republican presidential primary, acknowledging his previous intent to remain neutral during the nominating process.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/23/us/dole\-endorsed\-by\-thurmond.html\|title\=Dole Endorsed by Thurmond\|date\=February 23, 1988\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} The Thurmond endorsement served to change the Dole campaign's initial plans of skipping the South Carolina primary, where Vice President Bush defeated Dole. The Bush campaign subsequently won other Southern states and the nomination, leading Michael Oreskes to reflect that Dole "was hurt by an endorsement that led him astray."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/27/weekinreview/the\-nation\-dukakis\-and\-bush\-why\-the\-candidates\-love\-to\-be\-endorsed.html\|title\=The Nation; Dukakis and Bush; Why the Candidates Love to be Endorsed\|date\=March 27, 1988\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525093208/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/27/weekinreview/the\-nation\-dukakis\-and\-bush\-why\-the\-candidates\-love\-to\-be\-endorsed.html\|archive\-date\=May 25, 2015\|url\-status\=live}} Following the 1988 Presidential election, George H. W. Bush nominated [John Tower](/wiki/John_Tower "John Tower") for [United States Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense "United States Secretary of Defense"). After Tower's nomination was rejected by the Senate, Thurmond asked, "What does it say when the leader of the free world can't get a Cabinet member confirmed?"{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/11/us/an\-attempt\-to\-recover\-bush\-seeks\-to\-end\-rancor\-over\-tower.html\|title\=An Attempt To Recover; Bush Seeks to End Rancor Over Tower\|date\=March 11, 1989\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525114345/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/11/us/an\-attempt\-to\-recover\-bush\-seeks\-to\-end\-rancor\-over\-tower.html\|archive\-date\=May 25, 2015\|url\-status\=live}}
In July 1989, when the Senate Judiciary Committee approved a bill by Democrat [Dennis DeConcini](/wiki/Dennis_DeConcini "Dennis DeConcini") that imposed a ban of three years on sales of several domestic assault weapons, it rejected an amendment by Thurmond that would have substituted the DeConcini bill with the Bush administration's anti\-crime package, which did not include a ban on rifles produced in the United States. Failure to implement the Thurmond amendment was seen as "a preliminary test of Senate support for extending President Bush's ban on foreign\-made assault weapons to domestic makes" and a loss for the [National Rifle Association of America](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America "National Rifle Association of America") which had previously protested banning domestic assault weapons.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1989\-07\-21\-mn\-4248\-story.html\|title\=Senate Panel OKs U.S.\-Made Assault Rifle Ban\|date\=July 21, 1989\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807201520/https://articles.latimes.com/1989\-07\-21/news/mn\-4248\_1\_assault\-weapon\|archive\-date\=August 7, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} In August, after the Senate Judiciary Committee voted evenly on the nomination of William C. Lucas for Assist Attorney General for Civil Rights and thereby terminated the nomination that required a majority to proceed to the entirety of the chamber, Thurmond noted the different forms of segregation in the North and South and added that "black people didn't have the chance in either place that they should have had. Now's the chance to give them a chance." Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") refuted Thurmond's argument by mentioning that Senate critics of Lucas were civil rights supporters who had a problem with his lack of qualifications.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/02/us/senate\-committee\-bars\-bush\-s\-choice\-from\-rights\-post.html\|title\=Senate Committee Bars Bush's Choice From Rights Post\|date\=August 2, 1989\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525104901/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/02/us/senate\-committee\-bars\-bush\-s\-choice\-from\-rights\-post.html\|archive\-date\=May 25, 2015\|url\-status\=live}} In September, Thurmond was one of nine Republican senators appointed by Senate Republican leader [Robert Dole](/wiki/Robert_Dole "Robert Dole") to negotiate a dispute with Democrats over financing of President Bush's anti\-drug plan.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/09/14/Senate\-drug\-funding\-dispute\-threatens\-money\-bills/3024621748800/\|title\=Senate drug funding dispute threatens money bills\|first\=Steve\|last\=Gerstel\|date\=September 14, 1989\|publisher\=UPI\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162802/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/09/14/Senate\-drug\-funding\-dispute\-threatens\-money\-bills/3024621748800/\|archive\-date\=November 25, 2018\|url\-status\=live}}
### 1990s and 2000s
[thumb\|Official Senate portrait of Thurmond, 1990s](/wiki/File:Strom_Thurmond.jpg "Strom Thurmond.jpg")
Thurmond launched his campaign for an eighth term on February 12, 1990, citing that he had never before felt "a stronger obligation to continue my work for the future of our state and our nation."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/02/12/Thurmond\-announces\-bid\-for\-seventh\-term/1082634798800/\|title\=Thurmond announces bid for seventh term\|date\=February 12, 1990\|publisher\=UPI}} Thurmond, then age 87, billed himself as having the health of a man in his fifties. The South Carolina Democratic Party faced difficulty recruiting a candidate which they believed had a chance of defeating Thurmond.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/02/11/Fiddle\-fit\-Thurmond\-going\-after\-another\-term/9968634712400/\|title\=Fiddle\-fit Thurmond going after another term\|publisher\=UPI}} In the general election, Thurmond defeated retired intelligence officer Bob Cunningham, who had been his Republican primary opponent in 1984\. (Cunningham had switched parties in 1990\.){{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/07/us/the\-1990\-elections\-state\-by\-state\-south.html\|title\=The 1990 Elections: State By State; South\|date\=November 7, 1990\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In early 1990, Thurmond sponsored a crime bill concurrent with another measure of the same intent, his version receiving the support of President Bush.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/24/us/senate\-backs\-curb\-on\-assault\-rifles\-by\-a\-vote\-of\-50\-49\.html\|title\=Senate Backs Curb on Assault Rifles by a Vote of 50\-49\|date\=May 24, 1990\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Thurmond charged the Democratic proposal with aiding criminals and furthering the loss of rights on the part of victims.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/22/us/senate\-begins\-debate\-on\-anti\-crime\-bill.html\|title\=Senate Begins Debate on Anti\-Crime Bill\|date\=May 22, 1990\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In June, the bill was nearly doomed following a procedural vote that forced Senate leaders to work toward modifying its provisions. Thurmond proposed that his fellow senators accept portions of the bill that the Senate had already passed including provisions expanding the number of federal crimes for which the death penalty could apply from 23 to 30 and restrictions on the number of appeals a condemned inmate may file in Federal courts, and the ban on the sale and manufacture of nine types of semiautomatic weapons.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/08/us/senate\-s\-leaders\-move\-to\-salvage\-crime\-measure.html\|title\=Senate's Leaders Move to Salvage Crime Measure\|date\=June 8, 1990\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In 1992, the Senate voted on an anti\-crime bill, Thurmond predicting that it would not pass due to what he considered its lack of strength: "This weak bill expands the rights of criminals. It is a fraud. It is a sham." He stated that President Bush had told him in advance of his intent to veto the bill if it passed.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/03/19/Senate\-refuses\-to\-kill\-anti\-crime\-bill\-filibuster/1767700981200/\|title\=Senate refuses to kill anti\-crime bill filibuster\|first\=Steve\|last\=Gerstel\|date\=March 19, 1992\|publisher\=UPI}}
After President Bush nominated [Clarence Thomas](/wiki/Clarence_Thomas "Clarence Thomas") for Associate Justice, Thomas visited Thurmond and stated that he had been fortunate as a result of the Civil Rights Movement assisting him in getting out of poverty, a departure from his previous position of African\-Americans achieving success through hard work and individual initiative. *The New York Times* observed, "Judge Thomas's remarks in Mr. Thurmond's office were not in response to reporters' specific questions and were clearly intended to rebut critics, including some by members of civil rights organizations, who say he should not be confirmed because of his vociferous opposition to affirmative action and racial quotas in hiring."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/10/us/court\-nominee\-gives\-credit\-to\-civil\-rights\-movement.html\|title\=Court Nominee Gives Credit To Civil Rights Movement\|date\=July 10, 1991\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In September, as Thomas appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Thurmond interrupted a line of questioning by [Howard Metzenbaum](/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum "Howard Metzenbaum") to defend Thomas against a complaint that Thomas had answered questions about cases except for abortion.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/12/us/the\-thomas\-hearings\-thomas\-undergoes\-tough\-questioning\-on\-past\-remarks.html?mtrref\=www.nytimes.com\&gwh\=DEA24C7A03E5803D59F8E76F62688902\&gwt\=pay\|title\=Thomas Undergoes Tough Questioning on Past Remarks\|date\=September 11, 1991\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Thurmond voted for Thomas's confirmation, and the latter was confirmed by the Senate in October 1991\.
Thurmond became the head of the Armed Services Committee following the 1994 [Republican Revolution](/wiki/Republican_Revolution "Republican Revolution"), in which the Republican Party gained eight seats in the Senate and gained a majority in both chambers.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/10/us/1994\-elections\-congress\-overview\-gop\-celebrates\-its\-sweep\-power\-clinton\-vows.html\|title\=The 1994 Elections: Congress the Overview; G.O.P. CELEBRATES ITS SWEEP TO POWER; CLINTON VOWS TO FIND COMMON GROUND\|date\=November 10, 1994\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} According to Thurmond, he had survived "a little power play" orchestrated by fellow Republicans to continue serving as Chairman.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/08/us/power\-play\-failed\-thurmond\-says.html\|title\='Power Play' Failed, Thurmond Says\|date\=February 8, 1995\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In December, after President Clinton's announcement that he would seek a $25 billion increase in defense spending over the following six years, Thurmond called it a correct move but one which validated claims that the president had hastily cut the Pentagon budget.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/12/01/Thurmond\-praises\-criticizes\-Clinton/6339786258000/ph\|title\=Thurmond praises, criticizes Clinton\|date\=December 1, 1994\|publisher\=UPI}} In late 1995, Thurmond joined a bipartisan coalition of politicians in supporting a petition intending "to loosen the rules governing the prescription drug methylphenidate". [The drug](/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") is commonly known by the brand name Ritalin.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/21/opinion/reading\-writing\-and\-ritalin.html\|first\=John\|last\=Merrow\|title\=Reading, Writing and Ritalin\|date\=October 21, 1995\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
In his [1996 re\-election campaign](/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina "1996 United States Senate election in South Carolina"), Thurmond received primary opposition from Harold G. Worley and Charlie Thompson, and the question of age appeared again, given that he was 93 years old at the time. Thurmond remarked that the issue was the only one expressed by members of the press,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1996/04/08/the\-100\-year\-old\-senator/d35cb667\-e382\-4097\-9c81\-402a6a469d40/\|title\=The 100\-year\-old Senator?\|first\=Lloyd\|last\=Grove\|date\=April 8, 1996\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} even as polls showed "that the vast majority of South Carolinians believe it is far past time for him to retire."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/24/us/thurmond\-s\-robust\-legend\-shields\-him\-at\-93\.html\|title\=Thurmond's Robust Legend Shields Him at 93\|date\=October 24, 1996\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} Worley stated that the issue of age should be dealt with in the primary as opposed to the general election, encouraging Thurmond to be dropped as the seat's continuous nominee.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/news/9605/09/thurmond/index.shtml\|title\=South Carolina's Thurmond Still Running At 93\|first\=Bruce\|last\=Morton\|work\=CNN}} In the general election, Thurmond received 53\.4 percent of the vote to the 44 percent of Democrat Elliott Springs Close.
On December 5, 1996, Thurmond became the oldest serving member of the U.S. Senate, and on May 25, 1997, the longest\-serving member (41 years and 10 months), casting his 15,000th vote in September 1998\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1998\-sep\-03\-mn\-19126\-story.html\|title\=Senate Honors Thurmond, 95, for Casting His 15,000th Vote\|date\=September 3, 1998\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times}} In the following month, when astronaut and fellow Senator [John Glenn](/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn") was to embark on the [*Discovery*](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery "Space Shuttle Discovery") at age 77, Thurmond, who was his senior by 19 years, reportedly sent him a message saying; "I want to go too."*National Geographic,* June 1999 edition, p.80 On October 17, 1998, President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") signed the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 into law, an authorization of "appropriations for military activities of the Department of Defense, military construction, and defense activities of the Department of Energy." Clinton stated that the bill being named after Thurmond was a "well\-deserved and appropriate tribute" due to his thirty\-six years in the U.S. Army Reserve and his primary focus in the Senate being on U.S. national defense.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\=55105\|title\=Statement on Signing the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999\|date\=October 17, 1998\|first\=Bill\|last\=Clinton\|author\-link\=Bill Clinton\|publisher\=American Presidency Project}}
[thumb\|310px\|Army Chief of Staff [Eric Shinseki](/wiki/Eric_Shinseki "Eric Shinseki") meeting with
Senator Thurmond on his 100th birthday.](/wiki/File:Senator_Thurmond_100th_Birthday.jpg "Senator Thurmond 100th Birthday.jpg")
In February 1999, Thurmond introduced legislation barring health messages on wine bottles, the measure intended to reverse what he called "erroneous and irresponsible" action of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. The legislation transferred authority over labeling to the Department of Health and Human Services from the Treasury Department and increased taxes on wine.{{cite news \|last\=Stout \|first\=David \|date\=February 23, 1999 \|title\=Bill Would Bar Health Referral On Wine Label \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/23/us/bill\-would\-bar\-health\-referral\-on\-wine\-label.html}} On May 26, 1999, the Senate voted on an amendment to a spending bill exonerating Husband E. Kimmel and Walter C. Short of charges of failing to anticipate the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor") that led to American involvement in World War II. Thurmond was noted as one of five Senate members to have been a World War II veteran and back the measure and called Kimmel and Short "the last victims" of Pearl Harbor.{{cite news \|last\=Shenon \|first\=Philip \|date\=May 26, 1999 \|title\=Senate Clears 2 Pearl Harbor 'Scapegoats' \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/26/us/senate\-clears\-2\-pearl\-harbor\-scapegoats.html \|access\-date\=May 1, 2018}} In January 2001, Thurmond endorsed his son Strom Thurmond Jr. for federal prosecutor in South Carolina in a recommendation to the Senate.{{cite news \|date\=January 24, 2001 \|title\=National News Briefs; Thurmond Recommends Son for U.S. Attorney \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/24/us/national\-news\-briefs\-thurmond\-recommends\-son\-for\-us\-attorney.html}}
In March, Thurmond voted for an amendment to the campaign finance reform bill of [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") and [Russ Feingold](/wiki/Russ_Feingold "Russ Feingold"). Thurmond had initially opposed the measure and changed his vote at the last minute.{{cite news \|last\=Mitchell \|first\=Alison \|date\=March 27, 2001 \|title\=Senate Extends Restrictions on Advertising \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/27/us/senate\-extends\-restrictions\-on\-advertising.html}}
Thurmond's 100th birthday was celebrated on December 5, 2002\. Some remarks made by Mississippi Senator [Trent Lott](/wiki/Trent_Lott "Trent Lott") during the event were considered racially insensitive: "I want to say this about my state: When Strom Thurmond ran for president, we \[[Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi")] [voted for him](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi "1948 United States presidential election in Mississippi"). We're proud of it. And if the rest of the country had followed our lead, we wouldn't have had all these problems over the years, either." Fifteen days later, on December 20, [Lott resigned as the Senate Republican leader](/wiki/Trent_Lott%23Resignation_from_Senate_leadership "Trent Lott#Resignation from Senate leadership") effective on January 3, 2003, the beginning of the next congressional session.{{cite book \|last\=Bartlett \|first\=Bruce \|title\=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past \|publisher\=St. Martin's Press \|year\=2008 \|isbn\=978\-0230600621 \|page\=182}} Thurmond left the Senate in January 2003 as the United States' longest\-serving senator, a record later surpassed by Senator [Robert Byrd](/wiki/Robert_Byrd "Robert Byrd").{{cite news \|date\=December 5, 2002 \|title\=Thurmond marks 100th birthday \|work\=CNN \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/05/thurmond.birthday/index.html}} Thurmond was succeeded by then\-Representative and fellow Republican [Lindsey Graham](/wiki/Lindsey_Graham "Lindsey Graham").
### Health
Toward the end of Thurmond's Senate career, critics suggested his mental abilities had declined. His supporters argued that, while he lacked physical stamina due to his age, mentally he remained aware and attentive, and maintained a very active work schedule, showing up for every floor vote. He stepped down as Chairman of the [Senate Armed Services Committee](/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee "Senate Armed Services Committee") at the beginning of 1999, as he had pledged to do in late 1997\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1997\-dec\-05\-mn\-60950\-story.html\|title\=Sen. Thurmond to Quit Armed Services Post\|date\=December 5, 1997\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times}} Retrospectively, a Senate aide stated that "for his last ten years, Thurmond didn't know if he was on foot or on horseback", while a 2020 *New Yorker* article stated that he was "widely known" by the end of his career to be *[non compos mentis](/wiki/Non_compos_mentis "Non compos mentis")*.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Mayer \|first\=Jane \|date\=2020\-12\-10 \|title\=Dianne Feinstein's Missteps Raise a Painful Age Question Among Senate Democrats \|url\=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news\-desk/dianne\-feinsteins\-missteps\-raise\-a\-painful\-age\-question\-among\-senate\-democrats \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-04 \|magazine\=The New Yorker \|language\=en\-US}}
{{external media\| float \= right\| video1 \= \[https://www.c\-span.org/video/?174100\-1/senator\-thurmond\-100th\-birthday Strom Thurmond's 100th birthday party, held at the Dirksen Senate office building, December 5, 2002], \[\[C\-SPAN]]\| video2 \= \[https://www.c\-span.org/video/?174377\-1/strom\-thurmonds\-political\-memorabilia Tour of Thurmond's Senate office prior to his retirement, December 19, 2002], \[\[C\-SPAN]]}}
In August 1999, Thurmond underwent surgery for an enlarged prostate. In September, he was admitted to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center for tests.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/13/us/national\-news\-briefs\-thurmond\-hospitalized\-for\-more\-tests.html\|title\=National News Briefs; Thurmond Hospitalized For More Tests\|date\=September 13, 1999\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} In October 2000, Thurmond collapsed while lunching with a staff member and an acquaintance at a restaurant in [Alexandria, Virginia](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia "Alexandria, Virginia"), and was admitted to Walter Reed; his spokeswoman Genevieve Erny stated that the collapse was found to have been unrelated to previous illnesses.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/01/us/strom\-thurmond\-in\-hospital\-after\-collapse.html\|title\=Strom Thurmond in Hospital After Collapse\|date\=October 1, 2000\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} On the morning of October 2, 2001, Thurmond was admitted to Walter Reed after fainting at his Senate desk. He was accompanied in the ambulance by fellow Republican and retired heart transplant surgeon [Bill Frist](/wiki/Bill_Frist "Bill Frist").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101930604/\|title\=Ailing Strom Thurmond Faints in Senate Chamber\|date\=October 3, 2001\|newspaper\=Asheville Citizen\-Times}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/03/us/thurmond\-taken\-to\-hospital\-after\-fainting.html\|title\=Thurmond Taken to Hospital After Fainting\|date\=October 3, 2001\|newspaper\=The New York Times}}
|
[
"United States Senator\n---------------------",
"{{main\\|US Senate career of Strom Thurmond}}",
"### 1950s and early 1960s",
"The incumbent U.S. senator from South Carolina, [Burnet R. Maybank](/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank \"Burnet R. Maybank\"), was unopposed for re\\-election in 1954, but he died two months before election day. The state Democratic Party selected [Edgar A. Brown](/wiki/Edgar_A._Brown \"Edgar A. Brown\") to replace Maybank without conducting a primary election.",
"Thurmond organized a [write\\-in campaign](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina%2C_1954 \"United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1954\") for the vacant Senate seat. He pledged that if he won, he would resign in 1956 to force a primary election. He easily won the 1954 election. He was the first person to be elected to the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/South_Carolina_United_States_Senate_election%2C_1954 \"South Carolina United States Senate election, 1954\") as a [write\\-in candidate](/wiki/Write-in_candidate \"Write-in candidate\").{{Efn\\|It has only been repeated once, in 2010, by \\[\\[Lisa Murkowski]]}} In January 1955, Thurmond expressed his view that federal encroachment on states' rights was among the biggest threats to American life and violated the Constitution.{{cite news\\|date\\=January 9, 1955\\|title\\=Solon Says States' Rights Great\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times (Shreveport)\\|The Times]]\\|publisher\\=Monroe Morning World\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83088256/solon\\-says\\-states\\-rights\\-great/\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2021\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} In July, Thurmond supported the Republican [Eisenhower Administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower\"){{'s}} bill for an expanded military reserve law over the alternate plan proposed by fellow Democratic Senator [Richard Russell](/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr. \"Richard Russell Jr.\").{{cite news\\|date\\=July 11, 1955\\|title\\=Sen. Thurmond Backs Fight For Military Reserve Law\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Tuscaloosa News]]\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=FSYeAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=0pkEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2787%2C1216950\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2021}}",
"Thurmond co\\-wrote the first version of the [Southern Manifesto](/wiki/Southern_Manifesto \"Southern Manifesto\"), stating disagreement with the 1954 [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court \"U.S. Supreme Court\") ruling in *[Brown v. Board of Education](/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education \"Brown v. Board of Education\"),* that declared that segregated public schools were unconstitutional and ordered them integrated.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Crespino\\|first\\=Joseph\\|date\\=April 29, 2010\\|title\\=The Scarred Stone: The Strom Thurmond Monument\\|url\\=https://southernspaces.org/2010/scarred\\-stone\\-strom\\-thurmond\\-monument\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Southern Spaces]]\\|doi\\=10\\.18737/M7P315\\|doi\\-broken\\-date\\=May 26, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2021\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809055137/https://southernspaces.org/2010/scarred\\-stone\\-strom\\-thurmond\\-monument\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He was part of the group of Southern senators who opposed the ruling in *Brown v. Board of Education*.{{cite book\\|last\\=Woods\\|first\\=Randall Bennett\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/lbj00rand/page/303\\|title\\=LBJ: Architect of American Ambition\\|publisher\\=Free Press\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=978\\-0684834580\\|location\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/lbj00rand/page/303 303]\\|lccn\\=2006041259\\|ol\\=7721570M\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2021\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} In early 1956, Thurmond resigned from the Senate, keeping the promise he had made two years earlier.{{Cite news\\|date\\=March 4, 1956\\|title\\=Thurmond Resigns His Senate Seat to Keep Promise He Made\\|work\\=\\[\\[Springfield News\\-Leader\\|The Springfield News\\-Leader]]\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83088971/thurmond\\-resigns\\-his\\-senate\\-seat\\-to/\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2021\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He won the primary as well as the general election unopposed. Thereafter, he returned to the Senate in November 1956\\.",
"In 1957, the Eisenhower administration introduced an amended version of the Civil Rights Bill, imposing expansion of federal supervision of integration in Southern states.{{cite book\\|last\\=Newton\\|first\\=Jim\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/eisenhowerwhiteh00newt/page/242\\|title\\=Eisenhower: The White House Years\\|publisher\\=Doubleday\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-0385523530\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/eisenhowerwhiteh00newt/page/242 242]\\|lccn\\=2011010759\\|ol\\=25045949M\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2021\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} In an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the bill{{'s}} passage,{{cite news\\|date\\=August 31, 1957\\|title\\=Thurmond's Filibuster Angers Dixie Senators\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Herald Journal]]\\|publisher\\=\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1876\\&dat\\=19570831\\&id\\=PWssAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3968,4300592\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2021}} Thurmond [filibustered](/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate \"Filibuster in the United States Senate\") the bill, [speaking for a total of 24 hours and 18 minutes](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond_filibuster_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957 \"Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957\"), the longest filibuster ever conducted by a single senator.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Memmott\\|first\\=Mark\\|date\\=March 7, 2013\\|title\\=How Did Strom Thurmond Last Through His 24\\-Hour Filibuster?\\|work\\=\\[\\[NPR]]\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo\\-way/2013/03/07/173736882/how\\-did\\-strom\\-thurmond\\-last\\-through\\-his\\-24\\-hour\\-filibuster\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2021}} Other Southern senators, who had agreed as part of a compromise not to filibuster this bill, were upset with Thurmond because they thought his defiance made them look incompetent to their constituents.{{cite book \\|last\\=Caro \\|first\\= Robert \\|date\\= 2002\\|title\\= \\[\\[Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson]]\\|location\\= New York\\|publisher\\= Knopf\\|chapter\\= Chapter 41 Omens\\|pages\\=997–998\\|isbn\\=0\\-394\\-52836\\-0}} Despite his efforts, the Congress passed the [Civil Rights Act of 1957](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957 \"Civil Rights Act of 1957\") on August 29\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/story/2007/08/congress\\-passes\\-civil\\-rights\\-act\\-aug\\-29\\-1957\\-005470\\|title\\=Congress passes Civil Rights Act Aug. 29, 1957\\|date\\=August 29, 2007\\|work\\=Politico}} During his filibuster, Thurmond relied on the book *The Case for the South*, written by W. D. Workman Jr.; Thurmond had known the author for fifteen years. Workman had covered both Thurmond's tenure as South Carolina governor and his presidential campaign, in addition to having served in the military unit which Thurmond had organized in Columbia. He had turned down an offer by Thurmond to serve as his Washington, DC office press secretary.",
"Thurmond sent a copy of *The Case for the South* to each of his Senate colleagues and then\\-vice president [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\"). The book was described in 2013 by [Loyola](/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago \"Loyola University Chicago\") history professor and author Elizabeth Shermer as \"a compendium of segregationist arguments that hit all the high points of regional apologia\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Shermer\\|first\\=Elizabeth Tandy\\|title\\=Barry Goldwater and the Remaking of the American Political Landscape\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Arizona Press]]\\|year\\=2013\\|isbn\\=978\\-0816521098\\|pages\\=152–153\\|lccn\\=2012029636\\|ol\\=25404808M}}",
"In January 1959, the Senate held a debate over changing the rules to curb filibusters. Thurmond expressed the view that the Senate should return to the rule prior to 1917, when there were no regulations on the time for debate.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=Z610oKUqOA4C\\&dat\\=19590113\\&printsec\\=frontpage\\&hl\\=en\\|title\\=Liberals Claim South Won Filibuster Battle\\|date\\=January 13, 1959\\|newspaper\\=Gadsden Times}} In February 1960, Thurmond requested a [quorum call](/wiki/Quorum_call \"Quorum call\") that would produce at least half the membership of the Senate, the call being seen as one of the delay tactics employed by Southerners during the meeting. 51 senators assembled, allowing the Senate to adjourn in spite of Thurmond's calls for another quorum call. Thurmond afterward denied his responsibility in convening the Saturday session, attributing it to Democrat [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\"). He said that those insistent on passing a civil rights bill should be around during discussions on the matter.{{Cite news\\|date\\=February 28, 1960\\|title\\=Senator Russell Ties Rights Bakers To Race Riots\\|work\\=\\[\\[Toledo Blade]]\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=wggwAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=\\_gAEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6818%2C4468116\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021}} In the [1960 United States presidential election](/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election \"1960 United States presidential election\"), Thurmond refused to back the Democratic nominee, his senate colleague [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\"), due to the latter's support for civil rights. In the [1960 South Carolina Senate race](/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina \"1960 United States Senate election in South Carolina\"), Thurmond ran unopposed in the general election; no Republican candidate was on the ballot. As of 2022, 1960 remains the last time a Democrat won South Carolina's Class 2 Senate seat.{{Sfn\\|Bass\\|Thompson\\|1998\\|p\\=189}} In the presidential election, Thurmond received 14 electoral votes for vice president (as [Harry Byrd Sr.](/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd \"Harry F. Byrd\")'s running mate). Though both Byrd and Thurmond had long since moved on from the States Rights' Democratic Party, they were the decided protest ticket of several Southern delegates and [unpledged electors](/wiki/Unpledged_elector \"Unpledged elector\"), who refused to give their support to Kennedy.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Middleton\\|first\\=Russell\\|date\\=1962\\|title\\=The Civil Rights Issue And Presidential Voting Among Southern Negroes And Whites\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Social Forces]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]]\\|volume\\=40\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=209–215\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2573630\\|jstor\\=2573630}}",
"Thurmond predicted the [87th Congress](/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress \"87th United States Congress\") would begin with a move to remove him from the Senate Democratic Caucus.{{cite news\\|date\\=January 3, 1961\\|title\\=Thurmond Invites Fight To Oust Him\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/01/03/archives/thurmond\\-invites\\-fight\\-to\\-oust\\-him.html\\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021}} This did not happen, and an aide for Senator [Joseph S. Clark Jr.](/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark_Jr. \"Joseph S. Clark Jr.\") said there was never an intention to pursue recourse against Thurmond, though in his opinion Thurmond should no longer be a member of the party.{{cite news\\|date\\=January 4, 1961\\|title\\=Thurmond Not Purge Target\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Item]]\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=6gEvAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=xqkFAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6411%2C158793\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021}}",
"In August 1961, Thurmond formally requested the [Senate Armed Services Committee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services \"United States Senate Committee on Armed Services\") to vote on whether to vote for \"a conspiracy to muzzle military anti\\-Communist drives.\" The appearance prompted the cancellation of another public appearance in [Fort Jackson](/wiki/Fort_Jackson%2C_South_Carolina \"Fort Jackson, South Carolina\"), as Thurmond favored marking his proposal with his presence, and his request for a $75,000 committee study was slated for consideration.{{Cite news\\|date\\=August 31, 1961\\|title\\=Military Gag Probe Asked\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Herald (Utah)\\|Daily Herald]]\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83660013/military\\-gag\\-probe\\-asked/\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2021\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} In November, Thurmond said that President Kennedy had lost support in the South due to the formation of the National Relations Boards, what he called Kennedy's softness on communism, and an increase in military men being muzzled for speaking out against communism.{{cite news\\|date\\=November 28, 1961\\|title\\=Thurmond Defends Military Leaders\\|work\\=\\[\\[Madera Tribune]]\\|publisher\\=\\|url\\=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi\\-bin/cdnc?a\\=d\\&d\\=MT19611130\\.2\\.42\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021}}",
"In May 1962, Thurmond was part of a group of Senate orators headed by [John C. Stennis](/wiki/John_C._Stennis \"John C. Stennis\") who expressed opposition to the Kennedy administration's literacy test bill, arguing that the measure was in violation of states' rights as defined by the Constitution. The bill was an effort to reduce the use of discriminatory and subjective [literacy tests](/wiki/Literacy_tests \"Literacy tests\") in the South; ostensibly used to establish voters' competency, in practice they were used against African\\-American voters and preventing their registration.{{cite news\\|date\\=May 1, 1962\\|title\\=Justice Dept. Move Sparks New Debate\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Times\\-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)\\|Times\\-News]]\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1665\\&dat\\=19620501\\&id\\=EPMZAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5477,6510\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021}} After the Supreme Court ruled [state composed prayer in public schools](/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale \"Engel v. Vitale\") was unconstitutional, Thurmond urged Congress to take steps to prevent the Court from making similar decisions.{{cite news\\|date\\=July 26, 1962\\|title\\=Thurmond Blasts Court's Decision\\|work\\=\\[\\[Madera Tribune]]\\|url\\=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a\\=d\\&d\\=MT19620726\\&dliv\\=userclipping\\&cliparea\\=1\\.2%2C4168%2C2460%2C649%2C1353\\&factor\\=4\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-en\\-\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-txt\\-txIN\\-strom\\+thurmond\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-1\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021}} In September 1962, Thurmond called for an invasion of Cuba.{{cite news\\|last\\=Marlow\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=September 5, 1962\\|title\\=Cuba, Soviet Warned\\|work\\=\\[\\[Springfield News\\-Leader]]\\|publisher\\=\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/299255121/\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} In February 1963, Thurmond stated that \"the brush curtain around Cuba is a formidable Soviet strategic military base\" and estimated between 30,000 and 40,000 Cuban troops were under the leadership of a Soviet general. Hours after the statement was made public, a Pentagon official disputed his claims as being \"at wide variance with carefully evaluated data collected by U.S. intelligence\" and called for Thurmond to release his proof to the Defense Department.{{cite news\\|date\\=February 2, 1963\\|title\\=Soviet Has Around 40,000 Military Personnel In Cuba\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sarasota Herald\\-Tribune]]\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=A7\\-hzOuI2KQC\\&dat\\=19630202\\&printsec\\=frontpage\\&hl\\=en}} During [Paul Nitze](/wiki/Paul_Nitze \"Paul Nitze\")'s nomination hearing for [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy \"United States Secretary of the Navy\"), Thurmond was noted for asking \"rapid fire questions\" on military action and focusing on Nitze's participation as a moderator in the 1958 National Council of Churches conference.{{cite news\\|date\\=November 7, 1963\\|title\\=Thurmond Fires Queries Senate Group Grills Nitze, Navy Secretary Nominee\\|work\\=\\[\\[The San Bernardino Sun]]\\|publisher\\=\\|url\\=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi\\-bin/cdnc?a\\=d\\&d\\=SBS19631108\\.1\\.3\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021}} Along with Arizona Senator [Barry Goldwater](/wiki/Barry_Goldwater \"Barry Goldwater\"), Thurmond delayed the Nitze nomination.{{cite news\\|last\\=Raymond\\|first\\=Jack\\|date\\=November 16, 1963\\|title\\=Senators Delay Approving Nitze {{endash}} Questions Are Raised About Parley and Land Sale Asked About Views\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/11/16/archives/senators\\-delay\\-approving\\-nitze\\-questions\\-are\\-raised\\-about\\-parley.html\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021}} In spite of Thurmond voting against him, the nomination was approved.{{cite news\\|date\\=November 22, 1963\\|title\\=Senate Group Backs Nitze As Navy Head\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]]\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83357006/senate\\-group\\-backs\\-nitze\\-as\\-navy\\-head/\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2021\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}",
"The day after the Nitze vote, President Kennedy was [assassinated](/wiki/Assassination_of_President_Kennedy \"Assassination of President Kennedy\") in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=November 22, 1963 {{endash}} Death of the President\\|url\\=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about\\-jfk/jfk\\-in\\-history/november\\-22\\-1963\\-death\\-of\\-the\\-president\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]}} Thurmond expressed the view that a conspiracy would be found by investigators to have been responsible for JFK's death.{{cite news\\|date\\=February 14, 1967\\|title\\=Thurmond Says a Red Plot Led to Death of Kennedy\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/14/archives/thurmond\\-says\\-a\\-red\\-plot\\-led\\-to\\-death\\-of\\-kennedy.html\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021}} Vice President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") [ascended to the presidency](/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson \"First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson\").{{Cite news\\|date\\=November 23, 2021\\|title\\=Johnson Takes Over Presidency; Nation, World Mourn Kennedy\\|work\\=\\[\\[Carroll Daily Times Herald]]\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83977834/johnson\\-takes\\-over\\-presidency\\-nation/\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He began campaigning to secure passage of the [Civil Rights Act of 1964](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 \"Civil Rights Act of 1964\") and the [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 \"Voting Rights Act of 1965\"), which angered white segregationists. These laws ended segregation and committed the federal government to enforce voting rights of citizens by the supervision of elections in states in which the pattern of voting showed black people had been disenfranchised. During the signing ceremony for the Civil Rights Act, President Johnson nominated [LeRoy Collins](/wiki/LeRoy_Collins \"LeRoy Collins\") as the first Director of the Community Relations Service.{{cite web\\|last\\=Johnson\\|first\\=Lyndon B.\\|author\\-link\\=Lyndon B. Johnson\\|date\\=July 2, 1964\\|title\\=446 – Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=26361\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021\\|website\\=The American Presidency Project\\|quote\\=First, I will send to the Senate my nomination of LeRoy Collins to be Director of the Community Relations Service. Governor Collins will bring the experience of a long career of distinguished public service to the task of helping communities solve problems of human relations through reason and commonsense.}} Subsequently, Thurmond reminded Collins of his past support for segregation and implied that he was a traitor to the South, Thurmond having particular disdain for an address by Collins the previous winter in which he charged Southern leaders with being harsh and intemperate.{{cite book\\|last\\=Cohodas\\|first\\=Nadine\\|title\\=Strom Thurmond \\& the Politics of Southern Change\\|publisher\\=Mercer University Press\\|year\\=1995\\|isbn\\=978\\-0865544468\\|page\\=353}} Thurmond also suggested that Collins had sought to fault southern leaders for President Kennedy's assassination.{{Sfn\\|Cohodas\\|1993\\|p\\=353}} Thurmond was the only senator to vote against Collins' nomination being sent to the Senate, and later one of eight senators to vote against his nomination in the chamber.{{Sfn\\|Cohodas\\|1993\\|p\\=355}}",
"### Party switch and late 1960s",
"On September 16, 1964, Thurmond confirmed he was leaving the Democratic Party to work on the [presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater](/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign \"Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign\"), charging the Democrats with having \"abandoned the people\" and having repudiated the [U.S. Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States \"Constitution of the United States\").{{cite news\\|date\\=September 17, 1964\\|title\\=Thurmond Break Is Made Official {{endash}} He Will Work as Republican for Goldwater Election\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/17/archives/thurmond\\-break\\-is\\-made\\-official\\-he\\-will\\-work\\-as\\-republican\\-for.html\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021}} During the campaign, Thurmond told reporters that he believed [Barry Goldwater](/wiki/Barry_Goldwater \"Barry Goldwater\") could carry South Carolina and other southern states.{{cite news\\|date\\=September 18, 1964\\|title\\=Thurmond Joins Goldwater Drive\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/18/thurmond\\-joins\\-goldwater\\-drive.html\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021}} Though Goldwater lost in a [landslide](/wiki/Landslide_victory \"Landslide victory\"), he won South Carolina with 59% of the vote compared to President Johnson's 41%.{{cite news\\|last\\=Sabato\\|first\\=Larry J.\\|date\\=October 27, 2014\\|title\\=How Goldwater Changed Campaigns Forever\\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico\\|Politico (magazine)]]\\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/barry\\-goldwater\\-lasting\\-legacy\\-112210/\\|access\\-date\\=August 23, 2021}} Senate Republicans were lukewarm to Thurmond due to their \"super minority\" of only 32 seats in the Senate prior to Thurmond's switch,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/682280/generalelection\\_USSenator.pdf \\|title\\=United States Senator: 1914–2014 \\|website\\=Vermont State Archives and Records Administration \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053355/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/682280/generalelection\\_USSenator.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2021 }} and voted for committee assignments granting Thurmond the ability \"to keep at least some of the seniority power he had gained as a Democrat.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/16/archives/gop\\-senators\\-approve\\-assignments\\-to\\-thurmond.html\\|title\\=G.O.P. Senators Approve Assignments to Thurmond\\|date\\=January 16, 1965\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Following the election, Johnson continued to push through Civil Rights legislation, most notably the [Voting Rights Act](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act \"Voting Rights Act\") in 1965, which committed the federal government to enforce voting rights of citizens by the supervision of elections in states with noted record of voter suppression and disenfranchisement.One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work in the public domain: \"Introduction to Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Effect of the Voting Rights Act\". www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro\\_c.php. U.S. Department of Justice. June 19, 2009\\. Retrieved February 10, 2021\\. Thurmond explained his opposition to the Voting Rights Act as being opposed to its authorization of the federal government to determine the processes behind how statewide elections are conducted and insisted he was not against black voter turnout.Cohodas, p. 13\\. During floor debate on the bill, Thurmond espoused that the VRA would lead to \"despotism and tyranny.\"May, Gary (April 9, 2013\\). Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy (Kindle ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-465\\-01846\\-8}}. With the Voting Rights Act passing into law by a slightly larger margin than the Civil Rights Act, Thurmond's opposition to civil rights had proven as ineffective as a Republican as it had been as a Democrat.\"Senate Vote \\#78 in 1965: To Pass S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965\". govtrack.us. Civic Impulse, LLC. www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89\\-1965/s78\\. Retrieved February 10, 2021\\.",
"In 1965, [L. Mendel Rivers](/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers \"L. Mendel Rivers\") became chairman of the [House Armed Services Committee](/wiki/House_Armed_Services_Committee \"House Armed Services Committee\"), commentator Wayne King crediting Thurmond's involvement with Rivers as giving Rivers' district \"an even dozen military installations that are said to account for one‐third to one‐half of the jobs in the area.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/09/archives/federal\\-funds\\-pour\\-into\\-sunbelt\\-states.html\\|title\\=Federal Funds Pour Into Sunbelt States\\|date\\=February 9, 1976\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In his [1966 re\\-election campaign](/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina \"1966 United States Senate election in South Carolina\"), the new Republican senator faced no opposition in the primary,{{cite news\\|date\\=June 12, 1966\\|title\\=Major Democrats Go To Line In Primaries\\|newspaper\\=The Santa Fe New Mexican}} and competed against Bradley Morrah Jr. in the general election campaign.{{cite news\\|date\\=February 19, 1992\\|title\\=P. Bradley Morrah Jr.\\|newspaper\\=Orlando Sentinel\\|url\\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1992/02/19/p\\-bradley\\-morrah\\-jr/}} Morrah avoided direct charges against Thurmond's record and generally spoke of his own ambitions in the event he was elected,{{cite news\\|date\\=May 7, 1966\\|title\\=Democratic Hopefuls Seek U.S. Senate Votes\\|newspaper\\=The Greenville News}} later referring to Thurmond's time in the Senate as being ineffective.{{cite news\\|date\\=November 8, 1966\\|title\\=S. C. Voters Face Extra\\-Long Ballot In Today's Election\\|publisher\\=Aiken Standard and Review}} Thurmond won election with 62\\.2 percent of the vote (271,297 votes) to Morrah's 37\\.8 percent (164,955 votes). In 1966, former governor [Ernest \"Fritz\" Hollings](/wiki/Ernest_Hollings \"Ernest Hollings\") won South Carolina's other Senate seat in a special election. He and Thurmond served together for just over 36 years, making them the longest\\-serving Senate duo in American history.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/06/710570942/former\\-sen\\-fritz\\-hollings\\-97\\-has\\-died\\|title\\=Former Sen. 'Fritz' Hollings, 97, Has Died\\|date\\=April 6, 2019\\|publisher\\=NPR}}",
"At the start of the [89th United States Congress](/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress \"89th United States Congress\"), Thurmond was appointed to the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on Constitutional Rights.{{cite news\\|date\\=January 18, 1967\\|title\\=Thurmond Replaces Javits On a Rights Subcommittee\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/18/archives/thurmond\\-replaces\\-javits\\-on\\-a\\-rights\\-subcommittee.html}} In March, Thurmond won unanimous approval to have Clark's remarks removed from the record following an argument the senators had after Clark mentioned that [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\") would be included in the Pentagon's list of twenty\\-five American cities that would get priority in their antimissile protection and attributed this to House Armed Services Committee Chairman Rivers' influence.{{cite news\\|date\\=March 22, 1967\\|title\\=Senate Endorses Defenses, Then Argues About Locale\\|newspaper\\=Lawrence Journal\\-World\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2199\\&dat\\=19670322\\&id\\=gcxTAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5578,2338235}} In June 1967, Johnson nominated [Thurgood Marshall](/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall \"Thurgood Marshall\") to be the first African\\-American Justice on the Supreme Court,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/thinktank/Supreme\\-Court\\-nomination\\-that\\-changed\\-the\\-nation.html\\|title\\=Supreme Court nomination that changed the nation\\|date\\=September 28, 2015\\|first\\=Wil\\|last\\=Haygood\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094350/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/thinktank/Supreme\\-Court\\-nomination\\-that\\-changed\\-the\\-nation.html\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Thurmond joined [Sam Ervin](/wiki/Sam_Ervin \"Sam Ervin\"), [Spessard Holland](/wiki/Spessard_Holland \"Spessard Holland\"), and [James Eastland](/wiki/James_Eastland \"James Eastland\") in calling Marshall a \"Constitutional iconoclast\" in Senate debate.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/marshall\\-confirmed\\-supreme\\-court\\-justice\\-1967\\-article\\-1\\.2340894\\|title\\=Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as Supreme Court Justice in 1967\\|date\\=August 29, 2015\\|newspaper\\=The New York Daily News}} Thurmond questioned Marshall for an hour \"on fine points of constitutional law and history\",{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/20/archives/marshall\\-is\\-questioned\\-on\\-fine\\-points\\-of\\-the\\-law\\-thurmond\\-presses.html\\|title\\=Marshall Is Questioned on Fine Points of the Law; Thurmond Presses Nominee to Court With More Than 60 Complicated Queries\\|date\\=July 20, 1967\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} and accused Marshall of having evaded questions on his legal principles during committee hearings.{{cite news\\|title\\=In Hearing Strom Raps Marshall For Ducking Issue\\|date\\=August 11, 1967\\|newspaper\\=The Greenville News}} Marshall was still confirmed by the Senate at the end of that month.Graham, Fred P. (August 31, 1967\\), [\"Senate Confirms Marshall As the First Negro Justice; 10 Southerners Oppose High Court Nominee in 69\\-to\\-11 Vote\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1967/08/31/archives/senate-confirms-marshall-as-the-first-negro-justice-10-southerners.html), *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*. Later that year, Thurmond attributed the [1967 USS *Forrestal* fire](/wiki/1967_USS_Forrestal_fire \"1967 USS Forrestal fire\") to being precipitated by communists,{{cite news\\|date\\=July 31, 1967\\|title\\=Thurmond Charges Red\\-Inspired\\|publisher\\=Panama City News\\-Herald}} and warned against enacting any of the three proposed [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal \"Panama Canal\") treaties on the grounds that they would lead to Communist control of the waterway if enacted.{{cite news\\|date\\=September 3, 1967\\|title\\=Thurmond Warns of Peril To Panama Canal in Pacts\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/09/03/archives/thurmond\\-warns\\-of\\-peril\\-to\\-panama\\-canal\\-in\\-pacts.html}}",
"In 1968, Chief Justice [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\") decided to retire, and Johnson subsequently nominated [Abe Fortas](/wiki/Abe_Fortas \"Abe Fortas\") to succeed him.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/gop\\-cynicism\\-on\\-the\\-supreme\\-court\\-reaches\\-a\\-new\\-low\\|title\\=GOP Cynicism on the Supreme Court Reaches a New Low\\|first\\=Jay\\|last\\=Michaelson\\|date\\=February 15, 2016\\|newspaper\\=The Daily Beast}} On the third day of hearings, Thurmond questioned Fortas over *[Mallory v. United States](/wiki/McNabb-Mallory_rule \"McNabb-Mallory rule\")* (1957\\), a case taking place before Fortas's tenure, but for which he was nonetheless held responsible by Thurmond.{{cite book\\|title\\=Abe Fortas: A Biography\\|first\\=Laura\\|last\\=Kalman\\|pages\\=340–341\\|year\\=1992\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0300052589}} Thurmond asked Fortas if the Supreme Court decision in the *Mallory v. United States* case was an encouragement of individuals to commit serious crimes such as rape and if he believed in \"that kind of justice\", an inquiry that shocked even the usually stoic Fortas. Thurmond displayed sex magazines, which he called \"obscene, foul, putrid, filthy and repulsive\", to validate his charges that Supreme Court rulings overturning obscenity convictions had led to a large wave of hardcore pornography material. Thurmond stated that Fortas had backed overturning 23 of the 26 lower court obscenity decisions.{{cite news\\|title\\=Senate Committee Asks Fortas to Testify Again: Thurmond Brandishes Nude Magazines, Assails Justice for Rulings on Obscenity\\|date\\=July 24, 1968\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times}} Thurmond also arranged for the screening of explicit films that Fortas had purportedly legalized to be played before reporters and his own Senate colleagues.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2005\\-may\\-03\\-oe\\-greenberg3\\-story.html\\|title\\=The Republicans' Filibuster Lie\\|date\\=May 3, 2005\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times}} In September, Vice President [Hubert Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey \"Hubert Humphrey\") spoke of a deal made between Thurmond and Nixon over Thurmond's opposition to the Fortas nomination.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/09/14/archives/humphrey\\-scores\\-the\\-same\\-nixon\\-sees\\-a\\-deal\\-with\\-thurmond\\-on\\-fortas.html\\|title\\=Humphrey Scores 'the Same Nixon'; Sees a Deal With Thurmond on Fortas \\-\\- Also Chides Opponent on Atom Pact Humphrey Criticizes 'The Same Nixon' \\|date\\=September 14, 1968\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Both Nixon{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/09/14/archives/nixon\\-rejects\\-charge.html\\|title\\=Nixon Rejects Charge\\|date\\=September 14, 1968\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} and Thurmond denied Humphrey's claims, Thurmond saying that he had never discussed the nomination with Nixon while conceding the latter had unsuccessfully tried to sway him from opposing Fortas.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/09/14/archives/thurmond\\-denies\\-deal.html\\|title\\=Thurmond Promotes Nixon's Cause Deep in Wallace Country\\|date\\=September 14, 1968\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In the lead\\-up to the [1968 United States Presidential election](/wiki/1968_United_States_Presidential_election \"1968 United States Presidential election\"), Thurmond stated that President Johnson could be defeated in a re\\-election bid by a Republican challenger since the candidate was likely to be less obnoxious than the president.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sen. Thurmond Sees Defeat Of Johnson\\|date\\=October 24, 1966\\|publisher\\=Aiken Standard And Review}} Thurmond was an early supporter of a second presidential campaign by Nixon, his backing coming from the latter's position on the Vietnam War,Black, p. 474\\. Thurmond promising Nixon that he would not give in to the \"depredations of the [Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") forces.\"{{cite book\\|title\\=Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full\\|first\\=Conrad\\|last\\=Black\\|isbn\\=978\\-1586485191\\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=PublicAffairs\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_9781586485191/page/526 526]\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_9781586485191/page/526}} During the general election campaign, Nixon's running mate [Spiro Agnew](/wiki/Spiro_Agnew \"Spiro Agnew\") stated that he did not believe Thurmond was a racist when asked his opinion on the matter,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1913\\&dat\\=19680921\\&id\\=LZwgAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2769,2154085\\|title\\=Agnew's Worries Are Over\\|first\\=Clayton\\|last\\=Fritchey\\|publisher\\=Lewiston Evening Journal\\|date\\=September 21, 1968}} and Thurmond participated in a two\\-day tour of Georgia during October where he warned that [American Independent Party](/wiki/American_Independent_Party \"American Independent Party\") candidate [George Wallace](/wiki/George_Wallace \"George Wallace\") would split the vote and give the election to Democratic nominee [Hubert Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey \"Hubert Humphrey\") by having the Democratic\\-majority House of Representatives select him in the event none of the candidates received enough electoral votes to win the presidency outright. Thurmond also predicted that Nixon would carry Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, Texas and Tennessee.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/60323366/\\|title\\=Thurmond Woos Wallace Voters\\|publisher\\=The Bridgepost Post\\|date\\=October 24, 1968}} Nixon carried each of these states with the exception of Texas.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?f\\=0\\&fips\\=48\\&year\\=1968\\|title\\=1968 Presidential General Election Results – Texas\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2018}}",
"Thurmond decried the Supreme Court opinion in *[Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education](/wiki/Alexander_v._Holmes_County_Board_of_Education \"Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education\")* (1969\\), which ordered the immediate desegregation of schools in the American South.Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (September 1979\\). *The Brethren*, Simon \\& Schuster. {{ISBN\\|0\\-671\\-24110\\-9}}. Page 56\\. This had followed continued Southern resistance for more than a decade to desegregation following the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in *[Brown v. Board of Education](/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education \"Brown v. Board of Education\")* that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Thurmond praised President Nixon and his \"Southern Strategy\" of delaying desegregation, saying Nixon \"stood with the South in this case\". In 1969, Thurmond opined that *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* \"had a conflict of interest in its attacks on Otto F. Otepka's appointment to the Subversive Activities Control Board.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/04/26/archives/thurmond\\-scores\\-times\\-on\\-otepka\\-charges\\-newspaper\\-has\\-a\\-conflict\\-of.html\\|title\\=Thurmond Scores Times on Otepka; Charges Newspaper Has a Conflict of Interest\\|date\\=April 25, 1969\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} and called for Associate Justice [William O. Douglas](/wiki/William_O._Douglas \"William O. Douglas\") to resign over what he considered political activities,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/05/30/archives/thurmond\\-urges\\-douglas\\-to\\-quit\\-in\\-newsletter\\-he\\-denounces\\-political.html\\|title\\=Thurmond Urges Douglas to Quit; In Newsletter, He Denounces 'Political Activity' \\|date\\=May 30, 1969\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} a request which Douglas ignored.{{cite web \\|title\\=Members of the Supreme Court of the United States \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Supreme Court of the United States]] \\|url\\=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429170327/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In the latter part of the year, President Nixon nominated [Clement Haynsworth](/wiki/Clement_Haynsworth \"Clement Haynsworth\") for associate justice.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/22/archives/nixon\\-submits\\-nomination\\-of\\-haynsworth\\-to\\-senate.html\\|title\\=Nixon Submits Nomination Of Haynsworth to Senate\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=August 22, 1969 }}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/18/archives/haynsworth\\-gains\\-votes\\-of\\-2\\-more.html\\|title\\=Haynsworth Gains Votes Of 2 More\\|date\\=November 18, 1969\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} This came after the White House consulted with Thurmond throughout all of July, as Thurmond had become impressed with Haynsworth following their close collaboration. Thurmond wrote to Haynsworth that he had worked harder on his nomination than any other that had occurred since his Senate career began.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Origins of the Southern Strategy\\|year\\=2001\\|first\\=Bruce H.\\|last\\=Kalk\\|page\\=94\\|isbn\\=978\\-0739102428\\|publisher\\=Lexington Books}} The Haynsworth nomination was rejected in the Senate.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=2355\\|title\\=472 – Remarks on the Decision of Judge Clement F. Haynsworth Jr., To Continue as Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit\\|date\\=December 4, 1969\\|first\\=Richard\\|last\\=Nixon\\|author\\-link\\=Richard Nixon}} Years later, at a 1977 hearing, Thurmond told Haynsworth, \"It's a pity you are not on the Supreme Court today. Several senators who voted against you have told me they would vote for you if they had it to do again.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/03/15/senate\\-views\\-on\\-haynsworth\\-changed/7ef35b47\\-dd26\\-4402\\-badc\\-8b55908f8e92/\\|title\\=Senate Views on Haynsworth Changed\\|date\\=March 15, 1977\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}",
"In 1969, *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* ran a story accusing Thurmond of receiving \"an extraordinarily high payment for land\". Thurmond responded to the claim by calling the tale a liberal smear intended to damage his political influence,{{cite news\\|date\\=September 16, 1969\\|title\\=Thurmond Scores an Article in Life; Terms Contention on Land Deal a 'Liberal Smear'\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/09/16/archives/thurmond\\-scores\\-an\\-article\\-in\\-life\\-terms\\-contention\\-on\\-land\\-deal\\-a.html}} later calling the magazine \"anti\\-South\".{{cite news\\|date\\=September 20, 1969\\|title\\=Thurmond Rebuts the Life Article; Says Magazine Is Trying to 'Destroy' Him Politically\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/09/20/archives/thurmond\\-rebuts\\-the\\-life\\-article\\-says\\-magazine\\-is\\-trying\\-to\\-destroy.html}} and a few days later, Thurmond named executive director of the South Carolina Democratic Party [Donald L. Fowler](/wiki/Donald_L._Fowler \"Donald L. Fowler\") as the individual who had spread the story, a charge that Fowler denied.{{cite news\\|date\\=September 22, 1969\\|title\\=Thurmond Says Fowler Aided Magazine Team; Latter Denies It\\|publisher\\=Aiken Standard\\|url\\=https://newspaperarchive.com/aiken\\-standard\\-and\\-review\\-sep\\-22\\-1969\\-p\\-1/}}",
"### Early 1970s",
"In 1970, African\\-Americans constituted about 30 percent of South Carolina's population.Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay (September 2002\\). [\"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States\"](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056\\.html \\|date\\=December 24, 2014 }}. U.S. Bureau of the Census – Population Division. After the [Voting Rights Act of 1965](/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 \"Voting Rights Act of 1965\"), African Americans were legally protected in exercising their constitutional rights to register and vote in South Carolina. Thurmond appointed Thomas Moss, an African American, to his Senate staff in 1971\\. It has been described as the first such appointment by a member of the South Carolina congressional delegation (it was incorrectly reported by many sources as the first senatorial appointment of an African American, but Mississippi Senator [Pat Harrison](/wiki/Pat_Harrison \"Pat Harrison\") had hired clerk\\-librarian Jesse Nichols in 1937\\). In 1983, Thurmond supported legislation to make the birthday of [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. \"Martin Luther King Jr.\") a [federal holiday](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day \"Martin Luther King Jr. Day\"). In South Carolina, the honor was diluted; until 2000 the state offered employees the option to celebrate this holiday or substitute one of three Confederate holidays instead. Despite this, Thurmond never explicitly renounced his earlier views on racial segregation.{{cite news\n \\|last\\=Stroud\n \\|first\\=Joseph\n \\|title\\=Dixiecrat Legacy: An end, a beginning\n \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\n \\|page\\=1Y\n \\|date\\=July 12, 1998\n\\|url\\=http://www.slate.com/id/2075662\n \\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2007}}{{cite news\\|title\\=What About Byrd?\\|work\\=Slate\\|date\\=December 18, 2002\\|url\\=http://www.slate.com/id/2075662\\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2007}}{{cite news\n \\|title\\=Strom Thurmond's Evolution.\n \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Ledger]]\n \\|location\\=\\[\\[Lakeland, FL]]\n \\|page\\=6A\n \\|date\\=November 23, 1977\n \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1347\\&dat\\=19771123\\&id\\=KL8SAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2976,6847917\n \\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2011\n }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=March 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite news\\|title\\=Jesse R. Nichols\\|url\\=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Nichols\\_preface.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2010}}",
"In January 1970, Thurmond asserted that he would work \"to reverse the unreasonable and impractical decisions of the Supreme Court\", as well as assist with the appointment of \"sound judges\" and uphold the Nixon administration's position for resumption of tax‐exempt status among all private schools.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/16/archives/southern\\-white\\-leaders\\-voice\\-anger\\-and\\-dismay\\-over\\-integration.html\\|title\\=Southern White Leaders Voice Anger and Dismay Over Integration Ruling\\|first\\=Murray\\|last\\=Illson\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=January 16, 1970}} In a 1970 speech, Thurmond called on [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") to increase defense spending and take a larger role in resisting communism in Asia. Thurmond also defended the Vietnam policy of the Nixon administration, saying that the president was making the best of the situation that he had inherited from Kennedy and Johnson while admitting he personally favored a total victory in the war.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/21/archives/thurmond\\-urges\\-japan\\-to\\-step\\-up\\-defense\\-effort\\-senator\\-speaking\\-in.html\\|title\\=Thurmond Urges Japan to Step Up Defense Effort\\|date\\=September 21, 1970\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} On April 11, 1971, Thurmond called for the exoneration of [William Calley](/wiki/William_Calley \"William Calley\") following his conviction of participating in the [My Lai Massacre](/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre \"My Lai Massacre\"), stating that the \"victims at Mylai were casualties to the brutality of war\" and Calley had acted off of order.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/12/archives/calley\\-exoneration\\-urged\\-by\\-thurmond.html\\|title\\=Calley Exoneration Urged by Thurmond\\|date\\=April 12, 1971\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Calley's petition for habeas corpus was granted three years later, in addition to his immediate release from house arrest.Linder, Douglas. \"JURIST – The My Lai Massacre Trial\", JURIST – The My Lai Massacre Trial. March 2000\\. In January 1975, Thurmond and [William Scott](/wiki/William_L._Scott \"William L. Scott\") toured South Vietnam, Thurmond receiving a medal from President of South Vietnam [Nguyễn Văn Thiệu](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u \"Nguyễn Văn Thiệu\"). The award was seen as part of an attempt by South Vietnam to court American congressional votes in its favor.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/04/archives/a\\-gain\\-in\\-battle\\-is\\-reported\\-by\\-saigon.html\\|title\\=A Gain in Battle Is Reported by Saigon\\|date\\=January 4, 1975\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In February 1971, Senate Republicans voted unanimously to bestow Thurmond full seniority, the vote being seen as \"little more than a gesture since committee assignments are the major item settled by seniority and Senator Thurmond has his.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/10/archives/senate\\-republicans\\-give\\-thurmond\\-full\\-seniority.html\\|title\\=Senate Republicans Give Thurmond Full Seniority\\|date\\=February 10, 1971\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In June, Thurmond advocated against lifting the trade embargo on the [People's Republic of China](/wiki/China \"China\"), stating that its [communist regime](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party \"Chinese Communist Party\") had engaged in a propaganda effort to weaken support for the embargo.{{cite news\\|title\\=Strom, Nixon rift\\|date\\=June 14, 1971\\|publisher\\=The Delta Democrat\\-Times}} Nevertheless, days later, President Nixon ordered an end to the embargo.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/inatl/longterm/flash/june/china71\\.htm\\|title\\=U.S. Ends Ban on China Trade; Items Are Listed\\|first\\=Carroll\\|last\\=Kilpatrick\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/11/archives/president\\-ends\\-21year\\-embargo\\-on\\-peking\\-trade\\-authorizes\\-export\\-of.html\\|title\\=President Ends 21\\-year Embargo on Peking Trade\\|first\\=Robert B. Jr.\\|last\\=Semple\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=June 11, 1971 }}",
"On February 4, 1972, Thurmond sent a secret memo to [William Timmons](/wiki/William_Timmons_%28lobbyist%29 \"William Timmons (lobbyist)\") (in his capacity as an aide to Richard Nixon) and [United States Attorney General](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General \"United States Attorney General\") [John N. Mitchell](/wiki/John_N._Mitchell \"John N. Mitchell\"), with an attached file from the [Senate Internal Security Subcommittee](/wiki/Senate_Internal_Security_Subcommittee \"Senate Internal Security Subcommittee\"), urging that British musician [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon%23Political_activism \"John Lennon#Political activism\") (then living in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")) be deported from the United States as an [undesirable alien](/wiki/Undesirable_alien \"Undesirable alien\"), due to Lennon's political views and activism.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/08/archives/deportation\\-of\\-lennon\\-barred\\-by\\-court\\-of\\-appeals.html\\|title\\=Deportation of Lennon Barred by Court of Appeals\\|date\\=October 8, 1975\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} The document claimed Lennon's influence on young people could affect Nixon's chances of [re\\-election](/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election \"1972 United States presidential election\"), and suggested that terminating Lennon's visa might be \"a strategy counter\\-measure\". Thurmond's memo and attachment, received by the White House on February 7, 1972, initiated the Nixon administration's persecution of John Lennon that threatened the former [Beatle](/wiki/Beatle \"Beatle\") with deportation for nearly five years from 1972 to 1976\\. The documents were discovered in the [FBI](/wiki/FBI \"FBI\") files after a [Freedom of Information Act](/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_%28United_States%29 \"Freedom of Information Act (United States)\") search by Professor [Jon Wiener](/wiki/Jon_Wiener \"Jon Wiener\"), and published in Weiner's book *Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files* (2000\\).{{cite book \\|title\\=Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files \\|author\\=Wiener, Jon \\|year\\=2000\n\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-22246\\-5\\|publisher\\=University of California \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/gimmesometruthjo00wien\\|url\\-access\\=registration }} They are discussed in the [documentary](/wiki/Documentary \"Documentary\") film, *[The U.S. vs. John Lennon](/wiki/The_U.S._vs._John_Lennon \"The U.S. vs. John Lennon\")* (2006\\).",
"In July 1973, Thurmond was one of ten Republican senators in a group headed by [Carl T. Curtis](/wiki/Carl_T._Curtis \"Carl T. Curtis\") invited to the White House to reaffirm their support for President Nixon in light of recent scandals and criticism of the president within his own party.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/12/archives/10\\-at\\-white\\-house\\-conservative\\-senators\\-tell\\-president\\-they\\-still.html\\|title\\=10 AT WHITE HOUSE\\|first\\=R. W. Jr.\\|last\\=Apple\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=July 12, 1973}} In October, after President Nixon ordered the firing of independent special prosecutor [Archibald Cox](/wiki/Archibald_Cox \"Archibald Cox\"), Democrat [Birch Bayh](/wiki/Birch_Bayh \"Birch Bayh\") charged Thurmond with \"browbeating\" Cox during Senate Judiciary Committee hearings on the firing. Thurmond replied that Bayh was \"below a snake\" in the event that he had intended to impugn his motives. Thurmond was noted for joining [Edward J. Gurney](/wiki/Edward_J._Gurney \"Edward J. Gurney\") in questioning Cox \"at length in an attempt to show that he was biased against\" Nixon and his administration, as Thurmond asked Cox if eleven members of his staff had worked for Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/01/archives/senate\\-panels\\-hearings\\-on\\-dismissal\\-of\\-cox\\-fall\\-into\\-partisan.html\\|title\\=Senate Panel's Hearings on Dismissal of Cox Fall Into Partisan Bickering\\|date\\=November 1, 1973\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In May 1974, Thurmond, along with [William L. Scott](/wiki/William_L._Scott \"William L. Scott\") and [James B. Allen](/wiki/James_Allen_%28U.S._senator%29 \"James Allen (U.S. senator)\") agreed with Senator [Carl T. Curtis](/wiki/Carl_T._Curtis \"Carl T. Curtis\") on the equation of resignation with mob rule and the group declined defending Nixon's conduct. Thurmond opined that Nixon was \"the only President we have\" and questioned why Congress would want to weaken his hand in negotiating with other countries.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/14/archives/leading\\-senators\\-refuse\\-to\\-press\\-nixon\\-on\\-quitting\\-conservatives\\-of.html\\|title\\=Leading Senators Refuse to Press Nixon on Quitting\\|date\\=May 15, 1974\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In August, *[Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")* published a list by the White House including Thurmond as one of thirty\\-six senators that the administration believed would support President Nixon in the event of his impeachment and being brought to trial by the Senate.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/05/archives/36\\-senators\\-seen\\-as\\-nixon\\-backers\\-magazine\\-says\\-7\\-democrats\\-may.html\\|title\\=36 SENATORS SEEN AS NIXON BACKERS\\|date\\=August 5, 1974\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Nixon resigned on August 9 in light of near\\-certain impeachment.{{cite news\\| newspaper \\= The Washington Post\\| title \\= Nixon Resigns\\| series \\= The Watergate Story \\| url \\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3\\.html\\| access\\-date \\= July 16, 2011}}",
"Throughout the 1970s, Thurmond took several actions against [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"). In June 1974, Senator [Henry M. Jackson](/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson \"Henry M. Jackson\") informed Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee [John C. Stennis](/wiki/John_C._Stennis \"John C. Stennis\") that he had arranged for Thurmond to cosponsor an amendment revising the present export control system and restricting trade with the Soviet Union while granting the Defense Secretary power to veto any export that might \"significantly increase the military capability\" of either the Soviet Union or other Communist countries.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/08/archives/mansfield\\-stalls\\-a\\-jackson\\-trade\\-plan\\-quiet\\-day\\-chosen.html\\|title\\=Mansfield Stalls a Jackson Trade Plan\\|date\\=June 8, 1974\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In June 1975, as the Senate weighed a reduction in a $25 billion weapons procurement measure and to delete research funds to improve the accuracy and power of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads, Thurmond and [Harry F. Byrd Jr.](/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr. \"Harry F. Byrd Jr.\") warned that the Soviet Union was attempting an increase on its missile accuracy and advocated for the United States to follow suit with its own missiles.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/05/archives/senate\\-rejects\\-a\\-12billion\\-cut\\-in\\-arms\\-budget\\-it\\-also\\-defeats\\-5242\\.html\\|title\\=Senate Rejects $1\\.2–81 Won Cut in Arms Budget\\|date\\=June 5, 1975\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Later that month, Thurmond and [Jesse Helms](/wiki/Jesse_Helms \"Jesse Helms\") wrote to President Ford requesting he meet with [Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn](/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn \"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn\") ahead of a speech on June 30 during an [AFL–CIO](/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO \"AFL–CIO\") dinner. The White House responded that Ford was too busy to meet with Solzhenitsyn, while later sources indicate Ford declined the meeting at the counsel of his advisors.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/17/archives/kissinger\\-sees\\-perils\\-in\\-solzhenitsyns\\-views\\-secretary\\-says\\-meeting.html\\|title\\=Kissinger Sees Perils in Solzhenitsyn's Views\\|date\\=July 17, 1975\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In December 1979, Thurmond was one of ten senators on the Senate Armed Services Committee to sign a report urging President Carter to delay the vote on a proposed treaty between the US and Soviet Union to limit nuclear arms.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/21/archives/senate\\-panel\\-votes\\-antitreaty\\-report\\-armed\\-services\\-committee\\-says.html\\|title\\=Senate Panel Votes Antitreaty Report\\|date\\=December 21, 1979\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"### Late 1970s",
"In the 1976 Republican primary, President Ford faced a challenge from former California Governor Ronald Reagan, who selected [Richard Schweiker](/wiki/Richard_Schweiker \"Richard Schweiker\") as his running mate.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/us/richard\\-s\\-schweiker\\-reagan\\-confidant\\-dies\\-at\\-89\\.html\\|title\\=Richard S. Schweiker, Former Senator and Reagan Confidant, Dies at 89\\|first\\=Robert D.\\|last\\=McFadden\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=August 4, 2015}} Though Thurmond backed Reagan's candidacy, he, along with North Carolina Senator [Jesse Helms](/wiki/Jesse_Helms \"Jesse Helms\"), led efforts to oust Schweiker from the ticket.{{cite book\\|title\\=Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/reagansrevolutio0000shir/page/302 302]\\|first\\=Craig\\|last\\=Shirley\\|year\\=2005\\|isbn\\=978\\-0785260493\\|publisher\\=Thomas Nelson Inc.\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/reagansrevolutio0000shir/page/302}} During the subsequent [general election](/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election \"1976 United States presidential election\"), Thurmond appeared in a campaign commercial for incumbent U.S. President [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford \"Gerald Ford\") in his race against Thurmond's fellow [Southerner](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"), former [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia \"Governor of Georgia\") [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\"). In the commercial, Thurmond said Ford (who was born in [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\") and spent most of his life in [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\")) \"sound\\[ed] more like a [Southerner](/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States \"Politics of the Southern United States\") than [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\")\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1976/strom\\-thurmond\\|title\\=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1976 – Strom Thurmond\\|website\\=www.livingroomcandidate.org}} After President\\-elect Carter nominated [Theodore C. Sorensen](/wiki/Theodore_C._Sorensen \"Theodore C. Sorensen\") as his choice to become [Director of the Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Director of the Central Intelligence Agency\"), Thurmond expressed reservations{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/17/archives/carter\\-stands\\-firm\\-supports\\-sorensen\\-as\\-director\\-of\\-cia\\-calls.html\\|title\\=Carter Stands Firm, Supports Sorensen As Director of C.I.A.\\|date\\=January 17, 1977\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} and fellow Senator [Jake Garn](/wiki/Jake_Garn \"Jake Garn\") said he believed Thurmond would not vote for the nomination.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/01/16/sorensen\\-nomination\\-in\\-trouble/f87dfb27\\-eece\\-4aa5\\-a4fe\\-91e45df23c97/\\|title\\=Sorensen Nomination In Trouble\\|date\\=January 16, 1977\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} Sorensen withdrew from consideration days later, before a vote could be had.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/01/18/sorensen\\-withdraws\\-as\\-nominee\\-for\\-cia/15e7e124\\-d5b6\\-4256\\-a9ae\\-7947e8a27952/\\|title\\=Sorensen Withdraws As Nominee for CIA\\|date\\=January 18, 1977\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/01/ted\\-sorensen\\-jfk\\-speechwriter\\-dies\\|title\\=Ted Sorensen, JFK's speechwriter and confidant, dies at 82 \\|date\\=November 1, 2010\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian}}",
"In 1974,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/16/archives/storm\\-over\\-the\\-crnal\\-the\\-military\\-and\\-economic\\-importance\\-of\\-the.html\\|title\\=Storm Over the Canal\\|first\\=Richard\\|last\\=Hudson\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=May 16, 1976}} Thurmond and Democrat [John L. McClellan](/wiki/John_L._McClellan \"John L. McClellan\") wrote a resolution to continue American sovereignty by the Panama Canal and zone. Thurmond stated that the rhetoric delivered by Secretary of State [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\") suggested that the \"Canal Zone is already Panamanian territory and the only question involved is the transfer of jurisdiction.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/30/archives/32\\-senators\\-back\\-resolution\\-opposing\\-panama\\-canal\\-pact\\-false.html\\|title\\=32 Senators Back Resolution Opposing Panama Canal Pact\\|date\\=March 30, 1974\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In the late 1970s, Thurmond advocated for forging a new relationship with Panama but against the U.S. giving up sovereignty to the Canal Zone. Thurmond doubted Panama's ability to govern alone: \"There is no way that a Panamanian government could be objective about the administration of an enterprise so large in comparison to the rest of the national enterprise, public and private.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Keep Sovereignty, Maintains Thurmond\\|date\\=August 9, 1977\\|publisher\\=Florence Morning News}} In late August 1977, *The New York Times* wrote \"President Carter can be grateful that the opposition to his compromise Panama treaty is now being led by Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina and Senator [Jesse Helms](/wiki/Jesse_Helms \"Jesse Helms\") of [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\").\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/24/archives/carter\\-panama\\-and\\-china.html\\|title\\=Carter, Panama And China\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Reston\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=August 24, 1977}} Speaking on the Panama Canal neutrality treaty, Thurmond said it was \"the big giveaway of the century.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/17/archives/new\\-jersey\\-pages\\-senate\\-6832\\-approves\\-first\\-of\\-2\\-panama\\-pacts.html\\|title\\=Senate, 68\\-32, Approves First of 2 Panama Pacts; Carter Hails 'Courage'\\|date\\=March 17, 1978\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/17/senate\\-votes\\-1st\\-canal\\-treaty\\-68\\-32/25bd9307\\-63f9\\-4cfb\\-a03c\\-0d607b638c0f/\\|title\\=Senate Votes 1st Canal Treaty, 68\\-32\\|first\\=Haynes\\|last\\=Johnson\\|date\\=March 17, 1978\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} The treaty was ratified by the Senate on March 16, 1978\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/17/senate\\-votes\\-1st\\-canal\\-treaty\\-68\\-32/3ef6d749\\-d62f\\-4705\\-a610\\-0dda73f978f7/\\|title\\=Senate Votes 1st Canal Treaty, 68\\-32\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=March 17, 1978}}",
"In his general election campaign, Thurmond faced Charles Ravenel, a local banker and former gubernatorial candidate.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/former\\-charleston\\-political\\-figure\\-charles\\-pug\\-ravenel\\-passed\\-away\\-saturday/article\\_828625f2\\-122a\\-11e7\\-9d23\\-3bb1f230ff6f.html\\|title\\=Former Charleston political figure Charles 'Pug' Ravenel passed away Saturday \\|first\\=Schuyler\\|last\\=Kropfc\\|publisher\\=postandcourier.com\\|date\\=March 26, 2017}} Ravenel charged Thurmond with not standing up for South Carolina's educational needs and having been behind the lack of funding. Thurmond responded to the charges by stating that he thought the state had made advancements in its education system.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1876\\&dat\\=19781017\\&id\\=O1YsAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6872,4518017\\|title\\=Thurmond Defends Education\\|publisher\\=Herald\\=Journal}} Thurmond and Ravenel made a joint appearance in April, where Thurmond discussed his position on a variety of issues.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/07/archives/thurmonds\\-years\\-in\\-the\\-nation.html\\|title\\=Thurmond's Years\\|date\\=April 7, 1978\\|first\\=Toni\\|last\\=Wicker\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} The higher amount of African\\-Americans voting in elections was taken into account by the Ravenel campaign, which sought to gain this group of voters by reviving interest in older statements by Thurmond. In his courting of black voters, Thurmond was noted to have not undergone \"any ideological transformation\" but instead devoted himself to making personal contact with members of the minority group. Thurmond's influence in national politics allowed him to have correspondence with staffers from the Nixon administration which gave him \"a unique advantage in announcing federal grants and bird\\-dogging federal projects of particular interest to black voters.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/17/thurmonds\\-black\\-hope/49fe22d8\\-a223\\-4e9a\\-aa07\\-7d8b452fe395/\\|title\\=Thurmond's Black Hope\\|date\\=March 17, 1978\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} By May 1978, Thurmond held a 30\\-point lead over Ravenel among double digits of undecided voters.{{cite news\\|title\\=Polls Shows Thurmond Is Landsliding Ravenel\\|date\\=May 23, 1978\\|newspaper\\=The Atlanta Constitution}} Thurmond won a sixth term with 351,733 votes to Ravenel's 281,119\\. The race would later be assessed as the last serious challenge to Thurmond during his career.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1996\\-02\\-14\\-mn\\-35881\\-story.html\\|title\\=Campaign '96 / THE SENATE : Thurmond Thinking of an Eighth Term; Voters Aren't So Sure : Though popular, the 93\\-year\\-old Republican risks handing his seat to a Democrat if he runs again, observers say.\\|date\\=February 14, 1996\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times}}",
"In March 1979, after the Carter administration made an appeal to Congress for new powers to aid with the enforcement of federal laws as it pertains to housing discrimination, Thurmond refused to back the administration as he charged it with \"injecting itself in every facet of people's lives\" and said housing disputes should be settled in court.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/22/archives/congress\\-is\\-asked\\-for\\-power\\-to\\-fight\\-housing\\-bias\\-an\\-empty\\-promise.html\\|title\\=Congress Is Asked for Power to Fight Housing Bias\\|date\\=March 22, 1979\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In July, as the Senate weighed voting on the nomination of Assistant Attorney General [Patricia M. Wald](/wiki/Patricia_M._Wald \"Patricia M. Wald\") to the United States Court of Appeals in Washington, Thurmond joined [Paul Laxalt](/wiki/Paul_Laxalt \"Paul Laxalt\") and [Alan Simpson](/wiki/Alan_Simpson_%28U.S._politician%29 \"Alan Simpson (U.S. politician)\") in recording their opposition.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/18/archives/senate\\-panel\\-approves\\-13\\-judges.html\\|title\\=Senate Panel Approves 13 Judges\\|date\\=July 18, 1979\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Later that month, Thurmond asked Attorney General nominee [Benjamin R. Civiletti](/wiki/Benjamin_R._Civiletti \"Benjamin R. Civiletti\") if President Carter had made him give a pledge of loyalty or an assurance of complete independence.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/26/archives/civiletti\\-is\\-praised\\-at\\-senate\\-hearing\\-nominee\\-for\\-attorney\\-general.html\\|title\\=Civiletti Is Praised at Senate Hearing\\|first\\=Philip\\|last\\=Taubman\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=July 26, 1979}} In September, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved 30 of President Carter's nominees, the closest vote being waged against Abner J. Mikva, who the president had nominated for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Thurmond was one of the five Republicans to vote against Mikva.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/12/archives/senate\\-unit\\-approves\\-30\\-nominees\\-for\\-judgeships\\-rights\\-group.html\\|title\\=Senate Unit Approves 30 Nominees for Judgeships\\|date\\=September 12, 1979\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In November, President Carter nominated [José A. Cabranes](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Cabranes \"José A. Cabranes\") to fill a vacancy on the [United States District Court for the District of Connecticut](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Connecticut \"United States District Court for the District of Connecticut\"). Thurmond submitted a series of written questions to Cabranes, whose answers were credited with clarifying his views on issues.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/21/archives/a\\-puerto\\-rican\\-for\\-the\\-federal\\-court\\-jose\\-alberto\\-cabranes.html\\|title\\=A Puerto Rican for the Federal Court\\|date\\=December 12, 1979\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Cabranes was confirmed for the position.",
"Thurmond demonstrated several instances of bipartisanship with Democrats and President Carter. In May 1977, Thurmond made a joint appearance with President Carter in the Rose Garden in a show of unified support for proposed foreign intelligence surveillance legislation. Thurmond stated he had become convinced the legislation was needed from his service on the Armed Services Committee, the Judiciary Committee and the Intelligence Committee the previous year and lauded the bill for concurrently protecting the rights of Americans, as a warrant would have to be obtained from a judge in order to fulfill any inquiries.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=7526\\|title\\=Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Remarks of the President, Attorney General Bell, and Several Members of Congress on Proposed Legislation.\\|date\\=May 18, 1977\\|first\\=Jimmy\\|last\\=Carter\\|author\\-link\\=Jimmy Carter\\|publisher\\=American Presidency Project}} In July 1979, after the Carter administration unveiled a proposed governing charter for the FBI, Thurmond stated his support for its enactment, his backing being seen by *The New York Times* as an indication that the governing charter would face little conservative opposition.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/01/archives/carter\\-administration\\-unveils\\-proposed\\-fbi\\-charter\\-plans\\-to\\-review.html\\|title\\=Carter Administration Unveils Proposed F.B.I. Charter\\|first\\=Philip\\|last\\=Taubman\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=August 1, 1979}} In September, the Senate approved [Bailey Brown](/wiki/Bailey_Brown \"Bailey Brown\") as Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The nomination was one of the few votes in which Thurmond and Ted Kennedy joined forces in confirming.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/26/archives/javits\\-and\\-kennedy\\-clash\\-in\\-vote\\-on\\-judge\\-tied\\-to\\-allwhite\\-club.html\\|title\\=Javits and Kennedy Clash in Vote On Judge Tied to All\\-White Club\\|first\\=Jo\\|last\\=Thomas\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=September 26, 1979}} In October, President Carter signed the Federal Magistrate Act of 1979, an expansion of the jurisdiction of American magistrates in regards to civil and criminal cases. Carter noted Thurmond as one of the members of Congress who had shown leadership on the measure, without whose efforts it would have never passed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=31499\\|title\\=Federal Magistrate Act of 1979 Statement on Signing S. 237 Into Law\\|date\\=October 10, 1979\\|publisher\\=American Presidency Project\\|first\\=Jimmy\\|last\\=Carter\\|author\\-link\\=Jimmy Carter}}",
"### Early 1980s",
"In December 1979, Thurmond endorsed the presidential campaign of former [Governor of Texas](/wiki/Governor_of_Texas \"Governor of Texas\") [John Connally](/wiki/John_Connally \"John Connally\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/12/27/sc\\-ex\\-gov\\-edwards\\-thurmond\\-back\\-connally/51b5157c\\-cd2e\\-43db\\-876a\\-1b223be1bbc9/\\|title\\=S.C. Ex\\-Gov. Edwards, Thurmond Back Connally\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=December 27, 1979}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/28/archives/thurmond\\-and\\-exgov\\-edwards\\-turn\\-to\\-connally.html\\|title\\=Thurmond and Ex\\-Gov. Edwards Turn to Connally\\|date\\=December 28, 1979\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In an election cycle that also featured Reagan,{{cite web\\|title\\=Intent to Run for President \\|date\\=November 13, 1979 \\|url\\=http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/speech.asp?spid\\=4 \\|work\\=Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation \\& Library \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124210257/http://reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/speech.asp?spid\\=4 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2009 }} Thurmond chose to back Connally because he believed the latter's wide government experience would benefit the U.S. in both domestic and foreign matters.{{cite news\\|title\\=Reagan heavily favored in South Carolina\\|date\\=March 9, 1980\\|newspaper\\=Clarion\\-Ledger}} *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* noted Thurmond seeming \"to cast himself for a role of regional leadership in the Connally campaign similar to the one he played in 1968\" for the Nixon campaign.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/12/28/connally\\-criticizes\\-president\\-for\\-inaction\\-policy\\-on\\-iran/f03f6b4f\\-a223\\-482f\\-9cce\\-f31111109723/\\|title\\=Connally Criticizes President For 'Inaction Policy' on Iran\\|date\\=December 28, 1979\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} After Connally lost the South Carolina primary to Reagan, he thanked Thurmond and his wife for doing more to support his campaign in the state than anyone else.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/03/09/reagan\\-crushes\\-connally\\-bush\\-in\\-sc/f68f2009\\-19a1\\-44e2\\-a4c5\\-7854187635a3/\\|title\\=Reagan Crushes Connally, Bush in S.C.\\|date\\=March 9, 1980\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} In August 1980, Thurmond gave a \"tense cross examination\" of President Carter's brother, [Billy Carter](/wiki/Billy_Carter \"Billy Carter\"), who had come under scrutiny for his relationship with Libya and receiving funds from the country. The Billy Carter controversy also was favored by Democrats wishing to replace Carter as the party's nominee in the general election.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/08/05/no\\-impropriety\\-in\\-billy\\-affair\\-carter\\-says\\-no\\-impropriety\\-committed\\-in\\-billy\\-affair\\-president\\-says/364efcf7\\-1271\\-4f8f\\-bea7\\-68fb7a2fe549/\\|title\\=No 'Impropriety' in Billy Affair, Carter Says, No 'Impropriety' Committed In Billy Affair, President Says\\|date\\=August 5, 1980\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} Thurmond questioned Carter over his prior refusal to disclose the amount of funds he had received from public appearances after the 1976 Presidential election,{{cite news\\|title\\=Billy Claims $20,000 Not Gift From Libyans\\|date\\=August 22, 1980\\|publisher\\=Altoona Mirror}} and stated his skepticism with some of the points made.{{cite news\\|title\\= Billy: $20,000 was not Libyan gift\\|date\\=August 22, 1980\\|publisher\\=Ukiah Daily Journal}}",
"After Republicans won a majority in the [1980 Senate election](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election%2C_1980 \"United States Senate election, 1980\"),{{cite news \\|first\\=Nicolas \\|last\\=Ashford \\|title\\=Democrats aim to regain lost ground \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times]] \\|page\\=10 \\|date\\=February 10, 1984 }} Thurmond pledged that he would seek a death penalty law,{{cite news\\|title\\=Thurmond returning to power as 'friend' of minority groups\\|date\\=November 7, 1980\\|publisher\\=Florida Today}} and stated his conviction that \"the death penalty is a deterrent to crime\" in an interview the following year.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1981/04/26/the\\-four\\-men\\-strom\\-thurmond\\-sent\\-to\\-the\\-chair/61a15184\\-fd6a\\-40df\\-a6a8\\-932358d29ef5/\\|title\\=The Four Men Strom Thurmond Sent to the Chair\\|first\\=David I.\\|last\\=Bruck\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} Following the presidential election, Thurmond and North Carolina senator [Jesse Helms](/wiki/Jesse_Helms \"Jesse Helms\") sponsored a Senate amendment to a [Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") appropriations bill denying the department the power to participate in [busing](/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States \"Desegregation busing in the United States\"), due to objections over federal involvement, but, although passed by Congress, was vetoed by a [lame duck](/wiki/Lame_duck_%28politics%29 \"Lame duck (politics)\") Carter.{{cite news \\|first\\=B. Drummond Jr. \\|last\\=Ayres \\|title\\=Civil Rights Groups Fear a Slowdown In Busing for Desegregation of Schools \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=December 21, 1980 \\|page\\=28 }}{{cite news \\|first\\=Tom \\|last\\=Wicker \\|author\\-link\\=Tom Wicker \\|title\\=Why Not The Best? \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=November 16, 1980 \\|page\\=E21 }} In December 1980, Thurmond met with President\\-elect Reagan and recommended former South Carolina governor [James B. Edwards](/wiki/James_B._Edwards \"James B. Edwards\") for [United States Secretary of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy \"United States Secretary of Energy\") in the incoming administration.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/12/16/Sen\\-Strom\\-Thurmond\\-R\\-SC\\-said\\-Tuesday\\-that\\-former\\-South/1735345790800/\\|title\\=Sen. Strom Thurmond, R\\-S.C., said Tuesday that former South...\\|date\\=December 16, 1980\\|publisher\\=UPI}} Reagan later named Edwards Energy Secretary, and the latter served in that position for over a year.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/27/us/politics/james\\-b\\-edwards\\-a\\-long\\-shot\\-as\\-governor\\-of\\-south\\-carolina\\-dies\\-at\\-87\\.html\\|title\\=James B. Edwards, a Long\\-Shot as Governor of South Carolina, Dies at 87\\|first\\=Bruce\\|last\\=Weber\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=December 27, 2014}}{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.thestate.com/2014/12/26/3894147/former\\-gov\\-james\\-edwards\\-dies.html \\| title\\=Former Gov. James Edwards dies \\| work\\=\\[\\[The State (newspaper)\\|The State]] \\| date\\=December 26, 2014 \\| access\\-date\\=December 26, 2014 \\| author\\=Click, Carolyn \\| archive\\-date\\=December 29, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229011716/http://www.thestate.com/2014/12/26/3894147/former\\-gov\\-james\\-edwards\\-dies.html \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} In January 1981, after the Justice Department revealed it was carrying out a suit against [Charleston County](/wiki/Charleston_County \"Charleston County\") for school officials declining to propose a desegregation method for its public schools, Thurmond theorized the Justice Department's decision may have been due to South Carolina not supporting President Carter in the general election,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/09/us/us\\-to\\-sue\\-a\\-school\\-district\\-in\\-carolina\\-over\\-racial\\-bias.html\\|title\\=U.S. TO SUE A SCHOOL DISTRICT IN CAROLINA OVER RACIAL BIAS\\|date\\=January 9, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} and stated his intent to have the incoming Reagan administration to look into the facts of the case before proceeding.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/11/us/around\\-the\\-nation\\-thurmond\\-to\\-ask\\-review\\-on\\-school\\-segregation\\-suit.html\\|title\\=Around the Nation; Thurmond to Ask Review On School Segregation Suit\\|date\\=January 11, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") and Thurmond at a state dinner in 1981](/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_Strom_Thurmond_1981.jpg \"Margaret Thatcher Strom Thurmond 1981.jpg\")\nThurmond became [President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate](/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\") in 1981, and was part of the U.S. delegation to the funeral of Egyptian President [Anwar Sadat](/wiki/Anwar_Sadat \"Anwar Sadat\"), Thurmond being accompanied by Sadat's pen pal Sam Brown.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/08/President\\-Reagan\\-invited\\-three\\-former\\-presidents\\-to\\-the\\-White/1243371361600/\\|title\\=President Reagan invited three former presidents to the White...\\|date\\=October 8, 1981\\|publisher\\=UPI}} At the beginning of Reagan's term, Thurmond as the new chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee and the new president were seen as obstacles to any gun laws passing in the Senate. Thurmond publicly stated his belief that any measures introduced would be defeated in his committee.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sen. Thurmond predicts gun control bill's defeat\\|date\\=February 1, 1981\\|newspaper\\=Poughkeepsie Journal}} After the March assassination attempt on President Reagan,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0103/30/lkl.00\\.html\\|title\\=Remembering the Assassination Attempt on Ronald Reagan\\|date\\=March 30, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2007\\|work\\=CNN\\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043617/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0103/30/lkl.00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=WIFIAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5701%2C5352489 \\| title\\=Reagan is shot \\| work\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette \\| agency\\=Associated Press \\| date\\=March 31, 1981 \\| access\\-date\\=April 23, 2011 \\| author\\=Hunt, Terence \\| location\\=Washington DC \\| page\\=1}} Thurmond stated his support for legislation imposing a ban on the gun components on a seven\\-point anti\\-crime program.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/01/us/a\\-ban\\-on\\-gun\\-parts\\-is\\-urged\\-in\\-congress.html\\|title\\=A Ban on Gun Parts Is Urged in Congress\\|date\\=April 1, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} He indicated his backing would only be in favor of passing measures to restrict criminals accessing guns{{cite journal\\|title\\=Administration unlikely to drop opposition to handgun\\|journal\\=Stevens Point Journal\\|date\\=April 1, 1981}} and his announcement was seen as possibly indicating a change in the debate of regulations relating to firearms in the U.S.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/02/us/kennedy\\-set\\-to\\-compromise\\-to\\-obtain\\-gun\\-control\\-bill.html\\|title\\=Kennedy Set to Compromise to Obtain Gun Control Bill\\|date\\=April 2, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Thurmond also announced plans to hold hearings on the seven\\-point proposal intended to address the questions surrounding the Reagan assassination attempt.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/04/01/Senate\\-Judiciary\\-Committee\\-chairman\\-Strom\\-Thurmond\\-R\\-SC\\-said\\-Tuesday/4627354949200/\\|title\\=Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Strom Thurmond, R\\-S.C., said Tuesday...\\|date\\=April 1, 1981\\|publisher\\=UPI}}",
"Thurmond and Helms urged President Reagan to curb textile imports, with Thurmond saying later that year that the first four months of 1981 had seen a 16 percent increase in textile imports \"over a similar period in 1980\\.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/06/04/Republican\\-Sens\\-Jesse\\-Helms\\-of\\-North\\-Carolina\\-and\\-Strom/7618360475200/ph\\|title\\=Republican Sens. Jesse Helms of North Carolina and Strom...\\|date\\=June 4, 1981\\|publisher\\=UPI}} President Reagan pledged in a letter to Thurmond to help South Carolina textile mills against their foreign competitors.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1984/04/01/reagan\\-is\\-the\\-real\\-king\\-of\\-special\\-interest\\-groups/5d0958ba\\-3df6\\-49a7\\-8988\\-3b7b0861f91d/\\|title\\=Reagan is the Real King Of Special Interest Groups\\|date\\=April 1, 1984\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} President Reagan stated his support for tightening control of textile imports,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/17/business/reagan\\-decides\\-to\\-tighten\\-controls\\-on\\-textile\\-imports.html\\|title\\=Reagan Decides to Tighten Controls on Textile Imports\\|date\\=December 17, 1983\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} and the following year, vetoed H.R. 1562\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/speeches/1985/121785d.htm\\|title\\=Message to the House of Representatives Returning Without Approval the Textile and Apparel Industries Bill\\|date\\=December 17, 1985\\|first\\=Ronald\\|last\\=Reagan\\|author\\-link\\=Ronald Reagan\\|publisher\\=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410072456/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/speeches/1985/121785d.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Thurmond responded to the decision by stating that Reagan had heeded bad advice and added that the veto would produce \"more layoffs, more plant shutdowns and more long\\-term economic damage to an industry that is crucial to this nation.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/12/18/President\\-Reagan\\-in\\-a\\-blow\\-to\\-the\\-import\\-battered\\-textile/6904503730000/\\|title\\=President Reagan, in a blow to the import\\-battered textile,...\\|date\\=December 18, 1985\\|publisher\\=UPI}} In late 1981, Thurmond presided over the hearings of [Sandra Day O'Connor](/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor \"Sandra Day O'Connor\"), who President Reagan had nominated for associate justice.{{cite web\\|last1\\=U.S. National Archives\\|title\\=Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor\\|url\\=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html\\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2014}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/\\|title\\=News, Photos, Audio \\| Archives \\- UPI.com\\|website\\=UPI}} Thurmond granted Alabama Senator [Jeremiah Denton](/wiki/Jeremiah_Denton \"Jeremiah Denton\") an hour of questioning of O'Connor, twice the time allotted for other members of the chamber.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/12/us/abortion\\-foes\\-assail\\-judge\\-o\\-connor.html\\|title\\=Abortion Foes Assail Judge O'connor\\|date\\=September 12, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Thurmond stated that O'Connor was \"one of the choice nominees\" for the Supreme Court that he had seen in all of his Senate career,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/16/us/panel\\-approves\\-judge\\-o\\-connor.html\\|title\\=Panel Approves Judge O'Connor\\|date\\=September 16, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} and she was confirmed by the Senate.{{cite web\\|title \\= Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor\\|url \\= https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html\\|publisher \\= archives.gov\\|access\\-date \\= November 7, 2015}} Also in 1981, Thurmond was one of the leaders in opposition to extending the Voting Rights Act,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/08/us/congress\\-begins\\-fight\\-over\\-extension\\-of\\-voting\\-rights\\-act.html\\|title\\=Congress Begins Fight Over Extension of Voting Rights Act\\|date\\=April 8, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} and said parts of the law were discriminatory toward states' rights as well as too strict toward communities that had adhered to it in the past.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/27/magazine/once\\-again\\-a\\-clash\\-over\\-voting\\-rights.html\\|title\\=Once Again, a Clash Over Voting Rights\\|date\\=September 27, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"Thurmond was a supporter of the [foreign policy of the Reagan administration](/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration \"Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration\"). In April 1981, Thurmond stated that the U.S. could move some of its [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") soldiers to the East German and Czechoslovak borders in an attempt to improve both morale and combat readiness.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/19/world/us\\-may\\-shift\\-gi\\-s\\-in\\-germany.html\\|title\\=U.S. May Shift G.I.'s in Germany\\|date\\=April 19, 1981\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In October 1983, Thurmond announced his support for the [United States invasion of Grenada](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada \"United States invasion of Grenada\"), saying American efforts with other countries were \"providing an opportunity for Grenadan citizens to regain control over their lives\" and the U.S. would be forced to watch centuries of progress crumble if the country was unwilling to make sacrifices.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/29/us/required\\-reading\\-sampling\\-of\\-opinions\\-on\\-invasion\\-of\\-grenada.html\\|title\\=Required Reading; Sampling of Opinions on Invasion of Grenada\\|date\\=October 29, 1983\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Thurmond voted against the Senate resolution declaring that American troops in [Grenada](/wiki/Grenada \"Grenada\") would be \"withdrawn no more than 60 days later unless Congress authorized their continued presence there\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/29/world/o\\-neill\\-criticizes\\-president\\-war\\-powers\\-act\\-is\\-invoked.html\\|title\\=O'Neill Criticizes President; War Powers Act Is Invoked\\|date\\=October 29, 1983\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} President Reagan sent Thurmond a letter containing a report in line with the [War Powers Resolution](/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution \"War Powers Resolution\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/10/25/Reagan\\-gives\\-Congress\\-war\\-powers\\-notice/4017435902400/\\|title\\=Reagan gives Congress war powers notice\\|first\\=Ira A.\\|last\\=Allen\\|publisher\\=UPI\\|date\\=October 25, 1983}} Thurmond said the \"ruling junta in Grenada\" was directly threatening American lives.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/10/25/Congress\\-gave\\-cautious\\-support\\-to\\-the\\-invasion\\-of\\-Grenada/4533435902400/\\|title\\=Congress gave cautious support to the invasion of Grenada...\\|first\\=John F.\\|last\\=Barton\\|publisher\\=UPI\\|date\\=October 25, 1983}}",
"In December 1984, as the United States and [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") moved to negotiate a free\\-trade pact where tariffs between the two countries would eventually be wiped out following the Reagan administration receiving congressional approval to negotiate such an agreement, Thurmond wrote a letter to United States trade representative Bill Brock calling on Brock to \"reformulate\" the negotiating position of the US as the senator had been informed by his aides that the American position in the negotiation was \"more generous\" than the one specified to Congress. Brock replied to Thurmond weeks later, asserting that he had \"every intention\" of fulfilling his commitment to Congress \"to take account of the import sensitivity of specific products\" in the agreement and that Israel had acknowledged the irregularity of export subsidy programs \"with the concept of a free\\-trade area.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/10/business/israel\\-and\\-us\\-facing\\-hurdles\\-on\\-trade\\-pact.html\\|title\\=Israel and U.S. Facing Hurdles on Trade Pact\\|date\\=January 10, 1985\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In 1984, as the Senate voted on a bill granting federal prosecution to weapon\\-carrying career robbers and giving 15 years of incarceration to those convicted, Thurmond and Democratic Senator [Ted Kennedy](/wiki/Ted_Kennedy \"Ted Kennedy\") sponsored an amendment limiting the bill to third\\-time federal offenders, which passed 77 to 12\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/24/us/bill\\-to\\-permit\\-federal\\-prosecution\\-of\\-career\\-criminals\\-passes\\-senate.html\\|title\\=Bill to Permit Federal Prosecution of Career Criminals Passes Senate\\|date\\=February 24, 1984\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In the 1984 presidential election, Thurmond was cited along with [Carroll Campbell](/wiki/Carroll_Campbell \"Carroll Campbell\") and South Carolina Republican Party Director Warren Tompkins by Republicans as the forces binding the Reagan\\-Bush ticket to South Carolina's electoral votes.{{cite news\\|title\\=Both sides in presidential battle agree turnout is key\\|date\\=October 28, 1984\\|publisher\\=The Index\\-Journal}} Thurmond attended President Reagan's October 15 re\\-election campaign speech in the Allied Health Building on the Greenville Technical College campus in [Greenville, South Carolina](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina \"Greenville, South Carolina\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=39247\\|title\\=Remarks at a Reagan\\-Bush Rally in Greenville, South Carolina\\|date\\=October 15, 1984\\|first\\=Ronald\\|last\\=Reagan\\|author\\-link\\=Ronald Reagan\\|quote\\=And Dr. Thomas Barton, a Clemson Tiger; Mayor Bill Workman, and Senator Strom Thurmond.}}",
"Running for a fifth full term in 1984,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/20/us/campaign\\-notes\\-thurmond\\-will\\-seek6th\\-full\\-term\\-in\\-senate.html\\|title\\=Campaign Notes; Thurmond Will Seek6th Full Term in Senate\\|date\\=March 20, 1984\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Thurmond faced his first primary challenge in 20 years, from retired CIA agent Robert Cunningham, and won the Republican nomination on June 12, 1984\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/13/us/thurmond\\-gains\\-bid\\-for\\-6th\\-term.html\\|title\\=Thurmond Gains Bid for 6th Term\\|date\\=June 13, 1984\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/13/Strom\\-Thurmond\\-wins\\-nomination\\-as\\-five\\-states\\-hold\\-primaries/3062455947200/\\|title\\=Strom Thurmond wins nomination as five states hold primaries\\|date\\=June 13, 1984\\|publisher\\=UPI}} The previous year, at a fundraising dinner for Thurmond's re\\-election campaign in [Columbia, South Carolina](/wiki/Columbia%2C_South_Carolina \"Columbia, South Carolina\"), President Reagan delivered an address both praising Thurmond and noting the similarities in his views and that of the administration.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=40487\\|title\\=Remarks at a Fundraising Dinner for Senator Strom Thurmond in Columbia, South Carolina\\|date\\=September 20, 1983\\|publisher\\=American Presidency Project}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/20/President\\-Reagan\\-praised\\-Sen\\-Strom\\-Thurmond\\-R\\-SC\\-Tuesday\\-as/4567432878400/\\|title\\=President Reagan praised Sen. Strom Thurmond, R\\-S.C., Tuesday as...\\|date\\=September 20, 1983\\|publisher\\=UPI}} Cunningham charged Thurmond with being a follower who no one could validate the seriousness of as a candidate since he had not been challenged in eighteen years, furthering that the South Carolina Republican Party had been involved with the decline in his opposition. Cunningham said that Thurmond had a \"bad track record\" and noted his past comments on race, saying that he would not be crushed like Thurmond's past opponents and was getting much encouragement in his bid to unseat him.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/04/17/Ex\\-CIA\\-agent\\-battles\\-Thurmond/9425054120006/\\|title\\=Ex\\-CIA agent battles Thurmond\\|first\\=Sidney\\|last\\=Bedingfield\\|publisher\\=UPI\\|date\\=April 17, 1984}} Thurmond addressed the issue of age during the primary, the 81\\-year\\-old senator stating that he exercised each day for an hour and a half and that he was in the same shape as a person in their 30s or 40s.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/12/Strom\\-Thurmond\\-wins\\-nomination\\-to\\-sixth\\-Senate\\-term/8026455860800/\\|title\\=Strom Thurmond wins nomination to sixth Senate term\\|date\\=June 12, 1984\\|publisher\\=UPI}} Cunningham received less than 6% of the primary vote. Thurmond then defeated Melvin Purvis III in the general election, the latter receiving half of the votes cast for Thurmond.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1986\\-10\\-21/news/8603030969\\_1\\_strom\\-thurmond\\-mr\\-purvis\\-minister\\|title\\=Melvin Purvis Iii, Minister, Candidate\\|date\\=October 21, 1986\\|publisher\\=Sun Sentinel\\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329121142/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1986\\-10\\-21/news/8603030969\\_1\\_strom\\-thurmond\\-mr\\-purvis\\-minister\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Purvis, noted to have few differences in ideology with Thurmond, cited the latter's age as reason to retire him from the Senate.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/obituaries/melvin\\-h\\-purvis\\-3d.html\\|title\\=Melvin H. Purvis 3d\\|date\\=October 21, 1986\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"### Late 1980s",
"Thurmond's support of Reagan's judicial nominees continued into the president's second term. In 1986, [Daniel Anthony Manion](/wiki/Daniel_Anthony_Manion \"Daniel Anthony Manion\"), President Reagan's choice for the U.S. Court of Appeals in Chicago, answered a question by Thurmond,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/03/13/nominee\\-questioned\\-on\\-creationist\\-bill/\\|title\\=Nominee Questioned On Creationist Bill\\|date\\=March 13, 1986\\|first\\=Glen\\|last\\=Elsasser\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune}} who cited Manion as \"entitled to have a vote by the Senate\",{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/06/25/senate\\-gop\\-leaders\\-attempting\\-to\\-limit\\-debate\\-on\\-manion/4e6c58d9\\-f08e\\-4aed\\-82e1\\-fb7358ac213d/\\|title\\=Senate GOP Leaders Attempting to Limit Debate on Manion\\|date\\=June 25, 1986\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} and predicted there were enough votes to confirm him.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/06/24/judge\\-nominees\\-verdict\\-near/\\|title\\=Judge Nominee's Verdict Near\\|date\\=June 24, 1986\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune}} In 1987, after President Reagan nominated [Robert Bork](/wiki/Robert_Bork \"Robert Bork\") as Associate Justice on the Supreme Court,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/speeches/1987/070187d.htm\\|title\\=Nomination of Robert H. Bork To Be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States\\|date\\=July 1, 1987\\|publisher\\=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200826/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/speeches/1987/070187d.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* noted Thurmond as \"one of Bork's key supporters on the Judiciary Committee.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1987\\-09\\-21\\-mn\\-6092\\-story.html\\|title\\=Packwood Opposes Bork, 1st Gop Senator to Defect : Willing to Join Senate Filibuster\\|date\\=September 21, 1987\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times}} Following Bork's nomination being rejected by the Senate,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/us/senate\\-s\\-roll\\-call\\-on\\-the\\-bork\\-vote.html\\|title\\=Senate's Roll\\-Call On the Bork Vote\\|date\\=October 24, 1987 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|agency\\=Associated Press}} Thurmond stated that President Reagan's next nominee should be a person not \"as controversial\" and should be someone from the South.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/us/bork\\-s\\-nomination\\-is\\-rejected\\-58\\-42\\-reagan\\-saddened.html\\|title\\=Bork's Nomination Is Rejected, 58\\-42; Reagan 'Saddened'\\|date\\=October 24, 1987\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In June 1985, Thurmond introduced legislation providing stiffer federal penalties for individuals and financial institutions engaged in laundering money earned from activities of illegality. The bill was supported by the Reagan administration in its efforts to expose the financial activities of criminals and was hailed by Thurmond as \"an important step in our continuing war on organized crime and those financial institutions and individuals which hide the ill\\-gotten assets of law\\-breakers, especially drug traffickers.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/23/us/money\\-laundering\\-bill\\-seen\\-as\\-privacy\\-threat.html\\|title\\=Money\\-laundering Bill Seen As Privacy Threat\\|date\\=June 23, 1985\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In September 1985, Thurmond was one of eight members of a delegation that met with [General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union](/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev \"Mikhail Gorbachev\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/04/world/gorbachev\\-hints\\-he\\-ll\\-be\\-flexible.html\\|title\\=Gorbachev Hints He'll Be Flexible\\|date\\=September 4, 1985\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In March 1986, after American warplanes took action against Libyan land, Thurmond stated the U.S. \"has the right and the duty to protect and defend itself when attacked, as it was today, without provocation.\" He opposed statements by the Libyan government that the attacks on U.S. ships occurred in international waters and named [Muammar Gaddafi](/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi \"Muammar Gaddafi\") as the individual who had orchestrated the acts of aggression toward the U.S.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/25/world/lawmakers\\-back\\-actions\\-on\\-libya.html\\|title\\=Lawmakers Back Actions on Libya\\|date\\=March 25, 1986\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Thurmond was a supporter of the Nicaragua rebels, saying that support for the group on the part of the United States was central to furthering America's view \"in freedom and in protecting ourselves against Soviet totalitarianism.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/19/world/senate\\-votes\\-52\\-48\\-not\\-to\\-block\\-aid\\-to\\-contras.html\\|title\\=Senate Votes, 52\\-48 Not to Block Aid to Contras\\|date\\=March 19, 1987\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In August 1988, Senator [Robert Byrd](/wiki/Robert_Byrd \"Robert Byrd\") presented the White House with a modified version of the Democratic proposal on Contra aid. Thurmond responded to the plan by calling it unsatisfactory.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/09/world/republicans\\-object\\-to\\-new\\-contra\\-deal.html\\|title\\=Republicans Object to New Contra Deal\\|date\\=August 9, 1988\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} A month later, after some members of the Senate gave support to a law that would impose American participation in an international treaty outlawing genocide, Thurmond stated his intent to add a death penalty amendment in the event the bill reached the Senate floor and Democrats charged Thurmond with using parliamentary devices and Senate traditions to prevent a vote.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://mobile.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/world/bill\\-banning\\-genocide\\-still\\-snagged\\-in\\-senate.html\\|title\\=Bill Banning Genocide Still Snagged in Senate\\|date\\=September 27, 1988\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Thurmond dropped the death penalty amendment when Democrats agreed to proceed with the confirmation of Republican judges.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/15/world/senate\\-votes\\-to\\-carry\\-out\\-treaty\\-banning\\-genocide.html\\|title\\=Senate Votes to Carry Out Treaty Banning Genocide\\|date\\=October 15, 1988\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In September 1986, Thurmond sponsored a drug law package that included a provision imposing the death penalty for some drug offenses and federal crimes of \"treason, espionage and killing American hostages in a terrorist attack\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/20/us/senate\\-gop\\-adds\\-its\\-own\\-drug\\-bill.html\\|title\\=Senate G.O.P. Adds Its Own Drug Bill\\|date\\=September 20, 1986\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} A week later, as the Senate opened debate on proposals aimed at ending both the supply of dangerous drugs as well as their demand, Thurmond offered changes to criminal law in the form of amendments that would include imposing the death penalty for drug traffickers guilty of murder and an expansion of the proposal that would add the death penalty for other federal crimes, such as espionage and hostage taking.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/27/us/senate\\-takes\\-up\\-drug\\-bill\\-with\\-session\\-waning.html\\|title\\=Senate Takes up Drug Bill With Session Waning\\|date\\=September 27, 1986\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} President Reagan signed the [Anti\\-Drug Abuse Act of 1986](/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1986 \"Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986\") on October 27, 1986, noting Thurmond as one of the \"real champions in the battle to get this legislation through Congress\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid\\=36654\\|title\\=Remarks on Signing the Anti\\-Drug Abuse Act of 1986\\|date\\=October 27, 1986\\|publisher\\=American Presidency Project\\|first\\=Ronald\\|last\\=Reagan\\|author\\-link\\=Ronald Reagan\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201728/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid\\=36654\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") with Thurmond in the Oval Office in 1987](/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_Meeting_with_Senator_Strom_Thurmond_in_The_Oval_Office.jpg \"President Ronald Reagan Meeting with Senator Strom Thurmond in The Oval Office.jpg\")\nIn November 1987, Thurmond introduced legislation that if enacted would require \"alcoholic beverages to carry health warning labels similar to those on cigarettes\", saying the legislation would be effective if it prevented anyone from drinking while being in a compromising position of health.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/11/18/Sen\\-Strom\\-Thurmond\\-R\\-SC\\-continued\\-his\\-attack\\-on\\-alcohol/7822564210000/\\|title\\=Sen. Strom Thurmond, R\\-S.C., continued his attack on alcohol...\\|first\\=Karen Lee\\|last\\=Scrivo\\|publisher\\=UPI}} The following year, Thurmond sponsored legislation designed to impose \"five rotating warning labels on alcoholic beverages cautioning pregnant women not to drink, warning that alcohol is addictive and can increase the risks of hypertension, liver disease and cancer, that it impairs a person's ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and that alcohol consumption can be hazardous in combination with some drugs.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/10/Health\\-warning\\-on\\-liquor\\-bottles\\-urged/1575587188800/ph\\|title\\=Health warning on liquor bottles urged\\|first\\=Mary Beth\\|last\\=Franklin\\|date\\=August 10, 1988\\|publisher\\=UPI}}",
"On February 23, 1988, Thurmond endorsed fellow senator [Bob Dole](/wiki/Bob_Dole \"Bob Dole\") in the Republican presidential primary, acknowledging his previous intent to remain neutral during the nominating process.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/23/us/dole\\-endorsed\\-by\\-thurmond.html\\|title\\=Dole Endorsed by Thurmond\\|date\\=February 23, 1988\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} The Thurmond endorsement served to change the Dole campaign's initial plans of skipping the South Carolina primary, where Vice President Bush defeated Dole. The Bush campaign subsequently won other Southern states and the nomination, leading Michael Oreskes to reflect that Dole \"was hurt by an endorsement that led him astray.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/27/weekinreview/the\\-nation\\-dukakis\\-and\\-bush\\-why\\-the\\-candidates\\-love\\-to\\-be\\-endorsed.html\\|title\\=The Nation; Dukakis and Bush; Why the Candidates Love to be Endorsed\\|date\\=March 27, 1988\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525093208/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/27/weekinreview/the\\-nation\\-dukakis\\-and\\-bush\\-why\\-the\\-candidates\\-love\\-to\\-be\\-endorsed.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Following the 1988 Presidential election, George H. W. Bush nominated [John Tower](/wiki/John_Tower \"John Tower\") for [United States Secretary of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense \"United States Secretary of Defense\"). After Tower's nomination was rejected by the Senate, Thurmond asked, \"What does it say when the leader of the free world can't get a Cabinet member confirmed?\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/11/us/an\\-attempt\\-to\\-recover\\-bush\\-seeks\\-to\\-end\\-rancor\\-over\\-tower.html\\|title\\=An Attempt To Recover; Bush Seeks to End Rancor Over Tower\\|date\\=March 11, 1989\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525114345/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/11/us/an\\-attempt\\-to\\-recover\\-bush\\-seeks\\-to\\-end\\-rancor\\-over\\-tower.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In July 1989, when the Senate Judiciary Committee approved a bill by Democrat [Dennis DeConcini](/wiki/Dennis_DeConcini \"Dennis DeConcini\") that imposed a ban of three years on sales of several domestic assault weapons, it rejected an amendment by Thurmond that would have substituted the DeConcini bill with the Bush administration's anti\\-crime package, which did not include a ban on rifles produced in the United States. Failure to implement the Thurmond amendment was seen as \"a preliminary test of Senate support for extending President Bush's ban on foreign\\-made assault weapons to domestic makes\" and a loss for the [National Rifle Association of America](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America \"National Rifle Association of America\") which had previously protested banning domestic assault weapons.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1989\\-07\\-21\\-mn\\-4248\\-story.html\\|title\\=Senate Panel OKs U.S.\\-Made Assault Rifle Ban\\|date\\=July 21, 1989\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807201520/https://articles.latimes.com/1989\\-07\\-21/news/mn\\-4248\\_1\\_assault\\-weapon\\|archive\\-date\\=August 7, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In August, after the Senate Judiciary Committee voted evenly on the nomination of William C. Lucas for Assist Attorney General for Civil Rights and thereby terminated the nomination that required a majority to proceed to the entirety of the chamber, Thurmond noted the different forms of segregation in the North and South and added that \"black people didn't have the chance in either place that they should have had. Now's the chance to give them a chance.\" Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") refuted Thurmond's argument by mentioning that Senate critics of Lucas were civil rights supporters who had a problem with his lack of qualifications.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/02/us/senate\\-committee\\-bars\\-bush\\-s\\-choice\\-from\\-rights\\-post.html\\|title\\=Senate Committee Bars Bush's Choice From Rights Post\\|date\\=August 2, 1989\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525104901/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/02/us/senate\\-committee\\-bars\\-bush\\-s\\-choice\\-from\\-rights\\-post.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In September, Thurmond was one of nine Republican senators appointed by Senate Republican leader [Robert Dole](/wiki/Robert_Dole \"Robert Dole\") to negotiate a dispute with Democrats over financing of President Bush's anti\\-drug plan.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/09/14/Senate\\-drug\\-funding\\-dispute\\-threatens\\-money\\-bills/3024621748800/\\|title\\=Senate drug funding dispute threatens money bills\\|first\\=Steve\\|last\\=Gerstel\\|date\\=September 14, 1989\\|publisher\\=UPI\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162802/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/09/14/Senate\\-drug\\-funding\\-dispute\\-threatens\\-money\\-bills/3024621748800/\\|archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 1990s and 2000s",
"[thumb\\|Official Senate portrait of Thurmond, 1990s](/wiki/File:Strom_Thurmond.jpg \"Strom Thurmond.jpg\")\nThurmond launched his campaign for an eighth term on February 12, 1990, citing that he had never before felt \"a stronger obligation to continue my work for the future of our state and our nation.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/02/12/Thurmond\\-announces\\-bid\\-for\\-seventh\\-term/1082634798800/\\|title\\=Thurmond announces bid for seventh term\\|date\\=February 12, 1990\\|publisher\\=UPI}} Thurmond, then age 87, billed himself as having the health of a man in his fifties. The South Carolina Democratic Party faced difficulty recruiting a candidate which they believed had a chance of defeating Thurmond.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/02/11/Fiddle\\-fit\\-Thurmond\\-going\\-after\\-another\\-term/9968634712400/\\|title\\=Fiddle\\-fit Thurmond going after another term\\|publisher\\=UPI}} In the general election, Thurmond defeated retired intelligence officer Bob Cunningham, who had been his Republican primary opponent in 1984\\. (Cunningham had switched parties in 1990\\.){{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/07/us/the\\-1990\\-elections\\-state\\-by\\-state\\-south.html\\|title\\=The 1990 Elections: State By State; South\\|date\\=November 7, 1990\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In early 1990, Thurmond sponsored a crime bill concurrent with another measure of the same intent, his version receiving the support of President Bush.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/24/us/senate\\-backs\\-curb\\-on\\-assault\\-rifles\\-by\\-a\\-vote\\-of\\-50\\-49\\.html\\|title\\=Senate Backs Curb on Assault Rifles by a Vote of 50\\-49\\|date\\=May 24, 1990\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Thurmond charged the Democratic proposal with aiding criminals and furthering the loss of rights on the part of victims.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/22/us/senate\\-begins\\-debate\\-on\\-anti\\-crime\\-bill.html\\|title\\=Senate Begins Debate on Anti\\-Crime Bill\\|date\\=May 22, 1990\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In June, the bill was nearly doomed following a procedural vote that forced Senate leaders to work toward modifying its provisions. Thurmond proposed that his fellow senators accept portions of the bill that the Senate had already passed including provisions expanding the number of federal crimes for which the death penalty could apply from 23 to 30 and restrictions on the number of appeals a condemned inmate may file in Federal courts, and the ban on the sale and manufacture of nine types of semiautomatic weapons.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/08/us/senate\\-s\\-leaders\\-move\\-to\\-salvage\\-crime\\-measure.html\\|title\\=Senate's Leaders Move to Salvage Crime Measure\\|date\\=June 8, 1990\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In 1992, the Senate voted on an anti\\-crime bill, Thurmond predicting that it would not pass due to what he considered its lack of strength: \"This weak bill expands the rights of criminals. It is a fraud. It is a sham.\" He stated that President Bush had told him in advance of his intent to veto the bill if it passed.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/03/19/Senate\\-refuses\\-to\\-kill\\-anti\\-crime\\-bill\\-filibuster/1767700981200/\\|title\\=Senate refuses to kill anti\\-crime bill filibuster\\|first\\=Steve\\|last\\=Gerstel\\|date\\=March 19, 1992\\|publisher\\=UPI}}",
"After President Bush nominated [Clarence Thomas](/wiki/Clarence_Thomas \"Clarence Thomas\") for Associate Justice, Thomas visited Thurmond and stated that he had been fortunate as a result of the Civil Rights Movement assisting him in getting out of poverty, a departure from his previous position of African\\-Americans achieving success through hard work and individual initiative. *The New York Times* observed, \"Judge Thomas's remarks in Mr. Thurmond's office were not in response to reporters' specific questions and were clearly intended to rebut critics, including some by members of civil rights organizations, who say he should not be confirmed because of his vociferous opposition to affirmative action and racial quotas in hiring.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/10/us/court\\-nominee\\-gives\\-credit\\-to\\-civil\\-rights\\-movement.html\\|title\\=Court Nominee Gives Credit To Civil Rights Movement\\|date\\=July 10, 1991\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In September, as Thomas appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Thurmond interrupted a line of questioning by [Howard Metzenbaum](/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum \"Howard Metzenbaum\") to defend Thomas against a complaint that Thomas had answered questions about cases except for abortion.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/12/us/the\\-thomas\\-hearings\\-thomas\\-undergoes\\-tough\\-questioning\\-on\\-past\\-remarks.html?mtrref\\=www.nytimes.com\\&gwh\\=DEA24C7A03E5803D59F8E76F62688902\\&gwt\\=pay\\|title\\=Thomas Undergoes Tough Questioning on Past Remarks\\|date\\=September 11, 1991\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Thurmond voted for Thomas's confirmation, and the latter was confirmed by the Senate in October 1991\\.",
"Thurmond became the head of the Armed Services Committee following the 1994 [Republican Revolution](/wiki/Republican_Revolution \"Republican Revolution\"), in which the Republican Party gained eight seats in the Senate and gained a majority in both chambers.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/10/us/1994\\-elections\\-congress\\-overview\\-gop\\-celebrates\\-its\\-sweep\\-power\\-clinton\\-vows.html\\|title\\=The 1994 Elections: Congress the Overview; G.O.P. CELEBRATES ITS SWEEP TO POWER; CLINTON VOWS TO FIND COMMON GROUND\\|date\\=November 10, 1994\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} According to Thurmond, he had survived \"a little power play\" orchestrated by fellow Republicans to continue serving as Chairman.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/08/us/power\\-play\\-failed\\-thurmond\\-says.html\\|title\\='Power Play' Failed, Thurmond Says\\|date\\=February 8, 1995\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In December, after President Clinton's announcement that he would seek a $25 billion increase in defense spending over the following six years, Thurmond called it a correct move but one which validated claims that the president had hastily cut the Pentagon budget.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/12/01/Thurmond\\-praises\\-criticizes\\-Clinton/6339786258000/ph\\|title\\=Thurmond praises, criticizes Clinton\\|date\\=December 1, 1994\\|publisher\\=UPI}} In late 1995, Thurmond joined a bipartisan coalition of politicians in supporting a petition intending \"to loosen the rules governing the prescription drug methylphenidate\". [The drug](/wiki/Methylphenidate \"Methylphenidate\") is commonly known by the brand name Ritalin.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/21/opinion/reading\\-writing\\-and\\-ritalin.html\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Merrow\\|title\\=Reading, Writing and Ritalin\\|date\\=October 21, 1995\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
"In his [1996 re\\-election campaign](/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina \"1996 United States Senate election in South Carolina\"), Thurmond received primary opposition from Harold G. Worley and Charlie Thompson, and the question of age appeared again, given that he was 93 years old at the time. Thurmond remarked that the issue was the only one expressed by members of the press,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1996/04/08/the\\-100\\-year\\-old\\-senator/d35cb667\\-e382\\-4097\\-9c81\\-402a6a469d40/\\|title\\=The 100\\-year\\-old Senator?\\|first\\=Lloyd\\|last\\=Grove\\|date\\=April 8, 1996\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} even as polls showed \"that the vast majority of South Carolinians believe it is far past time for him to retire.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/24/us/thurmond\\-s\\-robust\\-legend\\-shields\\-him\\-at\\-93\\.html\\|title\\=Thurmond's Robust Legend Shields Him at 93\\|date\\=October 24, 1996\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} Worley stated that the issue of age should be dealt with in the primary as opposed to the general election, encouraging Thurmond to be dropped as the seat's continuous nominee.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/news/9605/09/thurmond/index.shtml\\|title\\=South Carolina's Thurmond Still Running At 93\\|first\\=Bruce\\|last\\=Morton\\|work\\=CNN}} In the general election, Thurmond received 53\\.4 percent of the vote to the 44 percent of Democrat Elliott Springs Close.",
"On December 5, 1996, Thurmond became the oldest serving member of the U.S. Senate, and on May 25, 1997, the longest\\-serving member (41 years and 10 months), casting his 15,000th vote in September 1998\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1998\\-sep\\-03\\-mn\\-19126\\-story.html\\|title\\=Senate Honors Thurmond, 95, for Casting His 15,000th Vote\\|date\\=September 3, 1998\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times}} In the following month, when astronaut and fellow Senator [John Glenn](/wiki/John_Glenn \"John Glenn\") was to embark on the [*Discovery*](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery \"Space Shuttle Discovery\") at age 77, Thurmond, who was his senior by 19 years, reportedly sent him a message saying; \"I want to go too.\"*National Geographic,* June 1999 edition, p.80 On October 17, 1998, President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") signed the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 into law, an authorization of \"appropriations for military activities of the Department of Defense, military construction, and defense activities of the Department of Energy.\" Clinton stated that the bill being named after Thurmond was a \"well\\-deserved and appropriate tribute\" due to his thirty\\-six years in the U.S. Army Reserve and his primary focus in the Senate being on U.S. national defense.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid\\=55105\\|title\\=Statement on Signing the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999\\|date\\=October 17, 1998\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Clinton\\|author\\-link\\=Bill Clinton\\|publisher\\=American Presidency Project}}\n[thumb\\|310px\\|Army Chief of Staff [Eric Shinseki](/wiki/Eric_Shinseki \"Eric Shinseki\") meeting with \nSenator Thurmond on his 100th birthday.](/wiki/File:Senator_Thurmond_100th_Birthday.jpg \"Senator Thurmond 100th Birthday.jpg\")\nIn February 1999, Thurmond introduced legislation barring health messages on wine bottles, the measure intended to reverse what he called \"erroneous and irresponsible\" action of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. The legislation transferred authority over labeling to the Department of Health and Human Services from the Treasury Department and increased taxes on wine.{{cite news \\|last\\=Stout \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=February 23, 1999 \\|title\\=Bill Would Bar Health Referral On Wine Label \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/23/us/bill\\-would\\-bar\\-health\\-referral\\-on\\-wine\\-label.html}} On May 26, 1999, the Senate voted on an amendment to a spending bill exonerating Husband E. Kimmel and Walter C. Short of charges of failing to anticipate the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\") that led to American involvement in World War II. Thurmond was noted as one of five Senate members to have been a World War II veteran and back the measure and called Kimmel and Short \"the last victims\" of Pearl Harbor.{{cite news \\|last\\=Shenon \\|first\\=Philip \\|date\\=May 26, 1999 \\|title\\=Senate Clears 2 Pearl Harbor 'Scapegoats' \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/26/us/senate\\-clears\\-2\\-pearl\\-harbor\\-scapegoats.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2018}} In January 2001, Thurmond endorsed his son Strom Thurmond Jr. for federal prosecutor in South Carolina in a recommendation to the Senate.{{cite news \\|date\\=January 24, 2001 \\|title\\=National News Briefs; Thurmond Recommends Son for U.S. Attorney \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/24/us/national\\-news\\-briefs\\-thurmond\\-recommends\\-son\\-for\\-us\\-attorney.html}}\nIn March, Thurmond voted for an amendment to the campaign finance reform bill of [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\") and [Russ Feingold](/wiki/Russ_Feingold \"Russ Feingold\"). Thurmond had initially opposed the measure and changed his vote at the last minute.{{cite news \\|last\\=Mitchell \\|first\\=Alison \\|date\\=March 27, 2001 \\|title\\=Senate Extends Restrictions on Advertising \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/27/us/senate\\-extends\\-restrictions\\-on\\-advertising.html}}",
"Thurmond's 100th birthday was celebrated on December 5, 2002\\. Some remarks made by Mississippi Senator [Trent Lott](/wiki/Trent_Lott \"Trent Lott\") during the event were considered racially insensitive: \"I want to say this about my state: When Strom Thurmond ran for president, we \\[[Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\")] [voted for him](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi \"1948 United States presidential election in Mississippi\"). We're proud of it. And if the rest of the country had followed our lead, we wouldn't have had all these problems over the years, either.\" Fifteen days later, on December 20, [Lott resigned as the Senate Republican leader](/wiki/Trent_Lott%23Resignation_from_Senate_leadership \"Trent Lott#Resignation from Senate leadership\") effective on January 3, 2003, the beginning of the next congressional session.{{cite book \\|last\\=Bartlett \\|first\\=Bruce \\|title\\=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past \\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press \\|year\\=2008 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0230600621 \\|page\\=182}} Thurmond left the Senate in January 2003 as the United States' longest\\-serving senator, a record later surpassed by Senator [Robert Byrd](/wiki/Robert_Byrd \"Robert Byrd\").{{cite news \\|date\\=December 5, 2002 \\|title\\=Thurmond marks 100th birthday \\|work\\=CNN \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/05/thurmond.birthday/index.html}} Thurmond was succeeded by then\\-Representative and fellow Republican [Lindsey Graham](/wiki/Lindsey_Graham \"Lindsey Graham\").",
"### Health",
"Toward the end of Thurmond's Senate career, critics suggested his mental abilities had declined. His supporters argued that, while he lacked physical stamina due to his age, mentally he remained aware and attentive, and maintained a very active work schedule, showing up for every floor vote. He stepped down as Chairman of the [Senate Armed Services Committee](/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee \"Senate Armed Services Committee\") at the beginning of 1999, as he had pledged to do in late 1997\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1997\\-dec\\-05\\-mn\\-60950\\-story.html\\|title\\=Sen. Thurmond to Quit Armed Services Post\\|date\\=December 5, 1997\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times}} Retrospectively, a Senate aide stated that \"for his last ten years, Thurmond didn't know if he was on foot or on horseback\", while a 2020 *New Yorker* article stated that he was \"widely known\" by the end of his career to be *[non compos mentis](/wiki/Non_compos_mentis \"Non compos mentis\")*.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Mayer \\|first\\=Jane \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-10 \\|title\\=Dianne Feinstein's Missteps Raise a Painful Age Question Among Senate Democrats \\|url\\=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news\\-desk/dianne\\-feinsteins\\-missteps\\-raise\\-a\\-painful\\-age\\-question\\-among\\-senate\\-democrats \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-04 \\|magazine\\=The New Yorker \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"{{external media\\| float \\= right\\| video1 \\= \\[https://www.c\\-span.org/video/?174100\\-1/senator\\-thurmond\\-100th\\-birthday Strom Thurmond's 100th birthday party, held at the Dirksen Senate office building, December 5, 2002], \\[\\[C\\-SPAN]]\\| video2 \\= \\[https://www.c\\-span.org/video/?174377\\-1/strom\\-thurmonds\\-political\\-memorabilia Tour of Thurmond's Senate office prior to his retirement, December 19, 2002], \\[\\[C\\-SPAN]]}}",
"In August 1999, Thurmond underwent surgery for an enlarged prostate. In September, he was admitted to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center for tests.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/13/us/national\\-news\\-briefs\\-thurmond\\-hospitalized\\-for\\-more\\-tests.html\\|title\\=National News Briefs; Thurmond Hospitalized For More Tests\\|date\\=September 13, 1999\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} In October 2000, Thurmond collapsed while lunching with a staff member and an acquaintance at a restaurant in [Alexandria, Virginia](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia \"Alexandria, Virginia\"), and was admitted to Walter Reed; his spokeswoman Genevieve Erny stated that the collapse was found to have been unrelated to previous illnesses.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/01/us/strom\\-thurmond\\-in\\-hospital\\-after\\-collapse.html\\|title\\=Strom Thurmond in Hospital After Collapse\\|date\\=October 1, 2000\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} On the morning of October 2, 2001, Thurmond was admitted to Walter Reed after fainting at his Senate desk. He was accompanied in the ambulance by fellow Republican and retired heart transplant surgeon [Bill Frist](/wiki/Bill_Frist \"Bill Frist\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101930604/\\|title\\=Ailing Strom Thurmond Faints in Senate Chamber\\|date\\=October 3, 2001\\|newspaper\\=Asheville Citizen\\-Times}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/03/us/thurmond\\-taken\\-to\\-hospital\\-after\\-fainting.html\\|title\\=Thurmond Taken to Hospital After Fainting\\|date\\=October 3, 2001\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}",
""
] |
Professional wrestling career
-----------------------------
### Early career (1988–1992\)
Levy trained as a professional wrestler under [Larry Sharpe](/wiki/Larry_Sharpe_%28wrestler%29 "Larry Sharpe (wrestler)") at the [Monster Factory](/wiki/Monster_Factory "Monster Factory") in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"), making his debut on February 20, 1988, against [Jimmy Jack Funk](/wiki/Ferrin_Barr_Jr. "Ferrin Barr Jr.").{{cite web\|url\=http://articles.philly.com/1987\-07\-05/news/26198215\_1\_sharpe\-bruno\-sammartino\-monster\-factory\|author\=Rinaldi, Ray\|title\=Searching for the shape of Hulks to come\|date\=July 5, 1987\|work\=\[\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]\|access\-date\=February 20, 2015}}
Early in his career, Levy competed for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico as well as the [Memphis, Tennessee](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee")\-based promotion [Continental Wrestling Association](/wiki/Continental_Wrestling_Association "Continental Wrestling Association") under the [ring name](/wiki/Ring_name "Ring name") "Scotty the Body", where he was given the [gimmick](/wiki/Gimmick_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Gimmick (professional wrestling)") of being the "[boy toy](/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships "Age disparity in sexual relationships")" of [Missy Hyatt](/wiki/Missy_Hyatt "Missy Hyatt"), who used him to her and [Eddie Gilbert](/wiki/Eddie_Gilbert_%28wrestler%29 "Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)")'s advantage. After leaving Memphis, Levy wrestled in Florida.{{cite book\|author\=Lee Maughan\|title\=The Complete WWF Video Guide Volume III\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7\-JpBQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA53\|publisher\=Lulu.com\|isbn\=978\-1\-291\-41107\-2\|pages\=53–\|year\=2013}}{{self\-published source\|date\=February 2020}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}}
Levy next traveled to Canada, where he competed briefly for the [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia")\-based promotion [All Star Wrestling](/wiki/NWA_All-Star_Wrestling "NWA All-Star Wrestling") before leaving due to differences with owner [Al Tomko](/wiki/Al_Tomko "Al Tomko"). From there, he returned to the United States, joining [Pacific Northwest Wrestling](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Wrestling "Pacific Northwest Wrestling") in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"). Over the next three years, he was positioned as one of the main [heels](/wiki/Heel_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Heel (professional wrestling)"), winning all of the titles and [feuding](/wiki/Feud_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Feud (professional wrestling)") heavily with [Steve Doll](/wiki/Steve_Doll "Steve Doll"). His manager in PNW was [Taylor Made](/wiki/Tori_%28wrestler%29 "Tori (wrestler)"). After taking a brief break from competing, he returned to PNW as a [face](/wiki/Face_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Face (professional wrestling)") and began a feud with [The Grappler](/wiki/Len_Denton "Len Denton"). In the summer of 1989, Levy made a number of appearances under a [mask](/wiki/Wrestling_mask "Wrestling mask") as "Matman", a *[Batman](/wiki/Batman_%281989_film%29 "Batman (1989 film)")*\-inspired character who teamed with [Beetlejuice](/wiki/Art_Barr "Art Barr").{{cite news\|last\=Meltzer\|first\=Dave\|date\=August 7, 1989\|newspaper\=\[\[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]\|title\=Wrestling Observer Newsletter}}
Wrestling as Scotty the Body, Levy made a one\-off appearance on *[WWF Prime Time Wrestling](/wiki/WWF_Prime_Time_Wrestling "WWF Prime Time Wrestling")* in a losing effort against [Koko B. Ware](/wiki/Koko_B._Ware "Koko B. Ware") on October 9, 1990\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/90\.htm \|title\=1990 \|website\=thehistoryofwwe.com\|date\=January 16, 2023 }}
After leaving PNW, Levy joined the [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas")\-based [Global Wrestling Federation](/wiki/Global_Wrestling_Federation "Global Wrestling Federation"), where he adopted the ring name "Scott Anthony". Levy was part of the [stable](/wiki/Stable_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Stable (professional wrestling)") known as "The Cartel", along with [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley"), [Makhan Singh](/wiki/Mike_Shaw "Mike Shaw"), [Rip Rogers](/wiki/Rip_Rogers "Rip Rogers") and Max Andrews. Levy also served as a [color commentator](/wiki/Color_commentator "Color commentator") for GWF's televised broadcasts on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") alongside [play\-by\-play commentators](/wiki/Sports_commentator "Sports commentator") Craig Johnson and Scott Hudson.
### World Championship Wrestling (1992–1993\)
{{See also\|The Diamond Exchange\|l1\=The Diamond Mine}}
In 1992, Levy joined [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling "World Championship Wrestling") (WCW). He was given the ring name "Scotty Flamingo" and the gimmick of a surfer from Florida, even carrying a [surfboard](/wiki/Surfboard "Surfboard") to the ring. According to him, he didn't like the character nor the High\-Flying style, but he was forced by the promoters.{{Cite web\|url\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/1997/12/05/quoth\-the\-raven/?\_\_cf\_chl\_jschl\_tk\_\_\=pmd\_6Uft4mhvawSmD9uIFp0DQNAIDcBQvASI9z90P0yUhtk\-1631013476\-0\-gqNtZGzNAjujcnBszQil\|title\=The SLAM! Wrestling Raven interview\|date\=December 5, 1997 }} He was originally managed by [J. T. Southern](/wiki/J._T._Southern "J. T. Southern"). Levy competed in the WCW [light heavyweight](/wiki/Light_heavyweight "Light heavyweight") division, winning the [WCW Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_Light_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW Light Heavyweight Championship") from [Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman "Brian Pillman") on June 20, 1992, at [Beach Blast](/wiki/Beach_Blast_%281992%29 "Beach Blast (1992)"). He held the title until July 5, 1992, when he was defeated by [Brad Armstrong](/wiki/Brad_Armstrong_%28wrestler%29 "Brad Armstrong (wrestler)"). Levy went on to align himself with [Diamond Dallas Page](/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page "Diamond Dallas Page") and [Vinnie Vegas](/wiki/Kevin_Nash "Kevin Nash") as a member of "[The Diamond Mine](/wiki/The_Diamond_Exchange "The Diamond Exchange")". Levy would continue to feud with Pillman and Armstrong, before feuding with [Johnny B. Badd](/wiki/Marc_Mero "Marc Mero"). At *[Clash of the Champions XXI](/wiki/Clash_of_the_Champions_XXI "Clash of the Champions XXI")* on November 18, 1992, Levy defeated Badd in a [boxing](/wiki/Boxing "Boxing") match via knockout after Vegas surreptitiously weighted his boxing glove by soaking it in water. Levy left WCW in February 1993 after disagreements with [booker](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Book "Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Book") [Bill Watts](/wiki/Bill_Watts "Bill Watts").
### World Wrestling Federation (1993–1994\)
After leaving WCW, Levy briefly wrestled for the [United States Wrestling Association](/wiki/United_States_Wrestling_Association "United States Wrestling Association") (USWA) before joining the [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/WWE "WWE") (WWF) as manager "Johnny Polo", a spoiled, rich [preppy](/wiki/Preppy "Preppy") kid. He was initially placed with [Adam Bomb](/wiki/Bryan_Clark "Bryan Clark"), appearing for the first time on May 22 episode of *[WWF Superstars](/wiki/WWF_Superstars_of_Wrestling "WWF Superstars of Wrestling")*. He managed Bomb for four months until he was replaced by [Harvey Wippleman](/wiki/Harvey_Wippleman "Harvey Wippleman"). He then became the manager of [The Quebecers](/wiki/The_Quebecers "The Quebecers") in September, whom he led to three reigns as [WWF Tag Team Champions](/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_%28WWE%29 "World Tag Team Championship (WWE)"). In addition to managing, Polo also occasionally appeared in tag\-team and singles competition, facing Jim Powers, Virgil, Rick Steiner, Marty Jannetty, Doink the Clown, 1\-2\-3 Kid, Owen Hart, and Pierre Ouellet. Polo also worked as a color commentator and co\-host of Radio WWF,{{cite book \|title\=WWE Encyclopedia \|last1\=Shields \|first1\=Brian \|last2\=Sullivan \|first2\=Kevin \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/161 161] \|publisher\=\[\[Dorling Kindersley\|DK]] \|year\=2009 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7566\-4190\-0 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/161 }} and behind the scenes worked as the associate producer for *[Monday Night Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw "WWE Raw")*. Levy left the company in October 1994, his final match coming against Adam Bomb on October 2 in Auburn Hills, Michigan.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/94\.htm \|title\=1994 \|website\=thehistoryofwwe.com\|date\=January 16, 2023 }} His last appearance as Johnny Polo was at a house show in Montreal, Quebec on October 21 when he managed Pierre Ouellet in a match against Jacques Rougeau.
### Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995–1997\)
#### Feud with Tommy Dreamer (1995–1996\)
{{See also\|Raven's Nest}}
After leaving the WWF, Levy began developing a new [character](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Gimmick "Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Gimmick"), "Raven". Inspired by [the poem](/wiki/The_Raven "The Raven") by [Edgar Allan Poe](/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe "Edgar Allan Poe") and by [Patrick Swayze](/wiki/Patrick_Swayze "Patrick Swayze")'s manipulative Zen master of crime in the film *[Point Break](/wiki/Point_Break_%281991_film%29 "Point Break (1991 film)")*, the Raven character was a [depressed](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"), [sociopathic](/wiki/Psychopathy "Psychopathy"), [stoical](/wiki/Stoicism "Stoicism"), [nihilistic](/wiki/Nihilism "Nihilism") [misanthrope](/wiki/Misanthropy "Misanthropy") who would deliver eloquent, philosophical [promos](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Promo "Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Promo") peppered with literary [allusions](/wiki/Allusion "Allusion") and ending with the catchphrase, "[Quoth the Raven 'Nevermore'](/wiki/The_Raven "The Raven")". Levy dramatically altered his appearance, bulking\-up to approximately 235 lbs (107 kg), adding [nose](/wiki/Nose_piercing "Nose piercing") and [eyebrow piercings](/wiki/Eyebrow_piercing "Eyebrow piercing") and began wrestling in ragged [jean shorts](/wiki/Jean_shorts "Jean shorts"), a [leather jacket](/wiki/Leather_jacket "Leather jacket"), [rock band](/wiki/Band_%28rock_and_pop%29 "Band (rock and pop)") or [comic book](/wiki/Comic_book "Comic book") [t\-shirts](/wiki/T-shirt "T-shirt"), [combat boots](/wiki/Combat_boot "Combat boot") and a [flannel](/wiki/Flannel "Flannel") tied around his waist. After unsuccessfully pitching the character to [Jim Cornette](/wiki/Jim_Cornette "Jim Cornette"), the owner of [Smoky Mountain Wrestling](/wiki/Smoky_Mountain_Wrestling "Smoky Mountain Wrestling") (SMW), Raven approached [Paul Heyman](/wiki/Paul_Heyman "Paul Heyman"), the [booker](/wiki/Booker_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Booker (professional wrestling)") of the [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania")\-based promotion [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling "Extreme Championship Wrestling") (ECW), who agreed to bring in Raven as a foil for [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer "Tommy Dreamer").{{cite book\|author\=Thom Loverro\|title\=The Rise \& Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=j0dlOLyCj6YC\&pg\=PA171\|date\=May 22, 2007\|publisher\=Simon and Schuster\|isbn\=978\-1\-4165\-6156\-9\|pages\=85–88}}{{cite book\|author\=Mike Rickard\|title\=Wrestling's Greatest Moments\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vDQQg4IBJPMC\&pg\=PT131\|date\=December 1, 2008\|publisher\=ECW Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-55490\-331\-3\|pages\=131–}}
{{blockquote\|I want elimination by any means necessary. \[\[The Raven\|Quoth the Raven 'Nevermore']].\|author\=Raven, January 1995}}
Raven was introduced to ECW by [Stevie Richards](/wiki/Stevie_Richards "Stevie Richards"). In late 1994, Richards had developed an "identity crisis", performing under the ring names "Stevie Flamingo", "Stevie the Body", and "Stevie Polo"—all references to former ring names used by Levy. After sustaining another loss to [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer "Tommy Dreamer"), Richards became irate and claimed he would present "the real Johnny Polo". Raven made his first appearance on the January 10, 1995 episode of *[ECW Hardcore TV](/wiki/ECW_Hardcore_TV "ECW Hardcore TV")*, with Richards revealing that he had a vendetta against Tommy Dreamer.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/jan95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: January 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}}
Raven formed a [stable](/wiki/Stable_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Stable (professional wrestling)") of [lackeys](/wiki/wikt:Lackey "Lackey") known as "[Raven's Nest](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest "Raven's Nest")", with Richards the first member. In February, [Johnny Hotbody](/wiki/Johnny_Hotbody "Johnny Hotbody") and [Tony Stetson](/wiki/Tony_Stetson "Tony Stetson") joined the stable, calling Raven the "voice of \[their] [generation](/wiki/Generation_X "Generation X")".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/february95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: February 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 14, 2015}} On March 18, 1995, at [Extreme Warfare](/wiki/ECW_Extreme_Warfare "ECW Extreme Warfare"), Dreamer lost to the four members of Raven's Nest in a [gauntlet match](/wiki/Gauntlet_match "Gauntlet match").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/march95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: March 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 14, 2015}}
[right\|300px\|thumb\|Raven's [feud](/wiki/Feud_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Feud (professional wrestling)") with [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer "Tommy Dreamer") was a major storyline in [ECW](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling "Extreme Championship Wrestling").](/wiki/File:Raven_and_Dreamer_July_2010.jpg "Raven and Dreamer July 2010.jpg")
On April 8, 1995, at [Three Way Dance](/wiki/ECW_Three_Way_Dance "ECW Three Way Dance"), Raven fired Hotbody and Stetson, replacing them with [The Pitbulls](/wiki/The_Pitbulls "The Pitbulls"). Later that evening, Raven expounded on his history with Dreamer, revealed that they had attended [summer camp](/wiki/Summer_camp "Summer camp") together as children, where Raven became the boyfriend of [Beulah McGillicutty](/wiki/Beulah_McGillicutty "Beulah McGillicutty"), an overweight girl with acne, after she was spurned by Dreamer. Richards then revealed that he had tracked down McGillicutty, who was now a *[Penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_%28magazine%29 "Penthouse (magazine)")* model, who also harbored a grudge against Dreamer.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/april95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: April 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}} Later that night, Raven faced Dreamer in a singles match for the first time, defeating him following interference from both Richards and McGillicutty. McGillicutty went on to become Raven's [valet](/wiki/Manager_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Manager (professional wrestling)") and onscreen girlfriend, repeatedly interfering in his bouts with Dreamer and receiving numerous [piledrivers](/wiki/Piledriver_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Piledriver (professional wrestling)") as a result.{{cite book\|author\=Thom Loverro\|title\=The Rise \& Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KYrCt0kt3iYC\&pg\=PA88\|date\=May 22, 2007\|publisher\=Simon and Schuster\|isbn\=978\-1\-4165\-1312\-4\|pages\=88–90}}{{cite book\|author\=Pat McNeill\|title\=The Tables All Were Broken\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2VT94FyEwPsC\&pg\=PA262\|year\=2002\|publisher\=iUniverse\|isbn\=978\-0\-595\-22404\-3\|pages\=262–}}{{self\-published source\|date\=February 2020}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}} McGillicutty was brought into ECW by Raven, who had been introduced to her by [Ron Gant](/wiki/Ron_Gant "Ron Gant") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") earlier that year and thought she would add a new dimension to his feud with Dreamer.{{cite book\|author\=Scott E. Williams\|title\=Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4EQtAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT75\|date\=December 13, 2013\|publisher\=Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated\|isbn\=978\-1\-61321\-582\-1\|pages\=75–}}
The feud between Raven and Dreamer escalated at [Barbed Wire, Hoodies \& Chokeslams](/wiki/Barbed_Wire%2C_Hoodies_%26_Chokeslams "Barbed Wire, Hoodies & Chokeslams") in June 1995, where Raven's Nest beat down Dreamer's ally, [Luna Vachon](/wiki/Luna_Vachon "Luna Vachon"), before breaking several of Dreamer's fingers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/june95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: June 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}} On June 30, 1995, at [Mountain Top Madness](/wiki/Mountain_Top_Madness%231995 "Mountain Top Madness#1995"), Raven and Richards defeated [The Public Enemy](/wiki/The_Public_Enemy_%28professional_wrestling%29 "The Public Enemy (professional wrestling)") to win the [ECW World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/ECW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "ECW World Tag Team Championship").
In July 1995 at [Hardcore Heaven](/wiki/Hardcore_Heaven_%281995%29 "Hardcore Heaven (1995)") after Raven and Richards successfully defended the ECW Tag Team Championship against Dreamer and Vachon, The Pitbulls left Raven's Nest, with [The Dudley Brothers](/wiki/The_Dudley_Brothers "The Dudley Brothers") replacing them shortly thereafter. At [Heat Wave](/wiki/Heat_Wave_%281995%29 "Heat Wave (1995)") on July 15, 1995, Dreamer and The Pitbulls defeated Raven and The Dudley Brothers. Later that evening, Dreamer [handcuffed](/wiki/Handcuff "Handcuff") Raven and delivered a [chair shot](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks%23Chair_shot "Professional wrestling attacks#Chair shot") later dubbed "the chair shot heard 'round the world."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/july95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: July 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}} The footage of the chair shot was incorporated into the [title sequence](/wiki/Title_sequence "Title sequence") of *ECW Hardcore TV*.{{cite web\|url\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/1997/12/05/quoth\-the\-raven/\|title\=Quoth the Raven: The Raven interview\|author\=Powell, John\|access\-date\=February 20, 2015\|date\=December 5, 1997\|publisher\=\[\[Quebecor Media]]\|work\=\[\[Canoe.ca]]}} At [Wrestlepalooza](/wiki/Wrestlepalooza_%281995%29 "Wrestlepalooza (1995)") on August 5, 1995, during an eight\-man tag team match, Raven, Richards and the Dudley Brothers defeated Tommy Dreamer, [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley") and the Pitbulls after Cactus Jack, Dreamer's long\-time ally, turned on him, joining Raven's Nest.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/august1995\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: August 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}} On September 16, 1995 at [Gangstas Paradise](/wiki/ECW_Gangstas_Paradise "ECW Gangstas Paradise"), Raven and Richards lost the ECW World Tag Team Championship to The Pitbulls following interference from Dreamer. Raven and Richards regained the titles from The Pitbulls on October 7, 1995 at [South Philly Jam](/wiki/South_Philly_Jam "South Philly Jam"), only to lose them to The Public Enemy later that evening.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/october95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: October 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}} At [November to Remember](/wiki/November_to_Remember_%281995%29 "November to Remember (1995)") on November 18, 1995, Dreamer and [Terry Funk](/wiki/Terry_Funk "Terry Funk") defeated Raven and Cactus Jack in the main event. At the same event, Raven's Nest received a new member, [The Blue Meanie](/wiki/The_Blue_Meanie "The Blue Meanie"), who became a lackey to Stevie Richards.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/nov95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: November 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}}
At [December to Dismember](/wiki/December_to_Dismember_%281995%29 "December to Dismember (1995)") on December 9, 1995, Raven once more defeated Dreamer, although later that night Dreamer, The Pitbulls and The Public Enemy defeated Raven, Richards, [The Eliminators](/wiki/The_Eliminators "The Eliminators") and [The Heavenly Bodies](/wiki/Heavenly_Bodies_%281990s_tag_team%29 "Heavenly Bodies (1990s tag team)") in an "Ultimate Jeopardy" [cage match](/wiki/Cage_match "Cage match") when Dreamer pinned Richards. At [Holiday Hell](/wiki/Holiday_Hell_%281995%29 "Holiday Hell (1995)") on December 30, 1995, Raven defeated Dreamer to become number one contender for the [ECW World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/ECW_World_Heavyweight_Championship "ECW World Heavyweight Championship"), unsuccessfully challenging incumbent champion [The Sandman](/wiki/The_Sandman_%28wrestler%29 "The Sandman (wrestler)") later that evening. At the same event, The Dudley Brothers left Raven's Nest following a confrontation with Richards.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/dec95\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: December 1995\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}} During the build\-up to the match, Raven further expounded on his grudge against Dreamer, accusing Dreamer of not having been there for him during his parents' divorce, an accusation that Dreamer hotly denied. At [House Party](/wiki/House_Party_%281996%29 "House Party (1996)") on January 5, 1996, Richards attempted to kiss McGillicutty, who refused, eventually announcing that she was pregnant. After Raven angrily confronted McGillicutty, she informed him that he was not the father, causing Raven to attack Richards. McGillicutty then revealed that Tommy Dreamer was the father, with Dreamer storming the ring and beating down Raven, Richards and The Blue Meanie before embracing Beulah.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/jan96\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: January 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}}
#### ECW World Heavyweight Champion (1996–1997\)
On January 27, 1996, Raven introduced his new girlfriend, [Kimona Wanalaya](/wiki/Kristina_Laum "Kristina Laum"). Later that evening, Raven defeated The Sandman to win his first ECW World Heavyweight Championship following extensive interference from Raven's Nest. Over the following months, Raven successfully defended the ECW World Heavyweight Championship in bouts with opponents including [Shane Douglas](/wiki/Shane_Douglas "Shane Douglas"), [Pitbull \#2](/wiki/Anthony_Durante "Anthony Durante"), [Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho "Chris Jericho"), [Damián 666](/wiki/Dami%C3%A1n_666 "Damián 666"), [2 Cold Scorpio](/wiki/2_Cold_Scorpio "2 Cold Scorpio") and [Terry Gordy](/wiki/Terry_Gordy "Terry Gordy"). Wanalaya left him in April 1996 at [Massacre on Queens Boulevard](/wiki/Massacre_on_Queens_Boulevard "Massacre on Queens Boulevard") after he slapped her.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/may96\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: May 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/june96\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: June 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}}
At [Hardcore Heaven](/wiki/Hardcore_Heaven_%281996%29 "Hardcore Heaven (1996)") on June 22, 1996, Raven began playing [mind games](/wiki/Mind_games "Mind games") with The Sandman, [brainwashing](/wiki/Brainwashing "Brainwashing") his ex\-wife, [Lori](/wiki/Lori_Fullington "Lori Fullington") and his son, Tyler to join Raven's Nest.{{cite book\|author1\=John Chattman\|author2\=Rich Tarantino\|title\=Time Heels: Cheating, Stealing, Spandex and the Most Villainous Moments in the History of Pro Wrestling\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hWnKAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT43\|date\=June 11, 2014\|publisher\=Pitch Publishing\|isbn\=978\-1\-909626\-82\-9\|pages\=43–}}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite book\|author\=Scott E. Williams\|title\=Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4EQtAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT77\|date\=December 13, 2013\|publisher\=Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated\|isbn\=978\-1\-61321\-582\-1\|pages\=76–77}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/june96\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: June 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 1, 2015}} Lori and Tyler subsequently began accompanying Raven to ringside for his matches, with Raven using him to wage [psychological warfare](/wiki/Psychological_warfare "Psychological warfare") against The Sandman over the following months.{{cite book\|author\=Mike Rickard\|title\=Wrestling's Greatest Moments\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vDQQg4IBJPMC\&pg\=PT132\|date\=December 1, 2008\|publisher\=ECW Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-55490\-331\-3\|pages\=132–}}{{cite book\|author\=John Lister\|title\=Slamthology: Collected Wrestling Writings 1991\-2004\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=80DO1mB\_69gC\&pg\=PA17\|date\=November 2005\|publisher\=Lulu.com\|isbn\=978\-1\-4116\-5329\-0\|pages\=17–}}{{self\-published source\|date\=February 2020}}{{self\-published inline\|date\=February 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/sept96\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: September 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 1, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/aug96\.html \|title\=Raven results match archive: August 1996 \|work\=TheRavenEffect.com \|access\-date\=February 1, 2015 }}{{dead link\|date\=November 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
At [High Incident](/wiki/ECW_High_Incident "ECW High Incident") on October 26, 1996, Richards was involved in one of ECW's most controversial [angles](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Angle "Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Angle"), with Raven's Nest "[crucifying](/wiki/Crucifixion "Crucifixion")" The Sandman by tying him to a [cross](/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion "Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion") and placing a crown made of [barbed wire](/wiki/Barbed_wire "Barbed wire") on his head. The angle, which was widely criticised as being in poor taste, led to [Olympic gold medalist](/wiki/Olympic_medal "Olympic medal") [Kurt Angle](/wiki/Kurt_Angle "Kurt Angle") severing his links with ECW and delayed the promotion's debut on [pay\-per\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view "Pay-per-view"). At the instruction of Paul Heyman, Raven came to the ring and offered a somewhat insincere apology for his actions.{{cite book\|author\=Thom Loverro\|title\=The Rise \& Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JrGwTebNiUIC\&pg\=PA172\|date\=May 22, 2007\|publisher\=Simon and Schuster\|isbn\=978\-1\-4165\-6156\-9\|pages\=172–}}{{cite book\|author\=Scott E. Williams\|title\=Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4EQtAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT135\|date\=December 13, 2013\|publisher\=Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated\|isbn\=978\-1\-61321\-582\-1\|pages\=135–}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/october96\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: October 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 14, 2015}}
The relationship between Raven and Richards began to deteriorate in late 1996\. At [Ultimate Jeopardy](/wiki/Ultimate_Jeopardy_%281996%29 "Ultimate Jeopardy (1996)") on October 5, 1996, Raven was scheduled to team with [Brian Lee](/wiki/Brian_Lee_%28wrestler%29 "Brian Lee (wrestler)") against Dreamer and The Sandman in a match with Raven's ECW World Heavyweight Championship on the line. After Raven was announced as being unable to compete, Richards substituted for him, with Raven losing his title after The Sandman pinned Richards. Upon his return, Raven blamed Richards for the loss.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/october96\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: October 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}} At [Holiday Hell](/wiki/Holiday_Hell_%281996%29 "Holiday Hell (1996)") on December 7, 1996, Raven defeated The Sandman in a [barbed wire match](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling "Hardcore wrestling") to regain the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. Despite this, the tension between Raven and Richards continued to build until, on December 28, 1996, Richards turned on Raven by superkicking him during a match with The Sandman. Richards, The Blue Meanie and Super Nova subsequently broke away from Raven.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/december96\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: December 1996\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 14, 2015}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
At the [Crossing the Line Again](/wiki/Crossing_the_Line_Again "Crossing the Line Again") event on February 1, 1997, Raven successfully defended the ECW World Heavyweight Championship against ["Dr. Death" Steve Williams](/wiki/%22Dr._Death%22_Steve_Williams) – inflicting Williams' first loss in the United States in a decade – after interference from Richards backfired. As part of an agreement between ECW and the World Wrestling Federation, Raven and several other ECW wrestlers appeared on the February 24, 1997 episode of *[Raw Is War](/wiki/WWE_Raw "WWE Raw")*, with Raven confronting Richards.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/february97\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: February 1997\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 14, 2015}}
Over the following months, Raven successfully defended the ECW World Heavyweight Championship against opponents including Dreamer, Richards, [Rob Van Dam](/wiki/Rob_Van_Dam "Rob Van Dam") and [Super Nova](/wiki/Mike_Bucci "Mike Bucci").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/march97\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: March 1997\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 14, 2015}} His reign lasted until April 13, 1997, when he was defeated by Terry Funk in the main event of [Barely Legal](/wiki/ECW_Barely_Legal "ECW Barely Legal"), ECW's first [pay\-per\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view "Pay-per-view").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/april97\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: April 1997\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2015}}
On the May 1, 1997 episode of *ECW Hardcore TV*, a controversial angle took place in which a morose Raven, despondent at the loss of his title and other setbacks, confronted Richards, telling him he had one final "mission" for him. Raven then attacked Richards before begging him to "[end my pain](/wiki/Euthanasia "Euthanasia")". At [The Buffalo Invasion](/wiki/The_Buffalo_Invasion "The Buffalo Invasion") on May 11, 1997, Raven and Richards reformed their tag team to face Dreamer and Funk, with Richards pinning Funk despite bickering with Raven throughout the match. In the main event, Raven, Richards, Funk and The Sandman faced one another in a four\-way elimination match for Funk's ECW World Heavyweight Championship. During the match, Raven DDT'ed both Funk and The Sandman and then demanded that Richards pin them and then lay down for him. Richards refused, instead superkicking Raven and enabling Funk and The Sandman to pin him.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/may97\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: May 1997\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 1, 2015}}
At [Wrestlepalooza](/wiki/Wrestlepalooza_%281997%29 "Wrestlepalooza (1997)") on June 6, 1997, Raven faced Dreamer in a ["Loser Leaves ECW" match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Loser_Leaves_Town_match "Professional wrestling match types#Loser Leaves Town match"). During the bout, Raven abandoned his new [valet](/wiki/Manager_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Manager (professional wrestling)"), Chastity, and unsuccessfully begged Beulah to take him back. Dreamer ultimately won the match by pinning Raven for the first time, marking the end of their lengthy feud and the end of Raven's ECW career. Raven subsequently left ECW and rejoined World Championship Wrestling.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/june97\.html\|title\=Raven results match archive: June 1997\|work\=TheRavenEffect.com\|access\-date\=February 14, 2015}}{{cite book\|author\=Brian Fritz\|title\=Between the Ropes: Wrestling's Greatest Triumphs and Failures\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pf04aqi1i0AC\&pg\=PA95\|year\=2006\|publisher\=ECW Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-55490\-268\-2\|pages\=95–}}
### Return to WCW (1997–1999\)
#### The Flock (1997–1998\)
{{Main\|Raven's Nest\#The Flock\|l1\=The Flock}}
On June 30, 1997, Levy made his return to WCW as Raven. He was seen sitting in the front row at *[Monday Nitro](/wiki/WCW_Monday_Nitro "WCW Monday Nitro")* where the commentators acknowledged him as "a man who has been a champion with other organizations". On August 21, 1997 at *[Clash of the Champions XXXV](/wiki/Clash_of_the_Champions_XXXV "Clash of the Champions XXXV")*, Raven defeated Stevie Richards in an "unsanctioned" match and then took a seat in the front row. The storyline continued that Raven would frequently appear in the front row for the next few months with his lackeys, slowly forming what would be known as The Flock. Raven was an "unsigned [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent")", but eventually accepted a contract with WCW Commissioner [J. J. Dillon](/wiki/J._J._Dillon "J. J. Dillon") which stipulated that he could wrestle only when he wanted and under his own rules. The Flock was a [stable](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Stable "Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Stable") of [misfits](/wiki/wikt:Misfit "Misfit") in the same vein as the Raven's Nest group in ECW. With The Flock, however, Raven was more openly abusive and controlling, which eventually led to dissension and rebellion. The group's matches were held under *Raven's Rules*, which meant no disqualifications—weapon usage, double teaming, and outside interference were rampant.
Raven made his in\-ring *Nitro* debut on October 27 against [Scotty Riggs](/wiki/Scott_Antol "Scott Antol"), after Riggs refused an invitation to join The Flock. Raven won the match, during which he performed a drop toehold on Riggs that drove his face into a steel chair and temporarily blinded him in one eye. The two engaged in a brief feud which resulted in a match at [World War 3](/wiki/World_War_3_%281997%29 "World War 3 (1997)") in November, where Raven defeated Riggs and inducted him by force into The Flock.
With The Flock's help, Raven won the [WCW United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") which lasted only a day as Raven defeated [Diamond Dallas Page](/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page "Diamond Dallas Page") at [Spring Stampede](/wiki/Spring_Stampede_%281998%29 "Spring Stampede (1998)") and lost the belt the following night to [Bill Goldberg](/wiki/Bill_Goldberg "Bill Goldberg") on *Nitro*. He blamed The Flock and Saturn in particular for his loss. This led to a series of matches, culminating in a match at [Fall Brawl](/wiki/Fall_Brawl_%281998%29 "Fall Brawl (1998)") that if Raven lost, The Flock would be able to disband. Saturn won with the help of [Kidman](/wiki/Billy_Kidman "Billy Kidman"), who also wanted to leave Raven's abuses.
#### The Dead Pool (1998–1999\)
{{See also\|Raven's Nest\#Necro Ward/Dead Pool/Dark Carnival\|l1\=The Dead Pool}}
Without The Flock, Raven began a series of depressing interviews and walked out on several matches. In October at [Halloween Havoc](/wiki/Halloween_Havoc_%281998%29 "Halloween Havoc (1998)"), Raven refused to wrestle [Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho "Chris Jericho") for the [WCW Television Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Television_Championship "WCW World Television Championship"), but eventually was convinced to return to the ring which he lost the match and was not seen until 1999\. On his return, a series of [vignettes](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Vignette "Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Vignette") were shown in which a camera crew followed Raven to his supposed childhood home, where he had led a privileged [upper class](/wiki/American_upper_class "American upper class") lifestyle. He was also reunited with his former valet Chastity, who WCW claimed was his sister. He teamed with [Perry Saturn](/wiki/Perry_Saturn "Perry Saturn"), winning the [WCW Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW Tag Team Championship") at [1999 Slamboree](/wiki/Slamboree_%281999%29 "Slamboree (1999)"), losing the belts to the debuting [The Jersey Triad](/wiki/The_Jersey_Triad "The Jersey Triad") three weeks later.
He later joined with [Vampiro](/wiki/Vampiro "Vampiro") and the [Insane Clown Posse](/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse "Insane Clown Posse") in a short\-lived stable called [The Dead Pool](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23Dead_Pool/Dark_Carnival "Raven's Nest#Dead Pool/Dark Carnival"). In a backstage meeting in August 1999, which involved every contracted WCW wrestler, [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff "Eric Bischoff") offered anyone their release right then and there. Levy was the only one to stand up and walk out, as he was dissatisfied with WCW's creative direction. Levy was granted his release and left the company.{{cite book\|author\=R. D. Reynolds\|title\=The Death of WCW\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ufOINU177dEC\&pg\=PA210\|date\=December 1, 2004\|publisher\=ECW Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-55490\-255\-2\|pages\=210–}}{{cite web\|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1999\-11\-05/entertainment/9911030477\_1\_wcw\-eric\-bischoff\-ecw\|title\=Look back on leaving WCW? Never more, says Raven\|publisher\=\[\[Tribune Publishing]]\|work\=\[\[Sun\-Sentinel]]\|date\=November 5, 1999\|access\-date\=February 16, 2015\|archive\-date\=February 16, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216221043/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1999\-11\-05/entertainment/9911030477\_1\_wcw\-eric\-bischoff\-ecw\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Return to ECW (1999–2000\)
As a condition to leaving WCW, Levy was not allowed to directly join the WWF upon leaving the promotion as levied by a no compete clause in his contract. Via a loophole in the contract, Levy rejoined ECW and signed a one\-year contract on August 25, 1999\. His in\-ring appearances were initially limited by a recent surgery to repair a [rotator cuff tear](/wiki/Rotator_cuff_tear "Rotator cuff tear").
Raven made a surprise return at [the Last Show at the Madhouse](/wiki/The_Last_Show_at_the_Madhouse "The Last Show at the Madhouse"), which was televised on ECW's [debut on TNN](/wiki/ECW_on_TNN "ECW on TNN"), winning the tag team title from the departing [The Dudley Boyz](/wiki/The_Dudley_Boyz "The Dudley Boyz") along with Tommy Dreamer on August 26, 1999\.{{Cite web\|url\= http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/history/ecwtaghistory/\|title\=ECW Tag History\|publisher\=WWE\|access\-date\=February 11, 2010}} A reluctant tag team, Raven and Dreamer reigned as [ECW World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/ECW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "ECW World Tag Team Championship") for several months. When they lost the belts, they feuded briefly. Raven and [Mike Awesome](/wiki/Mike_Awesome "Mike Awesome") won the tag team title from Tanaka and Dreamer on March 4, 2000, only to lose them a week later to [The Impact Players](/wiki/Impact_Players "Impact Players") at [Living Dangerously](/wiki/Living_Dangerously_%282000%29 "Living Dangerously (2000)"). [CyberSlam 2000](/wiki/CyberSlam_%282000%29 "CyberSlam (2000)") was Raven's last ECW appearance with Francine, as she aligned with Justin Credible that evening. In his last televised match (July 15, 2000\) Raven challenged ECW TV champion Rhino. Shortly thereafter, he departed for the WWF.
### Return to WWF/E (2000–2003\)
{{also\|The Alliance (professional wrestling)\|l1\=The Alliance}}
[thumb\|upright\|Raven in September 2002](/wiki/Image:RavenWWE.jpg "RavenWWE.jpg")
Levy returned to the WWF, as Raven, in 2000 at [Unforgiven](/wiki/Unforgiven_%282000%29 "Unforgiven (2000)") when he interfered in the [strap match](/wiki/Strap_match "Strap match") between [Tazz](/wiki/Tazz "Tazz") and [Jerry Lawler](/wiki/Jerry_Lawler "Jerry Lawler") by hitting Lawler with a [DDT](/wiki/DDT_%28professional_wrestling%29 "DDT (professional wrestling)").{{cite web\|url\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2000/09/25/austin\-culprit\-unrevealed\-at\-unforgiven/\|title\=Austin culprit unrevealed at Unforgiven\|author\= Powell, John\|publisher\=SLAM! Wrestling\|date\=September 25, 2000\|access\-date\=February 11, 2010}} His previous run in the WWF as Johnny Polo was [ignored by the company](/wiki/Retroactive_continuity "Retroactive continuity"). He then started teaming with Tazz before they went their separate ways. Raven feuded with Jerry Lawler that fall until January 2001\. He then moved on to the Hardcore division, where he would often bring out a shopping cart full of trash cans and other potential weapons during his entrances. On December 22, 2000 in Chattanooga, he defeated [Steve Blackman](/wiki/Steve_Blackman "Steve Blackman") for the [Hardcore Championship](/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship "WWE Hardcore Championship"), his first of a record 27 title reigns, though most of Raven's title reigns were short\-lived. The Hardcore title at the time was contested under the "[24/7](/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship%2324/7_Rules "WWE Hardcore Championship#24/7 Rules")" defense rule, leading to segments where one wrestler would win the title only to immediately lose it to another wrestler. At [WrestleMania X\-Seven](/wiki/WrestleMania_X-Seven "WrestleMania X-Seven"), he competed in his only [WrestleMania](/wiki/WrestleMania "WrestleMania") match, losing the Hardcore Championship to [Kane](/wiki/Kane_%28wrestler%29 "Kane (wrestler)") in a triple threat match that also included [Big Show](/wiki/Big_Show "Big Show"). At [Backlash](/wiki/Backlash_%282001%29 "Backlash (2001)"), he lost to Hardcore Champion [Rhyno](/wiki/Rhino_%28wrestler%29 "Rhino (wrestler)") in a hardcore match. A brief angle had an anonymous Black Ninja, who was later revealed to be his old valet from his Pacific Northwest days, [Tori](/wiki/Tori_%28wrestler%29 "Tori (wrestler)"), aiding Raven in retaining the Hardcore Championship.
When the [Invasion](/wiki/The_Invasion_%28professional_wrestling%29 "The Invasion (professional wrestling)") storyline began, he found himself in the new [WCW/ECW Alliance](/wiki/The_Alliance_%28professional_wrestling%29 "The Alliance (professional wrestling)"). His most notable storyline during this time was when he was managed by [Terri Runnels](/wiki/Terri_Runnels "Terri Runnels") and destroyed the love interest of Saturn, his mop called "Moppy". He also started teaming with [Justin Credible](/wiki/Justin_Credible "Justin Credible") in late July 2001\. By the end of the year, Raven was not seen on WWF programs, as the Alliance lost the "Winner Take All" match at [Survivor Series](/wiki/Survivor_Series_%282001%29 "Survivor Series (2001)").
In March 2002, when the [WWF brand extension](/wiki/WWF_brand_extension "WWF brand extension") was announced, Raven was [drafted](/wiki/WWE_brand_extension%23Superstar_selections "WWE brand extension#Superstar selections") to [Raw](/wiki/Raw_%28WWE_brand%29 "Raw (WWE brand)"). On the final *SmackDown!* before the split began, he defeated [Maven](/wiki/Maven_Huffman "Maven Huffman") to once again win the Hardcore Championship, thus bringing the title to *Raw*. He lost the title that Monday to [Bubba Ray Dudley](/wiki/Mark_LoMonaco "Mark LoMonaco"). At that time, Levy decided to spend some time announcing, and Raven became the new color commentator for *[Sunday Night Heat](/wiki/WWE_Heat "WWE Heat")* and *[Excess](/wiki/List_of_former_World_Wrestling_Entertainment_programming%23Excess_%282001%E2%80%932002%29 "List of former World Wrestling Entertainment programming#Excess (2001–2002)")*. This role lasted a couple of months, as he later quit the show to resume his wrestling career on *Raw*. This did not last long either, as he was "banished" from *Raw* after losing a match to former ECW alumni Tommy Dreamer on June 24, 2002\. Raven was forced to spend the rest of the year on *Heat*. Although he won his way back onto the *Raw* roster, he lost to [Jeff Hardy](/wiki/Jeff_Hardy "Jeff Hardy") in a [Royal Rumble](/wiki/Royal_Rumble_%282003%29 "Royal Rumble (2003)") qualifier match, which was his final match in the WWE. He was released from the promotion the following week on January 20, 2003\.
### NWA Total Nonstop Action / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003–2010\)
#### The Gathering (2003–2004\)
{{See also\|Raven's Nest\#The Gathering\|l1\=The Gathering}}
[thumb\|upright\|Raven in December 2004](/wiki/File:Raven20041212.jpg "Raven20041212.jpg")
Raven debuted for [NWA Total Nonstop Action](/wiki/NWA_Total_Nonstop_Action "NWA Total Nonstop Action") (TNA) on January 22, 2003, two days after his release from WWE, attacking and hitting his finisher on [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett "Jeff Jarrett") and stealing the [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World Heavyweight Championship") from him. Raven then embarked upon a long\-running storyline in which he claimed it was his "destiny" to win the NWA World Heavyweight Title. Raven began playing mind games with the roster, starting with his former nemesis Sandman, and debuted his trademark *Clockwork Orange* House of Fun match, which Levy devised himself. On April 30, 2003 Raven got his first shot at Jarrett's [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World Heavyweight Championship"), yet Jarrett won the match.
On September 17, 2003, Raven lost his trademark long hair after he was defeated by [Shane Douglas](/wiki/Shane_Douglas "Shane Douglas") in a hair versus hair match, thanks to the surprise interference of [Vampiro](/wiki/Vampiro "Vampiro"). Vampiro and Raven would grow to be bitter rivals which resulted in a backstage brawl which Vampiro ended up with a torn "ACL." While in TNA, he formed a stable known as [The Gathering](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23The_Gathering "Raven's Nest#The Gathering"), which included ROH rival CM Punk, as well as [Julio Dinero](/wiki/Julio_Dinero "Julio Dinero") and [Alexis Laree](/wiki/Mickie_James "Mickie James"), though they would later turn on him. He created matches involving old friends and brought in former colleagues from ECW such as [New Jack](/wiki/New_Jack "New Jack"), Perry Saturn, [Mikey Whipwreck](/wiki/Mikey_Whipwreck "Mikey Whipwreck"), and Justin Credible, all of whom Raven beat in matches. Later in the year these superstars overturned [Sports Entertainment Xtreme](/wiki/Sports_Entertainment_Xtreme "Sports Entertainment Xtreme") (SEX). In 2003, Raven feuded with [James Mitchell](/wiki/James_Mitchell_%28manager%29 "James Mitchell (manager)") and the Disciples of the New Church. Raven took them all out one by one just like he said, but with interferences from The Gathering and ECW counterparts. Raven ended his feud with James Mitchell in a [Last Man Standing match](/wiki/Last_Man_Standing_match "Last Man Standing match"), which was won by Raven. This led to a long undefeated run and the beginning of Raven's attempts to fulfill his destiny. In 2004, Raven teamed up with The Sandman to go against The Gathering. The Gathering won due to interference from James Mitchell, who had aligned himself with The Gathering. Raven then teamed with [Terry Funk](/wiki/Terry_Funk "Terry Funk") to defeat the Gathering, even though James Mitchell tried to interfere.
Also in 2004, Raven's old friend [Sabu](/wiki/Sabu_%28wrestler%29 "Sabu (wrestler)") returned to TNA. Raven teamed with Sabu to defeat The Gathering one last time. Raven and Sabu then feuded with [Abyss](/wiki/Abyss_%28wrestler%29 "Abyss (wrestler)") and "The Alpha Male" [Monty Brown](/wiki/Monty_Brown "Monty Brown"). Abyss and Brown outnumbered Sabu on many occasions, when Raven failed to watch Sabu's back. Raven waged a campaign against Sabu, disrespecting the memory of his uncle and assaulting Sabu's mouthpiece, [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt "Sonjay Dutt"), until Sabu finally broke and attacked him on July 23\. Raven defeated Sabu in a [No Holds Barred match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23No_Disqualification_match/No_Holds_Barred_match "Professional wrestling match types#No Disqualification match/No Holds Barred match") on August 4, and a scheduled return match on August 18 was canceled after Sabu suffered a legitimate back injury. He also competed in the very first [Monster's Ball match](/wiki/Monster%27s_Ball_match "Monster's Ball match"), with Abyss and Brown.
#### NWA World Heavyweight Champion (2005–2006\)
On June 19, 2005, Raven turned face and fulfilled his self\-proclaimed destiny when he won the [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World Heavyweight Championship") at [Slammiversary](/wiki/Slammiversary_%282005%29 "Slammiversary (2005)") (by taking Jeff Jarrett's place after Jarrett attacked a fan from the crowd earlier that night and got arrested), defeating [A.J. Styles](/wiki/A.J._Styles "A.J. Styles"), Abyss, [Sean Waltman](/wiki/Sean_Waltman "Sean Waltman") and Monty Brown in a five way [King of the Mountain match](/wiki/King_of_the_Mountain_match "King of the Mountain match"). He successfully defended the title in two defenses over the following months against Abyss at [No Surrender](/wiki/No_Surrender_%282005%29 "No Surrender (2005)"), and Rhino two months later at [Unbreakable](/wiki/Unbreakable_%282005%29 "Unbreakable (2005)"). Against Rhino he showed his full array of moves and peeled back the years looking like the Raven in ECW and early WCW. He not only defeated Rhino but hit a Raven Effect DDT on Jeff Jarrett, with the assistance of Jeff Hardy running to the ringside. He also had a tag team match with Sabu against Jeff Jarrett and Rhino.
On September 15, Raven lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Jeff Jarrett in Oldcastle, Ontario, Canada, at a special event of [Border City Wrestling](/wiki/Border_City_Wrestling "Border City Wrestling"). [America's Most Wanted](/wiki/America%27s_Most_Wanted_%28professional_wrestling%29 "America's Most Wanted (professional wrestling)") (["Wildcat" Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 "Chris Harris (wrestler)") and ["Cowboy" James Storm](/wiki/James_Storm "James Storm")) came out and interfered on Jarrett's behalf. BCW officials immediately contacted TNA Director of Authority [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko "Larry Zbyszko"), who declared the title change official[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling On Spike TV! – NEWS](http://www.tnawrestling.com/fullnews.php?home=206) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030730/http://www.tnawrestling.com/fullnews.php?home\=206 \|date\=September 30, 2007 }} (TNA had briefly gone dark on its national television timeslot prior to jumping to [Spike TV](/wiki/Spike_%28TV_channel%29 "Spike (TV channel)"), prompting a title change in another NWA based promotion). This led to Raven feuding with Larry Zbyszko, who brought in wrestlers like [PJ Polaco](/wiki/Justin_Credible "Justin Credible") and [Chris K](/wiki/Chris_Kanyon "Chris Kanyon") to wrestle Raven. This culminated in a match at [Final Resolution](/wiki/Final_Resolution_%282006%29 "Final Resolution (2006)") where Raven wrestled Sean Waltman with the stipulation that if Raven lost he would have to leave TNA. Raven lost the match and went on hiatus as a result.
Raven returned to TNA on April 23, 2006 at the [Lockdown](/wiki/Lockdown_%282006%29 "Lockdown (2006)") pay\-per\-view, and reignited his feud with Zbyszko. They would end their feud at [Victory Road](/wiki/Victory_Road_%282006%29 "Victory Road (2006)") in a [Hair vs. Hair match](/wiki/Lucha_libre%23Luchas_de_Apuestas "Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas") which Raven won.
#### Serotonin (2006–2008\)
{{See also\|Raven's Nest\#Serotonin\|l1\=Serotonin}}
[thumb\|Raven in August 2007](/wiki/File:Raven_in_tna.jpg "Raven in tna.jpg")
He next feuded with Abyss and [Brother Runt](/wiki/Spike_Dudley "Spike Dudley"), losing to the former in a Hangman's Horror match on Impact after the latter turned on him. Subsequent to this, his coverage in major televised angles has dropped considerably. While he was off\-air, an alliance was teased between [Kazarian](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 "Kazarian (wrestler)"), [Johnny Devine](/wiki/Johnny_Devine "Johnny Devine"), and [Matt Bentley](/wiki/Matt_Bentley "Matt Bentley"). On the TNA Primetime Special before [Genesis](/wiki/Genesis_%282006%29 "Genesis (2006)"), the three came out in goth, addressing a new movement in TNA. After a loss at Genesis, sporting a new look (often with a mask), Raven revealed himself as their leader, caning the loser of the match. This stable became known as [Serotonin](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23Serotonin "Raven's Nest#Serotonin"). The direction of this stable was very hard to place, although they lost the majority of their televised matches. Regardless of the outcome, Raven would hit the Serotonin competitor with a cane. After a long hiatus, Raven returned to the ring, losing to [Christopher Daniels](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels "Christopher Daniels") in a [First Blood Invitational](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23First_Blood_match "Professional wrestling match types#First Blood match") then losing to [Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 "Chris Harris (wrestler)") after interference from [Kaz](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 "Kazarian (wrestler)"). On *[Impact](/wiki/Impact_Wrestling_%28TV_series%29 "Impact Wrestling (TV series)")*, Raven came out after Kaz's win over Havok and Martyr and hit Kaz in the back with a Kendo Stick, breaking it over Kaz's back. Raven, Havok, and Martyr then attacked Kaz with kendo sticks. On the July 19 episode of *Impact!*, Raven and the rest of Serotonin took on the reuniting [Triple X](/wiki/Triple_X_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Triple X (professional wrestling)"). Raven had very little time in the match and Serotonin lost after Skipper hit a [diving leg drop](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_leg_drop "Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving leg drop"), Daniels hit a [Best Moonsault Ever](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels%23In_wrestling "Christopher Daniels#In wrestling"), and Senshi hit a [Warrior's Way](/wiki/Low_Ki%23In_wrestling "Low Ki#In wrestling") on Havok.
Raven won a House of Fun match, on the August 9 episode of *Impact!*. He teamed with [Robert Roode](/wiki/Bobby_Roode "Bobby Roode") and James Storm against the team of Chris Harris, Rhino, and Kazarian. Raven lost to Kaz, who had rebelled against him, at [Hard Justice](/wiki/Hard_Justice_%282007%29 "Hard Justice (2007)") despite having the remaining members of Serotonin involve themselves in the match. He then issued a challenge to Abyss and Rhino at [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282007%29 "Bound for Glory (2007)"). Abyss later had Black Reign added to the match and made it a Monsters Ball. Raven briefly formed an alliance with [Havok](/wiki/Johnny_Devine "Johnny Devine"), [Black Reign](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes "Dustin Rhodes"), [Judas Mesias](/wiki/Ricky_Banderas "Ricky Banderas"), and James Mitchell with the purpose of defeating Abyss. At Bound for glory, Raven would go on to lose the match after Abyss gave him a black hole slam on to tacks and glass. On the November 15 episode of *Impact*, Havok was revealed to be [Team 3D](/wiki/Dudley_Boyz "Dudley Boyz")'s [X Division](/wiki/X_Division "X Division") traitor, effectively ending Serotonin. At [Turning Point](/wiki/Turning_Point_%282007_wrestling%29 "Turning Point (2007 wrestling)"), Raven substituted for Rhino in the "Match of 10,000 Thumbtacks" and teamed with Abyss to defeat [Black Reign](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes "Dustin Rhodes") and [Rellik](/wiki/Jon_Hugger "Jon Hugger"). Raven was officially released from TNA, and his profile was removed from the roster on March 7, 2008\.
#### Alliance with Dr. Stevie; EV 2\.0 (2009–2010\)
{{also\|ECW Originals\|l1\=EV 2\.0}}
[thumb\|Raven in April 2010](/wiki/Image:Raven_en_la_esquina.jpg "Raven en la esquina.jpg")
After an absence of more than a year, Raven surprised fans by returning to TNA on May 28, 2009\. He returned as a heel by attacking Abyss with a Kendo stick with [Dr. Stevie](/wiki/Stevie_Richards "Stevie Richards") assisting him. He then aligned himself with Dr. Stevie and [Daffney](/wiki/Daffney "Daffney"). On the June 18 episode of *Impact!* he won a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match against [Jethro Holliday](/wiki/Trevor_Murdoch "Trevor Murdoch"). At [Slammiversary](/wiki/Slammiversary_%282009%29 "Slammiversary (2009)"), Abyss and [Taylor Wilde](/wiki/Shantelle_Malawski "Shantelle Malawski") defeated Raven and Daffney in the first\-ever mixed tag team Monster's Ball match. After the pay\-per\-view, Raven's name was taken down from the TNA website.
On the November 12, 2009, episode of *Impact!*, Raven returned again to TNA attacking Abyss and throwing a fireball at [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley")'s face, aligning himself again with Dr. Stevie and Daffney.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\_Reports\_9/article\_36725\.shtml\|title\=WILKENFELD'S TNA IMPACT REPORT: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|first\=Daniel\|date\=November 12, 2009\|work\=PWTorch\|access\-date\=November 13, 2009}} At [Final Resolution](/wiki/Final_Resolution_%282009%29 "Final Resolution (2009)"), Abyss and Foley defeated Stevie and Raven in a "Foley's Funhouse" tag team match.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/PPV\_Reports\_5/article\_37540\.shtml\|title\=CALDWELL'S TNA FINAL RESOLUTION PPV REPORT: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Daniels, Angle vs. Wolfe\|date\=December 20, 2009\|access\-date\=December 21, 2009\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|publisher\=PWTorch}} Raven appeared on the January 4 episode of *Impact!*, teaming with Dr. Stevie in a number one contender's tag team match, where they were defeated by [Matt Morgan](/wiki/Matt_Morgan_%28wrestler%29 "Matt Morgan (wrestler)") and [Hernandez](/wiki/Hernandez_%28wrestler%29 "Hernandez (wrestler)").{{cite web \|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\_Reports\_9/article\_37861\.shtml \|title\=KELLER'S TNA IMPACT LIVE REPORT: Jeff Hardy, NWO reunion, Hulk Hogan, TNA Knockout Title match, more surprises\|last\=Keller\|first\=Wade\|date\=January 4, 2009\|work\=PWTorch\|access\-date\=April 23, 2010}} He appeared on the February 18 episode of *Impact!*, helping Eric Bischoff take out Abyss, along with Rhino, [Homicide](/wiki/Homicide_%28wrestler%29 "Homicide (wrestler)"), [Tomko](/wiki/Travis_Tomko "Travis Tomko"), and [Desmond Wolfe](/wiki/Nigel_McGuinness "Nigel McGuinness").{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\_Reports\_9/article\_39182\.shtml\|title\=WILKENFELD'S TNA IMPACT REPORT: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|date\=February 18, 2010\|access\-date\=April 23, 2010\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|first\=Daniel\|publisher\=PWTorch}}
Raven returned to television four months later on the June 24 episode of *Impact!* showing signs of a face turn, appearing in the Impact! Zone crowd beside Stevie Richards and Tommy Dreamer.{{cite web \|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42170\.shtml\|title\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 6/24: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|first\=Daniel\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|date\=June 24, 2010\|access\-date\=June 24, 2010\|publisher\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} The following week the three were joined by Rhino.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42295\.shtml\|title\=TNA Impact results 7/1: Keller's ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV show – Abyss vs. Hardy, RVD refs\|last\=Keller\|first\=Wade\|date\= July 1, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch\|access\-date\=July 2, 2010}} On the July 15 episode of *Impact!* Raven, Dreamer, Richards, Rhino, [Brother Devon](/wiki/Devon_Hughes "Devon Hughes"), [Pat Kenney](/wiki/Pat_Kenney "Pat Kenney") and [Al Snow](/wiki/Al_Snow "Al Snow"), led by [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley"), aligned themselves with the [TNA World Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/TNA_World_Heavyweight_Championship "TNA World Heavyweight Championship") [Rob Van Dam](/wiki/Rob_Van_Dam "Rob Van Dam") by attacking Abyss and the rest of the TNA locker room.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\_News\_1/article\_42456\.shtml\|title\=TNA News: TNA Impact TV taping "virtual\-time coverage" for Thursday's episode\|date\=July 12, 2010\|access\-date\=July 13, 2010\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|publisher\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\=1279001038\|title\=Spoilers: TNA Impact for this Thursday\|date\=July 13, 2010\|access\-date\=July 13, 2010\|last\=Martin\|first\=Adam\|publisher\=WrestleView\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428050636/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\=1279001038\|archive\-date\=April 28, 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\=1279252015 \|title\=Impact Results \|date\=July 15, 2010 \|last\=Martin \|first\=Adam \|work\=WrestleView \|access\-date\=July 16, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719090613/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\=1279252015 \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2010 }} The following week, TNA president [Dixie Carter](/wiki/Dixie_Carter_%28wrestling%29 "Dixie Carter (wrestling)") agreed to give the ECW alumni their own reunion pay–per–view event, [Hardcore Justice: The Last Stand](/wiki/Hardcore_Justice_%282010%29 "Hardcore Justice (2010)"), as a celebration of [hardcore wrestling](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling "Hardcore wrestling") and a final farewell to the company.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42665\.shtml\|title\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 7/22: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|date\=July 22, 2010\|access\-date\=July 23, 2010\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|first\=Daniel\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On the July 29 episode of *Impact!* Raven re–ignited his old feud with Dreamer by turning on him, after his match with Abyss, and laying him out with a DDT on a chair and in doing so, turned heel.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42785\.shtml\|title\=Keller's TNA Impact report 7/29: Tommy Dreamer announces new name for ECW faction, Hulk Hogan addresses situation\|first\=Wade\|last\=Keller\|date\=July 29, 2010\|access\-date\=July 30, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} The following week, Raven explained his turn by saying that he had not forgotten how Dreamer had "stolen", and later married, his girlfriend Beulah McGillicutty, who turned on Raven back in 1996 during his and Dreamer's initial feud.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42919\.shtml\|title\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 8/5: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|first\=Daniel\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|date\=August 5, 2010\|access\-date\=August 5, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On August 8 at Hardcore Justice Raven defeated Dreamer in a "Final Showdown" match refereed by Mick Foley.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\_42979\.shtml\|title\=Caldwell's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8/8: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of ECW\-themed PPV headlined by RVD vs. Sabu\|first\=James\|last\=Caldwell\|date\=August 8, 2010\|access\-date\=August 8, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On the following episode of *Impact!*, the ECW alumni, known collectively as [Extreme, Version 2\.0 (EV 2\.0\)](/wiki/ECW_Originals "ECW Originals"), were assaulted by A.J. Styles, [Kazarian](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 "Kazarian (wrestler)"), [Robert Roode](/wiki/Bobby_Roode "Bobby Roode"), [James Storm](/wiki/James_Storm "James Storm"), [Douglas Williams](/wiki/Doug_Williams_%28wrestler%29 "Doug Williams (wrestler)") and Matt Morgan of [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair")'s {{Not a typo\|\[\[Fortune (professional wrestling)\|Fourtune]]}} stable, who thought they didn't deserve to be in TNA, thus once again turning Raven face.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\_News\_1/article\_43008\.shtml\|title\=TNA News: Spoilers – detailed Impact TV taping report for "Whole F'n Show" featuring new angle, MOTY candidate?, three title matches\|first\=Kevin\|last\=Tomich\|date\=August 9, 2010\|access\-date\=August 12, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}{{cite web\|url\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2010/08/12/tnas\-the\-whole\-fn\-show\-beer\-money\-machine\-guns\-put\-on\-match\-of\-year\-candidate\-fortune\-makes\-statement/\|title\=TNA's 'The Whole F'n Show': Beer Money, Machine Guns put on match of year candidate; Fortune makes statement\|first\=Matt\|last\=Bishop\|date\=August 12, 2010\|access\-date\=August 13, 2010\|work\=Slam! Sports\|publisher\=\[\[Canoe.ca]]}} At [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282010%29 "Bound for Glory (2010)"), Raven, Dreamer, Rhino, Richards and Sabu defeated {{Not a typo\|Fourtune}} members Styles, Kazarian, Morgan, Roode and Storm in a [Lethal Lockdown match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Lethal_Lockdown_match "Professional wrestling match types#Lethal Lockdown match").{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\_44417\.shtml\|title\=Caldwell's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10\-10\-10: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Angle vs. Anderson vs. Hardy, "they" reveal\|date\=October 10, 2010\|access\-date\=October 10, 2010\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} At [Turning Point](/wiki/Turning_Point_%282010_wrestling%29 "Turning Point (2010 wrestling)"), EV 2\.0 faced Fortune in a ten\-man tag team match, where each member of EV 2\.0 put their TNA careers on the line. In the end, EV 2\.0 lost the match and Sabu was released from TNA.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\_45110\.shtml\|title\=Caldwell's TNA Turning Point PPV results 11/7: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Hardy vs. Morgan, EV2 vs. Fortune, Team 3D "retirement" match\|date\=November 7, 2010\|access\-date\=November 7, 2010\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} Two weeks later on *Impact!*, Raven was forced to put his TNA future on the line in a match against the TNA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Hardy. Hardy won the match and as a result Raven was released from TNA.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_45386\.shtml\|title\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 11/18: Complete "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|date\=November 18, 2010\|access\-date\=November 18, 2010\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|first\=Daniel\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} His release from the company was legitimate.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\_News\_1/article\_45184\.shtml\|title\=TNA News: Another EV2 member cut from TNA – Raven finishes up at this week's Impact TV tapings (minor spoiler)\|date\=November 10, 2010\|access\-date\=November 10, 2010\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} Raven worked one last match for the promotion on November 12, 2010, defeating [TNA Television Champion](/wiki/TNA_Television_Championship "TNA Television Championship") A.J. Styles in a non–title match at the *Farewell at the [Asylum](/wiki/TNA_Asylum "TNA Asylum")* [live event](/wiki/House_show "House show").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.f4wonline.com/content/view/18323/\|title\=TNA house show report 11\-12 Nashville\|last\=Goodman\|first\=Larry\|date\=November 13, 2010\|access\-date\=November 13, 2010\|work\=\[\[Dave Meltzer\#Wrestling Observer Newsletter\|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}
### Independent circuit and semi\-retirement (2008–present)
[thumb\|Raven inside a [steel cage](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Cages "Professional wrestling match types#Cages") at a [Ring of Honor](/wiki/Ring_of_Honor "Ring of Honor") show](/wiki/File:Raven_Steel_Cage.jpg "Raven Steel Cage.jpg")
In 2008, Raven appeared in [Juggalo Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Juggalo_Championship_Wrestling "Juggalo Championship Wrestling") (JCW) for Season 2 of [SlamTV!](/wiki/Juggalo_Championship_Wrestling%23SlamTV.21 "Juggalo Championship Wrestling#SlamTV.21"). In the main event of the second episode, [JCW Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/JCW_Heavyweight_Championship "JCW Heavyweight Championship") [Corporal Robinson](/wiki/Steve_Robinson_%28wrestler%29 "Steve Robinson (wrestler)") put his title on the line against Sexy Slim Goody. When Robinson attempted to hit the [Boot Camp](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws%23Cobra_clutch_legsweep "Professional wrestling throws#Cobra clutch legsweep"), the lights shut off in the arena. When they turned back on, Raven appeared in the ring and hit Robinson with his Evenflow DDT, before stealing the JCW Heavyweight Championship belt.{{cite episode\|title\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 2\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=v5CKy3xgU3k\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/v5CKy3xgU3k\| archive\-date\=November 14, 2021 \| url\-status\=live\|series\=SlamTV!\|credits\=Creator and Producer: \[\[Insane Clown Posse]]\|location\=Evansville, Indiana\|airdate\=July 17, 2008\|season\=2}}{{cbignore}} In the third episode, Raven introduced Sexy Slim Goody as his newest lackey. When Robinson ran out to the ring to take his title back, Sexy Slim Goody (kayfabe) knocked him out with a [steel chair shot](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks%23Chair_shot "Professional wrestling attacks#Chair shot"), and Raven began to shave Robinson's afro. Sabu appeared from out of the crowd and scared Raven off, leaving Robinson with a half shaved afro.{{cite episode\|title\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 3\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=VH6s\_95TFHA\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/VH6s\_95TFHA\| archive\-date\=November 14, 2021 \| url\-status\=live\|series\=SlamTV!\|credits\=Creator and Producer: \[\[Insane Clown Posse]]\|location\=Springfield, Illinois\|airdate\=July 25, 2008\|season\=2}}{{cbignore}} The tag team of Raven and Sexy Slim Goody had a match against Corporal Robinson and Sabu in the following episode. Raven walked out on the match with the stolen championship belt, fleeing from Sabu.{{cite episode\|title\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 4\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=f9B7oNXlKuM\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/f9B7oNXlKuM\| archive\-date\=November 14, 2021 \| url\-status\=live\|series\=SlamTV!\|credits\=Creator and Producer: \[\[Insane Clown Posse]]\|location\=St. Louis, Missouri\|airdate\=July 31, 2008\|season\=2}}{{cbignore}} At *[Bloodymania II](/wiki/Bloodymania_II "Bloodymania II")*, Raven lost to Corporal Robinson in a ["Loser leaves JCW"](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Loser_Leaves_Town_match "Professional wrestling match types#Loser Leaves Town match") [Ladder match](/wiki/Ladder_match "Ladder match"). However, Raven returned to the company at [Bloodymania III](/wiki/Bloodymania_III "Bloodymania III") in a losing effort against his old nemesis Sabu in a [Raven's Rules match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Hardcore-based_variations "Professional wrestling match types#Hardcore-based variations").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/site/info/results/2009/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1249380228\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=57\& \|title\=JCW: Gathering of the Juggalos 2009: Bloodymania III \|date\=September 7, 2009 \|work\=Match Results \|publisher\=Raven \|access\-date\=April 10, 2010}}
Levy was the heavyweight champion of CWA Pro Wrestling, an [independent](/wiki/Independent_circuit "Independent circuit") [professional wrestling promotion](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion "Professional wrestling promotion") based out of [Orangeburg, South Carolina](/wiki/Orangeburg%2C_South_Carolina "Orangeburg, South Carolina"), from March 15 through August 8, 2008\. He won the championship when he defeated Timber in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), on March 15\. He was stripped of the title after missing several shows, therefore not being able to defend the championship. Levy was also featured doing shows overseas at Russia's Independent Wrestling Federation, battling [Joe Legend](/wiki/Joe_Hitchen "Joe Hitchen"). In April 2008, Raven toured Australia and New Zealand including several seminars as well as performing. In June, Raven wrestled for multiple European promotions which included losing to [The Vampire Warrior](/wiki/Gangrel_%28wrestler%29 "Gangrel (wrestler)") in a flaming tables match for Nu\-Wrestling Evolution.
In 2009, Raven regularly wrestled for Collective League of Adrenaline Strength and Honor, NWA Charlotte and Showtime Allstar Wrestling. On August 2, 2009, Raven defeated reigning champion Preston Quinn to win the Vanguard Championship Wrestling World Heavyweight Title in Norfolk, Virginia at the NorVa. Post match, Larry Zbyszko and Raven had a war of words, where Raven challenged Zbyszko to find an opponent to face him for the VCW World Title, a match which he consequently won. In November, he wrestled all across Europe, touring with American Wrestling Rampage.
In January 2010, Raven took on [Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 "Chris Harris (wrestler)") for the PICW Heavyweight Championship and lost. At [Bloodymania IV](/wiki/Bloodymania_IV "Bloodymania IV"), in the main event Raven took on [Corporal Robinson](/wiki/Corporal_Robinson "Corporal Robinson") and [Mike Knox](/wiki/Mike_Knox "Mike Knox") in a triple threat match for the [JCW Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/JCW_Heavyweight_Championship "JCW Heavyweight Championship") where Robinson retained his championship.
At JCW Legends and Icons, he was involved in a seven way "Philly Madness" match which included former ECW stars such as Sabu, Shane Douglas and the eventual winner, Rhino. Two days later at [Bloodymania V](/wiki/Bloodymania_V "Bloodymania V"), Raven and Sexy Slim Goody won the [JCW Tag Team Championship](/wiki/JCW_Tag_Team_Championship "JCW Tag Team Championship"). On September 16, he defeated Jocephus for the USWO Heavyweight Championship and would lose it in November 11 to Jocephus. At JCW New Year's Eve Ninja Party!, Raven lost the tag team championship back to [The Ring Rydas](/wiki/The_Irish_Airborne "The Irish Airborne").
On April 28, 2012, Raven debuted for [Extreme Rising](/wiki/Extreme_Rising "Extreme Rising") in a dark match against [Gary Wolfe](/wiki/Gary_Wolfe_%28wrestler%29 "Gary Wolfe (wrestler)") ending in a no contest. On October 27, Raven appeared for [Niagara Falls, Ontario](/wiki/Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario "Niagara Falls, Ontario")\-based promotion Busted Knuckle Pro Wrestling's Apocalypse event, defeating Eddie Osborne in a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match. During the match, Raven threw out his shoulder while performing a DDT, but still finished the match, despite being hit with several chair shots and even going through a table after the DDT was performed. After the match, he cut a promo putting over all of the young stars in the promotion as well as Osborne, congratulating the promotion on doing a great job so far in his eyes. On November 11 at Extreme Rising, Raven took on [Stevie Richards](/wiki/Stevie_Richards "Stevie Richards") in a loser leaves town match which ended in a no contest.
In the early part of 2013, Raven toured Europe wrestling for various promotions in various countries including Germany and the Netherlands. On May 24, Raven reunited with Perry Saturn in a tag team Raven's Rules match for [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan "Billy Corgan")'s [Resistance Pro Wrestling](/wiki/Resistance_Pro_Wrestling "Resistance Pro Wrestling"), defeating Brady Pierce and Mad Man Pondo. Raven had spent 2014 in Nigeria and South Africa. He defeated Fury in a singles match at a house show in [Lagos, Nigeria](/wiki/Lagos%2C_Nigeria "Lagos, Nigeria") on November 7, 2014\. He won the WWP Tag Team Championship with Venus on November 24, which they lost December 22 at house show in Abuja, Nigeria. Raven signed with NWF and made his debut on the main event defeating Strong Bone in a Hardcore match on December 23\. He teamed with [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers "The Steiner Brothers") where they defeated Sabu and The Wolves in a Christmas house show in Lagos. He won the NWF World Heavyweight Championship on December 27, defeating Kamjarlio in steel cage match. He earned his first title defense on December 29, by defeating Sabu on a live event in Cairo. He retained again in six\-man battle royal on December 30, in a house show in Newark, New Jersey.
### Impact Wrestling (2018, 2019, 2020, 2022\)
On the December 6, 2018, episode of *[Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 "TNA Impact!")*, Raven appeared as a mental patient helping [Eddie Edwards](/wiki/Eddie_Edwards_%28wrestler%29 "Eddie Edwards (wrestler)") escape Sandy Acres mental hospital giving Edwards a key card to get out of the hospital.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.wrestleview.com/impact\-results/119863\-december\-6\-mixed\-tag\-team\-main\-event\-pop\-tv/\|title\=Impact Results – 12/6/18 (Mixed Tag Team Main Event, Ultimate X Qualifying Matches)\|date\=December 7, 2018 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=OiJ4DKpRyoM\|title\=Raven Helps Eddie Edwards Escape the Insane Asylum \- IMPACT! Highlights Dec 6, 2018\|website\=\[\[YouTube]] \|date\=December 6, 2018 }}
On the January 3, 2019, episode of *[Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 "TNA Impact!")*, Raven made a surprise appearance helping [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer "Tommy Dreamer") attack [Eli Drake](/wiki/Eli_Drake "Eli Drake").{{cite web\|url\=https://wrestlingheadlines.com/impact\-wrestling\-results\-1\-3\-19/\|title\=IMPACT Wrestling Results 1/3/19: Wrestlingheadlines\|date\=January 4, 2019 }}
On March 31, 2020, during the *[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special!](/wiki/Total_Nonstop_Action_Wrestling_Special%21 "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special!")*, Raven made an appearance helping [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer "Tommy Dreamer") during an altercation with [oVe](/wiki/Ohio_Versus_Everything "Ohio Versus Everything") afterwards he attacked Dreamer hitting him with a kendo stick following a match between [Rhino](/wiki/Rhyno "Rhyno") and [Madman Fulton](/wiki/Madman_Fulton "Madman Fulton").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2020/03/tna\-one\-night\-only\-special\-rhino\-vs\-madman\-fulton\-668632/\|title\="TNA: One Night Only" Special: Rhino Vs. Madman Fulton, Hernandez Vs. Chase Stevens, Scott Steiner\|date\=March 31, 2020 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://m.facebook.com/ImpactWrestling/videos/rhino\-vs\-madman\-fulton\-tna\-march\-31\-2020/615939919261685/\|title\=Rhino vs. Madman Fulton \- TNA March 31, 2020\|website\=\[\[Facebook]] }}
On July 1, 2022, at [Against All Odds](/wiki/Against_All_Odds_%282022%29 "Against All Odds (2022)"), Raven returned to *[Impact Wrestling](/wiki/Impact_Wrestling "Impact Wrestling")* as a special guest commentator for the [Clockwork Orange House of Fun match](/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_House_of_Fun_match "Clockwork Orange House of Fun match") between [Moose](/wiki/Moose_%28wrestler%29 "Moose (wrestler)") and [Sami Callihan](/wiki/Sami_Callihan "Sami Callihan").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.wrestlezone.com/news/1304393\-raven\-to\-appear\-live\-at\-impact\-wrestling\-against\-all\-odds\|title\=Raven to Appear Live at IMPACT Wrestling Against All Odds\|date\=June 28, 2022 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cagesideseats.com/impact\-wrestling/2022/7/2/23192488/impact\-against\-all\-odds\-recap\-ravens\-clockwork\-orange\-house\-of\-fun\-delivered\|title\=Impact Against All Odds recap: Raven's Clockwork Orange House of Fun delivered\|date\=July 2, 2022 }}
On September 23, 2022, at [Victory Road](/wiki/Victory_Road_%282022%29 "Victory Road (2022)"), it was announced that Raven would be inducted into the [Impact Hall of Fame](/wiki/TNA_Hall_of_Fame "TNA Hall of Fame").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/raven\-be\-inducted\-impact\-wrestling\-hall\-fame\-bound\-glory\-2022\|title\=Raven To Be Inducted Into The IMPACT Wrestling Hall Of Fame at Bound For Glory 2022\|work\=Fightful Wrestling\|first\=Robert\|last\=Defelice\|date\=September 23, 2022\|access\-date\=September 24, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924163446/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/raven\-be\-inducted\-impact\-wrestling\-hall\-fame\-bound\-glory\-2022\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2022\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/impact\-wrestling/raven\-to\-be\-inducted\-into\-impact\-wrestling\-hall\-of\-fame\|title\=Raven to be inducted into Impact Wrestling Hall of Fame\|work\=\[\[Figure Four Online]]\|first\=Josh\|last\=Nason\|date\=September 23, 2022\|access\-date\=September 24, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924191658/https://www.f4wonline.com/news/impact\-wrestling/raven\-to\-be\-inducted\-into\-impact\-wrestling\-hall\-of\-fame\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2022\|url\-status\=live}} On October 7, at [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282022%29 "Bound for Glory (2022)"), during the pre\-show Raven was inducted into the Hall of Fame by [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer "Tommy Dreamer").{{cite web\|url\=https://impactwrestling.com/2022/10/07/bound\-for\-glory\-2022\-live\-results/\|title\=Bound For Glory 2022 Full Results}}
### Major League Wrestling (2023–present)
{{See also\|Raven%27s\_Nest\#Major\_League\_Wrestling\|l1\=The Calling}}
In the summer of 2022, segments aired showing members of the [Major League Wrestling](/wiki/Major_League_Wrestling "Major League Wrestling") (MLW) roster laid out, each with a calling card on their body. On March 7, 2023, Raven made his appearance known in an MLW video revealing himself as the leader of a heel stable known as The Calling—consisting of [Rickey Shane Page](/wiki/Rickey_Shane_Page "Rickey Shane Page") and [Akira](/wiki/Akira_%28American_wrestler%29 "Akira (American wrestler)"), [Delirious](/wiki/Delirious_%28wrestler%29 "Delirious (wrestler)"), Dr. Cornwallus, and [Mandy Leon](/wiki/Mandy_Leon "Mandy Leon")—who would attack wrestlers during their matches. April 8, 2023, he participated in [Battle Riot V](/wiki/Battle_Riot_V "Battle Riot V") as the seventeenth entrant, before eliminating himself by going over the top rope.
|
[
"Professional wrestling career\n-----------------------------",
"### Early career (1988–1992\\)",
"Levy trained as a professional wrestler under [Larry Sharpe](/wiki/Larry_Sharpe_%28wrestler%29 \"Larry Sharpe (wrestler)\") at the [Monster Factory](/wiki/Monster_Factory \"Monster Factory\") in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"), making his debut on February 20, 1988, against [Jimmy Jack Funk](/wiki/Ferrin_Barr_Jr. \"Ferrin Barr Jr.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://articles.philly.com/1987\\-07\\-05/news/26198215\\_1\\_sharpe\\-bruno\\-sammartino\\-monster\\-factory\\|author\\=Rinaldi, Ray\\|title\\=Searching for the shape of Hulks to come\\|date\\=July 5, 1987\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2015}}",
"Early in his career, Levy competed for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico as well as the [Memphis, Tennessee](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Memphis, Tennessee\")\\-based promotion [Continental Wrestling Association](/wiki/Continental_Wrestling_Association \"Continental Wrestling Association\") under the [ring name](/wiki/Ring_name \"Ring name\") \"Scotty the Body\", where he was given the [gimmick](/wiki/Gimmick_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Gimmick (professional wrestling)\") of being the \"[boy toy](/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships \"Age disparity in sexual relationships\")\" of [Missy Hyatt](/wiki/Missy_Hyatt \"Missy Hyatt\"), who used him to her and [Eddie Gilbert](/wiki/Eddie_Gilbert_%28wrestler%29 \"Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)\")'s advantage. After leaving Memphis, Levy wrestled in Florida.{{cite book\\|author\\=Lee Maughan\\|title\\=The Complete WWF Video Guide Volume III\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7\\-JpBQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA53\\|publisher\\=Lulu.com\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-291\\-41107\\-2\\|pages\\=53–\\|year\\=2013}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=February 2020}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}}",
"Levy next traveled to Canada, where he competed briefly for the [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\")\\-based promotion [All Star Wrestling](/wiki/NWA_All-Star_Wrestling \"NWA All-Star Wrestling\") before leaving due to differences with owner [Al Tomko](/wiki/Al_Tomko \"Al Tomko\"). From there, he returned to the United States, joining [Pacific Northwest Wrestling](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Wrestling \"Pacific Northwest Wrestling\") in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"). Over the next three years, he was positioned as one of the main [heels](/wiki/Heel_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Heel (professional wrestling)\"), winning all of the titles and [feuding](/wiki/Feud_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Feud (professional wrestling)\") heavily with [Steve Doll](/wiki/Steve_Doll \"Steve Doll\"). His manager in PNW was [Taylor Made](/wiki/Tori_%28wrestler%29 \"Tori (wrestler)\"). After taking a brief break from competing, he returned to PNW as a [face](/wiki/Face_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Face (professional wrestling)\") and began a feud with [The Grappler](/wiki/Len_Denton \"Len Denton\"). In the summer of 1989, Levy made a number of appearances under a [mask](/wiki/Wrestling_mask \"Wrestling mask\") as \"Matman\", a *[Batman](/wiki/Batman_%281989_film%29 \"Batman (1989 film)\")*\\-inspired character who teamed with [Beetlejuice](/wiki/Art_Barr \"Art Barr\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Meltzer\\|first\\=Dave\\|date\\=August 7, 1989\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]\\|title\\=Wrestling Observer Newsletter}}",
"Wrestling as Scotty the Body, Levy made a one\\-off appearance on *[WWF Prime Time Wrestling](/wiki/WWF_Prime_Time_Wrestling \"WWF Prime Time Wrestling\")* in a losing effort against [Koko B. Ware](/wiki/Koko_B._Ware \"Koko B. Ware\") on October 9, 1990\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/90\\.htm \\|title\\=1990 \\|website\\=thehistoryofwwe.com\\|date\\=January 16, 2023 }}",
"After leaving PNW, Levy joined the [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\")\\-based [Global Wrestling Federation](/wiki/Global_Wrestling_Federation \"Global Wrestling Federation\"), where he adopted the ring name \"Scott Anthony\". Levy was part of the [stable](/wiki/Stable_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Stable (professional wrestling)\") known as \"The Cartel\", along with [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\"), [Makhan Singh](/wiki/Mike_Shaw \"Mike Shaw\"), [Rip Rogers](/wiki/Rip_Rogers \"Rip Rogers\") and Max Andrews. Levy also served as a [color commentator](/wiki/Color_commentator \"Color commentator\") for GWF's televised broadcasts on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") alongside [play\\-by\\-play commentators](/wiki/Sports_commentator \"Sports commentator\") Craig Johnson and Scott Hudson.",
"### World Championship Wrestling (1992–1993\\)",
"{{See also\\|The Diamond Exchange\\|l1\\=The Diamond Mine}}\nIn 1992, Levy joined [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling \"World Championship Wrestling\") (WCW). He was given the ring name \"Scotty Flamingo\" and the gimmick of a surfer from Florida, even carrying a [surfboard](/wiki/Surfboard \"Surfboard\") to the ring. According to him, he didn't like the character nor the High\\-Flying style, but he was forced by the promoters.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/1997/12/05/quoth\\-the\\-raven/?\\_\\_cf\\_chl\\_jschl\\_tk\\_\\_\\=pmd\\_6Uft4mhvawSmD9uIFp0DQNAIDcBQvASI9z90P0yUhtk\\-1631013476\\-0\\-gqNtZGzNAjujcnBszQil\\|title\\=The SLAM! Wrestling Raven interview\\|date\\=December 5, 1997 }} He was originally managed by [J. T. Southern](/wiki/J._T._Southern \"J. T. Southern\"). Levy competed in the WCW [light heavyweight](/wiki/Light_heavyweight \"Light heavyweight\") division, winning the [WCW Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_Light_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW Light Heavyweight Championship\") from [Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman \"Brian Pillman\") on June 20, 1992, at [Beach Blast](/wiki/Beach_Blast_%281992%29 \"Beach Blast (1992)\"). He held the title until July 5, 1992, when he was defeated by [Brad Armstrong](/wiki/Brad_Armstrong_%28wrestler%29 \"Brad Armstrong (wrestler)\"). Levy went on to align himself with [Diamond Dallas Page](/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page \"Diamond Dallas Page\") and [Vinnie Vegas](/wiki/Kevin_Nash \"Kevin Nash\") as a member of \"[The Diamond Mine](/wiki/The_Diamond_Exchange \"The Diamond Exchange\")\". Levy would continue to feud with Pillman and Armstrong, before feuding with [Johnny B. Badd](/wiki/Marc_Mero \"Marc Mero\"). At *[Clash of the Champions XXI](/wiki/Clash_of_the_Champions_XXI \"Clash of the Champions XXI\")* on November 18, 1992, Levy defeated Badd in a [boxing](/wiki/Boxing \"Boxing\") match via knockout after Vegas surreptitiously weighted his boxing glove by soaking it in water. Levy left WCW in February 1993 after disagreements with [booker](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Book \"Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Book\") [Bill Watts](/wiki/Bill_Watts \"Bill Watts\").",
"### World Wrestling Federation (1993–1994\\)",
"After leaving WCW, Levy briefly wrestled for the [United States Wrestling Association](/wiki/United_States_Wrestling_Association \"United States Wrestling Association\") (USWA) before joining the [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/WWE \"WWE\") (WWF) as manager \"Johnny Polo\", a spoiled, rich [preppy](/wiki/Preppy \"Preppy\") kid. He was initially placed with [Adam Bomb](/wiki/Bryan_Clark \"Bryan Clark\"), appearing for the first time on May 22 episode of *[WWF Superstars](/wiki/WWF_Superstars_of_Wrestling \"WWF Superstars of Wrestling\")*. He managed Bomb for four months until he was replaced by [Harvey Wippleman](/wiki/Harvey_Wippleman \"Harvey Wippleman\"). He then became the manager of [The Quebecers](/wiki/The_Quebecers \"The Quebecers\") in September, whom he led to three reigns as [WWF Tag Team Champions](/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_%28WWE%29 \"World Tag Team Championship (WWE)\"). In addition to managing, Polo also occasionally appeared in tag\\-team and singles competition, facing Jim Powers, Virgil, Rick Steiner, Marty Jannetty, Doink the Clown, 1\\-2\\-3 Kid, Owen Hart, and Pierre Ouellet. Polo also worked as a color commentator and co\\-host of Radio WWF,{{cite book \\|title\\=WWE Encyclopedia \\|last1\\=Shields \\|first1\\=Brian \\|last2\\=Sullivan \\|first2\\=Kevin \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/161 161] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Dorling Kindersley\\|DK]] \\|year\\=2009 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7566\\-4190\\-0 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/161 }} and behind the scenes worked as the associate producer for *[Monday Night Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw \"WWE Raw\")*. Levy left the company in October 1994, his final match coming against Adam Bomb on October 2 in Auburn Hills, Michigan.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/94\\.htm \\|title\\=1994 \\|website\\=thehistoryofwwe.com\\|date\\=January 16, 2023 }} His last appearance as Johnny Polo was at a house show in Montreal, Quebec on October 21 when he managed Pierre Ouellet in a match against Jacques Rougeau.",
"### Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995–1997\\)",
"#### Feud with Tommy Dreamer (1995–1996\\)",
"{{See also\\|Raven's Nest}}\nAfter leaving the WWF, Levy began developing a new [character](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Gimmick \"Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Gimmick\"), \"Raven\". Inspired by [the poem](/wiki/The_Raven \"The Raven\") by [Edgar Allan Poe](/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe \"Edgar Allan Poe\") and by [Patrick Swayze](/wiki/Patrick_Swayze \"Patrick Swayze\")'s manipulative Zen master of crime in the film *[Point Break](/wiki/Point_Break_%281991_film%29 \"Point Break (1991 film)\")*, the Raven character was a [depressed](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\"), [sociopathic](/wiki/Psychopathy \"Psychopathy\"), [stoical](/wiki/Stoicism \"Stoicism\"), [nihilistic](/wiki/Nihilism \"Nihilism\") [misanthrope](/wiki/Misanthropy \"Misanthropy\") who would deliver eloquent, philosophical [promos](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Promo \"Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Promo\") peppered with literary [allusions](/wiki/Allusion \"Allusion\") and ending with the catchphrase, \"[Quoth the Raven 'Nevermore'](/wiki/The_Raven \"The Raven\")\". Levy dramatically altered his appearance, bulking\\-up to approximately 235 lbs (107 kg), adding [nose](/wiki/Nose_piercing \"Nose piercing\") and [eyebrow piercings](/wiki/Eyebrow_piercing \"Eyebrow piercing\") and began wrestling in ragged [jean shorts](/wiki/Jean_shorts \"Jean shorts\"), a [leather jacket](/wiki/Leather_jacket \"Leather jacket\"), [rock band](/wiki/Band_%28rock_and_pop%29 \"Band (rock and pop)\") or [comic book](/wiki/Comic_book \"Comic book\") [t\\-shirts](/wiki/T-shirt \"T-shirt\"), [combat boots](/wiki/Combat_boot \"Combat boot\") and a [flannel](/wiki/Flannel \"Flannel\") tied around his waist. After unsuccessfully pitching the character to [Jim Cornette](/wiki/Jim_Cornette \"Jim Cornette\"), the owner of [Smoky Mountain Wrestling](/wiki/Smoky_Mountain_Wrestling \"Smoky Mountain Wrestling\") (SMW), Raven approached [Paul Heyman](/wiki/Paul_Heyman \"Paul Heyman\"), the [booker](/wiki/Booker_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Booker (professional wrestling)\") of the [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania \"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\")\\-based promotion [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\") (ECW), who agreed to bring in Raven as a foil for [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\").{{cite book\\|author\\=Thom Loverro\\|title\\=The Rise \\& Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=j0dlOLyCj6YC\\&pg\\=PA171\\|date\\=May 22, 2007\\|publisher\\=Simon and Schuster\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4165\\-6156\\-9\\|pages\\=85–88}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Mike Rickard\\|title\\=Wrestling's Greatest Moments\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vDQQg4IBJPMC\\&pg\\=PT131\\|date\\=December 1, 2008\\|publisher\\=ECW Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55490\\-331\\-3\\|pages\\=131–}}",
"{{blockquote\\|I want elimination by any means necessary. \\[\\[The Raven\\|Quoth the Raven 'Nevermore']].\\|author\\=Raven, January 1995}}",
"Raven was introduced to ECW by [Stevie Richards](/wiki/Stevie_Richards \"Stevie Richards\"). In late 1994, Richards had developed an \"identity crisis\", performing under the ring names \"Stevie Flamingo\", \"Stevie the Body\", and \"Stevie Polo\"—all references to former ring names used by Levy. After sustaining another loss to [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\"), Richards became irate and claimed he would present \"the real Johnny Polo\". Raven made his first appearance on the January 10, 1995 episode of *[ECW Hardcore TV](/wiki/ECW_Hardcore_TV \"ECW Hardcore TV\")*, with Richards revealing that he had a vendetta against Tommy Dreamer.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/jan95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: January 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}}",
"Raven formed a [stable](/wiki/Stable_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Stable (professional wrestling)\") of [lackeys](/wiki/wikt:Lackey \"Lackey\") known as \"[Raven's Nest](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest \"Raven's Nest\")\", with Richards the first member. In February, [Johnny Hotbody](/wiki/Johnny_Hotbody \"Johnny Hotbody\") and [Tony Stetson](/wiki/Tony_Stetson \"Tony Stetson\") joined the stable, calling Raven the \"voice of \\[their] [generation](/wiki/Generation_X \"Generation X\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/february95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: February 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2015}} On March 18, 1995, at [Extreme Warfare](/wiki/ECW_Extreme_Warfare \"ECW Extreme Warfare\"), Dreamer lost to the four members of Raven's Nest in a [gauntlet match](/wiki/Gauntlet_match \"Gauntlet match\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/march95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: March 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2015}}",
"[right\\|300px\\|thumb\\|Raven's [feud](/wiki/Feud_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Feud (professional wrestling)\") with [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\") was a major storyline in [ECW](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\").](/wiki/File:Raven_and_Dreamer_July_2010.jpg \"Raven and Dreamer July 2010.jpg\")\nOn April 8, 1995, at [Three Way Dance](/wiki/ECW_Three_Way_Dance \"ECW Three Way Dance\"), Raven fired Hotbody and Stetson, replacing them with [The Pitbulls](/wiki/The_Pitbulls \"The Pitbulls\"). Later that evening, Raven expounded on his history with Dreamer, revealed that they had attended [summer camp](/wiki/Summer_camp \"Summer camp\") together as children, where Raven became the boyfriend of [Beulah McGillicutty](/wiki/Beulah_McGillicutty \"Beulah McGillicutty\"), an overweight girl with acne, after she was spurned by Dreamer. Richards then revealed that he had tracked down McGillicutty, who was now a *[Penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_%28magazine%29 \"Penthouse (magazine)\")* model, who also harbored a grudge against Dreamer.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/april95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: April 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}} Later that night, Raven faced Dreamer in a singles match for the first time, defeating him following interference from both Richards and McGillicutty. McGillicutty went on to become Raven's [valet](/wiki/Manager_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Manager (professional wrestling)\") and onscreen girlfriend, repeatedly interfering in his bouts with Dreamer and receiving numerous [piledrivers](/wiki/Piledriver_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Piledriver (professional wrestling)\") as a result.{{cite book\\|author\\=Thom Loverro\\|title\\=The Rise \\& Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KYrCt0kt3iYC\\&pg\\=PA88\\|date\\=May 22, 2007\\|publisher\\=Simon and Schuster\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4165\\-1312\\-4\\|pages\\=88–90}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Pat McNeill\\|title\\=The Tables All Were Broken\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2VT94FyEwPsC\\&pg\\=PA262\\|year\\=2002\\|publisher\\=iUniverse\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-595\\-22404\\-3\\|pages\\=262–}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=February 2020}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}} McGillicutty was brought into ECW by Raven, who had been introduced to her by [Ron Gant](/wiki/Ron_Gant \"Ron Gant\") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") earlier that year and thought she would add a new dimension to his feud with Dreamer.{{cite book\\|author\\=Scott E. Williams\\|title\\=Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4EQtAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT75\\|date\\=December 13, 2013\\|publisher\\=Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61321\\-582\\-1\\|pages\\=75–}}\nThe feud between Raven and Dreamer escalated at [Barbed Wire, Hoodies \\& Chokeslams](/wiki/Barbed_Wire%2C_Hoodies_%26_Chokeslams \"Barbed Wire, Hoodies & Chokeslams\") in June 1995, where Raven's Nest beat down Dreamer's ally, [Luna Vachon](/wiki/Luna_Vachon \"Luna Vachon\"), before breaking several of Dreamer's fingers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/june95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: June 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}} On June 30, 1995, at [Mountain Top Madness](/wiki/Mountain_Top_Madness%231995 \"Mountain Top Madness#1995\"), Raven and Richards defeated [The Public Enemy](/wiki/The_Public_Enemy_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"The Public Enemy (professional wrestling)\") to win the [ECW World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/ECW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"ECW World Tag Team Championship\").",
"In July 1995 at [Hardcore Heaven](/wiki/Hardcore_Heaven_%281995%29 \"Hardcore Heaven (1995)\") after Raven and Richards successfully defended the ECW Tag Team Championship against Dreamer and Vachon, The Pitbulls left Raven's Nest, with [The Dudley Brothers](/wiki/The_Dudley_Brothers \"The Dudley Brothers\") replacing them shortly thereafter. At [Heat Wave](/wiki/Heat_Wave_%281995%29 \"Heat Wave (1995)\") on July 15, 1995, Dreamer and The Pitbulls defeated Raven and The Dudley Brothers. Later that evening, Dreamer [handcuffed](/wiki/Handcuff \"Handcuff\") Raven and delivered a [chair shot](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks%23Chair_shot \"Professional wrestling attacks#Chair shot\") later dubbed \"the chair shot heard 'round the world.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/july95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: July 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}} The footage of the chair shot was incorporated into the [title sequence](/wiki/Title_sequence \"Title sequence\") of *ECW Hardcore TV*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/1997/12/05/quoth\\-the\\-raven/\\|title\\=Quoth the Raven: The Raven interview\\|author\\=Powell, John\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2015\\|date\\=December 5, 1997\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Quebecor Media]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[Canoe.ca]]}} At [Wrestlepalooza](/wiki/Wrestlepalooza_%281995%29 \"Wrestlepalooza (1995)\") on August 5, 1995, during an eight\\-man tag team match, Raven, Richards and the Dudley Brothers defeated Tommy Dreamer, [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\") and the Pitbulls after Cactus Jack, Dreamer's long\\-time ally, turned on him, joining Raven's Nest.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/august1995\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: August 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}} On September 16, 1995 at [Gangstas Paradise](/wiki/ECW_Gangstas_Paradise \"ECW Gangstas Paradise\"), Raven and Richards lost the ECW World Tag Team Championship to The Pitbulls following interference from Dreamer. Raven and Richards regained the titles from The Pitbulls on October 7, 1995 at [South Philly Jam](/wiki/South_Philly_Jam \"South Philly Jam\"), only to lose them to The Public Enemy later that evening.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/october95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: October 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}} At [November to Remember](/wiki/November_to_Remember_%281995%29 \"November to Remember (1995)\") on November 18, 1995, Dreamer and [Terry Funk](/wiki/Terry_Funk \"Terry Funk\") defeated Raven and Cactus Jack in the main event. At the same event, Raven's Nest received a new member, [The Blue Meanie](/wiki/The_Blue_Meanie \"The Blue Meanie\"), who became a lackey to Stevie Richards.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/nov95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: November 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}}",
"At [December to Dismember](/wiki/December_to_Dismember_%281995%29 \"December to Dismember (1995)\") on December 9, 1995, Raven once more defeated Dreamer, although later that night Dreamer, The Pitbulls and The Public Enemy defeated Raven, Richards, [The Eliminators](/wiki/The_Eliminators \"The Eliminators\") and [The Heavenly Bodies](/wiki/Heavenly_Bodies_%281990s_tag_team%29 \"Heavenly Bodies (1990s tag team)\") in an \"Ultimate Jeopardy\" [cage match](/wiki/Cage_match \"Cage match\") when Dreamer pinned Richards. At [Holiday Hell](/wiki/Holiday_Hell_%281995%29 \"Holiday Hell (1995)\") on December 30, 1995, Raven defeated Dreamer to become number one contender for the [ECW World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/ECW_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"ECW World Heavyweight Championship\"), unsuccessfully challenging incumbent champion [The Sandman](/wiki/The_Sandman_%28wrestler%29 \"The Sandman (wrestler)\") later that evening. At the same event, The Dudley Brothers left Raven's Nest following a confrontation with Richards.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/dec95\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: December 1995\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}} During the build\\-up to the match, Raven further expounded on his grudge against Dreamer, accusing Dreamer of not having been there for him during his parents' divorce, an accusation that Dreamer hotly denied. At [House Party](/wiki/House_Party_%281996%29 \"House Party (1996)\") on January 5, 1996, Richards attempted to kiss McGillicutty, who refused, eventually announcing that she was pregnant. After Raven angrily confronted McGillicutty, she informed him that he was not the father, causing Raven to attack Richards. McGillicutty then revealed that Tommy Dreamer was the father, with Dreamer storming the ring and beating down Raven, Richards and The Blue Meanie before embracing Beulah.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/jan96\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: January 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}}",
"#### ECW World Heavyweight Champion (1996–1997\\)",
"On January 27, 1996, Raven introduced his new girlfriend, [Kimona Wanalaya](/wiki/Kristina_Laum \"Kristina Laum\"). Later that evening, Raven defeated The Sandman to win his first ECW World Heavyweight Championship following extensive interference from Raven's Nest. Over the following months, Raven successfully defended the ECW World Heavyweight Championship in bouts with opponents including [Shane Douglas](/wiki/Shane_Douglas \"Shane Douglas\"), [Pitbull \\#2](/wiki/Anthony_Durante \"Anthony Durante\"), [Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho \"Chris Jericho\"), [Damián 666](/wiki/Dami%C3%A1n_666 \"Damián 666\"), [2 Cold Scorpio](/wiki/2_Cold_Scorpio \"2 Cold Scorpio\") and [Terry Gordy](/wiki/Terry_Gordy \"Terry Gordy\"). Wanalaya left him in April 1996 at [Massacre on Queens Boulevard](/wiki/Massacre_on_Queens_Boulevard \"Massacre on Queens Boulevard\") after he slapped her.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/may96\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: May 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/june96\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: June 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}}",
"At [Hardcore Heaven](/wiki/Hardcore_Heaven_%281996%29 \"Hardcore Heaven (1996)\") on June 22, 1996, Raven began playing [mind games](/wiki/Mind_games \"Mind games\") with The Sandman, [brainwashing](/wiki/Brainwashing \"Brainwashing\") his ex\\-wife, [Lori](/wiki/Lori_Fullington \"Lori Fullington\") and his son, Tyler to join Raven's Nest.{{cite book\\|author1\\=John Chattman\\|author2\\=Rich Tarantino\\|title\\=Time Heels: Cheating, Stealing, Spandex and the Most Villainous Moments in the History of Pro Wrestling\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hWnKAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT43\\|date\\=June 11, 2014\\|publisher\\=Pitch Publishing\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-909626\\-82\\-9\\|pages\\=43–}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite book\\|author\\=Scott E. Williams\\|title\\=Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4EQtAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT77\\|date\\=December 13, 2013\\|publisher\\=Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61321\\-582\\-1\\|pages\\=76–77}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/june96\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: June 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2015}} Lori and Tyler subsequently began accompanying Raven to ringside for his matches, with Raven using him to wage [psychological warfare](/wiki/Psychological_warfare \"Psychological warfare\") against The Sandman over the following months.{{cite book\\|author\\=Mike Rickard\\|title\\=Wrestling's Greatest Moments\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vDQQg4IBJPMC\\&pg\\=PT132\\|date\\=December 1, 2008\\|publisher\\=ECW Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55490\\-331\\-3\\|pages\\=132–}}{{cite book\\|author\\=John Lister\\|title\\=Slamthology: Collected Wrestling Writings 1991\\-2004\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=80DO1mB\\_69gC\\&pg\\=PA17\\|date\\=November 2005\\|publisher\\=Lulu.com\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4116\\-5329\\-0\\|pages\\=17–}}{{self\\-published source\\|date\\=February 2020}}{{self\\-published inline\\|date\\=February 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/sept96\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: September 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/aug96\\.html \\|title\\=Raven results match archive: August 1996 \\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2015 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=November 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"At [High Incident](/wiki/ECW_High_Incident \"ECW High Incident\") on October 26, 1996, Richards was involved in one of ECW's most controversial [angles](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Angle \"Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Angle\"), with Raven's Nest \"[crucifying](/wiki/Crucifixion \"Crucifixion\")\" The Sandman by tying him to a [cross](/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion \"Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion\") and placing a crown made of [barbed wire](/wiki/Barbed_wire \"Barbed wire\") on his head. The angle, which was widely criticised as being in poor taste, led to [Olympic gold medalist](/wiki/Olympic_medal \"Olympic medal\") [Kurt Angle](/wiki/Kurt_Angle \"Kurt Angle\") severing his links with ECW and delayed the promotion's debut on [pay\\-per\\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view \"Pay-per-view\"). At the instruction of Paul Heyman, Raven came to the ring and offered a somewhat insincere apology for his actions.{{cite book\\|author\\=Thom Loverro\\|title\\=The Rise \\& Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JrGwTebNiUIC\\&pg\\=PA172\\|date\\=May 22, 2007\\|publisher\\=Simon and Schuster\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4165\\-6156\\-9\\|pages\\=172–}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Scott E. Williams\\|title\\=Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4EQtAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT135\\|date\\=December 13, 2013\\|publisher\\=Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61321\\-582\\-1\\|pages\\=135–}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/october96\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: October 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2015}}",
"The relationship between Raven and Richards began to deteriorate in late 1996\\. At [Ultimate Jeopardy](/wiki/Ultimate_Jeopardy_%281996%29 \"Ultimate Jeopardy (1996)\") on October 5, 1996, Raven was scheduled to team with [Brian Lee](/wiki/Brian_Lee_%28wrestler%29 \"Brian Lee (wrestler)\") against Dreamer and The Sandman in a match with Raven's ECW World Heavyweight Championship on the line. After Raven was announced as being unable to compete, Richards substituted for him, with Raven losing his title after The Sandman pinned Richards. Upon his return, Raven blamed Richards for the loss.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/october96\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: October 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}} At [Holiday Hell](/wiki/Holiday_Hell_%281996%29 \"Holiday Hell (1996)\") on December 7, 1996, Raven defeated The Sandman in a [barbed wire match](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling \"Hardcore wrestling\") to regain the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. Despite this, the tension between Raven and Richards continued to build until, on December 28, 1996, Richards turned on Raven by superkicking him during a match with The Sandman. Richards, The Blue Meanie and Super Nova subsequently broke away from Raven.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/december96\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: December 1996\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2015}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"At the [Crossing the Line Again](/wiki/Crossing_the_Line_Again \"Crossing the Line Again\") event on February 1, 1997, Raven successfully defended the ECW World Heavyweight Championship against [\"Dr. Death\" Steve Williams](/wiki/%22Dr._Death%22_Steve_Williams) – inflicting Williams' first loss in the United States in a decade – after interference from Richards backfired. As part of an agreement between ECW and the World Wrestling Federation, Raven and several other ECW wrestlers appeared on the February 24, 1997 episode of *[Raw Is War](/wiki/WWE_Raw \"WWE Raw\")*, with Raven confronting Richards.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/february97\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: February 1997\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2015}}",
"Over the following months, Raven successfully defended the ECW World Heavyweight Championship against opponents including Dreamer, Richards, [Rob Van Dam](/wiki/Rob_Van_Dam \"Rob Van Dam\") and [Super Nova](/wiki/Mike_Bucci \"Mike Bucci\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/march97\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: March 1997\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2015}} His reign lasted until April 13, 1997, when he was defeated by Terry Funk in the main event of [Barely Legal](/wiki/ECW_Barely_Legal \"ECW Barely Legal\"), ECW's first [pay\\-per\\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view \"Pay-per-view\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/april97\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: April 1997\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2015}}",
"On the May 1, 1997 episode of *ECW Hardcore TV*, a controversial angle took place in which a morose Raven, despondent at the loss of his title and other setbacks, confronted Richards, telling him he had one final \"mission\" for him. Raven then attacked Richards before begging him to \"[end my pain](/wiki/Euthanasia \"Euthanasia\")\". At [The Buffalo Invasion](/wiki/The_Buffalo_Invasion \"The Buffalo Invasion\") on May 11, 1997, Raven and Richards reformed their tag team to face Dreamer and Funk, with Richards pinning Funk despite bickering with Raven throughout the match. In the main event, Raven, Richards, Funk and The Sandman faced one another in a four\\-way elimination match for Funk's ECW World Heavyweight Championship. During the match, Raven DDT'ed both Funk and The Sandman and then demanded that Richards pin them and then lay down for him. Richards refused, instead superkicking Raven and enabling Funk and The Sandman to pin him.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/may97\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: May 1997\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2015}}",
"At [Wrestlepalooza](/wiki/Wrestlepalooza_%281997%29 \"Wrestlepalooza (1997)\") on June 6, 1997, Raven faced Dreamer in a [\"Loser Leaves ECW\" match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Loser_Leaves_Town_match \"Professional wrestling match types#Loser Leaves Town match\"). During the bout, Raven abandoned his new [valet](/wiki/Manager_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Manager (professional wrestling)\"), Chastity, and unsuccessfully begged Beulah to take him back. Dreamer ultimately won the match by pinning Raven for the first time, marking the end of their lengthy feud and the end of Raven's ECW career. Raven subsequently left ECW and rejoined World Championship Wrestling.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/results/june97\\.html\\|title\\=Raven results match archive: June 1997\\|work\\=TheRavenEffect.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2015}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Brian Fritz\\|title\\=Between the Ropes: Wrestling's Greatest Triumphs and Failures\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pf04aqi1i0AC\\&pg\\=PA95\\|year\\=2006\\|publisher\\=ECW Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55490\\-268\\-2\\|pages\\=95–}}",
"### Return to WCW (1997–1999\\)",
"#### The Flock (1997–1998\\)",
"{{Main\\|Raven's Nest\\#The Flock\\|l1\\=The Flock}}\nOn June 30, 1997, Levy made his return to WCW as Raven. He was seen sitting in the front row at *[Monday Nitro](/wiki/WCW_Monday_Nitro \"WCW Monday Nitro\")* where the commentators acknowledged him as \"a man who has been a champion with other organizations\". On August 21, 1997 at *[Clash of the Champions XXXV](/wiki/Clash_of_the_Champions_XXXV \"Clash of the Champions XXXV\")*, Raven defeated Stevie Richards in an \"unsanctioned\" match and then took a seat in the front row. The storyline continued that Raven would frequently appear in the front row for the next few months with his lackeys, slowly forming what would be known as The Flock. Raven was an \"unsigned [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\")\", but eventually accepted a contract with WCW Commissioner [J. J. Dillon](/wiki/J._J._Dillon \"J. J. Dillon\") which stipulated that he could wrestle only when he wanted and under his own rules. The Flock was a [stable](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Stable \"Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Stable\") of [misfits](/wiki/wikt:Misfit \"Misfit\") in the same vein as the Raven's Nest group in ECW. With The Flock, however, Raven was more openly abusive and controlling, which eventually led to dissension and rebellion. The group's matches were held under *Raven's Rules*, which meant no disqualifications—weapon usage, double teaming, and outside interference were rampant.",
"Raven made his in\\-ring *Nitro* debut on October 27 against [Scotty Riggs](/wiki/Scott_Antol \"Scott Antol\"), after Riggs refused an invitation to join The Flock. Raven won the match, during which he performed a drop toehold on Riggs that drove his face into a steel chair and temporarily blinded him in one eye. The two engaged in a brief feud which resulted in a match at [World War 3](/wiki/World_War_3_%281997%29 \"World War 3 (1997)\") in November, where Raven defeated Riggs and inducted him by force into The Flock.",
"With The Flock's help, Raven won the [WCW United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") which lasted only a day as Raven defeated [Diamond Dallas Page](/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page \"Diamond Dallas Page\") at [Spring Stampede](/wiki/Spring_Stampede_%281998%29 \"Spring Stampede (1998)\") and lost the belt the following night to [Bill Goldberg](/wiki/Bill_Goldberg \"Bill Goldberg\") on *Nitro*. He blamed The Flock and Saturn in particular for his loss. This led to a series of matches, culminating in a match at [Fall Brawl](/wiki/Fall_Brawl_%281998%29 \"Fall Brawl (1998)\") that if Raven lost, The Flock would be able to disband. Saturn won with the help of [Kidman](/wiki/Billy_Kidman \"Billy Kidman\"), who also wanted to leave Raven's abuses.",
"#### The Dead Pool (1998–1999\\)",
"{{See also\\|Raven's Nest\\#Necro Ward/Dead Pool/Dark Carnival\\|l1\\=The Dead Pool}}\nWithout The Flock, Raven began a series of depressing interviews and walked out on several matches. In October at [Halloween Havoc](/wiki/Halloween_Havoc_%281998%29 \"Halloween Havoc (1998)\"), Raven refused to wrestle [Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho \"Chris Jericho\") for the [WCW Television Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Television_Championship \"WCW World Television Championship\"), but eventually was convinced to return to the ring which he lost the match and was not seen until 1999\\. On his return, a series of [vignettes](/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms%23Vignette \"Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Vignette\") were shown in which a camera crew followed Raven to his supposed childhood home, where he had led a privileged [upper class](/wiki/American_upper_class \"American upper class\") lifestyle. He was also reunited with his former valet Chastity, who WCW claimed was his sister. He teamed with [Perry Saturn](/wiki/Perry_Saturn \"Perry Saturn\"), winning the [WCW Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW Tag Team Championship\") at [1999 Slamboree](/wiki/Slamboree_%281999%29 \"Slamboree (1999)\"), losing the belts to the debuting [The Jersey Triad](/wiki/The_Jersey_Triad \"The Jersey Triad\") three weeks later.",
"He later joined with [Vampiro](/wiki/Vampiro \"Vampiro\") and the [Insane Clown Posse](/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse \"Insane Clown Posse\") in a short\\-lived stable called [The Dead Pool](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23Dead_Pool/Dark_Carnival \"Raven's Nest#Dead Pool/Dark Carnival\"). In a backstage meeting in August 1999, which involved every contracted WCW wrestler, [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff \"Eric Bischoff\") offered anyone their release right then and there. Levy was the only one to stand up and walk out, as he was dissatisfied with WCW's creative direction. Levy was granted his release and left the company.{{cite book\\|author\\=R. D. Reynolds\\|title\\=The Death of WCW\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ufOINU177dEC\\&pg\\=PA210\\|date\\=December 1, 2004\\|publisher\\=ECW Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55490\\-255\\-2\\|pages\\=210–}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1999\\-11\\-05/entertainment/9911030477\\_1\\_wcw\\-eric\\-bischoff\\-ecw\\|title\\=Look back on leaving WCW? Never more, says Raven\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Tribune Publishing]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sun\\-Sentinel]]\\|date\\=November 5, 1999\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216221043/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1999\\-11\\-05/entertainment/9911030477\\_1\\_wcw\\-eric\\-bischoff\\-ecw\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Return to ECW (1999–2000\\)",
"As a condition to leaving WCW, Levy was not allowed to directly join the WWF upon leaving the promotion as levied by a no compete clause in his contract. Via a loophole in the contract, Levy rejoined ECW and signed a one\\-year contract on August 25, 1999\\. His in\\-ring appearances were initially limited by a recent surgery to repair a [rotator cuff tear](/wiki/Rotator_cuff_tear \"Rotator cuff tear\").",
"Raven made a surprise return at [the Last Show at the Madhouse](/wiki/The_Last_Show_at_the_Madhouse \"The Last Show at the Madhouse\"), which was televised on ECW's [debut on TNN](/wiki/ECW_on_TNN \"ECW on TNN\"), winning the tag team title from the departing [The Dudley Boyz](/wiki/The_Dudley_Boyz \"The Dudley Boyz\") along with Tommy Dreamer on August 26, 1999\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\= http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/history/ecwtaghistory/\\|title\\=ECW Tag History\\|publisher\\=WWE\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2010}} A reluctant tag team, Raven and Dreamer reigned as [ECW World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/ECW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"ECW World Tag Team Championship\") for several months. When they lost the belts, they feuded briefly. Raven and [Mike Awesome](/wiki/Mike_Awesome \"Mike Awesome\") won the tag team title from Tanaka and Dreamer on March 4, 2000, only to lose them a week later to [The Impact Players](/wiki/Impact_Players \"Impact Players\") at [Living Dangerously](/wiki/Living_Dangerously_%282000%29 \"Living Dangerously (2000)\"). [CyberSlam 2000](/wiki/CyberSlam_%282000%29 \"CyberSlam (2000)\") was Raven's last ECW appearance with Francine, as she aligned with Justin Credible that evening. In his last televised match (July 15, 2000\\) Raven challenged ECW TV champion Rhino. Shortly thereafter, he departed for the WWF.",
"### Return to WWF/E (2000–2003\\)",
"{{also\\|The Alliance (professional wrestling)\\|l1\\=The Alliance}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Raven in September 2002](/wiki/Image:RavenWWE.jpg \"RavenWWE.jpg\")",
"Levy returned to the WWF, as Raven, in 2000 at [Unforgiven](/wiki/Unforgiven_%282000%29 \"Unforgiven (2000)\") when he interfered in the [strap match](/wiki/Strap_match \"Strap match\") between [Tazz](/wiki/Tazz \"Tazz\") and [Jerry Lawler](/wiki/Jerry_Lawler \"Jerry Lawler\") by hitting Lawler with a [DDT](/wiki/DDT_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"DDT (professional wrestling)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2000/09/25/austin\\-culprit\\-unrevealed\\-at\\-unforgiven/\\|title\\=Austin culprit unrevealed at Unforgiven\\|author\\= Powell, John\\|publisher\\=SLAM! Wrestling\\|date\\=September 25, 2000\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2010}} His previous run in the WWF as Johnny Polo was [ignored by the company](/wiki/Retroactive_continuity \"Retroactive continuity\"). He then started teaming with Tazz before they went their separate ways. Raven feuded with Jerry Lawler that fall until January 2001\\. He then moved on to the Hardcore division, where he would often bring out a shopping cart full of trash cans and other potential weapons during his entrances. On December 22, 2000 in Chattanooga, he defeated [Steve Blackman](/wiki/Steve_Blackman \"Steve Blackman\") for the [Hardcore Championship](/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship \"WWE Hardcore Championship\"), his first of a record 27 title reigns, though most of Raven's title reigns were short\\-lived. The Hardcore title at the time was contested under the \"[24/7](/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship%2324/7_Rules \"WWE Hardcore Championship#24/7 Rules\")\" defense rule, leading to segments where one wrestler would win the title only to immediately lose it to another wrestler. At [WrestleMania X\\-Seven](/wiki/WrestleMania_X-Seven \"WrestleMania X-Seven\"), he competed in his only [WrestleMania](/wiki/WrestleMania \"WrestleMania\") match, losing the Hardcore Championship to [Kane](/wiki/Kane_%28wrestler%29 \"Kane (wrestler)\") in a triple threat match that also included [Big Show](/wiki/Big_Show \"Big Show\"). At [Backlash](/wiki/Backlash_%282001%29 \"Backlash (2001)\"), he lost to Hardcore Champion [Rhyno](/wiki/Rhino_%28wrestler%29 \"Rhino (wrestler)\") in a hardcore match. A brief angle had an anonymous Black Ninja, who was later revealed to be his old valet from his Pacific Northwest days, [Tori](/wiki/Tori_%28wrestler%29 \"Tori (wrestler)\"), aiding Raven in retaining the Hardcore Championship.",
"When the [Invasion](/wiki/The_Invasion_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"The Invasion (professional wrestling)\") storyline began, he found himself in the new [WCW/ECW Alliance](/wiki/The_Alliance_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"The Alliance (professional wrestling)\"). His most notable storyline during this time was when he was managed by [Terri Runnels](/wiki/Terri_Runnels \"Terri Runnels\") and destroyed the love interest of Saturn, his mop called \"Moppy\". He also started teaming with [Justin Credible](/wiki/Justin_Credible \"Justin Credible\") in late July 2001\\. By the end of the year, Raven was not seen on WWF programs, as the Alliance lost the \"Winner Take All\" match at [Survivor Series](/wiki/Survivor_Series_%282001%29 \"Survivor Series (2001)\").",
"In March 2002, when the [WWF brand extension](/wiki/WWF_brand_extension \"WWF brand extension\") was announced, Raven was [drafted](/wiki/WWE_brand_extension%23Superstar_selections \"WWE brand extension#Superstar selections\") to [Raw](/wiki/Raw_%28WWE_brand%29 \"Raw (WWE brand)\"). On the final *SmackDown!* before the split began, he defeated [Maven](/wiki/Maven_Huffman \"Maven Huffman\") to once again win the Hardcore Championship, thus bringing the title to *Raw*. He lost the title that Monday to [Bubba Ray Dudley](/wiki/Mark_LoMonaco \"Mark LoMonaco\"). At that time, Levy decided to spend some time announcing, and Raven became the new color commentator for *[Sunday Night Heat](/wiki/WWE_Heat \"WWE Heat\")* and *[Excess](/wiki/List_of_former_World_Wrestling_Entertainment_programming%23Excess_%282001%E2%80%932002%29 \"List of former World Wrestling Entertainment programming#Excess (2001–2002)\")*. This role lasted a couple of months, as he later quit the show to resume his wrestling career on *Raw*. This did not last long either, as he was \"banished\" from *Raw* after losing a match to former ECW alumni Tommy Dreamer on June 24, 2002\\. Raven was forced to spend the rest of the year on *Heat*. Although he won his way back onto the *Raw* roster, he lost to [Jeff Hardy](/wiki/Jeff_Hardy \"Jeff Hardy\") in a [Royal Rumble](/wiki/Royal_Rumble_%282003%29 \"Royal Rumble (2003)\") qualifier match, which was his final match in the WWE. He was released from the promotion the following week on January 20, 2003\\.",
"### NWA Total Nonstop Action / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003–2010\\)",
"#### The Gathering (2003–2004\\)",
"{{See also\\|Raven's Nest\\#The Gathering\\|l1\\=The Gathering}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Raven in December 2004](/wiki/File:Raven20041212.jpg \"Raven20041212.jpg\")",
"Raven debuted for [NWA Total Nonstop Action](/wiki/NWA_Total_Nonstop_Action \"NWA Total Nonstop Action\") (TNA) on January 22, 2003, two days after his release from WWE, attacking and hitting his finisher on [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett \"Jeff Jarrett\") and stealing the [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World Heavyweight Championship\") from him. Raven then embarked upon a long\\-running storyline in which he claimed it was his \"destiny\" to win the NWA World Heavyweight Title. Raven began playing mind games with the roster, starting with his former nemesis Sandman, and debuted his trademark *Clockwork Orange* House of Fun match, which Levy devised himself. On April 30, 2003 Raven got his first shot at Jarrett's [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World Heavyweight Championship\"), yet Jarrett won the match.",
"On September 17, 2003, Raven lost his trademark long hair after he was defeated by [Shane Douglas](/wiki/Shane_Douglas \"Shane Douglas\") in a hair versus hair match, thanks to the surprise interference of [Vampiro](/wiki/Vampiro \"Vampiro\"). Vampiro and Raven would grow to be bitter rivals which resulted in a backstage brawl which Vampiro ended up with a torn \"ACL.\" While in TNA, he formed a stable known as [The Gathering](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23The_Gathering \"Raven's Nest#The Gathering\"), which included ROH rival CM Punk, as well as [Julio Dinero](/wiki/Julio_Dinero \"Julio Dinero\") and [Alexis Laree](/wiki/Mickie_James \"Mickie James\"), though they would later turn on him. He created matches involving old friends and brought in former colleagues from ECW such as [New Jack](/wiki/New_Jack \"New Jack\"), Perry Saturn, [Mikey Whipwreck](/wiki/Mikey_Whipwreck \"Mikey Whipwreck\"), and Justin Credible, all of whom Raven beat in matches. Later in the year these superstars overturned [Sports Entertainment Xtreme](/wiki/Sports_Entertainment_Xtreme \"Sports Entertainment Xtreme\") (SEX). In 2003, Raven feuded with [James Mitchell](/wiki/James_Mitchell_%28manager%29 \"James Mitchell (manager)\") and the Disciples of the New Church. Raven took them all out one by one just like he said, but with interferences from The Gathering and ECW counterparts. Raven ended his feud with James Mitchell in a [Last Man Standing match](/wiki/Last_Man_Standing_match \"Last Man Standing match\"), which was won by Raven. This led to a long undefeated run and the beginning of Raven's attempts to fulfill his destiny. In 2004, Raven teamed up with The Sandman to go against The Gathering. The Gathering won due to interference from James Mitchell, who had aligned himself with The Gathering. Raven then teamed with [Terry Funk](/wiki/Terry_Funk \"Terry Funk\") to defeat the Gathering, even though James Mitchell tried to interfere.",
"Also in 2004, Raven's old friend [Sabu](/wiki/Sabu_%28wrestler%29 \"Sabu (wrestler)\") returned to TNA. Raven teamed with Sabu to defeat The Gathering one last time. Raven and Sabu then feuded with [Abyss](/wiki/Abyss_%28wrestler%29 \"Abyss (wrestler)\") and \"The Alpha Male\" [Monty Brown](/wiki/Monty_Brown \"Monty Brown\"). Abyss and Brown outnumbered Sabu on many occasions, when Raven failed to watch Sabu's back. Raven waged a campaign against Sabu, disrespecting the memory of his uncle and assaulting Sabu's mouthpiece, [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt \"Sonjay Dutt\"), until Sabu finally broke and attacked him on July 23\\. Raven defeated Sabu in a [No Holds Barred match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23No_Disqualification_match/No_Holds_Barred_match \"Professional wrestling match types#No Disqualification match/No Holds Barred match\") on August 4, and a scheduled return match on August 18 was canceled after Sabu suffered a legitimate back injury. He also competed in the very first [Monster's Ball match](/wiki/Monster%27s_Ball_match \"Monster's Ball match\"), with Abyss and Brown.",
"#### NWA World Heavyweight Champion (2005–2006\\)",
"On June 19, 2005, Raven turned face and fulfilled his self\\-proclaimed destiny when he won the [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World Heavyweight Championship\") at [Slammiversary](/wiki/Slammiversary_%282005%29 \"Slammiversary (2005)\") (by taking Jeff Jarrett's place after Jarrett attacked a fan from the crowd earlier that night and got arrested), defeating [A.J. Styles](/wiki/A.J._Styles \"A.J. Styles\"), Abyss, [Sean Waltman](/wiki/Sean_Waltman \"Sean Waltman\") and Monty Brown in a five way [King of the Mountain match](/wiki/King_of_the_Mountain_match \"King of the Mountain match\"). He successfully defended the title in two defenses over the following months against Abyss at [No Surrender](/wiki/No_Surrender_%282005%29 \"No Surrender (2005)\"), and Rhino two months later at [Unbreakable](/wiki/Unbreakable_%282005%29 \"Unbreakable (2005)\"). Against Rhino he showed his full array of moves and peeled back the years looking like the Raven in ECW and early WCW. He not only defeated Rhino but hit a Raven Effect DDT on Jeff Jarrett, with the assistance of Jeff Hardy running to the ringside. He also had a tag team match with Sabu against Jeff Jarrett and Rhino.",
"On September 15, Raven lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Jeff Jarrett in Oldcastle, Ontario, Canada, at a special event of [Border City Wrestling](/wiki/Border_City_Wrestling \"Border City Wrestling\"). [America's Most Wanted](/wiki/America%27s_Most_Wanted_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"America's Most Wanted (professional wrestling)\") ([\"Wildcat\" Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 \"Chris Harris (wrestler)\") and [\"Cowboy\" James Storm](/wiki/James_Storm \"James Storm\")) came out and interfered on Jarrett's behalf. BCW officials immediately contacted TNA Director of Authority [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko \"Larry Zbyszko\"), who declared the title change official[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling On Spike TV! – NEWS](http://www.tnawrestling.com/fullnews.php?home=206) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030730/http://www.tnawrestling.com/fullnews.php?home\\=206 \\|date\\=September 30, 2007 }} (TNA had briefly gone dark on its national television timeslot prior to jumping to [Spike TV](/wiki/Spike_%28TV_channel%29 \"Spike (TV channel)\"), prompting a title change in another NWA based promotion). This led to Raven feuding with Larry Zbyszko, who brought in wrestlers like [PJ Polaco](/wiki/Justin_Credible \"Justin Credible\") and [Chris K](/wiki/Chris_Kanyon \"Chris Kanyon\") to wrestle Raven. This culminated in a match at [Final Resolution](/wiki/Final_Resolution_%282006%29 \"Final Resolution (2006)\") where Raven wrestled Sean Waltman with the stipulation that if Raven lost he would have to leave TNA. Raven lost the match and went on hiatus as a result.",
"Raven returned to TNA on April 23, 2006 at the [Lockdown](/wiki/Lockdown_%282006%29 \"Lockdown (2006)\") pay\\-per\\-view, and reignited his feud with Zbyszko. They would end their feud at [Victory Road](/wiki/Victory_Road_%282006%29 \"Victory Road (2006)\") in a [Hair vs. Hair match](/wiki/Lucha_libre%23Luchas_de_Apuestas \"Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas\") which Raven won.",
"#### Serotonin (2006–2008\\)",
"{{See also\\|Raven's Nest\\#Serotonin\\|l1\\=Serotonin}}\n[thumb\\|Raven in August 2007](/wiki/File:Raven_in_tna.jpg \"Raven in tna.jpg\")",
"He next feuded with Abyss and [Brother Runt](/wiki/Spike_Dudley \"Spike Dudley\"), losing to the former in a Hangman's Horror match on Impact after the latter turned on him. Subsequent to this, his coverage in major televised angles has dropped considerably. While he was off\\-air, an alliance was teased between [Kazarian](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 \"Kazarian (wrestler)\"), [Johnny Devine](/wiki/Johnny_Devine \"Johnny Devine\"), and [Matt Bentley](/wiki/Matt_Bentley \"Matt Bentley\"). On the TNA Primetime Special before [Genesis](/wiki/Genesis_%282006%29 \"Genesis (2006)\"), the three came out in goth, addressing a new movement in TNA. After a loss at Genesis, sporting a new look (often with a mask), Raven revealed himself as their leader, caning the loser of the match. This stable became known as [Serotonin](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23Serotonin \"Raven's Nest#Serotonin\"). The direction of this stable was very hard to place, although they lost the majority of their televised matches. Regardless of the outcome, Raven would hit the Serotonin competitor with a cane. After a long hiatus, Raven returned to the ring, losing to [Christopher Daniels](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels \"Christopher Daniels\") in a [First Blood Invitational](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23First_Blood_match \"Professional wrestling match types#First Blood match\") then losing to [Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 \"Chris Harris (wrestler)\") after interference from [Kaz](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 \"Kazarian (wrestler)\"). On *[Impact](/wiki/Impact_Wrestling_%28TV_series%29 \"Impact Wrestling (TV series)\")*, Raven came out after Kaz's win over Havok and Martyr and hit Kaz in the back with a Kendo Stick, breaking it over Kaz's back. Raven, Havok, and Martyr then attacked Kaz with kendo sticks. On the July 19 episode of *Impact!*, Raven and the rest of Serotonin took on the reuniting [Triple X](/wiki/Triple_X_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Triple X (professional wrestling)\"). Raven had very little time in the match and Serotonin lost after Skipper hit a [diving leg drop](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_leg_drop \"Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving leg drop\"), Daniels hit a [Best Moonsault Ever](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels%23In_wrestling \"Christopher Daniels#In wrestling\"), and Senshi hit a [Warrior's Way](/wiki/Low_Ki%23In_wrestling \"Low Ki#In wrestling\") on Havok.",
"Raven won a House of Fun match, on the August 9 episode of *Impact!*. He teamed with [Robert Roode](/wiki/Bobby_Roode \"Bobby Roode\") and James Storm against the team of Chris Harris, Rhino, and Kazarian. Raven lost to Kaz, who had rebelled against him, at [Hard Justice](/wiki/Hard_Justice_%282007%29 \"Hard Justice (2007)\") despite having the remaining members of Serotonin involve themselves in the match. He then issued a challenge to Abyss and Rhino at [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282007%29 \"Bound for Glory (2007)\"). Abyss later had Black Reign added to the match and made it a Monsters Ball. Raven briefly formed an alliance with [Havok](/wiki/Johnny_Devine \"Johnny Devine\"), [Black Reign](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes \"Dustin Rhodes\"), [Judas Mesias](/wiki/Ricky_Banderas \"Ricky Banderas\"), and James Mitchell with the purpose of defeating Abyss. At Bound for glory, Raven would go on to lose the match after Abyss gave him a black hole slam on to tacks and glass. On the November 15 episode of *Impact*, Havok was revealed to be [Team 3D](/wiki/Dudley_Boyz \"Dudley Boyz\")'s [X Division](/wiki/X_Division \"X Division\") traitor, effectively ending Serotonin. At [Turning Point](/wiki/Turning_Point_%282007_wrestling%29 \"Turning Point (2007 wrestling)\"), Raven substituted for Rhino in the \"Match of 10,000 Thumbtacks\" and teamed with Abyss to defeat [Black Reign](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes \"Dustin Rhodes\") and [Rellik](/wiki/Jon_Hugger \"Jon Hugger\"). Raven was officially released from TNA, and his profile was removed from the roster on March 7, 2008\\.",
"#### Alliance with Dr. Stevie; EV 2\\.0 (2009–2010\\)",
"{{also\\|ECW Originals\\|l1\\=EV 2\\.0}}\n[thumb\\|Raven in April 2010](/wiki/Image:Raven_en_la_esquina.jpg \"Raven en la esquina.jpg\")",
"After an absence of more than a year, Raven surprised fans by returning to TNA on May 28, 2009\\. He returned as a heel by attacking Abyss with a Kendo stick with [Dr. Stevie](/wiki/Stevie_Richards \"Stevie Richards\") assisting him. He then aligned himself with Dr. Stevie and [Daffney](/wiki/Daffney \"Daffney\"). On the June 18 episode of *Impact!* he won a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match against [Jethro Holliday](/wiki/Trevor_Murdoch \"Trevor Murdoch\"). At [Slammiversary](/wiki/Slammiversary_%282009%29 \"Slammiversary (2009)\"), Abyss and [Taylor Wilde](/wiki/Shantelle_Malawski \"Shantelle Malawski\") defeated Raven and Daffney in the first\\-ever mixed tag team Monster's Ball match. After the pay\\-per\\-view, Raven's name was taken down from the TNA website.",
"On the November 12, 2009, episode of *Impact!*, Raven returned again to TNA attacking Abyss and throwing a fireball at [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\")'s face, aligning himself again with Dr. Stevie and Daffney.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\\_Reports\\_9/article\\_36725\\.shtml\\|title\\=WILKENFELD'S TNA IMPACT REPORT: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=November 12, 2009\\|work\\=PWTorch\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2009}} At [Final Resolution](/wiki/Final_Resolution_%282009%29 \"Final Resolution (2009)\"), Abyss and Foley defeated Stevie and Raven in a \"Foley's Funhouse\" tag team match.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/PPV\\_Reports\\_5/article\\_37540\\.shtml\\|title\\=CALDWELL'S TNA FINAL RESOLUTION PPV REPORT: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Daniels, Angle vs. Wolfe\\|date\\=December 20, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2009\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|publisher\\=PWTorch}} Raven appeared on the January 4 episode of *Impact!*, teaming with Dr. Stevie in a number one contender's tag team match, where they were defeated by [Matt Morgan](/wiki/Matt_Morgan_%28wrestler%29 \"Matt Morgan (wrestler)\") and [Hernandez](/wiki/Hernandez_%28wrestler%29 \"Hernandez (wrestler)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\\_Reports\\_9/article\\_37861\\.shtml \\|title\\=KELLER'S TNA IMPACT LIVE REPORT: Jeff Hardy, NWO reunion, Hulk Hogan, TNA Knockout Title match, more surprises\\|last\\=Keller\\|first\\=Wade\\|date\\=January 4, 2009\\|work\\=PWTorch\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2010}} He appeared on the February 18 episode of *Impact!*, helping Eric Bischoff take out Abyss, along with Rhino, [Homicide](/wiki/Homicide_%28wrestler%29 \"Homicide (wrestler)\"), [Tomko](/wiki/Travis_Tomko \"Travis Tomko\"), and [Desmond Wolfe](/wiki/Nigel_McGuinness \"Nigel McGuinness\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\\_Reports\\_9/article\\_39182\\.shtml\\|title\\=WILKENFELD'S TNA IMPACT REPORT: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|date\\=February 18, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2010\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|first\\=Daniel\\|publisher\\=PWTorch}}",
"Raven returned to television four months later on the June 24 episode of *Impact!* showing signs of a face turn, appearing in the Impact! Zone crowd beside Stevie Richards and Tommy Dreamer.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42170\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 6/24: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|first\\=Daniel\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|date\\=June 24, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2010\\|publisher\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} The following week the three were joined by Rhino.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42295\\.shtml\\|title\\=TNA Impact results 7/1: Keller's ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV show – Abyss vs. Hardy, RVD refs\\|last\\=Keller\\|first\\=Wade\\|date\\= July 1, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2010}} On the July 15 episode of *Impact!* Raven, Dreamer, Richards, Rhino, [Brother Devon](/wiki/Devon_Hughes \"Devon Hughes\"), [Pat Kenney](/wiki/Pat_Kenney \"Pat Kenney\") and [Al Snow](/wiki/Al_Snow \"Al Snow\"), led by [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\"), aligned themselves with the [TNA World Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/TNA_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"TNA World Heavyweight Championship\") [Rob Van Dam](/wiki/Rob_Van_Dam \"Rob Van Dam\") by attacking Abyss and the rest of the TNA locker room.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\\_News\\_1/article\\_42456\\.shtml\\|title\\=TNA News: TNA Impact TV taping \"virtual\\-time coverage\" for Thursday's episode\\|date\\=July 12, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2010\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|publisher\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\\=1279001038\\|title\\=Spoilers: TNA Impact for this Thursday\\|date\\=July 13, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2010\\|last\\=Martin\\|first\\=Adam\\|publisher\\=WrestleView\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428050636/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\\=1279001038\\|archive\\-date\\=April 28, 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\\=1279252015 \\|title\\=Impact Results \\|date\\=July 15, 2010 \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=Adam \\|work\\=WrestleView \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719090613/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\\=1279252015 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2010 }} The following week, TNA president [Dixie Carter](/wiki/Dixie_Carter_%28wrestling%29 \"Dixie Carter (wrestling)\") agreed to give the ECW alumni their own reunion pay–per–view event, [Hardcore Justice: The Last Stand](/wiki/Hardcore_Justice_%282010%29 \"Hardcore Justice (2010)\"), as a celebration of [hardcore wrestling](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling \"Hardcore wrestling\") and a final farewell to the company.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42665\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 7/22: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|date\\=July 22, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2010\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|first\\=Daniel\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On the July 29 episode of *Impact!* Raven re–ignited his old feud with Dreamer by turning on him, after his match with Abyss, and laying him out with a DDT on a chair and in doing so, turned heel.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42785\\.shtml\\|title\\=Keller's TNA Impact report 7/29: Tommy Dreamer announces new name for ECW faction, Hulk Hogan addresses situation\\|first\\=Wade\\|last\\=Keller\\|date\\=July 29, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} The following week, Raven explained his turn by saying that he had not forgotten how Dreamer had \"stolen\", and later married, his girlfriend Beulah McGillicutty, who turned on Raven back in 1996 during his and Dreamer's initial feud.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42919\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 8/5: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|first\\=Daniel\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|date\\=August 5, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On August 8 at Hardcore Justice Raven defeated Dreamer in a \"Final Showdown\" match refereed by Mick Foley.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\\_42979\\.shtml\\|title\\=Caldwell's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8/8: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of ECW\\-themed PPV headlined by RVD vs. Sabu\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|date\\=August 8, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On the following episode of *Impact!*, the ECW alumni, known collectively as [Extreme, Version 2\\.0 (EV 2\\.0\\)](/wiki/ECW_Originals \"ECW Originals\"), were assaulted by A.J. Styles, [Kazarian](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 \"Kazarian (wrestler)\"), [Robert Roode](/wiki/Bobby_Roode \"Bobby Roode\"), [James Storm](/wiki/James_Storm \"James Storm\"), [Douglas Williams](/wiki/Doug_Williams_%28wrestler%29 \"Doug Williams (wrestler)\") and Matt Morgan of [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\")'s {{Not a typo\\|\\[\\[Fortune (professional wrestling)\\|Fourtune]]}} stable, who thought they didn't deserve to be in TNA, thus once again turning Raven face.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\\_News\\_1/article\\_43008\\.shtml\\|title\\=TNA News: Spoilers – detailed Impact TV taping report for \"Whole F'n Show\" featuring new angle, MOTY candidate?, three title matches\\|first\\=Kevin\\|last\\=Tomich\\|date\\=August 9, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 12, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2010/08/12/tnas\\-the\\-whole\\-fn\\-show\\-beer\\-money\\-machine\\-guns\\-put\\-on\\-match\\-of\\-year\\-candidate\\-fortune\\-makes\\-statement/\\|title\\=TNA's 'The Whole F'n Show': Beer Money, Machine Guns put on match of year candidate; Fortune makes statement\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Bishop\\|date\\=August 12, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2010\\|work\\=Slam! Sports\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canoe.ca]]}} At [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282010%29 \"Bound for Glory (2010)\"), Raven, Dreamer, Rhino, Richards and Sabu defeated {{Not a typo\\|Fourtune}} members Styles, Kazarian, Morgan, Roode and Storm in a [Lethal Lockdown match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Lethal_Lockdown_match \"Professional wrestling match types#Lethal Lockdown match\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\\_44417\\.shtml\\|title\\=Caldwell's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10\\-10\\-10: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of live PPV – Angle vs. Anderson vs. Hardy, \"they\" reveal\\|date\\=October 10, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2010\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} At [Turning Point](/wiki/Turning_Point_%282010_wrestling%29 \"Turning Point (2010 wrestling)\"), EV 2\\.0 faced Fortune in a ten\\-man tag team match, where each member of EV 2\\.0 put their TNA careers on the line. In the end, EV 2\\.0 lost the match and Sabu was released from TNA.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\\_45110\\.shtml\\|title\\=Caldwell's TNA Turning Point PPV results 11/7: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of live PPV – Hardy vs. Morgan, EV2 vs. Fortune, Team 3D \"retirement\" match\\|date\\=November 7, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2010\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} Two weeks later on *Impact!*, Raven was forced to put his TNA future on the line in a match against the TNA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Hardy. Hardy won the match and as a result Raven was released from TNA.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_45386\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 11/18: Complete \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|date\\=November 18, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2010\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|first\\=Daniel\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} His release from the company was legitimate.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\\_News\\_1/article\\_45184\\.shtml\\|title\\=TNA News: Another EV2 member cut from TNA – Raven finishes up at this week's Impact TV tapings (minor spoiler)\\|date\\=November 10, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2010\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} Raven worked one last match for the promotion on November 12, 2010, defeating [TNA Television Champion](/wiki/TNA_Television_Championship \"TNA Television Championship\") A.J. Styles in a non–title match at the *Farewell at the [Asylum](/wiki/TNA_Asylum \"TNA Asylum\")* [live event](/wiki/House_show \"House show\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.f4wonline.com/content/view/18323/\\|title\\=TNA house show report 11\\-12 Nashville\\|last\\=Goodman\\|first\\=Larry\\|date\\=November 13, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[Dave Meltzer\\#Wrestling Observer Newsletter\\|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}",
"### Independent circuit and semi\\-retirement (2008–present)",
"[thumb\\|Raven inside a [steel cage](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Cages \"Professional wrestling match types#Cages\") at a [Ring of Honor](/wiki/Ring_of_Honor \"Ring of Honor\") show](/wiki/File:Raven_Steel_Cage.jpg \"Raven Steel Cage.jpg\")",
"In 2008, Raven appeared in [Juggalo Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Juggalo_Championship_Wrestling \"Juggalo Championship Wrestling\") (JCW) for Season 2 of [SlamTV!](/wiki/Juggalo_Championship_Wrestling%23SlamTV.21 \"Juggalo Championship Wrestling#SlamTV.21\"). In the main event of the second episode, [JCW Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/JCW_Heavyweight_Championship \"JCW Heavyweight Championship\") [Corporal Robinson](/wiki/Steve_Robinson_%28wrestler%29 \"Steve Robinson (wrestler)\") put his title on the line against Sexy Slim Goody. When Robinson attempted to hit the [Boot Camp](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws%23Cobra_clutch_legsweep \"Professional wrestling throws#Cobra clutch legsweep\"), the lights shut off in the arena. When they turned back on, Raven appeared in the ring and hit Robinson with his Evenflow DDT, before stealing the JCW Heavyweight Championship belt.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 2\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=v5CKy3xgU3k\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/v5CKy3xgU3k\\| archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2021 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|series\\=SlamTV!\\|credits\\=Creator and Producer: \\[\\[Insane Clown Posse]]\\|location\\=Evansville, Indiana\\|airdate\\=July 17, 2008\\|season\\=2}}{{cbignore}} In the third episode, Raven introduced Sexy Slim Goody as his newest lackey. When Robinson ran out to the ring to take his title back, Sexy Slim Goody (kayfabe) knocked him out with a [steel chair shot](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks%23Chair_shot \"Professional wrestling attacks#Chair shot\"), and Raven began to shave Robinson's afro. Sabu appeared from out of the crowd and scared Raven off, leaving Robinson with a half shaved afro.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 3\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=VH6s\\_95TFHA\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/VH6s\\_95TFHA\\| archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2021 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|series\\=SlamTV!\\|credits\\=Creator and Producer: \\[\\[Insane Clown Posse]]\\|location\\=Springfield, Illinois\\|airdate\\=July 25, 2008\\|season\\=2}}{{cbignore}} The tag team of Raven and Sexy Slim Goody had a match against Corporal Robinson and Sabu in the following episode. Raven walked out on the match with the stolen championship belt, fleeing from Sabu.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 4\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=f9B7oNXlKuM\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/f9B7oNXlKuM\\| archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2021 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|series\\=SlamTV!\\|credits\\=Creator and Producer: \\[\\[Insane Clown Posse]]\\|location\\=St. Louis, Missouri\\|airdate\\=July 31, 2008\\|season\\=2}}{{cbignore}} At *[Bloodymania II](/wiki/Bloodymania_II \"Bloodymania II\")*, Raven lost to Corporal Robinson in a [\"Loser leaves JCW\"](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Loser_Leaves_Town_match \"Professional wrestling match types#Loser Leaves Town match\") [Ladder match](/wiki/Ladder_match \"Ladder match\"). However, Raven returned to the company at [Bloodymania III](/wiki/Bloodymania_III \"Bloodymania III\") in a losing effort against his old nemesis Sabu in a [Raven's Rules match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Hardcore-based_variations \"Professional wrestling match types#Hardcore-based variations\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/site/info/results/2009/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1249380228\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=57\\& \\|title\\=JCW: Gathering of the Juggalos 2009: Bloodymania III \\|date\\=September 7, 2009 \\|work\\=Match Results \\|publisher\\=Raven \\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2010}}",
"Levy was the heavyweight champion of CWA Pro Wrestling, an [independent](/wiki/Independent_circuit \"Independent circuit\") [professional wrestling promotion](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion \"Professional wrestling promotion\") based out of [Orangeburg, South Carolina](/wiki/Orangeburg%2C_South_Carolina \"Orangeburg, South Carolina\"), from March 15 through August 8, 2008\\. He won the championship when he defeated Timber in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"), on March 15\\. He was stripped of the title after missing several shows, therefore not being able to defend the championship. Levy was also featured doing shows overseas at Russia's Independent Wrestling Federation, battling [Joe Legend](/wiki/Joe_Hitchen \"Joe Hitchen\"). In April 2008, Raven toured Australia and New Zealand including several seminars as well as performing. In June, Raven wrestled for multiple European promotions which included losing to [The Vampire Warrior](/wiki/Gangrel_%28wrestler%29 \"Gangrel (wrestler)\") in a flaming tables match for Nu\\-Wrestling Evolution.",
"In 2009, Raven regularly wrestled for Collective League of Adrenaline Strength and Honor, NWA Charlotte and Showtime Allstar Wrestling. On August 2, 2009, Raven defeated reigning champion Preston Quinn to win the Vanguard Championship Wrestling World Heavyweight Title in Norfolk, Virginia at the NorVa. Post match, Larry Zbyszko and Raven had a war of words, where Raven challenged Zbyszko to find an opponent to face him for the VCW World Title, a match which he consequently won. In November, he wrestled all across Europe, touring with American Wrestling Rampage.",
"In January 2010, Raven took on [Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 \"Chris Harris (wrestler)\") for the PICW Heavyweight Championship and lost. At [Bloodymania IV](/wiki/Bloodymania_IV \"Bloodymania IV\"), in the main event Raven took on [Corporal Robinson](/wiki/Corporal_Robinson \"Corporal Robinson\") and [Mike Knox](/wiki/Mike_Knox \"Mike Knox\") in a triple threat match for the [JCW Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/JCW_Heavyweight_Championship \"JCW Heavyweight Championship\") where Robinson retained his championship.",
"At JCW Legends and Icons, he was involved in a seven way \"Philly Madness\" match which included former ECW stars such as Sabu, Shane Douglas and the eventual winner, Rhino. Two days later at [Bloodymania V](/wiki/Bloodymania_V \"Bloodymania V\"), Raven and Sexy Slim Goody won the [JCW Tag Team Championship](/wiki/JCW_Tag_Team_Championship \"JCW Tag Team Championship\"). On September 16, he defeated Jocephus for the USWO Heavyweight Championship and would lose it in November 11 to Jocephus. At JCW New Year's Eve Ninja Party!, Raven lost the tag team championship back to [The Ring Rydas](/wiki/The_Irish_Airborne \"The Irish Airborne\").",
"On April 28, 2012, Raven debuted for [Extreme Rising](/wiki/Extreme_Rising \"Extreme Rising\") in a dark match against [Gary Wolfe](/wiki/Gary_Wolfe_%28wrestler%29 \"Gary Wolfe (wrestler)\") ending in a no contest. On October 27, Raven appeared for [Niagara Falls, Ontario](/wiki/Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario \"Niagara Falls, Ontario\")\\-based promotion Busted Knuckle Pro Wrestling's Apocalypse event, defeating Eddie Osborne in a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match. During the match, Raven threw out his shoulder while performing a DDT, but still finished the match, despite being hit with several chair shots and even going through a table after the DDT was performed. After the match, he cut a promo putting over all of the young stars in the promotion as well as Osborne, congratulating the promotion on doing a great job so far in his eyes. On November 11 at Extreme Rising, Raven took on [Stevie Richards](/wiki/Stevie_Richards \"Stevie Richards\") in a loser leaves town match which ended in a no contest.",
"In the early part of 2013, Raven toured Europe wrestling for various promotions in various countries including Germany and the Netherlands. On May 24, Raven reunited with Perry Saturn in a tag team Raven's Rules match for [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan \"Billy Corgan\")'s [Resistance Pro Wrestling](/wiki/Resistance_Pro_Wrestling \"Resistance Pro Wrestling\"), defeating Brady Pierce and Mad Man Pondo. Raven had spent 2014 in Nigeria and South Africa. He defeated Fury in a singles match at a house show in [Lagos, Nigeria](/wiki/Lagos%2C_Nigeria \"Lagos, Nigeria\") on November 7, 2014\\. He won the WWP Tag Team Championship with Venus on November 24, which they lost December 22 at house show in Abuja, Nigeria. Raven signed with NWF and made his debut on the main event defeating Strong Bone in a Hardcore match on December 23\\. He teamed with [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers \"The Steiner Brothers\") where they defeated Sabu and The Wolves in a Christmas house show in Lagos. He won the NWF World Heavyweight Championship on December 27, defeating Kamjarlio in steel cage match. He earned his first title defense on December 29, by defeating Sabu on a live event in Cairo. He retained again in six\\-man battle royal on December 30, in a house show in Newark, New Jersey.",
"### Impact Wrestling (2018, 2019, 2020, 2022\\)",
"On the December 6, 2018, episode of *[Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 \"TNA Impact!\")*, Raven appeared as a mental patient helping [Eddie Edwards](/wiki/Eddie_Edwards_%28wrestler%29 \"Eddie Edwards (wrestler)\") escape Sandy Acres mental hospital giving Edwards a key card to get out of the hospital.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wrestleview.com/impact\\-results/119863\\-december\\-6\\-mixed\\-tag\\-team\\-main\\-event\\-pop\\-tv/\\|title\\=Impact Results – 12/6/18 (Mixed Tag Team Main Event, Ultimate X Qualifying Matches)\\|date\\=December 7, 2018 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=OiJ4DKpRyoM\\|title\\=Raven Helps Eddie Edwards Escape the Insane Asylum \\- IMPACT! Highlights Dec 6, 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|date\\=December 6, 2018 }}",
"On the January 3, 2019, episode of *[Impact!](/wiki/TNA_Impact%21 \"TNA Impact!\")*, Raven made a surprise appearance helping [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\") attack [Eli Drake](/wiki/Eli_Drake \"Eli Drake\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://wrestlingheadlines.com/impact\\-wrestling\\-results\\-1\\-3\\-19/\\|title\\=IMPACT Wrestling Results 1/3/19: Wrestlingheadlines\\|date\\=January 4, 2019 }}",
"On March 31, 2020, during the *[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special!](/wiki/Total_Nonstop_Action_Wrestling_Special%21 \"Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special!\")*, Raven made an appearance helping [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\") during an altercation with [oVe](/wiki/Ohio_Versus_Everything \"Ohio Versus Everything\") afterwards he attacked Dreamer hitting him with a kendo stick following a match between [Rhino](/wiki/Rhyno \"Rhyno\") and [Madman Fulton](/wiki/Madman_Fulton \"Madman Fulton\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2020/03/tna\\-one\\-night\\-only\\-special\\-rhino\\-vs\\-madman\\-fulton\\-668632/\\|title\\=\"TNA: One Night Only\" Special: Rhino Vs. Madman Fulton, Hernandez Vs. Chase Stevens, Scott Steiner\\|date\\=March 31, 2020 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://m.facebook.com/ImpactWrestling/videos/rhino\\-vs\\-madman\\-fulton\\-tna\\-march\\-31\\-2020/615939919261685/\\|title\\=Rhino vs. Madman Fulton \\- TNA March 31, 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]] }}",
"On July 1, 2022, at [Against All Odds](/wiki/Against_All_Odds_%282022%29 \"Against All Odds (2022)\"), Raven returned to *[Impact Wrestling](/wiki/Impact_Wrestling \"Impact Wrestling\")* as a special guest commentator for the [Clockwork Orange House of Fun match](/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_House_of_Fun_match \"Clockwork Orange House of Fun match\") between [Moose](/wiki/Moose_%28wrestler%29 \"Moose (wrestler)\") and [Sami Callihan](/wiki/Sami_Callihan \"Sami Callihan\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wrestlezone.com/news/1304393\\-raven\\-to\\-appear\\-live\\-at\\-impact\\-wrestling\\-against\\-all\\-odds\\|title\\=Raven to Appear Live at IMPACT Wrestling Against All Odds\\|date\\=June 28, 2022 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cagesideseats.com/impact\\-wrestling/2022/7/2/23192488/impact\\-against\\-all\\-odds\\-recap\\-ravens\\-clockwork\\-orange\\-house\\-of\\-fun\\-delivered\\|title\\=Impact Against All Odds recap: Raven's Clockwork Orange House of Fun delivered\\|date\\=July 2, 2022 }}",
"On September 23, 2022, at [Victory Road](/wiki/Victory_Road_%282022%29 \"Victory Road (2022)\"), it was announced that Raven would be inducted into the [Impact Hall of Fame](/wiki/TNA_Hall_of_Fame \"TNA Hall of Fame\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/raven\\-be\\-inducted\\-impact\\-wrestling\\-hall\\-fame\\-bound\\-glory\\-2022\\|title\\=Raven To Be Inducted Into The IMPACT Wrestling Hall Of Fame at Bound For Glory 2022\\|work\\=Fightful Wrestling\\|first\\=Robert\\|last\\=Defelice\\|date\\=September 23, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924163446/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/raven\\-be\\-inducted\\-impact\\-wrestling\\-hall\\-fame\\-bound\\-glory\\-2022\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/impact\\-wrestling/raven\\-to\\-be\\-inducted\\-into\\-impact\\-wrestling\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\|title\\=Raven to be inducted into Impact Wrestling Hall of Fame\\|work\\=\\[\\[Figure Four Online]]\\|first\\=Josh\\|last\\=Nason\\|date\\=September 23, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924191658/https://www.f4wonline.com/news/impact\\-wrestling/raven\\-to\\-be\\-inducted\\-into\\-impact\\-wrestling\\-hall\\-of\\-fame\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On October 7, at [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282022%29 \"Bound for Glory (2022)\"), during the pre\\-show Raven was inducted into the Hall of Fame by [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://impactwrestling.com/2022/10/07/bound\\-for\\-glory\\-2022\\-live\\-results/\\|title\\=Bound For Glory 2022 Full Results}}",
"### Major League Wrestling (2023–present)",
"{{See also\\|Raven%27s\\_Nest\\#Major\\_League\\_Wrestling\\|l1\\=The Calling}}",
"In the summer of 2022, segments aired showing members of the [Major League Wrestling](/wiki/Major_League_Wrestling \"Major League Wrestling\") (MLW) roster laid out, each with a calling card on their body. On March 7, 2023, Raven made his appearance known in an MLW video revealing himself as the leader of a heel stable known as The Calling—consisting of [Rickey Shane Page](/wiki/Rickey_Shane_Page \"Rickey Shane Page\") and [Akira](/wiki/Akira_%28American_wrestler%29 \"Akira (American wrestler)\"), [Delirious](/wiki/Delirious_%28wrestler%29 \"Delirious (wrestler)\"), Dr. Cornwallus, and [Mandy Leon](/wiki/Mandy_Leon \"Mandy Leon\")—who would attack wrestlers during their matches. April 8, 2023, he participated in [Battle Riot V](/wiki/Battle_Riot_V \"Battle Riot V\") as the seventeenth entrant, before eliminating himself by going over the top rope.",
""
] |
### NWA Total Nonstop Action / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003–2010\)
#### The Gathering (2003–2004\)
{{See also\|Raven's Nest\#The Gathering\|l1\=The Gathering}}
[thumb\|upright\|Raven in December 2004](/wiki/File:Raven20041212.jpg "Raven20041212.jpg")
Raven debuted for [NWA Total Nonstop Action](/wiki/NWA_Total_Nonstop_Action "NWA Total Nonstop Action") (TNA) on January 22, 2003, two days after his release from WWE, attacking and hitting his finisher on [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett "Jeff Jarrett") and stealing the [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World Heavyweight Championship") from him. Raven then embarked upon a long\-running storyline in which he claimed it was his "destiny" to win the NWA World Heavyweight Title. Raven began playing mind games with the roster, starting with his former nemesis Sandman, and debuted his trademark *Clockwork Orange* House of Fun match, which Levy devised himself. On April 30, 2003 Raven got his first shot at Jarrett's [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World Heavyweight Championship"), yet Jarrett won the match.
On September 17, 2003, Raven lost his trademark long hair after he was defeated by [Shane Douglas](/wiki/Shane_Douglas "Shane Douglas") in a hair versus hair match, thanks to the surprise interference of [Vampiro](/wiki/Vampiro "Vampiro"). Vampiro and Raven would grow to be bitter rivals which resulted in a backstage brawl which Vampiro ended up with a torn "ACL." While in TNA, he formed a stable known as [The Gathering](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23The_Gathering "Raven's Nest#The Gathering"), which included ROH rival CM Punk, as well as [Julio Dinero](/wiki/Julio_Dinero "Julio Dinero") and [Alexis Laree](/wiki/Mickie_James "Mickie James"), though they would later turn on him. He created matches involving old friends and brought in former colleagues from ECW such as [New Jack](/wiki/New_Jack "New Jack"), Perry Saturn, [Mikey Whipwreck](/wiki/Mikey_Whipwreck "Mikey Whipwreck"), and Justin Credible, all of whom Raven beat in matches. Later in the year these superstars overturned [Sports Entertainment Xtreme](/wiki/Sports_Entertainment_Xtreme "Sports Entertainment Xtreme") (SEX). In 2003, Raven feuded with [James Mitchell](/wiki/James_Mitchell_%28manager%29 "James Mitchell (manager)") and the Disciples of the New Church. Raven took them all out one by one just like he said, but with interferences from The Gathering and ECW counterparts. Raven ended his feud with James Mitchell in a [Last Man Standing match](/wiki/Last_Man_Standing_match "Last Man Standing match"), which was won by Raven. This led to a long undefeated run and the beginning of Raven's attempts to fulfill his destiny. In 2004, Raven teamed up with The Sandman to go against The Gathering. The Gathering won due to interference from James Mitchell, who had aligned himself with The Gathering. Raven then teamed with [Terry Funk](/wiki/Terry_Funk "Terry Funk") to defeat the Gathering, even though James Mitchell tried to interfere.
Also in 2004, Raven's old friend [Sabu](/wiki/Sabu_%28wrestler%29 "Sabu (wrestler)") returned to TNA. Raven teamed with Sabu to defeat The Gathering one last time. Raven and Sabu then feuded with [Abyss](/wiki/Abyss_%28wrestler%29 "Abyss (wrestler)") and "The Alpha Male" [Monty Brown](/wiki/Monty_Brown "Monty Brown"). Abyss and Brown outnumbered Sabu on many occasions, when Raven failed to watch Sabu's back. Raven waged a campaign against Sabu, disrespecting the memory of his uncle and assaulting Sabu's mouthpiece, [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt "Sonjay Dutt"), until Sabu finally broke and attacked him on July 23\. Raven defeated Sabu in a [No Holds Barred match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23No_Disqualification_match/No_Holds_Barred_match "Professional wrestling match types#No Disqualification match/No Holds Barred match") on August 4, and a scheduled return match on August 18 was canceled after Sabu suffered a legitimate back injury. He also competed in the very first [Monster's Ball match](/wiki/Monster%27s_Ball_match "Monster's Ball match"), with Abyss and Brown.
#### NWA World Heavyweight Champion (2005–2006\)
On June 19, 2005, Raven turned face and fulfilled his self\-proclaimed destiny when he won the [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship "NWA World Heavyweight Championship") at [Slammiversary](/wiki/Slammiversary_%282005%29 "Slammiversary (2005)") (by taking Jeff Jarrett's place after Jarrett attacked a fan from the crowd earlier that night and got arrested), defeating [A.J. Styles](/wiki/A.J._Styles "A.J. Styles"), Abyss, [Sean Waltman](/wiki/Sean_Waltman "Sean Waltman") and Monty Brown in a five way [King of the Mountain match](/wiki/King_of_the_Mountain_match "King of the Mountain match"). He successfully defended the title in two defenses over the following months against Abyss at [No Surrender](/wiki/No_Surrender_%282005%29 "No Surrender (2005)"), and Rhino two months later at [Unbreakable](/wiki/Unbreakable_%282005%29 "Unbreakable (2005)"). Against Rhino he showed his full array of moves and peeled back the years looking like the Raven in ECW and early WCW. He not only defeated Rhino but hit a Raven Effect DDT on Jeff Jarrett, with the assistance of Jeff Hardy running to the ringside. He also had a tag team match with Sabu against Jeff Jarrett and Rhino.
On September 15, Raven lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Jeff Jarrett in Oldcastle, Ontario, Canada, at a special event of [Border City Wrestling](/wiki/Border_City_Wrestling "Border City Wrestling"). [America's Most Wanted](/wiki/America%27s_Most_Wanted_%28professional_wrestling%29 "America's Most Wanted (professional wrestling)") (["Wildcat" Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 "Chris Harris (wrestler)") and ["Cowboy" James Storm](/wiki/James_Storm "James Storm")) came out and interfered on Jarrett's behalf. BCW officials immediately contacted TNA Director of Authority [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko "Larry Zbyszko"), who declared the title change official[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling On Spike TV! – NEWS](http://www.tnawrestling.com/fullnews.php?home=206) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030730/http://www.tnawrestling.com/fullnews.php?home\=206 \|date\=September 30, 2007 }} (TNA had briefly gone dark on its national television timeslot prior to jumping to [Spike TV](/wiki/Spike_%28TV_channel%29 "Spike (TV channel)"), prompting a title change in another NWA based promotion). This led to Raven feuding with Larry Zbyszko, who brought in wrestlers like [PJ Polaco](/wiki/Justin_Credible "Justin Credible") and [Chris K](/wiki/Chris_Kanyon "Chris Kanyon") to wrestle Raven. This culminated in a match at [Final Resolution](/wiki/Final_Resolution_%282006%29 "Final Resolution (2006)") where Raven wrestled Sean Waltman with the stipulation that if Raven lost he would have to leave TNA. Raven lost the match and went on hiatus as a result.
Raven returned to TNA on April 23, 2006 at the [Lockdown](/wiki/Lockdown_%282006%29 "Lockdown (2006)") pay\-per\-view, and reignited his feud with Zbyszko. They would end their feud at [Victory Road](/wiki/Victory_Road_%282006%29 "Victory Road (2006)") in a [Hair vs. Hair match](/wiki/Lucha_libre%23Luchas_de_Apuestas "Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas") which Raven won.
#### Serotonin (2006–2008\)
{{See also\|Raven's Nest\#Serotonin\|l1\=Serotonin}}
[thumb\|Raven in August 2007](/wiki/File:Raven_in_tna.jpg "Raven in tna.jpg")
He next feuded with Abyss and [Brother Runt](/wiki/Spike_Dudley "Spike Dudley"), losing to the former in a Hangman's Horror match on Impact after the latter turned on him. Subsequent to this, his coverage in major televised angles has dropped considerably. While he was off\-air, an alliance was teased between [Kazarian](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 "Kazarian (wrestler)"), [Johnny Devine](/wiki/Johnny_Devine "Johnny Devine"), and [Matt Bentley](/wiki/Matt_Bentley "Matt Bentley"). On the TNA Primetime Special before [Genesis](/wiki/Genesis_%282006%29 "Genesis (2006)"), the three came out in goth, addressing a new movement in TNA. After a loss at Genesis, sporting a new look (often with a mask), Raven revealed himself as their leader, caning the loser of the match. This stable became known as [Serotonin](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23Serotonin "Raven's Nest#Serotonin"). The direction of this stable was very hard to place, although they lost the majority of their televised matches. Regardless of the outcome, Raven would hit the Serotonin competitor with a cane. After a long hiatus, Raven returned to the ring, losing to [Christopher Daniels](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels "Christopher Daniels") in a [First Blood Invitational](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23First_Blood_match "Professional wrestling match types#First Blood match") then losing to [Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 "Chris Harris (wrestler)") after interference from [Kaz](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 "Kazarian (wrestler)"). On *[Impact](/wiki/Impact_Wrestling_%28TV_series%29 "Impact Wrestling (TV series)")*, Raven came out after Kaz's win over Havok and Martyr and hit Kaz in the back with a Kendo Stick, breaking it over Kaz's back. Raven, Havok, and Martyr then attacked Kaz with kendo sticks. On the July 19 episode of *Impact!*, Raven and the rest of Serotonin took on the reuniting [Triple X](/wiki/Triple_X_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Triple X (professional wrestling)"). Raven had very little time in the match and Serotonin lost after Skipper hit a [diving leg drop](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_leg_drop "Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving leg drop"), Daniels hit a [Best Moonsault Ever](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels%23In_wrestling "Christopher Daniels#In wrestling"), and Senshi hit a [Warrior's Way](/wiki/Low_Ki%23In_wrestling "Low Ki#In wrestling") on Havok.
Raven won a House of Fun match, on the August 9 episode of *Impact!*. He teamed with [Robert Roode](/wiki/Bobby_Roode "Bobby Roode") and James Storm against the team of Chris Harris, Rhino, and Kazarian. Raven lost to Kaz, who had rebelled against him, at [Hard Justice](/wiki/Hard_Justice_%282007%29 "Hard Justice (2007)") despite having the remaining members of Serotonin involve themselves in the match. He then issued a challenge to Abyss and Rhino at [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282007%29 "Bound for Glory (2007)"). Abyss later had Black Reign added to the match and made it a Monsters Ball. Raven briefly formed an alliance with [Havok](/wiki/Johnny_Devine "Johnny Devine"), [Black Reign](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes "Dustin Rhodes"), [Judas Mesias](/wiki/Ricky_Banderas "Ricky Banderas"), and James Mitchell with the purpose of defeating Abyss. At Bound for glory, Raven would go on to lose the match after Abyss gave him a black hole slam on to tacks and glass. On the November 15 episode of *Impact*, Havok was revealed to be [Team 3D](/wiki/Dudley_Boyz "Dudley Boyz")'s [X Division](/wiki/X_Division "X Division") traitor, effectively ending Serotonin. At [Turning Point](/wiki/Turning_Point_%282007_wrestling%29 "Turning Point (2007 wrestling)"), Raven substituted for Rhino in the "Match of 10,000 Thumbtacks" and teamed with Abyss to defeat [Black Reign](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes "Dustin Rhodes") and [Rellik](/wiki/Jon_Hugger "Jon Hugger"). Raven was officially released from TNA, and his profile was removed from the roster on March 7, 2008\.
#### Alliance with Dr. Stevie; EV 2\.0 (2009–2010\)
{{also\|ECW Originals\|l1\=EV 2\.0}}
[thumb\|Raven in April 2010](/wiki/Image:Raven_en_la_esquina.jpg "Raven en la esquina.jpg")
After an absence of more than a year, Raven surprised fans by returning to TNA on May 28, 2009\. He returned as a heel by attacking Abyss with a Kendo stick with [Dr. Stevie](/wiki/Stevie_Richards "Stevie Richards") assisting him. He then aligned himself with Dr. Stevie and [Daffney](/wiki/Daffney "Daffney"). On the June 18 episode of *Impact!* he won a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match against [Jethro Holliday](/wiki/Trevor_Murdoch "Trevor Murdoch"). At [Slammiversary](/wiki/Slammiversary_%282009%29 "Slammiversary (2009)"), Abyss and [Taylor Wilde](/wiki/Shantelle_Malawski "Shantelle Malawski") defeated Raven and Daffney in the first\-ever mixed tag team Monster's Ball match. After the pay\-per\-view, Raven's name was taken down from the TNA website.
On the November 12, 2009, episode of *Impact!*, Raven returned again to TNA attacking Abyss and throwing a fireball at [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley")'s face, aligning himself again with Dr. Stevie and Daffney.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\_Reports\_9/article\_36725\.shtml\|title\=WILKENFELD'S TNA IMPACT REPORT: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|first\=Daniel\|date\=November 12, 2009\|work\=PWTorch\|access\-date\=November 13, 2009}} At [Final Resolution](/wiki/Final_Resolution_%282009%29 "Final Resolution (2009)"), Abyss and Foley defeated Stevie and Raven in a "Foley's Funhouse" tag team match.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/PPV\_Reports\_5/article\_37540\.shtml\|title\=CALDWELL'S TNA FINAL RESOLUTION PPV REPORT: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Daniels, Angle vs. Wolfe\|date\=December 20, 2009\|access\-date\=December 21, 2009\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|publisher\=PWTorch}} Raven appeared on the January 4 episode of *Impact!*, teaming with Dr. Stevie in a number one contender's tag team match, where they were defeated by [Matt Morgan](/wiki/Matt_Morgan_%28wrestler%29 "Matt Morgan (wrestler)") and [Hernandez](/wiki/Hernandez_%28wrestler%29 "Hernandez (wrestler)").{{cite web \|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\_Reports\_9/article\_37861\.shtml \|title\=KELLER'S TNA IMPACT LIVE REPORT: Jeff Hardy, NWO reunion, Hulk Hogan, TNA Knockout Title match, more surprises\|last\=Keller\|first\=Wade\|date\=January 4, 2009\|work\=PWTorch\|access\-date\=April 23, 2010}} He appeared on the February 18 episode of *Impact!*, helping Eric Bischoff take out Abyss, along with Rhino, [Homicide](/wiki/Homicide_%28wrestler%29 "Homicide (wrestler)"), [Tomko](/wiki/Travis_Tomko "Travis Tomko"), and [Desmond Wolfe](/wiki/Nigel_McGuinness "Nigel McGuinness").{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\_Reports\_9/article\_39182\.shtml\|title\=WILKENFELD'S TNA IMPACT REPORT: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|date\=February 18, 2010\|access\-date\=April 23, 2010\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|first\=Daniel\|publisher\=PWTorch}}
Raven returned to television four months later on the June 24 episode of *Impact!* showing signs of a face turn, appearing in the Impact! Zone crowd beside Stevie Richards and Tommy Dreamer.{{cite web \|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42170\.shtml\|title\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 6/24: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|first\=Daniel\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|date\=June 24, 2010\|access\-date\=June 24, 2010\|publisher\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} The following week the three were joined by Rhino.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42295\.shtml\|title\=TNA Impact results 7/1: Keller's ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV show – Abyss vs. Hardy, RVD refs\|last\=Keller\|first\=Wade\|date\= July 1, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch\|access\-date\=July 2, 2010}} On the July 15 episode of *Impact!* Raven, Dreamer, Richards, Rhino, [Brother Devon](/wiki/Devon_Hughes "Devon Hughes"), [Pat Kenney](/wiki/Pat_Kenney "Pat Kenney") and [Al Snow](/wiki/Al_Snow "Al Snow"), led by [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley"), aligned themselves with the [TNA World Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/TNA_World_Heavyweight_Championship "TNA World Heavyweight Championship") [Rob Van Dam](/wiki/Rob_Van_Dam "Rob Van Dam") by attacking Abyss and the rest of the TNA locker room.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\_News\_1/article\_42456\.shtml\|title\=TNA News: TNA Impact TV taping "virtual\-time coverage" for Thursday's episode\|date\=July 12, 2010\|access\-date\=July 13, 2010\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|publisher\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\=1279001038\|title\=Spoilers: TNA Impact for this Thursday\|date\=July 13, 2010\|access\-date\=July 13, 2010\|last\=Martin\|first\=Adam\|publisher\=WrestleView\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428050636/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\=1279001038\|archive\-date\=April 28, 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\=1279252015 \|title\=Impact Results \|date\=July 15, 2010 \|last\=Martin \|first\=Adam \|work\=WrestleView \|access\-date\=July 16, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719090613/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\=1279252015 \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2010 }} The following week, TNA president [Dixie Carter](/wiki/Dixie_Carter_%28wrestling%29 "Dixie Carter (wrestling)") agreed to give the ECW alumni their own reunion pay–per–view event, [Hardcore Justice: The Last Stand](/wiki/Hardcore_Justice_%282010%29 "Hardcore Justice (2010)"), as a celebration of [hardcore wrestling](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling "Hardcore wrestling") and a final farewell to the company.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42665\.shtml\|title\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 7/22: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|date\=July 22, 2010\|access\-date\=July 23, 2010\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|first\=Daniel\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On the July 29 episode of *Impact!* Raven re–ignited his old feud with Dreamer by turning on him, after his match with Abyss, and laying him out with a DDT on a chair and in doing so, turned heel.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42785\.shtml\|title\=Keller's TNA Impact report 7/29: Tommy Dreamer announces new name for ECW faction, Hulk Hogan addresses situation\|first\=Wade\|last\=Keller\|date\=July 29, 2010\|access\-date\=July 30, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} The following week, Raven explained his turn by saying that he had not forgotten how Dreamer had "stolen", and later married, his girlfriend Beulah McGillicutty, who turned on Raven back in 1996 during his and Dreamer's initial feud.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_42919\.shtml\|title\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 8/5: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|first\=Daniel\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|date\=August 5, 2010\|access\-date\=August 5, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On August 8 at Hardcore Justice Raven defeated Dreamer in a "Final Showdown" match refereed by Mick Foley.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\_42979\.shtml\|title\=Caldwell's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8/8: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of ECW\-themed PPV headlined by RVD vs. Sabu\|first\=James\|last\=Caldwell\|date\=August 8, 2010\|access\-date\=August 8, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On the following episode of *Impact!*, the ECW alumni, known collectively as [Extreme, Version 2\.0 (EV 2\.0\)](/wiki/ECW_Originals "ECW Originals"), were assaulted by A.J. Styles, [Kazarian](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 "Kazarian (wrestler)"), [Robert Roode](/wiki/Bobby_Roode "Bobby Roode"), [James Storm](/wiki/James_Storm "James Storm"), [Douglas Williams](/wiki/Doug_Williams_%28wrestler%29 "Doug Williams (wrestler)") and Matt Morgan of [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair")'s {{Not a typo\|\[\[Fortune (professional wrestling)\|Fourtune]]}} stable, who thought they didn't deserve to be in TNA, thus once again turning Raven face.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\_News\_1/article\_43008\.shtml\|title\=TNA News: Spoilers – detailed Impact TV taping report for "Whole F'n Show" featuring new angle, MOTY candidate?, three title matches\|first\=Kevin\|last\=Tomich\|date\=August 9, 2010\|access\-date\=August 12, 2010\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}{{cite web\|url\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2010/08/12/tnas\-the\-whole\-fn\-show\-beer\-money\-machine\-guns\-put\-on\-match\-of\-year\-candidate\-fortune\-makes\-statement/\|title\=TNA's 'The Whole F'n Show': Beer Money, Machine Guns put on match of year candidate; Fortune makes statement\|first\=Matt\|last\=Bishop\|date\=August 12, 2010\|access\-date\=August 13, 2010\|work\=Slam! Sports\|publisher\=\[\[Canoe.ca]]}} At [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282010%29 "Bound for Glory (2010)"), Raven, Dreamer, Rhino, Richards and Sabu defeated {{Not a typo\|Fourtune}} members Styles, Kazarian, Morgan, Roode and Storm in a [Lethal Lockdown match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Lethal_Lockdown_match "Professional wrestling match types#Lethal Lockdown match").{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\_44417\.shtml\|title\=Caldwell's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10\-10\-10: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Angle vs. Anderson vs. Hardy, "they" reveal\|date\=October 10, 2010\|access\-date\=October 10, 2010\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} At [Turning Point](/wiki/Turning_Point_%282010_wrestling%29 "Turning Point (2010 wrestling)"), EV 2\.0 faced Fortune in a ten\-man tag team match, where each member of EV 2\.0 put their TNA careers on the line. In the end, EV 2\.0 lost the match and Sabu was released from TNA.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\_45110\.shtml\|title\=Caldwell's TNA Turning Point PPV results 11/7: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Hardy vs. Morgan, EV2 vs. Fortune, Team 3D "retirement" match\|date\=November 7, 2010\|access\-date\=November 7, 2010\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} Two weeks later on *Impact!*, Raven was forced to put his TNA future on the line in a match against the TNA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Hardy. Hardy won the match and as a result Raven was released from TNA.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\_45386\.shtml\|title\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 11/18: Complete "virtual time" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\|date\=November 18, 2010\|access\-date\=November 18, 2010\|last\=Wilkenfeld\|first\=Daniel\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} His release from the company was legitimate.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\_News\_1/article\_45184\.shtml\|title\=TNA News: Another EV2 member cut from TNA – Raven finishes up at this week's Impact TV tapings (minor spoiler)\|date\=November 10, 2010\|access\-date\=November 10, 2010\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} Raven worked one last match for the promotion on November 12, 2010, defeating [TNA Television Champion](/wiki/TNA_Television_Championship "TNA Television Championship") A.J. Styles in a non–title match at the *Farewell at the [Asylum](/wiki/TNA_Asylum "TNA Asylum")* [live event](/wiki/House_show "House show").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.f4wonline.com/content/view/18323/\|title\=TNA house show report 11\-12 Nashville\|last\=Goodman\|first\=Larry\|date\=November 13, 2010\|access\-date\=November 13, 2010\|work\=\[\[Dave Meltzer\#Wrestling Observer Newsletter\|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}
|
[
"### NWA Total Nonstop Action / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003–2010\\)",
"#### The Gathering (2003–2004\\)",
"{{See also\\|Raven's Nest\\#The Gathering\\|l1\\=The Gathering}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Raven in December 2004](/wiki/File:Raven20041212.jpg \"Raven20041212.jpg\")",
"Raven debuted for [NWA Total Nonstop Action](/wiki/NWA_Total_Nonstop_Action \"NWA Total Nonstop Action\") (TNA) on January 22, 2003, two days after his release from WWE, attacking and hitting his finisher on [Jeff Jarrett](/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett \"Jeff Jarrett\") and stealing the [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World Heavyweight Championship\") from him. Raven then embarked upon a long\\-running storyline in which he claimed it was his \"destiny\" to win the NWA World Heavyweight Title. Raven began playing mind games with the roster, starting with his former nemesis Sandman, and debuted his trademark *Clockwork Orange* House of Fun match, which Levy devised himself. On April 30, 2003 Raven got his first shot at Jarrett's [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World Heavyweight Championship\"), yet Jarrett won the match.",
"On September 17, 2003, Raven lost his trademark long hair after he was defeated by [Shane Douglas](/wiki/Shane_Douglas \"Shane Douglas\") in a hair versus hair match, thanks to the surprise interference of [Vampiro](/wiki/Vampiro \"Vampiro\"). Vampiro and Raven would grow to be bitter rivals which resulted in a backstage brawl which Vampiro ended up with a torn \"ACL.\" While in TNA, he formed a stable known as [The Gathering](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23The_Gathering \"Raven's Nest#The Gathering\"), which included ROH rival CM Punk, as well as [Julio Dinero](/wiki/Julio_Dinero \"Julio Dinero\") and [Alexis Laree](/wiki/Mickie_James \"Mickie James\"), though they would later turn on him. He created matches involving old friends and brought in former colleagues from ECW such as [New Jack](/wiki/New_Jack \"New Jack\"), Perry Saturn, [Mikey Whipwreck](/wiki/Mikey_Whipwreck \"Mikey Whipwreck\"), and Justin Credible, all of whom Raven beat in matches. Later in the year these superstars overturned [Sports Entertainment Xtreme](/wiki/Sports_Entertainment_Xtreme \"Sports Entertainment Xtreme\") (SEX). In 2003, Raven feuded with [James Mitchell](/wiki/James_Mitchell_%28manager%29 \"James Mitchell (manager)\") and the Disciples of the New Church. Raven took them all out one by one just like he said, but with interferences from The Gathering and ECW counterparts. Raven ended his feud with James Mitchell in a [Last Man Standing match](/wiki/Last_Man_Standing_match \"Last Man Standing match\"), which was won by Raven. This led to a long undefeated run and the beginning of Raven's attempts to fulfill his destiny. In 2004, Raven teamed up with The Sandman to go against The Gathering. The Gathering won due to interference from James Mitchell, who had aligned himself with The Gathering. Raven then teamed with [Terry Funk](/wiki/Terry_Funk \"Terry Funk\") to defeat the Gathering, even though James Mitchell tried to interfere.",
"Also in 2004, Raven's old friend [Sabu](/wiki/Sabu_%28wrestler%29 \"Sabu (wrestler)\") returned to TNA. Raven teamed with Sabu to defeat The Gathering one last time. Raven and Sabu then feuded with [Abyss](/wiki/Abyss_%28wrestler%29 \"Abyss (wrestler)\") and \"The Alpha Male\" [Monty Brown](/wiki/Monty_Brown \"Monty Brown\"). Abyss and Brown outnumbered Sabu on many occasions, when Raven failed to watch Sabu's back. Raven waged a campaign against Sabu, disrespecting the memory of his uncle and assaulting Sabu's mouthpiece, [Sonjay Dutt](/wiki/Sonjay_Dutt \"Sonjay Dutt\"), until Sabu finally broke and attacked him on July 23\\. Raven defeated Sabu in a [No Holds Barred match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23No_Disqualification_match/No_Holds_Barred_match \"Professional wrestling match types#No Disqualification match/No Holds Barred match\") on August 4, and a scheduled return match on August 18 was canceled after Sabu suffered a legitimate back injury. He also competed in the very first [Monster's Ball match](/wiki/Monster%27s_Ball_match \"Monster's Ball match\"), with Abyss and Brown.",
"#### NWA World Heavyweight Champion (2005–2006\\)",
"On June 19, 2005, Raven turned face and fulfilled his self\\-proclaimed destiny when he won the [NWA World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"NWA World Heavyweight Championship\") at [Slammiversary](/wiki/Slammiversary_%282005%29 \"Slammiversary (2005)\") (by taking Jeff Jarrett's place after Jarrett attacked a fan from the crowd earlier that night and got arrested), defeating [A.J. Styles](/wiki/A.J._Styles \"A.J. Styles\"), Abyss, [Sean Waltman](/wiki/Sean_Waltman \"Sean Waltman\") and Monty Brown in a five way [King of the Mountain match](/wiki/King_of_the_Mountain_match \"King of the Mountain match\"). He successfully defended the title in two defenses over the following months against Abyss at [No Surrender](/wiki/No_Surrender_%282005%29 \"No Surrender (2005)\"), and Rhino two months later at [Unbreakable](/wiki/Unbreakable_%282005%29 \"Unbreakable (2005)\"). Against Rhino he showed his full array of moves and peeled back the years looking like the Raven in ECW and early WCW. He not only defeated Rhino but hit a Raven Effect DDT on Jeff Jarrett, with the assistance of Jeff Hardy running to the ringside. He also had a tag team match with Sabu against Jeff Jarrett and Rhino.",
"On September 15, Raven lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Jeff Jarrett in Oldcastle, Ontario, Canada, at a special event of [Border City Wrestling](/wiki/Border_City_Wrestling \"Border City Wrestling\"). [America's Most Wanted](/wiki/America%27s_Most_Wanted_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"America's Most Wanted (professional wrestling)\") ([\"Wildcat\" Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 \"Chris Harris (wrestler)\") and [\"Cowboy\" James Storm](/wiki/James_Storm \"James Storm\")) came out and interfered on Jarrett's behalf. BCW officials immediately contacted TNA Director of Authority [Larry Zbyszko](/wiki/Larry_Zbyszko \"Larry Zbyszko\"), who declared the title change official[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling On Spike TV! – NEWS](http://www.tnawrestling.com/fullnews.php?home=206) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030730/http://www.tnawrestling.com/fullnews.php?home\\=206 \\|date\\=September 30, 2007 }} (TNA had briefly gone dark on its national television timeslot prior to jumping to [Spike TV](/wiki/Spike_%28TV_channel%29 \"Spike (TV channel)\"), prompting a title change in another NWA based promotion). This led to Raven feuding with Larry Zbyszko, who brought in wrestlers like [PJ Polaco](/wiki/Justin_Credible \"Justin Credible\") and [Chris K](/wiki/Chris_Kanyon \"Chris Kanyon\") to wrestle Raven. This culminated in a match at [Final Resolution](/wiki/Final_Resolution_%282006%29 \"Final Resolution (2006)\") where Raven wrestled Sean Waltman with the stipulation that if Raven lost he would have to leave TNA. Raven lost the match and went on hiatus as a result.",
"Raven returned to TNA on April 23, 2006 at the [Lockdown](/wiki/Lockdown_%282006%29 \"Lockdown (2006)\") pay\\-per\\-view, and reignited his feud with Zbyszko. They would end their feud at [Victory Road](/wiki/Victory_Road_%282006%29 \"Victory Road (2006)\") in a [Hair vs. Hair match](/wiki/Lucha_libre%23Luchas_de_Apuestas \"Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas\") which Raven won.",
"#### Serotonin (2006–2008\\)",
"{{See also\\|Raven's Nest\\#Serotonin\\|l1\\=Serotonin}}\n[thumb\\|Raven in August 2007](/wiki/File:Raven_in_tna.jpg \"Raven in tna.jpg\")",
"He next feuded with Abyss and [Brother Runt](/wiki/Spike_Dudley \"Spike Dudley\"), losing to the former in a Hangman's Horror match on Impact after the latter turned on him. Subsequent to this, his coverage in major televised angles has dropped considerably. While he was off\\-air, an alliance was teased between [Kazarian](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 \"Kazarian (wrestler)\"), [Johnny Devine](/wiki/Johnny_Devine \"Johnny Devine\"), and [Matt Bentley](/wiki/Matt_Bentley \"Matt Bentley\"). On the TNA Primetime Special before [Genesis](/wiki/Genesis_%282006%29 \"Genesis (2006)\"), the three came out in goth, addressing a new movement in TNA. After a loss at Genesis, sporting a new look (often with a mask), Raven revealed himself as their leader, caning the loser of the match. This stable became known as [Serotonin](/wiki/Raven%27s_Nest%23Serotonin \"Raven's Nest#Serotonin\"). The direction of this stable was very hard to place, although they lost the majority of their televised matches. Regardless of the outcome, Raven would hit the Serotonin competitor with a cane. After a long hiatus, Raven returned to the ring, losing to [Christopher Daniels](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels \"Christopher Daniels\") in a [First Blood Invitational](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23First_Blood_match \"Professional wrestling match types#First Blood match\") then losing to [Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 \"Chris Harris (wrestler)\") after interference from [Kaz](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 \"Kazarian (wrestler)\"). On *[Impact](/wiki/Impact_Wrestling_%28TV_series%29 \"Impact Wrestling (TV series)\")*, Raven came out after Kaz's win over Havok and Martyr and hit Kaz in the back with a Kendo Stick, breaking it over Kaz's back. Raven, Havok, and Martyr then attacked Kaz with kendo sticks. On the July 19 episode of *Impact!*, Raven and the rest of Serotonin took on the reuniting [Triple X](/wiki/Triple_X_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Triple X (professional wrestling)\"). Raven had very little time in the match and Serotonin lost after Skipper hit a [diving leg drop](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques%23Diving_leg_drop \"Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving leg drop\"), Daniels hit a [Best Moonsault Ever](/wiki/Christopher_Daniels%23In_wrestling \"Christopher Daniels#In wrestling\"), and Senshi hit a [Warrior's Way](/wiki/Low_Ki%23In_wrestling \"Low Ki#In wrestling\") on Havok.",
"Raven won a House of Fun match, on the August 9 episode of *Impact!*. He teamed with [Robert Roode](/wiki/Bobby_Roode \"Bobby Roode\") and James Storm against the team of Chris Harris, Rhino, and Kazarian. Raven lost to Kaz, who had rebelled against him, at [Hard Justice](/wiki/Hard_Justice_%282007%29 \"Hard Justice (2007)\") despite having the remaining members of Serotonin involve themselves in the match. He then issued a challenge to Abyss and Rhino at [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282007%29 \"Bound for Glory (2007)\"). Abyss later had Black Reign added to the match and made it a Monsters Ball. Raven briefly formed an alliance with [Havok](/wiki/Johnny_Devine \"Johnny Devine\"), [Black Reign](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes \"Dustin Rhodes\"), [Judas Mesias](/wiki/Ricky_Banderas \"Ricky Banderas\"), and James Mitchell with the purpose of defeating Abyss. At Bound for glory, Raven would go on to lose the match after Abyss gave him a black hole slam on to tacks and glass. On the November 15 episode of *Impact*, Havok was revealed to be [Team 3D](/wiki/Dudley_Boyz \"Dudley Boyz\")'s [X Division](/wiki/X_Division \"X Division\") traitor, effectively ending Serotonin. At [Turning Point](/wiki/Turning_Point_%282007_wrestling%29 \"Turning Point (2007 wrestling)\"), Raven substituted for Rhino in the \"Match of 10,000 Thumbtacks\" and teamed with Abyss to defeat [Black Reign](/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes \"Dustin Rhodes\") and [Rellik](/wiki/Jon_Hugger \"Jon Hugger\"). Raven was officially released from TNA, and his profile was removed from the roster on March 7, 2008\\.",
"#### Alliance with Dr. Stevie; EV 2\\.0 (2009–2010\\)",
"{{also\\|ECW Originals\\|l1\\=EV 2\\.0}}\n[thumb\\|Raven in April 2010](/wiki/Image:Raven_en_la_esquina.jpg \"Raven en la esquina.jpg\")",
"After an absence of more than a year, Raven surprised fans by returning to TNA on May 28, 2009\\. He returned as a heel by attacking Abyss with a Kendo stick with [Dr. Stevie](/wiki/Stevie_Richards \"Stevie Richards\") assisting him. He then aligned himself with Dr. Stevie and [Daffney](/wiki/Daffney \"Daffney\"). On the June 18 episode of *Impact!* he won a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match against [Jethro Holliday](/wiki/Trevor_Murdoch \"Trevor Murdoch\"). At [Slammiversary](/wiki/Slammiversary_%282009%29 \"Slammiversary (2009)\"), Abyss and [Taylor Wilde](/wiki/Shantelle_Malawski \"Shantelle Malawski\") defeated Raven and Daffney in the first\\-ever mixed tag team Monster's Ball match. After the pay\\-per\\-view, Raven's name was taken down from the TNA website.",
"On the November 12, 2009, episode of *Impact!*, Raven returned again to TNA attacking Abyss and throwing a fireball at [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\")'s face, aligning himself again with Dr. Stevie and Daffney.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\\_Reports\\_9/article\\_36725\\.shtml\\|title\\=WILKENFELD'S TNA IMPACT REPORT: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=November 12, 2009\\|work\\=PWTorch\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2009}} At [Final Resolution](/wiki/Final_Resolution_%282009%29 \"Final Resolution (2009)\"), Abyss and Foley defeated Stevie and Raven in a \"Foley's Funhouse\" tag team match.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/PPV\\_Reports\\_5/article\\_37540\\.shtml\\|title\\=CALDWELL'S TNA FINAL RESOLUTION PPV REPORT: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Daniels, Angle vs. Wolfe\\|date\\=December 20, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2009\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|publisher\\=PWTorch}} Raven appeared on the January 4 episode of *Impact!*, teaming with Dr. Stevie in a number one contender's tag team match, where they were defeated by [Matt Morgan](/wiki/Matt_Morgan_%28wrestler%29 \"Matt Morgan (wrestler)\") and [Hernandez](/wiki/Hernandez_%28wrestler%29 \"Hernandez (wrestler)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\\_Reports\\_9/article\\_37861\\.shtml \\|title\\=KELLER'S TNA IMPACT LIVE REPORT: Jeff Hardy, NWO reunion, Hulk Hogan, TNA Knockout Title match, more surprises\\|last\\=Keller\\|first\\=Wade\\|date\\=January 4, 2009\\|work\\=PWTorch\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2010}} He appeared on the February 18 episode of *Impact!*, helping Eric Bischoff take out Abyss, along with Rhino, [Homicide](/wiki/Homicide_%28wrestler%29 \"Homicide (wrestler)\"), [Tomko](/wiki/Travis_Tomko \"Travis Tomko\"), and [Desmond Wolfe](/wiki/Nigel_McGuinness \"Nigel McGuinness\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TV\\_Reports\\_9/article\\_39182\\.shtml\\|title\\=WILKENFELD'S TNA IMPACT REPORT: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|date\\=February 18, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2010\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|first\\=Daniel\\|publisher\\=PWTorch}}",
"Raven returned to television four months later on the June 24 episode of *Impact!* showing signs of a face turn, appearing in the Impact! Zone crowd beside Stevie Richards and Tommy Dreamer.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42170\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 6/24: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|first\\=Daniel\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|date\\=June 24, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2010\\|publisher\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} The following week the three were joined by Rhino.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42295\\.shtml\\|title\\=TNA Impact results 7/1: Keller's ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV show – Abyss vs. Hardy, RVD refs\\|last\\=Keller\\|first\\=Wade\\|date\\= July 1, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2010}} On the July 15 episode of *Impact!* Raven, Dreamer, Richards, Rhino, [Brother Devon](/wiki/Devon_Hughes \"Devon Hughes\"), [Pat Kenney](/wiki/Pat_Kenney \"Pat Kenney\") and [Al Snow](/wiki/Al_Snow \"Al Snow\"), led by [Mick Foley](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\"), aligned themselves with the [TNA World Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/TNA_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"TNA World Heavyweight Championship\") [Rob Van Dam](/wiki/Rob_Van_Dam \"Rob Van Dam\") by attacking Abyss and the rest of the TNA locker room.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\\_News\\_1/article\\_42456\\.shtml\\|title\\=TNA News: TNA Impact TV taping \"virtual\\-time coverage\" for Thursday's episode\\|date\\=July 12, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2010\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|publisher\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\\=1279001038\\|title\\=Spoilers: TNA Impact for this Thursday\\|date\\=July 13, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2010\\|last\\=Martin\\|first\\=Adam\\|publisher\\=WrestleView\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428050636/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\\=1279001038\\|archive\\-date\\=April 28, 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\\=1279252015 \\|title\\=Impact Results \\|date\\=July 15, 2010 \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=Adam \\|work\\=WrestleView \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719090613/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id\\=1279252015 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2010 }} The following week, TNA president [Dixie Carter](/wiki/Dixie_Carter_%28wrestling%29 \"Dixie Carter (wrestling)\") agreed to give the ECW alumni their own reunion pay–per–view event, [Hardcore Justice: The Last Stand](/wiki/Hardcore_Justice_%282010%29 \"Hardcore Justice (2010)\"), as a celebration of [hardcore wrestling](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling \"Hardcore wrestling\") and a final farewell to the company.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42665\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 7/22: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|date\\=July 22, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2010\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|first\\=Daniel\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On the July 29 episode of *Impact!* Raven re–ignited his old feud with Dreamer by turning on him, after his match with Abyss, and laying him out with a DDT on a chair and in doing so, turned heel.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42785\\.shtml\\|title\\=Keller's TNA Impact report 7/29: Tommy Dreamer announces new name for ECW faction, Hulk Hogan addresses situation\\|first\\=Wade\\|last\\=Keller\\|date\\=July 29, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} The following week, Raven explained his turn by saying that he had not forgotten how Dreamer had \"stolen\", and later married, his girlfriend Beulah McGillicutty, who turned on Raven back in 1996 during his and Dreamer's initial feud.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_42919\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 8/5: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|first\\=Daniel\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|date\\=August 5, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On August 8 at Hardcore Justice Raven defeated Dreamer in a \"Final Showdown\" match refereed by Mick Foley.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\\_42979\\.shtml\\|title\\=Caldwell's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8/8: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of ECW\\-themed PPV headlined by RVD vs. Sabu\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|date\\=August 8, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} On the following episode of *Impact!*, the ECW alumni, known collectively as [Extreme, Version 2\\.0 (EV 2\\.0\\)](/wiki/ECW_Originals \"ECW Originals\"), were assaulted by A.J. Styles, [Kazarian](/wiki/Kazarian_%28wrestler%29 \"Kazarian (wrestler)\"), [Robert Roode](/wiki/Bobby_Roode \"Bobby Roode\"), [James Storm](/wiki/James_Storm \"James Storm\"), [Douglas Williams](/wiki/Doug_Williams_%28wrestler%29 \"Doug Williams (wrestler)\") and Matt Morgan of [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\")'s {{Not a typo\\|\\[\\[Fortune (professional wrestling)\\|Fourtune]]}} stable, who thought they didn't deserve to be in TNA, thus once again turning Raven face.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\\_News\\_1/article\\_43008\\.shtml\\|title\\=TNA News: Spoilers – detailed Impact TV taping report for \"Whole F'n Show\" featuring new angle, MOTY candidate?, three title matches\\|first\\=Kevin\\|last\\=Tomich\\|date\\=August 9, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 12, 2010\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2010/08/12/tnas\\-the\\-whole\\-fn\\-show\\-beer\\-money\\-machine\\-guns\\-put\\-on\\-match\\-of\\-year\\-candidate\\-fortune\\-makes\\-statement/\\|title\\=TNA's 'The Whole F'n Show': Beer Money, Machine Guns put on match of year candidate; Fortune makes statement\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Bishop\\|date\\=August 12, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2010\\|work\\=Slam! Sports\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canoe.ca]]}} At [Bound for Glory](/wiki/Bound_for_Glory_%282010%29 \"Bound for Glory (2010)\"), Raven, Dreamer, Rhino, Richards and Sabu defeated {{Not a typo\\|Fourtune}} members Styles, Kazarian, Morgan, Roode and Storm in a [Lethal Lockdown match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Lethal_Lockdown_match \"Professional wrestling match types#Lethal Lockdown match\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\\_44417\\.shtml\\|title\\=Caldwell's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10\\-10\\-10: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of live PPV – Angle vs. Anderson vs. Hardy, \"they\" reveal\\|date\\=October 10, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2010\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} At [Turning Point](/wiki/Turning_Point_%282010_wrestling%29 \"Turning Point (2010 wrestling)\"), EV 2\\.0 faced Fortune in a ten\\-man tag team match, where each member of EV 2\\.0 put their TNA careers on the line. In the end, EV 2\\.0 lost the match and Sabu was released from TNA.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\\_45110\\.shtml\\|title\\=Caldwell's TNA Turning Point PPV results 11/7: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of live PPV – Hardy vs. Morgan, EV2 vs. Fortune, Team 3D \"retirement\" match\\|date\\=November 7, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2010\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} Two weeks later on *Impact!*, Raven was forced to put his TNA future on the line in a match against the TNA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Hardy. Hardy won the match and as a result Raven was released from TNA.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article\\_45386\\.shtml\\|title\\=Wilkenfeld's TNA Impact report 11/18: Complete \"virtual time\" coverage of Spike TV broadcast\\|date\\=November 18, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2010\\|last\\=Wilkenfeld\\|first\\=Daniel\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} His release from the company was legitimate.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA\\_News\\_1/article\\_45184\\.shtml\\|title\\=TNA News: Another EV2 member cut from TNA – Raven finishes up at this week's Impact TV tapings (minor spoiler)\\|date\\=November 10, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2010\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}} Raven worked one last match for the promotion on November 12, 2010, defeating [TNA Television Champion](/wiki/TNA_Television_Championship \"TNA Television Championship\") A.J. Styles in a non–title match at the *Farewell at the [Asylum](/wiki/TNA_Asylum \"TNA Asylum\")* [live event](/wiki/House_show \"House show\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.f4wonline.com/content/view/18323/\\|title\\=TNA house show report 11\\-12 Nashville\\|last\\=Goodman\\|first\\=Larry\\|date\\=November 13, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[Dave Meltzer\\#Wrestling Observer Newsletter\\|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}",
""
] |
### Independent circuit and semi\-retirement (2008–present)
[thumb\|Raven inside a [steel cage](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Cages "Professional wrestling match types#Cages") at a [Ring of Honor](/wiki/Ring_of_Honor "Ring of Honor") show](/wiki/File:Raven_Steel_Cage.jpg "Raven Steel Cage.jpg")
In 2008, Raven appeared in [Juggalo Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Juggalo_Championship_Wrestling "Juggalo Championship Wrestling") (JCW) for Season 2 of [SlamTV!](/wiki/Juggalo_Championship_Wrestling%23SlamTV.21 "Juggalo Championship Wrestling#SlamTV.21"). In the main event of the second episode, [JCW Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/JCW_Heavyweight_Championship "JCW Heavyweight Championship") [Corporal Robinson](/wiki/Steve_Robinson_%28wrestler%29 "Steve Robinson (wrestler)") put his title on the line against Sexy Slim Goody. When Robinson attempted to hit the [Boot Camp](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws%23Cobra_clutch_legsweep "Professional wrestling throws#Cobra clutch legsweep"), the lights shut off in the arena. When they turned back on, Raven appeared in the ring and hit Robinson with his Evenflow DDT, before stealing the JCW Heavyweight Championship belt.{{cite episode\|title\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 2\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=v5CKy3xgU3k\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/v5CKy3xgU3k\| archive\-date\=November 14, 2021 \| url\-status\=live\|series\=SlamTV!\|credits\=Creator and Producer: \[\[Insane Clown Posse]]\|location\=Evansville, Indiana\|airdate\=July 17, 2008\|season\=2}}{{cbignore}} In the third episode, Raven introduced Sexy Slim Goody as his newest lackey. When Robinson ran out to the ring to take his title back, Sexy Slim Goody (kayfabe) knocked him out with a [steel chair shot](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks%23Chair_shot "Professional wrestling attacks#Chair shot"), and Raven began to shave Robinson's afro. Sabu appeared from out of the crowd and scared Raven off, leaving Robinson with a half shaved afro.{{cite episode\|title\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 3\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=VH6s\_95TFHA\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/VH6s\_95TFHA\| archive\-date\=November 14, 2021 \| url\-status\=live\|series\=SlamTV!\|credits\=Creator and Producer: \[\[Insane Clown Posse]]\|location\=Springfield, Illinois\|airdate\=July 25, 2008\|season\=2}}{{cbignore}} The tag team of Raven and Sexy Slim Goody had a match against Corporal Robinson and Sabu in the following episode. Raven walked out on the match with the stolen championship belt, fleeing from Sabu.{{cite episode\|title\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 4\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=f9B7oNXlKuM\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/f9B7oNXlKuM\| archive\-date\=November 14, 2021 \| url\-status\=live\|series\=SlamTV!\|credits\=Creator and Producer: \[\[Insane Clown Posse]]\|location\=St. Louis, Missouri\|airdate\=July 31, 2008\|season\=2}}{{cbignore}} At *[Bloodymania II](/wiki/Bloodymania_II "Bloodymania II")*, Raven lost to Corporal Robinson in a ["Loser leaves JCW"](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Loser_Leaves_Town_match "Professional wrestling match types#Loser Leaves Town match") [Ladder match](/wiki/Ladder_match "Ladder match"). However, Raven returned to the company at [Bloodymania III](/wiki/Bloodymania_III "Bloodymania III") in a losing effort against his old nemesis Sabu in a [Raven's Rules match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Hardcore-based_variations "Professional wrestling match types#Hardcore-based variations").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/site/info/results/2009/index.php?subaction\=showfull\&id\=1249380228\&archive\=\&start\_from\=\&ucat\=57\& \|title\=JCW: Gathering of the Juggalos 2009: Bloodymania III \|date\=September 7, 2009 \|work\=Match Results \|publisher\=Raven \|access\-date\=April 10, 2010}}
Levy was the heavyweight champion of CWA Pro Wrestling, an [independent](/wiki/Independent_circuit "Independent circuit") [professional wrestling promotion](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion "Professional wrestling promotion") based out of [Orangeburg, South Carolina](/wiki/Orangeburg%2C_South_Carolina "Orangeburg, South Carolina"), from March 15 through August 8, 2008\. He won the championship when he defeated Timber in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), on March 15\. He was stripped of the title after missing several shows, therefore not being able to defend the championship. Levy was also featured doing shows overseas at Russia's Independent Wrestling Federation, battling [Joe Legend](/wiki/Joe_Hitchen "Joe Hitchen"). In April 2008, Raven toured Australia and New Zealand including several seminars as well as performing. In June, Raven wrestled for multiple European promotions which included losing to [The Vampire Warrior](/wiki/Gangrel_%28wrestler%29 "Gangrel (wrestler)") in a flaming tables match for Nu\-Wrestling Evolution.
In 2009, Raven regularly wrestled for Collective League of Adrenaline Strength and Honor, NWA Charlotte and Showtime Allstar Wrestling. On August 2, 2009, Raven defeated reigning champion Preston Quinn to win the Vanguard Championship Wrestling World Heavyweight Title in Norfolk, Virginia at the NorVa. Post match, Larry Zbyszko and Raven had a war of words, where Raven challenged Zbyszko to find an opponent to face him for the VCW World Title, a match which he consequently won. In November, he wrestled all across Europe, touring with American Wrestling Rampage.
In January 2010, Raven took on [Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 "Chris Harris (wrestler)") for the PICW Heavyweight Championship and lost. At [Bloodymania IV](/wiki/Bloodymania_IV "Bloodymania IV"), in the main event Raven took on [Corporal Robinson](/wiki/Corporal_Robinson "Corporal Robinson") and [Mike Knox](/wiki/Mike_Knox "Mike Knox") in a triple threat match for the [JCW Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/JCW_Heavyweight_Championship "JCW Heavyweight Championship") where Robinson retained his championship.
At JCW Legends and Icons, he was involved in a seven way "Philly Madness" match which included former ECW stars such as Sabu, Shane Douglas and the eventual winner, Rhino. Two days later at [Bloodymania V](/wiki/Bloodymania_V "Bloodymania V"), Raven and Sexy Slim Goody won the [JCW Tag Team Championship](/wiki/JCW_Tag_Team_Championship "JCW Tag Team Championship"). On September 16, he defeated Jocephus for the USWO Heavyweight Championship and would lose it in November 11 to Jocephus. At JCW New Year's Eve Ninja Party!, Raven lost the tag team championship back to [The Ring Rydas](/wiki/The_Irish_Airborne "The Irish Airborne").
On April 28, 2012, Raven debuted for [Extreme Rising](/wiki/Extreme_Rising "Extreme Rising") in a dark match against [Gary Wolfe](/wiki/Gary_Wolfe_%28wrestler%29 "Gary Wolfe (wrestler)") ending in a no contest. On October 27, Raven appeared for [Niagara Falls, Ontario](/wiki/Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario "Niagara Falls, Ontario")\-based promotion Busted Knuckle Pro Wrestling's Apocalypse event, defeating Eddie Osborne in a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match. During the match, Raven threw out his shoulder while performing a DDT, but still finished the match, despite being hit with several chair shots and even going through a table after the DDT was performed. After the match, he cut a promo putting over all of the young stars in the promotion as well as Osborne, congratulating the promotion on doing a great job so far in his eyes. On November 11 at Extreme Rising, Raven took on [Stevie Richards](/wiki/Stevie_Richards "Stevie Richards") in a loser leaves town match which ended in a no contest.
In the early part of 2013, Raven toured Europe wrestling for various promotions in various countries including Germany and the Netherlands. On May 24, Raven reunited with Perry Saturn in a tag team Raven's Rules match for [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan "Billy Corgan")'s [Resistance Pro Wrestling](/wiki/Resistance_Pro_Wrestling "Resistance Pro Wrestling"), defeating Brady Pierce and Mad Man Pondo. Raven had spent 2014 in Nigeria and South Africa. He defeated Fury in a singles match at a house show in [Lagos, Nigeria](/wiki/Lagos%2C_Nigeria "Lagos, Nigeria") on November 7, 2014\. He won the WWP Tag Team Championship with Venus on November 24, which they lost December 22 at house show in Abuja, Nigeria. Raven signed with NWF and made his debut on the main event defeating Strong Bone in a Hardcore match on December 23\. He teamed with [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers "The Steiner Brothers") where they defeated Sabu and The Wolves in a Christmas house show in Lagos. He won the NWF World Heavyweight Championship on December 27, defeating Kamjarlio in steel cage match. He earned his first title defense on December 29, by defeating Sabu on a live event in Cairo. He retained again in six\-man battle royal on December 30, in a house show in Newark, New Jersey.
|
[
"### Independent circuit and semi\\-retirement (2008–present)",
"[thumb\\|Raven inside a [steel cage](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Cages \"Professional wrestling match types#Cages\") at a [Ring of Honor](/wiki/Ring_of_Honor \"Ring of Honor\") show](/wiki/File:Raven_Steel_Cage.jpg \"Raven Steel Cage.jpg\")",
"In 2008, Raven appeared in [Juggalo Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Juggalo_Championship_Wrestling \"Juggalo Championship Wrestling\") (JCW) for Season 2 of [SlamTV!](/wiki/Juggalo_Championship_Wrestling%23SlamTV.21 \"Juggalo Championship Wrestling#SlamTV.21\"). In the main event of the second episode, [JCW Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/JCW_Heavyweight_Championship \"JCW Heavyweight Championship\") [Corporal Robinson](/wiki/Steve_Robinson_%28wrestler%29 \"Steve Robinson (wrestler)\") put his title on the line against Sexy Slim Goody. When Robinson attempted to hit the [Boot Camp](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws%23Cobra_clutch_legsweep \"Professional wrestling throws#Cobra clutch legsweep\"), the lights shut off in the arena. When they turned back on, Raven appeared in the ring and hit Robinson with his Evenflow DDT, before stealing the JCW Heavyweight Championship belt.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 2\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=v5CKy3xgU3k\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/v5CKy3xgU3k\\| archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2021 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|series\\=SlamTV!\\|credits\\=Creator and Producer: \\[\\[Insane Clown Posse]]\\|location\\=Evansville, Indiana\\|airdate\\=July 17, 2008\\|season\\=2}}{{cbignore}} In the third episode, Raven introduced Sexy Slim Goody as his newest lackey. When Robinson ran out to the ring to take his title back, Sexy Slim Goody (kayfabe) knocked him out with a [steel chair shot](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks%23Chair_shot \"Professional wrestling attacks#Chair shot\"), and Raven began to shave Robinson's afro. Sabu appeared from out of the crowd and scared Raven off, leaving Robinson with a half shaved afro.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 3\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=VH6s\\_95TFHA\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/VH6s\\_95TFHA\\| archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2021 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|series\\=SlamTV!\\|credits\\=Creator and Producer: \\[\\[Insane Clown Posse]]\\|location\\=Springfield, Illinois\\|airdate\\=July 25, 2008\\|season\\=2}}{{cbignore}} The tag team of Raven and Sexy Slim Goody had a match against Corporal Robinson and Sabu in the following episode. Raven walked out on the match with the stolen championship belt, fleeing from Sabu.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Slam TV Season 2 – Episode 4\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=f9B7oNXlKuM\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/f9B7oNXlKuM\\| archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2021 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|series\\=SlamTV!\\|credits\\=Creator and Producer: \\[\\[Insane Clown Posse]]\\|location\\=St. Louis, Missouri\\|airdate\\=July 31, 2008\\|season\\=2}}{{cbignore}} At *[Bloodymania II](/wiki/Bloodymania_II \"Bloodymania II\")*, Raven lost to Corporal Robinson in a [\"Loser leaves JCW\"](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Loser_Leaves_Town_match \"Professional wrestling match types#Loser Leaves Town match\") [Ladder match](/wiki/Ladder_match \"Ladder match\"). However, Raven returned to the company at [Bloodymania III](/wiki/Bloodymania_III \"Bloodymania III\") in a losing effort against his old nemesis Sabu in a [Raven's Rules match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Hardcore-based_variations \"Professional wrestling match types#Hardcore-based variations\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theraveneffect.com/site/info/results/2009/index.php?subaction\\=showfull\\&id\\=1249380228\\&archive\\=\\&start\\_from\\=\\&ucat\\=57\\& \\|title\\=JCW: Gathering of the Juggalos 2009: Bloodymania III \\|date\\=September 7, 2009 \\|work\\=Match Results \\|publisher\\=Raven \\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2010}}",
"Levy was the heavyweight champion of CWA Pro Wrestling, an [independent](/wiki/Independent_circuit \"Independent circuit\") [professional wrestling promotion](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion \"Professional wrestling promotion\") based out of [Orangeburg, South Carolina](/wiki/Orangeburg%2C_South_Carolina \"Orangeburg, South Carolina\"), from March 15 through August 8, 2008\\. He won the championship when he defeated Timber in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"), on March 15\\. He was stripped of the title after missing several shows, therefore not being able to defend the championship. Levy was also featured doing shows overseas at Russia's Independent Wrestling Federation, battling [Joe Legend](/wiki/Joe_Hitchen \"Joe Hitchen\"). In April 2008, Raven toured Australia and New Zealand including several seminars as well as performing. In June, Raven wrestled for multiple European promotions which included losing to [The Vampire Warrior](/wiki/Gangrel_%28wrestler%29 \"Gangrel (wrestler)\") in a flaming tables match for Nu\\-Wrestling Evolution.",
"In 2009, Raven regularly wrestled for Collective League of Adrenaline Strength and Honor, NWA Charlotte and Showtime Allstar Wrestling. On August 2, 2009, Raven defeated reigning champion Preston Quinn to win the Vanguard Championship Wrestling World Heavyweight Title in Norfolk, Virginia at the NorVa. Post match, Larry Zbyszko and Raven had a war of words, where Raven challenged Zbyszko to find an opponent to face him for the VCW World Title, a match which he consequently won. In November, he wrestled all across Europe, touring with American Wrestling Rampage.",
"In January 2010, Raven took on [Chris Harris](/wiki/Chris_Harris_%28wrestler%29 \"Chris Harris (wrestler)\") for the PICW Heavyweight Championship and lost. At [Bloodymania IV](/wiki/Bloodymania_IV \"Bloodymania IV\"), in the main event Raven took on [Corporal Robinson](/wiki/Corporal_Robinson \"Corporal Robinson\") and [Mike Knox](/wiki/Mike_Knox \"Mike Knox\") in a triple threat match for the [JCW Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/JCW_Heavyweight_Championship \"JCW Heavyweight Championship\") where Robinson retained his championship.",
"At JCW Legends and Icons, he was involved in a seven way \"Philly Madness\" match which included former ECW stars such as Sabu, Shane Douglas and the eventual winner, Rhino. Two days later at [Bloodymania V](/wiki/Bloodymania_V \"Bloodymania V\"), Raven and Sexy Slim Goody won the [JCW Tag Team Championship](/wiki/JCW_Tag_Team_Championship \"JCW Tag Team Championship\"). On September 16, he defeated Jocephus for the USWO Heavyweight Championship and would lose it in November 11 to Jocephus. At JCW New Year's Eve Ninja Party!, Raven lost the tag team championship back to [The Ring Rydas](/wiki/The_Irish_Airborne \"The Irish Airborne\").",
"On April 28, 2012, Raven debuted for [Extreme Rising](/wiki/Extreme_Rising \"Extreme Rising\") in a dark match against [Gary Wolfe](/wiki/Gary_Wolfe_%28wrestler%29 \"Gary Wolfe (wrestler)\") ending in a no contest. On October 27, Raven appeared for [Niagara Falls, Ontario](/wiki/Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario \"Niagara Falls, Ontario\")\\-based promotion Busted Knuckle Pro Wrestling's Apocalypse event, defeating Eddie Osborne in a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match. During the match, Raven threw out his shoulder while performing a DDT, but still finished the match, despite being hit with several chair shots and even going through a table after the DDT was performed. After the match, he cut a promo putting over all of the young stars in the promotion as well as Osborne, congratulating the promotion on doing a great job so far in his eyes. On November 11 at Extreme Rising, Raven took on [Stevie Richards](/wiki/Stevie_Richards \"Stevie Richards\") in a loser leaves town match which ended in a no contest.",
"In the early part of 2013, Raven toured Europe wrestling for various promotions in various countries including Germany and the Netherlands. On May 24, Raven reunited with Perry Saturn in a tag team Raven's Rules match for [Billy Corgan](/wiki/Billy_Corgan \"Billy Corgan\")'s [Resistance Pro Wrestling](/wiki/Resistance_Pro_Wrestling \"Resistance Pro Wrestling\"), defeating Brady Pierce and Mad Man Pondo. Raven had spent 2014 in Nigeria and South Africa. He defeated Fury in a singles match at a house show in [Lagos, Nigeria](/wiki/Lagos%2C_Nigeria \"Lagos, Nigeria\") on November 7, 2014\\. He won the WWP Tag Team Championship with Venus on November 24, which they lost December 22 at house show in Abuja, Nigeria. Raven signed with NWF and made his debut on the main event defeating Strong Bone in a Hardcore match on December 23\\. He teamed with [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers \"The Steiner Brothers\") where they defeated Sabu and The Wolves in a Christmas house show in Lagos. He won the NWF World Heavyweight Championship on December 27, defeating Kamjarlio in steel cage match. He earned his first title defense on December 29, by defeating Sabu on a live event in Cairo. He retained again in six\\-man battle royal on December 30, in a house show in Newark, New Jersey.",
""
] |
Story
-----
[Steve Trevor](/wiki/Steve_Trevor "Steve Trevor") and [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman "Wonder Woman") try to find [Themyscira](/wiki/Themyscira_%28DC_Comics%29 "Themyscira (DC Comics)") but they find it as a barren wasteland in the middle of the Black Sea. Wonder Woman has a nervous breakdown and Steve tries calling ARGUS for a way home. He receives a message from Etta Candy that enemies are coming to attack, and Steve takes them all down by using his resources. Steve Trevor then hands Wonder Woman over to Argus so she can get treated and leaves her.
While in Nightwong Hospital, Wonder Woman has an identity crisis and does not know whats real or not. She daydreams of her life as a superheroine and has an illusion of a snake telling her she must face the truth. Queen [Queen Hippolyta](/wiki/Hippolyta_%28DC_Comics%29 "Hippolyta (DC Comics)") waits for Wonder Woman to return home, but the priestess Castalia has dire, black news: an omen, the withered tree, once again appeared on the island. The Amazons must prepare for war. Steve Trevor meets with [Barbara Ann Minevra](/wiki/Cheetah_%28character%29 "Cheetah (character)") and Etta Janes after their encounter with [Veronica Cale](/wiki/Veronica_Cale "Veronica Cale") to discuss about a new threat called Godwatch, a group that is obsessed with Wonder Woman. The group decides to go meet up with Wonder Woman's old ally, The Minotaur.
Hippolyta talks about her deepest fear: Diana has fallen while fighting, and thus the tree appeared once again, an omen, a sign of her failure. But Castalia assures her that it could mean Wonder Woman has been defeated, but not killed and cuts down the tree. Still troubled by her memories and her identity, Diana tries once again to come to reason, chatting with her illusion of a snake. They confront on the multiple women she remembers being, and step by step they try to find some sense into Diana's broken mind. Veronica Cale blackmails Barbara Ann to turn back to the Cheetah if she wants to save Steve Trevor, Etta Candy as well as being the bridge between God and Man.
The Minotaur breaks in the Hospital and makes Wonder Woman remember who she was and she reunites with Steve and Etta. Steve tells Wonder Woman that the place they found was a fake Themyscira, and their real enemy is Godwatch, and Veronica Cale orders Cheetah and her army to target Wonder Woman. Queen Hippolyta sees patrons in the forms of animals appear in front of her, realizing that Wonder Woman is back. Wonder Woman meets Doctor Cyber (the assistant of Veronica Cale) when she is suddenly shot in the back by Team POISON.
After being shot to the chest by Colonel Marina Maru with a sniper rifle, Diana counters with the help of Steve Trevor: with Steve handling the rest of Team Poison, Diana reaches the Colonel's spot, knocking her out before she could do more damage. Queen Hippolyta rallies her troops, and tells them to unsheathe their weapons, as the Amazons prepare for war. Veronica Cale and Cheetah arrive at the place where Themyscira is at the same time Wonder Woman and Steve arrive. During the scuffle between Wonder Woman and Cheetah, Cheetah draws blood from Wonder Woman which causes her and Veronica Cale to disappear. Veronica Cale reveals she wants to find Themyscira to get her dead daughter back, and Wonder Woman meets [Ares](/wiki/Ares "Ares").
Ares used to be a bloodthirsty God but then he met [Aphrodite](/wiki/Aphrodite "Aphrodite") and fell in love with her and gave birth to [Deimos](/wiki/Deimos_%28deity%29 "Deimos (deity)") and [Phobos](/wiki/Phobos_%28mythology%29 "Phobos (mythology)"). Phobos and Deimos need to free their father to be able to fully utilize their powers of spreading fear, horror and despair to everyone. Deimos and Phobos manage to successfully breach Themyscira and start attacking the Amazons, and Ares explains to Diana that he was the snake that bit her arm back when she was still in Themyscira so that he could explain her that it is the love of Aphrodite, and not the chains of Hephaestus, that bounded him. Understanding what she has to do, Diana tells Ares to let Phobos and Deimos in.
Wonder Woman wraps herself in the Lasso of Truth and tells the twins that she loves them The two first react with anger, but then surrender to sadness and realize they need the love the Amazon is offering. As the twins are bound and not dangerous anymore, Veronica wants to bring her daughter back to the real world but Ares explains to Veronica that it will be an unwise decision since her daughter will be split and not normal. Veronica begrudgingly lets her daughter be with the Amazons and Queen Hippolyta tells Diana that she is proud of her before the gate closes.
Wonder Woman helps the [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League "Justice League") take down a villain and meets with Veronica Cale to tell her to cure Cheetah but Veronica Cale refuses. Wonder Woman vents out her frustrations about the patrons deceiving her to [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman") and [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman") but after them telling Wonder Woman to not give up on hope, Wonder Woman goes meet with the patrons and regains her Lasso of Truth. She then meets up with Steve Trevor who tells her he bought her a new home and offers to give her a tour around the house.
|
[
"Story\n-----",
"[Steve Trevor](/wiki/Steve_Trevor \"Steve Trevor\") and [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman \"Wonder Woman\") try to find [Themyscira](/wiki/Themyscira_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Themyscira (DC Comics)\") but they find it as a barren wasteland in the middle of the Black Sea. Wonder Woman has a nervous breakdown and Steve tries calling ARGUS for a way home. He receives a message from Etta Candy that enemies are coming to attack, and Steve takes them all down by using his resources. Steve Trevor then hands Wonder Woman over to Argus so she can get treated and leaves her.",
"While in Nightwong Hospital, Wonder Woman has an identity crisis and does not know whats real or not. She daydreams of her life as a superheroine and has an illusion of a snake telling her she must face the truth. Queen [Queen Hippolyta](/wiki/Hippolyta_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Hippolyta (DC Comics)\") waits for Wonder Woman to return home, but the priestess Castalia has dire, black news: an omen, the withered tree, once again appeared on the island. The Amazons must prepare for war. Steve Trevor meets with [Barbara Ann Minevra](/wiki/Cheetah_%28character%29 \"Cheetah (character)\") and Etta Janes after their encounter with [Veronica Cale](/wiki/Veronica_Cale \"Veronica Cale\") to discuss about a new threat called Godwatch, a group that is obsessed with Wonder Woman. The group decides to go meet up with Wonder Woman's old ally, The Minotaur.",
"Hippolyta talks about her deepest fear: Diana has fallen while fighting, and thus the tree appeared once again, an omen, a sign of her failure. But Castalia assures her that it could mean Wonder Woman has been defeated, but not killed and cuts down the tree. Still troubled by her memories and her identity, Diana tries once again to come to reason, chatting with her illusion of a snake. They confront on the multiple women she remembers being, and step by step they try to find some sense into Diana's broken mind. Veronica Cale blackmails Barbara Ann to turn back to the Cheetah if she wants to save Steve Trevor, Etta Candy as well as being the bridge between God and Man.",
"The Minotaur breaks in the Hospital and makes Wonder Woman remember who she was and she reunites with Steve and Etta. Steve tells Wonder Woman that the place they found was a fake Themyscira, and their real enemy is Godwatch, and Veronica Cale orders Cheetah and her army to target Wonder Woman. Queen Hippolyta sees patrons in the forms of animals appear in front of her, realizing that Wonder Woman is back. Wonder Woman meets Doctor Cyber (the assistant of Veronica Cale) when she is suddenly shot in the back by Team POISON.",
"After being shot to the chest by Colonel Marina Maru with a sniper rifle, Diana counters with the help of Steve Trevor: with Steve handling the rest of Team Poison, Diana reaches the Colonel's spot, knocking her out before she could do more damage. Queen Hippolyta rallies her troops, and tells them to unsheathe their weapons, as the Amazons prepare for war. Veronica Cale and Cheetah arrive at the place where Themyscira is at the same time Wonder Woman and Steve arrive. During the scuffle between Wonder Woman and Cheetah, Cheetah draws blood from Wonder Woman which causes her and Veronica Cale to disappear. Veronica Cale reveals she wants to find Themyscira to get her dead daughter back, and Wonder Woman meets [Ares](/wiki/Ares \"Ares\").\nAres used to be a bloodthirsty God but then he met [Aphrodite](/wiki/Aphrodite \"Aphrodite\") and fell in love with her and gave birth to [Deimos](/wiki/Deimos_%28deity%29 \"Deimos (deity)\") and [Phobos](/wiki/Phobos_%28mythology%29 \"Phobos (mythology)\"). Phobos and Deimos need to free their father to be able to fully utilize their powers of spreading fear, horror and despair to everyone. Deimos and Phobos manage to successfully breach Themyscira and start attacking the Amazons, and Ares explains to Diana that he was the snake that bit her arm back when she was still in Themyscira so that he could explain her that it is the love of Aphrodite, and not the chains of Hephaestus, that bounded him. Understanding what she has to do, Diana tells Ares to let Phobos and Deimos in.",
"Wonder Woman wraps herself in the Lasso of Truth and tells the twins that she loves them The two first react with anger, but then surrender to sadness and realize they need the love the Amazon is offering. As the twins are bound and not dangerous anymore, Veronica wants to bring her daughter back to the real world but Ares explains to Veronica that it will be an unwise decision since her daughter will be split and not normal. Veronica begrudgingly lets her daughter be with the Amazons and Queen Hippolyta tells Diana that she is proud of her before the gate closes.",
"Wonder Woman helps the [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League \"Justice League\") take down a villain and meets with Veronica Cale to tell her to cure Cheetah but Veronica Cale refuses. Wonder Woman vents out her frustrations about the patrons deceiving her to [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\") and [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\") but after them telling Wonder Woman to not give up on hope, Wonder Woman goes meet with the patrons and regains her Lasso of Truth. She then meets up with Steve Trevor who tells her he bought her a new home and offers to give her a tour around the house.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Junior
Representing Romania, Agiurgiuculese won the national competitions in Romania and competed in numerous international events, such as at the 2011 [Irina Delanu](/wiki/Irina_Deleanu "Irina Deleanu") Cup and 2010 Miss Valentine Cup.
In 2012, Agiurgiuculese began to represent [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). She won the junior national championships in 2012, 2013 and 2015\. At the 2014 MTM Ljubljana, she won gold in ball and silver in hoop, clubs, and ribbon. She also competed at the Italian Serie A. She competed at the 2015 Moscow Junior Grand Prix, finishing 8th in the all\-around. She won the all\-around gold at the 2015 MTM Cup in [Ljubljana](/wiki/Ljubljana "Ljubljana").
Agiurgiuculese competed at the 2016 Lisboa Junior World Cup. She won bronze in ball and finished 8th in rope, 7th in hoop, and 4th in clubs. She won silver in rope and bronze in hoop and ball at the 2016 Pesaro Junior World Cup. At the 2016 Sofia Junior World Cup, Italy won the team bronze, and Agiurgiuculese took silver in ball and finished 4th in clubs. At the [2016 European Junior Championships](/wiki/2016_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships "2016 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships"), Italy won team bronze, and Agiurgiuculese qualified to all apparatus finals. She won silver in ball and clubs and bronze in rope, and she finished 4th in hoop.
### Senior
In 2017 season, Agiurgiuculese made her senior international debut at the [2017 Grand Prix Moscow](/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Grand_Prix_Series "Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix Series"). She was 8th in the all\-around, and she qualified to all the apparatus finals, placing 5th in clubs, 6th in hoop, 7th in ball and 8th in ribbon. She competed at the [2017 Pesaro World Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series") and finished 13th all\-around and qualified to two apparatus finals, where she won bronze with ribbon and placed 4th with ball. On 5–7 May Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2017 Sofia World Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"), finishing 13th in the all\-around. She qualified for two apparatus finals, and she won a silver medal in ball and finished 8th in ribbon. On 19–21 May, Agiurgiuculese, along with teammates [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri "Milena Baldassarri") and [Alessia Russo](/wiki/Alessia_Russo_%28rhythmic_gymnast%29 "Alessia Russo (rhythmic gymnast)"), represented the individual seniors for [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") at the [2017 European Championships](/wiki/2017_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships "2017 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships"). She qualified for the ball final, but she finished in last place.
Agiurgiuculese won silver in the all\-around at the Italian National Championships behind [Veronica Bertolini](/wiki/Veronica_Bertolini "Veronica Bertolini"). On 7–9 July Agiurgiuculese finished just out of the medals with 4th place in the all\-around at the [2017 Berlin World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"). She qualified for three apparatus final and took a silver medal in hoop and placed 5th in ball and 4th in ribbon. On 5–7 August Agiurgiuculese finished 7th in the all\-around behind Bulgaria's [Katrin Taseva](/wiki/Katrin_Taseva "Katrin Taseva") at the [2017 Minsk World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series") and qualified for three apparatus finals. She won bronze in ball and finished 6th in hoop and 8th in clubs. On 11–13 August, Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2017 Kazan World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"). She was 10th in the all\-around and competed in three apparatus finals. In the apparatus finals, she finished 8th in hoop, 5th in ball, and 6th in clubs.
Together with [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri "Milena Baldassarri"), Agiurgiuculese represented Italy in the individual competition at the [2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships](/wiki/2017_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships "2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships") in Pesaro, where she finished 8th In the All\-around behind [Neviana Vladinova](/wiki/Neviana_Vladinova "Neviana Vladinova"). She also qualified for three apparatus finals and finished 7th in ball, 5th in clubs and 4th in ribbon. Agiurgiuculese was awarded the [Longines Prize for Elegance](/wiki/Longines_Prize_for_Elegance "Longines Prize for Elegance") at the games; she was the first Italian gymnast to win the award.
In 2018, she started her season competing at the MTM Ljubljana tournament, where she finished 4th in the all\-around behind [Julia Evchik](/wiki/Julia_Evchik "Julia Evchik"). On 13–15 April Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2018 Pesaro World Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"), finishing in a disappointing 17th position. On 27–29 April Agiurgiuculese then competed at the [2018 Baku World Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"), where she finished 16th in the all\-around. On 4–6 May she competed at the [2018 Guadalajara World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"). She finished 8th in the all\-around. In her two apparatus finals, she was 5th in clubs and 8th in ribbon. On 15–17 May Agiurgiuculese competed at the Holon Senior International tournament, where she won gold in the all\-around with a total of 66\.300 points. On 29–30 June she competed at the [2018 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Games "2018 Mediterranean Games") in [Tarragona](/wiki/Tarragona "Tarragona"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), where she won the gold [all\-around](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2018_Mediterranean_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual_all-around "Gymnastics at the 2018 Mediterranean Games – Women's individual all-around") medal with a total of 71\.150 points.
At the [2018 World Championships](/wiki/2018_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships "2018 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships"), Alexandra won a historic bronze medal in the ball final with a score of 19\.900\. Her bronze medal was the first individual medal for Italy in 27 years at the World Championships.
In 2019, Agiurgiuculese represented Italy at the [2019 World Championships](/wiki/2019_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships "2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships") in [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku"), [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") together with [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri "Milena Baldassarri"), [Alessia Russo](/wiki/Alessia_Russo_%28gymnast%29 "Alessia Russo (gymnast)") and [Sofia Maffeis](/wiki/Sofia_Maffeis "Sofia Maffeis"). Italy placed 4th in the team competition. Agiurgiuculese placed 7th in the all\-around qualifications and qualified to the hoop and clubs finals. In the all\-around final, she ended in 6th place and secured an Olympic spot for Italy at the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics "2020 Summer Olympics") in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). She also placed 6th in the hoop final and 5th in the clubs final. During her ball exercise at the 2019 World Championships, she performed an original body difficulty element, a turning leap which was named "The Agiurguiculese" after her.{{Cite web \|title\=New Rhythmic body difficulty element named for Italy’s Agiurgiuculese \|url\=https://gymnastics.sport/site/news/displaynews.php?urlNews\=2794531 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-23 \|website\=gymnastics.sport}}
In 2021, she started her season by competing at the FIG Ritam Cup in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"), [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia"), where she finished 1st in the all\-around. On 7–9 May she then competed at the [2021 Baku World Cup](/wiki/2021_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_series "2021 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup series"), finishing 4th in the all\-around. At the [2020 Olympic Games](/wiki/2020_Olympic_Games "2020 Olympic Games"), she finished fifteenth in the qualification round for [the individual all\-around](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_individual_all-around "Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around") and did not advance to the final.{{cite web \|title\=Rhythmic Gymnastics — Individual All\-Around — Qualification — Results \|url\=https://olympics.com/tokyo\-2020/olympic\-games/resOG2020\-/pdf/OG2020\-/GRY/OG2020\-\_GRY\_C73A\_GRYW1AA\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-QUAL\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-.pdf \|website\=\[\[2020 Summer Olympics]] \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|archive\-date\=8 August 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808040024/https://olympics.com/tokyo\-2020/olympic\-games/resOG2020\-/pdf/OG2020\-/GRY/OG2020\-\_GRY\_C73A\_GRYW1AA\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-QUAL\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 2022, just after her birthday, it was confirmed that she left her coach [Spela Dragas](/wiki/Spela_Dragas "Spela Dragas") from ASU Udinese and moved to [Desio](/wiki/Desio "Desio").{{cite web \|title\=Agiurgiuculese, compleanno con addio a Udine: la campionessa di ginnastica ritmica si è trasferita a Desio \|url\=https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/sport/2022/01/13/news/agiurgiuculese\-compleanno\-con\-addio\-a\-udine\-la\-campionessa\-di\-ginnastica\-ritmica\-si\-e\-trasferita\-a\-desio\-1\.41123670 \|date\=13 January 2022 \|access\-date\=25 May 2022 \|language\=it}}
Agiurgiuculese was given a one\-year ban in July 2023 due to missing three anti\-doping test appointments; she claimed that she had forgotten to properly update her whereabouts for testing because she was fatigued from travel. The suspension meant that she could not participate in the [2024 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics "2024 Summer Olympics").{{Cite web \|last\=Toffoletto \|first\=Mattia \|date\=2023\-07\-29 \|title\=Agiurgiuculese, sentenza choc: un anno di stop. Antidoping saltato, addio al sogno Olimpiadi \|trans\-title\=Agiurgiuculese, shocking sentence: one year ban. Missed anti\-doping, goodbye to the Olympics dream \|url\=https://tribunatreviso.gelocal.it/sport/2023/07/29/news/agiurgiuculese\_ginnastica\_ritmica\_tribunale\_sportivo\_stop\_antidoping\-12971700/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-06 \|website\=Tribuna di Treviso \|language\=it}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Junior",
"Representing Romania, Agiurgiuculese won the national competitions in Romania and competed in numerous international events, such as at the 2011 [Irina Delanu](/wiki/Irina_Deleanu \"Irina Deleanu\") Cup and 2010 Miss Valentine Cup.",
"In 2012, Agiurgiuculese began to represent [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). She won the junior national championships in 2012, 2013 and 2015\\. At the 2014 MTM Ljubljana, she won gold in ball and silver in hoop, clubs, and ribbon. She also competed at the Italian Serie A. She competed at the 2015 Moscow Junior Grand Prix, finishing 8th in the all\\-around. She won the all\\-around gold at the 2015 MTM Cup in [Ljubljana](/wiki/Ljubljana \"Ljubljana\").",
"Agiurgiuculese competed at the 2016 Lisboa Junior World Cup. She won bronze in ball and finished 8th in rope, 7th in hoop, and 4th in clubs. She won silver in rope and bronze in hoop and ball at the 2016 Pesaro Junior World Cup. At the 2016 Sofia Junior World Cup, Italy won the team bronze, and Agiurgiuculese took silver in ball and finished 4th in clubs. At the [2016 European Junior Championships](/wiki/2016_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships \"2016 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships\"), Italy won team bronze, and Agiurgiuculese qualified to all apparatus finals. She won silver in ball and clubs and bronze in rope, and she finished 4th in hoop.",
"### Senior",
"In 2017 season, Agiurgiuculese made her senior international debut at the [2017 Grand Prix Moscow](/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Grand_Prix_Series \"Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix Series\"). She was 8th in the all\\-around, and she qualified to all the apparatus finals, placing 5th in clubs, 6th in hoop, 7th in ball and 8th in ribbon. She competed at the [2017 Pesaro World Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\") and finished 13th all\\-around and qualified to two apparatus finals, where she won bronze with ribbon and placed 4th with ball. On 5–7 May Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2017 Sofia World Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"), finishing 13th in the all\\-around. She qualified for two apparatus finals, and she won a silver medal in ball and finished 8th in ribbon. On 19–21 May, Agiurgiuculese, along with teammates [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri \"Milena Baldassarri\") and [Alessia Russo](/wiki/Alessia_Russo_%28rhythmic_gymnast%29 \"Alessia Russo (rhythmic gymnast)\"), represented the individual seniors for [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") at the [2017 European Championships](/wiki/2017_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships \"2017 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships\"). She qualified for the ball final, but she finished in last place.",
"Agiurgiuculese won silver in the all\\-around at the Italian National Championships behind [Veronica Bertolini](/wiki/Veronica_Bertolini \"Veronica Bertolini\"). On 7–9 July Agiurgiuculese finished just out of the medals with 4th place in the all\\-around at the [2017 Berlin World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"). She qualified for three apparatus final and took a silver medal in hoop and placed 5th in ball and 4th in ribbon. On 5–7 August Agiurgiuculese finished 7th in the all\\-around behind Bulgaria's [Katrin Taseva](/wiki/Katrin_Taseva \"Katrin Taseva\") at the [2017 Minsk World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\") and qualified for three apparatus finals. She won bronze in ball and finished 6th in hoop and 8th in clubs. On 11–13 August, Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2017 Kazan World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"). She was 10th in the all\\-around and competed in three apparatus finals. In the apparatus finals, she finished 8th in hoop, 5th in ball, and 6th in clubs.",
"Together with [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri \"Milena Baldassarri\"), Agiurgiuculese represented Italy in the individual competition at the [2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships](/wiki/2017_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships \"2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships\") in Pesaro, where she finished 8th In the All\\-around behind [Neviana Vladinova](/wiki/Neviana_Vladinova \"Neviana Vladinova\"). She also qualified for three apparatus finals and finished 7th in ball, 5th in clubs and 4th in ribbon. Agiurgiuculese was awarded the [Longines Prize for Elegance](/wiki/Longines_Prize_for_Elegance \"Longines Prize for Elegance\") at the games; she was the first Italian gymnast to win the award.",
"In 2018, she started her season competing at the MTM Ljubljana tournament, where she finished 4th in the all\\-around behind [Julia Evchik](/wiki/Julia_Evchik \"Julia Evchik\"). On 13–15 April Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2018 Pesaro World Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"), finishing in a disappointing 17th position. On 27–29 April Agiurgiuculese then competed at the [2018 Baku World Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"), where she finished 16th in the all\\-around. On 4–6 May she competed at the [2018 Guadalajara World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"). She finished 8th in the all\\-around. In her two apparatus finals, she was 5th in clubs and 8th in ribbon. On 15–17 May Agiurgiuculese competed at the Holon Senior International tournament, where she won gold in the all\\-around with a total of 66\\.300 points. On 29–30 June she competed at the [2018 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Games \"2018 Mediterranean Games\") in [Tarragona](/wiki/Tarragona \"Tarragona\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), where she won the gold [all\\-around](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2018_Mediterranean_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual_all-around \"Gymnastics at the 2018 Mediterranean Games – Women's individual all-around\") medal with a total of 71\\.150 points.",
"At the [2018 World Championships](/wiki/2018_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships \"2018 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships\"), Alexandra won a historic bronze medal in the ball final with a score of 19\\.900\\. Her bronze medal was the first individual medal for Italy in 27 years at the World Championships.",
"In 2019, Agiurgiuculese represented Italy at the [2019 World Championships](/wiki/2019_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships \"2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships\") in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\"), [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\") together with [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri \"Milena Baldassarri\"), [Alessia Russo](/wiki/Alessia_Russo_%28gymnast%29 \"Alessia Russo (gymnast)\") and [Sofia Maffeis](/wiki/Sofia_Maffeis \"Sofia Maffeis\"). Italy placed 4th in the team competition. Agiurgiuculese placed 7th in the all\\-around qualifications and qualified to the hoop and clubs finals. In the all\\-around final, she ended in 6th place and secured an Olympic spot for Italy at the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics \"2020 Summer Olympics\") in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). She also placed 6th in the hoop final and 5th in the clubs final. During her ball exercise at the 2019 World Championships, she performed an original body difficulty element, a turning leap which was named \"The Agiurguiculese\" after her.{{Cite web \\|title\\=New Rhythmic body difficulty element named for Italy’s Agiurgiuculese \\|url\\=https://gymnastics.sport/site/news/displaynews.php?urlNews\\=2794531 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-23 \\|website\\=gymnastics.sport}}",
"In 2021, she started her season by competing at the FIG Ritam Cup in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"), [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"), where she finished 1st in the all\\-around. On 7–9 May she then competed at the [2021 Baku World Cup](/wiki/2021_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_series \"2021 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup series\"), finishing 4th in the all\\-around. At the [2020 Olympic Games](/wiki/2020_Olympic_Games \"2020 Olympic Games\"), she finished fifteenth in the qualification round for [the individual all\\-around](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_individual_all-around \"Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around\") and did not advance to the final.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rhythmic Gymnastics — Individual All\\-Around — Qualification — Results \\|url\\=https://olympics.com/tokyo\\-2020/olympic\\-games/resOG2020\\-/pdf/OG2020\\-/GRY/OG2020\\-\\_GRY\\_C73A\\_GRYW1AA\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-QUAL\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-.pdf \\|website\\=\\[\\[2020 Summer Olympics]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808040024/https://olympics.com/tokyo\\-2020/olympic\\-games/resOG2020\\-/pdf/OG2020\\-/GRY/OG2020\\-\\_GRY\\_C73A\\_GRYW1AA\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-QUAL\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 2022, just after her birthday, it was confirmed that she left her coach [Spela Dragas](/wiki/Spela_Dragas \"Spela Dragas\") from ASU Udinese and moved to [Desio](/wiki/Desio \"Desio\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Agiurgiuculese, compleanno con addio a Udine: la campionessa di ginnastica ritmica si è trasferita a Desio \\|url\\=https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/sport/2022/01/13/news/agiurgiuculese\\-compleanno\\-con\\-addio\\-a\\-udine\\-la\\-campionessa\\-di\\-ginnastica\\-ritmica\\-si\\-e\\-trasferita\\-a\\-desio\\-1\\.41123670 \\|date\\=13 January 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2022 \\|language\\=it}}",
"Agiurgiuculese was given a one\\-year ban in July 2023 due to missing three anti\\-doping test appointments; she claimed that she had forgotten to properly update her whereabouts for testing because she was fatigued from travel. The suspension meant that she could not participate in the [2024 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics \"2024 Summer Olympics\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Toffoletto \\|first\\=Mattia \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-29 \\|title\\=Agiurgiuculese, sentenza choc: un anno di stop. Antidoping saltato, addio al sogno Olimpiadi \\|trans\\-title\\=Agiurgiuculese, shocking sentence: one year ban. Missed anti\\-doping, goodbye to the Olympics dream \\|url\\=https://tribunatreviso.gelocal.it/sport/2023/07/29/news/agiurgiuculese\\_ginnastica\\_ritmica\\_tribunale\\_sportivo\\_stop\\_antidoping\\-12971700/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-06 \\|website\\=Tribuna di Treviso \\|language\\=it}}",
""
] |
### Senior
In 2017 season, Agiurgiuculese made her senior international debut at the [2017 Grand Prix Moscow](/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Grand_Prix_Series "Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix Series"). She was 8th in the all\-around, and she qualified to all the apparatus finals, placing 5th in clubs, 6th in hoop, 7th in ball and 8th in ribbon. She competed at the [2017 Pesaro World Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series") and finished 13th all\-around and qualified to two apparatus finals, where she won bronze with ribbon and placed 4th with ball. On 5–7 May Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2017 Sofia World Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"), finishing 13th in the all\-around. She qualified for two apparatus finals, and she won a silver medal in ball and finished 8th in ribbon. On 19–21 May, Agiurgiuculese, along with teammates [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri "Milena Baldassarri") and [Alessia Russo](/wiki/Alessia_Russo_%28rhythmic_gymnast%29 "Alessia Russo (rhythmic gymnast)"), represented the individual seniors for [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") at the [2017 European Championships](/wiki/2017_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships "2017 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships"). She qualified for the ball final, but she finished in last place.
Agiurgiuculese won silver in the all\-around at the Italian National Championships behind [Veronica Bertolini](/wiki/Veronica_Bertolini "Veronica Bertolini"). On 7–9 July Agiurgiuculese finished just out of the medals with 4th place in the all\-around at the [2017 Berlin World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"). She qualified for three apparatus final and took a silver medal in hoop and placed 5th in ball and 4th in ribbon. On 5–7 August Agiurgiuculese finished 7th in the all\-around behind Bulgaria's [Katrin Taseva](/wiki/Katrin_Taseva "Katrin Taseva") at the [2017 Minsk World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series") and qualified for three apparatus finals. She won bronze in ball and finished 6th in hoop and 8th in clubs. On 11–13 August, Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2017 Kazan World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"). She was 10th in the all\-around and competed in three apparatus finals. In the apparatus finals, she finished 8th in hoop, 5th in ball, and 6th in clubs.
Together with [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri "Milena Baldassarri"), Agiurgiuculese represented Italy in the individual competition at the [2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships](/wiki/2017_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships "2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships") in Pesaro, where she finished 8th In the All\-around behind [Neviana Vladinova](/wiki/Neviana_Vladinova "Neviana Vladinova"). She also qualified for three apparatus finals and finished 7th in ball, 5th in clubs and 4th in ribbon. Agiurgiuculese was awarded the [Longines Prize for Elegance](/wiki/Longines_Prize_for_Elegance "Longines Prize for Elegance") at the games; she was the first Italian gymnast to win the award.
In 2018, she started her season competing at the MTM Ljubljana tournament, where she finished 4th in the all\-around behind [Julia Evchik](/wiki/Julia_Evchik "Julia Evchik"). On 13–15 April Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2018 Pesaro World Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"), finishing in a disappointing 17th position. On 27–29 April Agiurgiuculese then competed at the [2018 Baku World Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"), where she finished 16th in the all\-around. On 4–6 May she competed at the [2018 Guadalajara World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series "2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series"). She finished 8th in the all\-around. In her two apparatus finals, she was 5th in clubs and 8th in ribbon. On 15–17 May Agiurgiuculese competed at the Holon Senior International tournament, where she won gold in the all\-around with a total of 66\.300 points. On 29–30 June she competed at the [2018 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Games "2018 Mediterranean Games") in [Tarragona](/wiki/Tarragona "Tarragona"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), where she won the gold [all\-around](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2018_Mediterranean_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual_all-around "Gymnastics at the 2018 Mediterranean Games – Women's individual all-around") medal with a total of 71\.150 points.
At the [2018 World Championships](/wiki/2018_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships "2018 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships"), Alexandra won a historic bronze medal in the ball final with a score of 19\.900\. Her bronze medal was the first individual medal for Italy in 27 years at the World Championships.
In 2019, Agiurgiuculese represented Italy at the [2019 World Championships](/wiki/2019_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships "2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships") in [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku"), [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") together with [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri "Milena Baldassarri"), [Alessia Russo](/wiki/Alessia_Russo_%28gymnast%29 "Alessia Russo (gymnast)") and [Sofia Maffeis](/wiki/Sofia_Maffeis "Sofia Maffeis"). Italy placed 4th in the team competition. Agiurgiuculese placed 7th in the all\-around qualifications and qualified to the hoop and clubs finals. In the all\-around final, she ended in 6th place and secured an Olympic spot for Italy at the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics "2020 Summer Olympics") in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). She also placed 6th in the hoop final and 5th in the clubs final. During her ball exercise at the 2019 World Championships, she performed an original body difficulty element, a turning leap which was named "The Agiurguiculese" after her.{{Cite web \|title\=New Rhythmic body difficulty element named for Italy’s Agiurgiuculese \|url\=https://gymnastics.sport/site/news/displaynews.php?urlNews\=2794531 \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-23 \|website\=gymnastics.sport}}
In 2021, she started her season by competing at the FIG Ritam Cup in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"), [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia"), where she finished 1st in the all\-around. On 7–9 May she then competed at the [2021 Baku World Cup](/wiki/2021_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_series "2021 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup series"), finishing 4th in the all\-around. At the [2020 Olympic Games](/wiki/2020_Olympic_Games "2020 Olympic Games"), she finished fifteenth in the qualification round for [the individual all\-around](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_individual_all-around "Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around") and did not advance to the final.{{cite web \|title\=Rhythmic Gymnastics — Individual All\-Around — Qualification — Results \|url\=https://olympics.com/tokyo\-2020/olympic\-games/resOG2020\-/pdf/OG2020\-/GRY/OG2020\-\_GRY\_C73A\_GRYW1AA\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-QUAL\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-.pdf \|website\=\[\[2020 Summer Olympics]] \|access\-date\=6 August 2021 \|archive\-date\=8 August 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808040024/https://olympics.com/tokyo\-2020/olympic\-games/resOG2020\-/pdf/OG2020\-/GRY/OG2020\-\_GRY\_C73A\_GRYW1AA\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-QUAL\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 2022, just after her birthday, it was confirmed that she left her coach [Spela Dragas](/wiki/Spela_Dragas "Spela Dragas") from ASU Udinese and moved to [Desio](/wiki/Desio "Desio").{{cite web \|title\=Agiurgiuculese, compleanno con addio a Udine: la campionessa di ginnastica ritmica si è trasferita a Desio \|url\=https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/sport/2022/01/13/news/agiurgiuculese\-compleanno\-con\-addio\-a\-udine\-la\-campionessa\-di\-ginnastica\-ritmica\-si\-e\-trasferita\-a\-desio\-1\.41123670 \|date\=13 January 2022 \|access\-date\=25 May 2022 \|language\=it}}
Agiurgiuculese was given a one\-year ban in July 2023 due to missing three anti\-doping test appointments; she claimed that she had forgotten to properly update her whereabouts for testing because she was fatigued from travel. The suspension meant that she could not participate in the [2024 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics "2024 Summer Olympics").{{Cite web \|last\=Toffoletto \|first\=Mattia \|date\=2023\-07\-29 \|title\=Agiurgiuculese, sentenza choc: un anno di stop. Antidoping saltato, addio al sogno Olimpiadi \|trans\-title\=Agiurgiuculese, shocking sentence: one year ban. Missed anti\-doping, goodbye to the Olympics dream \|url\=https://tribunatreviso.gelocal.it/sport/2023/07/29/news/agiurgiuculese\_ginnastica\_ritmica\_tribunale\_sportivo\_stop\_antidoping\-12971700/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-06 \|website\=Tribuna di Treviso \|language\=it}}
|
[
"### Senior",
"In 2017 season, Agiurgiuculese made her senior international debut at the [2017 Grand Prix Moscow](/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Grand_Prix_Series \"Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix Series\"). She was 8th in the all\\-around, and she qualified to all the apparatus finals, placing 5th in clubs, 6th in hoop, 7th in ball and 8th in ribbon. She competed at the [2017 Pesaro World Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\") and finished 13th all\\-around and qualified to two apparatus finals, where she won bronze with ribbon and placed 4th with ball. On 5–7 May Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2017 Sofia World Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"), finishing 13th in the all\\-around. She qualified for two apparatus finals, and she won a silver medal in ball and finished 8th in ribbon. On 19–21 May, Agiurgiuculese, along with teammates [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri \"Milena Baldassarri\") and [Alessia Russo](/wiki/Alessia_Russo_%28rhythmic_gymnast%29 \"Alessia Russo (rhythmic gymnast)\"), represented the individual seniors for [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") at the [2017 European Championships](/wiki/2017_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships \"2017 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships\"). She qualified for the ball final, but she finished in last place.",
"Agiurgiuculese won silver in the all\\-around at the Italian National Championships behind [Veronica Bertolini](/wiki/Veronica_Bertolini \"Veronica Bertolini\"). On 7–9 July Agiurgiuculese finished just out of the medals with 4th place in the all\\-around at the [2017 Berlin World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"). She qualified for three apparatus final and took a silver medal in hoop and placed 5th in ball and 4th in ribbon. On 5–7 August Agiurgiuculese finished 7th in the all\\-around behind Bulgaria's [Katrin Taseva](/wiki/Katrin_Taseva \"Katrin Taseva\") at the [2017 Minsk World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\") and qualified for three apparatus finals. She won bronze in ball and finished 6th in hoop and 8th in clubs. On 11–13 August, Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2017 Kazan World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2017_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2017 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"). She was 10th in the all\\-around and competed in three apparatus finals. In the apparatus finals, she finished 8th in hoop, 5th in ball, and 6th in clubs.",
"Together with [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri \"Milena Baldassarri\"), Agiurgiuculese represented Italy in the individual competition at the [2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships](/wiki/2017_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships \"2017 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships\") in Pesaro, where she finished 8th In the All\\-around behind [Neviana Vladinova](/wiki/Neviana_Vladinova \"Neviana Vladinova\"). She also qualified for three apparatus finals and finished 7th in ball, 5th in clubs and 4th in ribbon. Agiurgiuculese was awarded the [Longines Prize for Elegance](/wiki/Longines_Prize_for_Elegance \"Longines Prize for Elegance\") at the games; she was the first Italian gymnast to win the award.",
"In 2018, she started her season competing at the MTM Ljubljana tournament, where she finished 4th in the all\\-around behind [Julia Evchik](/wiki/Julia_Evchik \"Julia Evchik\"). On 13–15 April Agiurgiuculese competed at the [2018 Pesaro World Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"), finishing in a disappointing 17th position. On 27–29 April Agiurgiuculese then competed at the [2018 Baku World Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"), where she finished 16th in the all\\-around. On 4–6 May she competed at the [2018 Guadalajara World Challenge Cup](/wiki/2018_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_Series \"2018 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Series\"). She finished 8th in the all\\-around. In her two apparatus finals, she was 5th in clubs and 8th in ribbon. On 15–17 May Agiurgiuculese competed at the Holon Senior International tournament, where she won gold in the all\\-around with a total of 66\\.300 points. On 29–30 June she competed at the [2018 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Games \"2018 Mediterranean Games\") in [Tarragona](/wiki/Tarragona \"Tarragona\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), where she won the gold [all\\-around](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2018_Mediterranean_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual_all-around \"Gymnastics at the 2018 Mediterranean Games – Women's individual all-around\") medal with a total of 71\\.150 points.",
"At the [2018 World Championships](/wiki/2018_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships \"2018 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships\"), Alexandra won a historic bronze medal in the ball final with a score of 19\\.900\\. Her bronze medal was the first individual medal for Italy in 27 years at the World Championships.",
"In 2019, Agiurgiuculese represented Italy at the [2019 World Championships](/wiki/2019_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships \"2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships\") in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\"), [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\") together with [Milena Baldassarri](/wiki/Milena_Baldassarri \"Milena Baldassarri\"), [Alessia Russo](/wiki/Alessia_Russo_%28gymnast%29 \"Alessia Russo (gymnast)\") and [Sofia Maffeis](/wiki/Sofia_Maffeis \"Sofia Maffeis\"). Italy placed 4th in the team competition. Agiurgiuculese placed 7th in the all\\-around qualifications and qualified to the hoop and clubs finals. In the all\\-around final, she ended in 6th place and secured an Olympic spot for Italy at the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics \"2020 Summer Olympics\") in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). She also placed 6th in the hoop final and 5th in the clubs final. During her ball exercise at the 2019 World Championships, she performed an original body difficulty element, a turning leap which was named \"The Agiurguiculese\" after her.{{Cite web \\|title\\=New Rhythmic body difficulty element named for Italy’s Agiurgiuculese \\|url\\=https://gymnastics.sport/site/news/displaynews.php?urlNews\\=2794531 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-23 \\|website\\=gymnastics.sport}}",
"In 2021, she started her season by competing at the FIG Ritam Cup in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"), [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"), where she finished 1st in the all\\-around. On 7–9 May she then competed at the [2021 Baku World Cup](/wiki/2021_FIG_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_series \"2021 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup series\"), finishing 4th in the all\\-around. At the [2020 Olympic Games](/wiki/2020_Olympic_Games \"2020 Olympic Games\"), she finished fifteenth in the qualification round for [the individual all\\-around](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_individual_all-around \"Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around\") and did not advance to the final.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rhythmic Gymnastics — Individual All\\-Around — Qualification — Results \\|url\\=https://olympics.com/tokyo\\-2020/olympic\\-games/resOG2020\\-/pdf/OG2020\\-/GRY/OG2020\\-\\_GRY\\_C73A\\_GRYW1AA\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-QUAL\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-.pdf \\|website\\=\\[\\[2020 Summer Olympics]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808040024/https://olympics.com/tokyo\\-2020/olympic\\-games/resOG2020\\-/pdf/OG2020\\-/GRY/OG2020\\-\\_GRY\\_C73A\\_GRYW1AA\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-QUAL\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 2022, just after her birthday, it was confirmed that she left her coach [Spela Dragas](/wiki/Spela_Dragas \"Spela Dragas\") from ASU Udinese and moved to [Desio](/wiki/Desio \"Desio\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Agiurgiuculese, compleanno con addio a Udine: la campionessa di ginnastica ritmica si è trasferita a Desio \\|url\\=https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/sport/2022/01/13/news/agiurgiuculese\\-compleanno\\-con\\-addio\\-a\\-udine\\-la\\-campionessa\\-di\\-ginnastica\\-ritmica\\-si\\-e\\-trasferita\\-a\\-desio\\-1\\.41123670 \\|date\\=13 January 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2022 \\|language\\=it}}",
"Agiurgiuculese was given a one\\-year ban in July 2023 due to missing three anti\\-doping test appointments; she claimed that she had forgotten to properly update her whereabouts for testing because she was fatigued from travel. The suspension meant that she could not participate in the [2024 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics \"2024 Summer Olympics\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Toffoletto \\|first\\=Mattia \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-29 \\|title\\=Agiurgiuculese, sentenza choc: un anno di stop. Antidoping saltato, addio al sogno Olimpiadi \\|trans\\-title\\=Agiurgiuculese, shocking sentence: one year ban. Missed anti\\-doping, goodbye to the Olympics dream \\|url\\=https://tribunatreviso.gelocal.it/sport/2023/07/29/news/agiurgiuculese\\_ginnastica\\_ritmica\\_tribunale\\_sportivo\\_stop\\_antidoping\\-12971700/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-06 \\|website\\=Tribuna di Treviso \\|language\\=it}}",
""
] |
Elements
--------
### Length
It has been well\-established that narrative works of extreme length can be considered “epics”. The exact length is less important than the relative length within its medium. For example, with poetry, the distinction is made between epics and [lyrics](/wiki/Lyrics "Lyrics"), relatively long and short respectively as poetry. In film, television, or novels, just as in epic poetry, this can manifest as a series or collection of connected individual works, evoking the [epic cycle](/wiki/Epic_Cycle "Epic Cycle").
### Style
Originating once again from the style of the ancient epic, a certain level of seriousness is expected in the [prose](/wiki/Prose "Prose") of something considered an “epic”. Put another way, to achieve the grandiosity typical of an “epic”, distance must be created from the story for the reader via the style of the prose. To further this, the work must be high quality within its medium, again to evoke “epicness”.
### Epic hero
Epics are thought of as representative of a culture and a community, and something which defines a [social identity](/wiki/Social_identity_theory "Social identity theory"), thus the epic hero is the individual representative of that. The hero is often righteous or moralistically good, especially in the ancient epic, or else above all others in some field such as combat or leadership. The hero is the vehicle by which the epic's long, difficult narrative must be carried. They must therefore be a strong, distinct, and memorable character.
### Mythos
An epic tends to draw upon existing narratives, specifically within the community or culture it represents. This can be thought of as the “mythos” of the epic. In ancient epics, this was often existing, published works. In the modern context, many narratives that could be considered “epic” have developed their own mythos, such as with comic book franchises like [DC](/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe "DC Extended Universe"), or sci\-fi like *[Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars "Star Wars")* and *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek "Star Trek")* and fantasy like *[The Lord of the Rings](/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings "The Lord of the Rings")* which go so far as to develop multiple novel languages for their mythos. This creative mythos could still, however, be argued to be drawing upon existing narratives, traditions, and motifs present in cultures and communities represented in these epics.
### Themes
The themes within an epic are reflected in the relationship between the epic hero and the epic setting. The concerns of an epic are greater than the individual hero's concerns; the grandiosity extends to the conflict, and the concern of the epic is the concern of the entire world within the narrative.
|
[
"Elements\n--------",
"### Length",
"It has been well\\-established that narrative works of extreme length can be considered “epics”. The exact length is less important than the relative length within its medium. For example, with poetry, the distinction is made between epics and [lyrics](/wiki/Lyrics \"Lyrics\"), relatively long and short respectively as poetry. In film, television, or novels, just as in epic poetry, this can manifest as a series or collection of connected individual works, evoking the [epic cycle](/wiki/Epic_Cycle \"Epic Cycle\").",
"### Style",
"Originating once again from the style of the ancient epic, a certain level of seriousness is expected in the [prose](/wiki/Prose \"Prose\") of something considered an “epic”. Put another way, to achieve the grandiosity typical of an “epic”, distance must be created from the story for the reader via the style of the prose. To further this, the work must be high quality within its medium, again to evoke “epicness”.",
"### Epic hero",
"Epics are thought of as representative of a culture and a community, and something which defines a [social identity](/wiki/Social_identity_theory \"Social identity theory\"), thus the epic hero is the individual representative of that. The hero is often righteous or moralistically good, especially in the ancient epic, or else above all others in some field such as combat or leadership. The hero is the vehicle by which the epic's long, difficult narrative must be carried. They must therefore be a strong, distinct, and memorable character.",
"### Mythos",
"An epic tends to draw upon existing narratives, specifically within the community or culture it represents. This can be thought of as the “mythos” of the epic. In ancient epics, this was often existing, published works. In the modern context, many narratives that could be considered “epic” have developed their own mythos, such as with comic book franchises like [DC](/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe \"DC Extended Universe\"), or sci\\-fi like *[Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars \"Star Wars\")* and *[Star Trek](/wiki/Star_Trek \"Star Trek\")* and fantasy like *[The Lord of the Rings](/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings \"The Lord of the Rings\")* which go so far as to develop multiple novel languages for their mythos. This creative mythos could still, however, be argued to be drawing upon existing narratives, traditions, and motifs present in cultures and communities represented in these epics.",
"### Themes",
"The themes within an epic are reflected in the relationship between the epic hero and the epic setting. The concerns of an epic are greater than the individual hero's concerns; the grandiosity extends to the conflict, and the concern of the epic is the concern of the entire world within the narrative.",
""
] |
Components
----------
The SPARQ general athletic assessment test was composed of:
* 20\-meter sprint / [40\-yard dash](/wiki/40-yard_dash "40-yard dash") ([Footspeed](/wiki/Footspeed "Footspeed"))
* Kneeling Power Ball Toss ([Power](/wiki/Human_power "Human power"))
* Agility Shuttle ([Agility](/wiki/Agility "Agility"))
* Yo\-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test or YIRT ([Reaction](/wiki/Reflex "Reflex"), Quickness, and [Endurance](/wiki/Endurance "Endurance"))
* Vertical Jump ([Power](/wiki/Human_power "Human power")){{r\|sparqtraining2}}
### 40\-yard dash
The [40\-yard dash](/wiki/40-yard_dash "40-yard dash") was the simplest activity; an athlete runs 40 [yards](/wiki/Yards "Yards") down a track, and his/her time is recorded by a trainer or other method. This time is taken and put into "SPARQ Points", which were added to determine the athlete's overall rating.
### Kneeling power ball toss
In the Kneeling Power Ball Toss, an athlete must kneel with both knees on a flat surface while raising a 2 or 3 [kilogram](/wiki/Kilogram "Kilogram") medicine / power ball over their head. They must proceed to thrust outward, landing in a [push\-up](/wiki/Push-up "Push-up") position. The distance in inches is then turned into SPARQ Points to be added to the final score.
### Agility shuttle
The Agility Shuttle is a shuttle run in which an athlete must run 5 yards, touch an object or mark, proceed to run 10 yards in the opposite direction and touch a second object or mark. Finally, they must switch direction and run another 5 yards to the starting point. Their time is measured in seconds and transferred into SPARQ Points.
### Yo\-Yo intermittent recovery test (beep test)
The Yo\-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test is a test measuring an athlete's aerobic power and execution upon the changing of direction. A recording is played, giving instruction, and the athlete(s) must proceed to run 20 meters at the sound of a beep. At the sound of the second beep the athlete must run back to the starting line, after which the third beep sounds a 10\-second recovery period the athlete jogs or walks in a 5\-meter zone before resuming position back to the starting line, for the next beep. The time in between each beep (bar the constant 10second recovery) decreases gradually. If the athlete does not reach the start line in time, a warning is given, and the test is completed when two warnings are given. The total time taken until the two warnings are given, i.e. the test is completed, is what is measured.
### Vertical jump
During the [Vertical Jump](/wiki/Vertical_Jump "Vertical Jump"), an athlete must stand on a pad with some sort of compatible height measurer attached. The athlete goes into a balanced crouch with their arms behind them to help propel them, then they swiftly jump out into the air, out of their crouch, and the pad measures their height in inches based on the amount of time in the air, between the two points of contact. This then becomes SPARQ points to be added to the score.
|
[
"Components\n----------",
"The SPARQ general athletic assessment test was composed of:\n* 20\\-meter sprint / [40\\-yard dash](/wiki/40-yard_dash \"40-yard dash\") ([Footspeed](/wiki/Footspeed \"Footspeed\"))\n* Kneeling Power Ball Toss ([Power](/wiki/Human_power \"Human power\"))\n* Agility Shuttle ([Agility](/wiki/Agility \"Agility\"))\n* Yo\\-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test or YIRT ([Reaction](/wiki/Reflex \"Reflex\"), Quickness, and [Endurance](/wiki/Endurance \"Endurance\"))\n* Vertical Jump ([Power](/wiki/Human_power \"Human power\")){{r\\|sparqtraining2}}",
"### 40\\-yard dash",
"The [40\\-yard dash](/wiki/40-yard_dash \"40-yard dash\") was the simplest activity; an athlete runs 40 [yards](/wiki/Yards \"Yards\") down a track, and his/her time is recorded by a trainer or other method. This time is taken and put into \"SPARQ Points\", which were added to determine the athlete's overall rating.",
"### Kneeling power ball toss",
"In the Kneeling Power Ball Toss, an athlete must kneel with both knees on a flat surface while raising a 2 or 3 [kilogram](/wiki/Kilogram \"Kilogram\") medicine / power ball over their head. They must proceed to thrust outward, landing in a [push\\-up](/wiki/Push-up \"Push-up\") position. The distance in inches is then turned into SPARQ Points to be added to the final score.",
"### Agility shuttle",
"The Agility Shuttle is a shuttle run in which an athlete must run 5 yards, touch an object or mark, proceed to run 10 yards in the opposite direction and touch a second object or mark. Finally, they must switch direction and run another 5 yards to the starting point. Their time is measured in seconds and transferred into SPARQ Points.",
"### Yo\\-Yo intermittent recovery test (beep test)",
"The Yo\\-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test is a test measuring an athlete's aerobic power and execution upon the changing of direction. A recording is played, giving instruction, and the athlete(s) must proceed to run 20 meters at the sound of a beep. At the sound of the second beep the athlete must run back to the starting line, after which the third beep sounds a 10\\-second recovery period the athlete jogs or walks in a 5\\-meter zone before resuming position back to the starting line, for the next beep. The time in between each beep (bar the constant 10second recovery) decreases gradually. If the athlete does not reach the start line in time, a warning is given, and the test is completed when two warnings are given. The total time taken until the two warnings are given, i.e. the test is completed, is what is measured.",
"### Vertical jump",
"During the [Vertical Jump](/wiki/Vertical_Jump \"Vertical Jump\"), an athlete must stand on a pad with some sort of compatible height measurer attached. The athlete goes into a balanced crouch with their arms behind them to help propel them, then they swiftly jump out into the air, out of their crouch, and the pad measures their height in inches based on the amount of time in the air, between the two points of contact. This then becomes SPARQ points to be added to the score.",
""
] |
Motivation
----------
Ecological yield is a theoretical construct which aggregates information from several physically measurable quantities. It can be used to reason about other ecological indicators such as the footprint. It can also be used as a decision\-making tool for governments and corporations.
### Ecological footprint
The idea of [ecological footprints](/wiki/Ecological_footprint "Ecological footprint") is to measure the cost of economic activity in terms of the amount of ecologically productive land required to sustain it. Doing this accurately requires estimating how productive the land is; in other words, it requires measuring ecological yield. Conversely, one can extract ecological yield estimates from ecological footprint estimates.
### Avoiding overexploitation
Corporations take out loans to buy equipment and land use rights. In order to pay back these loans, they must extract and sell resources from the land. If the corporation is ignorant of the yield of the land in question, then the [debt](/wiki/Debt "Debt") instruments may demand a [yield](/wiki/Yield_%28economics%29 "Yield (economics)") greater than the ecological capacity to renew. [Green economics](/wiki/Green_economists "Green economists") links this process with [ecocide](/wiki/Ecocide "Ecocide") and poses solutions through [monetary reform](/wiki/Monetary_reform "Monetary reform").
Even well\-meaning corporations may systematically overestimate the yield of an ecosystem. In the case of multiple corporations bidding for land rights, an economic phenomenon known as [the winner's curse](/wiki/The_Winner%27s_Curse "The Winner's Curse") causes the winning party to systematically overestimate the economic value of the land. Typically the economic value comes mostly from the ecological yield, in which case the corporation will overestimate that as well.
Another form of overestimation may come from generalizing data from other ecosystems. For example, the same species of fish in two different systems may have significantly different diets. If its diet in one region consists mostly of algae but in another region consists largely of smaller fish, then it will be more expensive for the latter ecosystem to produce the fish. Yield will be correspondingly lower in the second region. This example illustrates the need for ecosystem\-specific study and monitoring in order to reason about ecological yield.
|
[
"Motivation\n----------",
"Ecological yield is a theoretical construct which aggregates information from several physically measurable quantities. It can be used to reason about other ecological indicators such as the footprint. It can also be used as a decision\\-making tool for governments and corporations.",
"### Ecological footprint",
"The idea of [ecological footprints](/wiki/Ecological_footprint \"Ecological footprint\") is to measure the cost of economic activity in terms of the amount of ecologically productive land required to sustain it. Doing this accurately requires estimating how productive the land is; in other words, it requires measuring ecological yield. Conversely, one can extract ecological yield estimates from ecological footprint estimates.",
"### Avoiding overexploitation",
"Corporations take out loans to buy equipment and land use rights. In order to pay back these loans, they must extract and sell resources from the land. If the corporation is ignorant of the yield of the land in question, then the [debt](/wiki/Debt \"Debt\") instruments may demand a [yield](/wiki/Yield_%28economics%29 \"Yield (economics)\") greater than the ecological capacity to renew. [Green economics](/wiki/Green_economists \"Green economists\") links this process with [ecocide](/wiki/Ecocide \"Ecocide\") and poses solutions through [monetary reform](/wiki/Monetary_reform \"Monetary reform\").",
"Even well\\-meaning corporations may systematically overestimate the yield of an ecosystem. In the case of multiple corporations bidding for land rights, an economic phenomenon known as [the winner's curse](/wiki/The_Winner%27s_Curse \"The Winner's Curse\") causes the winning party to systematically overestimate the economic value of the land. Typically the economic value comes mostly from the ecological yield, in which case the corporation will overestimate that as well.",
"Another form of overestimation may come from generalizing data from other ecosystems. For example, the same species of fish in two different systems may have significantly different diets. If its diet in one region consists mostly of algae but in another region consists largely of smaller fish, then it will be more expensive for the latter ecosystem to produce the fish. Yield will be correspondingly lower in the second region. This example illustrates the need for ecosystem\\-specific study and monitoring in order to reason about ecological yield.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Spanish colonial era
{{more citations needed section\|date\=April 2019}}
{{See also\|Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution}}
[thumb\|left\|Historical marker created by the [National Historical Institute](/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines "National Historical Commission of the Philippines") in 1982 to commemorate the province and installed at the provincial capitol](/wiki/File:Lalawigan_ng_Pampanga_NHI_historical_marker.jpg "Lalawigan ng Pampanga NHI historical marker.jpg")
Ancient Pampanga's Territorial area included portions of the modern provinces of [Tarlac](/wiki/Tarlac "Tarlac"), [Bataan](/wiki/Bataan "Bataan"), [Zambales](/wiki/Zambales "Zambales"), [Nueva Ecija](/wiki/Nueva_Ecija "Nueva Ecija"), [Bulacan](/wiki/Bulacan "Bulacan"), [Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_%28province%29 "Aurora (province)"), and Tondo; i.e. covered almost the entire Central Luzon.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more\-articles/tantingco\-the\-kapampangan\-in\-us \|title\=Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us \|website\=\[\[SunStar]] \|date\=May 2, 2013 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-23 \|archive\-date\=2024\-01\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more\-articles/tantingco\-the\-kapampangan\-in\-us \|url\-status\=live }} When the Spanish arrived at Luzon, they found Pampanga to be thickly populated with several towns and that there were 3 castles or forts protecting Pampanga.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616\-h/13616\-h.htm?fbclid\=IwAR2lIR5UMiTQey6T8ML2QTZWeuWpvgyjTv2lfhn57ioJAG5u\_l4pP0kApZg\#d0e19 \|title\=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, Volume III, (1569–1576\) Page 137 \|access\-date\=October 23, 2023 \|archive\-date\=November 3, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103130845/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616\-h/13616\-h.htm\#d0e19 \|url\-status\=live }} Pampanga was re\-organized as a province by the Spaniards on December 11, 1571\. La Provincia de La Pampanga included areas mentioned above except Tondo, along with parts of modern provinces of Aurora, [Quezon](/wiki/Quezon "Quezon") (including [Polillo Islands](/wiki/Polillo_Islands "Polillo Islands")), and [Rizal](/wiki/Rizal_%28province%29 "Rizal (province)") (Pampanga also included portion of [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila "Metro Manila"), which is [Valenzuela](/wiki/Valenzuela%2C_Metro_Manila "Valenzuela, Metro Manila") to be exact, which was formerly known as Polo, then a town in Bulacan). For better administration and taxation purposes, the Spanish authorities subdivided Pampanga into *pueblos*, which were further subdivided into districts (*[barrios](/wiki/Barangay "Barangay")*) and in some cases into royal and private estates (*[encomiendas](/wiki/Encomienda "Encomienda")*).
Due to excessive abuses committed by some *encomenderos*, King [Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain "Philip II of Spain") in 1574 prohibited the further awarding of private estates, but this decree was not fully enforced until 1620\. In a report of [Philippine](/wiki/Philippine "Philippine") encomiendas on June 20, 1591, [Governor\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines "Governor-General of the Philippines") [Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas](/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as "Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas") reported to the Crown that La Pampanga's encomiendas were Bataan, Betis y Lubao, Macabebe, Candaba, Apalit, Calumpit, Malolos, Binto, Guiguinto, Caluya, Bulacan and [Mecabayan](/wiki/Meycauayan "Meycauayan"). The encomiendas of La Pampanga at that time had eighteen thousand six hundred and eighty whole tributes.
Pampanga, which is about {{convert\|850\|sqmi\|km2}} in area and inhabited by more than 1\.5 million people, had its present borders drawn in 1873\. During the Spanish regime, it was one of the richest Philippine provinces. [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") and its surrounding region were then primarily dependent on Kapampangan agricultural, fishery and forestry products as well as on the supply of skilled workers. As other Luzon provinces were created due to increases in population, some well\-established Pampanga towns were lost to new emerging provinces in Central Luzon.
During the 17th century, The [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies "Dutch East Indies") recruited men from Pampanga as mercenaries who served the [Royal Netherlands East Indies Army](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army "Royal Netherlands East Indies Army"), known as [Papangers](/wiki/Papanggo "Papanggo"){{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DSmqaNFttVkC\|title\=East of Bali: From Lombok to Timor\|first\=Kal\|last\=Müller\|date\=January 1, 1997\|publisher\=Tuttle Publishing\|access\-date\=September 7, 2016\|via\=Google Books\|isbn\=9789625931784\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506034026/https://books.google.com/books?id\=DSmqaNFttVkC\|url\-status\=live}} part of the larger [Mardijkers](/wiki/Mardijker_people "Mardijker people") community. Their legacy can be found in [North Jakarta](/wiki/North_Jakarta "North Jakarta"),{{cite web\|url\=http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/04/16/03480617/Opera.Istana.Citerep \|title\=Opera Istana Citerep \- KOMPAS.com \|access\-date\=July 6, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006155045/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/04/16/03480617/Opera.Istana.Citerep \|archive\-date\=October 6, 2011 }} however, there are few traces of their descendants, except for a small community in [Kampung Tugu](/wiki/Koja%2C_Jakarta%23Kampung_Tugu "Koja, Jakarta#Kampung Tugu").
The historic province of Bataan which was founded in 1754 under the administration of Spanish [Governor\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines "Governor-General of the Philippines") [Pedro Manuel Arandia](/wiki/Pedro_Manuel_de_Arand%C3%ADa_Santisteban "Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban"), absorbed from the province of Pampanga the municipalities of Abucay, Balanga (now a city), Dinalupihan, Llana Hermosa, Orani, Orion, Pilar, and Samal. During the [British occupation of Manila](/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila "British occupation of Manila") (1762–1764\), [Bacolor](/wiki/Bacolor "Bacolor") became the provisional Spanish colonial capital and military base. By the end of the 1700s, Pampanga had 16,604 native families and 2,641 [Spanish Filipino families](/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos "Spanish Filipinos"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf \|title\=ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish) \|access\-date\=February 23, 2024 \|archive\-date\=March 9, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{rp\|539}}[ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2){{rp\|31,54,113}} and 870 [Chinese Filipino](/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos "Chinese Filipinos") families.{{rp\|460}}
The old Pampanga towns of Aliaga, Cabiao, Gapan, San Antonio and San Isidro were ceded to the province of Nueva Ecija in 1848 during the term of Spanish Governor\-General [Narciso Claveria y Zaldua](/wiki/Narciso_Claveria_y_Zaldua "Narciso Claveria y Zaldua"). The municipality of *San Miguel de Mayumo* of Pampanga was yielded to the province of Bulacan in the same provincial boundary configuration in 1848\.
In 1860, the northern towns of Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, Victoria, Tarlac, Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac and Floridablanca were separated from Pampanga and were placed under the jurisdiction of a military command called *Comandancia Militar de Tarlac*. However, in 1873, the four latter towns were returned to Pampanga and the other five became municipalities of the newly created Province of Tarlac.
### Japanese invasion era
On December 8, 1941, Japanese planes bombed [Clark Air Base](/wiki/Clark_Air_Base "Clark Air Base") marking the beginning of the invasion of Pampanga. Between 1941 and 1942, occupying Japanese forces began entering Pampanga.
During the counter\-insurgencies under the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1944, Kapampangan guerrilla fighters and the [Hukbalahap](/wiki/Hukbalahap "Hukbalahap") Communist guerrillas fought side by side in the province of Pampanga, attacking and retreating the [Japanese Imperial forces](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces "Imperial Japanese Armed Forces") for over three years of fighting and invasion.
The establishment of the military general headquarters and military camp bases of the [Philippine Commonwealth Army](/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army "Philippine Commonwealth Army") was active from 1935 to 1946\. The [Philippine Constabulary](/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary "Philippine Constabulary") was active from 1935 to 1942 and 1944 to 1946 in the province of Pampanga. During the military engagements of the anti\-Japanese Imperial military operations in central Luzon from 1942 to 1945 in the province of Bataan, Bulacan, Northern Tayabas (now Aurora), Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales, the local guerrilla resistance fighters and Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas, helped the U.S. military forces fight the Imperial Japanese armed forces.
In the 1945 liberation of Pampanga, Kapampangan guerrilla fighters and the Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas supported combat forces from Filipino and American ground troops in attacking Japanese Imperial forces during the Battle of Pampanga until the end of the Second World War. Local military operations soldiers and officers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army 2nd, 26th, 3rd, 32nd, 33rd, 35th, 36th and 37th Infantry Division and the Philippine Constabulary 3rd Constabulary Regiment recaptured and liberated the province of Pampanga and fought against the Japanese Imperial forces during the Battle of Pampanga.
### Postwar Era
[thumb\|left\|Old seal of the province since 1950\.](/wiki/File:Pampanga_old_seal.svg "Pampanga old seal.svg")
[150px\|thumbnail\|right\|[Flag seal of Pampanga](/wiki/Flags_of_the_provinces_of_the_Philippines "Flags of the provinces of the Philippines")](/wiki/File:Flag_seal_of_Pampanga1.jpg "Flag seal of Pampanga1.jpg")
After the Second World War, operations in the main province of Pampanga was downfall insurgencies and conflicts between the Philippine Government forces and the Hukbalahap Communist rebels on 1946 to 1954 during the [Hukbalahap Rebellion](/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion "Hukbalahap Rebellion").
Under a 1947 Military Bases Agreement,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us\-treaties/bevans/b\-ph\-ust000011\-0055\.pdf\|title\=Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines Concerning Military Bases\|date\=March 14, 1947\|publisher\=United States Library of Congress\|access\-date\=December 16, 2017\|archive\-date\=February 12, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212010914/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us\-treaties/bevans/b\-ph\-ust000011\-0055\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} the Philippines granted the United States a 99\-year lease on several U.S. bases, including [Clark Air Base](/wiki/Clark_Air_Base "Clark Air Base").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The\-early\-republic\#ref387410\|title\=Philippines : The Early Republic\|publisher\=britannica.com\|access\-date\=December 16, 2017\|archive\-date\=December 16, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144620/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The\-early\-republic\#ref387410\|url\-status\=live}} A later amendment in 1966 reduced the original 99\-year term of the agreement to 25 years.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/philippine\-senate\-votes\-to\-reject\-us\-base\-renewal.html\|title\=PHILIPPINE SENATE VOTES TO REJECT U.S. BASE RENEWAL\|date\=September 16, 1991\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=January 29, 2018\|archive\-date\=March 19, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319152855/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/philippine\-senate\-votes\-to\-reject\-us\-base\-renewal.html\|url\-status\=live}} A renewal of the agreement in 1979{{cite book\|last\=Rodriguez\|first\=Dylan\|title\=Suspended Apocalypse: White Supremacy, Genocide, and the Filipino Condition\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ERde5HJQo0cC\|year\=2010\|publisher\=U of Minnesota Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-8166\-5349\-2\|page\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=I0un2XY17VkC\&dq\=bases\+agreement\+renew\&pg\=PA892 892]\|access\-date\=December 17, 2017\|archive\-date\=April 19, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419120655/https://books.google.com/books?id\=ERde5HJQo0cC\|url\-status\=live}} allowed the U.S. to continue operating Clark Air Base until November 1991,{{cite news\|last\=Drogin\|first\=Bob\|title\=After 89 Years, U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Base\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1991\-11\-27\-mn\-209\-story.html\|access\-date\=March 12, 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=November 27, 1991\|archive\-date\=December 25, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225214542/http://articles.latimes.com/1991\-11\-27/news/mn\-209\_1\_clark\-air\-base\|url\-status\=live}} when the Philippine Senate rejected a bill for the renewal of U.S. bases in the Philippines.
### During the Marcos dictatorship
{{main\|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos\|Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship\|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship}}
{{see also\|US Bases in the Philippines}}
Due to its proximity to the capital and the presence of Clark Air Base, Pampanga was became one of the flashpoint of social upheavals of the early 1970s, and the ensuing [dictatorship](/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos "Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos") of [Ferdinand Marcos](/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos "Ferdinand Marcos").{{Cite web \|last\=Villareal \|first\=Wilfredo \|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/122094/pampanga\-activists\-remember\-martial\-law/story/ \|title\=Pampanga activists remember Martial Law \|date\=September 22, 2008 \|access\-date\=March 29, 2024 \|archive\-date\=March 29, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329051736/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/122094/pampanga\-activists\-remember\-martial\-law/story/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite book \|title\=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. \|publisher\=Asia Publishing Company Limited \|year\=1998 \|editor\-last\=Magno \|editor\-first\=Alexander R. \|location\=Hong Kong \|chapter\=A Web of Corruption}} Even during the first demonstrations of the [First Quarter Storm](/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm "First Quarter Storm") in 1970, Clark and the other [US Bases in the Philippines](/wiki/US_Bases_in_the_Philippines "US Bases in the Philippines") were a major issue for protesters, who saw them as a continuation of the US' colonial hegemony, and a way of dragging the Philippines into the cold war, since Clark had become a staging point for the increasingly unpopular [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War").{{Cite news \|date\=October 2021 \|title\=First Quarter Storm Timeline \|url\=https://upd.edu.ph/wp\-content/uploads/2021/10/UPDate\-Vol4\-Num1\-12\-First\-Quarter\-Storm\-Timeline.pdf \|work\=UPDate \|publisher\=University of the Philippines \|access\-date\=March 29, 2024 \|archive\-date\=March 29, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329051737/https://upd.edu.ph/wp\-content/uploads/2021/10/UPDate\-Vol4\-Num1\-12\-First\-Quarter\-Storm\-Timeline.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}Bonner, R. (1987\) Waltzing With A Dictator. {{ISBN\|9780333457641}}
Upon the declaration of Martial Law in September 1972, [Camp Olivas](/wiki/Camp_Olivas "Camp Olivas") in the City of San Fernando was designated as one of the four provincial camps to become a Regional Command for Detainees (RECAD). It was designated RECAD I and it housed detainees from Northern and Central Luzon.{{cite web \|title\=Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines: 22 November–5 December 1975 \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp\-content/uploads/2021/06/asa350191977en.pdf \|website\=\[\[Amnesty International]] \|publisher\=Amnesty International Publications \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007083419/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp\-content/uploads/2021/06/asa350191977en.pdf \|archive\-date\=October 7, 2021 \|location\=London, England \|date\=1976}} Prominent detainees imprisoned there include Edicio de la Torre,{{Cite news \|date\=December 27, 1974 \|title\=Imprisoned Priest Begins Hunger Strike in Philippines \|work\=New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/27/archives/imprisoned\-priest\-begins\-hunger\-strike\-in\-philippines.html \|access\-date\=March 29, 2024 \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219070004/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/27/archives/imprisoned\-priest\-begins\-hunger\-strike\-in\-philippines.html \|url\-status\=live }} [Judy Taguiwalo](/wiki/Judy_Taguiwalo "Judy Taguiwalo"),{{Cite news \|last\=Dela Peña \|first\=Kurt \|date\=September 20, 2022 \|title\=Remembering martial law: Hope, then despair \|language\=en \|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \|url\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1667701/remembering\-martial\-law\-hope\-then\-despair \|access\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051847/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1667701/remembering\-martial\-law\-hope\-then\-despair \|url\-status\=live }} Tina Pargas,{{Cite news \|title\=Lessons from 50 years ago \|url\=https://philstarlife.com/news\-and\-views/593860\-martial\-law\-life\-lessons\-from\-50\-years\-ago? \|access\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051848/https://philstarlife.com/news\-and\-views/593860\-martial\-law\-life\-lessons\-from\-50\-years\-ago \|url\-status\=live }} Marie Hilao\-Enriquez,{{Cite news \|last\=Castañeda \|first\=Dabet \|date\=December 7–13, 2003 \|title\=Marie Hilao\-Enriquez: An Icon of Human Rights Activism in the Philippines \|url\=https://www.bulatlat.com/news/3\-44/3\-44\-marie.html \|access\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051847/https://www.bulatlat.com/news/3\-44/3\-44\-marie.html \|url\-status\=live }} and Bernard\-Adan Ebuen.{{Cite news \|last\=Empeño \|first\=Henry \|date\=October 3, 2021 \|title\='Wind of change' \|language\=en\-US \|work\=Business Mirror \|url\=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/10/03/wind\-of\-change/ \|access\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-date\=December 19, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051848/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/10/03/wind\-of\-change/ \|url\-status\=live }} Prisoners who were documented to have been tortured include the sisters [Joanna](/wiki/Joanna_Cari%C3%B1o "Joanna Cariño") and Josefina Cariño,{{Cite news \|title\= Joanna Cariño, an Ibaloi activist \|work\=Northern Dispatch \|url\=https://nordis.net/2017/12/31/topic/people/joanna\-carino\-an\-ibaloi\-activist/}} the brothers Romulo and [Armando Palabay](/wiki/Armando_Palabay "Armando Palabay"), and Mariano Giner Jr of Abra. About 50 [Kalinga](/wiki/Kalinga_people "Kalinga people") and [Bontoc](/wiki/Bontoc_people "Bontoc people") leaders, including Butbut tribe leader [Macli\-ing Dulag](/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag "Macli-ing Dulag"), were also brought to Camp Olivas from their detainment center in Tabuk, Kalinga, arrested for their opposition to the [Chico River Dam Project](/wiki/Chico_River_Dam_Project "Chico River Dam Project").{{cite conference \| book\-title\= Paper Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological Association of the Philippines \| location\= Manila \| last\= Cariño \| first\= Joanna K. \| date\= April 22–27, 1980 \| title\= The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study of National Development Policy \| url\= http://116\.50\.242\.171/PSSC/index.php/agt01/article/download/1601/1536 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180414233857/http://116\.50\.242\.171/PSSC/index.php/agt01/article/download/1601/1536 \| archive\-date\= April 14, 2018 \| url\-status\= dead }}
Others were killed without being arrested, such as close friends Pepito Deheran, Rolando Castro and Lito Cabrera were sleeping in Cabrera's property in Sapang Bato, Angeles when they were attacked, captured, and tortured by Marcos' Civilian Home Defense Force militia forces after they participated in the protest movement that grew out of the [assassination](/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino "Assassination of Ninoy Aquino") of opposition leader [Ninoy Aquino](/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino "Ninoy Aquino"). Deheran managed to escape the ordeal alive and was taken to the hospital, but was stabbed by unknown assailants in his own hospital bed.{{Cite web \|title\=Martyrs \& Heroes: Deheran, Pepito \|url\=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/pepito\-deheran/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329051738/https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/pepito\-deheran/ \|archive\-date\=March 29, 2024 \|access\-date\=March 29, 2024 \|website\=Bantayog ng mga Bayani Website\|date\=May 28, 2023 }}
Jennifer Cariño, the Palabay brothers, Macli\-ing Dulag, Castro, Cabrera, and Deheran would later be honored by having their names inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines' [Bantayog ng mga Bayani](/wiki/Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani "Bantayog ng mga Bayani"), which honors the martyrs and heroes who dared to resist the dictatorship.{{Cite book \|last1\=Malay \|first1\=Carolina S. \|title\=Ang mamatay nang dahil sa 'yo: Heroes and martyrs of the Filipino people in the struggle against dictatorship, 1972\-1986\. volume 2 \|last2\=Rodriguez \|first2\=Ma Cristina V. \|date\=2016 \|publisher\=National Historical Commission of the Philippines \|isbn\=978\-971\-538\-304\-2 \|location\=Ermita, Manila, Philippines}}
### Mount Pinatubo eruption and closure of Clark Air Base
{{main\|1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo\|Clark Air Base}}
Major events that took place in Pampanga after the [People Power revolution](/wiki/People_Power_revolution "People Power revolution") include the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the end of the Philippines' Bases Treaty with the United States, which resulted in the closure of Clark Air Base and the later creation of the [Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_and_Special_Economic_Zone "Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone").
The June 15, 1991, eruption of [Mount Pinatubo](/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo "Mount Pinatubo") displaced a large number of people with the submersion of whole towns and villages by massive [lahar](/wiki/Lahar "Lahar") floods. This led to a large\-scale advancement in disaster preparation in government. It also hastened the closure of Clark Air Base, which would close as a result of the November 1991 decision of the Philippine senate not to renew the Philippines' Bases treaty with the United States.
### Creation of the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone
{{main\|Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone}}
1992 saw the signing of the Bases Conversion and Development Act (Republic Act 7227 ser. 1992\), which authorized the President to issue a decree converting the military reservation in the Clark area covering [Angeles City](/wiki/Angeles_City "Angeles City"), [Mabalacat](/wiki/Mabalacat "Mabalacat"), and [Porac](/wiki/Porac "Porac"), Pampanga and [Capas](/wiki/Capas "Capas"), [Tarlac](/wiki/Tarlac "Tarlac") into a special economic zone. The legislation also created the [Bases Conversion and Development Authority](/wiki/Bases_Conversion_and_Development_Authority "Bases Conversion and Development Authority") (BCDA) to facilitate the conversion process.{{cite web\|title\=Republic Act 7227: Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992\|url\=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7227\.html\#.WwZbA\-6FPIU\|publisher\=Congress of the Philippines\|access\-date\=24 May 2018\|date\=13 March 1992}} President [Fidel Ramos](/wiki/Fidel_Ramos "Fidel Ramos") issued Proclamation No. 163 on April 3, 1993, creating the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and transferring the administration of the area to the BCDA. The proclamation included the [Clark Air Base](/wiki/Clark_Air_Base "Clark Air Base") and portions of the Clark reverted baselands not reserved for military use to the CSEZ.{{cite web\|title\=Proclamation No. 1035, s. 2006\|url\=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2006/03/10/proclamation\-no\-1035\-s\-2006/\|publisher\=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines\|access\-date\=24 May 2018\|date\=10 March 2006\|archive\-date\=April 19, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193332/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2006/03/10/proclamation\-no\-1035\-s\-2006/\|url\-status\=live}} On June 14, 1996, the CSEZ was expanded with the addition of the Sacobia area, which includes lands from [Mabalacat](/wiki/Mabalacat "Mabalacat"), Pampanga and [Bamban, Tarlac](/wiki/Bamban%2C_Tarlac "Bamban, Tarlac"), through Ramos' Proclamation No. 805\.
The Clark Air Base area would later be declared a Freeport Zone and was separated from the special economic zone through Republic Act 9400 of 2007{{cite web\|title\=Republic Act 9400\|url\=https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra\_9400\_2007\.html\|publisher\=Congress of the Philippines\|access\-date\=24 May 2018\|date\=20 March 2007\|archive\-date\=April 15, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415224709/https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra\_9400\_2007\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} Since then the Freeport Zone and the Clark Special Economic Zone were considered as separate areas but collectively they are referred to as the "Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone".
### Contemporary
In 2010, a Kapampangan, [Benigno Aquino III](/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III "Benigno Aquino III"), son of former President [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino "Corazon Aquino"), was elected as president.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2024}}
On April 22, 2019, the province suffered severe damage due to [6\.1 magnitude earthquake](/wiki/2019_Luzon_earthquake "2019 Luzon earthquake") which originated from [Zambales](/wiki/Zambales "Zambales") and was the most affected area by the earthquake due to province sitting on soft sediment and [alluvial](/wiki/Alluvial "Alluvial") soil.{{cite news\|title\=Why was Pampanga worse hit by quake than Zambales epicenter?\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/news/04/23/19/why\-was\-pampanga\-worse\-hit\-by\-quake\-than\-zambales\-epicenter\|access\-date\=April 23, 2019\|work\=ABS\-CBN News\|archive\-date\=April 23, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423063514/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/news/04/23/19/why\-was\-pampanga\-worse\-hit\-by\-quake\-than\-zambales\-epicenter\|url\-status\=live}} Several structures in the province were damaged by the quake, including a 4\-story supermarket in Porac, the [Bataan](/wiki/Bataan "Bataan")\-Pampanga boundary arch and the main terminal of [Clark International Airport](/wiki/Clark_International_Airport "Clark International Airport"), as well as old churches in [Lubao](/wiki/Lubao%2C_Pampanga "Lubao, Pampanga") and [Porac](/wiki/Porac%2C_Pampanga "Porac, Pampanga"), where the stone bell tower of the 19th\-century [Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church](/wiki/Santa_Catalina_de_Alejandria_Church_%28Porac%29 "Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church (Porac)") collapsed.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/news/04/22/19/look\-quake\-damages\-church\-other\-structures\-in\-pampanga\|title\=LOOK: Quake damages church, other structures in Pampanga\|publisher\=\[\[ABS\-CBN News]]\|date\=April 22, 2019\|access\-date\=April 24, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 22, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422114929/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/news/04/22/19/look\-quake\-damages\-church\-other\-structures\-in\-pampanga\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Spanish colonial era",
"{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=April 2019}}\n{{See also\\|Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Historical marker created by the [National Historical Institute](/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines \"National Historical Commission of the Philippines\") in 1982 to commemorate the province and installed at the provincial capitol](/wiki/File:Lalawigan_ng_Pampanga_NHI_historical_marker.jpg \"Lalawigan ng Pampanga NHI historical marker.jpg\")\nAncient Pampanga's Territorial area included portions of the modern provinces of [Tarlac](/wiki/Tarlac \"Tarlac\"), [Bataan](/wiki/Bataan \"Bataan\"), [Zambales](/wiki/Zambales \"Zambales\"), [Nueva Ecija](/wiki/Nueva_Ecija \"Nueva Ecija\"), [Bulacan](/wiki/Bulacan \"Bulacan\"), [Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_%28province%29 \"Aurora (province)\"), and Tondo; i.e. covered almost the entire Central Luzon.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more\\-articles/tantingco\\-the\\-kapampangan\\-in\\-us \\|title\\=Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us \\|website\\=\\[\\[SunStar]] \\|date\\=May 2, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-23 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more\\-articles/tantingco\\-the\\-kapampangan\\-in\\-us \\|url\\-status\\=live }} When the Spanish arrived at Luzon, they found Pampanga to be thickly populated with several towns and that there were 3 castles or forts protecting Pampanga.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616\\-h/13616\\-h.htm?fbclid\\=IwAR2lIR5UMiTQey6T8ML2QTZWeuWpvgyjTv2lfhn57ioJAG5u\\_l4pP0kApZg\\#d0e19 \\|title\\=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, Volume III, (1569–1576\\) Page 137 \\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103130845/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616\\-h/13616\\-h.htm\\#d0e19 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Pampanga was re\\-organized as a province by the Spaniards on December 11, 1571\\. La Provincia de La Pampanga included areas mentioned above except Tondo, along with parts of modern provinces of Aurora, [Quezon](/wiki/Quezon \"Quezon\") (including [Polillo Islands](/wiki/Polillo_Islands \"Polillo Islands\")), and [Rizal](/wiki/Rizal_%28province%29 \"Rizal (province)\") (Pampanga also included portion of [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\"), which is [Valenzuela](/wiki/Valenzuela%2C_Metro_Manila \"Valenzuela, Metro Manila\") to be exact, which was formerly known as Polo, then a town in Bulacan). For better administration and taxation purposes, the Spanish authorities subdivided Pampanga into *pueblos*, which were further subdivided into districts (*[barrios](/wiki/Barangay \"Barangay\")*) and in some cases into royal and private estates (*[encomiendas](/wiki/Encomienda \"Encomienda\")*).",
"Due to excessive abuses committed by some *encomenderos*, King [Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain \"Philip II of Spain\") in 1574 prohibited the further awarding of private estates, but this decree was not fully enforced until 1620\\. In a report of [Philippine](/wiki/Philippine \"Philippine\") encomiendas on June 20, 1591, [Governor\\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines \"Governor-General of the Philippines\") [Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas](/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as \"Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas\") reported to the Crown that La Pampanga's encomiendas were Bataan, Betis y Lubao, Macabebe, Candaba, Apalit, Calumpit, Malolos, Binto, Guiguinto, Caluya, Bulacan and [Mecabayan](/wiki/Meycauayan \"Meycauayan\"). The encomiendas of La Pampanga at that time had eighteen thousand six hundred and eighty whole tributes.",
"Pampanga, which is about {{convert\\|850\\|sqmi\\|km2}} in area and inhabited by more than 1\\.5 million people, had its present borders drawn in 1873\\. During the Spanish regime, it was one of the richest Philippine provinces. [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") and its surrounding region were then primarily dependent on Kapampangan agricultural, fishery and forestry products as well as on the supply of skilled workers. As other Luzon provinces were created due to increases in population, some well\\-established Pampanga towns were lost to new emerging provinces in Central Luzon.",
"During the 17th century, The [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies \"Dutch East Indies\") recruited men from Pampanga as mercenaries who served the [Royal Netherlands East Indies Army](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army \"Royal Netherlands East Indies Army\"), known as [Papangers](/wiki/Papanggo \"Papanggo\"){{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DSmqaNFttVkC\\|title\\=East of Bali: From Lombok to Timor\\|first\\=Kal\\|last\\=Müller\\|date\\=January 1, 1997\\|publisher\\=Tuttle Publishing\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2016\\|via\\=Google Books\\|isbn\\=9789625931784\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506034026/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DSmqaNFttVkC\\|url\\-status\\=live}} part of the larger [Mardijkers](/wiki/Mardijker_people \"Mardijker people\") community. Their legacy can be found in [North Jakarta](/wiki/North_Jakarta \"North Jakarta\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/04/16/03480617/Opera.Istana.Citerep \\|title\\=Opera Istana Citerep \\- KOMPAS.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006155045/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/04/16/03480617/Opera.Istana.Citerep \\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2011 }} however, there are few traces of their descendants, except for a small community in [Kampung Tugu](/wiki/Koja%2C_Jakarta%23Kampung_Tugu \"Koja, Jakarta#Kampung Tugu\").",
"The historic province of Bataan which was founded in 1754 under the administration of Spanish [Governor\\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines \"Governor-General of the Philippines\") [Pedro Manuel Arandia](/wiki/Pedro_Manuel_de_Arand%C3%ADa_Santisteban \"Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban\"), absorbed from the province of Pampanga the municipalities of Abucay, Balanga (now a city), Dinalupihan, Llana Hermosa, Orani, Orion, Pilar, and Samal. During the [British occupation of Manila](/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila \"British occupation of Manila\") (1762–1764\\), [Bacolor](/wiki/Bacolor \"Bacolor\") became the provisional Spanish colonial capital and military base. By the end of the 1700s, Pampanga had 16,604 native families and 2,641 [Spanish Filipino families](/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos \"Spanish Filipinos\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf \\|title\\=ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish) \\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{rp\\|539}}[ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2){{rp\\|31,54,113}} and 870 [Chinese Filipino](/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos \"Chinese Filipinos\") families.{{rp\\|460}}",
"The old Pampanga towns of Aliaga, Cabiao, Gapan, San Antonio and San Isidro were ceded to the province of Nueva Ecija in 1848 during the term of Spanish Governor\\-General [Narciso Claveria y Zaldua](/wiki/Narciso_Claveria_y_Zaldua \"Narciso Claveria y Zaldua\"). The municipality of *San Miguel de Mayumo* of Pampanga was yielded to the province of Bulacan in the same provincial boundary configuration in 1848\\.",
"In 1860, the northern towns of Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, Victoria, Tarlac, Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac and Floridablanca were separated from Pampanga and were placed under the jurisdiction of a military command called *Comandancia Militar de Tarlac*. However, in 1873, the four latter towns were returned to Pampanga and the other five became municipalities of the newly created Province of Tarlac.",
"### Japanese invasion era",
"On December 8, 1941, Japanese planes bombed [Clark Air Base](/wiki/Clark_Air_Base \"Clark Air Base\") marking the beginning of the invasion of Pampanga. Between 1941 and 1942, occupying Japanese forces began entering Pampanga.",
"During the counter\\-insurgencies under the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1944, Kapampangan guerrilla fighters and the [Hukbalahap](/wiki/Hukbalahap \"Hukbalahap\") Communist guerrillas fought side by side in the province of Pampanga, attacking and retreating the [Japanese Imperial forces](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces \"Imperial Japanese Armed Forces\") for over three years of fighting and invasion.",
"The establishment of the military general headquarters and military camp bases of the [Philippine Commonwealth Army](/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army \"Philippine Commonwealth Army\") was active from 1935 to 1946\\. The [Philippine Constabulary](/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary \"Philippine Constabulary\") was active from 1935 to 1942 and 1944 to 1946 in the province of Pampanga. During the military engagements of the anti\\-Japanese Imperial military operations in central Luzon from 1942 to 1945 in the province of Bataan, Bulacan, Northern Tayabas (now Aurora), Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales, the local guerrilla resistance fighters and Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas, helped the U.S. military forces fight the Imperial Japanese armed forces.",
"In the 1945 liberation of Pampanga, Kapampangan guerrilla fighters and the Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas supported combat forces from Filipino and American ground troops in attacking Japanese Imperial forces during the Battle of Pampanga until the end of the Second World War. Local military operations soldiers and officers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army 2nd, 26th, 3rd, 32nd, 33rd, 35th, 36th and 37th Infantry Division and the Philippine Constabulary 3rd Constabulary Regiment recaptured and liberated the province of Pampanga and fought against the Japanese Imperial forces during the Battle of Pampanga.",
"### Postwar Era",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Old seal of the province since 1950\\.](/wiki/File:Pampanga_old_seal.svg \"Pampanga old seal.svg\")\n[150px\\|thumbnail\\|right\\|[Flag seal of Pampanga](/wiki/Flags_of_the_provinces_of_the_Philippines \"Flags of the provinces of the Philippines\")](/wiki/File:Flag_seal_of_Pampanga1.jpg \"Flag seal of Pampanga1.jpg\")\nAfter the Second World War, operations in the main province of Pampanga was downfall insurgencies and conflicts between the Philippine Government forces and the Hukbalahap Communist rebels on 1946 to 1954 during the [Hukbalahap Rebellion](/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion \"Hukbalahap Rebellion\").",
"Under a 1947 Military Bases Agreement,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us\\-treaties/bevans/b\\-ph\\-ust000011\\-0055\\.pdf\\|title\\=Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines Concerning Military Bases\\|date\\=March 14, 1947\\|publisher\\=United States Library of Congress\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=February 12, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212010914/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us\\-treaties/bevans/b\\-ph\\-ust000011\\-0055\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} the Philippines granted the United States a 99\\-year lease on several U.S. bases, including [Clark Air Base](/wiki/Clark_Air_Base \"Clark Air Base\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The\\-early\\-republic\\#ref387410\\|title\\=Philippines : The Early Republic\\|publisher\\=britannica.com\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=December 16, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144620/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The\\-early\\-republic\\#ref387410\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A later amendment in 1966 reduced the original 99\\-year term of the agreement to 25 years.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/philippine\\-senate\\-votes\\-to\\-reject\\-us\\-base\\-renewal.html\\|title\\=PHILIPPINE SENATE VOTES TO REJECT U.S. BASE RENEWAL\\|date\\=September 16, 1991\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=March 19, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319152855/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/philippine\\-senate\\-votes\\-to\\-reject\\-us\\-base\\-renewal.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A renewal of the agreement in 1979{{cite book\\|last\\=Rodriguez\\|first\\=Dylan\\|title\\=Suspended Apocalypse: White Supremacy, Genocide, and the Filipino Condition\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ERde5HJQo0cC\\|year\\=2010\\|publisher\\=U of Minnesota Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8166\\-5349\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=I0un2XY17VkC\\&dq\\=bases\\+agreement\\+renew\\&pg\\=PA892 892]\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419120655/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ERde5HJQo0cC\\|url\\-status\\=live}} allowed the U.S. to continue operating Clark Air Base until November 1991,{{cite news\\|last\\=Drogin\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=After 89 Years, U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Base\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1991\\-11\\-27\\-mn\\-209\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=November 27, 1991\\|archive\\-date\\=December 25, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225214542/http://articles.latimes.com/1991\\-11\\-27/news/mn\\-209\\_1\\_clark\\-air\\-base\\|url\\-status\\=live}} when the Philippine Senate rejected a bill for the renewal of U.S. bases in the Philippines.",
"### During the Marcos dictatorship",
"{{main\\|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos\\|Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship\\|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship}}\n{{see also\\|US Bases in the Philippines}}\nDue to its proximity to the capital and the presence of Clark Air Base, Pampanga was became one of the flashpoint of social upheavals of the early 1970s, and the ensuing [dictatorship](/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos \"Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos\") of [Ferdinand Marcos](/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos \"Ferdinand Marcos\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Villareal \\|first\\=Wilfredo \\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/122094/pampanga\\-activists\\-remember\\-martial\\-law/story/ \\|title\\=Pampanga activists remember Martial Law \\|date\\=September 22, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329051736/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/122094/pampanga\\-activists\\-remember\\-martial\\-law/story/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite book \\|title\\=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. \\|publisher\\=Asia Publishing Company Limited \\|year\\=1998 \\|editor\\-last\\=Magno \\|editor\\-first\\=Alexander R. \\|location\\=Hong Kong \\|chapter\\=A Web of Corruption}} Even during the first demonstrations of the [First Quarter Storm](/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm \"First Quarter Storm\") in 1970, Clark and the other [US Bases in the Philippines](/wiki/US_Bases_in_the_Philippines \"US Bases in the Philippines\") were a major issue for protesters, who saw them as a continuation of the US' colonial hegemony, and a way of dragging the Philippines into the cold war, since Clark had become a staging point for the increasingly unpopular [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=October 2021 \\|title\\=First Quarter Storm Timeline \\|url\\=https://upd.edu.ph/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/10/UPDate\\-Vol4\\-Num1\\-12\\-First\\-Quarter\\-Storm\\-Timeline.pdf \\|work\\=UPDate \\|publisher\\=University of the Philippines \\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329051737/https://upd.edu.ph/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/10/UPDate\\-Vol4\\-Num1\\-12\\-First\\-Quarter\\-Storm\\-Timeline.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}Bonner, R. (1987\\) Waltzing With A Dictator. {{ISBN\\|9780333457641}}",
"Upon the declaration of Martial Law in September 1972, [Camp Olivas](/wiki/Camp_Olivas \"Camp Olivas\") in the City of San Fernando was designated as one of the four provincial camps to become a Regional Command for Detainees (RECAD). It was designated RECAD I and it housed detainees from Northern and Central Luzon.{{cite web \\|title\\=Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines: 22 November–5 December 1975 \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/06/asa350191977en.pdf \\|website\\=\\[\\[Amnesty International]] \\|publisher\\=Amnesty International Publications \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007083419/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/06/asa350191977en.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=October 7, 2021 \\|location\\=London, England \\|date\\=1976}} Prominent detainees imprisoned there include Edicio de la Torre,{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 27, 1974 \\|title\\=Imprisoned Priest Begins Hunger Strike in Philippines \\|work\\=New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/27/archives/imprisoned\\-priest\\-begins\\-hunger\\-strike\\-in\\-philippines.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219070004/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/27/archives/imprisoned\\-priest\\-begins\\-hunger\\-strike\\-in\\-philippines.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Judy Taguiwalo](/wiki/Judy_Taguiwalo \"Judy Taguiwalo\"),{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dela Peña \\|first\\=Kurt \\|date\\=September 20, 2022 \\|title\\=Remembering martial law: Hope, then despair \\|language\\=en \\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \\|url\\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1667701/remembering\\-martial\\-law\\-hope\\-then\\-despair \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051847/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1667701/remembering\\-martial\\-law\\-hope\\-then\\-despair \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Tina Pargas,{{Cite news \\|title\\=Lessons from 50 years ago \\|url\\=https://philstarlife.com/news\\-and\\-views/593860\\-martial\\-law\\-life\\-lessons\\-from\\-50\\-years\\-ago? \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051848/https://philstarlife.com/news\\-and\\-views/593860\\-martial\\-law\\-life\\-lessons\\-from\\-50\\-years\\-ago \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Marie Hilao\\-Enriquez,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Castañeda \\|first\\=Dabet \\|date\\=December 7–13, 2003 \\|title\\=Marie Hilao\\-Enriquez: An Icon of Human Rights Activism in the Philippines \\|url\\=https://www.bulatlat.com/news/3\\-44/3\\-44\\-marie.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051847/https://www.bulatlat.com/news/3\\-44/3\\-44\\-marie.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and Bernard\\-Adan Ebuen.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Empeño \\|first\\=Henry \\|date\\=October 3, 2021 \\|title\\='Wind of change' \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=Business Mirror \\|url\\=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/10/03/wind\\-of\\-change/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051848/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/10/03/wind\\-of\\-change/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Prisoners who were documented to have been tortured include the sisters [Joanna](/wiki/Joanna_Cari%C3%B1o \"Joanna Cariño\") and Josefina Cariño,{{Cite news \\|title\\= Joanna Cariño, an Ibaloi activist \\|work\\=Northern Dispatch \\|url\\=https://nordis.net/2017/12/31/topic/people/joanna\\-carino\\-an\\-ibaloi\\-activist/}} the brothers Romulo and [Armando Palabay](/wiki/Armando_Palabay \"Armando Palabay\"), and Mariano Giner Jr of Abra. About 50 [Kalinga](/wiki/Kalinga_people \"Kalinga people\") and [Bontoc](/wiki/Bontoc_people \"Bontoc people\") leaders, including Butbut tribe leader [Macli\\-ing Dulag](/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag \"Macli-ing Dulag\"), were also brought to Camp Olivas from their detainment center in Tabuk, Kalinga, arrested for their opposition to the [Chico River Dam Project](/wiki/Chico_River_Dam_Project \"Chico River Dam Project\").{{cite conference \\| book\\-title\\= Paper Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological Association of the Philippines \\| location\\= Manila \\| last\\= Cariño \\| first\\= Joanna K. \\| date\\= April 22–27, 1980 \\| title\\= The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study of National Development Policy \\| url\\= http://116\\.50\\.242\\.171/PSSC/index.php/agt01/article/download/1601/1536 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180414233857/http://116\\.50\\.242\\.171/PSSC/index.php/agt01/article/download/1601/1536 \\| archive\\-date\\= April 14, 2018 \\| url\\-status\\= dead }}",
"Others were killed without being arrested, such as close friends Pepito Deheran, Rolando Castro and Lito Cabrera were sleeping in Cabrera's property in Sapang Bato, Angeles when they were attacked, captured, and tortured by Marcos' Civilian Home Defense Force militia forces after they participated in the protest movement that grew out of the [assassination](/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino \"Assassination of Ninoy Aquino\") of opposition leader [Ninoy Aquino](/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino \"Ninoy Aquino\"). Deheran managed to escape the ordeal alive and was taken to the hospital, but was stabbed by unknown assailants in his own hospital bed.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Martyrs \\& Heroes: Deheran, Pepito \\|url\\=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/pepito\\-deheran/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329051738/https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/pepito\\-deheran/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2024 \\|website\\=Bantayog ng mga Bayani Website\\|date\\=May 28, 2023 }}",
"Jennifer Cariño, the Palabay brothers, Macli\\-ing Dulag, Castro, Cabrera, and Deheran would later be honored by having their names inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines' [Bantayog ng mga Bayani](/wiki/Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani \"Bantayog ng mga Bayani\"), which honors the martyrs and heroes who dared to resist the dictatorship.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Malay \\|first1\\=Carolina S. \\|title\\=Ang mamatay nang dahil sa 'yo: Heroes and martyrs of the Filipino people in the struggle against dictatorship, 1972\\-1986\\. volume 2 \\|last2\\=Rodriguez \\|first2\\=Ma Cristina V. \\|date\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=National Historical Commission of the Philippines \\|isbn\\=978\\-971\\-538\\-304\\-2 \\|location\\=Ermita, Manila, Philippines}}",
"### Mount Pinatubo eruption and closure of Clark Air Base",
"{{main\\|1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo\\|Clark Air Base}}\nMajor events that took place in Pampanga after the [People Power revolution](/wiki/People_Power_revolution \"People Power revolution\") include the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the end of the Philippines' Bases Treaty with the United States, which resulted in the closure of Clark Air Base and the later creation of the [Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_and_Special_Economic_Zone \"Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone\").",
"The June 15, 1991, eruption of [Mount Pinatubo](/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo \"Mount Pinatubo\") displaced a large number of people with the submersion of whole towns and villages by massive [lahar](/wiki/Lahar \"Lahar\") floods. This led to a large\\-scale advancement in disaster preparation in government. It also hastened the closure of Clark Air Base, which would close as a result of the November 1991 decision of the Philippine senate not to renew the Philippines' Bases treaty with the United States.",
"### Creation of the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone",
"{{main\\|Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone}}\n1992 saw the signing of the Bases Conversion and Development Act (Republic Act 7227 ser. 1992\\), which authorized the President to issue a decree converting the military reservation in the Clark area covering [Angeles City](/wiki/Angeles_City \"Angeles City\"), [Mabalacat](/wiki/Mabalacat \"Mabalacat\"), and [Porac](/wiki/Porac \"Porac\"), Pampanga and [Capas](/wiki/Capas \"Capas\"), [Tarlac](/wiki/Tarlac \"Tarlac\") into a special economic zone. The legislation also created the [Bases Conversion and Development Authority](/wiki/Bases_Conversion_and_Development_Authority \"Bases Conversion and Development Authority\") (BCDA) to facilitate the conversion process.{{cite web\\|title\\=Republic Act 7227: Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992\\|url\\=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7227\\.html\\#.WwZbA\\-6FPIU\\|publisher\\=Congress of the Philippines\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2018\\|date\\=13 March 1992}} President [Fidel Ramos](/wiki/Fidel_Ramos \"Fidel Ramos\") issued Proclamation No. 163 on April 3, 1993, creating the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and transferring the administration of the area to the BCDA. The proclamation included the [Clark Air Base](/wiki/Clark_Air_Base \"Clark Air Base\") and portions of the Clark reverted baselands not reserved for military use to the CSEZ.{{cite web\\|title\\=Proclamation No. 1035, s. 2006\\|url\\=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2006/03/10/proclamation\\-no\\-1035\\-s\\-2006/\\|publisher\\=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2018\\|date\\=10 March 2006\\|archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193332/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2006/03/10/proclamation\\-no\\-1035\\-s\\-2006/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On June 14, 1996, the CSEZ was expanded with the addition of the Sacobia area, which includes lands from [Mabalacat](/wiki/Mabalacat \"Mabalacat\"), Pampanga and [Bamban, Tarlac](/wiki/Bamban%2C_Tarlac \"Bamban, Tarlac\"), through Ramos' Proclamation No. 805\\.",
"The Clark Air Base area would later be declared a Freeport Zone and was separated from the special economic zone through Republic Act 9400 of 2007{{cite web\\|title\\=Republic Act 9400\\|url\\=https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra\\_9400\\_2007\\.html\\|publisher\\=Congress of the Philippines\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2018\\|date\\=20 March 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415224709/https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra\\_9400\\_2007\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Since then the Freeport Zone and the Clark Special Economic Zone were considered as separate areas but collectively they are referred to as the \"Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone\".",
"### Contemporary",
"In 2010, a Kapampangan, [Benigno Aquino III](/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III \"Benigno Aquino III\"), son of former President [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino \"Corazon Aquino\"), was elected as president.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2024}}",
"On April 22, 2019, the province suffered severe damage due to [6\\.1 magnitude earthquake](/wiki/2019_Luzon_earthquake \"2019 Luzon earthquake\") which originated from [Zambales](/wiki/Zambales \"Zambales\") and was the most affected area by the earthquake due to province sitting on soft sediment and [alluvial](/wiki/Alluvial \"Alluvial\") soil.{{cite news\\|title\\=Why was Pampanga worse hit by quake than Zambales epicenter?\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/news/04/23/19/why\\-was\\-pampanga\\-worse\\-hit\\-by\\-quake\\-than\\-zambales\\-epicenter\\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2019\\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423063514/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/news/04/23/19/why\\-was\\-pampanga\\-worse\\-hit\\-by\\-quake\\-than\\-zambales\\-epicenter\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Several structures in the province were damaged by the quake, including a 4\\-story supermarket in Porac, the [Bataan](/wiki/Bataan \"Bataan\")\\-Pampanga boundary arch and the main terminal of [Clark International Airport](/wiki/Clark_International_Airport \"Clark International Airport\"), as well as old churches in [Lubao](/wiki/Lubao%2C_Pampanga \"Lubao, Pampanga\") and [Porac](/wiki/Porac%2C_Pampanga \"Porac, Pampanga\"), where the stone bell tower of the 19th\\-century [Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church](/wiki/Santa_Catalina_de_Alejandria_Church_%28Porac%29 \"Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church (Porac)\") collapsed.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/news/04/22/19/look\\-quake\\-damages\\-church\\-other\\-structures\\-in\\-pampanga\\|title\\=LOOK: Quake damages church, other structures in Pampanga\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ABS\\-CBN News]]\\|date\\=April 22, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 22, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422114929/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/news/04/22/19/look\\-quake\\-damages\\-church\\-other\\-structures\\-in\\-pampanga\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
### Spanish colonial era
{{more citations needed section\|date\=April 2019}}
{{See also\|Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution}}
[thumb\|left\|Historical marker created by the [National Historical Institute](/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines "National Historical Commission of the Philippines") in 1982 to commemorate the province and installed at the provincial capitol](/wiki/File:Lalawigan_ng_Pampanga_NHI_historical_marker.jpg "Lalawigan ng Pampanga NHI historical marker.jpg")
Ancient Pampanga's Territorial area included portions of the modern provinces of [Tarlac](/wiki/Tarlac "Tarlac"), [Bataan](/wiki/Bataan "Bataan"), [Zambales](/wiki/Zambales "Zambales"), [Nueva Ecija](/wiki/Nueva_Ecija "Nueva Ecija"), [Bulacan](/wiki/Bulacan "Bulacan"), [Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_%28province%29 "Aurora (province)"), and Tondo; i.e. covered almost the entire Central Luzon.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more\-articles/tantingco\-the\-kapampangan\-in\-us \|title\=Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us \|website\=\[\[SunStar]] \|date\=May 2, 2013 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-23 \|archive\-date\=2024\-01\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more\-articles/tantingco\-the\-kapampangan\-in\-us \|url\-status\=live }} When the Spanish arrived at Luzon, they found Pampanga to be thickly populated with several towns and that there were 3 castles or forts protecting Pampanga.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616\-h/13616\-h.htm?fbclid\=IwAR2lIR5UMiTQey6T8ML2QTZWeuWpvgyjTv2lfhn57ioJAG5u\_l4pP0kApZg\#d0e19 \|title\=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, Volume III, (1569–1576\) Page 137 \|access\-date\=October 23, 2023 \|archive\-date\=November 3, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103130845/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616\-h/13616\-h.htm\#d0e19 \|url\-status\=live }} Pampanga was re\-organized as a province by the Spaniards on December 11, 1571\. La Provincia de La Pampanga included areas mentioned above except Tondo, along with parts of modern provinces of Aurora, [Quezon](/wiki/Quezon "Quezon") (including [Polillo Islands](/wiki/Polillo_Islands "Polillo Islands")), and [Rizal](/wiki/Rizal_%28province%29 "Rizal (province)") (Pampanga also included portion of [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila "Metro Manila"), which is [Valenzuela](/wiki/Valenzuela%2C_Metro_Manila "Valenzuela, Metro Manila") to be exact, which was formerly known as Polo, then a town in Bulacan). For better administration and taxation purposes, the Spanish authorities subdivided Pampanga into *pueblos*, which were further subdivided into districts (*[barrios](/wiki/Barangay "Barangay")*) and in some cases into royal and private estates (*[encomiendas](/wiki/Encomienda "Encomienda")*).
Due to excessive abuses committed by some *encomenderos*, King [Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain "Philip II of Spain") in 1574 prohibited the further awarding of private estates, but this decree was not fully enforced until 1620\. In a report of [Philippine](/wiki/Philippine "Philippine") encomiendas on June 20, 1591, [Governor\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines "Governor-General of the Philippines") [Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas](/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as "Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas") reported to the Crown that La Pampanga's encomiendas were Bataan, Betis y Lubao, Macabebe, Candaba, Apalit, Calumpit, Malolos, Binto, Guiguinto, Caluya, Bulacan and [Mecabayan](/wiki/Meycauayan "Meycauayan"). The encomiendas of La Pampanga at that time had eighteen thousand six hundred and eighty whole tributes.
Pampanga, which is about {{convert\|850\|sqmi\|km2}} in area and inhabited by more than 1\.5 million people, had its present borders drawn in 1873\. During the Spanish regime, it was one of the richest Philippine provinces. [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") and its surrounding region were then primarily dependent on Kapampangan agricultural, fishery and forestry products as well as on the supply of skilled workers. As other Luzon provinces were created due to increases in population, some well\-established Pampanga towns were lost to new emerging provinces in Central Luzon.
During the 17th century, The [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies "Dutch East Indies") recruited men from Pampanga as mercenaries who served the [Royal Netherlands East Indies Army](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army "Royal Netherlands East Indies Army"), known as [Papangers](/wiki/Papanggo "Papanggo"){{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DSmqaNFttVkC\|title\=East of Bali: From Lombok to Timor\|first\=Kal\|last\=Müller\|date\=January 1, 1997\|publisher\=Tuttle Publishing\|access\-date\=September 7, 2016\|via\=Google Books\|isbn\=9789625931784\|archive\-date\=May 6, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506034026/https://books.google.com/books?id\=DSmqaNFttVkC\|url\-status\=live}} part of the larger [Mardijkers](/wiki/Mardijker_people "Mardijker people") community. Their legacy can be found in [North Jakarta](/wiki/North_Jakarta "North Jakarta"),{{cite web\|url\=http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/04/16/03480617/Opera.Istana.Citerep \|title\=Opera Istana Citerep \- KOMPAS.com \|access\-date\=July 6, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006155045/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/04/16/03480617/Opera.Istana.Citerep \|archive\-date\=October 6, 2011 }} however, there are few traces of their descendants, except for a small community in [Kampung Tugu](/wiki/Koja%2C_Jakarta%23Kampung_Tugu "Koja, Jakarta#Kampung Tugu").
The historic province of Bataan which was founded in 1754 under the administration of Spanish [Governor\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines "Governor-General of the Philippines") [Pedro Manuel Arandia](/wiki/Pedro_Manuel_de_Arand%C3%ADa_Santisteban "Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban"), absorbed from the province of Pampanga the municipalities of Abucay, Balanga (now a city), Dinalupihan, Llana Hermosa, Orani, Orion, Pilar, and Samal. During the [British occupation of Manila](/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila "British occupation of Manila") (1762–1764\), [Bacolor](/wiki/Bacolor "Bacolor") became the provisional Spanish colonial capital and military base. By the end of the 1700s, Pampanga had 16,604 native families and 2,641 [Spanish Filipino families](/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos "Spanish Filipinos"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf \|title\=ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish) \|access\-date\=February 23, 2024 \|archive\-date\=March 9, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{rp\|539}}[ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2){{rp\|31,54,113}} and 870 [Chinese Filipino](/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos "Chinese Filipinos") families.{{rp\|460}}
The old Pampanga towns of Aliaga, Cabiao, Gapan, San Antonio and San Isidro were ceded to the province of Nueva Ecija in 1848 during the term of Spanish Governor\-General [Narciso Claveria y Zaldua](/wiki/Narciso_Claveria_y_Zaldua "Narciso Claveria y Zaldua"). The municipality of *San Miguel de Mayumo* of Pampanga was yielded to the province of Bulacan in the same provincial boundary configuration in 1848\.
In 1860, the northern towns of Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, Victoria, Tarlac, Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac and Floridablanca were separated from Pampanga and were placed under the jurisdiction of a military command called *Comandancia Militar de Tarlac*. However, in 1873, the four latter towns were returned to Pampanga and the other five became municipalities of the newly created Province of Tarlac.
|
[
"### Spanish colonial era",
"{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=April 2019}}\n{{See also\\|Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Historical marker created by the [National Historical Institute](/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines \"National Historical Commission of the Philippines\") in 1982 to commemorate the province and installed at the provincial capitol](/wiki/File:Lalawigan_ng_Pampanga_NHI_historical_marker.jpg \"Lalawigan ng Pampanga NHI historical marker.jpg\")\nAncient Pampanga's Territorial area included portions of the modern provinces of [Tarlac](/wiki/Tarlac \"Tarlac\"), [Bataan](/wiki/Bataan \"Bataan\"), [Zambales](/wiki/Zambales \"Zambales\"), [Nueva Ecija](/wiki/Nueva_Ecija \"Nueva Ecija\"), [Bulacan](/wiki/Bulacan \"Bulacan\"), [Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_%28province%29 \"Aurora (province)\"), and Tondo; i.e. covered almost the entire Central Luzon.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more\\-articles/tantingco\\-the\\-kapampangan\\-in\\-us \\|title\\=Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us \\|website\\=\\[\\[SunStar]] \\|date\\=May 2, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-23 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more\\-articles/tantingco\\-the\\-kapampangan\\-in\\-us \\|url\\-status\\=live }} When the Spanish arrived at Luzon, they found Pampanga to be thickly populated with several towns and that there were 3 castles or forts protecting Pampanga.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616\\-h/13616\\-h.htm?fbclid\\=IwAR2lIR5UMiTQey6T8ML2QTZWeuWpvgyjTv2lfhn57ioJAG5u\\_l4pP0kApZg\\#d0e19 \\|title\\=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, Volume III, (1569–1576\\) Page 137 \\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103130845/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616\\-h/13616\\-h.htm\\#d0e19 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Pampanga was re\\-organized as a province by the Spaniards on December 11, 1571\\. La Provincia de La Pampanga included areas mentioned above except Tondo, along with parts of modern provinces of Aurora, [Quezon](/wiki/Quezon \"Quezon\") (including [Polillo Islands](/wiki/Polillo_Islands \"Polillo Islands\")), and [Rizal](/wiki/Rizal_%28province%29 \"Rizal (province)\") (Pampanga also included portion of [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\"), which is [Valenzuela](/wiki/Valenzuela%2C_Metro_Manila \"Valenzuela, Metro Manila\") to be exact, which was formerly known as Polo, then a town in Bulacan). For better administration and taxation purposes, the Spanish authorities subdivided Pampanga into *pueblos*, which were further subdivided into districts (*[barrios](/wiki/Barangay \"Barangay\")*) and in some cases into royal and private estates (*[encomiendas](/wiki/Encomienda \"Encomienda\")*).",
"Due to excessive abuses committed by some *encomenderos*, King [Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain \"Philip II of Spain\") in 1574 prohibited the further awarding of private estates, but this decree was not fully enforced until 1620\\. In a report of [Philippine](/wiki/Philippine \"Philippine\") encomiendas on June 20, 1591, [Governor\\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines \"Governor-General of the Philippines\") [Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas](/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as \"Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas\") reported to the Crown that La Pampanga's encomiendas were Bataan, Betis y Lubao, Macabebe, Candaba, Apalit, Calumpit, Malolos, Binto, Guiguinto, Caluya, Bulacan and [Mecabayan](/wiki/Meycauayan \"Meycauayan\"). The encomiendas of La Pampanga at that time had eighteen thousand six hundred and eighty whole tributes.",
"Pampanga, which is about {{convert\\|850\\|sqmi\\|km2}} in area and inhabited by more than 1\\.5 million people, had its present borders drawn in 1873\\. During the Spanish regime, it was one of the richest Philippine provinces. [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") and its surrounding region were then primarily dependent on Kapampangan agricultural, fishery and forestry products as well as on the supply of skilled workers. As other Luzon provinces were created due to increases in population, some well\\-established Pampanga towns were lost to new emerging provinces in Central Luzon.",
"During the 17th century, The [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies \"Dutch East Indies\") recruited men from Pampanga as mercenaries who served the [Royal Netherlands East Indies Army](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army \"Royal Netherlands East Indies Army\"), known as [Papangers](/wiki/Papanggo \"Papanggo\"){{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DSmqaNFttVkC\\|title\\=East of Bali: From Lombok to Timor\\|first\\=Kal\\|last\\=Müller\\|date\\=January 1, 1997\\|publisher\\=Tuttle Publishing\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2016\\|via\\=Google Books\\|isbn\\=9789625931784\\|archive\\-date\\=May 6, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506034026/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DSmqaNFttVkC\\|url\\-status\\=live}} part of the larger [Mardijkers](/wiki/Mardijker_people \"Mardijker people\") community. Their legacy can be found in [North Jakarta](/wiki/North_Jakarta \"North Jakarta\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/04/16/03480617/Opera.Istana.Citerep \\|title\\=Opera Istana Citerep \\- KOMPAS.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006155045/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/04/16/03480617/Opera.Istana.Citerep \\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2011 }} however, there are few traces of their descendants, except for a small community in [Kampung Tugu](/wiki/Koja%2C_Jakarta%23Kampung_Tugu \"Koja, Jakarta#Kampung Tugu\").",
"The historic province of Bataan which was founded in 1754 under the administration of Spanish [Governor\\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines \"Governor-General of the Philippines\") [Pedro Manuel Arandia](/wiki/Pedro_Manuel_de_Arand%C3%ADa_Santisteban \"Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban\"), absorbed from the province of Pampanga the municipalities of Abucay, Balanga (now a city), Dinalupihan, Llana Hermosa, Orani, Orion, Pilar, and Samal. During the [British occupation of Manila](/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila \"British occupation of Manila\") (1762–1764\\), [Bacolor](/wiki/Bacolor \"Bacolor\") became the provisional Spanish colonial capital and military base. By the end of the 1700s, Pampanga had 16,604 native families and 2,641 [Spanish Filipino families](/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos \"Spanish Filipinos\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf \\|title\\=ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish) \\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{rp\\|539}}[ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2){{rp\\|31,54,113}} and 870 [Chinese Filipino](/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos \"Chinese Filipinos\") families.{{rp\\|460}}",
"The old Pampanga towns of Aliaga, Cabiao, Gapan, San Antonio and San Isidro were ceded to the province of Nueva Ecija in 1848 during the term of Spanish Governor\\-General [Narciso Claveria y Zaldua](/wiki/Narciso_Claveria_y_Zaldua \"Narciso Claveria y Zaldua\"). The municipality of *San Miguel de Mayumo* of Pampanga was yielded to the province of Bulacan in the same provincial boundary configuration in 1848\\.",
"In 1860, the northern towns of Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, Victoria, Tarlac, Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac and Floridablanca were separated from Pampanga and were placed under the jurisdiction of a military command called *Comandancia Militar de Tarlac*. However, in 1873, the four latter towns were returned to Pampanga and the other five became municipalities of the newly created Province of Tarlac.",
""
] |
Infrastructure
--------------
### Telecommunication
Telephone services are provided by [PLDT](/wiki/PLDT "PLDT"), [Digitel](/wiki/Digital_Telecommunications_Philippines "Digital Telecommunications Philippines"), Converge Telecom, Datelcom, the Evangelista Telephone Company, and the Pampanga Telecom Company in the town of Macabebe. The province has 24 public telegraph offices distributed among its towns while the facilities of PT\&T and RCPI were set up to serve the business centers in Angeles, San Fernando City and Guagua.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pia.gov.ph/info/provinces/pampanga.pdf\|title\=Province of Pampanga, A Profile of Region III\|date\=September 2001\|website\=Pia.gov.ph\|access\-date\=September 10, 2016\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821123700/http://www.pia.gov.ph/info/provinces/pampanga.pdf\|archive\-date\=August 21, 2006}}
Several Internet Service provider are available. These include the Angeles Computer Network Specialist, Information Resources Network System, Inc., Mosaic communications Inc., Net Asia Angeles, Phil World On Line and Comclark Network and Technology Corp.
[United Parcel Service](/wiki/United_Parcel_Service "United Parcel Service") (UPS) and [Federal Express](/wiki/Federal_Express "Federal Express") (FedEx) provide international courier services. Their hubs are in the Clark Freeport Zone. They are complemented by four local couriers operating as the communication and baggage of the province. There are three postal district offices and 35 post office stations distributed in the 20 municipalities and two cities of the province.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.pampanga.gov.ph/index.php?id1\=13\&id2\=5\&id3\=0 \|title\=Provincial Government of Pampanga \|website\=Pampanga.gov.ph \|access\-date\=September 10, 2016 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063643/http://www.pampanga.gov.ph/index.php?id1\=13\&id2\=5\&id3\=0 \|url\-status\=live }}
### Water and power
[thumb\|400px\|Pampanga electrical cooperative service areas](/wiki/File:Pampanga_electric_utilities.svg "Pampanga electric utilities.svg")
Potable water supply in the province reaches the populace through three levels namely: Level I (point source system), Level II (communal faucet system), and Level III (individual connections). A well or spring is the pinpointed water source in areas where houses are few as the system is only designed to serve 15 to 25 households. As of 1997, there were 128,571 Level I water system users in the province. The communal faucet system (Level II) serves the rural areas while the Level III system is managed by the [Local Water Utilities Administration](/wiki/Local_Water_Utilities_Administration "Local Water Utilities Administration") (LWUA). The system provides individual house connections to all second and first class private subdivisions.
Electric power is distributed to the majority of the towns through the distribution centers of the Pampanga Electric Cooperative (PELCO) which include PELCO I, II, III. Small parts of Candaba and Macabebe are also supplied by [Manila Electric Company](/wiki/Meralco "Meralco") (Meralco). Angeles and small parts of Mabalacat are supplied by Angeles Electric Corporation (AEC) Villa de Bacolor, Guagua, Sta, Rita, Lubao, Sasmuan, Porac, Mabalacat and small part of Floridablanca are supplied by Pampanga Electric Cooperative II (PELCO II). City of San Fernando and Floridablanca is supplied by San Fernando Electric Company (SFELAPCO).
Power is also transmitted to the province through various transmission lines and substations located within the province, such as the Mexico and Clark substations, and Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak, Mexico–Hermosa, Hermosa–San Jose transmission lines, etc., all of which are operated and maintained by the [National Grid Corporation of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines "National Grid Corporation of the Philippines") (NGCP).
### Transportation
The province of Pampanga is strategically located at the crossroads of central Luzon and is highly accessible by air and land. The province is home to two airstrips: [Basa Air Base](/wiki/Basa_Air_Base "Basa Air Base") in [Floridablanca](/wiki/Floridablanca%2C_Pampanga "Floridablanca, Pampanga"), which is used by the military, and [Clark International Airport](/wiki/Clark_International_Airport "Clark International Airport") in [Clark Freeport Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_Zone "Clark Freeport Zone"). Pampanga has five municipal ports that function as fish landing centers. These are in the municipalities of Guagua, Macabebe, Masantol, [Minalin](/wiki/Minalin "Minalin"), and Sasmuan.
#### Road transport
Land travel to Pampanga is provided by highways and by buses. Buses that travel the routes of Manila\-Bataan, Manila\-Zambales, Manila\-Tarlac, Manila\-Nueva Ecija, Manila\-Bulacan\-Pampanga, and Manila\-Pampanga\-Dagupan serve as connections with the nearby provinces and Metro Manila.
The {{convert\|84\|km}} [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway "North Luzon Expressway") (NLEX) extends from Balintawak in Quezon City, Metro Manila, to Santa Ines in [Mabalacat](/wiki/Mabalacat "Mabalacat"). It passes through the cities and municipalities of [Apalit](/wiki/Apalit "Apalit"), [San Simon](/wiki/San_Simon%2C_Pampanga "San Simon, Pampanga"), [Santo Tomas](/wiki/Santo_Tomas%2C_Pampanga "Santo Tomas, Pampanga"), [San Fernando](/wiki/San_Fernando%2C_Pampanga "San Fernando, Pampanga"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico%2C_Pampanga "Mexico, Pampanga"), [Angeles City](/wiki/Angeles_City "Angeles City"), and ends on Santa Ines in Mabalacat.
The {{convert\|94\|km}} four\-lane [Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway](/wiki/Subic%E2%80%93Clark%E2%80%93Tarlac_Expressway "Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway") (SCTEx) to date, is the longest toll expressway in the Philippines. Its southern terminus is in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and passes through the [Clark Freeport Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_Zone "Clark Freeport Zone") in two interchanges: Clark North and Clark South. The expressway is linked to the [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway "North Luzon Expressway") through the Mabalacat Interchange. Its northern terminus is located at the Central Techno Park in Tarlac City, Tarlac.
Aside from the expressways, national highways also serve the province. Two major national highways serves Pampanga, the [MacArthur Highway](/wiki/MacArthur_Highway "MacArthur Highway") (N2\) and [Jose Abad Santos Avenue](/wiki/Jose_Abad_Santos_Avenue "Jose Abad Santos Avenue") (N3\). Secondary and tertiary national roads, and provincial roads complement the highway backbone.
|
[
"Infrastructure\n--------------",
"### Telecommunication",
"Telephone services are provided by [PLDT](/wiki/PLDT \"PLDT\"), [Digitel](/wiki/Digital_Telecommunications_Philippines \"Digital Telecommunications Philippines\"), Converge Telecom, Datelcom, the Evangelista Telephone Company, and the Pampanga Telecom Company in the town of Macabebe. The province has 24 public telegraph offices distributed among its towns while the facilities of PT\\&T and RCPI were set up to serve the business centers in Angeles, San Fernando City and Guagua.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pia.gov.ph/info/provinces/pampanga.pdf\\|title\\=Province of Pampanga, A Profile of Region III\\|date\\=September 2001\\|website\\=Pia.gov.ph\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821123700/http://www.pia.gov.ph/info/provinces/pampanga.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2006}}",
"Several Internet Service provider are available. These include the Angeles Computer Network Specialist, Information Resources Network System, Inc., Mosaic communications Inc., Net Asia Angeles, Phil World On Line and Comclark Network and Technology Corp.",
"[United Parcel Service](/wiki/United_Parcel_Service \"United Parcel Service\") (UPS) and [Federal Express](/wiki/Federal_Express \"Federal Express\") (FedEx) provide international courier services. Their hubs are in the Clark Freeport Zone. They are complemented by four local couriers operating as the communication and baggage of the province. There are three postal district offices and 35 post office stations distributed in the 20 municipalities and two cities of the province.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pampanga.gov.ph/index.php?id1\\=13\\&id2\\=5\\&id3\\=0 \\|title\\=Provincial Government of Pampanga \\|website\\=Pampanga.gov.ph \\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063643/http://www.pampanga.gov.ph/index.php?id1\\=13\\&id2\\=5\\&id3\\=0 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Water and power",
"[thumb\\|400px\\|Pampanga electrical cooperative service areas](/wiki/File:Pampanga_electric_utilities.svg \"Pampanga electric utilities.svg\")",
"Potable water supply in the province reaches the populace through three levels namely: Level I (point source system), Level II (communal faucet system), and Level III (individual connections). A well or spring is the pinpointed water source in areas where houses are few as the system is only designed to serve 15 to 25 households. As of 1997, there were 128,571 Level I water system users in the province. The communal faucet system (Level II) serves the rural areas while the Level III system is managed by the [Local Water Utilities Administration](/wiki/Local_Water_Utilities_Administration \"Local Water Utilities Administration\") (LWUA). The system provides individual house connections to all second and first class private subdivisions.",
"Electric power is distributed to the majority of the towns through the distribution centers of the Pampanga Electric Cooperative (PELCO) which include PELCO I, II, III. Small parts of Candaba and Macabebe are also supplied by [Manila Electric Company](/wiki/Meralco \"Meralco\") (Meralco). Angeles and small parts of Mabalacat are supplied by Angeles Electric Corporation (AEC) Villa de Bacolor, Guagua, Sta, Rita, Lubao, Sasmuan, Porac, Mabalacat and small part of Floridablanca are supplied by Pampanga Electric Cooperative II (PELCO II). City of San Fernando and Floridablanca is supplied by San Fernando Electric Company (SFELAPCO).",
"Power is also transmitted to the province through various transmission lines and substations located within the province, such as the Mexico and Clark substations, and Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak, Mexico–Hermosa, Hermosa–San Jose transmission lines, etc., all of which are operated and maintained by the [National Grid Corporation of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines \"National Grid Corporation of the Philippines\") (NGCP).",
"### Transportation",
"The province of Pampanga is strategically located at the crossroads of central Luzon and is highly accessible by air and land. The province is home to two airstrips: [Basa Air Base](/wiki/Basa_Air_Base \"Basa Air Base\") in [Floridablanca](/wiki/Floridablanca%2C_Pampanga \"Floridablanca, Pampanga\"), which is used by the military, and [Clark International Airport](/wiki/Clark_International_Airport \"Clark International Airport\") in [Clark Freeport Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_Zone \"Clark Freeport Zone\"). Pampanga has five municipal ports that function as fish landing centers. These are in the municipalities of Guagua, Macabebe, Masantol, [Minalin](/wiki/Minalin \"Minalin\"), and Sasmuan.",
"#### Road transport",
"Land travel to Pampanga is provided by highways and by buses. Buses that travel the routes of Manila\\-Bataan, Manila\\-Zambales, Manila\\-Tarlac, Manila\\-Nueva Ecija, Manila\\-Bulacan\\-Pampanga, and Manila\\-Pampanga\\-Dagupan serve as connections with the nearby provinces and Metro Manila.",
"The {{convert\\|84\\|km}} [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway \"North Luzon Expressway\") (NLEX) extends from Balintawak in Quezon City, Metro Manila, to Santa Ines in [Mabalacat](/wiki/Mabalacat \"Mabalacat\"). It passes through the cities and municipalities of [Apalit](/wiki/Apalit \"Apalit\"), [San Simon](/wiki/San_Simon%2C_Pampanga \"San Simon, Pampanga\"), [Santo Tomas](/wiki/Santo_Tomas%2C_Pampanga \"Santo Tomas, Pampanga\"), [San Fernando](/wiki/San_Fernando%2C_Pampanga \"San Fernando, Pampanga\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico%2C_Pampanga \"Mexico, Pampanga\"), [Angeles City](/wiki/Angeles_City \"Angeles City\"), and ends on Santa Ines in Mabalacat.",
"The {{convert\\|94\\|km}} four\\-lane [Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway](/wiki/Subic%E2%80%93Clark%E2%80%93Tarlac_Expressway \"Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway\") (SCTEx) to date, is the longest toll expressway in the Philippines. Its southern terminus is in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and passes through the [Clark Freeport Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_Zone \"Clark Freeport Zone\") in two interchanges: Clark North and Clark South. The expressway is linked to the [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway \"North Luzon Expressway\") through the Mabalacat Interchange. Its northern terminus is located at the Central Techno Park in Tarlac City, Tarlac.",
"Aside from the expressways, national highways also serve the province. Two major national highways serves Pampanga, the [MacArthur Highway](/wiki/MacArthur_Highway \"MacArthur Highway\") (N2\\) and [Jose Abad Santos Avenue](/wiki/Jose_Abad_Santos_Avenue \"Jose Abad Santos Avenue\") (N3\\). Secondary and tertiary national roads, and provincial roads complement the highway backbone.",
""
] |
### Transportation
The province of Pampanga is strategically located at the crossroads of central Luzon and is highly accessible by air and land. The province is home to two airstrips: [Basa Air Base](/wiki/Basa_Air_Base "Basa Air Base") in [Floridablanca](/wiki/Floridablanca%2C_Pampanga "Floridablanca, Pampanga"), which is used by the military, and [Clark International Airport](/wiki/Clark_International_Airport "Clark International Airport") in [Clark Freeport Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_Zone "Clark Freeport Zone"). Pampanga has five municipal ports that function as fish landing centers. These are in the municipalities of Guagua, Macabebe, Masantol, [Minalin](/wiki/Minalin "Minalin"), and Sasmuan.
#### Road transport
Land travel to Pampanga is provided by highways and by buses. Buses that travel the routes of Manila\-Bataan, Manila\-Zambales, Manila\-Tarlac, Manila\-Nueva Ecija, Manila\-Bulacan\-Pampanga, and Manila\-Pampanga\-Dagupan serve as connections with the nearby provinces and Metro Manila.
The {{convert\|84\|km}} [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway "North Luzon Expressway") (NLEX) extends from Balintawak in Quezon City, Metro Manila, to Santa Ines in [Mabalacat](/wiki/Mabalacat "Mabalacat"). It passes through the cities and municipalities of [Apalit](/wiki/Apalit "Apalit"), [San Simon](/wiki/San_Simon%2C_Pampanga "San Simon, Pampanga"), [Santo Tomas](/wiki/Santo_Tomas%2C_Pampanga "Santo Tomas, Pampanga"), [San Fernando](/wiki/San_Fernando%2C_Pampanga "San Fernando, Pampanga"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico%2C_Pampanga "Mexico, Pampanga"), [Angeles City](/wiki/Angeles_City "Angeles City"), and ends on Santa Ines in Mabalacat.
The {{convert\|94\|km}} four\-lane [Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway](/wiki/Subic%E2%80%93Clark%E2%80%93Tarlac_Expressway "Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway") (SCTEx) to date, is the longest toll expressway in the Philippines. Its southern terminus is in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and passes through the [Clark Freeport Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_Zone "Clark Freeport Zone") in two interchanges: Clark North and Clark South. The expressway is linked to the [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway "North Luzon Expressway") through the Mabalacat Interchange. Its northern terminus is located at the Central Techno Park in Tarlac City, Tarlac.
Aside from the expressways, national highways also serve the province. Two major national highways serves Pampanga, the [MacArthur Highway](/wiki/MacArthur_Highway "MacArthur Highway") (N2\) and [Jose Abad Santos Avenue](/wiki/Jose_Abad_Santos_Avenue "Jose Abad Santos Avenue") (N3\). Secondary and tertiary national roads, and provincial roads complement the highway backbone.
|
[
"### Transportation",
"The province of Pampanga is strategically located at the crossroads of central Luzon and is highly accessible by air and land. The province is home to two airstrips: [Basa Air Base](/wiki/Basa_Air_Base \"Basa Air Base\") in [Floridablanca](/wiki/Floridablanca%2C_Pampanga \"Floridablanca, Pampanga\"), which is used by the military, and [Clark International Airport](/wiki/Clark_International_Airport \"Clark International Airport\") in [Clark Freeport Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_Zone \"Clark Freeport Zone\"). Pampanga has five municipal ports that function as fish landing centers. These are in the municipalities of Guagua, Macabebe, Masantol, [Minalin](/wiki/Minalin \"Minalin\"), and Sasmuan.",
"#### Road transport",
"Land travel to Pampanga is provided by highways and by buses. Buses that travel the routes of Manila\\-Bataan, Manila\\-Zambales, Manila\\-Tarlac, Manila\\-Nueva Ecija, Manila\\-Bulacan\\-Pampanga, and Manila\\-Pampanga\\-Dagupan serve as connections with the nearby provinces and Metro Manila.",
"The {{convert\\|84\\|km}} [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway \"North Luzon Expressway\") (NLEX) extends from Balintawak in Quezon City, Metro Manila, to Santa Ines in [Mabalacat](/wiki/Mabalacat \"Mabalacat\"). It passes through the cities and municipalities of [Apalit](/wiki/Apalit \"Apalit\"), [San Simon](/wiki/San_Simon%2C_Pampanga \"San Simon, Pampanga\"), [Santo Tomas](/wiki/Santo_Tomas%2C_Pampanga \"Santo Tomas, Pampanga\"), [San Fernando](/wiki/San_Fernando%2C_Pampanga \"San Fernando, Pampanga\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico%2C_Pampanga \"Mexico, Pampanga\"), [Angeles City](/wiki/Angeles_City \"Angeles City\"), and ends on Santa Ines in Mabalacat.",
"The {{convert\\|94\\|km}} four\\-lane [Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway](/wiki/Subic%E2%80%93Clark%E2%80%93Tarlac_Expressway \"Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway\") (SCTEx) to date, is the longest toll expressway in the Philippines. Its southern terminus is in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and passes through the [Clark Freeport Zone](/wiki/Clark_Freeport_Zone \"Clark Freeport Zone\") in two interchanges: Clark North and Clark South. The expressway is linked to the [North Luzon Expressway](/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway \"North Luzon Expressway\") through the Mabalacat Interchange. Its northern terminus is located at the Central Techno Park in Tarlac City, Tarlac.",
"Aside from the expressways, national highways also serve the province. Two major national highways serves Pampanga, the [MacArthur Highway](/wiki/MacArthur_Highway \"MacArthur Highway\") (N2\\) and [Jose Abad Santos Avenue](/wiki/Jose_Abad_Santos_Avenue \"Jose Abad Santos Avenue\") (N3\\). Secondary and tertiary national roads, and provincial roads complement the highway backbone.",
""
] |
Government and politics
-----------------------
Like other provinces in the Philippines, Pampanga is governed by a governor and vice governor who are elected to three\-year terms. The governor is the executive head and leads the province's departments in executing the ordinances and improving public services. The vice governor heads a legislative council (Sangguniang Panlalawigan) consisting of board members from the districts.
{{wide image\|PampangaProvincialCapitoljf876\.JPG\|1000px\|{{center\|Pampanga Provincial Capitol}}}}
### Provincial government
{{Further\|Governor of Pampanga}}
Just as the national government, the provincial government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. The judicial branch is administered solely by the [Supreme Court of the Philippines](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines "Supreme Court of the Philippines"). The LGUs have control of the executive and legislative branches.
The executive branch is composed of the governor for the province, mayors for the cities and municipalities, and the barangay captains for the barangays.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dilg.gov.ph/pdf/LGC%20Book%203\.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=April 4, 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326164110/http://www.dilg.gov.ph/pdf/LGC%20Book%203\.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 26, 2009 }} The provincial assembly for the provinces, Sangguniang Panlungsod (city assembly) for the cities, Sangguniang Bayan (town assembly) for the municipalities, Sangguniang Barangay (barangay council), and the [Sangguniang Kabataan](/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan "Sangguniang Kabataan") for the youth sector.
The seat of government is vested upon the governor and other elected officers who hold office at the Provincial Capitol building. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan is the center of [legislation](/wiki/Legislation "Legislation").
The Provincial government is composed of a Governor as the Local Chief Executive of the Province, Vice\-Governor and Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The governor is Dennis "Delta" G. Pineda ([NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition")) and the vice governor is Lilia Pineda (Kambilan).
| \+Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan | District | Board member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | Krizzanel Garbo | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition") |
| 1st | Benjamin Jocson | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition") |
| 2nd | Vacant due to resignation | [Since Apr. 15, 2024](/wiki/Since_Apr._15%2C_2024 "Since Apr. 15, 2024") |
| 2nd | Fritzie Dizon | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition") |
| 2nd | Sajid Khan Eusoof | Kambilan |
| 3rd | Alyssa Michaela Gonzales | Kambilan |
| 3rd | Lucky Dinan Labung | Kambilan |
| 3rd | Ananias Canlas Jr. | [Aksyon Demokratiko](/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko "Aksyon Demokratiko") |
| 4th | Rolando Balingit | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party "Nacionalista Party") |
| 4th | Nelson Calara | Kambilan |
| League | Board member | Party |
| ABC | Terrence Napao | Nonpartisan |
| PCL | Cherry Manalo | NPC |
| SK | John Cruz | Nonpartisan |
### Court system
[thumb\|Façade of Halls of Justice (view from the rear of the Capitolio)](/wiki/File:HallsofJusticePampangajfx.JPG "HallsofJusticePampangajfx.JPG")
The [Supreme Court of the Philippines](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines "Supreme Court of the Philippines") recognizes Pampanga regional trial courts and metropolitan or municipal trial courts within the province and towns, that have an overall jurisdiction in the populace of the province and towns, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno8369\.htm\|title\=PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES AND CODES \- CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY\|first\=Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner, Chan Robles and Associates Law\|last\=Firm\|access\-date\=September 7, 2016\|archive\-date\=September 9, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909093946/http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno8369\.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, "The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980", as amended, created Regional, Metropolitan, Municipal Trial and Circuit Courts. The Third Judicial Region includes RTCs in Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Palayan and San Jose, inter alia:
xxx. There shall be – (c) Seventy\-five Regional Trial judges shall be commissioned for the Third Judicial Region: Twenty\-two branches (Branches XLI to LXII) for the province of Pampanga and the city of Angeles, Branches XLI to XLVIII with seats at San Fernando, Branches XLIX to LIII at Guagua, Branches LIV and LV at Macabebe, and Branches LVI to LXII at Angeles;
The law also created Metropolitan Trial Court in each metropolitan area established by law, a Municipal Trial Court in each of the other cities or municipalities, and a Municipal Circuit Trial Court in each circuit comprising such cities and/or municipalities as are grouped together pursuant to law: three branches for Cabanatuan; in every city which does not form part of a metropolitan area, there shall be a Municipal Trial Court with one branch, except as hereunder provided: Three branches for Angeles;
In each of the municipalities that are not comprised within a metropolitan area and a municipal circuit there shall be a Municipal Trial Court which shall have one branch, except as hereunder provided: Four branches for San Fernando and two branches for Guagua, both of Pampanga.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansabilang129\.html\|title\=THE JUDICIARY REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1980 (B. P. BLG. 129\) \- CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY\|first\=Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner, Chan Robles and Associates Law\|last\=Firm\|access\-date\=September 7, 2016\|archive\-date\=October 12, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012101504/http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansabilang129\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### Mayors
| \+ | City/Municipality | Mayor | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **City of San Fernando** | **Vilma Caluag** | **[PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban "PDP–Laban")** |
| Mabalacat City | Crisostomo Garbo | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition") |
| Apalit | Jun Tetangco | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition") |
| Arayat | Madeth Alejandrino | Kambilan |
| Bacolor | Diman Datu | Kambilan |
| Candaba | [Rene Maglanque](/wiki/Rene_Maglanque "Rene Maglanque") | Kambilan |
| Floridablanca | Darwin Manalansan | [LAKAS](/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD "Lakas–CMD") |
| Guagua | Anthony Joseph Torres | Kambilan |
| Lubao | Esmeralda Pineda | Kambilan |
| Macabebe | Leonardo Flores | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party "Nacionalista Party") |
| Magalang | Maria Lourdes Lacson | Kambilan |
| Masantol | Jose Antonio Bustos | [PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban "PDP–Laban") |
| Mexico | Rodencio Gonzales | [Aksyon Demokratiko](/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko "Aksyon Demokratiko") |
| Minalin | Philip Naguit | [Aksyon Demokratiko](/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko "Aksyon Demokratiko") |
| Porac | Jing Capil | Kambilan |
| San Luis | Dr. Jayson Sagum | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party "Nacionalista Party") |
| San Simon | Abundio Punsalan Jr. | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party "Nacionalista Party") |
| Santa Ana | Ross Gamboa | Kambilan |
| Sta. Rita | Art Salalila | Kambilan |
| Sto. Tomas | John Sambo | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party "Nacionalista Party") |
| Sasmuan | Lina Cabrera | [LAKAS](/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD "Lakas–CMD") |
| *\*Angeles City* | *[Carmelo Lazatin Jr.](/wiki/Carmelo_Lazatin_Jr. "Carmelo Lazatin Jr.")* | *Kambilan* |
|
[
"Government and politics\n-----------------------",
"Like other provinces in the Philippines, Pampanga is governed by a governor and vice governor who are elected to three\\-year terms. The governor is the executive head and leads the province's departments in executing the ordinances and improving public services. The vice governor heads a legislative council (Sangguniang Panlalawigan) consisting of board members from the districts.",
"{{wide image\\|PampangaProvincialCapitoljf876\\.JPG\\|1000px\\|{{center\\|Pampanga Provincial Capitol}}}}",
"### Provincial government",
"{{Further\\|Governor of Pampanga}}",
"Just as the national government, the provincial government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. The judicial branch is administered solely by the [Supreme Court of the Philippines](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines \"Supreme Court of the Philippines\"). The LGUs have control of the executive and legislative branches.",
"The executive branch is composed of the governor for the province, mayors for the cities and municipalities, and the barangay captains for the barangays.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dilg.gov.ph/pdf/LGC%20Book%203\\.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326164110/http://www.dilg.gov.ph/pdf/LGC%20Book%203\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 26, 2009 }} The provincial assembly for the provinces, Sangguniang Panlungsod (city assembly) for the cities, Sangguniang Bayan (town assembly) for the municipalities, Sangguniang Barangay (barangay council), and the [Sangguniang Kabataan](/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan \"Sangguniang Kabataan\") for the youth sector.",
"The seat of government is vested upon the governor and other elected officers who hold office at the Provincial Capitol building. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan is the center of [legislation](/wiki/Legislation \"Legislation\").",
"The Provincial government is composed of a Governor as the Local Chief Executive of the Province, Vice\\-Governor and Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The governor is Dennis \"Delta\" G. Pineda ([NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\")) and the vice governor is Lilia Pineda (Kambilan).",
"",
"| \\+Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan | District | Board member | Party |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1st | Krizzanel Garbo | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\") |\n| 1st | Benjamin Jocson | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\") |\n| 2nd | Vacant due to resignation | [Since Apr. 15, 2024](/wiki/Since_Apr._15%2C_2024 \"Since Apr. 15, 2024\") |\n| 2nd | Fritzie Dizon | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\") |\n| 2nd | Sajid Khan Eusoof | Kambilan |\n| 3rd | Alyssa Michaela Gonzales | Kambilan |\n| 3rd | Lucky Dinan Labung | Kambilan |\n| 3rd | Ananias Canlas Jr. | [Aksyon Demokratiko](/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko \"Aksyon Demokratiko\") |\n| 4th | Rolando Balingit | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party \"Nacionalista Party\") |\n| 4th | Nelson Calara | Kambilan |\n| League | Board member | Party |\n| ABC | Terrence Napao | Nonpartisan |\n| PCL | Cherry Manalo | NPC |\n| SK | John Cruz | Nonpartisan |",
"### Court system",
"[thumb\\|Façade of Halls of Justice (view from the rear of the Capitolio)](/wiki/File:HallsofJusticePampangajfx.JPG \"HallsofJusticePampangajfx.JPG\")",
"The [Supreme Court of the Philippines](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines \"Supreme Court of the Philippines\") recognizes Pampanga regional trial courts and metropolitan or municipal trial courts within the province and towns, that have an overall jurisdiction in the populace of the province and towns, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno8369\\.htm\\|title\\=PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES AND CODES \\- CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY\\|first\\=Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner, Chan Robles and Associates Law\\|last\\=Firm\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=September 9, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909093946/http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno8369\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, \"The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980\", as amended, created Regional, Metropolitan, Municipal Trial and Circuit Courts. The Third Judicial Region includes RTCs in Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Palayan and San Jose, inter alia:\nxxx. There shall be – (c) Seventy\\-five Regional Trial judges shall be commissioned for the Third Judicial Region: Twenty\\-two branches (Branches XLI to LXII) for the province of Pampanga and the city of Angeles, Branches XLI to XLVIII with seats at San Fernando, Branches XLIX to LIII at Guagua, Branches LIV and LV at Macabebe, and Branches LVI to LXII at Angeles;",
"The law also created Metropolitan Trial Court in each metropolitan area established by law, a Municipal Trial Court in each of the other cities or municipalities, and a Municipal Circuit Trial Court in each circuit comprising such cities and/or municipalities as are grouped together pursuant to law: three branches for Cabanatuan; in every city which does not form part of a metropolitan area, there shall be a Municipal Trial Court with one branch, except as hereunder provided: Three branches for Angeles;",
"In each of the municipalities that are not comprised within a metropolitan area and a municipal circuit there shall be a Municipal Trial Court which shall have one branch, except as hereunder provided: Four branches for San Fernando and two branches for Guagua, both of Pampanga.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansabilang129\\.html\\|title\\=THE JUDICIARY REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1980 (B. P. BLG. 129\\) \\- CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY\\|first\\=Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner, Chan Robles and Associates Law\\|last\\=Firm\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=October 12, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012101504/http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansabilang129\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Mayors",
"",
"| \\+ | City/Municipality | Mayor | Party |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **City of San Fernando** | **Vilma Caluag** | **[PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban \"PDP–Laban\")** |\n| Mabalacat City | Crisostomo Garbo | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\") |\n| Apalit | Jun Tetangco | [NPC](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\") |\n| Arayat | Madeth Alejandrino | Kambilan |\n| Bacolor | Diman Datu | Kambilan |\n| Candaba | [Rene Maglanque](/wiki/Rene_Maglanque \"Rene Maglanque\") | Kambilan |\n| Floridablanca | Darwin Manalansan | [LAKAS](/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD \"Lakas–CMD\") |\n| Guagua | Anthony Joseph Torres | Kambilan |\n| Lubao | Esmeralda Pineda | Kambilan |\n| Macabebe | Leonardo Flores | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party \"Nacionalista Party\") |\n| Magalang | Maria Lourdes Lacson | Kambilan |\n| Masantol | Jose Antonio Bustos | [PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban \"PDP–Laban\") |\n| Mexico | Rodencio Gonzales | [Aksyon Demokratiko](/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko \"Aksyon Demokratiko\") |\n| Minalin | Philip Naguit | [Aksyon Demokratiko](/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko \"Aksyon Demokratiko\") |\n| Porac | Jing Capil | Kambilan |\n| San Luis | Dr. Jayson Sagum | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party \"Nacionalista Party\") |\n| San Simon | Abundio Punsalan Jr. | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party \"Nacionalista Party\") |\n| Santa Ana | Ross Gamboa | Kambilan |\n| Sta. Rita | Art Salalila | Kambilan |\n| Sto. Tomas | John Sambo | [Nacionalista](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party \"Nacionalista Party\") |\n| Sasmuan | Lina Cabrera | [LAKAS](/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD \"Lakas–CMD\") |\n| *\\*Angeles City* | *[Carmelo Lazatin Jr.](/wiki/Carmelo_Lazatin_Jr. \"Carmelo Lazatin Jr.\")* | *Kambilan* |",
""
] |
Political geography and history
-------------------------------
Vancouver City was a multi seat district, electing from two to six MLAs, before being dismantled in 1928\.
Each voter could cast as many votes as there were seats to fill in the district.Electoral History of BC, 1871–1986, p. 545
In most of the elections from 1903, when party labels were first used formally, to 1920, the [Block Voting](/wiki/Block_Voting "Block Voting") system in use meant that one party took all of the city's seats. But in most cases, that one party took less than half the votes.
From 1903 to 1912, the Conservative party took all of the Vancouver City seats each time, with the most popular Conservative candidate taking less than 11 percent of votes cast.
In 1916 and 1920, the Liberal party took five of Vancouver City's six seats, with a Conservatives taking one seat.
In 1924, the Liberal party took five of Vancouver City's six seats, with a "Provincial Party" candidate taking one seat.
In 1928, the Conservative party took all six of Vancouver City's seats.
Following the 1928 election, Vancouver City was converted into four new districts, electing a total of 9 MLAs.
|
[
"Political geography and history\n-------------------------------",
"Vancouver City was a multi seat district, electing from two to six MLAs, before being dismantled in 1928\\.",
"Each voter could cast as many votes as there were seats to fill in the district.Electoral History of BC, 1871–1986, p. 545",
"In most of the elections from 1903, when party labels were first used formally, to 1920, the [Block Voting](/wiki/Block_Voting \"Block Voting\") system in use meant that one party took all of the city's seats. But in most cases, that one party took less than half the votes.",
"From 1903 to 1912, the Conservative party took all of the Vancouver City seats each time, with the most popular Conservative candidate taking less than 11 percent of votes cast.",
"In 1916 and 1920, the Liberal party took five of Vancouver City's six seats, with a Conservatives taking one seat.",
"In 1924, the Liberal party took five of Vancouver City's six seats, with a \"Provincial Party\" candidate taking one seat.",
"In 1928, the Conservative party took all six of Vancouver City's seats.",
"Following the 1928 election, Vancouver City was converted into four new districts, electing a total of 9 MLAs.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
The film takes place in [Veles](/wiki/Veles_%28city%29 "Veles (city)") during the [Republic of Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia "Republic of Macedonia")'s post\-independence years. It tells the story of 13\-year\-old Marko Trifunovski (Marko Kovacevic), a talented but abused [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonians_%28ethnic_group%29 "Macedonians (ethnic group)") schoolboy whose harsh circumstances gradually transform him into a criminal. Two mentors offer Marko hopes of a better future, but they eventually fail him, leading to his catastrophic change. The illusory nature of these hopes is foreshadowed by the film's epigraph, an aphorism from [Friedrich Nietzsche](/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche")'s *[Human, All Too Human](/wiki/Human%2C_All_Too_Human "Human, All Too Human")*: "Hope is the worst of evils, for it prolongs the torments of man."A different translation of this Nietzsche quote is available at [Wikiquote](/wiki/q:Human%2C_All_Too_Human "Human, All Too Human") as Aphorism 71\. URL retrieved May 2008\.
The film opens with Marko's difficult circumstances. Living in a run\-down house beside a railway track, he suffers neglect from his family. They consist of his father Lazo ([Vlado Jovanovski](/wiki/Vlado_Jovanovski "Vlado Jovanovski")), a drunkard addicted to [bingo](/wiki/Bingo_card "Bingo card") and involved in a workers' strike; his cowed, unsupportive mother Angja (Elena Mosevska); and his promiscuous, abusive sister Fanny (Slavica Manaskova). At school, Marko suffers torment from bullies led by Levi (Martin Jovchevski), son of the [Albanian](/wiki/Albanians_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia "Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia") police chief Blashko ([Dejan Acimovic](/wiki/Dejan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87 "Dejan Aćimović")). To escape his troubles, Marko often takes refuge in a local train graveyard, playing chess to pass time.
A sensitive boy, Marko has a talent for composing poetry; a character half\-jokingly refers to him as "[Kočo Racin](/wiki/Ko%C4%8Do_Racin "Kočo Racin") II". A [Bosnian](/wiki/Bosniaks "Bosniaks") teacher of [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language "Macedonian language") ([Mustafa Nadarevic](/wiki/Mustafa_Nadarevic "Mustafa Nadarevic")) becomes Marko's mentor. He encourages Marko to take part in a French\-sponsored poetry contest whose winners will represent Macedonia in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), as well as to recite his entry during their school's upcoming [Independence Day](/wiki/Den_na_nezavisnosta "Den na nezavisnosta") celebrations. He fills Marko with hopes of escaping his hometown through literary achievement to Paris, the "city of art".
However, Marko's efforts gain only indifference from his family and mockery from school bullies. Although a kind man, his teacher offers little help. He flees when he witnesses Levi's gang beating up Marko outside his own apartment, and his attempts to banish Levi from his classes fail because of Blashko's intervention. Furthermore, Fanny begins an affair with a black [Kosovo Force](/wiki/Kosovo_Force "Kosovo Force") soldier, providing Marko's racist bullies with more fuel.
Meanwhile, a scarred soldier ([Nikola Djuricko](/wiki/Nikola_Djuricko "Nikola Djuricko")) has taken up residence in the train graveyard. He plays chess with Marko, replacing a missing pawn with a bullet. Coincidentally, his name turns out to be Paris, the city of Marko's hopes. Paris becomes Marko's new mentor, teaching the boy to fend for himself: "Eat or be eaten." He promises to take Marko away from his hometown in the future. Under Paris' influence, Marko begins to drink, smoke, and steal. They commit several burglaries to fund their future journey, including one of a local [Orthodox](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church "Macedonian Orthodox Church") church.
Marko is eventually caught peddling stolen perfumes. Taken into police custody, he is blackmailed by Blashko into becoming Levi's tutor. Levi in turn blackmails Marko into joining his gang for a school break\-in, threatening him with his father's gun. Meanwhile, Marko's teacher subjects his poetry to severe criticism, devastating the boy. At his wits' end, Marko begs Paris to teach him how to shoot a gun. Dismissive at first, Paris finally agrees.
At night, Levi's gang and Marko break into school. They vandalize its main office, setting student records on fire and locking Marko inside the burning room. Scarred in the face by a broken bottle and recognized by the night watchman, Marko escapes and seeks refuge in the train graveyard. There, he discovers that Paris has abandoned him, leaving behind his pawn bullet.
Summoned by the principal to account for the vandalism, Marko refuses to denounce Levi's gang. He is condemned as a delinquent and expelled from school. Marko's teacher offers him no help, instead reporting him for alcohol and tobacco abuse. He replaces Marko with classmate Jasmina (Marija Sikalovska) for their Independence Day poetry recital, ghostwriting a patriotic poem for her.
Confronting Levi's gang, Marko takes away Levi's gun by force and loads it with Paris' bullet. Armed, he confronts his teacher during their school's Independence Day celebrations and denounces him for betraying his hopes. "There is no escape from the sewer," he concludes, shooting his teacher point\-blank. As the boy staggers away, the film lingers on a [close\-up](/wiki/Close-up "Close-up") of his teacher's corpse, closing to the strains of [Erik Satie](/wiki/Erik_Satie "Erik Satie")'s *[Gnossienne No. 3](/wiki/Gnossienne "Gnossienne")*.Peter L'Official identifies the Satie music in [his *Village Voice* review.](http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0611,lofficial,72542,20.html) For corroboration, midi files of the Satie music are available at [Kunst der Fuge.](http://www.kunstderfuge.com/satie.htm) Retrieved 30 May 2008\.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"The film takes place in [Veles](/wiki/Veles_%28city%29 \"Veles (city)\") during the [Republic of Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia \"Republic of Macedonia\")'s post\\-independence years. It tells the story of 13\\-year\\-old Marko Trifunovski (Marko Kovacevic), a talented but abused [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonians_%28ethnic_group%29 \"Macedonians (ethnic group)\") schoolboy whose harsh circumstances gradually transform him into a criminal. Two mentors offer Marko hopes of a better future, but they eventually fail him, leading to his catastrophic change. The illusory nature of these hopes is foreshadowed by the film's epigraph, an aphorism from [Friedrich Nietzsche](/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche \"Friedrich Nietzsche\")'s *[Human, All Too Human](/wiki/Human%2C_All_Too_Human \"Human, All Too Human\")*: \"Hope is the worst of evils, for it prolongs the torments of man.\"A different translation of this Nietzsche quote is available at [Wikiquote](/wiki/q:Human%2C_All_Too_Human \"Human, All Too Human\") as Aphorism 71\\. URL retrieved May 2008\\.",
"The film opens with Marko's difficult circumstances. Living in a run\\-down house beside a railway track, he suffers neglect from his family. They consist of his father Lazo ([Vlado Jovanovski](/wiki/Vlado_Jovanovski \"Vlado Jovanovski\")), a drunkard addicted to [bingo](/wiki/Bingo_card \"Bingo card\") and involved in a workers' strike; his cowed, unsupportive mother Angja (Elena Mosevska); and his promiscuous, abusive sister Fanny (Slavica Manaskova). At school, Marko suffers torment from bullies led by Levi (Martin Jovchevski), son of the [Albanian](/wiki/Albanians_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia \"Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia\") police chief Blashko ([Dejan Acimovic](/wiki/Dejan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87 \"Dejan Aćimović\")). To escape his troubles, Marko often takes refuge in a local train graveyard, playing chess to pass time.",
"A sensitive boy, Marko has a talent for composing poetry; a character half\\-jokingly refers to him as \"[Kočo Racin](/wiki/Ko%C4%8Do_Racin \"Kočo Racin\") II\". A [Bosnian](/wiki/Bosniaks \"Bosniaks\") teacher of [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language \"Macedonian language\") ([Mustafa Nadarevic](/wiki/Mustafa_Nadarevic \"Mustafa Nadarevic\")) becomes Marko's mentor. He encourages Marko to take part in a French\\-sponsored poetry contest whose winners will represent Macedonia in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), as well as to recite his entry during their school's upcoming [Independence Day](/wiki/Den_na_nezavisnosta \"Den na nezavisnosta\") celebrations. He fills Marko with hopes of escaping his hometown through literary achievement to Paris, the \"city of art\".",
"However, Marko's efforts gain only indifference from his family and mockery from school bullies. Although a kind man, his teacher offers little help. He flees when he witnesses Levi's gang beating up Marko outside his own apartment, and his attempts to banish Levi from his classes fail because of Blashko's intervention. Furthermore, Fanny begins an affair with a black [Kosovo Force](/wiki/Kosovo_Force \"Kosovo Force\") soldier, providing Marko's racist bullies with more fuel.",
"Meanwhile, a scarred soldier ([Nikola Djuricko](/wiki/Nikola_Djuricko \"Nikola Djuricko\")) has taken up residence in the train graveyard. He plays chess with Marko, replacing a missing pawn with a bullet. Coincidentally, his name turns out to be Paris, the city of Marko's hopes. Paris becomes Marko's new mentor, teaching the boy to fend for himself: \"Eat or be eaten.\" He promises to take Marko away from his hometown in the future. Under Paris' influence, Marko begins to drink, smoke, and steal. They commit several burglaries to fund their future journey, including one of a local [Orthodox](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church \"Macedonian Orthodox Church\") church.",
"Marko is eventually caught peddling stolen perfumes. Taken into police custody, he is blackmailed by Blashko into becoming Levi's tutor. Levi in turn blackmails Marko into joining his gang for a school break\\-in, threatening him with his father's gun. Meanwhile, Marko's teacher subjects his poetry to severe criticism, devastating the boy. At his wits' end, Marko begs Paris to teach him how to shoot a gun. Dismissive at first, Paris finally agrees.",
"At night, Levi's gang and Marko break into school. They vandalize its main office, setting student records on fire and locking Marko inside the burning room. Scarred in the face by a broken bottle and recognized by the night watchman, Marko escapes and seeks refuge in the train graveyard. There, he discovers that Paris has abandoned him, leaving behind his pawn bullet.",
"Summoned by the principal to account for the vandalism, Marko refuses to denounce Levi's gang. He is condemned as a delinquent and expelled from school. Marko's teacher offers him no help, instead reporting him for alcohol and tobacco abuse. He replaces Marko with classmate Jasmina (Marija Sikalovska) for their Independence Day poetry recital, ghostwriting a patriotic poem for her.",
"Confronting Levi's gang, Marko takes away Levi's gun by force and loads it with Paris' bullet. Armed, he confronts his teacher during their school's Independence Day celebrations and denounces him for betraying his hopes. \"There is no escape from the sewer,\" he concludes, shooting his teacher point\\-blank. As the boy staggers away, the film lingers on a [close\\-up](/wiki/Close-up \"Close-up\") of his teacher's corpse, closing to the strains of [Erik Satie](/wiki/Erik_Satie \"Erik Satie\")'s *[Gnossienne No. 3](/wiki/Gnossienne \"Gnossienne\")*.Peter L'Official identifies the Satie music in [his *Village Voice* review.](http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0611,lofficial,72542,20.html) For corroboration, midi files of the Satie music are available at [Kunst der Fuge.](http://www.kunstderfuge.com/satie.htm) Retrieved 30 May 2008\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
### 1970s: *Illuminatus*, Big in Japan, and Zoo
In 1975 Drummond began working at the [Everyman Theatre, Liverpool](/wiki/Everyman_Theatre%2C_Liverpool "Everyman Theatre, Liverpool") as a carpenter and scene painter. In 1976 he was the set designer for the first stage production of *[The Illuminatus Trilogy](/wiki/The_Illuminatus_Trilogy "The Illuminatus Trilogy")*,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/books/shelf\-life\-bill\-drummond\-reviews\-his\-own\-back\-catalogue\-1359029\.html\|title\=Shelf life: Bill Drummond reviews his own back catalogue\|first\=Bill\|last\=Drummond\|author\-link\=Bill Drummond\|date\=19 October 1996\|access\-date\=27 February 2020\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]}} a 12\-hour performance which opened on 23 November 1976, and which was staged by [Ken Campbell](/wiki/Ken_Campbell_%28actor%29 "Ken Campbell (actor)")'s "Science Fiction Theatre of Liverpool".{{Cite magazine\|magazine\=Gneurosis\|date\=1991\|title\=Ken Campbell\|url\=http://www.frogboy.freeuk.com/ken.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712180409/http://www.frogboy.freeuk.com/ken.html\|archive\-date\=12 July 2006\|type\=interview}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ken\-campbell\-actor\-writer\-and\-director\-famed\-for\-his\-epic\-plays\-and\-oneman\-shows\-917169\.html \|title\=Ken Campbell: Actor, writer and director famed for his epic plays and one\-man shows – Obituaries, News \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\= 3 September 2008\|access\-date\=4 March 2020 \| first\=Robert\|last\=Hanks}} The production transferred to the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/7081/history\-of\-the\-nt/denys\-lasduns\-national\-theatre.html \|title\=Denys Lasdun's National Theatre\|publisher\=National Theatre \|quote\=The National opened theatre\-by\-theatre, as the building became available. The Lyttelton opened first in March 1976, with a season of plays transferred from the Company's first home, the \[\[Old Vic]]. It was followed by the Olivier in October of that year with \[\[Tamburlaine The Great]]; the Cottesloe opened on 4 March 1977 with Illuminatus!, an eight\-hour play by \[\[Ken Campbell]]. The Queen officially opened the National Theatre on 26 October 1976\. \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119061721/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/7081/history\-of\-the\-nt/denys\-lasduns\-national\-theatre.html \|archive\-date\=19 November 2009}} and then the [Roundhouse](/wiki/Roundhouse_%28venue%29 "Roundhouse (venue)"), in London. According to Campbell, Drummond became known as "the man who went for [Araldite](/wiki/Araldite "Araldite")": "In the middle of a tour, Drummond announced he was popping out to get some glue – and never returned."{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/nov/18/bill\-drummond\-five\-lessons\-i\-learned\-from\-ken\-campbell\|title\=Bill Drummond: the five lessons I learned from Ken Campbell\|first\=Bill\|last\=Drummond\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=18 November 2014\|access\-date\=10 March 2020}}{{Cite news\|last\=McCormick\|first\=Neil\|author\-link\=Neil McCormick\|title\=Yes, this is the cutting edge of rave music\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|location\=London\|department\=The Arts\|page\=26\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4710794/Yes\-this\-is\-the\-cutting\-edge\-of\-rave\-music.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226082656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4710794/Yes\-this\-is\-the\-cutting\-edge\-of\-rave\-music.html\|archive\-date\=26 February 2016\|date\=11 October 1998\|access\-date\=11 March 2020}} Drummond later wrote that none of his career would have happened as it did if not for what he learnt from Campbell, starting with the advice "Bill, don't bother doing anything unless it is heroic!"{{Cite magazine\|url\=https://thequietus.com/articles/21674\-the\-klf\-justified\-ancients\-of\-mu\-mu\-bill\-drummond\-jimmy\-cauty\|title\=Embrace The Contradictions: The Strange World Of... The KLF\|first\=Ben\|last\=Graham\|date\=1 February 2017\|magazine\=\[\[The Quietus]]\|access\-date\=10 March 2020}}
After absconding from the *Illuminatus!* production in London, Drummond returned to Liverpool and co\-founded the band [Big in Japan](/wiki/Big_in_Japan_%28band%29 "Big in Japan (band)"). Other members included [Holly Johnson](/wiki/Holly_Johnson "Holly Johnson") ([Frankie Goes to Hollywood](/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood "Frankie Goes to Hollywood")), [Budgie](/wiki/Budgie_%28drummer%29 "Budgie (drummer)") ([Siouxsie and the Banshees](/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees "Siouxsie and the Banshees")), [Jayne Casey](/wiki/Jayne_Casey "Jayne Casey") ([Pink Military](/wiki/Pink_Military "Pink Military")/[Pink Industry](/wiki/Pink_Industry "Pink Industry")) and [Ian Broudie](/wiki/Ian_Broudie "Ian Broudie") ([The Lightning Seeds](/wiki/The_Lightning_Seeds "The Lightning Seeds")).{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=271\|title\=Big in Japan – Where are they now?\|work\=\[\[Q Magazine\|Q]]\|date\=January 1992\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112152/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=271 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2016 }} After the band's demise, Drummond and another member, his best friend [David Balfe](/wiki/David_Balfe "David Balfe"), founded [Zoo Records](/wiki/Zoo_Records "Zoo Records"). Zoo's first release was Big in Japan's posthumous EP, *[From Y To Z and Never Again](/wiki/From_Y_To_Z_and_Never_Again_%28Album%29 "From Y To Z and Never Again (Album)")*. They went on to act as producers of the debut albums by [Echo \& the Bunnymen](/wiki/Echo_%26_the_Bunnymen "Echo & the Bunnymen") and [The Teardrop Explodes](/wiki/The_Teardrop_Explodes "The Teardrop Explodes"), both of which Drummond would later manage somewhat idiosyncratically. With Zoo Music Ltd, Drummond and Balfe were also music publishers for [Zodiac Mindwarp and The Love Reaction](/wiki/Zodiac_Mindwarp_and_The_Love_Reaction "Zodiac Mindwarp and The Love Reaction") and [The Proclaimers](/wiki/The_Proclaimers "The Proclaimers"). The production team of Drummond and Balfe was christened The Chameleons, who recorded the single "Touch" together with singer Lori Lartey as [Lori and the Chameleons](/wiki/Lori_and_the_Chameleons "Lori and the Chameleons"){{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=359\|title\=Tate tat and arty\|work\=\[\[NME]]\|date\=20 November 1993\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112826/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=359\|archive\-date\=16 September 2016}} *passim*. and were involved with the production on Echo \& the Bunnymen's [debut album](/wiki/Crocodiles_%28album%29 "Crocodiles (album)"), released on the [Korova](/wiki/Korova_%28record_label%29 "Korova (record label)") label.
### 1980s: A\&R man \& solo recording artist
Drummond later took a job in the mainstream music business as an [A\&R](/wiki/A%26R "A&R") consultant for the label [WEA](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group") working with, amongst others, [Strawberry Switchblade](/wiki/Strawberry_Switchblade "Strawberry Switchblade") and [Brilliant](/wiki/Brilliant_%28band%29 "Brilliant (band)"). In July 1986, on his 33 and a third birthday, Drummond repented his corporate involvement and resigned his job by way of a "ringingly quixotic press release": "I will be 33\.5 (sic) years old in September, a time for a revolution in my life. There is a mountain to climb the hard way, and I want to see the world from the top..."{{refn\|group\=n\|Drummond's 1986 press release, quoted by Shaw in ''\[\[GQ]]'' magazine, April 1995}} (In an interview in December 1990, Drummond recalled spending half a million pounds at WEA on the band [Brilliant](/wiki/Brilliant_%28band%29 "Brilliant (band)") – for whom he envisioned massive worldwide success – only for them to completely flop. "At that point I thought 'What am I doing this for?' and I got out."){{cite interview \|last\=Drummond\|first\=Bill\|interviewer\=\[\[Richard Skinner (broadcaster)\|Richard Skinner]] \|title\=Saturday Sequence \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Radio 1]] \|date\=December 1990\|url\=http://www.brandnew.co.uk/klf/billdrummond/Bill%20Drummond%20Interview\_Radio1%20Dec90\.mp3\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524180959/http://www.brandnew.co.uk/klf/billdrummond/Bill%20Drummond%20Interview\_Radio1%20Dec90\.mp3 \|archive\-date\=24 May 2006 }}
Drummond was "obviously very sharp," said WEA chairman Rob Dickens, "and he knew the business. But he was too radical to be happy inside a corporate structure. He was better off working as an outsider."{{LibraryOfMu\|tl\=news\|mu\-id\=384\|last\=Sharkey\|first\=Alix\|title\=Trash Art \& Kreation\|work\=\[\[The Guardian\|The Guardian Weekend]]\|date\=21 May 1994\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916110256/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=384\|archive\-date\=16 September 2016}}
Later in the year, Drummond issued a solo album, *[The Man](/wiki/The_Man_%28Bill_Drummond_album%29 "The Man (Bill Drummond album)")*, a country/folk music recording, backed by Australian rock group [The Triffids](/wiki/The_Triffids "The Triffids"). The album was released on Creation Records{{cite web\|url\=http://www.discogs.com/Bill\-Drummond\-The\-Man/release/2329417 \|title\=Bill Drummond – The Man (Vinyl, LP, Album) at Discogs \|website\=Discogs.com \|access\-date\=13 August 2012}} and included the [sardonic](/wiki/Sardonic "Sardonic") "[Julian Cope](/wiki/Julian_Cope "Julian Cope") Is Dead", where he outlined his fantasy of shooting the [Teardrop Explodes](/wiki/Teardrop_Explodes "Teardrop Explodes") frontman in the head, to ensure the band's early demise and subsequent legendary status. The song has commonly been seen as a reply to the Cope song "Bill Drummond Said".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bar\-none.com/bios/drumbio.html \|title\=Bill Drummond \|website\=Bar\-none.com \|access\-date\=15 January 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206211828/http://www.bar\-none.com/bios/drumbio.html \|archive\-date\=6 February 2012}}{{cite web \|last\=Johnston \|first\=Graham \|url\=http://www.beefheart.com/zine/001/45rm.htm \|title\=Clicks and Klangs – Bill Drummond – 45 \|website\=Beefheart.com \|access\-date\=15 January 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207155057/http://www.beefheart.com/zine/001/45rm.htm \|archive\-date\=7 February 2012}} Drummond wrote and performed "The Manager", filmed by [Bill Butt](/wiki/Bill_Butt "Bill Butt"){{KLFDiscography}} in which he lamented the state of the music industry and offered his services at £100 a time to help fix it; one of his complaints was about [remixes](/wiki/Remix "Remix"): "songs have to be written, not layered".{{Cite AV media\|title\=The King of Joy\|first\=Bill\|last\=Drummond\|chapter\=The Manager\|type\=B\-side\|minutes\=6\|publisher\=\[\[Creation Records]]\|id\=CRE 39T\|year\=1987}} The spoken\-word recording also appeared as a B\-side, and on some compilations as "The Manager's Speech".
*The Man* received positive reviews – including 4 stars from *[Q Magazine](/wiki/Q_Magazine "Q Magazine")*;{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=483\|last\=Du Noyer\|first\=Paul\|author\-link\=Paul Du Noyer\|title\=The Man\|type\=Review\|work\=\[\[Q (magazine)\|Q]]\|date\=December 1986\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115342/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=483 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2016 }} and 5 from *Sounds* Magazine who called the album a "touching if idiosyncratic biographical statement".{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=15\|last\=Wilkinson\|first\=Roy\|author\-link\=Roy Wilkinson\|title\=The Man\|type\=review\|work\=\[\[Sounds (magazine)\|Sounds]]\|date\=8 November 1986 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113756/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=15 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2016 }} Drummond intended to focus on writing books once *The Man* had been issued but, as he recalled in 1990, "That only lasted three months, until I had an\[other] idea for a record and got dragged back into it all".
### 1987–1992: The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, The Timelords and The KLF
{{Main\|The KLF}}
[thumb\|right\|The KLF's "Pyramid Blaster" logo](/wiki/File:Pyramidblaster.gif "Pyramidblaster.gif")
While out walking on [New Year's Day](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day "New Year's Day") 1987, Drummond formulated a plan to make a [hip\-hop](/wiki/Hip-hop "Hip-hop") record. However, "I wasn't brave enough to go and do it myself", he said. "...although I can play the guitar, and I can knock out a few things on the piano, I knew nothing, personally, about the technology. And, I thought, I knew Jimmy, I knew he was a like spirit, we share similar tastes and backgrounds in music and things. So I phoned him up that day and said 'Let's form a band called The Justified Ancients of Mu\-Mu'. And he knew exactly, to coin a phrase, 'where I was coming from'".{{Cite episode \|title\=It's a Steal – Sampling \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yrr89 \|series\=The Story of Pop \|station\=\[\[BBC Radio 1]] \|number\=48 \|language\=en \|author\=\[\[Alan Freeman]] \|author2\=Bill Drummond \|minutes\=31}} First broadcast in 1994, per {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2016/03/the\-story\-of\-pop\|title\=The Story of Pop\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Radio 6 Music]] \|access\-date\=9 March 2020}}
Drummond and Cauty (who Drummond had signed to [Food](/wiki/Food_Records "Food Records")/[WEA](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group") as a member of Brilliant) released their first single, [The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu](/wiki/The_Justified_Ancients_of_Mu_Mu "The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu")'s "[All You Need Is Love](/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Love_%28The_JAMs_song%29 "All You Need Is Love (The JAMs song)")", in March 1987\. This was followed by an album – *[1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)](/wiki/1987_%28What_the_Fuck_Is_Going_On%3F%29 "1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)")* – in June of the same year, and a high\-profile copyright dispute with [ABBA](/wiki/ABBA "ABBA") and the [Mechanical\-Copyright Protection Society](/wiki/Mechanical-Copyright_Protection_Society "Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society")."Thank You for the Music", *New Musical Express*, 17 October 1987\. A second album – *[Who Killed The JAMs?](/wiki/Who_Killed_The_JAMs%3F "Who Killed The JAMs?")*, also the last album under the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs) name, was released in February 1988\.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2018}}
Later in 1988, Drummond and Cauty released a 'novelty' pop single, "[Doctorin' the Tardis](/wiki/Doctorin%27_the_Tardis "Doctorin' the Tardis")" as The Timelords. The song reached number one in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart") on 12 June, and charted highly in Australia and New Zealand. On the back of this success, the duo self\-published a book, *[The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way)](/wiki/The_Manual "The Manual")*.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2018}} In late 1988, the duo and released their first singles under the moniker [The KLF](/wiki/The_KLF "The KLF"), "[Burn the Bastards](/wiki/Burn_the_Bastards "Burn the Bastards")" and "[Burn the Beat](/wiki/Burn_the_Beat "Burn the Beat")" (both taken from the JAMs' last album). (From late 1987, Drummond and Cauty's independent record label had been named "[KLF Communications](/wiki/KLF_Communications "KLF Communications")".) As The KLF, Drummond and Cauty would amass fame and fortune. "[What Time Is Love?](/wiki/What_Time_Is_Love%3F "What Time Is Love?")" – a signature song which they would revisit and revitalise several times in the coming years – saw its first release in July 1988, and its success spawned an album, *[The "What Time Is Love?" Story](/wiki/The_%22What_Time_Is_Love%3F%22_Story "The ")*, in September 1989\.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2018}}
*[Chill Out](/wiki/Chill_Out_%28KLF_album%29 "Chill Out (KLF album)")*, an [ambient house](/wiki/Ambient_house "Ambient house") album which had its roots in Cauty's chill\-out sessions with [The Orb](/wiki/The_Orb "The Orb")'s [Alex Paterson](/wiki/Alex_Paterson "Alex Paterson"), was released in February 1990\. Described by *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* as "The KLF's comedown classic",Fields, Paddy, "And you thought they were dead", *The Times* (London) ISSN 0140\-0460 , 4 May 2001, Features p2\. *Chill Out* was named the fifth best dance album of all time in a 1996 *[Mixmag](/wiki/Mixmag "Mixmag")* feature.{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=478\|first\=Dom\|last\= Phillips\|work\=\[\[Mixmag]]\|title\=50 greatest dance albums – No. 5, Chill Out – The KLF\|date\=1 March 1996\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916110651/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=478\|archive\-date\=16 September 2016}}
[thumb\|left\|180px\|The KLF collaborated with [Tammy Wynette](/wiki/Tammy_Wynette "Tammy Wynette") on "[Justified \& Ancient](/wiki/Justified_%26_Ancient "Justified & Ancient")", released in 1991 and became an international success](/wiki/File:Tammy_Wynette.JPG "Tammy Wynette.JPG")
The KLF's commercial success peaked in 1991, with *[The White Room](/wiki/The_White_Room_%28KLF_album%29 "The White Room (KLF album)")* album and the accompanying "Stadium House" singles, remixes of 1988's "What Time Is Love?", 1989's "[3 a.m. Eternal](/wiki/3%C2%A0a.m._Eternal "3 a.m. Eternal")", 1990's "[Last Train to Trancentral](/wiki/Last_Train_to_Trancentral "Last Train to Trancentral")"; and "[Justified and Ancient](/wiki/Justified_and_Ancient "Justified and Ancient")", a new song based on a sample from *1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)*{{citation needed\|date\=January 2018}} In 1992, The KLF were awarded the "Best British group" [BRIT Award](/wiki/BRIT_Awards "BRIT Awards"). With grindcore group [Extreme Noise Terror](/wiki/Extreme_Noise_Terror "Extreme Noise Terror"), The KLF performed a live "violently antagonistic performance" of "[3 a.m. Eternal](/wiki/3%C2%A0a.m._Eternal "3 a.m. Eternal")" at the BRIT Awards ceremony in front of "a stunned music\-business audience".{{Cite news\|author\-link\=Neil McCormick\|last\=McCormick\|first\=Neil\|department\=The Arts\|title\=My name is Bill, and I'm a popaholic\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|location\=London\|date\=2 March 2000\|page\=27\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4720022/My\-name\-is\-Bill\-and\-Im\-a\-popaholic.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227064542/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4720022/My\-name\-is\-Bill\-and\-Im\-a\-popaholic.html\|archive\-date\=27 February 2016\|access\-date\=11 March 2020}} Later in the evening Drummond and Cauty dumped a dead sheep at the entrance to one of the post\-ceremony parties.{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=297\|last\=Kelly\|first\=Danny\|author\-link\=Danny Kelly (journalist)\|title\=Welcome to the Sheep Seats\|work\=\[\[New Musical Express]]\|date\=29 February 1992\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111310/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=297 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2016 }} *[NME](/wiki/NME "NME")* listed this appearance at number 4 in their "top 100 rock moments",["100 Rock Moments"](http://microsites.nme.com/rock100/site/4.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060417214917/http://microsites.nme.com/rock100/site/4\.html \|date\=17 April 2006 }}, NME.com. Retrieved 21 April 2006\. and, in 2003, *The Observer* named it the fifth greatest "publicity stunt" in the history of popular music.Thompson, B. "The 10 greatest publicity stunts", *The Observer*, 27 September 2003 ([link](http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/the10/story/0,11109,1043955,00.html))
On 14 May 1992, The KLF announced their immediate retirement from the music industry and the [deletion](/wiki/Deletion_%28music_industry%29 "Deletion (music industry)") of their entire back catalogue, an act which associate [Scott Piering](/wiki/Scott_Piering "Scott Piering") described as "\[throwing] away a fortune".{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=315\|title\=Who Killed The KLF\|work\=\[\[Select (magazine)\|Select]]\|date\=July 1992\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034454/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=315 \|archive\-date\=11 October 2016\|first\=William\|last\=Shaw\|author\-link\=William Shaw (writer)}} When he left WEA, Drummond issued an enigmatic press release, this time talking of a "wild and wounded, glum and glorious, shit but shining path" he and Cauty had been following "...these past five years. The last two of which has {{sic}} led us up onto the commercial high ground—we are at a point where the path is about to take a sharp turn from these sunny uplands down into a netherworld of we know not what."KLF Communications advertisement in *New Musical Express*, 16 May 1992\.{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=309\|title\=Timelords gentlemen, please!\|work\=\[\[New Musical Express]]\|date\=16 May 1992\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034313/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=309 \|archive\-date\=11 October 2016}} There have been numerous suggestions that in 1992 Drummond was at the edge of a nervous breakdown.{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=397\|title\=Special K\|date\=April 1995\|work\=\[\[GQ]]\|first\=William\|last\=Shaw\|author\-link\=William Shaw (writer)\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115215/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=397\|archive\-date\=16 September 2016}} [*Vox* Magazine](/wiki/Vox_%28magazine%29 "Vox (magazine)") wrote, for example, that 1992 was "the year of Bill's 'breakdown', when The KLF, perched on the peak of greater\-than\-ever success, quit the music business, ... \[and] machine gunned the tuxedo'd twats in the front row of that year's BRIT Awards ceremony."{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=430\|last\=Martin\|first\=Gavin\|title\=The Chronicled Mutineers\|work\=\[\[Vox (magazine)\|Vox]]\|date\=December 1996\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120933/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=430 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2016}} Drummond himself said that he was on the edge of the "abyss".Drummond, Bill and Mark Manning, *Bad Wisdom* ({{ISBN\|0\-14\-026118\-4}})
### 1993–1997: K Foundation and other activities
{{Main\|K Foundation\|Fuck the Millennium}}
[thumb\|right\|2K's performance at the Barbican Arts Centre, London, 1997](/wiki/File:2K_Barbican_performance_%28Fuck_the_Millennium%29.jpg "2K Barbican performance (Fuck the Millennium).jpg")
Despite The KLF's retirement from the music business, Drummond's involvement with Jimmy Cauty was far from over. In 1993, the pair regrouped as the [K Foundation](/wiki/K_Foundation "K Foundation"), ostensibly a foundation for the arts. They established the [K Foundation art award](/wiki/K_Foundation_art_award "K Foundation art award") for the "*worst* artist of the year". The award, worth £40,000, was presented to [Rachel Whiteread](/wiki/Rachel_Whiteread "Rachel Whiteread") on 23 November 1993 outside London's [Tate Gallery](/wiki/Tate_Gallery "Tate Gallery"). Ms Whiteread had just accepted the £20,000 1993 [Turner Prize](/wiki/Turner_Prize "Turner Prize") award for best British [Contemporary artist](/wiki/Contemporary_art "Contemporary art") inside the gallery.{{LibraryOfMu\|tl\=news\|mu\-id\=362\|last\=Ellison\|first\=Mike\|title\=Terror strikes at the Turner Prize / Art at its very best (or worst)\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=24 November 1993\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112851/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=362 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2016}} The K Foundation award attracted huge interest from the British [broadsheet newspapers](/wiki/Broadsheets "Broadsheets").{{refn\|group\=n\|See \[\[K Foundation art award\#Media and art\-world reaction]] for some of the reports.}}
Infamy followed when, on 23 August 1994, the K Foundation burnt what remained of The KLF's earnings, one million [pounds](/wiki/Pounds_sterling "Pounds sterling"), at a [boathouse](/wiki/Boathouse "Boathouse") on the [Scottish island](/wiki/Scottish_island "Scottish island") of [Jura](/wiki/Jura%2C_Scotland "Jura, Scotland").{{LibraryOfMu\|tl\=news\|mu\-id\=387\|last\=Reid, Jim\|title\=Money to burn\|work\=\[\[The Observer]]\|date\=25 September 1994\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120338/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=387 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2016}}{{Cite news\|first\=Andrew\|last\=Smith\|author\-link\=Andrew Smith (author)\|title\=Burning Question\|work\=\[\[The Observer]]\|date\=13 February 2000\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2000/feb/13/life1\.lifemagazine4\|access\-date\=21 March 2020}} A film of the event – *[Watch the K Foundation Burn a Million Quid](/wiki/Watch_the_K_Foundation_Burn_a_Million_Quid "Watch the K Foundation Burn a Million Quid")* – was taken on tour, with Drummond and Cauty discussing the incineration with members of the public after each screening. In 2004 Drummond admitted to the BBC that he now regretted burning the money.{{cite news \|last\=McKevitt \|first\=Greg \|title\=What Drummond did next \|work\=BBC News \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=30 April 2004 \|access\-date\=18 August 2013 \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/northern\_ireland/3667901\.stm }} "It's a hard one to explain to your kids and it doesn't get any easier. I wish I could explain why I did it so people would understand.""KLF Bill: I regret burning £1m", *[Sunday Mail](/wiki/Sunday_Mail_%28Scotland%29 "Sunday Mail (Scotland)")* ([Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow")), 25 July 2004, p27\.
On 4 September 1995 the duo recorded "[The Magnificent](/wiki/The_Magnificent_%28song%29 "The Magnificent (song)")" for *[The Help Album](/wiki/The_Help_Album "The Help Album")*. In 1997, Drummond and Cauty briefly re\-emerged as 2K and K2 Plant Hire Ltd. with various plans to "[Fuck the Millennium](/wiki/Fuck_the_Millennium "Fuck the Millennium")". K2 Plant Hire's published aim was to "build a massive pyramid containing one brick for every person born in the UK during the 20th century"*[Fortean Times](/wiki/Fortean_Times "Fortean Times")*, referencing *[The Big Issue](/wiki/The_Big_Issue "The Big Issue")*, 15–21 Sep and *The Guardian*, 5 November 1997\. ([link](http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/107_sdays.shtml) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504220313/http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/107\_sdays.shtml \|date\=4 May 2006 }}). Members of the public were urged to donate bricks, with 1\.5 bricks per Briton being needed to complete the project.{{LibraryOfMu\|mu\-id\=457\|title\=2K: Brickin' it!\|work\=\[\[NME]]\|date\=8 November 1997\|type\=News item\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916114345/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\-resource.php?id\=457\|archive\-date\=16 September 2016}} Drummond also contributed a short story titled "Let's Grind, or How K2 Plant Hire Ltd Went to Work" to the book "Disco 2000".[Champion, S.](/wiki/Sarah_Champion_%28journalist%29 "Sarah Champion (journalist)") (editor), *Disco 2000*, Sceptre, {{ISBN\|0\-340\-70771\-2}}, 1998\.
### 1997–2017: Music post\-KLF
[thumb\|right\|180px\|Drummond in 2011](/wiki/File:Thomas_Ecke_photo_of_Bill_Drummond.jpg "Thomas Ecke photo of Bill Drummond.jpg")
In 1996–1997 Bill Drummond did a music project in [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), with [Mark Manning](/wiki/Mark_Manning "Mark Manning") and a selection of Finnish artists. Drummond's involvement in the music industry has been minimal since his final collaboration with Jimmy Cauty as 2K in 1997\.
In 1998, the Scottish Football Association invited Drummond to write and record a theme song for the Scotland national football team's 1998 FIFA World Cup campaign. Drummond decided against doing it (Del Amitri got the job) but he wondered if he had twisted fate by declining, because the other major football songs of that year were made by associates of his: Keith Allen ("Vindaloo") and Ian Broudie ("Three Lions"), two men he had met on the same day when working on *Illuminatus!* in 1976, and former protege Ian McCulloch.{{LibraryOfMu\|tl\=news\|mu\-id\=553\|title\=A Cure For Nationalism\|first\=Bill\|last\=Drummond\|date\=27 February 2000\|work\=\[\[Sunday Herald]]\|location\=Glasgow\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825202831/http://www.libraryofmu.org/display\-resource.php?id\=553\|archive\-date\=25 August 2007}}
In 2000, Drummond released *[45](/wiki/45_%28book%29 "45 (book)")*, a book consisting of a "series of loosely related [vignettes](/wiki/Vignette_%28literature%29 "Vignette (literature)") forming the rambling diary of one year."Maunsell, J.B., *The Times* (London), 26 February 2000, p22\. *45* also explored Drummond's KLF legacy, and was well received by the press.For reviews see [45 (book)\#Reviews](/wiki/45_%28book%29%23Reviews "45 (book)#Reviews"). Drummond featured on [Seeming](/wiki/Seeming "Seeming")'s 2020 album *The [Birdwatcher](/wiki/Birdwatcher "Birdwatcher")'s Guide to Atrocity*, performing the spoken\-word portion of "Learn to Vanish". It was his first appearance on record in 20 years.{{Cite web\|url\=https://regenmag.com/news/seeming\-to\-release\-new\-album\-featuring\-the\-klf\-vocalist\-bill\-drummond/\|title\=Seeming to release new album featuring The KLF vocalist Bill Drummond\|date\=29 June 2020\|website\=regenmag.com}}
### 2017–present: Return of The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu
Drummond reunited with Jimmy Cauty in 2017\. They returned as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, with a novel – *[2023: A Trilogy](/wiki/2023:A_Trilogy "A Trilogy")* – and a 3\-day event, "[Welcome to the Dark Ages](/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Dark_Ages "Welcome to the Dark Ages")".{{cite web\|last\=Paterson\|first\=Colin\|author\-link\=Colin Paterson\|title\=The KLF return 23 years after bowing out of the music industry\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment\-arts\-41023934/the\-klf\-return\-23\-years\-after\-bowing\-out\-of\-the\-music\-industry\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]\|date\=23 August 2017\|access\-date\=27 February 2020\|type\=video}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://drownedinsound.com/news/4151283\-the\-ice\-kream\-van\-kometh\-\-the\-justified\-ancients\-of\-mu\-mu\-return\|title\=The Ice Kream Van Kometh: The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu Return\|date\=24 August 2017\|access\-date\=26 February 2020\|first\=Max\|last\=Pilley\|publisher\=\[\[Drowned in Sound]]\|archive\-date\=26 February 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226003707/http://drownedinsound.com/news/4151283\-the\-ice\-kream\-van\-kometh\-\-the\-justified\-ancients\-of\-mu\-mu\-return}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-41022272\|title\=The KLF: Pop's saboteurs return after 23 years\|date\=23 August 2017\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]\|access\-date\=26 February 2020}} Cauty confirmed that the duo's work is an ongoing project.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-46342573\|title\=KLF's Jimmy Cauty: 'We don't make records, we make pyramids out of dead people'\|date\=26 November 2018\|access\-date\=26 February 2020\|first\=Ian\|last\=Youngs\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 1970s: *Illuminatus*, Big in Japan, and Zoo",
"In 1975 Drummond began working at the [Everyman Theatre, Liverpool](/wiki/Everyman_Theatre%2C_Liverpool \"Everyman Theatre, Liverpool\") as a carpenter and scene painter. In 1976 he was the set designer for the first stage production of *[The Illuminatus Trilogy](/wiki/The_Illuminatus_Trilogy \"The Illuminatus Trilogy\")*,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/books/shelf\\-life\\-bill\\-drummond\\-reviews\\-his\\-own\\-back\\-catalogue\\-1359029\\.html\\|title\\=Shelf life: Bill Drummond reviews his own back catalogue\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Drummond\\|author\\-link\\=Bill Drummond\\|date\\=19 October 1996\\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2020\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]}} a 12\\-hour performance which opened on 23 November 1976, and which was staged by [Ken Campbell](/wiki/Ken_Campbell_%28actor%29 \"Ken Campbell (actor)\")'s \"Science Fiction Theatre of Liverpool\".{{Cite magazine\\|magazine\\=Gneurosis\\|date\\=1991\\|title\\=Ken Campbell\\|url\\=http://www.frogboy.freeuk.com/ken.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712180409/http://www.frogboy.freeuk.com/ken.html\\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2006\\|type\\=interview}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ken\\-campbell\\-actor\\-writer\\-and\\-director\\-famed\\-for\\-his\\-epic\\-plays\\-and\\-oneman\\-shows\\-917169\\.html \\|title\\=Ken Campbell: Actor, writer and director famed for his epic plays and one\\-man shows – Obituaries, News \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\= 3 September 2008\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2020 \\| first\\=Robert\\|last\\=Hanks}} The production transferred to the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/7081/history\\-of\\-the\\-nt/denys\\-lasduns\\-national\\-theatre.html \\|title\\=Denys Lasdun's National Theatre\\|publisher\\=National Theatre \\|quote\\=The National opened theatre\\-by\\-theatre, as the building became available. The Lyttelton opened first in March 1976, with a season of plays transferred from the Company's first home, the \\[\\[Old Vic]]. It was followed by the Olivier in October of that year with \\[\\[Tamburlaine The Great]]; the Cottesloe opened on 4 March 1977 with Illuminatus!, an eight\\-hour play by \\[\\[Ken Campbell]]. The Queen officially opened the National Theatre on 26 October 1976\\. \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119061721/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/7081/history\\-of\\-the\\-nt/denys\\-lasduns\\-national\\-theatre.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2009}} and then the [Roundhouse](/wiki/Roundhouse_%28venue%29 \"Roundhouse (venue)\"), in London. According to Campbell, Drummond became known as \"the man who went for [Araldite](/wiki/Araldite \"Araldite\")\": \"In the middle of a tour, Drummond announced he was popping out to get some glue – and never returned.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/nov/18/bill\\-drummond\\-five\\-lessons\\-i\\-learned\\-from\\-ken\\-campbell\\|title\\=Bill Drummond: the five lessons I learned from Ken Campbell\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Drummond\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=18 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2020}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=McCormick\\|first\\=Neil\\|author\\-link\\=Neil McCormick\\|title\\=Yes, this is the cutting edge of rave music\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|location\\=London\\|department\\=The Arts\\|page\\=26\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4710794/Yes\\-this\\-is\\-the\\-cutting\\-edge\\-of\\-rave\\-music.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226082656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4710794/Yes\\-this\\-is\\-the\\-cutting\\-edge\\-of\\-rave\\-music.html\\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2016\\|date\\=11 October 1998\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2020}} Drummond later wrote that none of his career would have happened as it did if not for what he learnt from Campbell, starting with the advice \"Bill, don't bother doing anything unless it is heroic!\"{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://thequietus.com/articles/21674\\-the\\-klf\\-justified\\-ancients\\-of\\-mu\\-mu\\-bill\\-drummond\\-jimmy\\-cauty\\|title\\=Embrace The Contradictions: The Strange World Of... The KLF\\|first\\=Ben\\|last\\=Graham\\|date\\=1 February 2017\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[The Quietus]]\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2020}}",
"After absconding from the *Illuminatus!* production in London, Drummond returned to Liverpool and co\\-founded the band [Big in Japan](/wiki/Big_in_Japan_%28band%29 \"Big in Japan (band)\"). Other members included [Holly Johnson](/wiki/Holly_Johnson \"Holly Johnson\") ([Frankie Goes to Hollywood](/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood \"Frankie Goes to Hollywood\")), [Budgie](/wiki/Budgie_%28drummer%29 \"Budgie (drummer)\") ([Siouxsie and the Banshees](/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees \"Siouxsie and the Banshees\")), [Jayne Casey](/wiki/Jayne_Casey \"Jayne Casey\") ([Pink Military](/wiki/Pink_Military \"Pink Military\")/[Pink Industry](/wiki/Pink_Industry \"Pink Industry\")) and [Ian Broudie](/wiki/Ian_Broudie \"Ian Broudie\") ([The Lightning Seeds](/wiki/The_Lightning_Seeds \"The Lightning Seeds\")).{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=271\\|title\\=Big in Japan – Where are they now?\\|work\\=\\[\\[Q Magazine\\|Q]]\\|date\\=January 1992\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112152/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=271 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016 }} After the band's demise, Drummond and another member, his best friend [David Balfe](/wiki/David_Balfe \"David Balfe\"), founded [Zoo Records](/wiki/Zoo_Records \"Zoo Records\"). Zoo's first release was Big in Japan's posthumous EP, *[From Y To Z and Never Again](/wiki/From_Y_To_Z_and_Never_Again_%28Album%29 \"From Y To Z and Never Again (Album)\")*. They went on to act as producers of the debut albums by [Echo \\& the Bunnymen](/wiki/Echo_%26_the_Bunnymen \"Echo & the Bunnymen\") and [The Teardrop Explodes](/wiki/The_Teardrop_Explodes \"The Teardrop Explodes\"), both of which Drummond would later manage somewhat idiosyncratically. With Zoo Music Ltd, Drummond and Balfe were also music publishers for [Zodiac Mindwarp and The Love Reaction](/wiki/Zodiac_Mindwarp_and_The_Love_Reaction \"Zodiac Mindwarp and The Love Reaction\") and [The Proclaimers](/wiki/The_Proclaimers \"The Proclaimers\"). The production team of Drummond and Balfe was christened The Chameleons, who recorded the single \"Touch\" together with singer Lori Lartey as [Lori and the Chameleons](/wiki/Lori_and_the_Chameleons \"Lori and the Chameleons\"){{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=359\\|title\\=Tate tat and arty\\|work\\=\\[\\[NME]]\\|date\\=20 November 1993\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112826/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=359\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016}} *passim*. and were involved with the production on Echo \\& the Bunnymen's [debut album](/wiki/Crocodiles_%28album%29 \"Crocodiles (album)\"), released on the [Korova](/wiki/Korova_%28record_label%29 \"Korova (record label)\") label.",
"### 1980s: A\\&R man \\& solo recording artist",
"Drummond later took a job in the mainstream music business as an [A\\&R](/wiki/A%26R \"A&R\") consultant for the label [WEA](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") working with, amongst others, [Strawberry Switchblade](/wiki/Strawberry_Switchblade \"Strawberry Switchblade\") and [Brilliant](/wiki/Brilliant_%28band%29 \"Brilliant (band)\"). In July 1986, on his 33 and a third birthday, Drummond repented his corporate involvement and resigned his job by way of a \"ringingly quixotic press release\": \"I will be 33\\.5 (sic) years old in September, a time for a revolution in my life. There is a mountain to climb the hard way, and I want to see the world from the top...\"{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|Drummond's 1986 press release, quoted by Shaw in ''\\[\\[GQ]]'' magazine, April 1995}} (In an interview in December 1990, Drummond recalled spending half a million pounds at WEA on the band [Brilliant](/wiki/Brilliant_%28band%29 \"Brilliant (band)\") – for whom he envisioned massive worldwide success – only for them to completely flop. \"At that point I thought 'What am I doing this for?' and I got out.\"){{cite interview \\|last\\=Drummond\\|first\\=Bill\\|interviewer\\=\\[\\[Richard Skinner (broadcaster)\\|Richard Skinner]] \\|title\\=Saturday Sequence \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Radio 1]] \\|date\\=December 1990\\|url\\=http://www.brandnew.co.uk/klf/billdrummond/Bill%20Drummond%20Interview\\_Radio1%20Dec90\\.mp3\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524180959/http://www.brandnew.co.uk/klf/billdrummond/Bill%20Drummond%20Interview\\_Radio1%20Dec90\\.mp3 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2006 }}",
"Drummond was \"obviously very sharp,\" said WEA chairman Rob Dickens, \"and he knew the business. But he was too radical to be happy inside a corporate structure. He was better off working as an outsider.\"{{LibraryOfMu\\|tl\\=news\\|mu\\-id\\=384\\|last\\=Sharkey\\|first\\=Alix\\|title\\=Trash Art \\& Kreation\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian\\|The Guardian Weekend]]\\|date\\=21 May 1994\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916110256/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=384\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016}}",
"Later in the year, Drummond issued a solo album, *[The Man](/wiki/The_Man_%28Bill_Drummond_album%29 \"The Man (Bill Drummond album)\")*, a country/folk music recording, backed by Australian rock group [The Triffids](/wiki/The_Triffids \"The Triffids\"). The album was released on Creation Records{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/Bill\\-Drummond\\-The\\-Man/release/2329417 \\|title\\=Bill Drummond – The Man (Vinyl, LP, Album) at Discogs \\|website\\=Discogs.com \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2012}} and included the [sardonic](/wiki/Sardonic \"Sardonic\") \"[Julian Cope](/wiki/Julian_Cope \"Julian Cope\") Is Dead\", where he outlined his fantasy of shooting the [Teardrop Explodes](/wiki/Teardrop_Explodes \"Teardrop Explodes\") frontman in the head, to ensure the band's early demise and subsequent legendary status. The song has commonly been seen as a reply to the Cope song \"Bill Drummond Said\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bar\\-none.com/bios/drumbio.html \\|title\\=Bill Drummond \\|website\\=Bar\\-none.com \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206211828/http://www.bar\\-none.com/bios/drumbio.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 February 2012}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Johnston \\|first\\=Graham \\|url\\=http://www.beefheart.com/zine/001/45rm.htm \\|title\\=Clicks and Klangs – Bill Drummond – 45 \\|website\\=Beefheart.com \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207155057/http://www.beefheart.com/zine/001/45rm.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2012}} Drummond wrote and performed \"The Manager\", filmed by [Bill Butt](/wiki/Bill_Butt \"Bill Butt\"){{KLFDiscography}} in which he lamented the state of the music industry and offered his services at £100 a time to help fix it; one of his complaints was about [remixes](/wiki/Remix \"Remix\"): \"songs have to be written, not layered\".{{Cite AV media\\|title\\=The King of Joy\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Drummond\\|chapter\\=The Manager\\|type\\=B\\-side\\|minutes\\=6\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Creation Records]]\\|id\\=CRE 39T\\|year\\=1987}} The spoken\\-word recording also appeared as a B\\-side, and on some compilations as \"The Manager's Speech\".",
"*The Man* received positive reviews – including 4 stars from *[Q Magazine](/wiki/Q_Magazine \"Q Magazine\")*;{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=483\\|last\\=Du Noyer\\|first\\=Paul\\|author\\-link\\=Paul Du Noyer\\|title\\=The Man\\|type\\=Review\\|work\\=\\[\\[Q (magazine)\\|Q]]\\|date\\=December 1986\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115342/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=483 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016 }} and 5 from *Sounds* Magazine who called the album a \"touching if idiosyncratic biographical statement\".{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=15\\|last\\=Wilkinson\\|first\\=Roy\\|author\\-link\\=Roy Wilkinson\\|title\\=The Man\\|type\\=review\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sounds (magazine)\\|Sounds]]\\|date\\=8 November 1986 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113756/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=15 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016 }} Drummond intended to focus on writing books once *The Man* had been issued but, as he recalled in 1990, \"That only lasted three months, until I had an\\[other] idea for a record and got dragged back into it all\".",
"### 1987–1992: The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, The Timelords and The KLF",
"{{Main\\|The KLF}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|The KLF's \"Pyramid Blaster\" logo](/wiki/File:Pyramidblaster.gif \"Pyramidblaster.gif\")",
"While out walking on [New Year's Day](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day \"New Year's Day\") 1987, Drummond formulated a plan to make a [hip\\-hop](/wiki/Hip-hop \"Hip-hop\") record. However, \"I wasn't brave enough to go and do it myself\", he said. \"...although I can play the guitar, and I can knock out a few things on the piano, I knew nothing, personally, about the technology. And, I thought, I knew Jimmy, I knew he was a like spirit, we share similar tastes and backgrounds in music and things. So I phoned him up that day and said 'Let's form a band called The Justified Ancients of Mu\\-Mu'. And he knew exactly, to coin a phrase, 'where I was coming from'\".{{Cite episode \\|title\\=It's a Steal – Sampling \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yrr89 \\|series\\=The Story of Pop \\|station\\=\\[\\[BBC Radio 1]] \\|number\\=48 \\|language\\=en \\|author\\=\\[\\[Alan Freeman]] \\|author2\\=Bill Drummond \\|minutes\\=31}} First broadcast in 1994, per {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2016/03/the\\-story\\-of\\-pop\\|title\\=The Story of Pop\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Radio 6 Music]] \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2020}}",
"Drummond and Cauty (who Drummond had signed to [Food](/wiki/Food_Records \"Food Records\")/[WEA](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") as a member of Brilliant) released their first single, [The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu](/wiki/The_Justified_Ancients_of_Mu_Mu \"The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu\")'s \"[All You Need Is Love](/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Love_%28The_JAMs_song%29 \"All You Need Is Love (The JAMs song)\")\", in March 1987\\. This was followed by an album – *[1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)](/wiki/1987_%28What_the_Fuck_Is_Going_On%3F%29 \"1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)\")* – in June of the same year, and a high\\-profile copyright dispute with [ABBA](/wiki/ABBA \"ABBA\") and the [Mechanical\\-Copyright Protection Society](/wiki/Mechanical-Copyright_Protection_Society \"Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society\").\"Thank You for the Music\", *New Musical Express*, 17 October 1987\\. A second album – *[Who Killed The JAMs?](/wiki/Who_Killed_The_JAMs%3F \"Who Killed The JAMs?\")*, also the last album under the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs) name, was released in February 1988\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2018}}",
"Later in 1988, Drummond and Cauty released a 'novelty' pop single, \"[Doctorin' the Tardis](/wiki/Doctorin%27_the_Tardis \"Doctorin' the Tardis\")\" as The Timelords. The song reached number one in the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\") on 12 June, and charted highly in Australia and New Zealand. On the back of this success, the duo self\\-published a book, *[The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way)](/wiki/The_Manual \"The Manual\")*.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2018}} In late 1988, the duo and released their first singles under the moniker [The KLF](/wiki/The_KLF \"The KLF\"), \"[Burn the Bastards](/wiki/Burn_the_Bastards \"Burn the Bastards\")\" and \"[Burn the Beat](/wiki/Burn_the_Beat \"Burn the Beat\")\" (both taken from the JAMs' last album). (From late 1987, Drummond and Cauty's independent record label had been named \"[KLF Communications](/wiki/KLF_Communications \"KLF Communications\")\".) As The KLF, Drummond and Cauty would amass fame and fortune. \"[What Time Is Love?](/wiki/What_Time_Is_Love%3F \"What Time Is Love?\")\" – a signature song which they would revisit and revitalise several times in the coming years – saw its first release in July 1988, and its success spawned an album, *[The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story](/wiki/The_%22What_Time_Is_Love%3F%22_Story \"The \")*, in September 1989\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2018}}",
"*[Chill Out](/wiki/Chill_Out_%28KLF_album%29 \"Chill Out (KLF album)\")*, an [ambient house](/wiki/Ambient_house \"Ambient house\") album which had its roots in Cauty's chill\\-out sessions with [The Orb](/wiki/The_Orb \"The Orb\")'s [Alex Paterson](/wiki/Alex_Paterson \"Alex Paterson\"), was released in February 1990\\. Described by *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* as \"The KLF's comedown classic\",Fields, Paddy, \"And you thought they were dead\", *The Times* (London) ISSN 0140\\-0460 , 4 May 2001, Features p2\\. *Chill Out* was named the fifth best dance album of all time in a 1996 *[Mixmag](/wiki/Mixmag \"Mixmag\")* feature.{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=478\\|first\\=Dom\\|last\\= Phillips\\|work\\=\\[\\[Mixmag]]\\|title\\=50 greatest dance albums – No. 5, Chill Out – The KLF\\|date\\=1 March 1996\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916110651/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=478\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|180px\\|The KLF collaborated with [Tammy Wynette](/wiki/Tammy_Wynette \"Tammy Wynette\") on \"[Justified \\& Ancient](/wiki/Justified_%26_Ancient \"Justified & Ancient\")\", released in 1991 and became an international success](/wiki/File:Tammy_Wynette.JPG \"Tammy Wynette.JPG\")",
"The KLF's commercial success peaked in 1991, with *[The White Room](/wiki/The_White_Room_%28KLF_album%29 \"The White Room (KLF album)\")* album and the accompanying \"Stadium House\" singles, remixes of 1988's \"What Time Is Love?\", 1989's \"[3 a.m. Eternal](/wiki/3%C2%A0a.m._Eternal \"3 a.m. Eternal\")\", 1990's \"[Last Train to Trancentral](/wiki/Last_Train_to_Trancentral \"Last Train to Trancentral\")\"; and \"[Justified and Ancient](/wiki/Justified_and_Ancient \"Justified and Ancient\")\", a new song based on a sample from *1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)*{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2018}} In 1992, The KLF were awarded the \"Best British group\" [BRIT Award](/wiki/BRIT_Awards \"BRIT Awards\"). With grindcore group [Extreme Noise Terror](/wiki/Extreme_Noise_Terror \"Extreme Noise Terror\"), The KLF performed a live \"violently antagonistic performance\" of \"[3 a.m. Eternal](/wiki/3%C2%A0a.m._Eternal \"3 a.m. Eternal\")\" at the BRIT Awards ceremony in front of \"a stunned music\\-business audience\".{{Cite news\\|author\\-link\\=Neil McCormick\\|last\\=McCormick\\|first\\=Neil\\|department\\=The Arts\\|title\\=My name is Bill, and I'm a popaholic\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|location\\=London\\|date\\=2 March 2000\\|page\\=27\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4720022/My\\-name\\-is\\-Bill\\-and\\-Im\\-a\\-popaholic.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227064542/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4720022/My\\-name\\-is\\-Bill\\-and\\-Im\\-a\\-popaholic.html\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2016\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2020}} Later in the evening Drummond and Cauty dumped a dead sheep at the entrance to one of the post\\-ceremony parties.{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=297\\|last\\=Kelly\\|first\\=Danny\\|author\\-link\\=Danny Kelly (journalist)\\|title\\=Welcome to the Sheep Seats\\|work\\=\\[\\[New Musical Express]]\\|date\\=29 February 1992\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111310/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=297 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016 }} *[NME](/wiki/NME \"NME\")* listed this appearance at number 4 in their \"top 100 rock moments\",[\"100 Rock Moments\"](http://microsites.nme.com/rock100/site/4.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060417214917/http://microsites.nme.com/rock100/site/4\\.html \\|date\\=17 April 2006 }}, NME.com. Retrieved 21 April 2006\\. and, in 2003, *The Observer* named it the fifth greatest \"publicity stunt\" in the history of popular music.Thompson, B. \"The 10 greatest publicity stunts\", *The Observer*, 27 September 2003 ([link](http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/the10/story/0,11109,1043955,00.html))",
"On 14 May 1992, The KLF announced their immediate retirement from the music industry and the [deletion](/wiki/Deletion_%28music_industry%29 \"Deletion (music industry)\") of their entire back catalogue, an act which associate [Scott Piering](/wiki/Scott_Piering \"Scott Piering\") described as \"\\[throwing] away a fortune\".{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=315\\|title\\=Who Killed The KLF\\|work\\=\\[\\[Select (magazine)\\|Select]]\\|date\\=July 1992\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034454/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=315 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2016\\|first\\=William\\|last\\=Shaw\\|author\\-link\\=William Shaw (writer)}} When he left WEA, Drummond issued an enigmatic press release, this time talking of a \"wild and wounded, glum and glorious, shit but shining path\" he and Cauty had been following \"...these past five years. The last two of which has {{sic}} led us up onto the commercial high ground—we are at a point where the path is about to take a sharp turn from these sunny uplands down into a netherworld of we know not what.\"KLF Communications advertisement in *New Musical Express*, 16 May 1992\\.{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=309\\|title\\=Timelords gentlemen, please!\\|work\\=\\[\\[New Musical Express]]\\|date\\=16 May 1992\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034313/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=309 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2016}} There have been numerous suggestions that in 1992 Drummond was at the edge of a nervous breakdown.{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=397\\|title\\=Special K\\|date\\=April 1995\\|work\\=\\[\\[GQ]]\\|first\\=William\\|last\\=Shaw\\|author\\-link\\=William Shaw (writer)\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115215/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=397\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016}} [*Vox* Magazine](/wiki/Vox_%28magazine%29 \"Vox (magazine)\") wrote, for example, that 1992 was \"the year of Bill's 'breakdown', when The KLF, perched on the peak of greater\\-than\\-ever success, quit the music business, ... \\[and] machine gunned the tuxedo'd twats in the front row of that year's BRIT Awards ceremony.\"{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=430\\|last\\=Martin\\|first\\=Gavin\\|title\\=The Chronicled Mutineers\\|work\\=\\[\\[Vox (magazine)\\|Vox]]\\|date\\=December 1996\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120933/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=430 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016}} Drummond himself said that he was on the edge of the \"abyss\".Drummond, Bill and Mark Manning, *Bad Wisdom* ({{ISBN\\|0\\-14\\-026118\\-4}})",
"### 1993–1997: K Foundation and other activities",
"{{Main\\|K Foundation\\|Fuck the Millennium}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|2K's performance at the Barbican Arts Centre, London, 1997](/wiki/File:2K_Barbican_performance_%28Fuck_the_Millennium%29.jpg \"2K Barbican performance (Fuck the Millennium).jpg\")",
"Despite The KLF's retirement from the music business, Drummond's involvement with Jimmy Cauty was far from over. In 1993, the pair regrouped as the [K Foundation](/wiki/K_Foundation \"K Foundation\"), ostensibly a foundation for the arts. They established the [K Foundation art award](/wiki/K_Foundation_art_award \"K Foundation art award\") for the \"*worst* artist of the year\". The award, worth £40,000, was presented to [Rachel Whiteread](/wiki/Rachel_Whiteread \"Rachel Whiteread\") on 23 November 1993 outside London's [Tate Gallery](/wiki/Tate_Gallery \"Tate Gallery\"). Ms Whiteread had just accepted the £20,000 1993 [Turner Prize](/wiki/Turner_Prize \"Turner Prize\") award for best British [Contemporary artist](/wiki/Contemporary_art \"Contemporary art\") inside the gallery.{{LibraryOfMu\\|tl\\=news\\|mu\\-id\\=362\\|last\\=Ellison\\|first\\=Mike\\|title\\=Terror strikes at the Turner Prize / Art at its very best (or worst)\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=24 November 1993\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112851/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=362 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016}} The K Foundation award attracted huge interest from the British [broadsheet newspapers](/wiki/Broadsheets \"Broadsheets\").{{refn\\|group\\=n\\|See \\[\\[K Foundation art award\\#Media and art\\-world reaction]] for some of the reports.}}",
"Infamy followed when, on 23 August 1994, the K Foundation burnt what remained of The KLF's earnings, one million [pounds](/wiki/Pounds_sterling \"Pounds sterling\"), at a [boathouse](/wiki/Boathouse \"Boathouse\") on the [Scottish island](/wiki/Scottish_island \"Scottish island\") of [Jura](/wiki/Jura%2C_Scotland \"Jura, Scotland\").{{LibraryOfMu\\|tl\\=news\\|mu\\-id\\=387\\|last\\=Reid, Jim\\|title\\=Money to burn\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Observer]]\\|date\\=25 September 1994\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120338/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=387 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016}}{{Cite news\\|first\\=Andrew\\|last\\=Smith\\|author\\-link\\=Andrew Smith (author)\\|title\\=Burning Question\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Observer]]\\|date\\=13 February 2000\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2000/feb/13/life1\\.lifemagazine4\\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2020}} A film of the event – *[Watch the K Foundation Burn a Million Quid](/wiki/Watch_the_K_Foundation_Burn_a_Million_Quid \"Watch the K Foundation Burn a Million Quid\")* – was taken on tour, with Drummond and Cauty discussing the incineration with members of the public after each screening. In 2004 Drummond admitted to the BBC that he now regretted burning the money.{{cite news \\|last\\=McKevitt \\|first\\=Greg \\|title\\=What Drummond did next \\|work\\=BBC News \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=30 April 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2013 \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/northern\\_ireland/3667901\\.stm }} \"It's a hard one to explain to your kids and it doesn't get any easier. I wish I could explain why I did it so people would understand.\"\"KLF Bill: I regret burning £1m\", *[Sunday Mail](/wiki/Sunday_Mail_%28Scotland%29 \"Sunday Mail (Scotland)\")* ([Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\")), 25 July 2004, p27\\.",
"On 4 September 1995 the duo recorded \"[The Magnificent](/wiki/The_Magnificent_%28song%29 \"The Magnificent (song)\")\" for *[The Help Album](/wiki/The_Help_Album \"The Help Album\")*. In 1997, Drummond and Cauty briefly re\\-emerged as 2K and K2 Plant Hire Ltd. with various plans to \"[Fuck the Millennium](/wiki/Fuck_the_Millennium \"Fuck the Millennium\")\". K2 Plant Hire's published aim was to \"build a massive pyramid containing one brick for every person born in the UK during the 20th century\"*[Fortean Times](/wiki/Fortean_Times \"Fortean Times\")*, referencing *[The Big Issue](/wiki/The_Big_Issue \"The Big Issue\")*, 15–21 Sep and *The Guardian*, 5 November 1997\\. ([link](http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/107_sdays.shtml) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504220313/http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/107\\_sdays.shtml \\|date\\=4 May 2006 }}). Members of the public were urged to donate bricks, with 1\\.5 bricks per Briton being needed to complete the project.{{LibraryOfMu\\|mu\\-id\\=457\\|title\\=2K: Brickin' it!\\|work\\=\\[\\[NME]]\\|date\\=8 November 1997\\|type\\=News item\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916114345/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display\\-resource.php?id\\=457\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2016}} Drummond also contributed a short story titled \"Let's Grind, or How K2 Plant Hire Ltd Went to Work\" to the book \"Disco 2000\".[Champion, S.](/wiki/Sarah_Champion_%28journalist%29 \"Sarah Champion (journalist)\") (editor), *Disco 2000*, Sceptre, {{ISBN\\|0\\-340\\-70771\\-2}}, 1998\\.",
"### 1997–2017: Music post\\-KLF",
"[thumb\\|right\\|180px\\|Drummond in 2011](/wiki/File:Thomas_Ecke_photo_of_Bill_Drummond.jpg \"Thomas Ecke photo of Bill Drummond.jpg\")",
"In 1996–1997 Bill Drummond did a music project in [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), with [Mark Manning](/wiki/Mark_Manning \"Mark Manning\") and a selection of Finnish artists. Drummond's involvement in the music industry has been minimal since his final collaboration with Jimmy Cauty as 2K in 1997\\.",
"In 1998, the Scottish Football Association invited Drummond to write and record a theme song for the Scotland national football team's 1998 FIFA World Cup campaign. Drummond decided against doing it (Del Amitri got the job) but he wondered if he had twisted fate by declining, because the other major football songs of that year were made by associates of his: Keith Allen (\"Vindaloo\") and Ian Broudie (\"Three Lions\"), two men he had met on the same day when working on *Illuminatus!* in 1976, and former protege Ian McCulloch.{{LibraryOfMu\\|tl\\=news\\|mu\\-id\\=553\\|title\\=A Cure For Nationalism\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Drummond\\|date\\=27 February 2000\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sunday Herald]]\\|location\\=Glasgow\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825202831/http://www.libraryofmu.org/display\\-resource.php?id\\=553\\|archive\\-date\\=25 August 2007}}",
"In 2000, Drummond released *[45](/wiki/45_%28book%29 \"45 (book)\")*, a book consisting of a \"series of loosely related [vignettes](/wiki/Vignette_%28literature%29 \"Vignette (literature)\") forming the rambling diary of one year.\"Maunsell, J.B., *The Times* (London), 26 February 2000, p22\\. *45* also explored Drummond's KLF legacy, and was well received by the press.For reviews see [45 (book)\\#Reviews](/wiki/45_%28book%29%23Reviews \"45 (book)#Reviews\"). Drummond featured on [Seeming](/wiki/Seeming \"Seeming\")'s 2020 album *The [Birdwatcher](/wiki/Birdwatcher \"Birdwatcher\")'s Guide to Atrocity*, performing the spoken\\-word portion of \"Learn to Vanish\". It was his first appearance on record in 20 years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://regenmag.com/news/seeming\\-to\\-release\\-new\\-album\\-featuring\\-the\\-klf\\-vocalist\\-bill\\-drummond/\\|title\\=Seeming to release new album featuring The KLF vocalist Bill Drummond\\|date\\=29 June 2020\\|website\\=regenmag.com}}",
"### 2017–present: Return of The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu",
"Drummond reunited with Jimmy Cauty in 2017\\. They returned as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, with a novel – *[2023: A Trilogy](/wiki/2023:A_Trilogy \"A Trilogy\")* – and a 3\\-day event, \"[Welcome to the Dark Ages](/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Dark_Ages \"Welcome to the Dark Ages\")\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Paterson\\|first\\=Colin\\|author\\-link\\=Colin Paterson\\|title\\=The KLF return 23 years after bowing out of the music industry\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment\\-arts\\-41023934/the\\-klf\\-return\\-23\\-years\\-after\\-bowing\\-out\\-of\\-the\\-music\\-industry\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|date\\=23 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2020\\|type\\=video}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://drownedinsound.com/news/4151283\\-the\\-ice\\-kream\\-van\\-kometh\\-\\-the\\-justified\\-ancients\\-of\\-mu\\-mu\\-return\\|title\\=The Ice Kream Van Kometh: The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu Return\\|date\\=24 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2020\\|first\\=Max\\|last\\=Pilley\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Drowned in Sound]]\\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226003707/http://drownedinsound.com/news/4151283\\-the\\-ice\\-kream\\-van\\-kometh\\-\\-the\\-justified\\-ancients\\-of\\-mu\\-mu\\-return}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-41022272\\|title\\=The KLF: Pop's saboteurs return after 23 years\\|date\\=23 August 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2020}} Cauty confirmed that the duo's work is an ongoing project.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-46342573\\|title\\=KLF's Jimmy Cauty: 'We don't make records, we make pyramids out of dead people'\\|date\\=26 November 2018\\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2020\\|first\\=Ian\\|last\\=Youngs\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]}}",
""
] |
Art activities and the Penkiln Burn
-----------------------------------
Drummond studied painting at Liverpool School of Art from 1972 to 1973\. Following that, he decided that instead of limiting his practice to paint and canvas, as an artist he would use any medium that came to hand. He has said that much of his work since – including the pop\-music, book\-writing, and The17 choir – has been done as art.See interview [Apollo Magazine](/wiki/Apollo_Magazine "Apollo Magazine"), Belgium March 2010\. Or questions 77 to 80, Q\&A [penkilnburn.com](http://www.penkilnburn.com)
From 1998, Drummond's art activities have been carried out using the brand\-name of the Penkiln Burn. This is the name of the river in Scotland upon the banks of which he played and fished as a boy.
In 1995, Drummond bought *A Smell of Sulphur in the Wind* by [Richard Long](/wiki/Richard_Long_%28artist%29 "Richard Long (artist)"), for $20,000\. In Drummond's own words, he 'fell in love with Richard Long's work because' "it was art by walking and doing things on his walks."page ii How To Be An Artist 2002 Five years later, Drummond felt that he was no longer "getting his money's worth" from the photograph.see page 27 $20,000 2010 He decided to try to sell it by placing a series of placards around the country. When this failed to result in its sale, in 2001 he cut the photograph and mounting card into 20,000 pieces to sell for $1 each. His plan, upon retrieving the $20,000 in cash, is to walk with it to the remote place in Iceland where Richard Long had made the photograph and bury it in a box beneath the stone circle. He will then take his own photograph of the site, bring it home, frame it, hang it in the same place in his bedroom where the Richard Long hung, and call the new work *The Smell of Money Underground*. Drummond's books *How to be an Artist* and a later soft\-bound edition titled *$20,000* recounts this story.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.q\-arts.co.uk/parsetemplate.asp?id\=109\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050511125444/http://www.q\-arts.co.uk/parsetemplate.asp?id\=109\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Q\-arts.co.uk\|archive\-date\=11 May 2005\|website\=Q\-arts.co.uk}}Drummond, Bill, *Job 5*, [Penkiln Burn](http://www.penkiln-burn.com/jobs/job5elements.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414084503/http://www.penkiln\-burn.com/jobs/job5elements.html \|date\=14 April 2006 }}
In 2002, Drummond was involved in a [controversial](/wiki/Controversial "Controversial") exhibition at the deconsecrated [St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Liverpool](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church%2C_Liverpool "St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Liverpool"). Drummond contributed a guestbook which asked visitors "Is God a Cunt?"."Artistic or offensive?", *[Liverpool Daily Post](/wiki/Liverpool_Daily_Post "Liverpool Daily Post")*, 20 September 2002, p1\. It was later reported that the artwork had been stolen and a £1000 reward offered for its return."Art stolen from church", *[Liverpool Echo](/wiki/Liverpool_Echo "Liverpool Echo")*, 1 October 2002, 1st edition p9\.[Self, W.](/wiki/Will_Self "Will Self"), "God is in the details", *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")* (London) ISSN 0951\-9467 , 14 October 2002, Features p14\. Drummond himself said that he would answer "no" to his own question: "God is responsible for all the things I love, the speckles on a [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout "Brown trout"); the sound of [Angus Young](/wiki/Angus_Young "Angus Young")'s guitar, the nape of my girlfriend's neck, the song of the [blackcap](/wiki/Blackcap "Blackcap") when he returns in Spring. I never blame God for all the shit, for the baby [Rwandan](/wiki/Rwanda "Rwanda") slaughtered in a casual [genocide](/wiki/Rwandan_genocide "Rwandan genocide"), the ever\-present wars, drudgery and misery that fills most of our lives.""Artwork that uses [obscene language](/wiki/Obscene_language "Obscene language") is stolen from Merseyside church", *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")* (London) ISSN 0951\-9467 , 1 October 2002, News p5\.
Several Penkiln Burn projects involve making things and then distributing them. Drummond has created a Soup Line drawn across a map going through Belfast and Nottingham to the edges of the British Isles.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/arts/features/story/0,11710,1220776,00\.html\|title\='It's not haute cuisine'\|date\=20 May 2004\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|department\=Arts\|access\-date\=14 March 2020}} Anyone living on the Soup Line may contact Drummond to come to their house and make soup for them, their family and friends. Drummond has also constructed – and encourages others to construct – Cake Circles drawn on maps. Cakes are then made and delivered to people who live within the circle with the words "I have baked you a cake, here it is".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.penkilnburn.com/poster.php?poster\=73\.jpg\&painting\=09 \|title\=Penkiln Burn \|publisher\=Penkiln Burn \|access\-date\=15 January 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216125059/http://www.penkilnburn.com/poster.php?poster\=73\.jpg\&painting\=09 \|archive\-date\=16 December 2011 }} Other projects involve Drummond building beds from timber in public places which are then raffled off. In 2011, for the Venice Biennale, Drummond took up shoe\-shining on the streets of Venice. Each spring, Drummond gives away 40 bunches of daffodils to strangers on the street in different cities.Penkiln Burn jobs are detailed at www.penkilnburn.com
Drummond's web\-based projects include MyDeath.net, where people can plan their own funeral.Heaney, Mick, "Bill Drummond once burnt Pounds 1m for art's sake. Now he is taking a soupopera to Belfast", *[Sunday Times](/wiki/Sunday_Times "Sunday Times")* (London), 18 April 2004, p18\. Another site, youwhores.com, was meant for anyone to advertise any kind of service at their own set price. Due to misuse though, youwhores.com has become archival only. Still open for contributions is Drummond's website www.openmanifesto.com which "exists to define what art is and art is not."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.openmanifesto.com/notice.php?lang\=english \|title\=The Open Manifesto \|publisher\=The Open Manifesto \|access\-date\=15 January 2012}} The Open Manifesto site invites definitions of art in 100 words or less.
Drummond was a Director of [The Foundry](/wiki/Foundry_%28bar%29 "Foundry (bar)"), an arts centre in [Shoreditch](/wiki/Shoreditch "Shoreditch"), London which closed in 2010\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foundry.tv/ \|title\=The Foundry \|website\=Foundry.tv \|access\-date\=15 January 2012}} He is also owner of The Curfew Tower in [Cushendall](/wiki/Cushendall "Cushendall"), Northern Ireland."Perfect tower for artistic retreat", Arts Diary, *[The Belfast News Letter](/wiki/The_Belfast_News_Letter "The Belfast News Letter")*, 26 April 1999, p27 Via an arts trust called in You We Trust, the Curfew Tower acts as an artists' residency.Drummond, Bill, *Welcome to the Turnly Prize*, [Penkiln Burn](http://www.penkiln-burn.com/jobs/job43_elements/30.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006174719/http://www.penkiln\-burn.com/jobs/job43\_elements/30\.html \|date\=6 October 2007 }}, June 2005
### No Music Day
{{Main\|No Music Day}}
In 2005, Drummond announced an annual [No Music Day](/wiki/No_Music_Day "No Music Day") on 21 November. The 22 November is [Saint Cecilia](/wiki/Saint_Cecilia "Saint Cecilia") day – the [Patron Saint](/wiki/Patron_Saint "Patron Saint") of Music – so No Music Day represents a fast before the feast.16 November 2009, Financial Times, A Day for Savouring the Sound of Silence No Music Day was held between 2005 and 2010\. In this time, [BBC Radio Scotland](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland "BBC Radio Scotland") observed it by broadcasting no music, including [jingles](/wiki/Jingle "Jingle"), for 24 hours. Radio [Resonance FM](/wiki/Resonance_FM "Resonance FM") also acknowledged it. In 2009 the entire city of Linz, Austria observed No Music Day with the backing of the city mayor; music was not played on local radio stations or in shops, and the cinemas only showed films without music soundtracks. {{citationneeded\|date\=June 2022}}
### The 17
{{Main\|The 17}}
Drummond's most recent music project is a [choir](/wiki/Choir "Choir") called [The 17](/wiki/The_17 "The 17"). His first formal performance of The 17 was staged with 16 other men in a studio in Leicester in 2004\. It followed thoughts about music that Drummond had been having for many years. With the advent of recorded music via the internet, iPods and MP3 players etc. Drummond proclaims that "all recorded music has run its course."Penkiln Burn Poster 59 The 17 creates music that follows no musical history, or necessarily has words, melodies or rhythms. It may be made up of many human voices or none. Performances may only be recorded and played back once and then deleted. The 17 can be made up of as many people who want to be a part of it at the time of a performance; they are all then lifetime members.
After the first 17 Scores for The 17 Drummond opened the writing process to collaborations with The 17 members. The 17 now has several thousand members who have carried out performances on Drummond's Coast\-to\-Coast tour across the UK, and a World Tour which has included Jerusalem, Beijing, Port\-au\-Prince and Gothenburg. 100 performances REPEAT in the town of Derby as a residency for the new Quad arts centre titled *Slice Through Derby*, were photographed as an ongoing exhibit at the gallery and published as a 100 piece photoset. Performances and actions in Port\-au\-Prince for the Ghetto Biennale at the end of 2009 preceded the January Haitian earthquake, and the habitual graffito "Imagine Waking Up Tomorrow And All Music Has Disappeared" took on a new resonance in a city with no electricity or infrastructure, rendered suddenly \-relatively – musicless. Local artist Claudel Casseus wrote an account of this for Drummond during the reconstruction published as a book *Imajine* (Penkiln Burn 14, 2011\), and Drummond's own feelings on the residency and the 17 actions, Haiti and the earthquake form four of the interview questions in Drummond's *100* project originally posed by [Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 "BBC Radio 4").
The 17 is the subject of the 2008 book *17* published by Beautiful Books{{cite web\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/non\_fictionreviews/3558135/Review\-17\-by\-Bill\-Drummond.html \|title\=Review: 17 by Bill Drummond – Telegraph \|work\=The telegraph\|access\-date\=29 September 2015}}/PB (Penkiln Burn 12, 2008\). This was preceded by a small book *SCORES 18–76* (Penkiln Burn 11, 2006\) featuring the second batch of works by The 17, developed in actions in schools in the North East of England, in May 2006, Performances, scores, tours and Drummond's related graffiti are documented on a website: the17\.org.
In 2012 Drummond had a residency in Sheffield at Site Gallery, and the 17 were convened at sites around the city, the actions performed here are recounted in the book *Ragworts* (Penkiln Burn 18, 2012\) and led to the instigation of the annual *Ragwort Week*. The book was published in an edition of 1000 copies, and 100 copies are made available each year and sold only during *Ragwort Week*.
A performance of The 17's SURROUND, originally planned to take place in Damascus, Syria, took place in London on 18 March 2012\. Drummond explains in his essay for Treuchet Magazine: 'it would best for all concerned if the Syrian leg of the tri\-nation festival was postponed for a few weeks or maybe months, when things would have undoubtedly settled down'.[Bill Drummond Presents: SURROUND: Damascus in London, Trebuchet\-Magazine](http://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/index.php/site/article/bill_drummond_presents_surround_damascus_in_london/) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317081231/http://www.trebuchet\-magazine.com/index.php/site/article/bill\_drummond\_presents\_surround\_damascus\_in\_london/ \|date\=17 March 2012 }}
### The Atlantic Archipelago
Between 8–19 April 2012 saw a series of Drummond actions and invocations of The17 in a performance titled *The [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic "Atlantic") [Archipelago](/wiki/Archipelago "Archipelago")*. This was to mark the conclusion of the 17 project, or at least its curation by Drummond. It began with a performance of Man Bangs a Drum – which would become a staple of his later 25 Paintings tour – on Skegness beach, before heading west along a straight line drawn across a map crossing Matthew St in Liverpool, and ending in [Inshmore](/wiki/Inshmore "Inshmore") in Ireland. The17 were summoned at various locations along this line and the preparations for these performances were filmed by director Stefan Schwietert for a film *Coast to Coast*, and documented by photographer [Tracey Moberly](/wiki/Tracey_Moberly "Tracey Moberly") for a book of the same name.
On 28 April 2013, the day before his 60th birthday, Drummond took part in what has been billed as the last performance of The17\. A seventeen\-hour version of Score 1: IMAGINE was performed while standing on a manhole cover at the bottom of Mathew Street in Liverpool.
Between 3 and 8 July – Drummond screened a film of his Atlantic Archipelago project, *Imagine Waking Up Tomorrow And All Music Has Disappeared* along the same 53\.1256 degree line of latitude the original performances had been undertaken. Beginning at the home of film and gender theorist [Ellen Wright](/wiki/Ellen_Wright "Ellen Wright"), in [Louth, Lincolnshire](/wiki/Louth%2C_Lincolnshire "Louth, Lincolnshire"), with a version of The17 which include musicians [Robert Wyatt](/wiki/Robert_Wyatt "Robert Wyatt"), Hell Uberend and [Dave Formula](/wiki/Dave_Formula "Dave Formula"). before moving on to a dawn screening on Skegness beach, through the various locations featured in the film, taking in The Galway Film Fleadh (the only paid ticketed event on the tour), culminating in a sunset screening at Dún Aonghasa on the west coast of Ireland.
Between dawn on Monday the 4th of July to sunset on Friday 8 July, Bill Drummond will be screening the film at numerous locations along the latitude ofs North.
### The 25 Paintings World Tour: 2014–2025
In February 2014, Drummond announced plans for a world tour, beginning under Spaghetti Junction in Birmingham on 13 March 2014 and ending at the same place on 28 April 2025\. Taking in twelve cities in twelve different countries, each leg of the tour will last three months, during which he will produce 25 paintings whilst working on other art projects.{{cite web\|author\=Ben Beaumont\-Thomas \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/feb/14/bill\-drummond\-world\-tour\-2025 \|title\=Bill Drummond announces world tour that will last until 2025 \| Culture \|work\=theguardian\|date\=14 February 2014 \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
A book *The 25 Paintings* (Penkiln Burn 19; 2014\) featured the paintings themselves in their initial states – to be repainted in different cities of the tour, each describing the different art actions that would for his practice during the following years – some new, some well established – and which would replace the 17 in his repertoire. Other paintings and actions are expected to evolve as the tour progresses and the canvasses are reworked.
So far the 25 Paintings Tour has travelled to:
2014: Birmingham, UK
2015: Belgrade, Serbia
2016: Kolkata, India
2018: Lexington, North Carolina, USA
and will conclude in
2027: Damascus, Syria
### Best Before Death / White Saviour Complex
A film *Best Before Death* covering the actions (jobs) *Bang Drum*, *Man Made Bed*, *Make Soup* and *Man Shines Shoes* during the 2016 [Kolkata, India](/wiki/Kolkata%2C_India "Kolkata, India") and 2018 [Lexington, North Carolina](/wiki/Lexington%2C_North_Carolina "Lexington, North Carolina"), legs of the world tour was made by Paul Duane, Robbie Ryan (Kolkata) and Patrick Jordan (Lexington). The finished film had difficulties gaining distribution and festival screenings as it was criticised as being an example of [White Saviour Complex](/wiki/White_Saviour "White Saviour").
Drummond wrote a play in his [Tenzig Scott Brown](/wiki/Tenzig_Scott_Brown "Tenzig Scott Brown") persona called *White Saviour Complex* consisting of three acts, two of which formed a dialogue between Drummond as Brown, and the actor Tam Dean Burn playing Drummond, Duane's film formed the second act, and this toured the UK and its script became a book (Penkiln Burn 22, 2019\).
The DVD Release of *Best Before Death* (Anti\-Worlds, 2019\) featured a booklet with a piece written by Drummond called *Best Before death* and featuring the script for an imaginary film by Tenzing Scott Brown called *Bad Wisdom*.
|
[
"Art activities and the Penkiln Burn\n-----------------------------------",
"Drummond studied painting at Liverpool School of Art from 1972 to 1973\\. Following that, he decided that instead of limiting his practice to paint and canvas, as an artist he would use any medium that came to hand. He has said that much of his work since – including the pop\\-music, book\\-writing, and The17 choir – has been done as art.See interview [Apollo Magazine](/wiki/Apollo_Magazine \"Apollo Magazine\"), Belgium March 2010\\. Or questions 77 to 80, Q\\&A [penkilnburn.com](http://www.penkilnburn.com)",
"From 1998, Drummond's art activities have been carried out using the brand\\-name of the Penkiln Burn. This is the name of the river in Scotland upon the banks of which he played and fished as a boy.",
"In 1995, Drummond bought *A Smell of Sulphur in the Wind* by [Richard Long](/wiki/Richard_Long_%28artist%29 \"Richard Long (artist)\"), for $20,000\\. In Drummond's own words, he 'fell in love with Richard Long's work because' \"it was art by walking and doing things on his walks.\"page ii How To Be An Artist 2002 Five years later, Drummond felt that he was no longer \"getting his money's worth\" from the photograph.see page 27 $20,000 2010 He decided to try to sell it by placing a series of placards around the country. When this failed to result in its sale, in 2001 he cut the photograph and mounting card into 20,000 pieces to sell for $1 each. His plan, upon retrieving the $20,000 in cash, is to walk with it to the remote place in Iceland where Richard Long had made the photograph and bury it in a box beneath the stone circle. He will then take his own photograph of the site, bring it home, frame it, hang it in the same place in his bedroom where the Richard Long hung, and call the new work *The Smell of Money Underground*. Drummond's books *How to be an Artist* and a later soft\\-bound edition titled *$20,000* recounts this story.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.q\\-arts.co.uk/parsetemplate.asp?id\\=109\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050511125444/http://www.q\\-arts.co.uk/parsetemplate.asp?id\\=109\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Q\\-arts.co.uk\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2005\\|website\\=Q\\-arts.co.uk}}Drummond, Bill, *Job 5*, [Penkiln Burn](http://www.penkiln-burn.com/jobs/job5elements.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414084503/http://www.penkiln\\-burn.com/jobs/job5elements.html \\|date\\=14 April 2006 }}",
"In 2002, Drummond was involved in a [controversial](/wiki/Controversial \"Controversial\") exhibition at the deconsecrated [St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Liverpool](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church%2C_Liverpool \"St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Liverpool\"). Drummond contributed a guestbook which asked visitors \"Is God a Cunt?\".\"Artistic or offensive?\", *[Liverpool Daily Post](/wiki/Liverpool_Daily_Post \"Liverpool Daily Post\")*, 20 September 2002, p1\\. It was later reported that the artwork had been stolen and a £1000 reward offered for its return.\"Art stolen from church\", *[Liverpool Echo](/wiki/Liverpool_Echo \"Liverpool Echo\")*, 1 October 2002, 1st edition p9\\.[Self, W.](/wiki/Will_Self \"Will Self\"), \"God is in the details\", *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")* (London) ISSN 0951\\-9467 , 14 October 2002, Features p14\\. Drummond himself said that he would answer \"no\" to his own question: \"God is responsible for all the things I love, the speckles on a [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout \"Brown trout\"); the sound of [Angus Young](/wiki/Angus_Young \"Angus Young\")'s guitar, the nape of my girlfriend's neck, the song of the [blackcap](/wiki/Blackcap \"Blackcap\") when he returns in Spring. I never blame God for all the shit, for the baby [Rwandan](/wiki/Rwanda \"Rwanda\") slaughtered in a casual [genocide](/wiki/Rwandan_genocide \"Rwandan genocide\"), the ever\\-present wars, drudgery and misery that fills most of our lives.\"\"Artwork that uses [obscene language](/wiki/Obscene_language \"Obscene language\") is stolen from Merseyside church\", *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")* (London) ISSN 0951\\-9467 , 1 October 2002, News p5\\.",
"Several Penkiln Burn projects involve making things and then distributing them. Drummond has created a Soup Line drawn across a map going through Belfast and Nottingham to the edges of the British Isles.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/arts/features/story/0,11710,1220776,00\\.html\\|title\\='It's not haute cuisine'\\|date\\=20 May 2004\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|department\\=Arts\\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2020}} Anyone living on the Soup Line may contact Drummond to come to their house and make soup for them, their family and friends. Drummond has also constructed – and encourages others to construct – Cake Circles drawn on maps. Cakes are then made and delivered to people who live within the circle with the words \"I have baked you a cake, here it is\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.penkilnburn.com/poster.php?poster\\=73\\.jpg\\&painting\\=09 \\|title\\=Penkiln Burn \\|publisher\\=Penkiln Burn \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216125059/http://www.penkilnburn.com/poster.php?poster\\=73\\.jpg\\&painting\\=09 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 December 2011 }} Other projects involve Drummond building beds from timber in public places which are then raffled off. In 2011, for the Venice Biennale, Drummond took up shoe\\-shining on the streets of Venice. Each spring, Drummond gives away 40 bunches of daffodils to strangers on the street in different cities.Penkiln Burn jobs are detailed at www.penkilnburn.com",
"Drummond's web\\-based projects include MyDeath.net, where people can plan their own funeral.Heaney, Mick, \"Bill Drummond once burnt Pounds 1m for art's sake. Now he is taking a soupopera to Belfast\", *[Sunday Times](/wiki/Sunday_Times \"Sunday Times\")* (London), 18 April 2004, p18\\. Another site, youwhores.com, was meant for anyone to advertise any kind of service at their own set price. Due to misuse though, youwhores.com has become archival only. Still open for contributions is Drummond's website www.openmanifesto.com which \"exists to define what art is and art is not.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.openmanifesto.com/notice.php?lang\\=english \\|title\\=The Open Manifesto \\|publisher\\=The Open Manifesto \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2012}} The Open Manifesto site invites definitions of art in 100 words or less.",
"Drummond was a Director of [The Foundry](/wiki/Foundry_%28bar%29 \"Foundry (bar)\"), an arts centre in [Shoreditch](/wiki/Shoreditch \"Shoreditch\"), London which closed in 2010\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foundry.tv/ \\|title\\=The Foundry \\|website\\=Foundry.tv \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2012}} He is also owner of The Curfew Tower in [Cushendall](/wiki/Cushendall \"Cushendall\"), Northern Ireland.\"Perfect tower for artistic retreat\", Arts Diary, *[The Belfast News Letter](/wiki/The_Belfast_News_Letter \"The Belfast News Letter\")*, 26 April 1999, p27 Via an arts trust called in You We Trust, the Curfew Tower acts as an artists' residency.Drummond, Bill, *Welcome to the Turnly Prize*, [Penkiln Burn](http://www.penkiln-burn.com/jobs/job43_elements/30.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006174719/http://www.penkiln\\-burn.com/jobs/job43\\_elements/30\\.html \\|date\\=6 October 2007 }}, June 2005",
"### No Music Day",
"{{Main\\|No Music Day}}",
"In 2005, Drummond announced an annual [No Music Day](/wiki/No_Music_Day \"No Music Day\") on 21 November. The 22 November is [Saint Cecilia](/wiki/Saint_Cecilia \"Saint Cecilia\") day – the [Patron Saint](/wiki/Patron_Saint \"Patron Saint\") of Music – so No Music Day represents a fast before the feast.16 November 2009, Financial Times, A Day for Savouring the Sound of Silence No Music Day was held between 2005 and 2010\\. In this time, [BBC Radio Scotland](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland \"BBC Radio Scotland\") observed it by broadcasting no music, including [jingles](/wiki/Jingle \"Jingle\"), for 24 hours. Radio [Resonance FM](/wiki/Resonance_FM \"Resonance FM\") also acknowledged it. In 2009 the entire city of Linz, Austria observed No Music Day with the backing of the city mayor; music was not played on local radio stations or in shops, and the cinemas only showed films without music soundtracks. {{citationneeded\\|date\\=June 2022}}",
"### The 17",
"{{Main\\|The 17}}\nDrummond's most recent music project is a [choir](/wiki/Choir \"Choir\") called [The 17](/wiki/The_17 \"The 17\"). His first formal performance of The 17 was staged with 16 other men in a studio in Leicester in 2004\\. It followed thoughts about music that Drummond had been having for many years. With the advent of recorded music via the internet, iPods and MP3 players etc. Drummond proclaims that \"all recorded music has run its course.\"Penkiln Burn Poster 59 The 17 creates music that follows no musical history, or necessarily has words, melodies or rhythms. It may be made up of many human voices or none. Performances may only be recorded and played back once and then deleted. The 17 can be made up of as many people who want to be a part of it at the time of a performance; they are all then lifetime members.",
"After the first 17 Scores for The 17 Drummond opened the writing process to collaborations with The 17 members. The 17 now has several thousand members who have carried out performances on Drummond's Coast\\-to\\-Coast tour across the UK, and a World Tour which has included Jerusalem, Beijing, Port\\-au\\-Prince and Gothenburg. 100 performances REPEAT in the town of Derby as a residency for the new Quad arts centre titled *Slice Through Derby*, were photographed as an ongoing exhibit at the gallery and published as a 100 piece photoset. Performances and actions in Port\\-au\\-Prince for the Ghetto Biennale at the end of 2009 preceded the January Haitian earthquake, and the habitual graffito \"Imagine Waking Up Tomorrow And All Music Has Disappeared\" took on a new resonance in a city with no electricity or infrastructure, rendered suddenly \\-relatively – musicless. Local artist Claudel Casseus wrote an account of this for Drummond during the reconstruction published as a book *Imajine* (Penkiln Burn 14, 2011\\), and Drummond's own feelings on the residency and the 17 actions, Haiti and the earthquake form four of the interview questions in Drummond's *100* project originally posed by [Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 \"BBC Radio 4\").",
"The 17 is the subject of the 2008 book *17* published by Beautiful Books{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/non\\_fictionreviews/3558135/Review\\-17\\-by\\-Bill\\-Drummond.html \\|title\\=Review: 17 by Bill Drummond – Telegraph \\|work\\=The telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2015}}/PB (Penkiln Burn 12, 2008\\). This was preceded by a small book *SCORES 18–76* (Penkiln Burn 11, 2006\\) featuring the second batch of works by The 17, developed in actions in schools in the North East of England, in May 2006, Performances, scores, tours and Drummond's related graffiti are documented on a website: the17\\.org.",
"In 2012 Drummond had a residency in Sheffield at Site Gallery, and the 17 were convened at sites around the city, the actions performed here are recounted in the book *Ragworts* (Penkiln Burn 18, 2012\\) and led to the instigation of the annual *Ragwort Week*. The book was published in an edition of 1000 copies, and 100 copies are made available each year and sold only during *Ragwort Week*.",
"A performance of The 17's SURROUND, originally planned to take place in Damascus, Syria, took place in London on 18 March 2012\\. Drummond explains in his essay for Treuchet Magazine: 'it would best for all concerned if the Syrian leg of the tri\\-nation festival was postponed for a few weeks or maybe months, when things would have undoubtedly settled down'.[Bill Drummond Presents: SURROUND: Damascus in London, Trebuchet\\-Magazine](http://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/index.php/site/article/bill_drummond_presents_surround_damascus_in_london/) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317081231/http://www.trebuchet\\-magazine.com/index.php/site/article/bill\\_drummond\\_presents\\_surround\\_damascus\\_in\\_london/ \\|date\\=17 March 2012 }}",
"### The Atlantic Archipelago",
"Between 8–19 April 2012 saw a series of Drummond actions and invocations of The17 in a performance titled *The [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic \"Atlantic\") [Archipelago](/wiki/Archipelago \"Archipelago\")*. This was to mark the conclusion of the 17 project, or at least its curation by Drummond. It began with a performance of Man Bangs a Drum – which would become a staple of his later 25 Paintings tour – on Skegness beach, before heading west along a straight line drawn across a map crossing Matthew St in Liverpool, and ending in [Inshmore](/wiki/Inshmore \"Inshmore\") in Ireland. The17 were summoned at various locations along this line and the preparations for these performances were filmed by director Stefan Schwietert for a film *Coast to Coast*, and documented by photographer [Tracey Moberly](/wiki/Tracey_Moberly \"Tracey Moberly\") for a book of the same name.",
"On 28 April 2013, the day before his 60th birthday, Drummond took part in what has been billed as the last performance of The17\\. A seventeen\\-hour version of Score 1: IMAGINE was performed while standing on a manhole cover at the bottom of Mathew Street in Liverpool.",
"Between 3 and 8 July – Drummond screened a film of his Atlantic Archipelago project, *Imagine Waking Up Tomorrow And All Music Has Disappeared* along the same 53\\.1256 degree line of latitude the original performances had been undertaken. Beginning at the home of film and gender theorist [Ellen Wright](/wiki/Ellen_Wright \"Ellen Wright\"), in [Louth, Lincolnshire](/wiki/Louth%2C_Lincolnshire \"Louth, Lincolnshire\"), with a version of The17 which include musicians [Robert Wyatt](/wiki/Robert_Wyatt \"Robert Wyatt\"), Hell Uberend and [Dave Formula](/wiki/Dave_Formula \"Dave Formula\"). before moving on to a dawn screening on Skegness beach, through the various locations featured in the film, taking in The Galway Film Fleadh (the only paid ticketed event on the tour), culminating in a sunset screening at Dún Aonghasa on the west coast of Ireland.",
"Between dawn on Monday the 4th of July to sunset on Friday 8 July, Bill Drummond will be screening the film at numerous locations along the latitude ofs North.",
"### The 25 Paintings World Tour: 2014–2025",
"In February 2014, Drummond announced plans for a world tour, beginning under Spaghetti Junction in Birmingham on 13 March 2014 and ending at the same place on 28 April 2025\\. Taking in twelve cities in twelve different countries, each leg of the tour will last three months, during which he will produce 25 paintings whilst working on other art projects.{{cite web\\|author\\=Ben Beaumont\\-Thomas \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/feb/14/bill\\-drummond\\-world\\-tour\\-2025 \\|title\\=Bill Drummond announces world tour that will last until 2025 \\| Culture \\|work\\=theguardian\\|date\\=14 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"A book *The 25 Paintings* (Penkiln Burn 19; 2014\\) featured the paintings themselves in their initial states – to be repainted in different cities of the tour, each describing the different art actions that would for his practice during the following years – some new, some well established – and which would replace the 17 in his repertoire. Other paintings and actions are expected to evolve as the tour progresses and the canvasses are reworked.",
"So far the 25 Paintings Tour has travelled to:\n2014: Birmingham, UK\n2015: Belgrade, Serbia\n2016: Kolkata, India\n2018: Lexington, North Carolina, USA\nand will conclude in\n2027: Damascus, Syria",
"### Best Before Death / White Saviour Complex",
"A film *Best Before Death* covering the actions (jobs) *Bang Drum*, *Man Made Bed*, *Make Soup* and *Man Shines Shoes* during the 2016 [Kolkata, India](/wiki/Kolkata%2C_India \"Kolkata, India\") and 2018 [Lexington, North Carolina](/wiki/Lexington%2C_North_Carolina \"Lexington, North Carolina\"), legs of the world tour was made by Paul Duane, Robbie Ryan (Kolkata) and Patrick Jordan (Lexington). The finished film had difficulties gaining distribution and festival screenings as it was criticised as being an example of [White Saviour Complex](/wiki/White_Saviour \"White Saviour\"). \nDrummond wrote a play in his [Tenzig Scott Brown](/wiki/Tenzig_Scott_Brown \"Tenzig Scott Brown\") persona called *White Saviour Complex* consisting of three acts, two of which formed a dialogue between Drummond as Brown, and the actor Tam Dean Burn playing Drummond, Duane's film formed the second act, and this toured the UK and its script became a book (Penkiln Burn 22, 2019\\). \nThe DVD Release of *Best Before Death* (Anti\\-Worlds, 2019\\) featured a booklet with a piece written by Drummond called *Best Before death* and featuring the script for an imaginary film by Tenzing Scott Brown called *Bad Wisdom*.",
""
] |
History
-------
Majeroni was born in Milan, the eldest son of Eduardo Majeroni, a former officer under [Napoleon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I "Napoleon I"), and Antonia Majeroni, née Musich, who claimed noble Hungarian descent. The Majeronis were a long\-established family in the Città Alta ("Upper Town") of [Bergamo](/wiki/Bergamo "Bergamo"), [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy").
He joined the [Giacomo Modena](/wiki/Giacomo_Modena "Giacomo Modena") company in 1840, followed by [Giacinto Battaglia](/wiki/Giacinto_Battaglia "Giacinto Battaglia")'s Lombard Drama Company, becoming their leading man in 1849 alongside [Francesco Coltellini](/wiki/Francesco_Coltellini "Francesco Coltellini").
Like his youngest brother, he was imbued with patriotic fervor and fought in the [First Italian War of Independence](/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence "First Italian War of Independence"), and in the [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera") outbreak that followed, was a volunteer with the [Compagnia della Misericordia](/wiki/Compagnia_della_Misericordia "Compagnia della Misericordia").
In 1854, he joined [Adamo Alberti](/wiki/Adamo_Alberti "Adamo Alberti")'s [Teatro dei Fiorentini](/wiki/Teatro_dei_Fiorentini "Teatro dei Fiorentini"), enjoying considerable success, especially in romantic dramas. In 1859, he undertook a world tour with [Adelaide Ristori](/wiki/Adelaide_Ristori "Adelaide Ristori").
In 1866 he and [Fanny Sadowski](/wiki/Fanny_Sadowski "Fanny Sadowski") founded a company which toured Italy to considerable acclaim.
His depiction of [Othello](/wiki/Othello_%28character%29 "Othello (character)") has been ranked with that of [Tommaso Salvini](/wiki/Tommaso_Salvini "Tommaso Salvini"), and was said to be a favorite of the [King of Italy](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy"), who made him a Cavalier of the Crown of Italy. He received similar honors from the [King of Spain](/wiki/King_of_Spain "King of Spain") and the [King of Portugal](/wiki/King_of_Portugal "King of Portugal").{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article143308349 \|title\=Theatrical Gossip \|newspaper\=\[\[The Australasian]] \|volume\=XLIV \|issue\=1147 \|location\=Victoria, Australia \|date\=24 March 1888 \|accessdate\=12 March 2021 \|page\=11 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
He was buried at [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna") and the king telegraphed his condolences. During his lifetime, he had earned in the vicinity of £40,000 and squandered it all on a gracious lifestyle, and his widow and ten children were reduced to poverty.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Majeroni was born in Milan, the eldest son of Eduardo Majeroni, a former officer under [Napoleon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I \"Napoleon I\"), and Antonia Majeroni, née Musich, who claimed noble Hungarian descent. The Majeronis were a long\\-established family in the Città Alta (\"Upper Town\") of [Bergamo](/wiki/Bergamo \"Bergamo\"), [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy \"Lombardy\").",
"He joined the [Giacomo Modena](/wiki/Giacomo_Modena \"Giacomo Modena\") company in 1840, followed by [Giacinto Battaglia](/wiki/Giacinto_Battaglia \"Giacinto Battaglia\")'s Lombard Drama Company, becoming their leading man in 1849 alongside [Francesco Coltellini](/wiki/Francesco_Coltellini \"Francesco Coltellini\").",
"Like his youngest brother, he was imbued with patriotic fervor and fought in the [First Italian War of Independence](/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence \"First Italian War of Independence\"), and in the [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\") outbreak that followed, was a volunteer with the [Compagnia della Misericordia](/wiki/Compagnia_della_Misericordia \"Compagnia della Misericordia\").",
"In 1854, he joined [Adamo Alberti](/wiki/Adamo_Alberti \"Adamo Alberti\")'s [Teatro dei Fiorentini](/wiki/Teatro_dei_Fiorentini \"Teatro dei Fiorentini\"), enjoying considerable success, especially in romantic dramas. In 1859, he undertook a world tour with [Adelaide Ristori](/wiki/Adelaide_Ristori \"Adelaide Ristori\").",
"In 1866 he and [Fanny Sadowski](/wiki/Fanny_Sadowski \"Fanny Sadowski\") founded a company which toured Italy to considerable acclaim.",
"His depiction of [Othello](/wiki/Othello_%28character%29 \"Othello (character)\") has been ranked with that of [Tommaso Salvini](/wiki/Tommaso_Salvini \"Tommaso Salvini\"), and was said to be a favorite of the [King of Italy](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy \"Victor Emmanuel II of Italy\"), who made him a Cavalier of the Crown of Italy. He received similar honors from the [King of Spain](/wiki/King_of_Spain \"King of Spain\") and the [King of Portugal](/wiki/King_of_Portugal \"King of Portugal\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article143308349 \\|title\\=Theatrical Gossip \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Australasian]] \\|volume\\=XLIV \\|issue\\=1147 \\|location\\=Victoria, Australia \\|date\\=24 March 1888 \\|accessdate\\=12 March 2021 \\|page\\=11 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}",
"He was buried at [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\") and the king telegraphed his condolences. During his lifetime, he had earned in the vicinity of £40,000 and squandered it all on a gracious lifestyle, and his widow and ten children were reduced to poverty.",
""
] |
Mathematical description
------------------------
[256px\|right\|thumb\|Sigmoid variation of product concentration in autocatalytic reactions](/wiki/Image:Sigmoid_curve_for_an_autocatalytical_reaction.jpg "Sigmoid curve for an autocatalytical reaction.jpg")
Autocatalytic reactions are those in which at least one of the products is also a reactant. A simple autocatalytic reaction can be written
A \+ B \\rightleftharpoons 2B
with the rate equations (for an elementary reaction)
{d \\over dt}\[ A ] \=\- k\_\+ \[ A ] \[B ] \+ k\_{\-} \[B ]^2 \\,
{d \\over dt}\[ B ] \= \+ k\_\+ \[ A ] \[B ] \-k\_{\-} \[B ]^2 \\,.
This reaction is one in which a molecule of species A interacts with a molecule of species B. The A molecule is converted into a B molecule. The final product consists of the original B molecule plus the B molecule created in the reaction.
The key feature of these rate equations is that they are [nonlinear](/wiki/Nonlinear_system%23Nonlinear_differential_equations "Nonlinear system#Nonlinear differential equations"); the second term on the right varies as the square of the concentration of B. This feature can lead to multiple fixed points of the system, much like a [quadratic equation](/wiki/Quadratic_equation "Quadratic equation") can have two roots. Multiple fixed points allow for multiple states of the system. A system existing in multiple [macroscopic](/wiki/Macroscopic "Macroscopic") states is more orderly (has lower entropy) than a system in a single state.
The concentrations of A and B vary in time according to
\[B]\=\\frac{\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0}{(\\frac{\[A]\_0}{\[B]\_0}\-\\frac{k\_\-}{k\_\+})e^{\-k\_\+(\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0\)t}\+1\+\\frac{k\_\-}{k\_\+}}
and
\[A]\=\\frac{(\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0\)((\\frac{\[A]\_0}{\[B]\_0}\-\\frac{k\_\-}{k\_\+})e^{\-k\_\+(\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0\)t}\+\\frac{k\_\-}{k\_\+})}{(\\frac{\[A]\_0}{\[B]\_0}\-\\frac{k\_\-}{k\_\+})e^{\-k\_\+(\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0\)t}\+1\+\\frac{k\_\-}{k\_\+}}.
For an irreversible reaction (i.e. k\_\- \= 0)Moore J.W. and [Pearson R.G.](/wiki/Ralph_Pearson "Ralph Pearson") *Kinetics and Mechanism* (John Wiley 1981\) p.26 {{ISBN\|0\-471\-03558\-0}}
\[A]\=\\frac{\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0}{1\+\\frac{\[B]\_0}{\[A]\_0}e^{(\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0\)kt}}
and
\[B]\=\\frac{\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0}{1\+\\frac{\[A]\_0}{\[B]\_0}e^{\-(\[A]\_0\+\[B]\_0\)kt}}.
The graph for these equations is a [sigmoid curve](/wiki/Sigmoid_function "Sigmoid function") (specifically a [logistic function](/wiki/Logistic_function "Logistic function")), which is typical for autocatalytic reactions: these chemical reactions proceed slowly at the start (the [induction period](/wiki/Induction_period "Induction period")) because there is little catalyst present, the rate of reaction increases progressively as the reaction proceeds as the amount of catalyst increases and then it again slows down as the reactant concentration decreases. If the concentration of a reactant or product in an experiment follows a sigmoid curve, the reaction may be autocatalytic.
These kinetic equations apply for example to the acid\-catalyzed hydrolysis of some [esters](/wiki/Ester "Ester") to [carboxylic acids](/wiki/Carboxylic_acid "Carboxylic acid") and [alcohols](/wiki/Alcohol_%28chemistry%29 "Alcohol (chemistry)"). There must be at least some acid present initially to start the catalyzed mechanism; if not the reaction must start by an alternate uncatalyzed path which is usually slower. The above equations (which do not consider the alternate pathway) for the catalyzed mechanism would imply that the concentration of acid product remains zero forever.
### Asymmetric autocatalysis
Asymmetric autocatalysis occurs when the reaction product is [chiral](/wiki/Chiral "Chiral") and thus serves as a catalyst for its own production. Reactions of this type, such as the [Soai reaction](/wiki/Soai_reaction "Soai reaction"), have the property that they can amplify a very small [enantiomeric excess](/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess "Enantiomeric excess") into a large one.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00557 \|title\=Autocatalytic Models for the Origin of Biological Homochirality \|year\=2020 \|last1\=Blackmond \|first1\=Donna G. \|journal\=Chemical Reviews \|volume\=120 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=4831–4847 \|pmid\=31797671 \|arxiv\=1909\.13015 }} In another example, [sodium chlorate](/wiki/Sodium_chlorate "Sodium chlorate") crystallizes as an equilibrium mixture of left\- and right\-handed crystals. When seeded appropriated, saturated solutions of this salt (which is optically inactive), will produce batches of single enantiomeric crystals.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819 \|title\=Spontaneous Deracemizations \|year\=2021 \|last1\=Buhse \|first1\=Thomas \|last2\=Cruz \|first2\=José\-Manuel \|last3\=Noble\-Terán \|first3\=María E. \|last4\=Hochberg \|first4\=David \|last5\=Ribó \|first5\=Josep M. \|last6\=Crusats \|first6\=Joaquim \|last7\=Micheau \|first7\=Jean\-Claude \|journal\=Chemical Reviews \|volume\=121 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=2147–2229 \|pmid\=33464058 \|s2cid\=231640216 }}
### Possible role in origin of life
{{main\|Abiogenesis}}
[thumb\|Autocatalytic cycle of formose reaction showing how glyceraldehyde can be both the catalyst and the product of one portion of this complex reaction type.\|left\|288px](/wiki/File:FormoseRxn.svg "FormoseRxn.svg")
An early example of autocatalysis is the [formose reaction](/wiki/Formose_reaction "Formose reaction"), in which formaldehyde and base produce sugars and related polyols. Characteristic of autocatalysis, this reaction rate is extremely slow initially but accelerates with time. This kind of reaction has often been cited as being relevant to the origin of life.
Autocatalysis is one explanation for [abiogenesis](/wiki/Abiogenesis "Abiogenesis").{{cite book\|author\=Stuart Kauffman\|title\=At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self\-Organization and Complexity\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-509599\-9\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=1995\|url\-access\=registration\|url\=https://archive.org/details/athomeinuniverse00kauf\_0}}Ecology, the Ascendent Perspective", Robert Ulanowicz, Columbia Univ. Press 1997\.Investigations, Stuart Kauffman. Illustrative is the reaction amino adenosine and pentafluorophenyl ester in the presence of amino adenosine triacid ester (AATE). This experiment demonstrated that autocatalysts could exhibit competition within a population of entities with heredity, which could be interpreted as a rudimentary form of [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection "Natural selection"), and that certain environmental changes (such as irradiation) could alter the chemical structure of some of these self\-replicating molecules (an analog for mutation) in such ways that could either boost or interfere with its ability to react, thus boosting or interfering with its ability to replicate and spread in the population.{{cite journal\|last\=Rebeck\|first\=Julius\|title\=Synthetic Self\-Replicating Molecules\|journal\=Scientific American\|date\=July 1994\|volume\=271 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=48–55\|doi\=10\.1038/scientificamerican0794\-48 \|bibcode\=1994SciAm.271a..48R }}
|
[
"Mathematical description\n------------------------",
"[256px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Sigmoid variation of product concentration in autocatalytic reactions](/wiki/Image:Sigmoid_curve_for_an_autocatalytical_reaction.jpg \"Sigmoid curve for an autocatalytical reaction.jpg\")\nAutocatalytic reactions are those in which at least one of the products is also a reactant. A simple autocatalytic reaction can be written\n A \\+ B \\\\rightleftharpoons 2B",
"with the rate equations (for an elementary reaction)\n{d \\\\over dt}\\[ A ] \\=\\- k\\_\\+ \\[ A ] \\[B ] \\+ k\\_{\\-} \\[B ]^2 \\\\,\n{d \\\\over dt}\\[ B ] \\= \\+ k\\_\\+ \\[ A ] \\[B ] \\-k\\_{\\-} \\[B ]^2 \\\\,.",
"This reaction is one in which a molecule of species A interacts with a molecule of species B. The A molecule is converted into a B molecule. The final product consists of the original B molecule plus the B molecule created in the reaction.",
"The key feature of these rate equations is that they are [nonlinear](/wiki/Nonlinear_system%23Nonlinear_differential_equations \"Nonlinear system#Nonlinear differential equations\"); the second term on the right varies as the square of the concentration of B. This feature can lead to multiple fixed points of the system, much like a [quadratic equation](/wiki/Quadratic_equation \"Quadratic equation\") can have two roots. Multiple fixed points allow for multiple states of the system. A system existing in multiple [macroscopic](/wiki/Macroscopic \"Macroscopic\") states is more orderly (has lower entropy) than a system in a single state.",
"The concentrations of A and B vary in time according to\n \\[B]\\=\\\\frac{\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0}{(\\\\frac{\\[A]\\_0}{\\[B]\\_0}\\-\\\\frac{k\\_\\-}{k\\_\\+})e^{\\-k\\_\\+(\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0\\)t}\\+1\\+\\\\frac{k\\_\\-}{k\\_\\+}}\nand\n \\[A]\\=\\\\frac{(\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0\\)((\\\\frac{\\[A]\\_0}{\\[B]\\_0}\\-\\\\frac{k\\_\\-}{k\\_\\+})e^{\\-k\\_\\+(\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0\\)t}\\+\\\\frac{k\\_\\-}{k\\_\\+})}{(\\\\frac{\\[A]\\_0}{\\[B]\\_0}\\-\\\\frac{k\\_\\-}{k\\_\\+})e^{\\-k\\_\\+(\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0\\)t}\\+1\\+\\\\frac{k\\_\\-}{k\\_\\+}}.",
"For an irreversible reaction (i.e. k\\_\\- \\= 0)Moore J.W. and [Pearson R.G.](/wiki/Ralph_Pearson \"Ralph Pearson\") *Kinetics and Mechanism* (John Wiley 1981\\) p.26 {{ISBN\\|0\\-471\\-03558\\-0}}\n\\[A]\\=\\\\frac{\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0}{1\\+\\\\frac{\\[B]\\_0}{\\[A]\\_0}e^{(\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0\\)kt}}\nand \n\\[B]\\=\\\\frac{\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0}{1\\+\\\\frac{\\[A]\\_0}{\\[B]\\_0}e^{\\-(\\[A]\\_0\\+\\[B]\\_0\\)kt}}.\nThe graph for these equations is a [sigmoid curve](/wiki/Sigmoid_function \"Sigmoid function\") (specifically a [logistic function](/wiki/Logistic_function \"Logistic function\")), which is typical for autocatalytic reactions: these chemical reactions proceed slowly at the start (the [induction period](/wiki/Induction_period \"Induction period\")) because there is little catalyst present, the rate of reaction increases progressively as the reaction proceeds as the amount of catalyst increases and then it again slows down as the reactant concentration decreases. If the concentration of a reactant or product in an experiment follows a sigmoid curve, the reaction may be autocatalytic.",
"These kinetic equations apply for example to the acid\\-catalyzed hydrolysis of some [esters](/wiki/Ester \"Ester\") to [carboxylic acids](/wiki/Carboxylic_acid \"Carboxylic acid\") and [alcohols](/wiki/Alcohol_%28chemistry%29 \"Alcohol (chemistry)\"). There must be at least some acid present initially to start the catalyzed mechanism; if not the reaction must start by an alternate uncatalyzed path which is usually slower. The above equations (which do not consider the alternate pathway) for the catalyzed mechanism would imply that the concentration of acid product remains zero forever.",
"### Asymmetric autocatalysis",
"Asymmetric autocatalysis occurs when the reaction product is [chiral](/wiki/Chiral \"Chiral\") and thus serves as a catalyst for its own production. Reactions of this type, such as the [Soai reaction](/wiki/Soai_reaction \"Soai reaction\"), have the property that they can amplify a very small [enantiomeric excess](/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess \"Enantiomeric excess\") into a large one.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00557 \\|title\\=Autocatalytic Models for the Origin of Biological Homochirality \\|year\\=2020 \\|last1\\=Blackmond \\|first1\\=Donna G. \\|journal\\=Chemical Reviews \\|volume\\=120 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=4831–4847 \\|pmid\\=31797671 \\|arxiv\\=1909\\.13015 }} In another example, [sodium chlorate](/wiki/Sodium_chlorate \"Sodium chlorate\") crystallizes as an equilibrium mixture of left\\- and right\\-handed crystals. When seeded appropriated, saturated solutions of this salt (which is optically inactive), will produce batches of single enantiomeric crystals.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819 \\|title\\=Spontaneous Deracemizations \\|year\\=2021 \\|last1\\=Buhse \\|first1\\=Thomas \\|last2\\=Cruz \\|first2\\=José\\-Manuel \\|last3\\=Noble\\-Terán \\|first3\\=María E. \\|last4\\=Hochberg \\|first4\\=David \\|last5\\=Ribó \\|first5\\=Josep M. \\|last6\\=Crusats \\|first6\\=Joaquim \\|last7\\=Micheau \\|first7\\=Jean\\-Claude \\|journal\\=Chemical Reviews \\|volume\\=121 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=2147–2229 \\|pmid\\=33464058 \\|s2cid\\=231640216 }}",
"### Possible role in origin of life",
"{{main\\|Abiogenesis}}\n[thumb\\|Autocatalytic cycle of formose reaction showing how glyceraldehyde can be both the catalyst and the product of one portion of this complex reaction type.\\|left\\|288px](/wiki/File:FormoseRxn.svg \"FormoseRxn.svg\")\nAn early example of autocatalysis is the [formose reaction](/wiki/Formose_reaction \"Formose reaction\"), in which formaldehyde and base produce sugars and related polyols. Characteristic of autocatalysis, this reaction rate is extremely slow initially but accelerates with time. This kind of reaction has often been cited as being relevant to the origin of life.",
"Autocatalysis is one explanation for [abiogenesis](/wiki/Abiogenesis \"Abiogenesis\").{{cite book\\|author\\=Stuart Kauffman\\|title\\=At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self\\-Organization and Complexity\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-509599\\-9\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=1995\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/athomeinuniverse00kauf\\_0}}Ecology, the Ascendent Perspective\", Robert Ulanowicz, Columbia Univ. Press 1997\\.Investigations, Stuart Kauffman. Illustrative is the reaction amino adenosine and pentafluorophenyl ester in the presence of amino adenosine triacid ester (AATE). This experiment demonstrated that autocatalysts could exhibit competition within a population of entities with heredity, which could be interpreted as a rudimentary form of [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection \"Natural selection\"), and that certain environmental changes (such as irradiation) could alter the chemical structure of some of these self\\-replicating molecules (an analog for mutation) in such ways that could either boost or interfere with its ability to react, thus boosting or interfering with its ability to replicate and spread in the population.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Rebeck\\|first\\=Julius\\|title\\=Synthetic Self\\-Replicating Molecules\\|journal\\=Scientific American\\|date\\=July 1994\\|volume\\=271 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=48–55\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/scientificamerican0794\\-48 \\|bibcode\\=1994SciAm.271a..48R }}",
""
] |
The senses
----------
### Sight
Sight has been the most used sense in the advertising world over the past century.{{Cite journal\|last\=Lindstrom\|first\=Martin\|title\=Broad sensory branding\|journal\=Journal of Product \& Brand Management\|volume\=14\|issue\=2\|pages\=84–87\|doi\=10\.1108/10610420510592554\|year\=2005}} Sight is the most prominent sense of all because eyes contain two\-thirds of the sense cells in the body. Firms or brands utilize this sense in order to establish its identity and ultimately create a sight experience for an individual. We use our sense of sight to perceive contrasts or differences between many things such as big or small, light or dark or thin and thick, this helps us realize when there are certain differences or changes in a new package, new store interior or new product design. We often notice these differences and acknowledge them, reactions to changes are prevalent in physical goods, services and the service landscape.
Design is one of the most important aspects of a product or service, it is through design that firms and brands can express personality which an individual identifies with. It has been said that design is the most potent expression of a brand's identity, especially when an individual's quest for personal quality of life and welfare is symbolized through different brands.M. Gobé, Emotional Branding: The New Paradigm for Connecting Brands to People (New York: Allworth, 2001\), p. 107\. Design can be used to convey if a certain brand is new and innovative such as Apple or old and retro such as the Volkswagen Beetle. Packaging is another important aspect that affects the sense of sight and tactics used to market this sense. Successful packages are those that can convey a combination of emotional and functional attributes such as numerous wine, spirits or beer bottles, which have a connecting story or myth. On a bottle of Mystery Cliffs, a French Chardonnay, a label from 1997 shows the high rocky coast of California with a lone pine standing out on a ledge. This way, the package portrays how exotic and exciting the wine is.Hultén, Bertil, Niklas Broweus, and Marcus Van Dijk. "What is Sensory Marketing?." *Sensory Marketing*. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009\. 1\-23\.
The sense of sight can also be used with a series of new and innovative technologies such as virtual reality. With the aid of these gadgets, firms and brands can provide customers with sensory experiences that are more immersive and would not be possible otherwise. Marriott Hotel's new 'Teleporter' is a great example: Where interested customers can use a pair of virtual reality glasses to see sights of potential travel destinations.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media\-network/2014/oct/27/sensory\-marketing\-brands\-senses\-technology\|title\=Sensory marketing: the brands appealing to all five senses\|last\=Cassidy\|first\=Anne\|date\=2014\-10\-27\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0261\-3077\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-27}}
### Sound
Sound is a sense that is often underestimated in marketing, however, along with sight it accounts for 99% of all brand communication. Sound affects our mood and psychological state, promotes peace of mind and alerts us to danger. Since the early twentieth century, sound has been applied in mass marketing, to create awareness about a firm and its products mainly in television and radio. People often express their identity through sounds. Verbally, we convey to others who we are, where we come from, our likes and dislikes, how we feel, etc. Through the use of sound we can clarify our arguments, opinions and feelings in a manner that facial expressions alone cannot. We also use identify ourselves through the use of sounds, mainly music, which is why many brands and firms spend immense amounts of time and money to associate the right song or jingle with their product and build a stronger identity. U.S retail chains such as The Gap, Eddie Bauer and Toys "R" Us invest in music programs customized for them.S. Reda, “Targeted Store Music Programs Strengthen Ties between Sound and Sales,” Stores, 80 (1998\): 54–5\.
A very popular form of sound marketing is through the use of jingles. In the United States jingles were used as a new way to market new products and services as early as the 1920s. In 1938, [Hereford](/wiki/Hereford "Hereford")\-born [Austen Croom\-Johnson](/wiki/Austen_Croom-Johnson "Austen Croom-Johnson") (1909–1964\) and his [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago")\-born lyricist partner, Alan Bradley Kent *(né* Karl Dewitt Byington, Jr.; 1912–1991\) developed the jingle "[Pepsi\-Cola Hits the Spot](/wiki/Pepsi-Cola_Hits_the_Spot "Pepsi-Cola Hits the Spot")," and in 1939 it debuted on radio and became known as the first network jingle. The Pepsi jingle was successfully placed in millions of jukeboxes around the United States. Jingles have traditionally been characterized by short lyrics and commercial messages. They are memorable because short sound sequences that are repeated tend to be easily remembered. Voices can also be used to create a connection between a brand and a sound. Voices are often perceived as personal, emotional and friendly which is why they are so effective for certain brands, however, a voice has to be used continuously and coherently in order to enhance the brand identity. [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") used [David Suchet](/wiki/David_Suchet "David Suchet")'s voice for over 10 years to give the right feeling to its commercials.
### Smell
A large number of olfactory receptors are devoted to detecting thousands of different fragrance molecules.{{Cite journal \|last\=Sowndhararajan \|first\=Sowndhararajan \|date\=29 November 2016 \|title\=Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response \|journal\=Scientia Pharmaceutica \|volume\=84 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=724–752 \|doi\=10\.3390/scipharm84040724 \|doi\-access\=free \|pmid\=27916830 \|pmc\=5198031 }} When these molecules trigger the receptors, an electrical signal is sent to brain areas like the limbic system known to modulate memory, thoughts and emotions. Its for this reason that our sense of smell plays an important role in the physiological effects of mood, stress, and working capacity.
Recently, many companies have dedicated to sell scent and aromas to different brands and firms in order to enhance their marketing strategy and brand identity. There are about 20 scent\-marketing companies in the world, collectively worth around $80 million, says Harald Vogt, co\-founder of the Scent Marketing Institute in Scarsdale, New York.Trivedi, Bijal. "The hard smell." *New Scientist* 192\.2582 (2006\): 36\-39\. With the sense of smell being so sensitive and powerful it is not a surprise that many companies have joined the industry, after all, 75% of our emotions are generated by what we smell.
This form of sensory branding has already been used for some time, in fact, in 1990 Singapore airlines introduced Stefan Floridian Waters, a patented aroma that quickly became a unique trademark of Singapore Airlines. The distinctive aroma was blended into the flight attendants' perfume, into the hot towels served before take off and even made sure the whole plane had a hint of the smell. Travelers who took several flights on Singapore Airlines and were asked about the smell reported they instantly recognized it upon entering the aircraft, it is a smell that has the capabilities to jump\-start a chain of emotions and comfortable memories, which is exactly what companies are looking for when entering this type of sensorial branding.
### Taste
The sense of taste is considered to be the most intimate one because we can't taste anything from a distance. It is also believed to be the most distinctly emotional sense. Our taste is also dependent on our saliva and differs on each different person. People who prefer saltier foods are used to a higher concentration of sodium and therefore have a saltier saliva. In fact, 78% of our taste preferences are dependent on one's genes. Taste also has a social aspect attached to it, we rarely seek to enjoy food by ourselves since eating usually facilitates social interaction between people. Business meetings and home dinners are almost all of the time in company of others and companies need to take this into consideration.
A Swedish company, City Gross, made great use of this when it opened it the spring of 2007\. The Swedish food retail store delivered grocery bags to households containing bread, beverages, sandwich spread and fruits. Competition in the industry is known to be very high and most retailers used low prices or coupons to attract customers. City Gross managed to reach out to customers very differently from the traditional marketing which was very impersonal, the company delivered customers with a taste of the brand and customers perceived this as something more personal and intimate.
### Touch
Touch is central to human social life and is the most developed sensory modality at birth.{{Cite journal \|last\=Hertenstein \|first\=Matthew J. \|date\=2002 \|title\=Touch: Its Communicative Functions in Infancy \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1159/000048154 \|journal\=Human Development \|volume\=45 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=70–94 \|doi\=10\.1159/000048154 \|s2cid\=11106073 \|issn\=0018\-716X}} In this case, it is very important in sensory branding because it strengthens the experience an individual has when interacting with a product. Tactile marketing can be used by brands to express their identity and values, however, this requires an interaction between consumer and brand and that is often hard from a distance. Tactile marketing can be facilitated by different sense expressions such as material and surface, temperature and weight and form and steadiness. Many people have a positive response to touch, which can be useful in services. The perception of touch, or haptics, is the only one that exists passively on all parts of our body. Unlike vision, which is perceived through the eyes, or hearing, which is perceived through the ears, haptic sensations are not limited to any one specific location. We have haptic receptors on all parts of the outside of our body and even in some internal locations, such as in our mouths. During a pleasant touching experience, the hormone oxytocin is released, which leads to calmness and well\-being. Firms need to be very selective of when to utilize this since it is perceived diversely across different cultures.
|
[
"The senses\n----------",
"### Sight",
"Sight has been the most used sense in the advertising world over the past century.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Lindstrom\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=Broad sensory branding\\|journal\\=Journal of Product \\& Brand Management\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=84–87\\|doi\\=10\\.1108/10610420510592554\\|year\\=2005}} Sight is the most prominent sense of all because eyes contain two\\-thirds of the sense cells in the body. Firms or brands utilize this sense in order to establish its identity and ultimately create a sight experience for an individual. We use our sense of sight to perceive contrasts or differences between many things such as big or small, light or dark or thin and thick, this helps us realize when there are certain differences or changes in a new package, new store interior or new product design. We often notice these differences and acknowledge them, reactions to changes are prevalent in physical goods, services and the service landscape.",
"Design is one of the most important aspects of a product or service, it is through design that firms and brands can express personality which an individual identifies with. It has been said that design is the most potent expression of a brand's identity, especially when an individual's quest for personal quality of life and welfare is symbolized through different brands.M. Gobé, Emotional Branding: The New Paradigm for Connecting Brands to People (New York: Allworth, 2001\\), p. 107\\. Design can be used to convey if a certain brand is new and innovative such as Apple or old and retro such as the Volkswagen Beetle. Packaging is another important aspect that affects the sense of sight and tactics used to market this sense. Successful packages are those that can convey a combination of emotional and functional attributes such as numerous wine, spirits or beer bottles, which have a connecting story or myth. On a bottle of Mystery Cliffs, a French Chardonnay, a label from 1997 shows the high rocky coast of California with a lone pine standing out on a ledge. This way, the package portrays how exotic and exciting the wine is.Hultén, Bertil, Niklas Broweus, and Marcus Van Dijk. \"What is Sensory Marketing?.\" *Sensory Marketing*. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009\\. 1\\-23\\.",
"The sense of sight can also be used with a series of new and innovative technologies such as virtual reality. With the aid of these gadgets, firms and brands can provide customers with sensory experiences that are more immersive and would not be possible otherwise. Marriott Hotel's new 'Teleporter' is a great example: Where interested customers can use a pair of virtual reality glasses to see sights of potential travel destinations.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media\\-network/2014/oct/27/sensory\\-marketing\\-brands\\-senses\\-technology\\|title\\=Sensory marketing: the brands appealing to all five senses\\|last\\=Cassidy\\|first\\=Anne\\|date\\=2014\\-10\\-27\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-27}}",
"### Sound",
"Sound is a sense that is often underestimated in marketing, however, along with sight it accounts for 99% of all brand communication. Sound affects our mood and psychological state, promotes peace of mind and alerts us to danger. Since the early twentieth century, sound has been applied in mass marketing, to create awareness about a firm and its products mainly in television and radio. People often express their identity through sounds. Verbally, we convey to others who we are, where we come from, our likes and dislikes, how we feel, etc. Through the use of sound we can clarify our arguments, opinions and feelings in a manner that facial expressions alone cannot. We also use identify ourselves through the use of sounds, mainly music, which is why many brands and firms spend immense amounts of time and money to associate the right song or jingle with their product and build a stronger identity. U.S retail chains such as The Gap, Eddie Bauer and Toys \"R\" Us invest in music programs customized for them.S. Reda, “Targeted Store Music Programs Strengthen Ties between Sound and Sales,” Stores, 80 (1998\\): 54–5\\.",
"A very popular form of sound marketing is through the use of jingles. In the United States jingles were used as a new way to market new products and services as early as the 1920s. In 1938, [Hereford](/wiki/Hereford \"Hereford\")\\-born [Austen Croom\\-Johnson](/wiki/Austen_Croom-Johnson \"Austen Croom-Johnson\") (1909–1964\\) and his [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\")\\-born lyricist partner, Alan Bradley Kent *(né* Karl Dewitt Byington, Jr.; 1912–1991\\) developed the jingle \"[Pepsi\\-Cola Hits the Spot](/wiki/Pepsi-Cola_Hits_the_Spot \"Pepsi-Cola Hits the Spot\"),\" and in 1939 it debuted on radio and became known as the first network jingle. The Pepsi jingle was successfully placed in millions of jukeboxes around the United States. Jingles have traditionally been characterized by short lyrics and commercial messages. They are memorable because short sound sequences that are repeated tend to be easily remembered. Voices can also be used to create a connection between a brand and a sound. Voices are often perceived as personal, emotional and friendly which is why they are so effective for certain brands, however, a voice has to be used continuously and coherently in order to enhance the brand identity. [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") used [David Suchet](/wiki/David_Suchet \"David Suchet\")'s voice for over 10 years to give the right feeling to its commercials.",
"### Smell",
"A large number of olfactory receptors are devoted to detecting thousands of different fragrance molecules.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Sowndhararajan \\|first\\=Sowndhararajan \\|date\\=29 November 2016 \\|title\\=Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response \\|journal\\=Scientia Pharmaceutica \\|volume\\=84 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=724–752 \\|doi\\=10\\.3390/scipharm84040724 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|pmid\\=27916830 \\|pmc\\=5198031 }} When these molecules trigger the receptors, an electrical signal is sent to brain areas like the limbic system known to modulate memory, thoughts and emotions. Its for this reason that our sense of smell plays an important role in the physiological effects of mood, stress, and working capacity.",
"Recently, many companies have dedicated to sell scent and aromas to different brands and firms in order to enhance their marketing strategy and brand identity. There are about 20 scent\\-marketing companies in the world, collectively worth around $80 million, says Harald Vogt, co\\-founder of the Scent Marketing Institute in Scarsdale, New York.Trivedi, Bijal. \"The hard smell.\" *New Scientist* 192\\.2582 (2006\\): 36\\-39\\. With the sense of smell being so sensitive and powerful it is not a surprise that many companies have joined the industry, after all, 75% of our emotions are generated by what we smell.",
"This form of sensory branding has already been used for some time, in fact, in 1990 Singapore airlines introduced Stefan Floridian Waters, a patented aroma that quickly became a unique trademark of Singapore Airlines. The distinctive aroma was blended into the flight attendants' perfume, into the hot towels served before take off and even made sure the whole plane had a hint of the smell. Travelers who took several flights on Singapore Airlines and were asked about the smell reported they instantly recognized it upon entering the aircraft, it is a smell that has the capabilities to jump\\-start a chain of emotions and comfortable memories, which is exactly what companies are looking for when entering this type of sensorial branding.",
"### Taste",
"The sense of taste is considered to be the most intimate one because we can't taste anything from a distance. It is also believed to be the most distinctly emotional sense. Our taste is also dependent on our saliva and differs on each different person. People who prefer saltier foods are used to a higher concentration of sodium and therefore have a saltier saliva. In fact, 78% of our taste preferences are dependent on one's genes. Taste also has a social aspect attached to it, we rarely seek to enjoy food by ourselves since eating usually facilitates social interaction between people. Business meetings and home dinners are almost all of the time in company of others and companies need to take this into consideration.",
"A Swedish company, City Gross, made great use of this when it opened it the spring of 2007\\. The Swedish food retail store delivered grocery bags to households containing bread, beverages, sandwich spread and fruits. Competition in the industry is known to be very high and most retailers used low prices or coupons to attract customers. City Gross managed to reach out to customers very differently from the traditional marketing which was very impersonal, the company delivered customers with a taste of the brand and customers perceived this as something more personal and intimate.",
"### Touch",
"Touch is central to human social life and is the most developed sensory modality at birth.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Hertenstein \\|first\\=Matthew J. \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Touch: Its Communicative Functions in Infancy \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1159/000048154 \\|journal\\=Human Development \\|volume\\=45 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=70–94 \\|doi\\=10\\.1159/000048154 \\|s2cid\\=11106073 \\|issn\\=0018\\-716X}} In this case, it is very important in sensory branding because it strengthens the experience an individual has when interacting with a product. Tactile marketing can be used by brands to express their identity and values, however, this requires an interaction between consumer and brand and that is often hard from a distance. Tactile marketing can be facilitated by different sense expressions such as material and surface, temperature and weight and form and steadiness. Many people have a positive response to touch, which can be useful in services. The perception of touch, or haptics, is the only one that exists passively on all parts of our body. Unlike vision, which is perceived through the eyes, or hearing, which is perceived through the ears, haptic sensations are not limited to any one specific location. We have haptic receptors on all parts of the outside of our body and even in some internal locations, such as in our mouths. During a pleasant touching experience, the hormone oxytocin is released, which leads to calmness and well\\-being. Firms need to be very selective of when to utilize this since it is perceived diversely across different cultures.",
""
] |
Cases of Sensory Marketing
--------------------------
### Apple
Apple has been providing consumers special experiences by stimulating human's senses, galvanizing the Apple brand, and intensifying communication with the consumers. The factors that stimulate senses are not only limited to Apple products, but throughout the concept store, that consumers can experience and learn more about the brand, Apple. Apple concept store is a place where consumers can 'experience' Apple. Consumers are able to see, touch, listen, and experience Apple comprehensively. It was designed to maximize the sensuous value and contribute to creating an image of the Apple as 'state\-of\-the\-art' lifestyle.
### Starbucks
Starbucks' philosophy is to give satisfaction to consumers not only in realms of taste, but also olfactory, visual, tactile, and auditory sense. In order to pursue such goals, Starbucks is making an effort to consistently create a sound, perfume, font, and taste that can appeal to consumers. All background music at Starbucks is selected and released from Hearmusic, from the main office of Starbucks. Hearmusic provides 2\~3 CDs per month that contain approximately 100 songs to 9000 Starbucks shops worldwide. From this, consumers were able to enjoy coffee at a refreshing and comfortable environment. Regardless of countries and culture, consumers are able to share in similar experiences at Starbucks.
### Singapore Airlines
Singapore Airlines is an example of a successful olfactory marketing company. Singapore Airlines introduced Stefan Floridian Waters, an aroma. An aroma which has been specifically designed as part of Singapore Airlines. Stefan Floridian Waters formed the scent in the flight attendants' perfume, was blended into the hot towels served before take off and generally permeated the entire fleet of Singapore Airlines planes. The patented aroma has since become a unique and very distinct trademark of Singapore Airlines.
### Abercrombie \& Fitch
According to Khan (2014\), the stores are intentionally designed from a multi\-sensory point of view to get consumers to buy products:
Olfactory: Human beings can remember about 10,000 distinct odors that can trigger important memories that take us back to childhood. A study conducted by consumer psychologist Eric Spangenberg, found that Men do not like to spend lengthy periods of time in stores when it smells feminine, and equally the female counterpart when it smells masculine. A \& F, knowing who they want in store, spray doses of their men's fragrance “Fierce”, which they deem to be “packed with confidence and a bold masculine attitude” aligning with image of their intended demographic. Their brand image of a “classic, good looking and cool” teen is therefore associated with the fragrance and store, creating a “self\-fulfilling prophecy for male clientele”, the notion that the receiving demographic can be like the A \& F models and staff (Khan, 2014\).Khan, H. (2014\). How Retailers Manipulate Sight, Smell, and Sound to Trigger Purchase Behavior in Consumers. Retrieved from [https://www.shopify.co.nz/blog/14193377\-how\-retailers\-manipulate\-sight\-smell\-and\-sound\-to\-trigger\-purchase\-behavior\-in\-consumers](https://www.shopify.co.nz/blog/14193377-how-retailers-manipulate-sight-smell-and-sound-to-trigger-purchase-behavior-in-consumers)
Visual: They market beautiful people, which albeit controversial, is scientifically viable as there is a symmetry and averageness of features that is associated with attractiveness is faces. Psychologist's referring to it as the “[halo effect](/wiki/Halo_effect "Halo effect")” with people automatically assigning good looking people with favorable attributes e.g. talent, kindness, intelligence. This creates a fondness and we have a tendency to comply more with the people we like. In associating these desired people with products A \& F sell, they create an unknowing arousal and induce a pleasurable experience of the brand (Khan, 2014\).
Aural: Music can help regulate emotions, affect moods, physical heart rate and increase physiological arousal. A \& F know younger customers withstand louder club music, however older customers don’t, so in order to maintain their younger clientele they ensure their genre and volume is to the younger consumer's preference. As Emily Anthes of Psychology Today states, “Shoppers make more impulsive purchases when they're overstimulated. Loud volume leads to sensory overload, which weakens self\-control” (Khan, 2014\).
### [Garra rufa](/wiki/Red_garra "Red garra")
One particularly strange and exotic product that has come on the market is the fish pedicure service that has been popping up around the globe. In a service similar to a spa treatment, consumers pay in order to submerge their feet into a pond or a tub teeming with so\-called doctor fish or [Garra rufa](/wiki/Red_garra "Red garra") . These fish are said to have therapeutic properties, eating away dead skin so that new, healthy skin can grow. While the sensation is very strange at first—and the thought of thousands of tiny fish nibbling away at one’s feet is eerie, to say the least—most people who try it find the experience soothing and rejuvenating after they get over their initial apprehensions.{{Cite book \|last\=Krishna \|first\=Aradhna \|title\=Customer sense: How the 5 senses influence buying behavior. \|publisher\=Palgrave Macmillan \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=978\-0\-230\-34173\-9}}
|
[
"Cases of Sensory Marketing\n--------------------------",
"### Apple",
"Apple has been providing consumers special experiences by stimulating human's senses, galvanizing the Apple brand, and intensifying communication with the consumers. The factors that stimulate senses are not only limited to Apple products, but throughout the concept store, that consumers can experience and learn more about the brand, Apple. Apple concept store is a place where consumers can 'experience' Apple. Consumers are able to see, touch, listen, and experience Apple comprehensively. It was designed to maximize the sensuous value and contribute to creating an image of the Apple as 'state\\-of\\-the\\-art' lifestyle.",
"### Starbucks",
"Starbucks' philosophy is to give satisfaction to consumers not only in realms of taste, but also olfactory, visual, tactile, and auditory sense. In order to pursue such goals, Starbucks is making an effort to consistently create a sound, perfume, font, and taste that can appeal to consumers. All background music at Starbucks is selected and released from Hearmusic, from the main office of Starbucks. Hearmusic provides 2\\~3 CDs per month that contain approximately 100 songs to 9000 Starbucks shops worldwide. From this, consumers were able to enjoy coffee at a refreshing and comfortable environment. Regardless of countries and culture, consumers are able to share in similar experiences at Starbucks.",
"### Singapore Airlines",
"Singapore Airlines is an example of a successful olfactory marketing company. Singapore Airlines introduced Stefan Floridian Waters, an aroma. An aroma which has been specifically designed as part of Singapore Airlines. Stefan Floridian Waters formed the scent in the flight attendants' perfume, was blended into the hot towels served before take off and generally permeated the entire fleet of Singapore Airlines planes. The patented aroma has since become a unique and very distinct trademark of Singapore Airlines.",
"### Abercrombie \\& Fitch",
"According to Khan (2014\\), the stores are intentionally designed from a multi\\-sensory point of view to get consumers to buy products:",
"Olfactory: Human beings can remember about 10,000 distinct odors that can trigger important memories that take us back to childhood. A study conducted by consumer psychologist Eric Spangenberg, found that Men do not like to spend lengthy periods of time in stores when it smells feminine, and equally the female counterpart when it smells masculine. A \\& F, knowing who they want in store, spray doses of their men's fragrance “Fierce”, which they deem to be “packed with confidence and a bold masculine attitude” aligning with image of their intended demographic. Their brand image of a “classic, good looking and cool” teen is therefore associated with the fragrance and store, creating a “self\\-fulfilling prophecy for male clientele”, the notion that the receiving demographic can be like the A \\& F models and staff (Khan, 2014\\).Khan, H. (2014\\). How Retailers Manipulate Sight, Smell, and Sound to Trigger Purchase Behavior in Consumers. Retrieved from [https://www.shopify.co.nz/blog/14193377\\-how\\-retailers\\-manipulate\\-sight\\-smell\\-and\\-sound\\-to\\-trigger\\-purchase\\-behavior\\-in\\-consumers](https://www.shopify.co.nz/blog/14193377-how-retailers-manipulate-sight-smell-and-sound-to-trigger-purchase-behavior-in-consumers)",
"",
"Visual: They market beautiful people, which albeit controversial, is scientifically viable as there is a symmetry and averageness of features that is associated with attractiveness is faces. Psychologist's referring to it as the “[halo effect](/wiki/Halo_effect \"Halo effect\")” with people automatically assigning good looking people with favorable attributes e.g. talent, kindness, intelligence. This creates a fondness and we have a tendency to comply more with the people we like. In associating these desired people with products A \\& F sell, they create an unknowing arousal and induce a pleasurable experience of the brand (Khan, 2014\\).",
"Aural: Music can help regulate emotions, affect moods, physical heart rate and increase physiological arousal. A \\& F know younger customers withstand louder club music, however older customers don’t, so in order to maintain their younger clientele they ensure their genre and volume is to the younger consumer's preference. As Emily Anthes of Psychology Today states, “Shoppers make more impulsive purchases when they're overstimulated. Loud volume leads to sensory overload, which weakens self\\-control” (Khan, 2014\\).",
"### [Garra rufa](/wiki/Red_garra \"Red garra\")",
"One particularly strange and exotic product that has come on the market is the fish pedicure service that has been popping up around the globe. In a service similar to a spa treatment, consumers pay in order to submerge their feet into a pond or a tub teeming with so\\-called doctor fish or [Garra rufa](/wiki/Red_garra \"Red garra\") . These fish are said to have therapeutic properties, eating away dead skin so that new, healthy skin can grow. While the sensation is very strange at first—and the thought of thousands of tiny fish nibbling away at one’s feet is eerie, to say the least—most people who try it find the experience soothing and rejuvenating after they get over their initial apprehensions.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Krishna \\|first\\=Aradhna \\|title\\=Customer sense: How the 5 senses influence buying behavior. \\|publisher\\=Palgrave Macmillan \\|year\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-230\\-34173\\-9}}",
""
] |
Origins of the name
-------------------
It probably derives from the Latin name Cassius with the addition of the suffix *\-anus*.
According to others, the name refers to the ancient worship for [Janus](/wiki/Janus "Janus") to whom a small temple was dedicated, that is Jani's house. From this derives the toponym of the town "Casa Jani"
Actually this derivation, proposed by the historian Nicola Alessandrelli, is rather doubtful, as "house" in Latin corresponds to *domus*.
An alternative hypothesis is that the name derives from the [Cassia gens](/wiki/Cassia_gens "Cassia gens").
In the high imperial age the whole Puglia was object of centuriation by the [Romans](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire"), so it could be Cassianum, that is property of the Cassia family.
From [archeological excavations](/wiki/Archaeological_excavation "Archaeological excavation") carried out, it seems that the [cardo](/wiki/Cardo "Cardo") maximus (Via Sanges\-Via Cavour axis) and the [Decumanus Maximus](/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus "Decumanus Maximus") (Via Gentile\-Via Magg. Turitto axis) intersected in the current [Piazzetta delle Quattro Colonne.](/wiki/Santa_Maria_al_Bagno "Santa Maria al Bagno")
Moreover, Cassano, stands on a link road between the [Traiana way](/wiki/Via_Traiana "Via Traiana") and the [Appian Way](/wiki/Appian_Way "Appian Way") and it seems that the town was a rest station and a Camino dei cavalli.
Recently, a Romanic [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic "Mosaic") was discovered under the pavement of Miani Palace, which would prove the existence of a [Roman villa](/wiki/Roman_villa "Roman villa"), in compliance with the custom of building the most important buildings near the most important crossroads.
In Italy there are seven towns called [Cassano](/wiki/Cassano_%28disambiguation%29 "Cassano (disambiguation)"), so in 1862 "[delle Murge](/wiki/Altopiano_delle_Murge "Altopiano delle Murge")" was added to distinguish it from the others.
The specification refers to the well\-known Apulian plateau.
[thumb\|Cassano delle Murge](/wiki/File:Cassano_delle_Murge_%28vista_panoramica%29.jpg "Cassano delle Murge (vista panoramica).jpg")
|
[
"Origins of the name\n-------------------",
"It probably derives from the Latin name Cassius with the addition of the suffix *\\-anus*.",
"According to others, the name refers to the ancient worship for [Janus](/wiki/Janus \"Janus\") to whom a small temple was dedicated, that is Jani's house. From this derives the toponym of the town \"Casa Jani\"",
"Actually this derivation, proposed by the historian Nicola Alessandrelli, is rather doubtful, as \"house\" in Latin corresponds to *domus*.",
"An alternative hypothesis is that the name derives from the [Cassia gens](/wiki/Cassia_gens \"Cassia gens\").",
"In the high imperial age the whole Puglia was object of centuriation by the [Romans](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\"), so it could be Cassianum, that is property of the Cassia family.",
"From [archeological excavations](/wiki/Archaeological_excavation \"Archaeological excavation\") carried out, it seems that the [cardo](/wiki/Cardo \"Cardo\") maximus (Via Sanges\\-Via Cavour axis) and the [Decumanus Maximus](/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus \"Decumanus Maximus\") (Via Gentile\\-Via Magg. Turitto axis) intersected in the current [Piazzetta delle Quattro Colonne.](/wiki/Santa_Maria_al_Bagno \"Santa Maria al Bagno\")",
"Moreover, Cassano, stands on a link road between the [Traiana way](/wiki/Via_Traiana \"Via Traiana\") and the [Appian Way](/wiki/Appian_Way \"Appian Way\") and it seems that the town was a rest station and a Camino dei cavalli.",
"Recently, a Romanic [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic \"Mosaic\") was discovered under the pavement of Miani Palace, which would prove the existence of a [Roman villa](/wiki/Roman_villa \"Roman villa\"), in compliance with the custom of building the most important buildings near the most important crossroads.",
"In Italy there are seven towns called [Cassano](/wiki/Cassano_%28disambiguation%29 \"Cassano (disambiguation)\"), so in 1862 \"[delle Murge](/wiki/Altopiano_delle_Murge \"Altopiano delle Murge\")\" was added to distinguish it from the others.",
"The specification refers to the well\\-known Apulian plateau.\n[thumb\\|Cassano delle Murge](/wiki/File:Cassano_delle_Murge_%28vista_panoramica%29.jpg \"Cassano delle Murge (vista panoramica).jpg\")",
""
] |
History
-------
### Prehistoric Age
Hundreds of stone artifacts, paintings, various objects found in the caves around the town tell us about prehistoric settlements.
The recent discovery of a menhir, dating back to 2500–2000 BC., confirms the antiquity of the human presence in these districts.
### Roman Age
The origins of Cassano seem to date back to the Roman Age, as confirmed by many archaeological finding, such as the recent discovery of a precious 5th century [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic "Mosaic") floor.
Also in [late antiquity](/wiki/Late_antiquity "Late antiquity"), in a point of the territory called "Lake of Battaglia" a clash relating to the Greek\-[Gothic War](/wiki/Gothic_War_%28535%E2%80%93554%29 "Gothic War (535–554)") took place between the army of the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") and the troops of the Gothic [Totila](/wiki/Totila "Totila"), during which it would have distinguished itself, for courage, a Cassanese woman dressed as a warrior, distinguished herself, for courage and heroism.
To worship her memory, her companions erected a monument to her with a pile of stones, still known today as "Specchia di femina morta".
Due to the typical karstic conformation of the area, there are a lot of grottos. The biggest is located about 3 km from the urban built up area, the grotto called "di Cristo", was discovered in the 17th century. Two kilometers to the east we find the grave of "Pasciullo", 180 meters deep and still to be explored. Three kilometers to the south\-east, a source called "Pozzo di Conetto" gushes.
Historical investigations have ascertained the existence of a temple dedicated to [Janus](/wiki/Janus "Janus") in the place where the church of SS. Crucifix is.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Prehistoric Age",
"Hundreds of stone artifacts, paintings, various objects found in the caves around the town tell us about prehistoric settlements.",
"The recent discovery of a menhir, dating back to 2500–2000 BC., confirms the antiquity of the human presence in these districts.",
"### Roman Age",
"The origins of Cassano seem to date back to the Roman Age, as confirmed by many archaeological finding, such as the recent discovery of a precious 5th century [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic \"Mosaic\") floor.",
"Also in [late antiquity](/wiki/Late_antiquity \"Late antiquity\"), in a point of the territory called \"Lake of Battaglia\" a clash relating to the Greek\\-[Gothic War](/wiki/Gothic_War_%28535%E2%80%93554%29 \"Gothic War (535–554)\") took place between the army of the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") and the troops of the Gothic [Totila](/wiki/Totila \"Totila\"), during which it would have distinguished itself, for courage, a Cassanese woman dressed as a warrior, distinguished herself, for courage and heroism.",
"To worship her memory, her companions erected a monument to her with a pile of stones, still known today as \"Specchia di femina morta\".",
"Due to the typical karstic conformation of the area, there are a lot of grottos. The biggest is located about 3 km from the urban built up area, the grotto called \"di Cristo\", was discovered in the 17th century. Two kilometers to the east we find the grave of \"Pasciullo\", 180 meters deep and still to be explored. Three kilometers to the south\\-east, a source called \"Pozzo di Conetto\" gushes.",
"Historical investigations have ascertained the existence of a temple dedicated to [Janus](/wiki/Janus \"Janus\") in the place where the church of SS. Crucifix is.",
""
] |
### Roman Age
The origins of Cassano seem to date back to the Roman Age, as confirmed by many archaeological finding, such as the recent discovery of a precious 5th century [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic "Mosaic") floor.
Also in [late antiquity](/wiki/Late_antiquity "Late antiquity"), in a point of the territory called "Lake of Battaglia" a clash relating to the Greek\-[Gothic War](/wiki/Gothic_War_%28535%E2%80%93554%29 "Gothic War (535–554)") took place between the army of the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") and the troops of the Gothic [Totila](/wiki/Totila "Totila"), during which it would have distinguished itself, for courage, a Cassanese woman dressed as a warrior, distinguished herself, for courage and heroism.
To worship her memory, her companions erected a monument to her with a pile of stones, still known today as "Specchia di femina morta".
Due to the typical karstic conformation of the area, there are a lot of grottos. The biggest is located about 3 km from the urban built up area, the grotto called "di Cristo", was discovered in the 17th century. Two kilometers to the east we find the grave of "Pasciullo", 180 meters deep and still to be explored. Three kilometers to the south\-east, a source called "Pozzo di Conetto" gushes.
Historical investigations have ascertained the existence of a temple dedicated to [Janus](/wiki/Janus "Janus") in the place where the church of SS. Crucifix is.
|
[
"### Roman Age",
"The origins of Cassano seem to date back to the Roman Age, as confirmed by many archaeological finding, such as the recent discovery of a precious 5th century [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic \"Mosaic\") floor.",
"Also in [late antiquity](/wiki/Late_antiquity \"Late antiquity\"), in a point of the territory called \"Lake of Battaglia\" a clash relating to the Greek\\-[Gothic War](/wiki/Gothic_War_%28535%E2%80%93554%29 \"Gothic War (535–554)\") took place between the army of the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") and the troops of the Gothic [Totila](/wiki/Totila \"Totila\"), during which it would have distinguished itself, for courage, a Cassanese woman dressed as a warrior, distinguished herself, for courage and heroism.",
"To worship her memory, her companions erected a monument to her with a pile of stones, still known today as \"Specchia di femina morta\".",
"Due to the typical karstic conformation of the area, there are a lot of grottos. The biggest is located about 3 km from the urban built up area, the grotto called \"di Cristo\", was discovered in the 17th century. Two kilometers to the east we find the grave of \"Pasciullo\", 180 meters deep and still to be explored. Three kilometers to the south\\-east, a source called \"Pozzo di Conetto\" gushes.",
"Historical investigations have ascertained the existence of a temple dedicated to [Janus](/wiki/Janus \"Janus\") in the place where the church of SS. Crucifix is.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{more citations needed\|section\|date\=June 2018}}
### Early relations
In circa 595, [Pope Gregory I](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I "Pope Gregory I") sent a mission now known as the [Gregorian Mission](/wiki/Gregorian_Mission "Gregorian Mission") to the [Kingdom of Kent](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent "Kingdom of Kent"). [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury "Augustine of Canterbury") became the first [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury "Archbishop of Canterbury") in circa 597\. During the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") and until the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") in the 16th century, the [Kingdom of England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") and the [Kingdom of Scotland](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland "Kingdom of Scotland") were [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") kingdoms with diplomatic relations with the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States").
In 1209, [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III "Pope Innocent III") put the Kingdom of England under [interdict](/wiki/Interdict "Interdict") amidst rising disputes with [John, King of England](/wiki/John%2C_King_of_England "John, King of England"), after he refused to accept [Stephen Langton](/wiki/Stephen_Langton "Stephen Langton"), the papal candidate for [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury "Archbishop of Canterbury"). The dispute was resolved in 1213 when John conceded power to the Pope by becoming his vassal and agreed to pay feudal taxes to the Catholic Church.
In 1479, [Edward IV of England](/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England "Edward IV of England") appointed [John Sherwood](/wiki/John_Sherwood_%28bishop%29 "John Sherwood (bishop)") as the first Resident Ambassador in the Papal States. Diplomatic relations were broken in 1536, following the establishment of the [Anglican Church](/wiki/Anglican_Church "Anglican Church") by [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII "Henry VIII"). Diplomatic relations were re\-established in 1553 under [Mary I of England](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England "Mary I of England"), who appointed [Sir Edward Carne](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carne "Sir Edward Carne") as her Ambassador. During the reign of [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I "Elizabeth I") diplomatic relations were broken again due to the [papal bull](/wiki/Papal_bull "Papal bull") *[Regnans in Excelsis](/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis "Regnans in Excelsis")* in 1570\. Official relations with the Papal States were then prohibited by law. The two countries nevertheless had occasional contacts.
In 1621, the English court despatched George Gage to the Papal court in order to obtain permission for [Charles I of England](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England") to marry the Spanish infanta, a marriage that in the event did not take place. But when Charles I married a French Catholic princess named [Henrietta Maria](/wiki/Henrietta_Maria "Henrietta Maria"), he obtained the blessing of [Pope Gregory XV](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV "Pope Gregory XV"), who used the opportunity to despatch [Gregorio Panzani](/wiki/Gregorio_Panzani "Gregorio Panzani") to England as his envoy. Panzani was followed as papal envoy by the Scottish Franciscan [George Conn](/wiki/George_Conn_%28priest%29 "George Conn (priest)").
In 1686, King [James VII of Scotland](/wiki/James_VII_of_Scotland "James VII of Scotland") and II of England despatched as envoy to the Papal States [the Earl of Castlemaine](/wiki/Roger_Palmer%2C_1st_Earl_of_Castlemaine "Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine") and received as papal envoy Count [Fernando D'Adda](/wiki/Fernando_D%27Adda "Fernando D'Adda"). Relations were broken again following the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution "Glorious Revolution") in 1688\. The Papal States recognised [James Francis Edward Stuart](/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart "James Francis Edward Stuart") as James VIII and III until his death in 1766, but not his son [Charles](/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart "Charles Edward Stuart"), which gave subtle recognition to the reigning [House of Hanover](/wiki/House_of_Hanover "House of Hanover"). This helped start the reform of the anti\-Catholic penal laws, achieved in part by the [Quebec Act 1774](/wiki/Quebec_Act_1774 "Quebec Act 1774") and the [Papists Act 1778](/wiki/Papists_Act_1778 "Papists Act 1778"). Sir [John Coxe Hippisley](/wiki/John_Coxe_Hippisley "John Coxe Hippisley")'s brief mission to Rome to explore the possibility of restoring relations failed in 1779–1780\.
Unofficial relations were formed again during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"), as both the British and the Papal courts were interested in coordinating policies against the spread of the revolution across Europe. In 1792, the British court despatched Sir [John Coxe Hippisley](/wiki/John_Coxe_Hippisley "John Coxe Hippisley") to Rome as envoy, a position he held until 1795\. The papal court despatched Monsignor [Charles Erskine](/wiki/Charles_Erskine_%28cardinal%29 "Charles Erskine (cardinal)") to London as envoy, a position he held until 1801\. Both countries found themselves at various times enemies of France during this period and therefore had a degree of commonality of interests, not least because of the [dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution](/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution "Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution") and the French establishment of the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2818th_century%29 "Roman Republic (18th century)") of 1798–99\.
### After the UK's formation
The [United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland") came into existence in 1801 with the [union of the Kingdom of Ireland to Great Britain](/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800 "Acts of Union 1800"), which had been formed by the [union of the Kingdoms of Scotland and England](/wiki/Treaty_of_Union "Treaty of Union") in 1707\. With the [Anglo\-Irish Treaty](/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty "Anglo-Irish Treaty") of 1921, all of Ireland became an independent dominion. Northern Ireland exercised its right under that treaty to separate from the remainder of Ireland and maintain the union with Great Britain, which created the current state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The Holy See is the pre\-eminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church and recognised in international law as a sovereign entity with which diplomatic relations can be maintained.Kunz, "The Status of the Holy See in International Law" 46 American Journal of International Law (1952\) pp. 309\-313\. *[Pastor Bonus](/wiki/Pastor_Bonus "Pastor Bonus")*, an [apostolic constitution](/wiki/Apostolic_constitution "Apostolic constitution"), defines the Vatican's diplomatic relations with states as the Holy See.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/john\_paul\_ii/apost\_constitutions/documents/hf\_jp\-ii\_apc\_19880628\_pastor\-bonus\-roman\-curia\_en.html \|title\=Pastor Bonus; Section II \|publisher\=The \[\[Holy See]] \|access\-date\=2010\-09\-20 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010223175311/https://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/john\_paul\_ii/apost\_constitutions/documents/hf\_jp\-ii\_apc\_19880628\_pastor\-bonus\-roman\-curia\_en.html \|archive\-date\=23 February 2001 }}
Due to the continuity of the Holy See from early times, it is possible to see that the various parts of the United Kingdom had relations with the Holy See prior to their incorporation within the Union (and in Ireland's case, following it \- see [Holy See – Ireland relations](/wiki/Holy_See_%E2%80%93_Ireland_relations "Holy See – Ireland relations")).
Following the [Catholic Emancipation](/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation "Catholic Emancipation") Act of 1829, legal obstacles to relations with the Papal States were removed, but the British government still refrained from accrediting an envoy to Rome, though British envoys to some Italian city states were also charged with conducting negotiations with the Papal Court. During the Irish tenants'\-rights [Plan of Campaign](/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign "Plan of Campaign") in the 1880s, the Papacy condemned the activities in the encyclical "Saepe Nos" (1888\), even though most of the tenants were Catholics.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs\_le13sn.htm\|title\=CATHOLIC LIBRARY: Saepe Nos (1888\)\|access\-date\=17 April 2017}}
### 20th century
The United Kingdom did not re\-establish relations with the Holy See until December 1914, following the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), as the British government was apprehensive about possible growing German and Austrian influence over Vatican policies. The first envoy selected was [Henry Howard](/wiki/Henry_Howard_%28diplomat%29 "Henry Howard (diplomat)"), a British Catholic, who was followed by the 7th [Count de Salis](/wiki/John_Francis_Charles%2C_7th_Count_de_Salis-Soglio "John Francis Charles, 7th Count de Salis-Soglio"). In order to maintain that this diplomatic mission was temporary in nature, it was titled "Special Mission to the Vatican". Only in 1923 was the mission's title changed to "His Majesty's Legation to the Holy See".
In May 1949, [Princess Margaret](/wiki/Princess_Margaret "Princess Margaret") visited [Pope Pius XII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII "Pope Pius XII") in the Vatican City. It was the first visit of a British Royal to the Holy See after hundreds of years.{{cite web\|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1949/05/11/page/1/article/princess\-has\-brief\-visit\-with\-pope\|title\=Princess has brief visit with Pope\|work\=Chicago Tribune\|date\=28 May 1949}}
The [problem of Northern Ireland](/wiki/The_Troubles "The Troubles") has been a major issue in British\-Vatican relations, and during the 1970s the Holy See expressed its hopes for a speedy and just solution on the issue. On 1 June 1974, [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI "Pope Paul VI") called on all armed factions to take part in peace talks:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/paul\_vi/speeches/1974/documents/hf\_p\-vi\_spe\_19740601\_pace\-irlanda\_en.html\|title\=Message for the peace in Ireland, 1 June 1974 \- Paul VI\|access\-date\=17 April 2017}}
{{Quote\|We earnestly beg that all violence should cease, from whatever side it may come, for it is contrary to the law of God and to a Christian and civilized way of life; that, in response to the common Christian conscience and the voice of reason, a climate of mutual trust and dialogue be reestablished in justice and charity; that the real and deep\-seated causes of social unrest – which are not to be reduced to differences of a religious nature – be identified and eliminated.}}
The Holy See also supported the British efforts at bringing to an end to racial segregation in Rhodesia (present day [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe "Zimbabwe")){{cite web\|url\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/john\_paul\_ii/speeches/1980/may/documents/hf\_jp\-ii\_spe\_19800522\_plenipotentiary\-greatbritain\_it.html\|title\=All'Inviato Straordinario e Ministro Plenipotenziario di Gran Bretagna presso la Santa Sede in occasione della presentazione delle Lettere Credenziali (22 maggio 1980\) \- Giovanni Paolo II\|access\-date\=17 April 2017}} and commended [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II") for her activities for peace among nations, and for peace between Catholics and Anglicans.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/john\_paul\_ii/speeches/1980/october/documents/hf\_jp\-ii\_spe\_19801017\_regina\-elisabetta\_en.html\|title\=To Queen Elizabeth II of England (17 October 1980\) \- John Paul II\|access\-date\=17 April 2017}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{more citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=June 2018}}",
"### Early relations",
"In circa 595, [Pope Gregory I](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I \"Pope Gregory I\") sent a mission now known as the [Gregorian Mission](/wiki/Gregorian_Mission \"Gregorian Mission\") to the [Kingdom of Kent](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent \"Kingdom of Kent\"). [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury \"Augustine of Canterbury\") became the first [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\") in circa 597\\. During the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") and until the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") in the 16th century, the [Kingdom of England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\") and the [Kingdom of Scotland](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland \"Kingdom of Scotland\") were [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic \"Catholic\") kingdoms with diplomatic relations with the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\").",
"In 1209, [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III \"Pope Innocent III\") put the Kingdom of England under [interdict](/wiki/Interdict \"Interdict\") amidst rising disputes with [John, King of England](/wiki/John%2C_King_of_England \"John, King of England\"), after he refused to accept [Stephen Langton](/wiki/Stephen_Langton \"Stephen Langton\"), the papal candidate for [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\"). The dispute was resolved in 1213 when John conceded power to the Pope by becoming his vassal and agreed to pay feudal taxes to the Catholic Church.",
"In 1479, [Edward IV of England](/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England \"Edward IV of England\") appointed [John Sherwood](/wiki/John_Sherwood_%28bishop%29 \"John Sherwood (bishop)\") as the first Resident Ambassador in the Papal States. Diplomatic relations were broken in 1536, following the establishment of the [Anglican Church](/wiki/Anglican_Church \"Anglican Church\") by [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII \"Henry VIII\"). Diplomatic relations were re\\-established in 1553 under [Mary I of England](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England \"Mary I of England\"), who appointed [Sir Edward Carne](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carne \"Sir Edward Carne\") as her Ambassador. During the reign of [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I \"Elizabeth I\") diplomatic relations were broken again due to the [papal bull](/wiki/Papal_bull \"Papal bull\") *[Regnans in Excelsis](/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis \"Regnans in Excelsis\")* in 1570\\. Official relations with the Papal States were then prohibited by law. The two countries nevertheless had occasional contacts.",
"In 1621, the English court despatched George Gage to the Papal court in order to obtain permission for [Charles I of England](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") to marry the Spanish infanta, a marriage that in the event did not take place. But when Charles I married a French Catholic princess named [Henrietta Maria](/wiki/Henrietta_Maria \"Henrietta Maria\"), he obtained the blessing of [Pope Gregory XV](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV \"Pope Gregory XV\"), who used the opportunity to despatch [Gregorio Panzani](/wiki/Gregorio_Panzani \"Gregorio Panzani\") to England as his envoy. Panzani was followed as papal envoy by the Scottish Franciscan [George Conn](/wiki/George_Conn_%28priest%29 \"George Conn (priest)\").",
"In 1686, King [James VII of Scotland](/wiki/James_VII_of_Scotland \"James VII of Scotland\") and II of England despatched as envoy to the Papal States [the Earl of Castlemaine](/wiki/Roger_Palmer%2C_1st_Earl_of_Castlemaine \"Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine\") and received as papal envoy Count [Fernando D'Adda](/wiki/Fernando_D%27Adda \"Fernando D'Adda\"). Relations were broken again following the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution \"Glorious Revolution\") in 1688\\. The Papal States recognised [James Francis Edward Stuart](/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart \"James Francis Edward Stuart\") as James VIII and III until his death in 1766, but not his son [Charles](/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart \"Charles Edward Stuart\"), which gave subtle recognition to the reigning [House of Hanover](/wiki/House_of_Hanover \"House of Hanover\"). This helped start the reform of the anti\\-Catholic penal laws, achieved in part by the [Quebec Act 1774](/wiki/Quebec_Act_1774 \"Quebec Act 1774\") and the [Papists Act 1778](/wiki/Papists_Act_1778 \"Papists Act 1778\"). Sir [John Coxe Hippisley](/wiki/John_Coxe_Hippisley \"John Coxe Hippisley\")'s brief mission to Rome to explore the possibility of restoring relations failed in 1779–1780\\.",
"Unofficial relations were formed again during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), as both the British and the Papal courts were interested in coordinating policies against the spread of the revolution across Europe. In 1792, the British court despatched Sir [John Coxe Hippisley](/wiki/John_Coxe_Hippisley \"John Coxe Hippisley\") to Rome as envoy, a position he held until 1795\\. The papal court despatched Monsignor [Charles Erskine](/wiki/Charles_Erskine_%28cardinal%29 \"Charles Erskine (cardinal)\") to London as envoy, a position he held until 1801\\. Both countries found themselves at various times enemies of France during this period and therefore had a degree of commonality of interests, not least because of the [dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution](/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution \"Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution\") and the French establishment of the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2818th_century%29 \"Roman Republic (18th century)\") of 1798–99\\.",
"### After the UK's formation",
"The [United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland \"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\") came into existence in 1801 with the [union of the Kingdom of Ireland to Great Britain](/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800 \"Acts of Union 1800\"), which had been formed by the [union of the Kingdoms of Scotland and England](/wiki/Treaty_of_Union \"Treaty of Union\") in 1707\\. With the [Anglo\\-Irish Treaty](/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty \"Anglo-Irish Treaty\") of 1921, all of Ireland became an independent dominion. Northern Ireland exercised its right under that treaty to separate from the remainder of Ireland and maintain the union with Great Britain, which created the current state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.",
"The Holy See is the pre\\-eminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church and recognised in international law as a sovereign entity with which diplomatic relations can be maintained.Kunz, \"The Status of the Holy See in International Law\" 46 American Journal of International Law (1952\\) pp. 309\\-313\\. *[Pastor Bonus](/wiki/Pastor_Bonus \"Pastor Bonus\")*, an [apostolic constitution](/wiki/Apostolic_constitution \"Apostolic constitution\"), defines the Vatican's diplomatic relations with states as the Holy See.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\\_father/john\\_paul\\_ii/apost\\_constitutions/documents/hf\\_jp\\-ii\\_apc\\_19880628\\_pastor\\-bonus\\-roman\\-curia\\_en.html \\|title\\=Pastor Bonus; Section II \\|publisher\\=The \\[\\[Holy See]] \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-20 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010223175311/https://www.vatican.va/holy\\_father/john\\_paul\\_ii/apost\\_constitutions/documents/hf\\_jp\\-ii\\_apc\\_19880628\\_pastor\\-bonus\\-roman\\-curia\\_en.html \\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2001 }}",
"Due to the continuity of the Holy See from early times, it is possible to see that the various parts of the United Kingdom had relations with the Holy See prior to their incorporation within the Union (and in Ireland's case, following it \\- see [Holy See – Ireland relations](/wiki/Holy_See_%E2%80%93_Ireland_relations \"Holy See – Ireland relations\")).",
"Following the [Catholic Emancipation](/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation \"Catholic Emancipation\") Act of 1829, legal obstacles to relations with the Papal States were removed, but the British government still refrained from accrediting an envoy to Rome, though British envoys to some Italian city states were also charged with conducting negotiations with the Papal Court. During the Irish tenants'\\-rights [Plan of Campaign](/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign \"Plan of Campaign\") in the 1880s, the Papacy condemned the activities in the encyclical \"Saepe Nos\" (1888\\), even though most of the tenants were Catholics.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs\\_le13sn.htm\\|title\\=CATHOLIC LIBRARY: Saepe Nos (1888\\)\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2017}}",
"### 20th century",
"The United Kingdom did not re\\-establish relations with the Holy See until December 1914, following the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), as the British government was apprehensive about possible growing German and Austrian influence over Vatican policies. The first envoy selected was [Henry Howard](/wiki/Henry_Howard_%28diplomat%29 \"Henry Howard (diplomat)\"), a British Catholic, who was followed by the 7th [Count de Salis](/wiki/John_Francis_Charles%2C_7th_Count_de_Salis-Soglio \"John Francis Charles, 7th Count de Salis-Soglio\"). In order to maintain that this diplomatic mission was temporary in nature, it was titled \"Special Mission to the Vatican\". Only in 1923 was the mission's title changed to \"His Majesty's Legation to the Holy See\".",
"In May 1949, [Princess Margaret](/wiki/Princess_Margaret \"Princess Margaret\") visited [Pope Pius XII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII \"Pope Pius XII\") in the Vatican City. It was the first visit of a British Royal to the Holy See after hundreds of years.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1949/05/11/page/1/article/princess\\-has\\-brief\\-visit\\-with\\-pope\\|title\\=Princess has brief visit with Pope\\|work\\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\\=28 May 1949}}",
"The [problem of Northern Ireland](/wiki/The_Troubles \"The Troubles\") has been a major issue in British\\-Vatican relations, and during the 1970s the Holy See expressed its hopes for a speedy and just solution on the issue. On 1 June 1974, [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI \"Pope Paul VI\") called on all armed factions to take part in peace talks:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\\_father/paul\\_vi/speeches/1974/documents/hf\\_p\\-vi\\_spe\\_19740601\\_pace\\-irlanda\\_en.html\\|title\\=Message for the peace in Ireland, 1 June 1974 \\- Paul VI\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2017}}\n{{Quote\\|We earnestly beg that all violence should cease, from whatever side it may come, for it is contrary to the law of God and to a Christian and civilized way of life; that, in response to the common Christian conscience and the voice of reason, a climate of mutual trust and dialogue be reestablished in justice and charity; that the real and deep\\-seated causes of social unrest – which are not to be reduced to differences of a religious nature – be identified and eliminated.}}",
"The Holy See also supported the British efforts at bringing to an end to racial segregation in Rhodesia (present day [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe \"Zimbabwe\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\\_father/john\\_paul\\_ii/speeches/1980/may/documents/hf\\_jp\\-ii\\_spe\\_19800522\\_plenipotentiary\\-greatbritain\\_it.html\\|title\\=All'Inviato Straordinario e Ministro Plenipotenziario di Gran Bretagna presso la Santa Sede in occasione della presentazione delle Lettere Credenziali (22 maggio 1980\\) \\- Giovanni Paolo II\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2017}} and commended [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\") for her activities for peace among nations, and for peace between Catholics and Anglicans.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\\_father/john\\_paul\\_ii/speeches/1980/october/documents/hf\\_jp\\-ii\\_spe\\_19801017\\_regina\\-elisabetta\\_en.html\\|title\\=To Queen Elizabeth II of England (17 October 1980\\) \\- John Paul II\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2017}}",
""
] |
### Early relations
In circa 595, [Pope Gregory I](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I "Pope Gregory I") sent a mission now known as the [Gregorian Mission](/wiki/Gregorian_Mission "Gregorian Mission") to the [Kingdom of Kent](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent "Kingdom of Kent"). [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury "Augustine of Canterbury") became the first [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury "Archbishop of Canterbury") in circa 597\. During the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") and until the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") in the 16th century, the [Kingdom of England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") and the [Kingdom of Scotland](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland "Kingdom of Scotland") were [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") kingdoms with diplomatic relations with the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States").
In 1209, [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III "Pope Innocent III") put the Kingdom of England under [interdict](/wiki/Interdict "Interdict") amidst rising disputes with [John, King of England](/wiki/John%2C_King_of_England "John, King of England"), after he refused to accept [Stephen Langton](/wiki/Stephen_Langton "Stephen Langton"), the papal candidate for [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury "Archbishop of Canterbury"). The dispute was resolved in 1213 when John conceded power to the Pope by becoming his vassal and agreed to pay feudal taxes to the Catholic Church.
In 1479, [Edward IV of England](/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England "Edward IV of England") appointed [John Sherwood](/wiki/John_Sherwood_%28bishop%29 "John Sherwood (bishop)") as the first Resident Ambassador in the Papal States. Diplomatic relations were broken in 1536, following the establishment of the [Anglican Church](/wiki/Anglican_Church "Anglican Church") by [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII "Henry VIII"). Diplomatic relations were re\-established in 1553 under [Mary I of England](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England "Mary I of England"), who appointed [Sir Edward Carne](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carne "Sir Edward Carne") as her Ambassador. During the reign of [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I "Elizabeth I") diplomatic relations were broken again due to the [papal bull](/wiki/Papal_bull "Papal bull") *[Regnans in Excelsis](/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis "Regnans in Excelsis")* in 1570\. Official relations with the Papal States were then prohibited by law. The two countries nevertheless had occasional contacts.
In 1621, the English court despatched George Gage to the Papal court in order to obtain permission for [Charles I of England](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England") to marry the Spanish infanta, a marriage that in the event did not take place. But when Charles I married a French Catholic princess named [Henrietta Maria](/wiki/Henrietta_Maria "Henrietta Maria"), he obtained the blessing of [Pope Gregory XV](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV "Pope Gregory XV"), who used the opportunity to despatch [Gregorio Panzani](/wiki/Gregorio_Panzani "Gregorio Panzani") to England as his envoy. Panzani was followed as papal envoy by the Scottish Franciscan [George Conn](/wiki/George_Conn_%28priest%29 "George Conn (priest)").
In 1686, King [James VII of Scotland](/wiki/James_VII_of_Scotland "James VII of Scotland") and II of England despatched as envoy to the Papal States [the Earl of Castlemaine](/wiki/Roger_Palmer%2C_1st_Earl_of_Castlemaine "Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine") and received as papal envoy Count [Fernando D'Adda](/wiki/Fernando_D%27Adda "Fernando D'Adda"). Relations were broken again following the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution "Glorious Revolution") in 1688\. The Papal States recognised [James Francis Edward Stuart](/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart "James Francis Edward Stuart") as James VIII and III until his death in 1766, but not his son [Charles](/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart "Charles Edward Stuart"), which gave subtle recognition to the reigning [House of Hanover](/wiki/House_of_Hanover "House of Hanover"). This helped start the reform of the anti\-Catholic penal laws, achieved in part by the [Quebec Act 1774](/wiki/Quebec_Act_1774 "Quebec Act 1774") and the [Papists Act 1778](/wiki/Papists_Act_1778 "Papists Act 1778"). Sir [John Coxe Hippisley](/wiki/John_Coxe_Hippisley "John Coxe Hippisley")'s brief mission to Rome to explore the possibility of restoring relations failed in 1779–1780\.
Unofficial relations were formed again during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"), as both the British and the Papal courts were interested in coordinating policies against the spread of the revolution across Europe. In 1792, the British court despatched Sir [John Coxe Hippisley](/wiki/John_Coxe_Hippisley "John Coxe Hippisley") to Rome as envoy, a position he held until 1795\. The papal court despatched Monsignor [Charles Erskine](/wiki/Charles_Erskine_%28cardinal%29 "Charles Erskine (cardinal)") to London as envoy, a position he held until 1801\. Both countries found themselves at various times enemies of France during this period and therefore had a degree of commonality of interests, not least because of the [dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution](/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution "Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution") and the French establishment of the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2818th_century%29 "Roman Republic (18th century)") of 1798–99\.
|
[
"### Early relations",
"In circa 595, [Pope Gregory I](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I \"Pope Gregory I\") sent a mission now known as the [Gregorian Mission](/wiki/Gregorian_Mission \"Gregorian Mission\") to the [Kingdom of Kent](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent \"Kingdom of Kent\"). [Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury \"Augustine of Canterbury\") became the first [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\") in circa 597\\. During the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") and until the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") in the 16th century, the [Kingdom of England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\") and the [Kingdom of Scotland](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland \"Kingdom of Scotland\") were [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic \"Catholic\") kingdoms with diplomatic relations with the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\").",
"In 1209, [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III \"Pope Innocent III\") put the Kingdom of England under [interdict](/wiki/Interdict \"Interdict\") amidst rising disputes with [John, King of England](/wiki/John%2C_King_of_England \"John, King of England\"), after he refused to accept [Stephen Langton](/wiki/Stephen_Langton \"Stephen Langton\"), the papal candidate for [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\"). The dispute was resolved in 1213 when John conceded power to the Pope by becoming his vassal and agreed to pay feudal taxes to the Catholic Church.",
"In 1479, [Edward IV of England](/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England \"Edward IV of England\") appointed [John Sherwood](/wiki/John_Sherwood_%28bishop%29 \"John Sherwood (bishop)\") as the first Resident Ambassador in the Papal States. Diplomatic relations were broken in 1536, following the establishment of the [Anglican Church](/wiki/Anglican_Church \"Anglican Church\") by [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII \"Henry VIII\"). Diplomatic relations were re\\-established in 1553 under [Mary I of England](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England \"Mary I of England\"), who appointed [Sir Edward Carne](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carne \"Sir Edward Carne\") as her Ambassador. During the reign of [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I \"Elizabeth I\") diplomatic relations were broken again due to the [papal bull](/wiki/Papal_bull \"Papal bull\") *[Regnans in Excelsis](/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis \"Regnans in Excelsis\")* in 1570\\. Official relations with the Papal States were then prohibited by law. The two countries nevertheless had occasional contacts.",
"In 1621, the English court despatched George Gage to the Papal court in order to obtain permission for [Charles I of England](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") to marry the Spanish infanta, a marriage that in the event did not take place. But when Charles I married a French Catholic princess named [Henrietta Maria](/wiki/Henrietta_Maria \"Henrietta Maria\"), he obtained the blessing of [Pope Gregory XV](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV \"Pope Gregory XV\"), who used the opportunity to despatch [Gregorio Panzani](/wiki/Gregorio_Panzani \"Gregorio Panzani\") to England as his envoy. Panzani was followed as papal envoy by the Scottish Franciscan [George Conn](/wiki/George_Conn_%28priest%29 \"George Conn (priest)\").",
"In 1686, King [James VII of Scotland](/wiki/James_VII_of_Scotland \"James VII of Scotland\") and II of England despatched as envoy to the Papal States [the Earl of Castlemaine](/wiki/Roger_Palmer%2C_1st_Earl_of_Castlemaine \"Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine\") and received as papal envoy Count [Fernando D'Adda](/wiki/Fernando_D%27Adda \"Fernando D'Adda\"). Relations were broken again following the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution \"Glorious Revolution\") in 1688\\. The Papal States recognised [James Francis Edward Stuart](/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart \"James Francis Edward Stuart\") as James VIII and III until his death in 1766, but not his son [Charles](/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart \"Charles Edward Stuart\"), which gave subtle recognition to the reigning [House of Hanover](/wiki/House_of_Hanover \"House of Hanover\"). This helped start the reform of the anti\\-Catholic penal laws, achieved in part by the [Quebec Act 1774](/wiki/Quebec_Act_1774 \"Quebec Act 1774\") and the [Papists Act 1778](/wiki/Papists_Act_1778 \"Papists Act 1778\"). Sir [John Coxe Hippisley](/wiki/John_Coxe_Hippisley \"John Coxe Hippisley\")'s brief mission to Rome to explore the possibility of restoring relations failed in 1779–1780\\.",
"Unofficial relations were formed again during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), as both the British and the Papal courts were interested in coordinating policies against the spread of the revolution across Europe. In 1792, the British court despatched Sir [John Coxe Hippisley](/wiki/John_Coxe_Hippisley \"John Coxe Hippisley\") to Rome as envoy, a position he held until 1795\\. The papal court despatched Monsignor [Charles Erskine](/wiki/Charles_Erskine_%28cardinal%29 \"Charles Erskine (cardinal)\") to London as envoy, a position he held until 1801\\. Both countries found themselves at various times enemies of France during this period and therefore had a degree of commonality of interests, not least because of the [dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution](/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution \"Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution\") and the French establishment of the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2818th_century%29 \"Roman Republic (18th century)\") of 1798–99\\.",
""
] |
Adverse effects
---------------
Each class of abirritants has its own set of potential adverse effects.
### Systemic corticosteroids
[alt\=Fat tissue deposits on the sides of the face causes the patient's face to have a rounded appearance.\|thumb\|Systemic corticosteroid treatment can cause redistribution of fat tissue, leading to [moon face](/wiki/Moon_face "Moon face").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Poetker DM, Reh DD \| title \= A comprehensive review of the adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids \| journal \= Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America \| volume \= 43 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 753–68 \| date \= August 2010 \| pmid \= 20599080 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.otc.2010\.04\.003 }}](/wiki/File:CushingsFace.jpg "CushingsFace.jpg")
Systemic corticosteroid use has been associated with a wide range of potential adverse effects. In a review article, the following common complications were noted for prolonged use: redistribution of fat tissues ([moon face](/wiki/Moon_face "Moon face")), [high blood sugar](/wiki/Hyperglycemia "Hyperglycemia"), infections, delayed wound healing, and [HPA axis suppression](/wiki/HPA_axis_suppression "HPA axis suppression"), where the body's natural production of hormones like [corticotropin\-releasing hormone](/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone "Corticotropin-releasing hormone") and [adrenocorticotropic hormone](/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone "Adrenocorticotropic hormone") is suppressed as a response to the increased level of corticosteroids in the blood.
There is a lack of data on adverse effects associated with corticosteroid use of a shorter period and lower dose.
### Topical corticosteroids
Both local and systemic side effects can result from topical corticosteroid use, especially in prolonged treatment.
Local side effects can occur regularly from prolonged use,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hengge UR, Ruzicka T, Schwartz RA, Cork MJ \| title \= Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids \| language \= English \| journal \= Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology \| volume \= 54 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 1–15; quiz 16–8 \| date \= January 2006 \| pmid \= 16384751 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.jaad.2005\.01\.010 }} which include skin atrophy (thinning), [stretch marks](/wiki/Stretch_marks "Stretch marks"), infections, lighter skin color, and [sudden decrease in efficacy of the drug](/wiki/Tachyphylaxis "Tachyphylaxis").
Systemic side effects are far less prevalent than local ones. Prolonged high potency corticosteroids use on thin skin, especially in children, increases the risk of systemic side effects since thin skin allows for greater absorption.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Dhar S, Seth J, Parikh D \| title \= Systemic side\-effects of topical corticosteroids \| journal \= Indian Journal of Dermatology \| volume \= 59 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 460–4 \| date \= September 2014 \| pmid \= 25284850 \| pmc \= 4171913 \| doi \= 10\.4103/0019\-5154\.139874 \| doi\-access \= free }} One commonly cited systemic side effect from topical use is [HPA axis suppression](/wiki/HPA_axis_suppression "HPA axis suppression"). A meta\-analysis of topical corticosteroid use in children concluded that low\-potency corticosteroid at recommended dosages and duration do not cause clinically significant HPA suppression.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Wood Heickman LK, Davallow Ghajar L, Conaway M, Rogol AD \| title \= Evaluation of Hypothalamic\-Pituitary\-Adrenal Axis Suppression following Cutaneous Use of Topical Corticosteroids in Children: A Meta\-Analysis \| journal \= Hormone Research in Paediatrics \| volume \= 89 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 389–396 \| date \= 2018 \| pmid \= 29898449 \| doi \= 10\.1159/000489125 \| doi\-access \= free }}
### Antihistamines
Antihistamines target the molecule histamine by blocking the [histamine H1 receptor](/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor "Histamine H1 receptor").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Simons FE \| title \= Advances in H1\-antihistamines \| journal \= The New England Journal of Medicine \| volume \= 351 \| issue \= 21 \| pages \= 2203–17 \| date \= November 2004 \| pmid \= 15548781 \| doi \= 10\.1056/NEJMra033121 }} First\-generation antihistamines like [diphenhydramine](/wiki/Diphenhydramine "Diphenhydramine") and [chlorpheniramine](/wiki/Chlorpheniramine "Chlorpheniramine") are able to move from the blood into the brain across the [blood–brain barrier](/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier "Blood–brain barrier"), where they block the H1 receptor, reducing the neurotransmitter effect of histamine, leading to central nervous system side effects such as drowsiness and confusion. Second generation antihistamines, such as fexofenadine and [cetirizine](/wiki/Cetirizine "Cetirizine") are less able to move from blood circulation into the brain and are therefore associated with fewer side effects in usual doses.
### μ\-Opioid receptor antagonists
μ\-opioid receptor antagonists are usually well\-tolerated and have no abuse potential since they do not cause physical dependence. Side effects are dose\-dependent and generally limited to the first two weeks of treatment.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Dixon R, Gentile J, Hsu HB, Hsiao J, Howes J, Garg D, Weidler D \| title \= Nalmefene: safety and kinetics after single and multiple oral doses of a new opioid antagonist \| journal \= Journal of Clinical Pharmacology \| volume \= 27 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 233–9 \| date \= March 1987 \| pmid \= 3680580 \| doi \= 10\.1002/j.1552\-4604\.1987\.tb02191\.x \| s2cid \= 25620439 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Metze D, Reimann S, Beissert S, Luger T \| title \= Efficacy and safety of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in internal and dermatological diseases \| language \= English \| journal \= Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology \| volume \= 41 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 533–9 \| date \= October 1999 \| pmid \= 10495371 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0190\-9622(99\)80048\-6 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bergasa NV, Alling DW, Talbot TL, Swain MG, Yurdaydin C, Turner ML, Schmitt JM, Walker EC, Jones EA \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis. A double\-blind, randomized, controlled trial \| journal \= Annals of Internal Medicine \| volume \= 123 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 161–7 \| date \= August 1995 \| pmid \= 7598296 \| doi \= 10\.7326/0003\-4819\-123\-3\-199508010\-00001 \| s2cid \= 36396897 }} [Opioid withdrawal](/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal "Opioid withdrawal") symptoms are rare and may include severe [lightheadedness](/wiki/Lightheadedness "Lightheadedness"), [depersonalization](/wiki/Depersonalization "Depersonalization") and [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety").
### Antidepressants
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including both serotonin\-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are generally well tolerated.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Khawam EA, Laurencic G, Malone DA \| title \= Side effects of antidepressants: an overview \| journal \= Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine \| volume \= 73 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 351–3, 356–61 \| date \= April 2006 \| pmid \= 16610395 \| doi \= 10\.3949/ccjm.73\.4\.351 }} Common side effects include:
* Sexual dysfunction, which is the most common side effect of all serotonin reuptake inhibitors, manifesting as delayed ejaculation, [inability to achieve orgasm](/wiki/Anorgasmia "Anorgasmia") and decreased libido.
* Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting, which depend on the dose and usually resolve within the first two weeks of treatment.
* Central nervous system disturbances such as anxiety, insomnia and sedation.
* Suicide risk: a combined analysis of placebo\-controlled trials of various antidepressants including SSRIs in children and adolescents showed a doubled risk of suicide in those taking antidepressants.{{Cite journal \| author \= Center for Drug Evaluation and Research \|date\=2018\-11\-03\|title\=Suicidality in Children and Adolescents Being Treated With Antidepressant Medications\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket\-drug\-safety\-information\-patients\-and\-providers/suicidality\-children\-and\-adolescents\-being\-treated\-antidepressant\-medications\|journal\=FDA\|language\=en}} In response, the [United States Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") issued a warning in 2004 regarding the elevated risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents.
### Immunosuppressants
Immunosuppressants may cause [immunodeficiency](/wiki/Immunodeficiency "Immunodeficiency"), resulting in an increased susceptibility to infection. Other side effects include bone marrow suppression, increased risk of cardiovascular disease and increased risk of cancer.{{Cite journal\| vauthors \= Hsu DC, Katelaris CH \|date\=2009\-06\-01\|title\=Long\-term management of patients taking immunosuppressive drugs \|journal\=Australian Prescriber\|volume\=32\|issue\=3\|pages\=68–71\|doi\=10\.18773/austprescr.2009\.035\|issn\=0312\-8008\|doi\-access\=free}}
### Capsaicin
Being the main chemical that causes heat in [chili pepper](/wiki/Chili_pepper "Chili pepper"), the main side effect of capsaicin is a burning sensation that usually persists for several days. A topical anaesthetic can be used to reduce the sensation. In addition, the topical anaesthetic can also provide anti\-itch effect on its own.{{cite book \| vauthors \= Leslie TA, Greaves MW, Yosipovitch G \| title \= Pharmacology of Itch \| chapter \= Current topical and systemic therapies for itch \| series \= Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology \| volume \= 226 \| pages \= 337–56 \| date \= 2015 \| pmid \= 25861788 \| doi \= 10\.1007/978\-3\-662\-44605\-8\_18 \| publisher \= Springer Berlin Heidelberg \| isbn \= 978\-3\-662\-44604\-1 \| veditors \= Cowan A, Yosipovitch G \| place \= Berlin, Heidelberg }}
|
[
"Adverse effects\n---------------",
"Each class of abirritants has its own set of potential adverse effects.",
"### Systemic corticosteroids",
"[alt\\=Fat tissue deposits on the sides of the face causes the patient's face to have a rounded appearance.\\|thumb\\|Systemic corticosteroid treatment can cause redistribution of fat tissue, leading to [moon face](/wiki/Moon_face \"Moon face\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Poetker DM, Reh DD \\| title \\= A comprehensive review of the adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids \\| journal \\= Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America \\| volume \\= 43 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 753–68 \\| date \\= August 2010 \\| pmid \\= 20599080 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.otc.2010\\.04\\.003 }}](/wiki/File:CushingsFace.jpg \"CushingsFace.jpg\")\nSystemic corticosteroid use has been associated with a wide range of potential adverse effects. In a review article, the following common complications were noted for prolonged use: redistribution of fat tissues ([moon face](/wiki/Moon_face \"Moon face\")), [high blood sugar](/wiki/Hyperglycemia \"Hyperglycemia\"), infections, delayed wound healing, and [HPA axis suppression](/wiki/HPA_axis_suppression \"HPA axis suppression\"), where the body's natural production of hormones like [corticotropin\\-releasing hormone](/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone \"Corticotropin-releasing hormone\") and [adrenocorticotropic hormone](/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone \"Adrenocorticotropic hormone\") is suppressed as a response to the increased level of corticosteroids in the blood.",
"There is a lack of data on adverse effects associated with corticosteroid use of a shorter period and lower dose.",
"### Topical corticosteroids",
"Both local and systemic side effects can result from topical corticosteroid use, especially in prolonged treatment.",
"Local side effects can occur regularly from prolonged use,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hengge UR, Ruzicka T, Schwartz RA, Cork MJ \\| title \\= Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology \\| volume \\= 54 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 1–15; quiz 16–8 \\| date \\= January 2006 \\| pmid \\= 16384751 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.jaad.2005\\.01\\.010 }} which include skin atrophy (thinning), [stretch marks](/wiki/Stretch_marks \"Stretch marks\"), infections, lighter skin color, and [sudden decrease in efficacy of the drug](/wiki/Tachyphylaxis \"Tachyphylaxis\").",
"Systemic side effects are far less prevalent than local ones. Prolonged high potency corticosteroids use on thin skin, especially in children, increases the risk of systemic side effects since thin skin allows for greater absorption.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Dhar S, Seth J, Parikh D \\| title \\= Systemic side\\-effects of topical corticosteroids \\| journal \\= Indian Journal of Dermatology \\| volume \\= 59 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 460–4 \\| date \\= September 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25284850 \\| pmc \\= 4171913 \\| doi \\= 10\\.4103/0019\\-5154\\.139874 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} One commonly cited systemic side effect from topical use is [HPA axis suppression](/wiki/HPA_axis_suppression \"HPA axis suppression\"). A meta\\-analysis of topical corticosteroid use in children concluded that low\\-potency corticosteroid at recommended dosages and duration do not cause clinically significant HPA suppression.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Wood Heickman LK, Davallow Ghajar L, Conaway M, Rogol AD \\| title \\= Evaluation of Hypothalamic\\-Pituitary\\-Adrenal Axis Suppression following Cutaneous Use of Topical Corticosteroids in Children: A Meta\\-Analysis \\| journal \\= Hormone Research in Paediatrics \\| volume \\= 89 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 389–396 \\| date \\= 2018 \\| pmid \\= 29898449 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1159/000489125 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}",
"### Antihistamines",
"Antihistamines target the molecule histamine by blocking the [histamine H1 receptor](/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor \"Histamine H1 receptor\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Simons FE \\| title \\= Advances in H1\\-antihistamines \\| journal \\= The New England Journal of Medicine \\| volume \\= 351 \\| issue \\= 21 \\| pages \\= 2203–17 \\| date \\= November 2004 \\| pmid \\= 15548781 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1056/NEJMra033121 }} First\\-generation antihistamines like [diphenhydramine](/wiki/Diphenhydramine \"Diphenhydramine\") and [chlorpheniramine](/wiki/Chlorpheniramine \"Chlorpheniramine\") are able to move from the blood into the brain across the [blood–brain barrier](/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier \"Blood–brain barrier\"), where they block the H1 receptor, reducing the neurotransmitter effect of histamine, leading to central nervous system side effects such as drowsiness and confusion. Second generation antihistamines, such as fexofenadine and [cetirizine](/wiki/Cetirizine \"Cetirizine\") are less able to move from blood circulation into the brain and are therefore associated with fewer side effects in usual doses.",
"### μ\\-Opioid receptor antagonists",
"μ\\-opioid receptor antagonists are usually well\\-tolerated and have no abuse potential since they do not cause physical dependence. Side effects are dose\\-dependent and generally limited to the first two weeks of treatment.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Dixon R, Gentile J, Hsu HB, Hsiao J, Howes J, Garg D, Weidler D \\| title \\= Nalmefene: safety and kinetics after single and multiple oral doses of a new opioid antagonist \\| journal \\= Journal of Clinical Pharmacology \\| volume \\= 27 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 233–9 \\| date \\= March 1987 \\| pmid \\= 3680580 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/j.1552\\-4604\\.1987\\.tb02191\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 25620439 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Metze D, Reimann S, Beissert S, Luger T \\| title \\= Efficacy and safety of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in internal and dermatological diseases \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology \\| volume \\= 41 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 533–9 \\| date \\= October 1999 \\| pmid \\= 10495371 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0190\\-9622(99\\)80048\\-6 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bergasa NV, Alling DW, Talbot TL, Swain MG, Yurdaydin C, Turner ML, Schmitt JM, Walker EC, Jones EA \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis. A double\\-blind, randomized, controlled trial \\| journal \\= Annals of Internal Medicine \\| volume \\= 123 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 161–7 \\| date \\= August 1995 \\| pmid \\= 7598296 \\| doi \\= 10\\.7326/0003\\-4819\\-123\\-3\\-199508010\\-00001 \\| s2cid \\= 36396897 }} [Opioid withdrawal](/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal \"Opioid withdrawal\") symptoms are rare and may include severe [lightheadedness](/wiki/Lightheadedness \"Lightheadedness\"), [depersonalization](/wiki/Depersonalization \"Depersonalization\") and [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\").",
"### Antidepressants",
"Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including both serotonin\\-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are generally well tolerated.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Khawam EA, Laurencic G, Malone DA \\| title \\= Side effects of antidepressants: an overview \\| journal \\= Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine \\| volume \\= 73 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 351–3, 356–61 \\| date \\= April 2006 \\| pmid \\= 16610395 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3949/ccjm.73\\.4\\.351 }} Common side effects include:\n* Sexual dysfunction, which is the most common side effect of all serotonin reuptake inhibitors, manifesting as delayed ejaculation, [inability to achieve orgasm](/wiki/Anorgasmia \"Anorgasmia\") and decreased libido.\n* Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting, which depend on the dose and usually resolve within the first two weeks of treatment.\n* Central nervous system disturbances such as anxiety, insomnia and sedation.\n* Suicide risk: a combined analysis of placebo\\-controlled trials of various antidepressants including SSRIs in children and adolescents showed a doubled risk of suicide in those taking antidepressants.{{Cite journal \\| author \\= Center for Drug Evaluation and Research \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-03\\|title\\=Suicidality in Children and Adolescents Being Treated With Antidepressant Medications\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket\\-drug\\-safety\\-information\\-patients\\-and\\-providers/suicidality\\-children\\-and\\-adolescents\\-being\\-treated\\-antidepressant\\-medications\\|journal\\=FDA\\|language\\=en}} In response, the [United States Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") issued a warning in 2004 regarding the elevated risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents.",
"### Immunosuppressants",
"Immunosuppressants may cause [immunodeficiency](/wiki/Immunodeficiency \"Immunodeficiency\"), resulting in an increased susceptibility to infection. Other side effects include bone marrow suppression, increased risk of cardiovascular disease and increased risk of cancer.{{Cite journal\\| vauthors \\= Hsu DC, Katelaris CH \\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-01\\|title\\=Long\\-term management of patients taking immunosuppressive drugs \\|journal\\=Australian Prescriber\\|volume\\=32\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=68–71\\|doi\\=10\\.18773/austprescr.2009\\.035\\|issn\\=0312\\-8008\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"### Capsaicin",
"Being the main chemical that causes heat in [chili pepper](/wiki/Chili_pepper \"Chili pepper\"), the main side effect of capsaicin is a burning sensation that usually persists for several days. A topical anaesthetic can be used to reduce the sensation. In addition, the topical anaesthetic can also provide anti\\-itch effect on its own.{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Leslie TA, Greaves MW, Yosipovitch G \\| title \\= Pharmacology of Itch \\| chapter \\= Current topical and systemic therapies for itch \\| series \\= Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology \\| volume \\= 226 \\| pages \\= 337–56 \\| date \\= 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25861788 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-662\\-44605\\-8\\_18 \\| publisher \\= Springer Berlin Heidelberg \\| isbn \\= 978\\-3\\-662\\-44604\\-1 \\| veditors \\= Cowan A, Yosipovitch G \\| place \\= Berlin, Heidelberg }}",
""
] |
Career
------
While studying law, Rubio interned for U.S. Representative [Ileana Ros\-Lehtinen](/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen "Ileana Ros-Lehtinen").{{cite news\|last\=Clark \|first\=Lesley \|title\=Miami's Marco Rubio becomes new Florida senator \|work\=\[\[Miami Herald]] \|url\=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/05/2001675/miamis\-marco\-rubio\-becomes\-new.html \|access\-date\=August 24, 2011 \|date\=January 5, 2011 }}{{dead link\|date\=June 2016\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} He also worked on [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") senator [Bob Dole](/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole")'s 1996 presidential campaign.{{cite news \|last\=O'Keefe \|first\=Ed \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in\-south\-florida\-jeb\-bush\-and\-marco\-rubio\-are\-forcing\-locals\-to\-pick\-sides/2015/04/09/331951a6\-d3e3\-11e4\-a62f\-ee745911a4ff\_story.html \|title\=In South Florida, Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio are forcing locals to pick sides \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|date\=April 10, 2014 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2014 \|archive\-date\=April 11, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411110032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in\-south\-florida\-jeb\-bush\-and\-marco\-rubio\-are\-forcing\-locals\-to\-pick\-sides/2015/04/09/331951a6\-d3e3\-11e4\-a62f\-ee745911a4ff\_story.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|last\=Leary \|first\=Alex \|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\-rubios\-meteoric\-rise\-in\-florida\-politics/1127114 \|title\=Marco Rubio's meteoric rise in Florida politics \|work\=\[\[Tampa Bay Times]] \|date\=October 9, 2010 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615122929/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\-rubios\-meteoric\-rise\-in\-florida\-politics/1127114 \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2017 }} In April 1998, two years after finishing law school, Rubio was elected to a seat as [city commissioner](/wiki/City_commission_government "City commission government") for [West Miami](/wiki/West_Miami "West Miami").{{Cite web\| url\=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/marco\-rubio\-tea\-party\-pretty\-boy\-6379200\| title\=Marco Rubio, Tea Party Pretty Boy\| date\=July 22, 2010\| access\-date\=April 7, 2020\| archive\-date\=April 7, 2020\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407230010/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/marco\-rubio\-tea\-party\-pretty\-boy\-6379200\| url\-status\=live}} He became a member of the [Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") in early 2000\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/642773933/\|title\=16 Apr 2000, 235 – The Miami Herald at Newspapers.com\|website\=Newspapers.com\|access\-date\=October 23, 2020\|archive\-date\=October 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026120039/http://www.newspapers.com/image/642773933/\|url\-status\=live}}Samuels, Robert. ["The story behind Marco Rubio's frustrating first job as a politician"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-story-behind-marco-rubios-frustrating-first-job-as-a-politician/2015/07/29/5c0d4de6-308c-11e5-8f36-18d1d501920d_story.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027154316/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the\-story\-behind\-marco\-rubios\-frustrating\-first\-job\-as\-a\-politician/2015/07/29/5c0d4de6\-308c\-11e5\-8f36\-18d1d501920d\_story.html \|date\=October 27, 2015 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* (July 30, 2015\).Mishak, Michael. ["What Kind of Leader Is Marco Rubio? An Investigation; A look at what happens when the Florida senator wields power"](http://www.nationaljournal.com/s/24397/what-kind-leader-is-marco-rubio-investigation) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029164743/http://www.nationaljournal.com/s/24397/what\-kind\-leader\-is\-marco\-rubio\-investigation \|date\=October 29, 2015 }}, *[National Journal](/wiki/National_Journal "National Journal")* (November 5, 2015\).
### Florida House of Representatives
[thumb\|Rubio and [Mario Díaz\-Balart](/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart "Mario Díaz-Balart") in 2001\|left](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_and_Mario_Diaz-Balart_in_the_House_chamber.jpg "Marco Rubio and Mario Diaz-Balart in the House chamber.jpg")
#### Elections and concurrent employment
In late 1999, a [special election](/wiki/By-election "By-election") was called to fill the seat for the 111th House District in the [Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives"), representing Miami.{{cite news \| first\=David \| last\=Azares \| title\=Diaz De La Portilla Wins State Senate Seat \| url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1999\-12\-15/news/9912150159\_1\_senate\-post\-state\-senate\-seat\-miami\-dade \| newspaper\=Sun Sentinel \| date\=December 15, 1999 \| access\-date\=February 14, 2013 \| archive\-date\=September 27, 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927113326/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1999\-12\-15/news/9912150159\_1\_senate\-post\-state\-senate\-seat\-miami\-dade \| url\-status\=dead }} It was considered a safe Republican seat, so Rubio's main challenge was to win the GOP nomination. He campaigned as a moderate, advocating tax cuts and [early childhood education](/wiki/Early_childhood_education "Early childhood education").
Rubio placed second in the Republican primary on December 14, 1999,{{cite web \| title\=December 14, 1999 Special Primary Senate 34 and House 111 \& 115 \| url\=http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate\=12/14/1999\&Race\=STR\&Party\=REP\&DATAMODE\= \| publisher\=Florida Department of State Division of Elections \| access\-date\=February 14, 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081104/http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate\=12%2F14%2F1999\&Race\=STR\&Party\=REP\&DATAMODE\= \| archive\-date\=July 29, 2013 \| url\-status\=dead }} but won the runoff election for the Republican nomination, defeating Angel Zayon (a television and radio reporter who was popular with Cuban exiles) by just 64 votes.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2010\-07\-22/news/marco\-rubio\-tea\-party\-pretty\-boy/full/ \| title\=Marco Rubio, Tea Party pretty boy \| first\=Tim \| last\=Elfrink \| date\=July 22, 2010 \| access\-date\=February 14, 2013 \| work\=Miami New Times \| archive\-date\=February 16, 2013 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216034736/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2010\-07\-22/news/marco\-rubio\-tea\-party\-pretty\-boy/full \| url\-status\=live }} He then defeated Democrat Anastasia Garcia with 72% of the vote in a January 25, 2000, special election.{{cite news \| title\=Legislator says he got calls demanding he end sit\-in Series: AROUND THE STATE: \[SOUTH PINELLAS Edition] \| date\=January 26, 2000 \| work\=St. Petersburg Times \| id\={{ProQuest\|263423613}} }}
In November 2000, Rubio was reelected unopposed.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=33133 \|title\=FL State House 111 Race – Nov 07, 2000 \|publisher\=Our Campaigns \|access\-date\=September 2, 2012 \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928065314/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=33133 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2002, he was reelected to a second term unopposed.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=5594 \|title\=FL State House 111 Race – Nov 05, 2002 \|publisher\=Our Campaigns \|access\-date\=September 2, 2012 \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928065350/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=5594 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2004, he was reelected to a third term with 66% of the vote.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=68885 \|title\=FL State House 111 Race – Nov 02, 2004 \|publisher\=Our Campaigns \|access\-date\=September 2, 2012 \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928065253/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=68885 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2006, he was reelected to a fourth term unopposed.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=297425 \|title\=FL State House 111 Race – Nov 07, 2006 \|publisher\=Our Campaigns \|access\-date\=September 2, 2012 \|archive\-date\=November 14, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114130959/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=297425 \|url\-status\=live }}
Rubio spent almost nine years in the Florida House of Representatives. Since the Florida legislative session officially lasted only sixty days, he spent about half of each year in Miami, where he practiced law, first at a law firm that specialized in land use and zoning until 2014 when he took a position with [Broad and Cassel](/wiki/Broad_and_Cassel "Broad and Cassel"), a Miami law and lobbying firm (though state law precluded him from engaging in lobbying or introducing legislation on behalf of the firm's clients).{{cite news\|author1\=Hamburger, Tom\|author2\=Sullivan, Sean\|date\=June 29, 2015\|title\=How Marco Rubio turned political star power into a soaring personal income\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how\-marco\-rubio\-turned\-political\-star\-power\-into\-a\-soaring\-personal\-income/2015/06/29/8cdae1aa\-13a8\-11e5\-9ddc\-e3353542100c\_story.html\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|access\-date\=November 7, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 6, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106183550/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how\-marco\-rubio\-turned\-political\-star\-power\-into\-a\-soaring\-personal\-income/2015/06/29/8cdae1aa\-13a8\-11e5\-9ddc\-e3353542100c\_story.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### Tenure
[thumb\|Rubio's official portrait as a Florida State Representative](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio.jpg "Marco Rubio.jpg")
When Rubio took his seat in the legislature in [Tallahassee](/wiki/Tallahassee "Tallahassee") in January 2000, voters in Florida had recently approved a constitutional amendment on [term limits](/wiki/Term_limits "Term limits"). This created openings for new legislative leaders due to many senior incumbents having to retire. According to an article in *[National Journal](/wiki/National_Journal "National Journal")*, Rubio also gained an extra advantage in that regard, because he was sworn in early due to the special election, and he would take advantage of these opportunities to join the GOP leadership.
#### Majority whip and majority leader
Later in 2000, the [majority leader](/wiki/Majority_leader "Majority leader") of the House, [Mike Fasano](/wiki/Mike_Fasano_%28politician%29 "Mike Fasano (politician)"), promoted Rubio to be one of two majority [whips](/wiki/Whip_%28politics%29 "Whip (politics)"). *National Journal* described that position as typically requiring a lot of arm\-twisting, but said Rubio took a different approach that relied more on persuading legislators and less on coercing them.
Fasano resigned in September 2001 as majority leader of the House due to disagreements with the House speaker, and the speaker passed over Rubio to appoint a more experienced replacement for Fasano. Rubio volunteered to work on [redistricting](/wiki/Redistricting "Redistricting"), which he accomplished by dividing the state into five regions, then working individually with the lawmakers involved, and this work helped to cement his relationships with GOP leaders.
In December 2002, Rubio was appointed House majority leader by Speaker [Johnnie Byrd](/wiki/Johnnie_Byrd "Johnnie Byrd").{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=Dade Hispanics Set to Get Top Posts in House\|publisher\=Nl.newsbank.com\|access\-date\=September 9, 2012\|date\=December 10, 2002\|archive\-date\=April 13, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132228/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F832B87CC108EB4\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=Two S. Florida Democrats To Lead Senate Committees\|publisher\=Nl.newsbank.com\|access\-date\=September 9, 2012\|date\=December 18, 2002\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002543/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F832B87CC108EB4\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|url\-status\=live}} He persuaded Speaker Byrd to restructure the job of majority leader, so that legislative wrangling would be left to the whip's office, and Rubio would become the main spokesperson for the House GOP.
According to *National Journal*, during this period Rubio did not entirely adhere to doctrinaire conservative principles, and some colleagues described him as a [centrist](/wiki/Centrist "Centrist") "who sought out Democrats and groups that don't typically align with the GOP". He co\-sponsored legislation that would have let farmworkers sue growers in state court if they were shortchanged on pay, and co\-sponsored a bill for giving in\-state tuition rates to the children of [undocumented immigrants](/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States "Illegal immigration to the United States"). In the wake of the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), he voiced suspicion about expanding police detention powers and helped defeat a GOP bill that would have required colleges to increase reporting to the state about foreign students.
As a state representative, Rubio requested legislative [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28politics%29 "Earmark (politics)") (called "Community Budget Issue Requests" in Florida), totaling about $145{{spaces}}million for 2001 and 2002, but none thereafter.Sharockman, Aaron. ["Marco Rubio wasn't always against earmarks, Florida Democrat claims"](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven-schale/marco-rubio-wasnt-always-against-earmarks-florida/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235900/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven\-schale/marco\-rubio\-wasnt\-always\-against\-earmarks\-florida/ \|date\=November 19, 2015 }}, *[PolitiFact](/wiki/PolitiFact "PolitiFact")* (November 16, 2010\).Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [pp. 106–107](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061621/https://books.google.com/books?id\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA106 \|date\=February 8, 2016 }} (Simon \& Schuster 2012\). Additionally, an office in the executive branch compiled a longer list of spending requests by legislators, including Rubio,Caputo, Marc. ["Rubio's campaign image belies history of $250{{spaces}}million in pork requests"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios-campaign-image-belies-history-of-250-million-in-pork-requests/1078548) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031211815/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios\-campaign\-image\-belies\-history\-of\-250\-million\-in\-pork\-requests/1078548 \|date\=October 31, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (March 9, 2010\). as did the non\-profit group Florida TaxWatch.Kennedy, John. ["Governor could ax these turkeys"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/05/23/governor-could-ax-these-turkeys/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* (May 23, 2007\). Many of those listed items were for health and social programs that Rubio has described as "the kind of thing that legislators would get attacked on if we didn't fund them". A 2010 report by the *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* and *[Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald "Miami Herald")* said that some of Rubio's spending requests dovetailed with his personal interests. For example, Rubio requested a $20{{spaces}}million appropriation for [Jackson Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital "Jackson Memorial Hospital") to subsidize care for the poor and uninsured, and Rubio later did work for that hospital as a consultant. A spokesman for Rubio has said that the items in question helped the whole county, that Rubio did not lobby to get them approved, that the hospital money was necessary and non\-controversial, and that Rubio is "a limited\-government conservative{{spaces}}... not a no\-government conservative".
#### House speaker
[thumb\|Then Speaker\-Designate Rubio challenging [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") colleagues to help write *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future* in September 2005](/wiki/File:Speaker-designate_Marco_Rubio_with_a_blank_book_titled_100_Innovative_Ideas_For_Florida%27s_Future.jpg "Speaker-designate Marco Rubio with a blank book titled 100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio as Chairman of the [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") Select Committee on Private Property Rights in October 2005](/wiki/File:House_Select_Committee_on_Private_Property_Rights_Chairman_Rep._Marco_Rubio%2C_R-Miami%2C_left%2C_guides_discussion_2005-10-18.jpg "House Select Committee on Private Property Rights Chairman Rep. Marco Rubio, R-Miami, left, guides discussion 2005-10-18.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio with Democratic leader [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber "Dan Gelber") in 2007](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_standing_with_Dem_leader.jpg "Speaker Rubio standing with Dem leader.jpg")
[thumb\|[Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") Speaker Rubio and Senate President [Ken Pruitt](/wiki/Ken_Pruitt "Ken Pruitt") embrace after the Florida House's unanimous approval of the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate "Florida Senate")'s [resolution](/wiki/Concurrent_resolution "Concurrent resolution") to formally express deep regret for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States") in March 2008](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_Following_Vote_About_Slavery.jpg "Speaker Rubio Following Vote About Slavery.jpg")
On September 13, 2005, at age 34,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\-speaker\-20150710\|title\=The Speaker\|work\=National Journal\|access\-date\=July 23, 2015\|date\=July 11, 2015\|url\-access\=subscription\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715214617/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\-speaker\-20150710\|url\-status\=live}} Rubio became speaker after State Representatives [Dennis Baxley](/wiki/Dennis_Baxley "Dennis Baxley"), [Jeff Kottkamp](/wiki/Jeff_Kottkamp "Jeff Kottkamp"), and [Dennis A. Ross](/wiki/Dennis_A._Ross "Dennis A. Ross") dropped out. He was sworn in a year later, in November 2006\. He became the first [Cuban American](/wiki/Cuban_American "Cuban American") to be [speaker of the Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Florida_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives"), and would remain speaker until November 2008\.{{cite web \|last\=Fineout \|first\=Gary \|url\=http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/20031115/NEWS/211150381/1047 \|title\=Baxley backs off House leader bid \|publisher\=Ocala.com \|date\=November 15, 2003 \|access\-date\=September 2, 2012 \|archive\-date\=April 4, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404155430/http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20031115%2FNEWS%2F211150381%2F1047 \|url\-status\=live }}
When he was chosen as future speaker in 2005, Rubio delivered a speech to the Florida House in which he asked members to look in their desks, where they each found a hardcover book titled *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future*; but the book was blank because it had not yet been written, and Rubio told his colleagues that they would fill in the pages together with the help of ordinary Floridians. In 2006, after traveling around the state and talking with citizens, and compiling their ideas, Rubio published the book.Rubio, Marco. *[100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future](https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Innovative_Ideas_for_Florida_s_Futur.html?id=I6cXIZs6TogC) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061653/https://books.google.com/books/about/100\_Innovative\_Ideas\_for\_Florida\_s\_Futur.html?id\=I6cXIZs6TogC \|date\=February 8, 2016 }}* (Regnery 2006\).{{cite web \|title\=Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature \|url\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\-rubio/rubio\-claims\-57\-his\-100\-ideas\-were\-made\-law\-florid/ \|publisher\=Politifact \|access\-date\=May 24, 2012 \|last\=Sharockman \|first\=Aaron \|archive\-date\=June 6, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143438/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\-rubio/rubio\-claims\-57\-his\-100\-ideas\-were\-made\-law\-florid/ \|url\-status\=live }} The *National Journal* called this book "the centerpiece of Rubio's early speakership". About 24 of the "ideas" became law, while another 10 were partially enacted. Among the items from his 2006 book that became law were multiple\-year car registrations, a requirement that high schools provide more vocational courses, and an expanded voucher\-like school\-choice program. Rubio's defenders, and some critics, point out that [nationwide economic difficulties](/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") overlapped with much of Rubio's speakership, and so funding new legislative proposals became difficult.
As Rubio took office as Speaker, [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush") was completing his term as governor, and Bush left office in January 2007\. Rubio hired 18 Bush aides, leading capitol insiders to say the speaker's suite was "the governor's office in exile". An article in *National Journal* described Rubio's style as being very different from Bush's; where Bush was a very assertive manager of affairs in Tallahassee, Rubio's style was to delegate certain powers, relinquish others, and invite political rivals into his inner circle. As the incoming speaker, he decided to open a private dining room for legislators, which he said would give members more privacy, free from being pursued by lobbyists, though the expense led to a public relations problem.
In 2006, Florida enacted into law limitations upon the authority of the state government to take private property, in response to the 2005 Supreme Court decision in [Kelo v. City of New London](/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London "Kelo v. City of New London") which took a broad view of governmental power to take private property under [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain "Eminent domain"). This state legislation had been proposed by a special committee chaired by Rubio prior to his speakership.
Jeb Bush was succeeded by [Charlie Crist](/wiki/Charlie_Crist "Charlie Crist"), a moderate Republican who took office in January 2007\. Rubio and Crist clashed frequently. Their sharpest clash involved the governor's initiative to expand casino [gambling](/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States "Gambling in the United States") in Florida. Rubio sued Crist for bypassing the Florida Legislature in order to make a deal with the [Seminole Tribe](/wiki/Seminole_Tribe "Seminole Tribe"). The [Florida Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida "Supreme Court of Florida") sided with Rubio and blocked the deal.Deb, Sopan. [Marco Rubio: Young, but a longtime fighter](http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco-rubio-young-but-a-longtime-fighter/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106014903/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-young\-but\-a\-longtime\-fighter/ \|date\=November 6, 2015 }}, [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News") (November 3, 2015\).
Rubio also was a critic of Crist's strategy to fight [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") through an executive order creating new automobile and utility [emissions standards](/wiki/Emissions_standards "Emissions standards"). Rubio accused Crist of imposing "European\-style big government mandates", and the legislature under Rubio's leadership weakened the impact of Crist's climate change initiative. Rubio said that Crist's approach would harm consumers by driving up utility bills without having much effect upon the environment, and that a better approach would be to promote [biofuel](/wiki/Biofuel "Biofuel") (e.g. [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol")), [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel"), and [energy efficiency](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use "Efficient energy use").Dunkelberger, Lloyd. ["Rubio: Crist's Plan Won't Work"](http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123509/http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520 \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Ledger](/wiki/The_Ledger "The Ledger")* (July 26, 2007\).Klas, Mary Ellen. ["Rubio clashes with Crist over climate change standards"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio-clashes-w.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101018/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio\-clashes\-w.html \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (July 25, 2007\).Rubio, Marco. ["Use common sense on energy policies"](http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami_Herald_070725.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116024115/http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami\_Herald\_070725\.htm \|date\=January 16, 2016 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (July 25, 2007\) via carboncapture.us. Retrieved November 27, 2015\.
Rubio introduced a plan to reduce [state property taxes](/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States "Property tax in the United States") to 2001 levels (and potentially eliminate them altogether), while increasing [sales taxes](/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States "Sales taxes in the United States") by 1% to 2\.5% to fund schools. The proposal would have reduced property taxes in the state by $40–50{{spaces}}billion. His proposal passed the House, but was opposed by Governor Crist and Florida Senate Republicans, who said that the increase in sales tax would disproportionately affect the poor. So, Rubio agreed to smaller changes, and Crist's proposal to double the state's [property tax exemption](/wiki/Homestead_exemption "Homestead exemption") from $25,000 to $50,000 (for a tax reduction estimated by Crist to be $33{{spaces}}billion) ultimately passed.{{cite news \|title\=When Rubio Was the Man of Florida's House \|url\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\-rubio\-was\-man\-floridas\-house\-jim\-geraghty \|access\-date\=July 23, 2015 \|work\=National Review \|date\=April 13, 2015 \|last\=Geraghty \|first\=Jim \|archive\-date\=August 5, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805094331/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\-rubio\-was\-man\-floridas\-house\-jim\-geraghty \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots \|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\-rubios\-us\-senate\-campaign\-grew\-out\-of\-his\-2007\-antitax\-roots/1108354 \|access\-date\=May 24, 2012 \|newspaper\=Tampa Bay Times \|date\=July 12, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224101917/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\-rubios\-us\-senate\-campaign\-grew\-out\-of\-his\-2007\-antitax\-roots/1108354 \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2013 \|last\=Leary\|first\=Alex}} Legislators called it the largest tax cut in Florida's history up until then.{{cite news\|last1\=Bousquet\|first1\=Steve\|title\=Confused now? It will get worse\|url\=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\_now\_It\_will\_.shtml\|access\-date\=August 8, 2015\|work\=Tampa Bay Times\|date\=June 16, 2007\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133604/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\_now\_It\_will\_.shtml\|url\-status\=live}} At the time, Republican anti\-tax activist [Grover Norquist](/wiki/Grover_Norquist "Grover Norquist") described Rubio as "the most pro\-taxpayer legislative leader in the country".
As Speaker, Rubio "aggressively tried to push Florida to the [political right](/wiki/Right-wing_politics "Right-wing politics")", according to [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News "NBC News"), and frequently clashed with the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate "Florida Senate"), which was run by more [moderate Republicans](/wiki/Moderate_Republican_%28modern_United_States%29 "Moderate Republican (modern United States)"), and with then\-Governor Charlie Crist, a centrist Republican at the time.Perry Bacon Jr., [In Florida House, Rubio Led a Conservative Revolt Against Fellow Republicans](http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/florida-house-rubio-lead-conservative-revolt-against-fellow-republicans-n338736) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125180111/http://www.nbcnews.com/meet\-the\-press/florida\-house\-rubio\-lead\-conservative\-revolt\-against\-fellow\-republicans\-n338736 \|date\=November 25, 2015 }}, NBC News, *Meet the Press* (April 14, 2015\). Although a conservative, "behind the scenes many Democrats considered Rubio someone with whom they could work," according to biographer Manuel Roig\-Franzia.Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, p. 110 (Simon \& Schuster, 2015\). [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber "Dan Gelber") of Miami, the House Democratic leader at the time of Rubio's speakership, considered him "a true conservative" but not "a reflexive partisan", saying: "He didn't have an objection to working with the other side simply because they were the other side. To put it bluntly, he wasn't a jerk."Chris Adams, [Moderate Marco? Not quite, but Rubio has history of bipartisanship](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article27392902.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125235032/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics\-government/election/article27392902\.html \|date\=November 25, 2015 }}, McClatchy Washington Bureau (July 16, 2015\). Gelber considered Rubio "a severe conservative, really far to the right, but probably the most talented spokesman the severe right could ever hope for."
While speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared a residence in Tallahassee with another Florida State Representative, [David Rivera](/wiki/David_Rivera "David Rivera"), which the two co\-owned. The house later went into foreclosure in 2010 after several missed mortgage payments.{{cite news \|last\=Bender \|first\=Michael C. \|title\=Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved \|url\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\-faces\-foreclosure\-on\-tally\-home\-his\-campaign\-754440\.html \|access\-date\=May 5, 2011 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Palm Beach Post]] \|date\=June 17, 2010 \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919201410/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\-faces\-foreclosure\-on\-tally\-home\-his\-campaign\-754440\.html \|url\-status\=live }} At that point, Rubio assumed responsibility for the payments, and the house was eventually sold.Marc Caputo, [Marco Rubio sells his house of horrors](http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco-rubio-sells-house-of-horrors-118572) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109133640/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco\-rubio\-sells\-house\-of\-horrors\-118572 \|date\=November 9, 2015 }}, *Politico* (June 3, 2015\).Associated Press, [Rubio sells troubled house in Florida for $117K](http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio-sells-troubled-house-in-florida-for-117k/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083335/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio\-sells\-troubled\-house\-in\-florida\-for\-117k/ \|date\=February 11, 2016 }} (June 3, 2015\).
In 2007, Florida state senator [Tony Hill](/wiki/Tony_Hill_%28politician%29 "Tony Hill (politician)") (D\-Jacksonville), chairman of the state legislature's Black Caucus, requested that the legislature apologize for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States"), and Rubio said the idea merited discussion.Kleindeinst, Linda. ["Lawmakers consider apology for slavery"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/04/18/lawmakers-consider-apology-for-slavery/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* (April 18, 2007\). The following year, a supportive Rubio said such apologies can be important albeit symbolic; he pointed out that even in 2008 young African\-American males "believe that the American dream is not available to them".Colavecchio\-Van Sickler, Shannon. ["Florida mulls slavery apology"](http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida_mulls_slavery.shtml) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105603/http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida\_mulls\_slavery.shtml \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (March 5, 2008\).Colavecchio\-Van Sickler, Shannon. ["Florida apologizes for role in slavery"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida-apologizes-for-role-in-slavery/432823) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012508/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida\-apologizes\-for\-role\-in\-slavery/432823 \|date\=August 10, 2017 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (March 26, 2008\). He helped set up a council on issues facing black men and boys, persuaded colleagues to replicate the [Harlem Children's Zone](/wiki/Harlem_Children%27s_Zone "Harlem Children's Zone") in the Miami neighborhood of [Liberty City](/wiki/Liberty_City_%28Miami%29 "Liberty City (Miami)"), and supported efforts to promote literacy and mentoring for black children and others.Leary, Alex. ["Perspective: Rubio seeks the sweet spot"](https://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/perspective-rubio-seeks-the-sweet-spot/2191101/), *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (August 1, 2014\).Hollis, Mark and Lewis, Gregory. ["Funding plan seeks to boost mentoring"](http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2008-04-23/news/0804230013_1_role-models-african-american-black-men) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111802/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2008\-04\-23/news/0804230013\_1\_role\-models\-african\-american\-black\-men \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Sun\-Sentinel](/wiki/Sun-Sentinel "Sun-Sentinel")* (April 23, 2008\).Figueroa, Laura. ["Rubio's farewell : 'I leave here today with full peace in my heart'"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy-speeches.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103331/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy\-speeches.html \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (May 2, 2008\).["Florida Council on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys"](http://www.cssbmb.com/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128123905/http://www.cssbmb.com/ \|date\=November 28, 2015 }}, home page. Retrieved November 27, 2015\.
In 2010 during Rubio's Senate campaign, and again in 2015 during his presidential campaign, issues were raised by the media and his political opponents about some items charged by Rubio to his [Republican Party of Florida](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida "Republican Party of Florida") American Express card during his time as House speaker.{{cite web \| url\=https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\-rubio\-made\-personal\_n\_476516\.html \| title\=Marco Rubio Made Personal Charges on GOP Credit Card \| publisher\=HuffPost Politics \| date\=April 27, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| archive\-date\=July 22, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722143820/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\-rubio\-made\-personal\_n\_476516\.html \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-florida\-gop\-under\-federal\-investigation\-report\-says/ \| title\=Marco Rubio, Florida GOP Under Federal Investigation, Report Says \| publisher\=CBS News \| date\=April 21, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| author\=Condon, Stephanie \| archive\-date\=July 22, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722083101/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-florida\-gop\-under\-federal\-investigation\-report\-says/ \| url\-status\=live }} Rubio charged about $110,000 during those two years, of which $16,000 was personal expenses unrelated to party business, such as groceries and plane tickets.Patricia Mazzei \& Alex Leary, [Marco Rubio campaign releases previously undisclosed GOP credit card statements](https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/hedy-goes-here-and-here-xy-for-rubio-cardy/2253087/), *Tampa Bay Times* (November 7, 2015\). Rubio said that he personally paid American Express more than $16,000 for these personal expenses.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\-credit\-scandal\-threatens\-halt\-rubios\-momentum\-primary/ \| title\=GOP Credit Scandal Threatens to Halt Rubio's Momentum in Primary \| publisher\=Fox News Channel \| date\=April 22, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| archive\-date\=July 24, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724202047/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\-credit\-scandal\-threatens\-halt\-rubios\-momentum\-primary/ \| url\-status\=live }}Aaron Sharockman, [Rubio says GOP credit card paid with 'my money'](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records-show-marco-rubio-spent-thousands-with-gop-credit-card/1075692) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110064428/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records\-show\-marco\-rubio\-spent\-thousands\-with\-gop\-credit\-card/1075692 \|date\=November 10, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (March 11, 2010\). In 2012, the Florida Commission on Ethics cleared Rubio of wrongdoing in his use of the party\-issued credit card, although the commission inspector said that Rubio exhibited a "level of negligence" in not using his personal MasterCard.{{cite web\|last\=Leary\|first\=Alex\|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\-panel\-dismisses\-2010\-claim\-about\-rubio/1242622/\|title\=Ethics panel dismisses 2010 claim about Rubio\|website\=\[\[Tampa Bay Times]]\|date\=July 27, 2012\|access\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 13, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113172855/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\-panel\-dismisses\-2010\-claim\-about\-rubio/1242622\|url\-status\=live}}.{{cite web\|first1\=Drew\|last1\=Griffin\|first2\=Scott\|last2\=Zamost\|first3\=Tal\|last3\=Kopan\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\-rubio\-finances\-republican\-party\-card/index.html\|title\=Marco Rubio's Florida spending caused alarm for colleague\|website\=CNN\|date\=November 6, 2015\|access\-date\=November 10, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109154537/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\-rubio\-finances\-republican\-party\-card/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} In November 2015, Rubio released his party credit card statements for January 2005 through October 2006, which showed eight personal charges totaling $7,243\.74, all of which he had personally reimbursed, in most instances by the next billing period.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\-releases\-gop\-charge\-card\-statements\-from\-2005\-06/\|title\=Rubio releases more credit card statements, team says 'nothing to hide'\|website\=Fox News\|date\=November 8, 2015\|last1\=Gomez\|first1\=Serafin\|agency\=Associated Press\|access\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 10, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110233404/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\-releases\-gop\-charge\-card\-statements\-from\-2005\-06/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|first\=Eric\|last\=Bradner\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\-rubio\-credit\-card\-statements/\|title\=Marco Rubio releases Florida GOP charge card statements\|website\=CNN\|date\=November 7, 2015\|access\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 20, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120164259/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\-rubio\-credit\-card\-statements/\|url\-status\=live}} When releasing the charge records, Rubio spokesman Todd Harris said, "These statements are more than 10 years old. And the only people who ask about them today are the liberal media and our political opponents. We are releasing them now because Marco has nothing to hide."
|
[
"Career\n------",
"While studying law, Rubio interned for U.S. Representative [Ileana Ros\\-Lehtinen](/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen \"Ileana Ros-Lehtinen\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Clark \\|first\\=Lesley \\|title\\=Miami's Marco Rubio becomes new Florida senator \\|work\\=\\[\\[Miami Herald]] \\|url\\=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/05/2001675/miamis\\-marco\\-rubio\\-becomes\\-new.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2011 \\|date\\=January 5, 2011 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2016\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} He also worked on [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") senator [Bob Dole](/wiki/Bob_Dole \"Bob Dole\")'s 1996 presidential campaign.{{cite news \\|last\\=O'Keefe \\|first\\=Ed \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in\\-south\\-florida\\-jeb\\-bush\\-and\\-marco\\-rubio\\-are\\-forcing\\-locals\\-to\\-pick\\-sides/2015/04/09/331951a6\\-d3e3\\-11e4\\-a62f\\-ee745911a4ff\\_story.html \\|title\\=In South Florida, Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio are forcing locals to pick sides \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|date\\=April 10, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411110032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in\\-south\\-florida\\-jeb\\-bush\\-and\\-marco\\-rubio\\-are\\-forcing\\-locals\\-to\\-pick\\-sides/2015/04/09/331951a6\\-d3e3\\-11e4\\-a62f\\-ee745911a4ff\\_story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|last\\=Leary \\|first\\=Alex \\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\\-rubios\\-meteoric\\-rise\\-in\\-florida\\-politics/1127114 \\|title\\=Marco Rubio's meteoric rise in Florida politics \\|work\\=\\[\\[Tampa Bay Times]] \\|date\\=October 9, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615122929/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\\-rubios\\-meteoric\\-rise\\-in\\-florida\\-politics/1127114 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2017 }} In April 1998, two years after finishing law school, Rubio was elected to a seat as [city commissioner](/wiki/City_commission_government \"City commission government\") for [West Miami](/wiki/West_Miami \"West Miami\").{{Cite web\\| url\\=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-tea\\-party\\-pretty\\-boy\\-6379200\\| title\\=Marco Rubio, Tea Party Pretty Boy\\| date\\=July 22, 2010\\| access\\-date\\=April 7, 2020\\| archive\\-date\\=April 7, 2020\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407230010/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-tea\\-party\\-pretty\\-boy\\-6379200\\| url\\-status\\=live}} He became a member of the [Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") in early 2000\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newspapers.com/image/642773933/\\|title\\=16 Apr 2000, 235 – The Miami Herald at Newspapers.com\\|website\\=Newspapers.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026120039/http://www.newspapers.com/image/642773933/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}Samuels, Robert. [\"The story behind Marco Rubio's frustrating first job as a politician\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-story-behind-marco-rubios-frustrating-first-job-as-a-politician/2015/07/29/5c0d4de6-308c-11e5-8f36-18d1d501920d_story.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027154316/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the\\-story\\-behind\\-marco\\-rubios\\-frustrating\\-first\\-job\\-as\\-a\\-politician/2015/07/29/5c0d4de6\\-308c\\-11e5\\-8f36\\-18d1d501920d\\_story.html \\|date\\=October 27, 2015 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* (July 30, 2015\\).Mishak, Michael. [\"What Kind of Leader Is Marco Rubio? An Investigation; A look at what happens when the Florida senator wields power\"](http://www.nationaljournal.com/s/24397/what-kind-leader-is-marco-rubio-investigation) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029164743/http://www.nationaljournal.com/s/24397/what\\-kind\\-leader\\-is\\-marco\\-rubio\\-investigation \\|date\\=October 29, 2015 }}, *[National Journal](/wiki/National_Journal \"National Journal\")* (November 5, 2015\\).",
"### Florida House of Representatives",
"[thumb\\|Rubio and [Mario Díaz\\-Balart](/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart \"Mario Díaz-Balart\") in 2001\\|left](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_and_Mario_Diaz-Balart_in_the_House_chamber.jpg \"Marco Rubio and Mario Diaz-Balart in the House chamber.jpg\")",
"#### Elections and concurrent employment",
"In late 1999, a [special election](/wiki/By-election \"By-election\") was called to fill the seat for the 111th House District in the [Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\"), representing Miami.{{cite news \\| first\\=David \\| last\\=Azares \\| title\\=Diaz De La Portilla Wins State Senate Seat \\| url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1999\\-12\\-15/news/9912150159\\_1\\_senate\\-post\\-state\\-senate\\-seat\\-miami\\-dade \\| newspaper\\=Sun Sentinel \\| date\\=December 15, 1999 \\| access\\-date\\=February 14, 2013 \\| archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927113326/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1999\\-12\\-15/news/9912150159\\_1\\_senate\\-post\\-state\\-senate\\-seat\\-miami\\-dade \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} It was considered a safe Republican seat, so Rubio's main challenge was to win the GOP nomination. He campaigned as a moderate, advocating tax cuts and [early childhood education](/wiki/Early_childhood_education \"Early childhood education\").",
"Rubio placed second in the Republican primary on December 14, 1999,{{cite web \\| title\\=December 14, 1999 Special Primary Senate 34 and House 111 \\& 115 \\| url\\=http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate\\=12/14/1999\\&Race\\=STR\\&Party\\=REP\\&DATAMODE\\= \\| publisher\\=Florida Department of State Division of Elections \\| access\\-date\\=February 14, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081104/http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate\\=12%2F14%2F1999\\&Race\\=STR\\&Party\\=REP\\&DATAMODE\\= \\| archive\\-date\\=July 29, 2013 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} but won the runoff election for the Republican nomination, defeating Angel Zayon (a television and radio reporter who was popular with Cuban exiles) by just 64 votes.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2010\\-07\\-22/news/marco\\-rubio\\-tea\\-party\\-pretty\\-boy/full/ \\| title\\=Marco Rubio, Tea Party pretty boy \\| first\\=Tim \\| last\\=Elfrink \\| date\\=July 22, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=February 14, 2013 \\| work\\=Miami New Times \\| archive\\-date\\=February 16, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216034736/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2010\\-07\\-22/news/marco\\-rubio\\-tea\\-party\\-pretty\\-boy/full \\| url\\-status\\=live }} He then defeated Democrat Anastasia Garcia with 72% of the vote in a January 25, 2000, special election.{{cite news \\| title\\=Legislator says he got calls demanding he end sit\\-in Series: AROUND THE STATE: \\[SOUTH PINELLAS Edition] \\| date\\=January 26, 2000 \\| work\\=St. Petersburg Times \\| id\\={{ProQuest\\|263423613}} }}",
"In November 2000, Rubio was reelected unopposed.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=33133 \\|title\\=FL State House 111 Race – Nov 07, 2000 \\|publisher\\=Our Campaigns \\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928065314/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=33133 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2002, he was reelected to a second term unopposed.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=5594 \\|title\\=FL State House 111 Race – Nov 05, 2002 \\|publisher\\=Our Campaigns \\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928065350/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=5594 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2004, he was reelected to a third term with 66% of the vote.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=68885 \\|title\\=FL State House 111 Race – Nov 02, 2004 \\|publisher\\=Our Campaigns \\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928065253/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=68885 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2006, he was reelected to a fourth term unopposed.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=297425 \\|title\\=FL State House 111 Race – Nov 07, 2006 \\|publisher\\=Our Campaigns \\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114130959/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=297425 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Rubio spent almost nine years in the Florida House of Representatives. Since the Florida legislative session officially lasted only sixty days, he spent about half of each year in Miami, where he practiced law, first at a law firm that specialized in land use and zoning until 2014 when he took a position with [Broad and Cassel](/wiki/Broad_and_Cassel \"Broad and Cassel\"), a Miami law and lobbying firm (though state law precluded him from engaging in lobbying or introducing legislation on behalf of the firm's clients).{{cite news\\|author1\\=Hamburger, Tom\\|author2\\=Sullivan, Sean\\|date\\=June 29, 2015\\|title\\=How Marco Rubio turned political star power into a soaring personal income\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how\\-marco\\-rubio\\-turned\\-political\\-star\\-power\\-into\\-a\\-soaring\\-personal\\-income/2015/06/29/8cdae1aa\\-13a8\\-11e5\\-9ddc\\-e3353542100c\\_story.html\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106183550/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how\\-marco\\-rubio\\-turned\\-political\\-star\\-power\\-into\\-a\\-soaring\\-personal\\-income/2015/06/29/8cdae1aa\\-13a8\\-11e5\\-9ddc\\-e3353542100c\\_story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Tenure",
"[thumb\\|Rubio's official portrait as a Florida State Representative](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio.jpg \"Marco Rubio.jpg\")\nWhen Rubio took his seat in the legislature in [Tallahassee](/wiki/Tallahassee \"Tallahassee\") in January 2000, voters in Florida had recently approved a constitutional amendment on [term limits](/wiki/Term_limits \"Term limits\"). This created openings for new legislative leaders due to many senior incumbents having to retire. According to an article in *[National Journal](/wiki/National_Journal \"National Journal\")*, Rubio also gained an extra advantage in that regard, because he was sworn in early due to the special election, and he would take advantage of these opportunities to join the GOP leadership.",
"#### Majority whip and majority leader",
"Later in 2000, the [majority leader](/wiki/Majority_leader \"Majority leader\") of the House, [Mike Fasano](/wiki/Mike_Fasano_%28politician%29 \"Mike Fasano (politician)\"), promoted Rubio to be one of two majority [whips](/wiki/Whip_%28politics%29 \"Whip (politics)\"). *National Journal* described that position as typically requiring a lot of arm\\-twisting, but said Rubio took a different approach that relied more on persuading legislators and less on coercing them.",
"Fasano resigned in September 2001 as majority leader of the House due to disagreements with the House speaker, and the speaker passed over Rubio to appoint a more experienced replacement for Fasano. Rubio volunteered to work on [redistricting](/wiki/Redistricting \"Redistricting\"), which he accomplished by dividing the state into five regions, then working individually with the lawmakers involved, and this work helped to cement his relationships with GOP leaders.",
"In December 2002, Rubio was appointed House majority leader by Speaker [Johnnie Byrd](/wiki/Johnnie_Byrd \"Johnnie Byrd\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=Dade Hispanics Set to Get Top Posts in House\\|publisher\\=Nl.newsbank.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2012\\|date\\=December 10, 2002\\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132228/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F832B87CC108EB4\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=Two S. Florida Democrats To Lead Senate Committees\\|publisher\\=Nl.newsbank.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2012\\|date\\=December 18, 2002\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002543/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F832B87CC108EB4\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He persuaded Speaker Byrd to restructure the job of majority leader, so that legislative wrangling would be left to the whip's office, and Rubio would become the main spokesperson for the House GOP.",
"According to *National Journal*, during this period Rubio did not entirely adhere to doctrinaire conservative principles, and some colleagues described him as a [centrist](/wiki/Centrist \"Centrist\") \"who sought out Democrats and groups that don't typically align with the GOP\". He co\\-sponsored legislation that would have let farmworkers sue growers in state court if they were shortchanged on pay, and co\\-sponsored a bill for giving in\\-state tuition rates to the children of [undocumented immigrants](/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States \"Illegal immigration to the United States\"). In the wake of the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"), he voiced suspicion about expanding police detention powers and helped defeat a GOP bill that would have required colleges to increase reporting to the state about foreign students.",
"As a state representative, Rubio requested legislative [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28politics%29 \"Earmark (politics)\") (called \"Community Budget Issue Requests\" in Florida), totaling about $145{{spaces}}million for 2001 and 2002, but none thereafter.Sharockman, Aaron. [\"Marco Rubio wasn't always against earmarks, Florida Democrat claims\"](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven-schale/marco-rubio-wasnt-always-against-earmarks-florida/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235900/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven\\-schale/marco\\-rubio\\-wasnt\\-always\\-against\\-earmarks\\-florida/ \\|date\\=November 19, 2015 }}, *[PolitiFact](/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")* (November 16, 2010\\).Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [pp. 106–107](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061621/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA106 \\|date\\=February 8, 2016 }} (Simon \\& Schuster 2012\\). Additionally, an office in the executive branch compiled a longer list of spending requests by legislators, including Rubio,Caputo, Marc. [\"Rubio's campaign image belies history of $250{{spaces}}million in pork requests\"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios-campaign-image-belies-history-of-250-million-in-pork-requests/1078548) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031211815/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios\\-campaign\\-image\\-belies\\-history\\-of\\-250\\-million\\-in\\-pork\\-requests/1078548 \\|date\\=October 31, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (March 9, 2010\\). as did the non\\-profit group Florida TaxWatch.Kennedy, John. [\"Governor could ax these turkeys\"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/05/23/governor-could-ax-these-turkeys/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* (May 23, 2007\\). Many of those listed items were for health and social programs that Rubio has described as \"the kind of thing that legislators would get attacked on if we didn't fund them\". A 2010 report by the *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* and *[Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald \"Miami Herald\")* said that some of Rubio's spending requests dovetailed with his personal interests. For example, Rubio requested a $20{{spaces}}million appropriation for [Jackson Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital \"Jackson Memorial Hospital\") to subsidize care for the poor and uninsured, and Rubio later did work for that hospital as a consultant. A spokesman for Rubio has said that the items in question helped the whole county, that Rubio did not lobby to get them approved, that the hospital money was necessary and non\\-controversial, and that Rubio is \"a limited\\-government conservative{{spaces}}... not a no\\-government conservative\".",
"#### House speaker",
"[thumb\\|Then Speaker\\-Designate Rubio challenging [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") colleagues to help write *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future* in September 2005](/wiki/File:Speaker-designate_Marco_Rubio_with_a_blank_book_titled_100_Innovative_Ideas_For_Florida%27s_Future.jpg \"Speaker-designate Marco Rubio with a blank book titled 100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio as Chairman of the [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") Select Committee on Private Property Rights in October 2005](/wiki/File:House_Select_Committee_on_Private_Property_Rights_Chairman_Rep._Marco_Rubio%2C_R-Miami%2C_left%2C_guides_discussion_2005-10-18.jpg \"House Select Committee on Private Property Rights Chairman Rep. Marco Rubio, R-Miami, left, guides discussion 2005-10-18.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio with Democratic leader [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber \"Dan Gelber\") in 2007](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_standing_with_Dem_leader.jpg \"Speaker Rubio standing with Dem leader.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") Speaker Rubio and Senate President [Ken Pruitt](/wiki/Ken_Pruitt \"Ken Pruitt\") embrace after the Florida House's unanimous approval of the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate \"Florida Senate\")'s [resolution](/wiki/Concurrent_resolution \"Concurrent resolution\") to formally express deep regret for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\") in March 2008](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_Following_Vote_About_Slavery.jpg \"Speaker Rubio Following Vote About Slavery.jpg\")\nOn September 13, 2005, at age 34,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\\-speaker\\-20150710\\|title\\=The Speaker\\|work\\=National Journal\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2015\\|date\\=July 11, 2015\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715214617/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\\-speaker\\-20150710\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Rubio became speaker after State Representatives [Dennis Baxley](/wiki/Dennis_Baxley \"Dennis Baxley\"), [Jeff Kottkamp](/wiki/Jeff_Kottkamp \"Jeff Kottkamp\"), and [Dennis A. Ross](/wiki/Dennis_A._Ross \"Dennis A. Ross\") dropped out. He was sworn in a year later, in November 2006\\. He became the first [Cuban American](/wiki/Cuban_American \"Cuban American\") to be [speaker of the Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives\"), and would remain speaker until November 2008\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Fineout \\|first\\=Gary \\|url\\=http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/20031115/NEWS/211150381/1047 \\|title\\=Baxley backs off House leader bid \\|publisher\\=Ocala.com \\|date\\=November 15, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404155430/http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20031115%2FNEWS%2F211150381%2F1047 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"When he was chosen as future speaker in 2005, Rubio delivered a speech to the Florida House in which he asked members to look in their desks, where they each found a hardcover book titled *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future*; but the book was blank because it had not yet been written, and Rubio told his colleagues that they would fill in the pages together with the help of ordinary Floridians. In 2006, after traveling around the state and talking with citizens, and compiling their ideas, Rubio published the book.Rubio, Marco. *[100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future](https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Innovative_Ideas_for_Florida_s_Futur.html?id=I6cXIZs6TogC) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061653/https://books.google.com/books/about/100\\_Innovative\\_Ideas\\_for\\_Florida\\_s\\_Futur.html?id\\=I6cXIZs6TogC \\|date\\=February 8, 2016 }}* (Regnery 2006\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature \\|url\\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\\-rubio/rubio\\-claims\\-57\\-his\\-100\\-ideas\\-were\\-made\\-law\\-florid/ \\|publisher\\=Politifact \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2012 \\|last\\=Sharockman \\|first\\=Aaron \\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143438/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\\-rubio/rubio\\-claims\\-57\\-his\\-100\\-ideas\\-were\\-made\\-law\\-florid/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The *National Journal* called this book \"the centerpiece of Rubio's early speakership\". About 24 of the \"ideas\" became law, while another 10 were partially enacted. Among the items from his 2006 book that became law were multiple\\-year car registrations, a requirement that high schools provide more vocational courses, and an expanded voucher\\-like school\\-choice program. Rubio's defenders, and some critics, point out that [nationwide economic difficulties](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") overlapped with much of Rubio's speakership, and so funding new legislative proposals became difficult.",
"As Rubio took office as Speaker, [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush \"Jeb Bush\") was completing his term as governor, and Bush left office in January 2007\\. Rubio hired 18 Bush aides, leading capitol insiders to say the speaker's suite was \"the governor's office in exile\". An article in *National Journal* described Rubio's style as being very different from Bush's; where Bush was a very assertive manager of affairs in Tallahassee, Rubio's style was to delegate certain powers, relinquish others, and invite political rivals into his inner circle. As the incoming speaker, he decided to open a private dining room for legislators, which he said would give members more privacy, free from being pursued by lobbyists, though the expense led to a public relations problem.",
"In 2006, Florida enacted into law limitations upon the authority of the state government to take private property, in response to the 2005 Supreme Court decision in [Kelo v. City of New London](/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London \"Kelo v. City of New London\") which took a broad view of governmental power to take private property under [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\"). This state legislation had been proposed by a special committee chaired by Rubio prior to his speakership.",
"Jeb Bush was succeeded by [Charlie Crist](/wiki/Charlie_Crist \"Charlie Crist\"), a moderate Republican who took office in January 2007\\. Rubio and Crist clashed frequently. Their sharpest clash involved the governor's initiative to expand casino [gambling](/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States \"Gambling in the United States\") in Florida. Rubio sued Crist for bypassing the Florida Legislature in order to make a deal with the [Seminole Tribe](/wiki/Seminole_Tribe \"Seminole Tribe\"). The [Florida Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida \"Supreme Court of Florida\") sided with Rubio and blocked the deal.Deb, Sopan. [Marco Rubio: Young, but a longtime fighter](http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco-rubio-young-but-a-longtime-fighter/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106014903/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-young\\-but\\-a\\-longtime\\-fighter/ \\|date\\=November 6, 2015 }}, [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\") (November 3, 2015\\).",
"Rubio also was a critic of Crist's strategy to fight [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\") through an executive order creating new automobile and utility [emissions standards](/wiki/Emissions_standards \"Emissions standards\"). Rubio accused Crist of imposing \"European\\-style big government mandates\", and the legislature under Rubio's leadership weakened the impact of Crist's climate change initiative. Rubio said that Crist's approach would harm consumers by driving up utility bills without having much effect upon the environment, and that a better approach would be to promote [biofuel](/wiki/Biofuel \"Biofuel\") (e.g. [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol \"Ethanol\")), [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panel \"Solar panel\"), and [energy efficiency](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use \"Efficient energy use\").Dunkelberger, Lloyd. [\"Rubio: Crist's Plan Won't Work\"](http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123509/http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520 \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Ledger](/wiki/The_Ledger \"The Ledger\")* (July 26, 2007\\).Klas, Mary Ellen. [\"Rubio clashes with Crist over climate change standards\"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio-clashes-w.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101018/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio\\-clashes\\-w.html \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (July 25, 2007\\).Rubio, Marco. [\"Use common sense on energy policies\"](http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami_Herald_070725.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116024115/http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami\\_Herald\\_070725\\.htm \\|date\\=January 16, 2016 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (July 25, 2007\\) via carboncapture.us. Retrieved November 27, 2015\\.",
"Rubio introduced a plan to reduce [state property taxes](/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States \"Property tax in the United States\") to 2001 levels (and potentially eliminate them altogether), while increasing [sales taxes](/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States \"Sales taxes in the United States\") by 1% to 2\\.5% to fund schools. The proposal would have reduced property taxes in the state by $40–50{{spaces}}billion. His proposal passed the House, but was opposed by Governor Crist and Florida Senate Republicans, who said that the increase in sales tax would disproportionately affect the poor. So, Rubio agreed to smaller changes, and Crist's proposal to double the state's [property tax exemption](/wiki/Homestead_exemption \"Homestead exemption\") from $25,000 to $50,000 (for a tax reduction estimated by Crist to be $33{{spaces}}billion) ultimately passed.{{cite news \\|title\\=When Rubio Was the Man of Florida's House \\|url\\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\\-rubio\\-was\\-man\\-floridas\\-house\\-jim\\-geraghty \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2015 \\|work\\=National Review \\|date\\=April 13, 2015 \\|last\\=Geraghty \\|first\\=Jim \\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805094331/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\\-rubio\\-was\\-man\\-floridas\\-house\\-jim\\-geraghty \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots \\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\\-rubios\\-us\\-senate\\-campaign\\-grew\\-out\\-of\\-his\\-2007\\-antitax\\-roots/1108354 \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2012 \\|newspaper\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|date\\=July 12, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224101917/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\\-rubios\\-us\\-senate\\-campaign\\-grew\\-out\\-of\\-his\\-2007\\-antitax\\-roots/1108354 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2013 \\|last\\=Leary\\|first\\=Alex}} Legislators called it the largest tax cut in Florida's history up until then.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bousquet\\|first1\\=Steve\\|title\\=Confused now? It will get worse\\|url\\=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\\_now\\_It\\_will\\_.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2015\\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times\\|date\\=June 16, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133604/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\\_now\\_It\\_will\\_.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the time, Republican anti\\-tax activist [Grover Norquist](/wiki/Grover_Norquist \"Grover Norquist\") described Rubio as \"the most pro\\-taxpayer legislative leader in the country\".",
"As Speaker, Rubio \"aggressively tried to push Florida to the [political right](/wiki/Right-wing_politics \"Right-wing politics\")\", according to [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\"), and frequently clashed with the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate \"Florida Senate\"), which was run by more [moderate Republicans](/wiki/Moderate_Republican_%28modern_United_States%29 \"Moderate Republican (modern United States)\"), and with then\\-Governor Charlie Crist, a centrist Republican at the time.Perry Bacon Jr., [In Florida House, Rubio Led a Conservative Revolt Against Fellow Republicans](http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/florida-house-rubio-lead-conservative-revolt-against-fellow-republicans-n338736) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125180111/http://www.nbcnews.com/meet\\-the\\-press/florida\\-house\\-rubio\\-lead\\-conservative\\-revolt\\-against\\-fellow\\-republicans\\-n338736 \\|date\\=November 25, 2015 }}, NBC News, *Meet the Press* (April 14, 2015\\). Although a conservative, \"behind the scenes many Democrats considered Rubio someone with whom they could work,\" according to biographer Manuel Roig\\-Franzia.Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, p. 110 (Simon \\& Schuster, 2015\\). [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber \"Dan Gelber\") of Miami, the House Democratic leader at the time of Rubio's speakership, considered him \"a true conservative\" but not \"a reflexive partisan\", saying: \"He didn't have an objection to working with the other side simply because they were the other side. To put it bluntly, he wasn't a jerk.\"Chris Adams, [Moderate Marco? Not quite, but Rubio has history of bipartisanship](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article27392902.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125235032/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics\\-government/election/article27392902\\.html \\|date\\=November 25, 2015 }}, McClatchy Washington Bureau (July 16, 2015\\). Gelber considered Rubio \"a severe conservative, really far to the right, but probably the most talented spokesman the severe right could ever hope for.\"",
"While speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared a residence in Tallahassee with another Florida State Representative, [David Rivera](/wiki/David_Rivera \"David Rivera\"), which the two co\\-owned. The house later went into foreclosure in 2010 after several missed mortgage payments.{{cite news \\|last\\=Bender \\|first\\=Michael C. \\|title\\=Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved \\|url\\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\\-faces\\-foreclosure\\-on\\-tally\\-home\\-his\\-campaign\\-754440\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2011 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Palm Beach Post]] \\|date\\=June 17, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919201410/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\\-faces\\-foreclosure\\-on\\-tally\\-home\\-his\\-campaign\\-754440\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} At that point, Rubio assumed responsibility for the payments, and the house was eventually sold.Marc Caputo, [Marco Rubio sells his house of horrors](http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco-rubio-sells-house-of-horrors-118572) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109133640/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco\\-rubio\\-sells\\-house\\-of\\-horrors\\-118572 \\|date\\=November 9, 2015 }}, *Politico* (June 3, 2015\\).Associated Press, [Rubio sells troubled house in Florida for $117K](http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio-sells-troubled-house-in-florida-for-117k/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083335/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio\\-sells\\-troubled\\-house\\-in\\-florida\\-for\\-117k/ \\|date\\=February 11, 2016 }} (June 3, 2015\\).",
"In 2007, Florida state senator [Tony Hill](/wiki/Tony_Hill_%28politician%29 \"Tony Hill (politician)\") (D\\-Jacksonville), chairman of the state legislature's Black Caucus, requested that the legislature apologize for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\"), and Rubio said the idea merited discussion.Kleindeinst, Linda. [\"Lawmakers consider apology for slavery\"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/04/18/lawmakers-consider-apology-for-slavery/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* (April 18, 2007\\). The following year, a supportive Rubio said such apologies can be important albeit symbolic; he pointed out that even in 2008 young African\\-American males \"believe that the American dream is not available to them\".Colavecchio\\-Van Sickler, Shannon. [\"Florida mulls slavery apology\"](http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida_mulls_slavery.shtml) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105603/http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida\\_mulls\\_slavery.shtml \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (March 5, 2008\\).Colavecchio\\-Van Sickler, Shannon. [\"Florida apologizes for role in slavery\"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida-apologizes-for-role-in-slavery/432823) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012508/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida\\-apologizes\\-for\\-role\\-in\\-slavery/432823 \\|date\\=August 10, 2017 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (March 26, 2008\\). He helped set up a council on issues facing black men and boys, persuaded colleagues to replicate the [Harlem Children's Zone](/wiki/Harlem_Children%27s_Zone \"Harlem Children's Zone\") in the Miami neighborhood of [Liberty City](/wiki/Liberty_City_%28Miami%29 \"Liberty City (Miami)\"), and supported efforts to promote literacy and mentoring for black children and others.Leary, Alex. [\"Perspective: Rubio seeks the sweet spot\"](https://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/perspective-rubio-seeks-the-sweet-spot/2191101/), *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (August 1, 2014\\).Hollis, Mark and Lewis, Gregory. [\"Funding plan seeks to boost mentoring\"](http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2008-04-23/news/0804230013_1_role-models-african-american-black-men) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111802/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2008\\-04\\-23/news/0804230013\\_1\\_role\\-models\\-african\\-american\\-black\\-men \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Sun\\-Sentinel](/wiki/Sun-Sentinel \"Sun-Sentinel\")* (April 23, 2008\\).Figueroa, Laura. [\"Rubio's farewell : 'I leave here today with full peace in my heart'\"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy-speeches.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103331/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy\\-speeches.html \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (May 2, 2008\\).[\"Florida Council on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys\"](http://www.cssbmb.com/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128123905/http://www.cssbmb.com/ \\|date\\=November 28, 2015 }}, home page. Retrieved November 27, 2015\\.",
"In 2010 during Rubio's Senate campaign, and again in 2015 during his presidential campaign, issues were raised by the media and his political opponents about some items charged by Rubio to his [Republican Party of Florida](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida \"Republican Party of Florida\") American Express card during his time as House speaker.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\\-rubio\\-made\\-personal\\_n\\_476516\\.html \\| title\\=Marco Rubio Made Personal Charges on GOP Credit Card \\| publisher\\=HuffPost Politics \\| date\\=April 27, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722143820/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\\-rubio\\-made\\-personal\\_n\\_476516\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-florida\\-gop\\-under\\-federal\\-investigation\\-report\\-says/ \\| title\\=Marco Rubio, Florida GOP Under Federal Investigation, Report Says \\| publisher\\=CBS News \\| date\\=April 21, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| author\\=Condon, Stephanie \\| archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722083101/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-florida\\-gop\\-under\\-federal\\-investigation\\-report\\-says/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }} Rubio charged about $110,000 during those two years, of which $16,000 was personal expenses unrelated to party business, such as groceries and plane tickets.Patricia Mazzei \\& Alex Leary, [Marco Rubio campaign releases previously undisclosed GOP credit card statements](https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/hedy-goes-here-and-here-xy-for-rubio-cardy/2253087/), *Tampa Bay Times* (November 7, 2015\\). Rubio said that he personally paid American Express more than $16,000 for these personal expenses.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\\-credit\\-scandal\\-threatens\\-halt\\-rubios\\-momentum\\-primary/ \\| title\\=GOP Credit Scandal Threatens to Halt Rubio's Momentum in Primary \\| publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\| date\\=April 22, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| archive\\-date\\=July 24, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724202047/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\\-credit\\-scandal\\-threatens\\-halt\\-rubios\\-momentum\\-primary/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }}Aaron Sharockman, [Rubio says GOP credit card paid with 'my money'](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records-show-marco-rubio-spent-thousands-with-gop-credit-card/1075692) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110064428/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records\\-show\\-marco\\-rubio\\-spent\\-thousands\\-with\\-gop\\-credit\\-card/1075692 \\|date\\=November 10, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (March 11, 2010\\). In 2012, the Florida Commission on Ethics cleared Rubio of wrongdoing in his use of the party\\-issued credit card, although the commission inspector said that Rubio exhibited a \"level of negligence\" in not using his personal MasterCard.{{cite web\\|last\\=Leary\\|first\\=Alex\\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\\-panel\\-dismisses\\-2010\\-claim\\-about\\-rubio/1242622/\\|title\\=Ethics panel dismisses 2010 claim about Rubio\\|website\\=\\[\\[Tampa Bay Times]]\\|date\\=July 27, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 13, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113172855/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\\-panel\\-dismisses\\-2010\\-claim\\-about\\-rubio/1242622\\|url\\-status\\=live}}.{{cite web\\|first1\\=Drew\\|last1\\=Griffin\\|first2\\=Scott\\|last2\\=Zamost\\|first3\\=Tal\\|last3\\=Kopan\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-finances\\-republican\\-party\\-card/index.html\\|title\\=Marco Rubio's Florida spending caused alarm for colleague\\|website\\=CNN\\|date\\=November 6, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109154537/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-finances\\-republican\\-party\\-card/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In November 2015, Rubio released his party credit card statements for January 2005 through October 2006, which showed eight personal charges totaling $7,243\\.74, all of which he had personally reimbursed, in most instances by the next billing period.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\\-releases\\-gop\\-charge\\-card\\-statements\\-from\\-2005\\-06/\\|title\\=Rubio releases more credit card statements, team says 'nothing to hide'\\|website\\=Fox News\\|date\\=November 8, 2015\\|last1\\=Gomez\\|first1\\=Serafin\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110233404/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\\-releases\\-gop\\-charge\\-card\\-statements\\-from\\-2005\\-06/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Bradner\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-credit\\-card\\-statements/\\|title\\=Marco Rubio releases Florida GOP charge card statements\\|website\\=CNN\\|date\\=November 7, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120164259/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-credit\\-card\\-statements/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} When releasing the charge records, Rubio spokesman Todd Harris said, \"These statements are more than 10 years old. And the only people who ask about them today are the liberal media and our political opponents. We are releasing them now because Marco has nothing to hide.\"",
""
] |
### Tenure
[thumb\|Rubio's official portrait as a Florida State Representative](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio.jpg "Marco Rubio.jpg")
When Rubio took his seat in the legislature in [Tallahassee](/wiki/Tallahassee "Tallahassee") in January 2000, voters in Florida had recently approved a constitutional amendment on [term limits](/wiki/Term_limits "Term limits"). This created openings for new legislative leaders due to many senior incumbents having to retire. According to an article in *[National Journal](/wiki/National_Journal "National Journal")*, Rubio also gained an extra advantage in that regard, because he was sworn in early due to the special election, and he would take advantage of these opportunities to join the GOP leadership.
#### Majority whip and majority leader
Later in 2000, the [majority leader](/wiki/Majority_leader "Majority leader") of the House, [Mike Fasano](/wiki/Mike_Fasano_%28politician%29 "Mike Fasano (politician)"), promoted Rubio to be one of two majority [whips](/wiki/Whip_%28politics%29 "Whip (politics)"). *National Journal* described that position as typically requiring a lot of arm\-twisting, but said Rubio took a different approach that relied more on persuading legislators and less on coercing them.
Fasano resigned in September 2001 as majority leader of the House due to disagreements with the House speaker, and the speaker passed over Rubio to appoint a more experienced replacement for Fasano. Rubio volunteered to work on [redistricting](/wiki/Redistricting "Redistricting"), which he accomplished by dividing the state into five regions, then working individually with the lawmakers involved, and this work helped to cement his relationships with GOP leaders.
In December 2002, Rubio was appointed House majority leader by Speaker [Johnnie Byrd](/wiki/Johnnie_Byrd "Johnnie Byrd").{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=Dade Hispanics Set to Get Top Posts in House\|publisher\=Nl.newsbank.com\|access\-date\=September 9, 2012\|date\=December 10, 2002\|archive\-date\=April 13, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132228/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F832B87CC108EB4\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=Two S. Florida Democrats To Lead Senate Committees\|publisher\=Nl.newsbank.com\|access\-date\=September 9, 2012\|date\=December 18, 2002\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002543/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F832B87CC108EB4\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|url\-status\=live}} He persuaded Speaker Byrd to restructure the job of majority leader, so that legislative wrangling would be left to the whip's office, and Rubio would become the main spokesperson for the House GOP.
According to *National Journal*, during this period Rubio did not entirely adhere to doctrinaire conservative principles, and some colleagues described him as a [centrist](/wiki/Centrist "Centrist") "who sought out Democrats and groups that don't typically align with the GOP". He co\-sponsored legislation that would have let farmworkers sue growers in state court if they were shortchanged on pay, and co\-sponsored a bill for giving in\-state tuition rates to the children of [undocumented immigrants](/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States "Illegal immigration to the United States"). In the wake of the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), he voiced suspicion about expanding police detention powers and helped defeat a GOP bill that would have required colleges to increase reporting to the state about foreign students.
As a state representative, Rubio requested legislative [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28politics%29 "Earmark (politics)") (called "Community Budget Issue Requests" in Florida), totaling about $145{{spaces}}million for 2001 and 2002, but none thereafter.Sharockman, Aaron. ["Marco Rubio wasn't always against earmarks, Florida Democrat claims"](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven-schale/marco-rubio-wasnt-always-against-earmarks-florida/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235900/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven\-schale/marco\-rubio\-wasnt\-always\-against\-earmarks\-florida/ \|date\=November 19, 2015 }}, *[PolitiFact](/wiki/PolitiFact "PolitiFact")* (November 16, 2010\).Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [pp. 106–107](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061621/https://books.google.com/books?id\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA106 \|date\=February 8, 2016 }} (Simon \& Schuster 2012\). Additionally, an office in the executive branch compiled a longer list of spending requests by legislators, including Rubio,Caputo, Marc. ["Rubio's campaign image belies history of $250{{spaces}}million in pork requests"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios-campaign-image-belies-history-of-250-million-in-pork-requests/1078548) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031211815/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios\-campaign\-image\-belies\-history\-of\-250\-million\-in\-pork\-requests/1078548 \|date\=October 31, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (March 9, 2010\). as did the non\-profit group Florida TaxWatch.Kennedy, John. ["Governor could ax these turkeys"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/05/23/governor-could-ax-these-turkeys/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* (May 23, 2007\). Many of those listed items were for health and social programs that Rubio has described as "the kind of thing that legislators would get attacked on if we didn't fund them". A 2010 report by the *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* and *[Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald "Miami Herald")* said that some of Rubio's spending requests dovetailed with his personal interests. For example, Rubio requested a $20{{spaces}}million appropriation for [Jackson Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital "Jackson Memorial Hospital") to subsidize care for the poor and uninsured, and Rubio later did work for that hospital as a consultant. A spokesman for Rubio has said that the items in question helped the whole county, that Rubio did not lobby to get them approved, that the hospital money was necessary and non\-controversial, and that Rubio is "a limited\-government conservative{{spaces}}... not a no\-government conservative".
#### House speaker
[thumb\|Then Speaker\-Designate Rubio challenging [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") colleagues to help write *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future* in September 2005](/wiki/File:Speaker-designate_Marco_Rubio_with_a_blank_book_titled_100_Innovative_Ideas_For_Florida%27s_Future.jpg "Speaker-designate Marco Rubio with a blank book titled 100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio as Chairman of the [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") Select Committee on Private Property Rights in October 2005](/wiki/File:House_Select_Committee_on_Private_Property_Rights_Chairman_Rep._Marco_Rubio%2C_R-Miami%2C_left%2C_guides_discussion_2005-10-18.jpg "House Select Committee on Private Property Rights Chairman Rep. Marco Rubio, R-Miami, left, guides discussion 2005-10-18.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio with Democratic leader [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber "Dan Gelber") in 2007](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_standing_with_Dem_leader.jpg "Speaker Rubio standing with Dem leader.jpg")
[thumb\|[Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") Speaker Rubio and Senate President [Ken Pruitt](/wiki/Ken_Pruitt "Ken Pruitt") embrace after the Florida House's unanimous approval of the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate "Florida Senate")'s [resolution](/wiki/Concurrent_resolution "Concurrent resolution") to formally express deep regret for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States") in March 2008](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_Following_Vote_About_Slavery.jpg "Speaker Rubio Following Vote About Slavery.jpg")
On September 13, 2005, at age 34,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\-speaker\-20150710\|title\=The Speaker\|work\=National Journal\|access\-date\=July 23, 2015\|date\=July 11, 2015\|url\-access\=subscription\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715214617/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\-speaker\-20150710\|url\-status\=live}} Rubio became speaker after State Representatives [Dennis Baxley](/wiki/Dennis_Baxley "Dennis Baxley"), [Jeff Kottkamp](/wiki/Jeff_Kottkamp "Jeff Kottkamp"), and [Dennis A. Ross](/wiki/Dennis_A._Ross "Dennis A. Ross") dropped out. He was sworn in a year later, in November 2006\. He became the first [Cuban American](/wiki/Cuban_American "Cuban American") to be [speaker of the Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Florida_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives"), and would remain speaker until November 2008\.{{cite web \|last\=Fineout \|first\=Gary \|url\=http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/20031115/NEWS/211150381/1047 \|title\=Baxley backs off House leader bid \|publisher\=Ocala.com \|date\=November 15, 2003 \|access\-date\=September 2, 2012 \|archive\-date\=April 4, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404155430/http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20031115%2FNEWS%2F211150381%2F1047 \|url\-status\=live }}
When he was chosen as future speaker in 2005, Rubio delivered a speech to the Florida House in which he asked members to look in their desks, where they each found a hardcover book titled *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future*; but the book was blank because it had not yet been written, and Rubio told his colleagues that they would fill in the pages together with the help of ordinary Floridians. In 2006, after traveling around the state and talking with citizens, and compiling their ideas, Rubio published the book.Rubio, Marco. *[100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future](https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Innovative_Ideas_for_Florida_s_Futur.html?id=I6cXIZs6TogC) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061653/https://books.google.com/books/about/100\_Innovative\_Ideas\_for\_Florida\_s\_Futur.html?id\=I6cXIZs6TogC \|date\=February 8, 2016 }}* (Regnery 2006\).{{cite web \|title\=Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature \|url\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\-rubio/rubio\-claims\-57\-his\-100\-ideas\-were\-made\-law\-florid/ \|publisher\=Politifact \|access\-date\=May 24, 2012 \|last\=Sharockman \|first\=Aaron \|archive\-date\=June 6, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143438/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\-rubio/rubio\-claims\-57\-his\-100\-ideas\-were\-made\-law\-florid/ \|url\-status\=live }} The *National Journal* called this book "the centerpiece of Rubio's early speakership". About 24 of the "ideas" became law, while another 10 were partially enacted. Among the items from his 2006 book that became law were multiple\-year car registrations, a requirement that high schools provide more vocational courses, and an expanded voucher\-like school\-choice program. Rubio's defenders, and some critics, point out that [nationwide economic difficulties](/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") overlapped with much of Rubio's speakership, and so funding new legislative proposals became difficult.
As Rubio took office as Speaker, [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush") was completing his term as governor, and Bush left office in January 2007\. Rubio hired 18 Bush aides, leading capitol insiders to say the speaker's suite was "the governor's office in exile". An article in *National Journal* described Rubio's style as being very different from Bush's; where Bush was a very assertive manager of affairs in Tallahassee, Rubio's style was to delegate certain powers, relinquish others, and invite political rivals into his inner circle. As the incoming speaker, he decided to open a private dining room for legislators, which he said would give members more privacy, free from being pursued by lobbyists, though the expense led to a public relations problem.
In 2006, Florida enacted into law limitations upon the authority of the state government to take private property, in response to the 2005 Supreme Court decision in [Kelo v. City of New London](/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London "Kelo v. City of New London") which took a broad view of governmental power to take private property under [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain "Eminent domain"). This state legislation had been proposed by a special committee chaired by Rubio prior to his speakership.
Jeb Bush was succeeded by [Charlie Crist](/wiki/Charlie_Crist "Charlie Crist"), a moderate Republican who took office in January 2007\. Rubio and Crist clashed frequently. Their sharpest clash involved the governor's initiative to expand casino [gambling](/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States "Gambling in the United States") in Florida. Rubio sued Crist for bypassing the Florida Legislature in order to make a deal with the [Seminole Tribe](/wiki/Seminole_Tribe "Seminole Tribe"). The [Florida Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida "Supreme Court of Florida") sided with Rubio and blocked the deal.Deb, Sopan. [Marco Rubio: Young, but a longtime fighter](http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco-rubio-young-but-a-longtime-fighter/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106014903/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-young\-but\-a\-longtime\-fighter/ \|date\=November 6, 2015 }}, [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News") (November 3, 2015\).
Rubio also was a critic of Crist's strategy to fight [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") through an executive order creating new automobile and utility [emissions standards](/wiki/Emissions_standards "Emissions standards"). Rubio accused Crist of imposing "European\-style big government mandates", and the legislature under Rubio's leadership weakened the impact of Crist's climate change initiative. Rubio said that Crist's approach would harm consumers by driving up utility bills without having much effect upon the environment, and that a better approach would be to promote [biofuel](/wiki/Biofuel "Biofuel") (e.g. [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol")), [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel"), and [energy efficiency](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use "Efficient energy use").Dunkelberger, Lloyd. ["Rubio: Crist's Plan Won't Work"](http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123509/http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520 \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Ledger](/wiki/The_Ledger "The Ledger")* (July 26, 2007\).Klas, Mary Ellen. ["Rubio clashes with Crist over climate change standards"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio-clashes-w.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101018/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio\-clashes\-w.html \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (July 25, 2007\).Rubio, Marco. ["Use common sense on energy policies"](http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami_Herald_070725.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116024115/http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami\_Herald\_070725\.htm \|date\=January 16, 2016 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (July 25, 2007\) via carboncapture.us. Retrieved November 27, 2015\.
Rubio introduced a plan to reduce [state property taxes](/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States "Property tax in the United States") to 2001 levels (and potentially eliminate them altogether), while increasing [sales taxes](/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States "Sales taxes in the United States") by 1% to 2\.5% to fund schools. The proposal would have reduced property taxes in the state by $40–50{{spaces}}billion. His proposal passed the House, but was opposed by Governor Crist and Florida Senate Republicans, who said that the increase in sales tax would disproportionately affect the poor. So, Rubio agreed to smaller changes, and Crist's proposal to double the state's [property tax exemption](/wiki/Homestead_exemption "Homestead exemption") from $25,000 to $50,000 (for a tax reduction estimated by Crist to be $33{{spaces}}billion) ultimately passed.{{cite news \|title\=When Rubio Was the Man of Florida's House \|url\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\-rubio\-was\-man\-floridas\-house\-jim\-geraghty \|access\-date\=July 23, 2015 \|work\=National Review \|date\=April 13, 2015 \|last\=Geraghty \|first\=Jim \|archive\-date\=August 5, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805094331/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\-rubio\-was\-man\-floridas\-house\-jim\-geraghty \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots \|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\-rubios\-us\-senate\-campaign\-grew\-out\-of\-his\-2007\-antitax\-roots/1108354 \|access\-date\=May 24, 2012 \|newspaper\=Tampa Bay Times \|date\=July 12, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224101917/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\-rubios\-us\-senate\-campaign\-grew\-out\-of\-his\-2007\-antitax\-roots/1108354 \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2013 \|last\=Leary\|first\=Alex}} Legislators called it the largest tax cut in Florida's history up until then.{{cite news\|last1\=Bousquet\|first1\=Steve\|title\=Confused now? It will get worse\|url\=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\_now\_It\_will\_.shtml\|access\-date\=August 8, 2015\|work\=Tampa Bay Times\|date\=June 16, 2007\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133604/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\_now\_It\_will\_.shtml\|url\-status\=live}} At the time, Republican anti\-tax activist [Grover Norquist](/wiki/Grover_Norquist "Grover Norquist") described Rubio as "the most pro\-taxpayer legislative leader in the country".
As Speaker, Rubio "aggressively tried to push Florida to the [political right](/wiki/Right-wing_politics "Right-wing politics")", according to [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News "NBC News"), and frequently clashed with the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate "Florida Senate"), which was run by more [moderate Republicans](/wiki/Moderate_Republican_%28modern_United_States%29 "Moderate Republican (modern United States)"), and with then\-Governor Charlie Crist, a centrist Republican at the time.Perry Bacon Jr., [In Florida House, Rubio Led a Conservative Revolt Against Fellow Republicans](http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/florida-house-rubio-lead-conservative-revolt-against-fellow-republicans-n338736) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125180111/http://www.nbcnews.com/meet\-the\-press/florida\-house\-rubio\-lead\-conservative\-revolt\-against\-fellow\-republicans\-n338736 \|date\=November 25, 2015 }}, NBC News, *Meet the Press* (April 14, 2015\). Although a conservative, "behind the scenes many Democrats considered Rubio someone with whom they could work," according to biographer Manuel Roig\-Franzia.Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, p. 110 (Simon \& Schuster, 2015\). [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber "Dan Gelber") of Miami, the House Democratic leader at the time of Rubio's speakership, considered him "a true conservative" but not "a reflexive partisan", saying: "He didn't have an objection to working with the other side simply because they were the other side. To put it bluntly, he wasn't a jerk."Chris Adams, [Moderate Marco? Not quite, but Rubio has history of bipartisanship](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article27392902.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125235032/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics\-government/election/article27392902\.html \|date\=November 25, 2015 }}, McClatchy Washington Bureau (July 16, 2015\). Gelber considered Rubio "a severe conservative, really far to the right, but probably the most talented spokesman the severe right could ever hope for."
While speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared a residence in Tallahassee with another Florida State Representative, [David Rivera](/wiki/David_Rivera "David Rivera"), which the two co\-owned. The house later went into foreclosure in 2010 after several missed mortgage payments.{{cite news \|last\=Bender \|first\=Michael C. \|title\=Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved \|url\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\-faces\-foreclosure\-on\-tally\-home\-his\-campaign\-754440\.html \|access\-date\=May 5, 2011 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Palm Beach Post]] \|date\=June 17, 2010 \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919201410/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\-faces\-foreclosure\-on\-tally\-home\-his\-campaign\-754440\.html \|url\-status\=live }} At that point, Rubio assumed responsibility for the payments, and the house was eventually sold.Marc Caputo, [Marco Rubio sells his house of horrors](http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco-rubio-sells-house-of-horrors-118572) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109133640/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco\-rubio\-sells\-house\-of\-horrors\-118572 \|date\=November 9, 2015 }}, *Politico* (June 3, 2015\).Associated Press, [Rubio sells troubled house in Florida for $117K](http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio-sells-troubled-house-in-florida-for-117k/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083335/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio\-sells\-troubled\-house\-in\-florida\-for\-117k/ \|date\=February 11, 2016 }} (June 3, 2015\).
In 2007, Florida state senator [Tony Hill](/wiki/Tony_Hill_%28politician%29 "Tony Hill (politician)") (D\-Jacksonville), chairman of the state legislature's Black Caucus, requested that the legislature apologize for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States"), and Rubio said the idea merited discussion.Kleindeinst, Linda. ["Lawmakers consider apology for slavery"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/04/18/lawmakers-consider-apology-for-slavery/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* (April 18, 2007\). The following year, a supportive Rubio said such apologies can be important albeit symbolic; he pointed out that even in 2008 young African\-American males "believe that the American dream is not available to them".Colavecchio\-Van Sickler, Shannon. ["Florida mulls slavery apology"](http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida_mulls_slavery.shtml) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105603/http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida\_mulls\_slavery.shtml \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (March 5, 2008\).Colavecchio\-Van Sickler, Shannon. ["Florida apologizes for role in slavery"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida-apologizes-for-role-in-slavery/432823) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012508/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida\-apologizes\-for\-role\-in\-slavery/432823 \|date\=August 10, 2017 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (March 26, 2008\). He helped set up a council on issues facing black men and boys, persuaded colleagues to replicate the [Harlem Children's Zone](/wiki/Harlem_Children%27s_Zone "Harlem Children's Zone") in the Miami neighborhood of [Liberty City](/wiki/Liberty_City_%28Miami%29 "Liberty City (Miami)"), and supported efforts to promote literacy and mentoring for black children and others.Leary, Alex. ["Perspective: Rubio seeks the sweet spot"](https://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/perspective-rubio-seeks-the-sweet-spot/2191101/), *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (August 1, 2014\).Hollis, Mark and Lewis, Gregory. ["Funding plan seeks to boost mentoring"](http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2008-04-23/news/0804230013_1_role-models-african-american-black-men) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111802/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2008\-04\-23/news/0804230013\_1\_role\-models\-african\-american\-black\-men \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Sun\-Sentinel](/wiki/Sun-Sentinel "Sun-Sentinel")* (April 23, 2008\).Figueroa, Laura. ["Rubio's farewell : 'I leave here today with full peace in my heart'"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy-speeches.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103331/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy\-speeches.html \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (May 2, 2008\).["Florida Council on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys"](http://www.cssbmb.com/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128123905/http://www.cssbmb.com/ \|date\=November 28, 2015 }}, home page. Retrieved November 27, 2015\.
In 2010 during Rubio's Senate campaign, and again in 2015 during his presidential campaign, issues were raised by the media and his political opponents about some items charged by Rubio to his [Republican Party of Florida](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida "Republican Party of Florida") American Express card during his time as House speaker.{{cite web \| url\=https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\-rubio\-made\-personal\_n\_476516\.html \| title\=Marco Rubio Made Personal Charges on GOP Credit Card \| publisher\=HuffPost Politics \| date\=April 27, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| archive\-date\=July 22, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722143820/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\-rubio\-made\-personal\_n\_476516\.html \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-florida\-gop\-under\-federal\-investigation\-report\-says/ \| title\=Marco Rubio, Florida GOP Under Federal Investigation, Report Says \| publisher\=CBS News \| date\=April 21, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| author\=Condon, Stephanie \| archive\-date\=July 22, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722083101/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-florida\-gop\-under\-federal\-investigation\-report\-says/ \| url\-status\=live }} Rubio charged about $110,000 during those two years, of which $16,000 was personal expenses unrelated to party business, such as groceries and plane tickets.Patricia Mazzei \& Alex Leary, [Marco Rubio campaign releases previously undisclosed GOP credit card statements](https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/hedy-goes-here-and-here-xy-for-rubio-cardy/2253087/), *Tampa Bay Times* (November 7, 2015\). Rubio said that he personally paid American Express more than $16,000 for these personal expenses.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\-credit\-scandal\-threatens\-halt\-rubios\-momentum\-primary/ \| title\=GOP Credit Scandal Threatens to Halt Rubio's Momentum in Primary \| publisher\=Fox News Channel \| date\=April 22, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| archive\-date\=July 24, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724202047/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\-credit\-scandal\-threatens\-halt\-rubios\-momentum\-primary/ \| url\-status\=live }}Aaron Sharockman, [Rubio says GOP credit card paid with 'my money'](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records-show-marco-rubio-spent-thousands-with-gop-credit-card/1075692) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110064428/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records\-show\-marco\-rubio\-spent\-thousands\-with\-gop\-credit\-card/1075692 \|date\=November 10, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (March 11, 2010\). In 2012, the Florida Commission on Ethics cleared Rubio of wrongdoing in his use of the party\-issued credit card, although the commission inspector said that Rubio exhibited a "level of negligence" in not using his personal MasterCard.{{cite web\|last\=Leary\|first\=Alex\|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\-panel\-dismisses\-2010\-claim\-about\-rubio/1242622/\|title\=Ethics panel dismisses 2010 claim about Rubio\|website\=\[\[Tampa Bay Times]]\|date\=July 27, 2012\|access\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 13, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113172855/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\-panel\-dismisses\-2010\-claim\-about\-rubio/1242622\|url\-status\=live}}.{{cite web\|first1\=Drew\|last1\=Griffin\|first2\=Scott\|last2\=Zamost\|first3\=Tal\|last3\=Kopan\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\-rubio\-finances\-republican\-party\-card/index.html\|title\=Marco Rubio's Florida spending caused alarm for colleague\|website\=CNN\|date\=November 6, 2015\|access\-date\=November 10, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109154537/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\-rubio\-finances\-republican\-party\-card/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} In November 2015, Rubio released his party credit card statements for January 2005 through October 2006, which showed eight personal charges totaling $7,243\.74, all of which he had personally reimbursed, in most instances by the next billing period.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\-releases\-gop\-charge\-card\-statements\-from\-2005\-06/\|title\=Rubio releases more credit card statements, team says 'nothing to hide'\|website\=Fox News\|date\=November 8, 2015\|last1\=Gomez\|first1\=Serafin\|agency\=Associated Press\|access\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 10, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110233404/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\-releases\-gop\-charge\-card\-statements\-from\-2005\-06/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|first\=Eric\|last\=Bradner\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\-rubio\-credit\-card\-statements/\|title\=Marco Rubio releases Florida GOP charge card statements\|website\=CNN\|date\=November 7, 2015\|access\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 20, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120164259/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\-rubio\-credit\-card\-statements/\|url\-status\=live}} When releasing the charge records, Rubio spokesman Todd Harris said, "These statements are more than 10 years old. And the only people who ask about them today are the liberal media and our political opponents. We are releasing them now because Marco has nothing to hide."
|
[
"### Tenure",
"[thumb\\|Rubio's official portrait as a Florida State Representative](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio.jpg \"Marco Rubio.jpg\")\nWhen Rubio took his seat in the legislature in [Tallahassee](/wiki/Tallahassee \"Tallahassee\") in January 2000, voters in Florida had recently approved a constitutional amendment on [term limits](/wiki/Term_limits \"Term limits\"). This created openings for new legislative leaders due to many senior incumbents having to retire. According to an article in *[National Journal](/wiki/National_Journal \"National Journal\")*, Rubio also gained an extra advantage in that regard, because he was sworn in early due to the special election, and he would take advantage of these opportunities to join the GOP leadership.",
"#### Majority whip and majority leader",
"Later in 2000, the [majority leader](/wiki/Majority_leader \"Majority leader\") of the House, [Mike Fasano](/wiki/Mike_Fasano_%28politician%29 \"Mike Fasano (politician)\"), promoted Rubio to be one of two majority [whips](/wiki/Whip_%28politics%29 \"Whip (politics)\"). *National Journal* described that position as typically requiring a lot of arm\\-twisting, but said Rubio took a different approach that relied more on persuading legislators and less on coercing them.",
"Fasano resigned in September 2001 as majority leader of the House due to disagreements with the House speaker, and the speaker passed over Rubio to appoint a more experienced replacement for Fasano. Rubio volunteered to work on [redistricting](/wiki/Redistricting \"Redistricting\"), which he accomplished by dividing the state into five regions, then working individually with the lawmakers involved, and this work helped to cement his relationships with GOP leaders.",
"In December 2002, Rubio was appointed House majority leader by Speaker [Johnnie Byrd](/wiki/Johnnie_Byrd \"Johnnie Byrd\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=Dade Hispanics Set to Get Top Posts in House\\|publisher\\=Nl.newsbank.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2012\\|date\\=December 10, 2002\\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132228/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F832B87CC108EB4\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=Two S. Florida Democrats To Lead Senate Committees\\|publisher\\=Nl.newsbank.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2012\\|date\\=December 18, 2002\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002543/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F832B87CC108EB4\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He persuaded Speaker Byrd to restructure the job of majority leader, so that legislative wrangling would be left to the whip's office, and Rubio would become the main spokesperson for the House GOP.",
"According to *National Journal*, during this period Rubio did not entirely adhere to doctrinaire conservative principles, and some colleagues described him as a [centrist](/wiki/Centrist \"Centrist\") \"who sought out Democrats and groups that don't typically align with the GOP\". He co\\-sponsored legislation that would have let farmworkers sue growers in state court if they were shortchanged on pay, and co\\-sponsored a bill for giving in\\-state tuition rates to the children of [undocumented immigrants](/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States \"Illegal immigration to the United States\"). In the wake of the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"), he voiced suspicion about expanding police detention powers and helped defeat a GOP bill that would have required colleges to increase reporting to the state about foreign students.",
"As a state representative, Rubio requested legislative [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28politics%29 \"Earmark (politics)\") (called \"Community Budget Issue Requests\" in Florida), totaling about $145{{spaces}}million for 2001 and 2002, but none thereafter.Sharockman, Aaron. [\"Marco Rubio wasn't always against earmarks, Florida Democrat claims\"](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven-schale/marco-rubio-wasnt-always-against-earmarks-florida/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235900/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven\\-schale/marco\\-rubio\\-wasnt\\-always\\-against\\-earmarks\\-florida/ \\|date\\=November 19, 2015 }}, *[PolitiFact](/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")* (November 16, 2010\\).Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [pp. 106–107](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061621/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA106 \\|date\\=February 8, 2016 }} (Simon \\& Schuster 2012\\). Additionally, an office in the executive branch compiled a longer list of spending requests by legislators, including Rubio,Caputo, Marc. [\"Rubio's campaign image belies history of $250{{spaces}}million in pork requests\"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios-campaign-image-belies-history-of-250-million-in-pork-requests/1078548) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031211815/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios\\-campaign\\-image\\-belies\\-history\\-of\\-250\\-million\\-in\\-pork\\-requests/1078548 \\|date\\=October 31, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (March 9, 2010\\). as did the non\\-profit group Florida TaxWatch.Kennedy, John. [\"Governor could ax these turkeys\"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/05/23/governor-could-ax-these-turkeys/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* (May 23, 2007\\). Many of those listed items were for health and social programs that Rubio has described as \"the kind of thing that legislators would get attacked on if we didn't fund them\". A 2010 report by the *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* and *[Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald \"Miami Herald\")* said that some of Rubio's spending requests dovetailed with his personal interests. For example, Rubio requested a $20{{spaces}}million appropriation for [Jackson Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital \"Jackson Memorial Hospital\") to subsidize care for the poor and uninsured, and Rubio later did work for that hospital as a consultant. A spokesman for Rubio has said that the items in question helped the whole county, that Rubio did not lobby to get them approved, that the hospital money was necessary and non\\-controversial, and that Rubio is \"a limited\\-government conservative{{spaces}}... not a no\\-government conservative\".",
"#### House speaker",
"[thumb\\|Then Speaker\\-Designate Rubio challenging [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") colleagues to help write *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future* in September 2005](/wiki/File:Speaker-designate_Marco_Rubio_with_a_blank_book_titled_100_Innovative_Ideas_For_Florida%27s_Future.jpg \"Speaker-designate Marco Rubio with a blank book titled 100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio as Chairman of the [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") Select Committee on Private Property Rights in October 2005](/wiki/File:House_Select_Committee_on_Private_Property_Rights_Chairman_Rep._Marco_Rubio%2C_R-Miami%2C_left%2C_guides_discussion_2005-10-18.jpg \"House Select Committee on Private Property Rights Chairman Rep. Marco Rubio, R-Miami, left, guides discussion 2005-10-18.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio with Democratic leader [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber \"Dan Gelber\") in 2007](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_standing_with_Dem_leader.jpg \"Speaker Rubio standing with Dem leader.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") Speaker Rubio and Senate President [Ken Pruitt](/wiki/Ken_Pruitt \"Ken Pruitt\") embrace after the Florida House's unanimous approval of the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate \"Florida Senate\")'s [resolution](/wiki/Concurrent_resolution \"Concurrent resolution\") to formally express deep regret for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\") in March 2008](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_Following_Vote_About_Slavery.jpg \"Speaker Rubio Following Vote About Slavery.jpg\")\nOn September 13, 2005, at age 34,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\\-speaker\\-20150710\\|title\\=The Speaker\\|work\\=National Journal\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2015\\|date\\=July 11, 2015\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715214617/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\\-speaker\\-20150710\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Rubio became speaker after State Representatives [Dennis Baxley](/wiki/Dennis_Baxley \"Dennis Baxley\"), [Jeff Kottkamp](/wiki/Jeff_Kottkamp \"Jeff Kottkamp\"), and [Dennis A. Ross](/wiki/Dennis_A._Ross \"Dennis A. Ross\") dropped out. He was sworn in a year later, in November 2006\\. He became the first [Cuban American](/wiki/Cuban_American \"Cuban American\") to be [speaker of the Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives\"), and would remain speaker until November 2008\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Fineout \\|first\\=Gary \\|url\\=http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/20031115/NEWS/211150381/1047 \\|title\\=Baxley backs off House leader bid \\|publisher\\=Ocala.com \\|date\\=November 15, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404155430/http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20031115%2FNEWS%2F211150381%2F1047 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"When he was chosen as future speaker in 2005, Rubio delivered a speech to the Florida House in which he asked members to look in their desks, where they each found a hardcover book titled *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future*; but the book was blank because it had not yet been written, and Rubio told his colleagues that they would fill in the pages together with the help of ordinary Floridians. In 2006, after traveling around the state and talking with citizens, and compiling their ideas, Rubio published the book.Rubio, Marco. *[100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future](https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Innovative_Ideas_for_Florida_s_Futur.html?id=I6cXIZs6TogC) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061653/https://books.google.com/books/about/100\\_Innovative\\_Ideas\\_for\\_Florida\\_s\\_Futur.html?id\\=I6cXIZs6TogC \\|date\\=February 8, 2016 }}* (Regnery 2006\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature \\|url\\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\\-rubio/rubio\\-claims\\-57\\-his\\-100\\-ideas\\-were\\-made\\-law\\-florid/ \\|publisher\\=Politifact \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2012 \\|last\\=Sharockman \\|first\\=Aaron \\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143438/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\\-rubio/rubio\\-claims\\-57\\-his\\-100\\-ideas\\-were\\-made\\-law\\-florid/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The *National Journal* called this book \"the centerpiece of Rubio's early speakership\". About 24 of the \"ideas\" became law, while another 10 were partially enacted. Among the items from his 2006 book that became law were multiple\\-year car registrations, a requirement that high schools provide more vocational courses, and an expanded voucher\\-like school\\-choice program. Rubio's defenders, and some critics, point out that [nationwide economic difficulties](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") overlapped with much of Rubio's speakership, and so funding new legislative proposals became difficult.",
"As Rubio took office as Speaker, [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush \"Jeb Bush\") was completing his term as governor, and Bush left office in January 2007\\. Rubio hired 18 Bush aides, leading capitol insiders to say the speaker's suite was \"the governor's office in exile\". An article in *National Journal* described Rubio's style as being very different from Bush's; where Bush was a very assertive manager of affairs in Tallahassee, Rubio's style was to delegate certain powers, relinquish others, and invite political rivals into his inner circle. As the incoming speaker, he decided to open a private dining room for legislators, which he said would give members more privacy, free from being pursued by lobbyists, though the expense led to a public relations problem.",
"In 2006, Florida enacted into law limitations upon the authority of the state government to take private property, in response to the 2005 Supreme Court decision in [Kelo v. City of New London](/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London \"Kelo v. City of New London\") which took a broad view of governmental power to take private property under [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\"). This state legislation had been proposed by a special committee chaired by Rubio prior to his speakership.",
"Jeb Bush was succeeded by [Charlie Crist](/wiki/Charlie_Crist \"Charlie Crist\"), a moderate Republican who took office in January 2007\\. Rubio and Crist clashed frequently. Their sharpest clash involved the governor's initiative to expand casino [gambling](/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States \"Gambling in the United States\") in Florida. Rubio sued Crist for bypassing the Florida Legislature in order to make a deal with the [Seminole Tribe](/wiki/Seminole_Tribe \"Seminole Tribe\"). The [Florida Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida \"Supreme Court of Florida\") sided with Rubio and blocked the deal.Deb, Sopan. [Marco Rubio: Young, but a longtime fighter](http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco-rubio-young-but-a-longtime-fighter/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106014903/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-young\\-but\\-a\\-longtime\\-fighter/ \\|date\\=November 6, 2015 }}, [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\") (November 3, 2015\\).",
"Rubio also was a critic of Crist's strategy to fight [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\") through an executive order creating new automobile and utility [emissions standards](/wiki/Emissions_standards \"Emissions standards\"). Rubio accused Crist of imposing \"European\\-style big government mandates\", and the legislature under Rubio's leadership weakened the impact of Crist's climate change initiative. Rubio said that Crist's approach would harm consumers by driving up utility bills without having much effect upon the environment, and that a better approach would be to promote [biofuel](/wiki/Biofuel \"Biofuel\") (e.g. [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol \"Ethanol\")), [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panel \"Solar panel\"), and [energy efficiency](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use \"Efficient energy use\").Dunkelberger, Lloyd. [\"Rubio: Crist's Plan Won't Work\"](http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123509/http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520 \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Ledger](/wiki/The_Ledger \"The Ledger\")* (July 26, 2007\\).Klas, Mary Ellen. [\"Rubio clashes with Crist over climate change standards\"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio-clashes-w.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101018/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio\\-clashes\\-w.html \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (July 25, 2007\\).Rubio, Marco. [\"Use common sense on energy policies\"](http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami_Herald_070725.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116024115/http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami\\_Herald\\_070725\\.htm \\|date\\=January 16, 2016 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (July 25, 2007\\) via carboncapture.us. Retrieved November 27, 2015\\.",
"Rubio introduced a plan to reduce [state property taxes](/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States \"Property tax in the United States\") to 2001 levels (and potentially eliminate them altogether), while increasing [sales taxes](/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States \"Sales taxes in the United States\") by 1% to 2\\.5% to fund schools. The proposal would have reduced property taxes in the state by $40–50{{spaces}}billion. His proposal passed the House, but was opposed by Governor Crist and Florida Senate Republicans, who said that the increase in sales tax would disproportionately affect the poor. So, Rubio agreed to smaller changes, and Crist's proposal to double the state's [property tax exemption](/wiki/Homestead_exemption \"Homestead exemption\") from $25,000 to $50,000 (for a tax reduction estimated by Crist to be $33{{spaces}}billion) ultimately passed.{{cite news \\|title\\=When Rubio Was the Man of Florida's House \\|url\\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\\-rubio\\-was\\-man\\-floridas\\-house\\-jim\\-geraghty \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2015 \\|work\\=National Review \\|date\\=April 13, 2015 \\|last\\=Geraghty \\|first\\=Jim \\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805094331/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\\-rubio\\-was\\-man\\-floridas\\-house\\-jim\\-geraghty \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots \\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\\-rubios\\-us\\-senate\\-campaign\\-grew\\-out\\-of\\-his\\-2007\\-antitax\\-roots/1108354 \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2012 \\|newspaper\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|date\\=July 12, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224101917/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\\-rubios\\-us\\-senate\\-campaign\\-grew\\-out\\-of\\-his\\-2007\\-antitax\\-roots/1108354 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2013 \\|last\\=Leary\\|first\\=Alex}} Legislators called it the largest tax cut in Florida's history up until then.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bousquet\\|first1\\=Steve\\|title\\=Confused now? It will get worse\\|url\\=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\\_now\\_It\\_will\\_.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2015\\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times\\|date\\=June 16, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133604/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\\_now\\_It\\_will\\_.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the time, Republican anti\\-tax activist [Grover Norquist](/wiki/Grover_Norquist \"Grover Norquist\") described Rubio as \"the most pro\\-taxpayer legislative leader in the country\".",
"As Speaker, Rubio \"aggressively tried to push Florida to the [political right](/wiki/Right-wing_politics \"Right-wing politics\")\", according to [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\"), and frequently clashed with the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate \"Florida Senate\"), which was run by more [moderate Republicans](/wiki/Moderate_Republican_%28modern_United_States%29 \"Moderate Republican (modern United States)\"), and with then\\-Governor Charlie Crist, a centrist Republican at the time.Perry Bacon Jr., [In Florida House, Rubio Led a Conservative Revolt Against Fellow Republicans](http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/florida-house-rubio-lead-conservative-revolt-against-fellow-republicans-n338736) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125180111/http://www.nbcnews.com/meet\\-the\\-press/florida\\-house\\-rubio\\-lead\\-conservative\\-revolt\\-against\\-fellow\\-republicans\\-n338736 \\|date\\=November 25, 2015 }}, NBC News, *Meet the Press* (April 14, 2015\\). Although a conservative, \"behind the scenes many Democrats considered Rubio someone with whom they could work,\" according to biographer Manuel Roig\\-Franzia.Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, p. 110 (Simon \\& Schuster, 2015\\). [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber \"Dan Gelber\") of Miami, the House Democratic leader at the time of Rubio's speakership, considered him \"a true conservative\" but not \"a reflexive partisan\", saying: \"He didn't have an objection to working with the other side simply because they were the other side. To put it bluntly, he wasn't a jerk.\"Chris Adams, [Moderate Marco? Not quite, but Rubio has history of bipartisanship](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article27392902.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125235032/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics\\-government/election/article27392902\\.html \\|date\\=November 25, 2015 }}, McClatchy Washington Bureau (July 16, 2015\\). Gelber considered Rubio \"a severe conservative, really far to the right, but probably the most talented spokesman the severe right could ever hope for.\"",
"While speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared a residence in Tallahassee with another Florida State Representative, [David Rivera](/wiki/David_Rivera \"David Rivera\"), which the two co\\-owned. The house later went into foreclosure in 2010 after several missed mortgage payments.{{cite news \\|last\\=Bender \\|first\\=Michael C. \\|title\\=Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved \\|url\\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\\-faces\\-foreclosure\\-on\\-tally\\-home\\-his\\-campaign\\-754440\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2011 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Palm Beach Post]] \\|date\\=June 17, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919201410/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\\-faces\\-foreclosure\\-on\\-tally\\-home\\-his\\-campaign\\-754440\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} At that point, Rubio assumed responsibility for the payments, and the house was eventually sold.Marc Caputo, [Marco Rubio sells his house of horrors](http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco-rubio-sells-house-of-horrors-118572) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109133640/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco\\-rubio\\-sells\\-house\\-of\\-horrors\\-118572 \\|date\\=November 9, 2015 }}, *Politico* (June 3, 2015\\).Associated Press, [Rubio sells troubled house in Florida for $117K](http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio-sells-troubled-house-in-florida-for-117k/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083335/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio\\-sells\\-troubled\\-house\\-in\\-florida\\-for\\-117k/ \\|date\\=February 11, 2016 }} (June 3, 2015\\).",
"In 2007, Florida state senator [Tony Hill](/wiki/Tony_Hill_%28politician%29 \"Tony Hill (politician)\") (D\\-Jacksonville), chairman of the state legislature's Black Caucus, requested that the legislature apologize for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\"), and Rubio said the idea merited discussion.Kleindeinst, Linda. [\"Lawmakers consider apology for slavery\"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/04/18/lawmakers-consider-apology-for-slavery/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* (April 18, 2007\\). The following year, a supportive Rubio said such apologies can be important albeit symbolic; he pointed out that even in 2008 young African\\-American males \"believe that the American dream is not available to them\".Colavecchio\\-Van Sickler, Shannon. [\"Florida mulls slavery apology\"](http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida_mulls_slavery.shtml) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105603/http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida\\_mulls\\_slavery.shtml \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (March 5, 2008\\).Colavecchio\\-Van Sickler, Shannon. [\"Florida apologizes for role in slavery\"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida-apologizes-for-role-in-slavery/432823) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012508/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida\\-apologizes\\-for\\-role\\-in\\-slavery/432823 \\|date\\=August 10, 2017 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (March 26, 2008\\). He helped set up a council on issues facing black men and boys, persuaded colleagues to replicate the [Harlem Children's Zone](/wiki/Harlem_Children%27s_Zone \"Harlem Children's Zone\") in the Miami neighborhood of [Liberty City](/wiki/Liberty_City_%28Miami%29 \"Liberty City (Miami)\"), and supported efforts to promote literacy and mentoring for black children and others.Leary, Alex. [\"Perspective: Rubio seeks the sweet spot\"](https://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/perspective-rubio-seeks-the-sweet-spot/2191101/), *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (August 1, 2014\\).Hollis, Mark and Lewis, Gregory. [\"Funding plan seeks to boost mentoring\"](http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2008-04-23/news/0804230013_1_role-models-african-american-black-men) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111802/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2008\\-04\\-23/news/0804230013\\_1\\_role\\-models\\-african\\-american\\-black\\-men \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Sun\\-Sentinel](/wiki/Sun-Sentinel \"Sun-Sentinel\")* (April 23, 2008\\).Figueroa, Laura. [\"Rubio's farewell : 'I leave here today with full peace in my heart'\"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy-speeches.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103331/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy\\-speeches.html \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (May 2, 2008\\).[\"Florida Council on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys\"](http://www.cssbmb.com/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128123905/http://www.cssbmb.com/ \\|date\\=November 28, 2015 }}, home page. Retrieved November 27, 2015\\.",
"In 2010 during Rubio's Senate campaign, and again in 2015 during his presidential campaign, issues were raised by the media and his political opponents about some items charged by Rubio to his [Republican Party of Florida](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida \"Republican Party of Florida\") American Express card during his time as House speaker.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\\-rubio\\-made\\-personal\\_n\\_476516\\.html \\| title\\=Marco Rubio Made Personal Charges on GOP Credit Card \\| publisher\\=HuffPost Politics \\| date\\=April 27, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722143820/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\\-rubio\\-made\\-personal\\_n\\_476516\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-florida\\-gop\\-under\\-federal\\-investigation\\-report\\-says/ \\| title\\=Marco Rubio, Florida GOP Under Federal Investigation, Report Says \\| publisher\\=CBS News \\| date\\=April 21, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| author\\=Condon, Stephanie \\| archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722083101/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-florida\\-gop\\-under\\-federal\\-investigation\\-report\\-says/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }} Rubio charged about $110,000 during those two years, of which $16,000 was personal expenses unrelated to party business, such as groceries and plane tickets.Patricia Mazzei \\& Alex Leary, [Marco Rubio campaign releases previously undisclosed GOP credit card statements](https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/hedy-goes-here-and-here-xy-for-rubio-cardy/2253087/), *Tampa Bay Times* (November 7, 2015\\). Rubio said that he personally paid American Express more than $16,000 for these personal expenses.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\\-credit\\-scandal\\-threatens\\-halt\\-rubios\\-momentum\\-primary/ \\| title\\=GOP Credit Scandal Threatens to Halt Rubio's Momentum in Primary \\| publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\| date\\=April 22, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| archive\\-date\\=July 24, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724202047/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\\-credit\\-scandal\\-threatens\\-halt\\-rubios\\-momentum\\-primary/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }}Aaron Sharockman, [Rubio says GOP credit card paid with 'my money'](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records-show-marco-rubio-spent-thousands-with-gop-credit-card/1075692) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110064428/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records\\-show\\-marco\\-rubio\\-spent\\-thousands\\-with\\-gop\\-credit\\-card/1075692 \\|date\\=November 10, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (March 11, 2010\\). In 2012, the Florida Commission on Ethics cleared Rubio of wrongdoing in his use of the party\\-issued credit card, although the commission inspector said that Rubio exhibited a \"level of negligence\" in not using his personal MasterCard.{{cite web\\|last\\=Leary\\|first\\=Alex\\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\\-panel\\-dismisses\\-2010\\-claim\\-about\\-rubio/1242622/\\|title\\=Ethics panel dismisses 2010 claim about Rubio\\|website\\=\\[\\[Tampa Bay Times]]\\|date\\=July 27, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 13, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113172855/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\\-panel\\-dismisses\\-2010\\-claim\\-about\\-rubio/1242622\\|url\\-status\\=live}}.{{cite web\\|first1\\=Drew\\|last1\\=Griffin\\|first2\\=Scott\\|last2\\=Zamost\\|first3\\=Tal\\|last3\\=Kopan\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-finances\\-republican\\-party\\-card/index.html\\|title\\=Marco Rubio's Florida spending caused alarm for colleague\\|website\\=CNN\\|date\\=November 6, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109154537/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-finances\\-republican\\-party\\-card/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In November 2015, Rubio released his party credit card statements for January 2005 through October 2006, which showed eight personal charges totaling $7,243\\.74, all of which he had personally reimbursed, in most instances by the next billing period.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\\-releases\\-gop\\-charge\\-card\\-statements\\-from\\-2005\\-06/\\|title\\=Rubio releases more credit card statements, team says 'nothing to hide'\\|website\\=Fox News\\|date\\=November 8, 2015\\|last1\\=Gomez\\|first1\\=Serafin\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110233404/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\\-releases\\-gop\\-charge\\-card\\-statements\\-from\\-2005\\-06/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Bradner\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-credit\\-card\\-statements/\\|title\\=Marco Rubio releases Florida GOP charge card statements\\|website\\=CNN\\|date\\=November 7, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120164259/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-credit\\-card\\-statements/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} When releasing the charge records, Rubio spokesman Todd Harris said, \"These statements are more than 10 years old. And the only people who ask about them today are the liberal media and our political opponents. We are releasing them now because Marco has nothing to hide.\"",
""
] |
#### Majority whip and majority leader
Later in 2000, the [majority leader](/wiki/Majority_leader "Majority leader") of the House, [Mike Fasano](/wiki/Mike_Fasano_%28politician%29 "Mike Fasano (politician)"), promoted Rubio to be one of two majority [whips](/wiki/Whip_%28politics%29 "Whip (politics)"). *National Journal* described that position as typically requiring a lot of arm\-twisting, but said Rubio took a different approach that relied more on persuading legislators and less on coercing them.
Fasano resigned in September 2001 as majority leader of the House due to disagreements with the House speaker, and the speaker passed over Rubio to appoint a more experienced replacement for Fasano. Rubio volunteered to work on [redistricting](/wiki/Redistricting "Redistricting"), which he accomplished by dividing the state into five regions, then working individually with the lawmakers involved, and this work helped to cement his relationships with GOP leaders.
In December 2002, Rubio was appointed House majority leader by Speaker [Johnnie Byrd](/wiki/Johnnie_Byrd "Johnnie Byrd").{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=Dade Hispanics Set to Get Top Posts in House\|publisher\=Nl.newsbank.com\|access\-date\=September 9, 2012\|date\=December 10, 2002\|archive\-date\=April 13, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132228/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F832B87CC108EB4\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=Two S. Florida Democrats To Lead Senate Committees\|publisher\=Nl.newsbank.com\|access\-date\=September 9, 2012\|date\=December 18, 2002\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002543/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0F832B87CC108EB4\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|url\-status\=live}} He persuaded Speaker Byrd to restructure the job of majority leader, so that legislative wrangling would be left to the whip's office, and Rubio would become the main spokesperson for the House GOP.
According to *National Journal*, during this period Rubio did not entirely adhere to doctrinaire conservative principles, and some colleagues described him as a [centrist](/wiki/Centrist "Centrist") "who sought out Democrats and groups that don't typically align with the GOP". He co\-sponsored legislation that would have let farmworkers sue growers in state court if they were shortchanged on pay, and co\-sponsored a bill for giving in\-state tuition rates to the children of [undocumented immigrants](/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States "Illegal immigration to the United States"). In the wake of the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), he voiced suspicion about expanding police detention powers and helped defeat a GOP bill that would have required colleges to increase reporting to the state about foreign students.
As a state representative, Rubio requested legislative [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28politics%29 "Earmark (politics)") (called "Community Budget Issue Requests" in Florida), totaling about $145{{spaces}}million for 2001 and 2002, but none thereafter.Sharockman, Aaron. ["Marco Rubio wasn't always against earmarks, Florida Democrat claims"](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven-schale/marco-rubio-wasnt-always-against-earmarks-florida/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235900/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven\-schale/marco\-rubio\-wasnt\-always\-against\-earmarks\-florida/ \|date\=November 19, 2015 }}, *[PolitiFact](/wiki/PolitiFact "PolitiFact")* (November 16, 2010\).Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [pp. 106–107](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061621/https://books.google.com/books?id\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA106 \|date\=February 8, 2016 }} (Simon \& Schuster 2012\). Additionally, an office in the executive branch compiled a longer list of spending requests by legislators, including Rubio,Caputo, Marc. ["Rubio's campaign image belies history of $250{{spaces}}million in pork requests"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios-campaign-image-belies-history-of-250-million-in-pork-requests/1078548) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031211815/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios\-campaign\-image\-belies\-history\-of\-250\-million\-in\-pork\-requests/1078548 \|date\=October 31, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (March 9, 2010\). as did the non\-profit group Florida TaxWatch.Kennedy, John. ["Governor could ax these turkeys"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/05/23/governor-could-ax-these-turkeys/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* (May 23, 2007\). Many of those listed items were for health and social programs that Rubio has described as "the kind of thing that legislators would get attacked on if we didn't fund them". A 2010 report by the *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* and *[Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald "Miami Herald")* said that some of Rubio's spending requests dovetailed with his personal interests. For example, Rubio requested a $20{{spaces}}million appropriation for [Jackson Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital "Jackson Memorial Hospital") to subsidize care for the poor and uninsured, and Rubio later did work for that hospital as a consultant. A spokesman for Rubio has said that the items in question helped the whole county, that Rubio did not lobby to get them approved, that the hospital money was necessary and non\-controversial, and that Rubio is "a limited\-government conservative{{spaces}}... not a no\-government conservative".
|
[
"#### Majority whip and majority leader",
"Later in 2000, the [majority leader](/wiki/Majority_leader \"Majority leader\") of the House, [Mike Fasano](/wiki/Mike_Fasano_%28politician%29 \"Mike Fasano (politician)\"), promoted Rubio to be one of two majority [whips](/wiki/Whip_%28politics%29 \"Whip (politics)\"). *National Journal* described that position as typically requiring a lot of arm\\-twisting, but said Rubio took a different approach that relied more on persuading legislators and less on coercing them.",
"Fasano resigned in September 2001 as majority leader of the House due to disagreements with the House speaker, and the speaker passed over Rubio to appoint a more experienced replacement for Fasano. Rubio volunteered to work on [redistricting](/wiki/Redistricting \"Redistricting\"), which he accomplished by dividing the state into five regions, then working individually with the lawmakers involved, and this work helped to cement his relationships with GOP leaders.",
"In December 2002, Rubio was appointed House majority leader by Speaker [Johnnie Byrd](/wiki/Johnnie_Byrd \"Johnnie Byrd\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=Dade Hispanics Set to Get Top Posts in House\\|publisher\\=Nl.newsbank.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2012\\|date\\=December 10, 2002\\|archive\\-date\\=April 13, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132228/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F7DC37DA1706DF7\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F832B87CC108EB4\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=Two S. Florida Democrats To Lead Senate Committees\\|publisher\\=Nl.newsbank.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2012\\|date\\=December 18, 2002\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002543/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0F832B87CC108EB4\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He persuaded Speaker Byrd to restructure the job of majority leader, so that legislative wrangling would be left to the whip's office, and Rubio would become the main spokesperson for the House GOP.",
"According to *National Journal*, during this period Rubio did not entirely adhere to doctrinaire conservative principles, and some colleagues described him as a [centrist](/wiki/Centrist \"Centrist\") \"who sought out Democrats and groups that don't typically align with the GOP\". He co\\-sponsored legislation that would have let farmworkers sue growers in state court if they were shortchanged on pay, and co\\-sponsored a bill for giving in\\-state tuition rates to the children of [undocumented immigrants](/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States \"Illegal immigration to the United States\"). In the wake of the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"), he voiced suspicion about expanding police detention powers and helped defeat a GOP bill that would have required colleges to increase reporting to the state about foreign students.",
"As a state representative, Rubio requested legislative [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28politics%29 \"Earmark (politics)\") (called \"Community Budget Issue Requests\" in Florida), totaling about $145{{spaces}}million for 2001 and 2002, but none thereafter.Sharockman, Aaron. [\"Marco Rubio wasn't always against earmarks, Florida Democrat claims\"](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven-schale/marco-rubio-wasnt-always-against-earmarks-florida/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235900/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/nov/16/steven\\-schale/marco\\-rubio\\-wasnt\\-always\\-against\\-earmarks\\-florida/ \\|date\\=November 19, 2015 }}, *[PolitiFact](/wiki/PolitiFact \"PolitiFact\")* (November 16, 2010\\).Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [pp. 106–107](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061621/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA106 \\|date\\=February 8, 2016 }} (Simon \\& Schuster 2012\\). Additionally, an office in the executive branch compiled a longer list of spending requests by legislators, including Rubio,Caputo, Marc. [\"Rubio's campaign image belies history of $250{{spaces}}million in pork requests\"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios-campaign-image-belies-history-of-250-million-in-pork-requests/1078548) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031211815/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/rubios\\-campaign\\-image\\-belies\\-history\\-of\\-250\\-million\\-in\\-pork\\-requests/1078548 \\|date\\=October 31, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (March 9, 2010\\). as did the non\\-profit group Florida TaxWatch.Kennedy, John. [\"Governor could ax these turkeys\"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/05/23/governor-could-ax-these-turkeys/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* (May 23, 2007\\). Many of those listed items were for health and social programs that Rubio has described as \"the kind of thing that legislators would get attacked on if we didn't fund them\". A 2010 report by the *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* and *[Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald \"Miami Herald\")* said that some of Rubio's spending requests dovetailed with his personal interests. For example, Rubio requested a $20{{spaces}}million appropriation for [Jackson Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital \"Jackson Memorial Hospital\") to subsidize care for the poor and uninsured, and Rubio later did work for that hospital as a consultant. A spokesman for Rubio has said that the items in question helped the whole county, that Rubio did not lobby to get them approved, that the hospital money was necessary and non\\-controversial, and that Rubio is \"a limited\\-government conservative{{spaces}}... not a no\\-government conservative\".",
""
] |
#### House speaker
[thumb\|Then Speaker\-Designate Rubio challenging [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") colleagues to help write *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future* in September 2005](/wiki/File:Speaker-designate_Marco_Rubio_with_a_blank_book_titled_100_Innovative_Ideas_For_Florida%27s_Future.jpg "Speaker-designate Marco Rubio with a blank book titled 100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio as Chairman of the [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") Select Committee on Private Property Rights in October 2005](/wiki/File:House_Select_Committee_on_Private_Property_Rights_Chairman_Rep._Marco_Rubio%2C_R-Miami%2C_left%2C_guides_discussion_2005-10-18.jpg "House Select Committee on Private Property Rights Chairman Rep. Marco Rubio, R-Miami, left, guides discussion 2005-10-18.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio with Democratic leader [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber "Dan Gelber") in 2007](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_standing_with_Dem_leader.jpg "Speaker Rubio standing with Dem leader.jpg")
[thumb\|[Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives "Florida House of Representatives") Speaker Rubio and Senate President [Ken Pruitt](/wiki/Ken_Pruitt "Ken Pruitt") embrace after the Florida House's unanimous approval of the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate "Florida Senate")'s [resolution](/wiki/Concurrent_resolution "Concurrent resolution") to formally express deep regret for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States") in March 2008](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_Following_Vote_About_Slavery.jpg "Speaker Rubio Following Vote About Slavery.jpg")
On September 13, 2005, at age 34,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\-speaker\-20150710\|title\=The Speaker\|work\=National Journal\|access\-date\=July 23, 2015\|date\=July 11, 2015\|url\-access\=subscription\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715214617/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\-speaker\-20150710\|url\-status\=live}} Rubio became speaker after State Representatives [Dennis Baxley](/wiki/Dennis_Baxley "Dennis Baxley"), [Jeff Kottkamp](/wiki/Jeff_Kottkamp "Jeff Kottkamp"), and [Dennis A. Ross](/wiki/Dennis_A._Ross "Dennis A. Ross") dropped out. He was sworn in a year later, in November 2006\. He became the first [Cuban American](/wiki/Cuban_American "Cuban American") to be [speaker of the Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Florida_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives"), and would remain speaker until November 2008\.{{cite web \|last\=Fineout \|first\=Gary \|url\=http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=/20031115/NEWS/211150381/1047 \|title\=Baxley backs off House leader bid \|publisher\=Ocala.com \|date\=November 15, 2003 \|access\-date\=September 2, 2012 \|archive\-date\=April 4, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404155430/http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\=%2F20031115%2FNEWS%2F211150381%2F1047 \|url\-status\=live }}
When he was chosen as future speaker in 2005, Rubio delivered a speech to the Florida House in which he asked members to look in their desks, where they each found a hardcover book titled *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future*; but the book was blank because it had not yet been written, and Rubio told his colleagues that they would fill in the pages together with the help of ordinary Floridians. In 2006, after traveling around the state and talking with citizens, and compiling their ideas, Rubio published the book.Rubio, Marco. *[100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future](https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Innovative_Ideas_for_Florida_s_Futur.html?id=I6cXIZs6TogC) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061653/https://books.google.com/books/about/100\_Innovative\_Ideas\_for\_Florida\_s\_Futur.html?id\=I6cXIZs6TogC \|date\=February 8, 2016 }}* (Regnery 2006\).{{cite web \|title\=Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature \|url\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\-rubio/rubio\-claims\-57\-his\-100\-ideas\-were\-made\-law\-florid/ \|publisher\=Politifact \|access\-date\=May 24, 2012 \|last\=Sharockman \|first\=Aaron \|archive\-date\=June 6, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143438/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\-rubio/rubio\-claims\-57\-his\-100\-ideas\-were\-made\-law\-florid/ \|url\-status\=live }} The *National Journal* called this book "the centerpiece of Rubio's early speakership". About 24 of the "ideas" became law, while another 10 were partially enacted. Among the items from his 2006 book that became law were multiple\-year car registrations, a requirement that high schools provide more vocational courses, and an expanded voucher\-like school\-choice program. Rubio's defenders, and some critics, point out that [nationwide economic difficulties](/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") overlapped with much of Rubio's speakership, and so funding new legislative proposals became difficult.
As Rubio took office as Speaker, [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush") was completing his term as governor, and Bush left office in January 2007\. Rubio hired 18 Bush aides, leading capitol insiders to say the speaker's suite was "the governor's office in exile". An article in *National Journal* described Rubio's style as being very different from Bush's; where Bush was a very assertive manager of affairs in Tallahassee, Rubio's style was to delegate certain powers, relinquish others, and invite political rivals into his inner circle. As the incoming speaker, he decided to open a private dining room for legislators, which he said would give members more privacy, free from being pursued by lobbyists, though the expense led to a public relations problem.
In 2006, Florida enacted into law limitations upon the authority of the state government to take private property, in response to the 2005 Supreme Court decision in [Kelo v. City of New London](/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London "Kelo v. City of New London") which took a broad view of governmental power to take private property under [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain "Eminent domain"). This state legislation had been proposed by a special committee chaired by Rubio prior to his speakership.
Jeb Bush was succeeded by [Charlie Crist](/wiki/Charlie_Crist "Charlie Crist"), a moderate Republican who took office in January 2007\. Rubio and Crist clashed frequently. Their sharpest clash involved the governor's initiative to expand casino [gambling](/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States "Gambling in the United States") in Florida. Rubio sued Crist for bypassing the Florida Legislature in order to make a deal with the [Seminole Tribe](/wiki/Seminole_Tribe "Seminole Tribe"). The [Florida Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida "Supreme Court of Florida") sided with Rubio and blocked the deal.Deb, Sopan. [Marco Rubio: Young, but a longtime fighter](http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco-rubio-young-but-a-longtime-fighter/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106014903/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-young\-but\-a\-longtime\-fighter/ \|date\=November 6, 2015 }}, [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News") (November 3, 2015\).
Rubio also was a critic of Crist's strategy to fight [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") through an executive order creating new automobile and utility [emissions standards](/wiki/Emissions_standards "Emissions standards"). Rubio accused Crist of imposing "European\-style big government mandates", and the legislature under Rubio's leadership weakened the impact of Crist's climate change initiative. Rubio said that Crist's approach would harm consumers by driving up utility bills without having much effect upon the environment, and that a better approach would be to promote [biofuel](/wiki/Biofuel "Biofuel") (e.g. [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol")), [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel"), and [energy efficiency](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use "Efficient energy use").Dunkelberger, Lloyd. ["Rubio: Crist's Plan Won't Work"](http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123509/http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520 \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Ledger](/wiki/The_Ledger "The Ledger")* (July 26, 2007\).Klas, Mary Ellen. ["Rubio clashes with Crist over climate change standards"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio-clashes-w.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101018/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio\-clashes\-w.html \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (July 25, 2007\).Rubio, Marco. ["Use common sense on energy policies"](http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami_Herald_070725.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116024115/http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami\_Herald\_070725\.htm \|date\=January 16, 2016 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (July 25, 2007\) via carboncapture.us. Retrieved November 27, 2015\.
Rubio introduced a plan to reduce [state property taxes](/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States "Property tax in the United States") to 2001 levels (and potentially eliminate them altogether), while increasing [sales taxes](/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States "Sales taxes in the United States") by 1% to 2\.5% to fund schools. The proposal would have reduced property taxes in the state by $40–50{{spaces}}billion. His proposal passed the House, but was opposed by Governor Crist and Florida Senate Republicans, who said that the increase in sales tax would disproportionately affect the poor. So, Rubio agreed to smaller changes, and Crist's proposal to double the state's [property tax exemption](/wiki/Homestead_exemption "Homestead exemption") from $25,000 to $50,000 (for a tax reduction estimated by Crist to be $33{{spaces}}billion) ultimately passed.{{cite news \|title\=When Rubio Was the Man of Florida's House \|url\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\-rubio\-was\-man\-floridas\-house\-jim\-geraghty \|access\-date\=July 23, 2015 \|work\=National Review \|date\=April 13, 2015 \|last\=Geraghty \|first\=Jim \|archive\-date\=August 5, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805094331/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\-rubio\-was\-man\-floridas\-house\-jim\-geraghty \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots \|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\-rubios\-us\-senate\-campaign\-grew\-out\-of\-his\-2007\-antitax\-roots/1108354 \|access\-date\=May 24, 2012 \|newspaper\=Tampa Bay Times \|date\=July 12, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224101917/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\-rubios\-us\-senate\-campaign\-grew\-out\-of\-his\-2007\-antitax\-roots/1108354 \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2013 \|last\=Leary\|first\=Alex}} Legislators called it the largest tax cut in Florida's history up until then.{{cite news\|last1\=Bousquet\|first1\=Steve\|title\=Confused now? It will get worse\|url\=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\_now\_It\_will\_.shtml\|access\-date\=August 8, 2015\|work\=Tampa Bay Times\|date\=June 16, 2007\|archive\-date\=September 24, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133604/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\_now\_It\_will\_.shtml\|url\-status\=live}} At the time, Republican anti\-tax activist [Grover Norquist](/wiki/Grover_Norquist "Grover Norquist") described Rubio as "the most pro\-taxpayer legislative leader in the country".
As Speaker, Rubio "aggressively tried to push Florida to the [political right](/wiki/Right-wing_politics "Right-wing politics")", according to [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News "NBC News"), and frequently clashed with the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate "Florida Senate"), which was run by more [moderate Republicans](/wiki/Moderate_Republican_%28modern_United_States%29 "Moderate Republican (modern United States)"), and with then\-Governor Charlie Crist, a centrist Republican at the time.Perry Bacon Jr., [In Florida House, Rubio Led a Conservative Revolt Against Fellow Republicans](http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/florida-house-rubio-lead-conservative-revolt-against-fellow-republicans-n338736) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125180111/http://www.nbcnews.com/meet\-the\-press/florida\-house\-rubio\-lead\-conservative\-revolt\-against\-fellow\-republicans\-n338736 \|date\=November 25, 2015 }}, NBC News, *Meet the Press* (April 14, 2015\). Although a conservative, "behind the scenes many Democrats considered Rubio someone with whom they could work," according to biographer Manuel Roig\-Franzia.Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, p. 110 (Simon \& Schuster, 2015\). [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber "Dan Gelber") of Miami, the House Democratic leader at the time of Rubio's speakership, considered him "a true conservative" but not "a reflexive partisan", saying: "He didn't have an objection to working with the other side simply because they were the other side. To put it bluntly, he wasn't a jerk."Chris Adams, [Moderate Marco? Not quite, but Rubio has history of bipartisanship](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article27392902.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125235032/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics\-government/election/article27392902\.html \|date\=November 25, 2015 }}, McClatchy Washington Bureau (July 16, 2015\). Gelber considered Rubio "a severe conservative, really far to the right, but probably the most talented spokesman the severe right could ever hope for."
While speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared a residence in Tallahassee with another Florida State Representative, [David Rivera](/wiki/David_Rivera "David Rivera"), which the two co\-owned. The house later went into foreclosure in 2010 after several missed mortgage payments.{{cite news \|last\=Bender \|first\=Michael C. \|title\=Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved \|url\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\-faces\-foreclosure\-on\-tally\-home\-his\-campaign\-754440\.html \|access\-date\=May 5, 2011 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Palm Beach Post]] \|date\=June 17, 2010 \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919201410/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\-faces\-foreclosure\-on\-tally\-home\-his\-campaign\-754440\.html \|url\-status\=live }} At that point, Rubio assumed responsibility for the payments, and the house was eventually sold.Marc Caputo, [Marco Rubio sells his house of horrors](http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco-rubio-sells-house-of-horrors-118572) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109133640/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco\-rubio\-sells\-house\-of\-horrors\-118572 \|date\=November 9, 2015 }}, *Politico* (June 3, 2015\).Associated Press, [Rubio sells troubled house in Florida for $117K](http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio-sells-troubled-house-in-florida-for-117k/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083335/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio\-sells\-troubled\-house\-in\-florida\-for\-117k/ \|date\=February 11, 2016 }} (June 3, 2015\).
In 2007, Florida state senator [Tony Hill](/wiki/Tony_Hill_%28politician%29 "Tony Hill (politician)") (D\-Jacksonville), chairman of the state legislature's Black Caucus, requested that the legislature apologize for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States"), and Rubio said the idea merited discussion.Kleindeinst, Linda. ["Lawmakers consider apology for slavery"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/04/18/lawmakers-consider-apology-for-slavery/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* (April 18, 2007\). The following year, a supportive Rubio said such apologies can be important albeit symbolic; he pointed out that even in 2008 young African\-American males "believe that the American dream is not available to them".Colavecchio\-Van Sickler, Shannon. ["Florida mulls slavery apology"](http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida_mulls_slavery.shtml) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105603/http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida\_mulls\_slavery.shtml \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (March 5, 2008\).Colavecchio\-Van Sickler, Shannon. ["Florida apologizes for role in slavery"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida-apologizes-for-role-in-slavery/432823) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012508/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida\-apologizes\-for\-role\-in\-slavery/432823 \|date\=August 10, 2017 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (March 26, 2008\). He helped set up a council on issues facing black men and boys, persuaded colleagues to replicate the [Harlem Children's Zone](/wiki/Harlem_Children%27s_Zone "Harlem Children's Zone") in the Miami neighborhood of [Liberty City](/wiki/Liberty_City_%28Miami%29 "Liberty City (Miami)"), and supported efforts to promote literacy and mentoring for black children and others.Leary, Alex. ["Perspective: Rubio seeks the sweet spot"](https://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/perspective-rubio-seeks-the-sweet-spot/2191101/), *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (August 1, 2014\).Hollis, Mark and Lewis, Gregory. ["Funding plan seeks to boost mentoring"](http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2008-04-23/news/0804230013_1_role-models-african-american-black-men) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111802/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2008\-04\-23/news/0804230013\_1\_role\-models\-african\-american\-black\-men \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Sun\-Sentinel](/wiki/Sun-Sentinel "Sun-Sentinel")* (April 23, 2008\).Figueroa, Laura. ["Rubio's farewell : 'I leave here today with full peace in my heart'"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy-speeches.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103331/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy\-speeches.html \|date\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald")* (May 2, 2008\).["Florida Council on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys"](http://www.cssbmb.com/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128123905/http://www.cssbmb.com/ \|date\=November 28, 2015 }}, home page. Retrieved November 27, 2015\.
In 2010 during Rubio's Senate campaign, and again in 2015 during his presidential campaign, issues were raised by the media and his political opponents about some items charged by Rubio to his [Republican Party of Florida](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida "Republican Party of Florida") American Express card during his time as House speaker.{{cite web \| url\=https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\-rubio\-made\-personal\_n\_476516\.html \| title\=Marco Rubio Made Personal Charges on GOP Credit Card \| publisher\=HuffPost Politics \| date\=April 27, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| archive\-date\=July 22, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722143820/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\-rubio\-made\-personal\_n\_476516\.html \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-florida\-gop\-under\-federal\-investigation\-report\-says/ \| title\=Marco Rubio, Florida GOP Under Federal Investigation, Report Says \| publisher\=CBS News \| date\=April 21, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| author\=Condon, Stephanie \| archive\-date\=July 22, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722083101/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-florida\-gop\-under\-federal\-investigation\-report\-says/ \| url\-status\=live }} Rubio charged about $110,000 during those two years, of which $16,000 was personal expenses unrelated to party business, such as groceries and plane tickets.Patricia Mazzei \& Alex Leary, [Marco Rubio campaign releases previously undisclosed GOP credit card statements](https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/hedy-goes-here-and-here-xy-for-rubio-cardy/2253087/), *Tampa Bay Times* (November 7, 2015\). Rubio said that he personally paid American Express more than $16,000 for these personal expenses.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\-credit\-scandal\-threatens\-halt\-rubios\-momentum\-primary/ \| title\=GOP Credit Scandal Threatens to Halt Rubio's Momentum in Primary \| publisher\=Fox News Channel \| date\=April 22, 2010 \| access\-date\=July 15, 2014 \| archive\-date\=July 24, 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724202047/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\-credit\-scandal\-threatens\-halt\-rubios\-momentum\-primary/ \| url\-status\=live }}Aaron Sharockman, [Rubio says GOP credit card paid with 'my money'](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records-show-marco-rubio-spent-thousands-with-gop-credit-card/1075692) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110064428/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records\-show\-marco\-rubio\-spent\-thousands\-with\-gop\-credit\-card/1075692 \|date\=November 10, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (March 11, 2010\). In 2012, the Florida Commission on Ethics cleared Rubio of wrongdoing in his use of the party\-issued credit card, although the commission inspector said that Rubio exhibited a "level of negligence" in not using his personal MasterCard.{{cite web\|last\=Leary\|first\=Alex\|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\-panel\-dismisses\-2010\-claim\-about\-rubio/1242622/\|title\=Ethics panel dismisses 2010 claim about Rubio\|website\=\[\[Tampa Bay Times]]\|date\=July 27, 2012\|access\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 13, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113172855/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\-panel\-dismisses\-2010\-claim\-about\-rubio/1242622\|url\-status\=live}}.{{cite web\|first1\=Drew\|last1\=Griffin\|first2\=Scott\|last2\=Zamost\|first3\=Tal\|last3\=Kopan\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\-rubio\-finances\-republican\-party\-card/index.html\|title\=Marco Rubio's Florida spending caused alarm for colleague\|website\=CNN\|date\=November 6, 2015\|access\-date\=November 10, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109154537/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\-rubio\-finances\-republican\-party\-card/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} In November 2015, Rubio released his party credit card statements for January 2005 through October 2006, which showed eight personal charges totaling $7,243\.74, all of which he had personally reimbursed, in most instances by the next billing period.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\-releases\-gop\-charge\-card\-statements\-from\-2005\-06/\|title\=Rubio releases more credit card statements, team says 'nothing to hide'\|website\=Fox News\|date\=November 8, 2015\|last1\=Gomez\|first1\=Serafin\|agency\=Associated Press\|access\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 10, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110233404/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\-releases\-gop\-charge\-card\-statements\-from\-2005\-06/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|first\=Eric\|last\=Bradner\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\-rubio\-credit\-card\-statements/\|title\=Marco Rubio releases Florida GOP charge card statements\|website\=CNN\|date\=November 7, 2015\|access\-date\=November 9, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 20, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120164259/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\-rubio\-credit\-card\-statements/\|url\-status\=live}} When releasing the charge records, Rubio spokesman Todd Harris said, "These statements are more than 10 years old. And the only people who ask about them today are the liberal media and our political opponents. We are releasing them now because Marco has nothing to hide."
|
[
"#### House speaker",
"[thumb\\|Then Speaker\\-Designate Rubio challenging [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") colleagues to help write *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future* in September 2005](/wiki/File:Speaker-designate_Marco_Rubio_with_a_blank_book_titled_100_Innovative_Ideas_For_Florida%27s_Future.jpg \"Speaker-designate Marco Rubio with a blank book titled 100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio as Chairman of the [Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") Select Committee on Private Property Rights in October 2005](/wiki/File:House_Select_Committee_on_Private_Property_Rights_Chairman_Rep._Marco_Rubio%2C_R-Miami%2C_left%2C_guides_discussion_2005-10-18.jpg \"House Select Committee on Private Property Rights Chairman Rep. Marco Rubio, R-Miami, left, guides discussion 2005-10-18.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio with Democratic leader [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber \"Dan Gelber\") in 2007](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_standing_with_Dem_leader.jpg \"Speaker Rubio standing with Dem leader.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Florida House](/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Florida House of Representatives\") Speaker Rubio and Senate President [Ken Pruitt](/wiki/Ken_Pruitt \"Ken Pruitt\") embrace after the Florida House's unanimous approval of the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate \"Florida Senate\")'s [resolution](/wiki/Concurrent_resolution \"Concurrent resolution\") to formally express deep regret for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\") in March 2008](/wiki/File:Speaker_Rubio_Following_Vote_About_Slavery.jpg \"Speaker Rubio Following Vote About Slavery.jpg\")\nOn September 13, 2005, at age 34,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\\-speaker\\-20150710\\|title\\=The Speaker\\|work\\=National Journal\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2015\\|date\\=July 11, 2015\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715214617/http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the\\-speaker\\-20150710\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Rubio became speaker after State Representatives [Dennis Baxley](/wiki/Dennis_Baxley \"Dennis Baxley\"), [Jeff Kottkamp](/wiki/Jeff_Kottkamp \"Jeff Kottkamp\"), and [Dennis A. Ross](/wiki/Dennis_A._Ross \"Dennis A. Ross\") dropped out. He was sworn in a year later, in November 2006\\. He became the first [Cuban American](/wiki/Cuban_American \"Cuban American\") to be [speaker of the Florida House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Florida_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives\"), and would remain speaker until November 2008\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Fineout \\|first\\=Gary \\|url\\=http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=/20031115/NEWS/211150381/1047 \\|title\\=Baxley backs off House leader bid \\|publisher\\=Ocala.com \\|date\\=November 15, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404155430/http://www.ocala.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID\\=%2F20031115%2FNEWS%2F211150381%2F1047 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"When he was chosen as future speaker in 2005, Rubio delivered a speech to the Florida House in which he asked members to look in their desks, where they each found a hardcover book titled *100 Innovative Ideas For Florida's Future*; but the book was blank because it had not yet been written, and Rubio told his colleagues that they would fill in the pages together with the help of ordinary Floridians. In 2006, after traveling around the state and talking with citizens, and compiling their ideas, Rubio published the book.Rubio, Marco. *[100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future](https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Innovative_Ideas_for_Florida_s_Futur.html?id=I6cXIZs6TogC) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061653/https://books.google.com/books/about/100\\_Innovative\\_Ideas\\_for\\_Florida\\_s\\_Futur.html?id\\=I6cXIZs6TogC \\|date\\=February 8, 2016 }}* (Regnery 2006\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature \\|url\\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\\-rubio/rubio\\-claims\\-57\\-his\\-100\\-ideas\\-were\\-made\\-law\\-florid/ \\|publisher\\=Politifact \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2012 \\|last\\=Sharockman \\|first\\=Aaron \\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143438/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco\\-rubio/rubio\\-claims\\-57\\-his\\-100\\-ideas\\-were\\-made\\-law\\-florid/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The *National Journal* called this book \"the centerpiece of Rubio's early speakership\". About 24 of the \"ideas\" became law, while another 10 were partially enacted. Among the items from his 2006 book that became law were multiple\\-year car registrations, a requirement that high schools provide more vocational courses, and an expanded voucher\\-like school\\-choice program. Rubio's defenders, and some critics, point out that [nationwide economic difficulties](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") overlapped with much of Rubio's speakership, and so funding new legislative proposals became difficult.",
"As Rubio took office as Speaker, [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush \"Jeb Bush\") was completing his term as governor, and Bush left office in January 2007\\. Rubio hired 18 Bush aides, leading capitol insiders to say the speaker's suite was \"the governor's office in exile\". An article in *National Journal* described Rubio's style as being very different from Bush's; where Bush was a very assertive manager of affairs in Tallahassee, Rubio's style was to delegate certain powers, relinquish others, and invite political rivals into his inner circle. As the incoming speaker, he decided to open a private dining room for legislators, which he said would give members more privacy, free from being pursued by lobbyists, though the expense led to a public relations problem.",
"In 2006, Florida enacted into law limitations upon the authority of the state government to take private property, in response to the 2005 Supreme Court decision in [Kelo v. City of New London](/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London \"Kelo v. City of New London\") which took a broad view of governmental power to take private property under [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\"). This state legislation had been proposed by a special committee chaired by Rubio prior to his speakership.",
"Jeb Bush was succeeded by [Charlie Crist](/wiki/Charlie_Crist \"Charlie Crist\"), a moderate Republican who took office in January 2007\\. Rubio and Crist clashed frequently. Their sharpest clash involved the governor's initiative to expand casino [gambling](/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States \"Gambling in the United States\") in Florida. Rubio sued Crist for bypassing the Florida Legislature in order to make a deal with the [Seminole Tribe](/wiki/Seminole_Tribe \"Seminole Tribe\"). The [Florida Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida \"Supreme Court of Florida\") sided with Rubio and blocked the deal.Deb, Sopan. [Marco Rubio: Young, but a longtime fighter](http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco-rubio-young-but-a-longtime-fighter/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106014903/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-young\\-but\\-a\\-longtime\\-fighter/ \\|date\\=November 6, 2015 }}, [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\") (November 3, 2015\\).",
"Rubio also was a critic of Crist's strategy to fight [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\") through an executive order creating new automobile and utility [emissions standards](/wiki/Emissions_standards \"Emissions standards\"). Rubio accused Crist of imposing \"European\\-style big government mandates\", and the legislature under Rubio's leadership weakened the impact of Crist's climate change initiative. Rubio said that Crist's approach would harm consumers by driving up utility bills without having much effect upon the environment, and that a better approach would be to promote [biofuel](/wiki/Biofuel \"Biofuel\") (e.g. [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol \"Ethanol\")), [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panel \"Solar panel\"), and [energy efficiency](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use \"Efficient energy use\").Dunkelberger, Lloyd. [\"Rubio: Crist's Plan Won't Work\"](http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123509/http://www.theledger.com/article/20070726/NEWS/707260520 \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Ledger](/wiki/The_Ledger \"The Ledger\")* (July 26, 2007\\).Klas, Mary Ellen. [\"Rubio clashes with Crist over climate change standards\"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio-clashes-w.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101018/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/rubio\\-clashes\\-w.html \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (July 25, 2007\\).Rubio, Marco. [\"Use common sense on energy policies\"](http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami_Herald_070725.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116024115/http://carboncapture.us/docs/Miami\\_Herald\\_070725\\.htm \\|date\\=January 16, 2016 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (July 25, 2007\\) via carboncapture.us. Retrieved November 27, 2015\\.",
"Rubio introduced a plan to reduce [state property taxes](/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States \"Property tax in the United States\") to 2001 levels (and potentially eliminate them altogether), while increasing [sales taxes](/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States \"Sales taxes in the United States\") by 1% to 2\\.5% to fund schools. The proposal would have reduced property taxes in the state by $40–50{{spaces}}billion. His proposal passed the House, but was opposed by Governor Crist and Florida Senate Republicans, who said that the increase in sales tax would disproportionately affect the poor. So, Rubio agreed to smaller changes, and Crist's proposal to double the state's [property tax exemption](/wiki/Homestead_exemption \"Homestead exemption\") from $25,000 to $50,000 (for a tax reduction estimated by Crist to be $33{{spaces}}billion) ultimately passed.{{cite news \\|title\\=When Rubio Was the Man of Florida's House \\|url\\=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\\-rubio\\-was\\-man\\-floridas\\-house\\-jim\\-geraghty \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2015 \\|work\\=National Review \\|date\\=April 13, 2015 \\|last\\=Geraghty \\|first\\=Jim \\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805094331/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/416889/when\\-rubio\\-was\\-man\\-floridas\\-house\\-jim\\-geraghty \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots \\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\\-rubios\\-us\\-senate\\-campaign\\-grew\\-out\\-of\\-his\\-2007\\-antitax\\-roots/1108354 \\|access\\-date\\=May 24, 2012 \\|newspaper\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|date\\=July 12, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224101917/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco\\-rubios\\-us\\-senate\\-campaign\\-grew\\-out\\-of\\-his\\-2007\\-antitax\\-roots/1108354 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2013 \\|last\\=Leary\\|first\\=Alex}} Legislators called it the largest tax cut in Florida's history up until then.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bousquet\\|first1\\=Steve\\|title\\=Confused now? It will get worse\\|url\\=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\\_now\\_It\\_will\\_.shtml\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2015\\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times\\|date\\=June 16, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133604/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/16/State/Confused\\_now\\_It\\_will\\_.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the time, Republican anti\\-tax activist [Grover Norquist](/wiki/Grover_Norquist \"Grover Norquist\") described Rubio as \"the most pro\\-taxpayer legislative leader in the country\".",
"As Speaker, Rubio \"aggressively tried to push Florida to the [political right](/wiki/Right-wing_politics \"Right-wing politics\")\", according to [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\"), and frequently clashed with the [Florida Senate](/wiki/Florida_Senate \"Florida Senate\"), which was run by more [moderate Republicans](/wiki/Moderate_Republican_%28modern_United_States%29 \"Moderate Republican (modern United States)\"), and with then\\-Governor Charlie Crist, a centrist Republican at the time.Perry Bacon Jr., [In Florida House, Rubio Led a Conservative Revolt Against Fellow Republicans](http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/florida-house-rubio-lead-conservative-revolt-against-fellow-republicans-n338736) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125180111/http://www.nbcnews.com/meet\\-the\\-press/florida\\-house\\-rubio\\-lead\\-conservative\\-revolt\\-against\\-fellow\\-republicans\\-n338736 \\|date\\=November 25, 2015 }}, NBC News, *Meet the Press* (April 14, 2015\\). Although a conservative, \"behind the scenes many Democrats considered Rubio someone with whom they could work,\" according to biographer Manuel Roig\\-Franzia.Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, p. 110 (Simon \\& Schuster, 2015\\). [Dan Gelber](/wiki/Dan_Gelber \"Dan Gelber\") of Miami, the House Democratic leader at the time of Rubio's speakership, considered him \"a true conservative\" but not \"a reflexive partisan\", saying: \"He didn't have an objection to working with the other side simply because they were the other side. To put it bluntly, he wasn't a jerk.\"Chris Adams, [Moderate Marco? Not quite, but Rubio has history of bipartisanship](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article27392902.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125235032/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics\\-government/election/article27392902\\.html \\|date\\=November 25, 2015 }}, McClatchy Washington Bureau (July 16, 2015\\). Gelber considered Rubio \"a severe conservative, really far to the right, but probably the most talented spokesman the severe right could ever hope for.\"",
"While speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared a residence in Tallahassee with another Florida State Representative, [David Rivera](/wiki/David_Rivera \"David Rivera\"), which the two co\\-owned. The house later went into foreclosure in 2010 after several missed mortgage payments.{{cite news \\|last\\=Bender \\|first\\=Michael C. \\|title\\=Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved \\|url\\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\\-faces\\-foreclosure\\-on\\-tally\\-home\\-his\\-campaign\\-754440\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2011 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Palm Beach Post]] \\|date\\=June 17, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919201410/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio\\-faces\\-foreclosure\\-on\\-tally\\-home\\-his\\-campaign\\-754440\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} At that point, Rubio assumed responsibility for the payments, and the house was eventually sold.Marc Caputo, [Marco Rubio sells his house of horrors](http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco-rubio-sells-house-of-horrors-118572) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109133640/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/marco\\-rubio\\-sells\\-house\\-of\\-horrors\\-118572 \\|date\\=November 9, 2015 }}, *Politico* (June 3, 2015\\).Associated Press, [Rubio sells troubled house in Florida for $117K](http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio-sells-troubled-house-in-florida-for-117k/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083335/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/06/03/rubio\\-sells\\-troubled\\-house\\-in\\-florida\\-for\\-117k/ \\|date\\=February 11, 2016 }} (June 3, 2015\\).",
"In 2007, Florida state senator [Tony Hill](/wiki/Tony_Hill_%28politician%29 \"Tony Hill (politician)\") (D\\-Jacksonville), chairman of the state legislature's Black Caucus, requested that the legislature apologize for [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\"), and Rubio said the idea merited discussion.Kleindeinst, Linda. [\"Lawmakers consider apology for slavery\"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2007/04/18/lawmakers-consider-apology-for-slavery/) , *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* (April 18, 2007\\). The following year, a supportive Rubio said such apologies can be important albeit symbolic; he pointed out that even in 2008 young African\\-American males \"believe that the American dream is not available to them\".Colavecchio\\-Van Sickler, Shannon. [\"Florida mulls slavery apology\"](http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida_mulls_slavery.shtml) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105603/http://www.sptimes.com/2008/03/05/State/Florida\\_mulls\\_slavery.shtml \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (March 5, 2008\\).Colavecchio\\-Van Sickler, Shannon. [\"Florida apologizes for role in slavery\"](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida-apologizes-for-role-in-slavery/432823) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012508/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/state/florida\\-apologizes\\-for\\-role\\-in\\-slavery/432823 \\|date\\=August 10, 2017 }}, *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (March 26, 2008\\). He helped set up a council on issues facing black men and boys, persuaded colleagues to replicate the [Harlem Children's Zone](/wiki/Harlem_Children%27s_Zone \"Harlem Children's Zone\") in the Miami neighborhood of [Liberty City](/wiki/Liberty_City_%28Miami%29 \"Liberty City (Miami)\"), and supported efforts to promote literacy and mentoring for black children and others.Leary, Alex. [\"Perspective: Rubio seeks the sweet spot\"](https://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/perspective-rubio-seeks-the-sweet-spot/2191101/), *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (August 1, 2014\\).Hollis, Mark and Lewis, Gregory. [\"Funding plan seeks to boost mentoring\"](http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2008-04-23/news/0804230013_1_role-models-african-american-black-men) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111802/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2008\\-04\\-23/news/0804230013\\_1\\_role\\-models\\-african\\-american\\-black\\-men \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[Sun\\-Sentinel](/wiki/Sun-Sentinel \"Sun-Sentinel\")* (April 23, 2008\\).Figueroa, Laura. [\"Rubio's farewell : 'I leave here today with full peace in my heart'\"](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy-speeches.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103331/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/05/weepy\\-speeches.html \\|date\\=December 8, 2015 }}, *[The Miami Herald](/wiki/The_Miami_Herald \"The Miami Herald\")* (May 2, 2008\\).[\"Florida Council on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys\"](http://www.cssbmb.com/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128123905/http://www.cssbmb.com/ \\|date\\=November 28, 2015 }}, home page. Retrieved November 27, 2015\\.",
"In 2010 during Rubio's Senate campaign, and again in 2015 during his presidential campaign, issues were raised by the media and his political opponents about some items charged by Rubio to his [Republican Party of Florida](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida \"Republican Party of Florida\") American Express card during his time as House speaker.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\\-rubio\\-made\\-personal\\_n\\_476516\\.html \\| title\\=Marco Rubio Made Personal Charges on GOP Credit Card \\| publisher\\=HuffPost Politics \\| date\\=April 27, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722143820/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/25/marco\\-rubio\\-made\\-personal\\_n\\_476516\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-florida\\-gop\\-under\\-federal\\-investigation\\-report\\-says/ \\| title\\=Marco Rubio, Florida GOP Under Federal Investigation, Report Says \\| publisher\\=CBS News \\| date\\=April 21, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| author\\=Condon, Stephanie \\| archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722083101/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-florida\\-gop\\-under\\-federal\\-investigation\\-report\\-says/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }} Rubio charged about $110,000 during those two years, of which $16,000 was personal expenses unrelated to party business, such as groceries and plane tickets.Patricia Mazzei \\& Alex Leary, [Marco Rubio campaign releases previously undisclosed GOP credit card statements](https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/hedy-goes-here-and-here-xy-for-rubio-cardy/2253087/), *Tampa Bay Times* (November 7, 2015\\). Rubio said that he personally paid American Express more than $16,000 for these personal expenses.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\\-credit\\-scandal\\-threatens\\-halt\\-rubios\\-momentum\\-primary/ \\| title\\=GOP Credit Scandal Threatens to Halt Rubio's Momentum in Primary \\| publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\| date\\=April 22, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\| archive\\-date\\=July 24, 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724202047/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/gop\\-credit\\-scandal\\-threatens\\-halt\\-rubios\\-momentum\\-primary/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }}Aaron Sharockman, [Rubio says GOP credit card paid with 'my money'](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records-show-marco-rubio-spent-thousands-with-gop-credit-card/1075692) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110064428/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/legislature/records\\-show\\-marco\\-rubio\\-spent\\-thousands\\-with\\-gop\\-credit\\-card/1075692 \\|date\\=November 10, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (March 11, 2010\\). In 2012, the Florida Commission on Ethics cleared Rubio of wrongdoing in his use of the party\\-issued credit card, although the commission inspector said that Rubio exhibited a \"level of negligence\" in not using his personal MasterCard.{{cite web\\|last\\=Leary\\|first\\=Alex\\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\\-panel\\-dismisses\\-2010\\-claim\\-about\\-rubio/1242622/\\|title\\=Ethics panel dismisses 2010 claim about Rubio\\|website\\=\\[\\[Tampa Bay Times]]\\|date\\=July 27, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 13, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113172855/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/ethics\\-panel\\-dismisses\\-2010\\-claim\\-about\\-rubio/1242622\\|url\\-status\\=live}}.{{cite web\\|first1\\=Drew\\|last1\\=Griffin\\|first2\\=Scott\\|last2\\=Zamost\\|first3\\=Tal\\|last3\\=Kopan\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-finances\\-republican\\-party\\-card/index.html\\|title\\=Marco Rubio's Florida spending caused alarm for colleague\\|website\\=CNN\\|date\\=November 6, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109154537/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/05/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-finances\\-republican\\-party\\-card/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In November 2015, Rubio released his party credit card statements for January 2005 through October 2006, which showed eight personal charges totaling $7,243\\.74, all of which he had personally reimbursed, in most instances by the next billing period.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\\-releases\\-gop\\-charge\\-card\\-statements\\-from\\-2005\\-06/\\|title\\=Rubio releases more credit card statements, team says 'nothing to hide'\\|website\\=Fox News\\|date\\=November 8, 2015\\|last1\\=Gomez\\|first1\\=Serafin\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110233404/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/rubio\\-releases\\-gop\\-charge\\-card\\-statements\\-from\\-2005\\-06/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Bradner\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-credit\\-card\\-statements/\\|title\\=Marco Rubio releases Florida GOP charge card statements\\|website\\=CNN\\|date\\=November 7, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120164259/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/07/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-credit\\-card\\-statements/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} When releasing the charge records, Rubio spokesman Todd Harris said, \"These statements are more than 10 years old. And the only people who ask about them today are the liberal media and our political opponents. We are releasing them now because Marco has nothing to hide.\"",
""
] |
U.S. Senate
-----------
[thumb\|Start of Rubio's official welcome message at his [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") website](/wiki/File:Senator_Marco_Rubio_-_Welcome_Message-wVvDxxLxCTM.ogv "Senator Marco Rubio - Welcome Message-wVvDxxLxCTM.ogv")
### Elections
#### 2010
{{Main\|2010 United States Senate election in Florida}}
On May 5, 2009, Rubio stated his intent to run for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by [Mel Martínez](/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez "Mel Martínez"), who had decided not to seek reelection and subsequently resigned before completing his term. Before launching his campaign, Rubio met with fundraisers and supporters throughout the state.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\-government/elections\-2016/marco\-rubio/article18167360\.html \|title\=Marco Rubio quietly registers to run for U.S. Senate \|work\=Miami Herald \|date\=March 5, 2009 \|first\=Beth \|last\=Reinhard \|access\-date\=February 10, 2016 \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211090207/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\-government/elections\-2016/marco\-rubio/article18167360\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Initially trailing by double digits in the primary against the incumbent governor of his own party, Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed Crist in polling for the Republican nomination.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1297\.xml?ReleaseID\=1417 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128195800/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1297\.xml?ReleaseID\=1417 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 28, 2010 \|date\=January 26, 2010 \|title\=Rubio Edges Crist In Florida Gop Senate Race, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; President Obama Under Water As Voters Disapprove \|publisher\=Quinnipiac University\|via\=Internet Archive }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public\_content/politics/elections2/election\_2010/election\_2010\_senate\_elections/florida/election\_2010\_florida\_gop\_senate\_primary \|publisher\=Rasmussen Reports \|title\=Election 2010: Florida Republican Primary for Senate\|date\=February 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209003948/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public\_content/politics/elections2/election\_2010/election\_2010\_senate\_elections/florida/election\_2010\_florida\_republican\_primary\_for\_senate \|archive\-date\=February 9, 2010 \|access\-date\=February 25, 2012\|via\=Internet Archive}} In his campaign, Rubio received the support of members of the [Tea Party](/wiki/Tea_Party_movement "Tea Party movement"), many of whom were dissatisfied with Crist's policies as governor.{{cite news\|last1\=Leibovich\|first1\=Mark\|title\=The First Senator From the Tea Party?\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10florida\-t.html\|access\-date\=November 19, 2015\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=January 6, 2010\|archive\-date\=September 5, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185550/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10florida\-t.html\|url\-status\=live}} On April 28, 2010, Crist said he would run without a party affiliation, effectively ceding the Republican nomination to Rubio.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/charlie\-crist\-will\-run\-for\-senate\-with\-no\-party\-affiliation/1091169\|title\=Charlie Crist will run for Senate with no party affiliation\|work\=Tampa Bay Times\|access\-date\=December 16, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120000620/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/charlie\-crist\-will\-run\-for\-senate\-with\-no\-party\-affiliation/1091169\|archive\-date\=November 20, 2015\|via\=Internet Archive\|last1\=Bousquet\|first1\=Steve\|last2\=Smith\|first2\=Adam C.\|last3\=Reinhard\|first3\=Beth}}{{cite news\|url\=http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/04/28/crist\-to\-run\-as\-independent\-in\-fl\-sen\-race \|title\=Crist to Run as Independent in FL Sen Race \|publisher\=Fox News Channel \|date\=April 28, 2010 \|first\=Kimberly \|last\=Schwandt \|access\-date\=July 10, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503140412/http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/04/28/crist\-to\-run\-as\-independent\-in\-fl\-sen\-race/ \|archive\-date\=May 3, 2010 \|via\=Internet Archive}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/on\-air/special\-report/2010/04/29/all\-star\-panel\-gop\-gov\-crist\-running\-independent\-floridas\-senate\-race\|title\=All\-Star Panel on GOP Gov. Crist Running as an Independent in Florida's Senate Race\|website\=\[\[Fox News Channel]]\|date\=April 29, 2010\|series\=Special Report With Bret Baier\|access\-date\=December 16, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303080228/http://www.foxnews.com/on\-air/special\-report/2010/04/29/all\-star\-panel\-gop\-gov\-crist\-running\-independent\-floridas\-senate\-race\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} Several of Crist's top fundraisers, as well as Republican leadership, refused to support Crist after Rubio won the Republican nomination.{{cite web \|last\=Romm \|first\=Tony \|url\=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot\-box/senate\-races/67113\-mcconnell\-crist\-would\-lose\-all\-gop\-support\-if\-he\-ran\-as\-independent/ \|title\=McConnell: Crist would lose all GOP support if he ran as independent \|work\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=April 18, 2010 \|access\-date\=July 10, 2010 \|archive\-date\=June 22, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622060438/http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot\-box/senate\-races/92869\-mcconnell\-crist\-would\-lose\-all\-gop\-support\-if\-he\-ran\-as\-independent \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/35937\.html \|title\=Top Charlie Crist supporters torn over indy bid \|last1\=Martin \|first1\=Jonathan \|last2\=Catanese \|first2\=David \|date\=April 17, 2010 \|work\=\[\[Politico]] \|access\-date\=April 17, 2010 \|archive\-date\=April 18, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418233443/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/35937\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/24/marco\-rubio\-wins\-florida\-\_n\_693377\.html \|title\=Marco Rubio Wins Florida GOP Senate Primary \|first1\=Brendan \|last1\=Farrington \|first2\=Jennifer \|last2\=Kay \|work\=\[\[The Huffington Post]] \|date\=August 24, 2010 \|access\-date\=November 3, 2010 \|archive\-date\=September 2, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902164916/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/24/marco\-rubio\-wins\-florida\-\_n\_693377\.html \|url\-status\=live }}
On November 2, 2010, Rubio won the general election with 49% of the vote to Crist's 30% and [Democrat](/wiki/U.S._Democratic_Party "U.S. Democratic Party") [Kendrick Meek](/wiki/Kendrick_Meek "Kendrick Meek")'s 20%.{{cite news \|url\=http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2010/florida/senate/ \|title\=Florida Senate Election Results \|publisher\=NBC News \|date\=November 8, 2010 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2013 \|archive\-date\=June 18, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618031204/http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2010/florida/senate \|url\-status\=live }} When Rubio was sworn in to the U.S. Senate, he and [Bob Menendez](/wiki/Bob_Menendez "Bob Menendez") of New Jersey were the only two [Latino Americans in the Senate](/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress "List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress").
#### 2016
{{Main\|2016 United States Senate election in Florida}}
In April 2015, Rubio decided to [run for president](/wiki/Marco_Rubio_2016_presidential_campaign "Marco Rubio 2016 presidential campaign") instead of seeking reelection to the Senate. After suspending his presidential campaign on March 15, 2016, Rubio "seemed to open the door to running for reelection" on June 13, 2016, citing the previous day's [Orlando nightclub shooting](/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting "Orlando nightclub shooting") and how "it really gives you pause, to think a little bit about your service to your country and where you can be most useful to your country."{{cite web\|last\=LoBianco\|first\=Tom\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/13/politics/marco\-rubio\-senate\-orlando\-shootings/index.html\|title\=Citing Orlando shootings, Rubio opens door to Senate run\|work\=\[\[CNN]]\|date\=June 13, 2016\|access\-date\=June 13, 2016\|archive\-date\=June 13, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613204808/http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/13/politics/marco\-rubio\-senate\-orlando\-shootings/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} Rubio officially started his campaign nine days later, on June 22\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/06/22/marco\-rubio\-will\-seek\-senate\-re\-election\-reversing\-pledge\-not\-to\-run/\|title\=Marco Rubio will seek Senate re\-election, reversing pledge not to run\|last1\=DeBonis\|first1\=Mike\|last2\=O'Keefe\|first2\=Ed\|date\=June 22, 2016\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|access\-date\=June 22, 2016\|last3\=Sullivan\|first3\=Sean\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622185936/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/06/22/marco\-rubio\-will\-seek\-senate\-re\-election\-reversing\-pledge\-not\-to\-run/\|url\-status\=live}} Rubio won the Republican primary on August 30, 2016, defeating [Carlos Beruff](/wiki/Carlos_Beruff "Carlos Beruff").{{cite news\|title\=Marco Rubio easily wins Senate primary in Florida\|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida\-senate\-house\-primary\-results\-2016/\|access\-date\=November 16, 2016\|agency\=Associated Press\|publisher\=CBS News\|date\=August 30, 2016\|archive\-date\=November 17, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064826/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida\-senate\-house\-primary\-results\-2016/\|url\-status\=live}} He faced Democratic nominee [Patrick Murphy](/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_%28Florida_politician%29 "Patrick Murphy (Florida politician)") in the general election, defeating him with almost 52% of the vote.{{cite news\|title\=Florida Results\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/florida\|access\-date\=November 16, 2016\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=November 16, 2016\|archive\-date\=February 24, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224173402/http://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/florida\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 2022
{{Main\|2022 United States Senate election in Florida}}
In November 2020, Rubio announced he would run for a third Senate term in the [2022 election](/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida "2022 United States Senate election in Florida").{{Cite web \|date\=November 10, 2020 \|title\=Marco Rubio Readies Bid for a Third Term in the Senate \|url\=https://www.floridadaily.com/marco\-rubio\-launches\-bid\-for\-a\-third\-term\-in\-the\-senate/ \|website\=FloridaDaily \|first\=Kevin\|last\=Derby\|access\-date\=January 2, 2023}} He faced Democratic challenger [Val Demings](/wiki/Val_Demings "Val Demings"), the U.S. representative for [Florida's 10th congressional district](/wiki/Florida%27s_10th_congressional_district "Florida's 10th congressional district") and a former police officer. Rubio criticized Demings as an "ineffective member of Congress and a puppet of [Nancy Pelosi](/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi "Nancy Pelosi"); she's voted with Nancy Pelosi 100% of the time".{{Cite web \|date\=March 7, 2022 \|title\=Rubio slams Democratic opponent Demings for voting with Pelosi '100% of the time' \|url\=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rubio\-slams\-demings\-for\-voting\-with\-pelosi\-100\-of\-the\-time \|website\=\[\[Fox News]] \|first\=Brooke\|last\=Singman\|access\-date\=January 2, 2023}} Demings criticized Rubio's attendance record in the Senate, and in a campaign ad said Rubio had "one of the worst attendance records in the Senate. When Florida needs you, you just don't show up."{{Cite web \|date\=July 13, 2022 \|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio has "one of the worst attendance records in the Senate." \|url\=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/jul/14/val\-demings/val\-demings\-ad\-criticizes\-rubios\-attendance\-record/ \|website\=\[\[PolitiFact]] \|access\-date\=January 2, 2023}} Demings also claimed that Rubio supported tax hikes, but this was proven false.{{cite news \|last1\=Washington \|first1\=District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW \|title\=PolitiFact \- No proof for Val Demings claim that Marco Rubio backs tax hikes like those indicated in Scott's plan \|url\=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/mar/09/val\-demings/no\-proof\-val\-demings\-claim\-marco\-rubio\-backs\-tax\-h/ \|access\-date\=10 March 2022 \|work\=@politifact \|date\=March 9, 2022}} Rubio won the November 8 general election with 57% of the vote to Demings's 41%.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-11\-08 \|title\=Florida Governor Election Results \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/08/us/elections/results\-florida\-governor.html \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-09 \|issn\=0362\-4331}}
### Tenure as senator
[thumb\|right\|Rubio's portrait during the
[112th Congress](/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress "112th United States Congress")](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg "Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio with Israeli President [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres "Shimon Peres") during trip to [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") and [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") in February 2013](/wiki/File:Meeting_in_February_2013_with_Israeli_President_Shimon_Peres_during_trip_to_Jordan_and_Israel.jpg "Meeting in February 2013 with Israeli President Shimon Peres during trip to Jordan and Israel.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio touring the U.S.\-Mexican border in November 2011 with [Border Patrol](/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection "U.S. Customs and Border Protection") officials](/wiki/File:At_US-Mexican_border_in_November_2011_with_Customs_and_Border_Patrol.jpg "At US-Mexican border in November 2011 with Customs and Border Patrol.jpg")
During Rubio's first four years in the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate"), [Republicans were in the minority](/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses "Party divisions of United States Congresses"). After the [2014 midterm elections](/wiki/2014_United_States_elections "2014 United States elections"), the Republicans obtained majority control of the Senate, giving Rubio and the Republicans vast federal influence during the final two years of [Barack Obama's presidency](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama "Presidency of Barack Obama"), as well as during all four years of [Donald Trump's presidency](/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Presidency of Donald Trump"). After the 2020 elections, the Democrats regained majority control of the Senate, and Rubio has reassumed minority status within the Senate.
#### 112th Congress (2011–2013\)
{{multiple image
\| width1 \= 200
\| image1 \= Meeting in January 2011 with Florida constituents at Camp Leatherneck, Helmand Province, Afghanistan.jpg
\| caption1 \= Rubio with Floridians at \[\[Camp Leatherneck]] in \[\[Afghanistan]] in January 2011
\| width2 \= 210
\| image2 \= At Guantanamo Naval Base in May 2012\.jpg
\| caption2 \= Rubio visiting \[\[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]] in May 2012
}}
Shortly after taking office in 2011, Rubio said he had no interest in running for president or vice president in the 2012 presidential election.{{cite web\|first\=Michael\|last\=O'Brien\|url\=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog\-briefing\-room/news/79156\-rubio\-rejects\-running\-as\-republicans\-vp\-nominee/\|title\=Rubio rejects running as Republicans' VP nominee\|website\=The Hill\|date\=January 10, 2011\|access\-date\=November 5, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 20, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120013358/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog\-briefing\-room/news/136955\-rubio\-rejects\-running\-as\-republicans\-vp\-nominee\|url\-status\=live}} In March 2012, when he endorsed [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") for president, Rubio said that he did not expect to be or want to be [selected](/wiki/Veepstakes "Veepstakes") as a vice presidential [running mate](/wiki/Running_mate "Running mate"),{{cite news\|first\=Philip\|last\=Rucker\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney\-marco\-rubio\-is\-being\-seriously\-vetted\-as\-possible\-vice\-presidential\-choice/2012/06/19/gJQAUq19nV\_story.html\|title\=Romney: Marco Rubio is being seriously vetted as possible vice presidential pick\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=June 19, 2012\|access\-date\=November 5, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 21, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121151716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney\-marco\-rubio\-is\-being\-seriously\-vetted\-as\-possible\-vice\-presidential\-choice/2012/06/19/gJQAUq19nV\_story.html\|url\-status\=live}} but was [vetted](/wiki/Vetting "Vetting") for vice president by the [Romney campaign](/wiki/Mitt_Romney_presidential_campaign%2C_2012 "Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012"). Former Romney aide [Beth Myers](/wiki/Beth_Myers "Beth Myers") has said that the vetting process turned up nothing disqualifying about Rubio.{{cite web\|first\=Alex\|last\=Isenstadt\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/10/romney\-rubio\-vetting\-215373\|title\=Romney alum rebuts Bush whispers: Rubio passed our vetting\|website\=\[\[Politico]]\|date\=October 29, 2015\|access\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031132457/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/10/romney\-rubio\-vetting\-215373\|url\-status\=live}}
Upon taking office, Rubio hired [Cesar Conda](/wiki/Cesar_Conda "Cesar Conda") as his [chief of staff](/wiki/Congressional_staff%23Personal_staff "Congressional staff#Personal staff").{{Cite news \|author\-link\=Stephen F. Hayes \|last\=Hayes \|first\=Stephen \|date\=January 28, 2011 \|url\=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/marco\-rubio\-picks\-chief\-staff\-cesar\-conda\_537520\.html \|title\=Marco Rubio Picks a Chief of Staff: Cesar Conda \|work\=\[\[The Weekly Standard]] \|access\-date\=January 28, 2011 \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130033115/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/marco\-rubio\-picks\-chief\-staff\-cesar\-conda\_537520\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|title\=Rubio taps Cheney aide for chief of staff\|url\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0111/Rubio\_taps\_Cheney\_aide\_for\_chief\_of\_staff\_.html\|publisher\=Politico\|access\-date\=April 20, 2014\|date\=January 26, 2011\|last\=Toeplitz\|first\=Shira\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115043227/http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0111/Rubio\_taps\_Cheney\_aide\_for\_chief\_of\_staff\_.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio hires Cesar Conda to be chief of staff\|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/sen\-marco\-rubio\-hires\-cesar\-conda\-to\-be\-chief\-of\-staff/1148232\|work\=Tampa Bay Times\|access\-date\=April 20, 2014\|date\=January 28, 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064209/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/sen\-marco\-rubio\-hires\-cesar\-conda\-to\-be\-chief\-of\-staff/1148232\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2014\|last\=Leary\|first\=Alex}} Conda, a former adviser to Vice President [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney"), and former top aide to Sens. [Spencer Abraham](/wiki/Spencer_Abraham "Spencer Abraham") (R\-Mich.) and [Robert Kasten](/wiki/Robert_Kasten "Robert Kasten") (R\-Wis.), was succeeded in 2014 as Rubio's chief of staff by his deputy, Alberto Martinez, but Conda remained as a part\-time adviser.O'Keefe, Ed and Costa, Robert. ["Marco Rubio announces staff changes sure to fuel 2016 talk"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/04/11/marco-rubio-announces-staff-changes-sure-to-fuel-2016-talk/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126163934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post\-politics/wp/2014/04/11/marco\-rubio\-announces\-staff\-changes\-sure\-to\-fuel\-2016\-talk/ \|date\=November 26, 2015 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* (April 11, 2014\).
During his first year in office, Rubio became an influential defender of the [United States embargo against Cuba](/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba "United States embargo against Cuba") and induced the State Department to withdraw an ambassadorial nomination of [Jonathan D. Farrar](/wiki/Jonathan_D._Farrar "Jonathan D. Farrar"), who was the Chief of Mission of the [United States Interests Section in Havana](/wiki/United_States_Interests_Section_in_Havana "United States Interests Section in Havana") from 2008 to 2011\. Rubio believed that Farrar was not assertive enough toward the Castro regime.Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, pp. 194–195 (Simon \& Schuster 2012\). Also in 2011, Rubio was invited to visit the [Reagan Library](/wiki/Reagan_Library "Reagan Library"), during which he gave a well\-publicized speech praising its namesake, and also rescued [Nancy Reagan](/wiki/Nancy_Reagan "Nancy Reagan") from falling.O'Hare, Kate. ["Marco Rubio to the rescue! Freshman senator saves a falling Nancy Reagan"](http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/08/its-marco-rubio-to-the-rescue-when-nancy-reagan-falls.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083333/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/08/its\-marco\-rubio\-to\-the\-rescue\-when\-nancy\-reagan\-falls.html \|date\=February 11, 2016 }}, *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")* (August 24, 2011\).Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, pp. 1–6 (Simon \& Schuster 2012\).
In March 2011, Rubio supported U.S. participation in the [military campaign in Libya](/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya "2011 military intervention in Libya") to oust Libyan leader [Muammar Gaddafi](/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi "Muammar Gaddafi").Browne, Ryan. "Reality Check: Rubio on Libya post\-intervention" *in* ["Republican Town Hall: CNN's Reality Check Team inspects the claims"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/17/politics/republican-town-hall-fact-check/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221110345/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/17/politics/republican\-town\-hall\-fact\-check \|date\=February 21, 2016 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") (February 18, 2016\). He urged that Senate leaders bring "a bi\-partisan resolution to the Senate floor authorizing the president's decision to participate in allied military action in Libya".Halper, Daniel. ["Senate Resolution Would Support Policy of Regime Change in Libya"](http://www.weeklystandard.com/senate-resolution-would-support-policy-of-regime-change-in-libya/article/556824) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222081614/http://www.weeklystandard.com/senate\-resolution\-would\-support\-policy\-of\-regime\-change\-in\-libya/article/556824 \|date\=February 22, 2016 }}, *[The Weekly Standard](/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard "The Weekly Standard")* (April 5, 2011\). The administration decided that no congressional authorization was needed under the [War Powers Resolution](/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution%23Libya_intervention_in_2011 "War Powers Resolution#Libya intervention in 2011"); Senator [Joe Lieberman](/wiki/Joe_Lieberman "Joe Lieberman") (I\-CT) joined Rubio in writing an opinion piece for *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* in June 2011 again urging passage of such authorization.Lieberman, Joseph and Rubio, Marco. ["Victory Is the Answer in Libya"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304070104576399923803151478), *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* (June 23, 2011\): "For those on Capitol Hill who think the president requires congressional authorization to continue operations in Libya, there is a simple solution: Congress can and should pass a resolution explicitly backing these activities." In October 2011, Rubio joined several other senators in pushing for continued engagement to "help Libya lay the foundation for sustainable security".McCain, John, et al. ["The Promise of a Pro\-American Libya"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211024215/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516 \|date\=February 11, 2017 }}, *the [Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal "Wall Street Journal")* (October 7, 2011\). Soon after Gadhafi was ousted, Rubio warned there was a serious threat posed by the spread of militias and weapons, and called for more U.S. involvement to counter that threat.
Rubio voted against the [Budget Control Act of 2011](/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011 "Budget Control Act of 2011"), which included [mandatory automatic budget cuts from sequestration](/wiki/United_States_budget_sequestration_in_2013 "United States budget sequestration in 2013").Michael McAuliff \& Erin Mershon, [Mandatory Budget Cuts From Sequestration Slammed By Republicans](https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/budget-cuts-sequestration_n_1735321.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405081201/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/budget\-cuts\-sequestration\_n\_1735321\.html \|date\=April 5, 2016 }}, *The Huffington Post* (August 2, 2012\).Amy Sherman, [Marco Rubio says he never supported the sequester](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/nov/26/marco-rubio/marco-rubio-says-he-never-supported-sequester/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025133936/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/nov/26/marco\-rubio/marco\-rubio\-says\-he\-never\-supported\-sequester/ \|date\=October 25, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (November 26, 2013\). He later said that defense spending should never have been linked to taxes and the deficit, calling the policy a "terrible idea" based on a "false choice".
The following month, Rubio and Senator [Chris Coons](/wiki/Chris_Coons "Chris Coons"), Democrat of [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware"), co\-sponsored the American Growth, Recovery, Empowerment and Entrepreneurship Act (AGREE Act), which would have extended many [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credit "Tax credit") and exemptions for businesses investing in [research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development "Research and development"), equipment, and other capital; provided a tax credit for veterans who start a business franchise; allowed an increase in immigration for certain types of work visas; and strengthened copyright protections.{{cite news \|author\=Laura Green \|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio says bipartisan jobs bill built on common ground \|url\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/sen\-marco\-rubio\-says\-bipartisan\-jobs\-bill\-built\-on/nLzkn/ \|work\=The Palm Beach Post \|date\=November 16, 2011 \|access\-date\=August 18, 2013 \|archive\-date\=March 11, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311051429/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/sen\-marco\-rubio\-says\-bipartisan\-jobs\-bill\-built\-on/nLzkn/ \|url\-status\=live }}Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [p. 191](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222085703/https://books.google.com/books?id\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA191 \|date\=February 22, 2016 }} (Simon \& Schuster 2015\).{{cite news \|title\=A jobs bill that will pass in Congress? Sen. Coons and Sen. Rubio on bipartisan bill to boost hiring \|url\=http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/16/a\-jobs\-bill\-that\-will\-pass\-in\-congress\-sen\-coons\-and\-sen\-rubio\-on\-bipartisan\-bill\-to\-boost\-hiring/ \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=November 16, 2011 \|access\-date\=February 21, 2016 \|series\=American Morning \|type\=video \|archive\-date\=February 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223080628/http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/16/a\-jobs\-bill\-that\-will\-pass\-in\-congress\-sen\-coons\-and\-sen\-rubio\-on\-bipartisan\-bill\-to\-boost\-hiring/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|title\=Sens. Rubio, Coons Introduce AGREE Act \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/on\-air/your\-world\-cavuto/2011/11/17/sens\-rubio\-coons\-introduce\-agree\-act \|publisher\=Fox News Channel \|date\=November 16, 2011 \|access\-date\=February 21, 2016 \|series\=Your World Cavuto \|last\=Cavuto \|first\=Neil \|archive\-date\=February 22, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222084606/http://www.foxnews.com/on\-air/your\-world\-cavuto/2011/11/17/sens\-rubio\-coons\-introduce\-agree\-act \|url\-status\=live }}
Rubio voted against the 2012 "[fiscal cliff](/wiki/United_States_fiscal_cliff "United States fiscal cliff")" resolutions. Although he received some criticism for this position, he responded: "Thousands of small businesses, not just the wealthy, will now be forced to decide how they'll pay this new tax, and, chances are, they'll do it by firing employees, cutting back their hours and benefits, or postponing the new hires they were looking to make. And to make matters worse, it does nothing to bring our dangerous debt under control."{{cite web \|last\=Reinhard \|first\=Beth \|title\=Paul Ryan vs. Marco Rubio: The Politics of the Cliff Vote \|work\=National Journal \|date\=January 3, 2013 \|url\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/paul\-ryan\-vs\-marco\-rubio\-the\-politics\-of\-the\-cliff\-vote\-20130103?page\=1 \|access\-date\=January 4, 2013 \|archive\-date\=January 6, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106021704/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/paul\-ryan\-vs\-marco\-rubio\-the\-politics\-of\-the\-cliff\-vote\-20130103?page\=1 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### 113th Congress (2013–2015\)
[thumb\|Rubio prior to delivering the [response to the State of the Union address](/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address "Response to the State of the Union address") in February 2013](/wiki/File:Preparing_in_February_2013_to_deliver_Republican_address_to_the_nation.jpg "Preparing in February 2013 to deliver Republican address to the nation.jpg")
In 2013, Rubio was part of the bipartisan "[Gang of Eight](/wiki/Gang_of_Eight_%28immigration%29 "Gang of Eight (immigration)")" senators that crafted [comprehensive immigration reform legislation](/wiki/Border_Security%2C_Economic_Opportunity%2C_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013 "Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013").{{cite news\|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio (R)\|url\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/1856\|access\-date\=August 16, 2014\|publisher\=National Journal Almanac\|url\-access\=subscription\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084201/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/1856\|url\-status\=live}} Rubio proposed a plan providing a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants currently living in the United States involving payment of fines and [back taxes](/wiki/Back_tax "Back tax"), background checks, and a probationary period; that pathway was to be implemented only after strengthening [border security](/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol "United States Border Patrol").{{cite web
\| last \=Reiff
\| first \=Laura Foote
\| author2 \=Nataliya Binshteyn
\| title \=President Obama to Outline Plan for Comprehensive Immigration Reform on Tuesday
\| work \=The National Law Review
\| publisher \=Greenberg Traurig, LLP
\| date \=January 28, 2013
\| url \=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president\-obama\-to\-outline\-plan\-comprehensive\-immigration\-reform\-tuesday\-0
\| access\-date \=January 29, 2013
\| archive\-date \=November 7, 2013
\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107150826/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president\-obama\-to\-outline\-plan\-comprehensive\-immigration\-reform\-tuesday\-0
\| url\-status \=live
}}Boles, Corey. ["Much\-Anticipated Immigration Bill Is Introduced"](https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/04/17/much-anticipated-immigration-bill-is-introduced/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080657/http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/04/17/much\-anticipated\-immigration\-bill\-is\-introduced/ \|date\=April 5, 2016 }}, *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* (April 17, 2013\). The bill passed the Senate 68 to 32 with his support, but Rubio then signaled that the bill should not be taken up by the House because other priorities, like repealing Obamacare, were a higher priority for him; the House never did take up the bill. Rubio has since explained that he still supports reform, but a different approach instead of a single comprehensive bill.Levy, Pema. ["How Marco Rubio Gave In to Democrats on the Immigration Reform Bill"](https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/rubio-immigration-reform-gang-eight) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134819/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/rubio\-immigration\-reform\-gang\-eight/ \|date\=November 8, 2020 }}, *[Mother Jones](/wiki/Mother_Jones_%28magazine%29 "Mother Jones (magazine)")* (December 4, 2015\).
Rubio was chosen to deliver the [Republican response](/wiki/Republican_response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address "Republican response to the State of the Union address") to President Obama's [2013 State of the Union Address](/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address "2013 State of the Union Address").{{cite news\|url\=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/12/full\-text\-marco\-rubios\-republican\-response/\|title\=Full text: Marco Rubio's Republican response\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=February 12, 2013\|editor\=CNN Political Unit\|last\=Rubio\|first\=Marco\|access\-date\=February 19, 2013\|archive\-date\=February 17, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204103/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/12/full\-text\-marco\-rubios\-republican\-response/\|url\-status\=dead}} It marked the first time the response was delivered in English and Spanish.{{cite news \|title\=State of the Union: Marco Rubio to Deliver Republican Response \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/marco\-rubio\-to\-deliver\-gop\-state\-of\-the\-union\-response/ \|publisher\=ABC News \|first\=Z. Byron \|last\=Wolf \|date\=February 6, 2013 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2013 \|archive\-date\=February 9, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209195030/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/marco\-rubio\-to\-deliver\-gop\-state\-of\-the\-union\-response/ \|url\-status\=live }} Rubio's attempt to draw a strong line against the looming defense sequestration was undercut by fellow Republican senator [Rand Paul](/wiki/Rand_Paul "Rand Paul")'s additional response to Obama's speech that called for the sequester to be carried out.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130224/DEFREG02/302240006/Has\-U\-S\-GOP\-Lost\-Its\-Standing\-Strong\-Defense\-Party\-\|title\=Has U.S. GOP Lost Its Standing as The Strong\-on\-Defense Party?\|work\=Defense News\|access\-date\=December 16, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130408011532/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130224/DEFREG02/302240006/Has\-U\-S\-GOP\-Lost\-Its\-Standing\-Strong\-Defense\-Party\-\|archive\-date\=April 8, 2013}}
In April 2013, Rubio voted against an expansion of [background checks for gun purchases](/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System "National Instant Criminal Background Check System"), contending that such increased regulatory measures would do little to help capture criminals.Zach Carter, [Marco Rubio: Background Checks In Gun Compromise Won't Capture 'Criminals'](https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/rubio-background-checks-i_n_3080364.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611045038/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/rubio\-background\-checks\-i\_n\_3080364\.html \|date\=June 11, 2017 }}, *The Huffington Post* (April 14, 2013\).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\_call\_lists/roll\_call\_vote\_cfm.cfm?congress\=113\&session\=1\&vote\=00097 \|title\=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 113th Congress – 1st Session \|publisher\=\[\[United States Senate]] \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809104556/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\_call\_lists/roll\_call\_vote\_cfm.cfm?congress\=113\&session\=1\&vote\=00097 \|url\-status\=live }}
Rubio voted against publishing the [Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture](/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture "Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture"). In 2016, Rubio said the U.S. should "find out everything they know" from captured terrorists and should not telegraph "the enemy what interrogation techniques we will or won't use."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/ted\-cruz\-republicans\-torture\-217976\|title\=On torture, Cruz stands alone\|author\=Crowley, Michael\|work\=Politico\|date\=January 21, 2016\|access\-date\=September 15, 2020\|archive\-date\=October 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024190023/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/ted\-cruz\-republicans\-torture\-217976\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 114th Congress (2015–2017\)
[thumb\|Rubio in November 2015](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_by_Matt_Johnson.jpg "Marco Rubio by Matt Johnson.jpg")
Republicans took control of the U.S. Senate as a result of the elections in November 2014\.Tau, Byron. ["Santorum Won't Name Single Rubio Feat in Senate (Hint: Think 'Immigration')"](https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/02/04/santorum-wont-name-single-rubio-feat-in-senate-hint-think-immigration/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111235/https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/02/04/santorum\-wont\-name\-single\-rubio\-feat\-in\-senate\-hint\-think\-immigration/ \|date\=May 3, 2018 }}, *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* (February 4, 2016\). As this new period of Republican control began, Rubio pushed for the elimination of the "risk corridors" used by the federal government to compensate insurers for their losses as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The risk corridors were intended to be funded by profitable insurers participating in the PPACA, but since insurer losses have significantly exceeded their profits in the program, the risk corridors have been depleted. His efforts contributed to the inclusion of a provision in the 2014 federal budget that prevented other funding sources from being tapped to replenish the risk corridors.{{cite news \| url\=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/261244\-rubio\-budget\-win\-is\-dealing\-heavy\-blow\-to\-obamacare/ \| work\=The Hill \| title\=Rubio budget win is dealing heavy blow to ObamaCare \| date\=November 24, 2015 \| last\=Ferris \| first\=Sarah \| access\-date\=February 23, 2016 \| archive\-date\=February 24, 2016 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224113505/http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/261244\-rubio\-budget\-win\-is\-dealing\-heavy\-blow\-to\-obamacare \| url\-status\=live }}
In March 2015, Rubio and Senator [Mike Lee](/wiki/Mike_Lee "Mike Lee"), Republican of Utah, proposed a tax plan that according to *The Wall Street Journal*, combined thinking from "old\-fashioned, Reagan\-era supply\-siders" and a "breed of largely younger conservative reform thinkers" concerned with the tax burden on the middle class. The plan would lower the top corporate income tax rate from 38% to 25%, eliminate taxes on capital gains, dividends, and inherited estates, and create a new child tax credit worth up to $2,500 per child. The plan would set the top individual income tax rate at 35%. It also included a proposal to replace the means\-tested welfare system, including food stamps and the Earned Income Tax Credit, with a new "consolidated system of benefits".{{cite news \|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/03/13/lee\-rubio\-plan\-gives\-life\-to\-2016\-tax\-debate/ \|title\=Lee\-Rubio Plan Gives Life to 2016 Tax Debate \|last1\=King \|first1\=Neil Jr. \|date\=March 13, 2015 \|work\=The Wall Street Journal \|access\-date\=September 24, 2015}}
According to analysis by [Vocativ](/wiki/Vocativ "Vocativ") as reported by Fox News, Rubio missed 8\.3% of total votes from January 2011 to February 2015\.{{cite news \|author\= \|date\=April 23, 2015 \|title\=Absentee ballot: Ted Cruz a no\-show at most committee meetings, floor votes \|url\=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/23/absentee\-ballot\-ted\-cruz\-no\-show\-at\-most\-committee\-meetings\-floor\-votes/ \|publisher\=Fox News Channel \|access\-date\=April 23, 2015 \|quote\=In February, an analysis carried out by Vocativ in partnership with GovTrack.us, showed that Rubio beats Cruz as the senator most absent from chambers, having missed 99, or 8\.3 percent, of 1,198 total votes since taking office in January 2011 to February of this year. \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424071512/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/23/absentee\-ballot\-ted\-cruz\-no\-show\-at\-most\-committee\-meetings\-floor\-votes/ \|url\-status\=live }} From October 27, 2014, to October 26, 2015, Rubio voted in 74% of Senate votes, according to an analysis by GovTrack.us, which tracks congressional voting records.{{cite web\|title\=Marco Rubio, Senator for Florida\|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/marco\_rubio/412491\|website\=GovTrack\|publisher\=Civic Impulse, LLC\|access\-date\=October 29, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029043327/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/marco\_rubio/412491\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|last1\=Rugaber\|first1\=Christopher S.\|title\=AP FACT CHECK: The Republican debaters and the facts\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/ap\-fact\-check\-republican\-debaters\-facts\-005112443\-\-election.html\|access\-date\=October 29, 2015\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=October 28, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031220429/http://news.yahoo.com/ap\-fact\-check\-republican\-debaters\-facts\-005112443\-\-election.html\|url\-status\=live}} In 2015, Rubio was absent for about 35% of Senate votes.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.factcheck.org/2015/11/senators\-missing\-votes/ \| title\=Senators Missing Votes \| work\=FactCheck.org \| date\=November 3, 2015 \| access\-date\=March 8, 2016 \| author\=Gore, D'Angelo \| archive\-date\=March 8, 2016 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308055636/http://www.factcheck.org/2015/11/senators\-missing\-votes \| url\-status\=live }} In historical context Rubio's attendance record for Senate votes is not exceptional among senators seeking a presidential nomination; [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") missed a much higher percentage of votes in 2007\. But it was the worst of the three senators who campaigned for the presidency in 2015\.Bump, Philip. ["The problem with Marco Rubio's defense of his missed votes"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/10/30/marco-rubio-is-right-that-others-have-missed-more-votes-but-theyve-also-come-under-fire/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224100701/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\-fix/wp/2015/10/30/marco\-rubio\-is\-right\-that\-others\-have\-missed\-more\-votes\-but\-theyve\-also\-come\-under\-fire/ \|date\=February 24, 2016 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* (October 30, 2015\).
During his Senate tenure, Rubio has co\-sponsored bills on issues ranging from humanitarian crises in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") to the Russian incursion into [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"),Schleifer, Theodore. ["Who is Marco Rubio?"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/10/politics/who-is-marco-rubio/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210144607/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/10/politics/who\-is\-marco\-rubio/index.html \|date\=February 10, 2016 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") (February 10, 2016\). and was a frequent and prominent critic of Obama's efforts in national security.
On May 17, 2016, Rubio broke from the Republican majority in his support of Obama's request for $2 billion in emergency spending on the [Zika virus](/wiki/Zika_virus "Zika virus") at a time when Florida accounted for roughly 20% of the recorded cases of Zika in the U.S., acknowledging that it was the president's request but adding, "it's really the scientists' request, the doctors' request, the public health sector's request for how to address this issue."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/17/marco\-rubio\-pleads\-gop\-fund\-full\-zika\-request\-back/\|title\=Marco Rubio pleads with GOP to fund full Zika request, backfill money later\|date\=May 17, 2016\|work\=The Washington Times\|last\=Howell\|first\=Tom Jr.\|access\-date\=May 20, 2016\|archive\-date\=May 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519002103/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/17/marco\-rubio\-pleads\-gop\-fund\-full\-zika\-request\-back/\|url\-status\=live}} On August 6, Rubio said he did not believe in terminating Zika\-infected pregnancies.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-no\-abortions\-for\-zika\-infected\-women/\|title\=Marco Rubio: No abortions for Zika\-infected women\|date\=August 7, 2016\|first\=Emily\|last\=Schultheis\|publisher\=CBS News\|access\-date\=November 21, 2016\|archive\-date\=November 22, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153259/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-no\-abortions\-for\-zika\-infected\-women/\|url\-status\=live}}
On December 13, after President\-elect Trump nominated [Rex Tillerson](/wiki/Rex_Tillerson "Rex Tillerson") as his [Secretary of State](/wiki/Secretary_of_State "Secretary of State") in the incoming administration, Rubio expressed concern about the selection.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/marco\-rubio\-rex\-tillerson\-amy\-klobuchar/index.html\|title\=Rubio endangers Tillerson nomination by saying he has 'serious conditions'\|date\=December 13, 2016\|publisher\=CNN\|last1\=Schleifer\|first1\=Theodore\|access\-date\=December 14, 2016\|archive\-date\=December 14, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214020810/http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/marco\-rubio\-rex\-tillerson\-amy\-klobuchar/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} On January 11, Rubio questioned Tillerson during a Senate committee hearing on his confirmation, saying afterward he would "do what's right".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/rex\-tillerson\-confirmation\-hearings.html\|title\=In Rocky Hearing, Rex Tillerson Tries to Separate From Trump\|date\=January 11, 2017\|work\=The New York Times\|last1\=Sanger\|first1\=David E.\|last2\=Flegenheimer\|first2\=Matt\|access\-date\=January 26, 2017\|archive\-date\=January 26, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126231402/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/rex\-tillerson\-confirmation\-hearings.html\|url\-status\=live}} On January 23, Rubio said that he would vote to confirm Tillerson, saying that a delay in the appointment would be counter to national interests.{{cite news\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315634\-rubio\-to\-vote\-for\-tillerson/\|title\=Rubio to vote for Tillerson\|date\=January 23, 2017\|work\=The Hill\|last\=Kamisar\|first\=Ben\|access\-date\=January 26, 2017\|archive\-date\=January 25, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125154833/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315634\-rubio\-to\-vote\-for\-tillerson\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 115th Congress (2017–2019\)
[thumb\|President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (left) with [FEMA](/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency "Federal Emergency Management Agency") administrator [Brock Long](/wiki/Brock_Long "Brock Long") (center) and Rubio in September 2017](/wiki/File:POTUS_arrives_in_Florida_170914-G-ZX620-226.jpg "POTUS arrives in Florida 170914-G-ZX620-226.jpg")
On April 5, 2017, Rubio said [Bashar al\-Assad](/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad "Bashar al-Assad") felt he could act with "impunity" in knowing the United States was not prioritizing removing him from office.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/marco\-rubio\-syria\-rex\-tillerson\-236929\|title\=Rubio draws his own line on Syria\|date\=April 5, 2017\|first\=Marc\|last\=Caputo\|publisher\=Politico\|access\-date\=April 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213750/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/marco\-rubio\-syria\-rex\-tillerson\-236929\|url\-status\=live}} The next day, Rubio praised Trump's [ordered strike](/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike "2017 Shayrat missile strike"): "By acting decisively against the very facility from which Assad launched his murderous chemical weapons attack, President Trump has made it clear to Assad and those who empower him that the days of committing war crimes with impunity are over."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/04/rubio\-nelson\-applaud\-trump\-for\-air\-strikes\-against\-syrias\-assad\-regime\-111101\|title\=Rubio, Nelson applaud Trump for air strikes against Syria's Assad regime\|date\=April 6, 2017\|publisher\=Politico\|author1\=Politico Florida Staff\|last2\=Caputo\|first2\=Marc\|last3\=Palmeri\|first3\=Tara\|last4\=Toosi\|first4\=Nahal\|last5\=Bender\|first5\=Bryan\|access\-date\=April 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213839/http://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/04/rubio\-nelson\-applaud\-trump\-for\-air\-strikes\-against\-syrias\-assad\-regime\-111101\|url\-status\=live}}
In September 2017, Rubio defended Trump's decision to rescind the [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals") program. He called the program, which provided temporary stay for some undocumented immigrants brought into the U.S. as minors, "unconstitutional".{{cite news\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/349344\-rubio\-trump\-should\-clearly\-outline\-what\-he\-wants\-on\-daca/\|title\=Rubio: Trump should 'clearly outline' what he wants on DACA\|date\=September 5, 2017\|work\=The Hill\|last\=Greenwood\|first\=Max\|access\-date\=October 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054527/http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/349344\-rubio\-trump\-should\-clearly\-outline\-what\-he\-wants\-on\-daca\|url\-status\=live}}
In the first session of the [115th United States Congress](/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress "115th United States Congress"), Rubio was ranked the tenth most bipartisan senator by the Bipartisan Index, published by [The Lugar Center](/wiki/Richard_Lugar%23The_Lugar_Center "Richard Lugar#The Lugar Center") and [Georgetown's](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") [McCourt School of Public Policy](/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy "McCourt School of Public Policy").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf\|publisher\=The Lugar Center\|title\=The Lugar Center – McCourt School Bipartisan Index\|date\=April 24, 2018\|access\-date\=July 9, 2018\|location\=Washington, D.C.\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180136/http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}
While ballots were being counted in a close Florida Senate race between Democratic incumbent [Bill Nelson](/wiki/Bill_Nelson "Bill Nelson") and Republican challenger [Rick Scott](/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott"), Rubio claimed without evidence that Democrats were conspiring with election officials to illicitly install Nelson.{{Cite news\|url\=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/marco\-rubio\-opposes\-recount\-in\-florida\-senate\-race.html\|title\=Rubio: Democrats Are Trying to Steal Florida Elections by Counting All the Votes\|last\=Levitz\|first\=Eric\|work\=Intelligencer\|access\-date\=November 14, 2018\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072453/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/marco\-rubio\-opposes\-recount\-in\-florida\-senate\-race.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/12/trump\-attacks\-florida\-recount\-claims\-missing\-or\-forged\-ballots.html\|title\=Trump attacks Florida recount with a wild claim that there are 'missing or forged' ballots\|last\=Higgins\|first\=Jacob Pramuk, Tucker\|date\=November 12, 2018\|work\=CNBC\|access\-date\=November 14, 2018\|archive\-date\=November 8, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141009/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/12/trump\-attacks\-florida\-recount\-claims\-missing\-or\-forged\-ballots.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\-government/article221528685\.html\|title\=Trump, Scott and Rubio continue to push claims of Florida voter fraud without evidence\|author\=Daugherty, Alex\|work\=Miami Herald\|date\=November 12, 2018\|access\-date\=November 14, 2018\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=November 5, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105173538/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\-government/article221528685\.html\|url\-status\=live}} He claimed without evidence that "Democrat lawyers" were descending on Florida and that "they have been very clear they aren't here to make sure every vote is counted." He claimed that Broward County officials were engaged in "ongoing" legal violations, without specifying what those were. Election monitors found no evidence of voter fraud in Broward County, and the Florida State Department found no evidence of criminal activity.
#### 116th Congress (2019–2021\)
[thumb\|Rubio meeting with [Venezuelan](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") presidential candidate and opposition leader [Juan Guaidó](/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3 "Juan Guaidó") in February 2020](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_and_Mario_DB_meets_with_Juan_Guaido_%282%29.png "Marco Rubio and Mario DB meets with Juan Guaido (2).png")
In 2019, Rubio defended Trump's decision to host the [46th G7 summit](/wiki/46th_G7_summit "46th G7 summit") at the [Trump National Doral Miami](/wiki/Trump_National_Doral_Miami "Trump National Doral Miami"), a resort Trump owns. Rubio called the decision "great" and said it would be good for local businesses.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ajc.com/blog/jamie\-dupree/rubio\-fine\-with\-trump\-hosting\-next\-his\-florida\-resort/MaDz06l7iqWk5qvR7rDabL/\|title\=Rubio fine with Trump hosting next G7 at his Florida resort\|last\=Jamie Dupree\|first\=Cox Washington Bureau\|website\=ajc\|language\=en\|access\-date\=October 18, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 18, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165106/https://www.ajc.com/blog/jamie\-dupree/rubio\-fine\-with\-trump\-hosting\-next\-his\-florida\-resort/MaDz06l7iqWk5qvR7rDabL/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gq.com/story/donald\-trump\-g7\-doral\|title\=Donald Trump Says the Absolute Best Spot for a G7 Summit Is His Own Resort\|website\=GQ\|date\=October 18, 2019\|language\=en\|access\-date\=October 18, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 18, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165108/https://www.gq.com/story/donald\-trump\-g7\-doral\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2020, Rubio supported the nomination of [Judy Shelton](/wiki/Judy_Shelton "Judy Shelton") to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. Shelton had received bipartisan criticism over her support for the [gold standard](/wiki/Gold_standard "Gold standard") and other unorthodox monetary policy views.{{Cite news\|last\=Saphir\|first\=Doina Chiacu, Ann\|date\=November 18, 2020\|title\=Trump nominee Shelton's path to Fed narrows as virus spreads\|language\=fr\|work\=Reuters\|url\=https://fr.reuters.com/article/usa\-fed\-shelton\-idINKBN27Y07I\|access\-date\=December 20, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324162355/https://www.reuters.com/?edition\-redirect\=fr\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite news\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2020\|title\=Senate blocks Judy Shelton nomination to the Fed\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/11/17/shelton\-fed\-mcconnell/\|access\-date\=}}
After Biden defeated Trump in the [2020 presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") and Trump made false claims of election fraud, Rubio defended Trump's right to assert claims of fraud and [challenge the election results](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election"), saying any "irregularities" and "claims of broken election laws" could not be claimed false until the courts ruled on them. Rubio later shifted his rhetoric to saying that concerns from Republican voters over "potential irregularities" in the election demanded redress. By November 23, 2020, Rubio referred to Biden as president\-elect.{{Cite news\|last\=Bump\|first\=Philip\|date\=February 3, 2021\|title\=Analysis {{!}} The Republican conspiracy\-theory crisis, in one tweet\|language\=en\-US\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/03/republican\-conspiracy\-theory\-crisis\-one\-tweet/\|access\-date\=May 2, 2021\|issn\=0190\-8286}}
#### 117th Congress (2021–2023\)
Rubio described the [2021 United States Capitol attack](/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack "2021 United States Capitol attack") as unpatriotic and "3rd world\-style anti\-American [anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy "Anarchy")".{{cite news \|title\=Florida Lawmakers Condemn Pro\-Trump Protests On Social Media \|url\=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/politics\-issues/2021\-01\-06/florida\-lawmakers\-condemn\-pro\-trump\-protests\-on\-social\-media \|access\-date\=January 8, 2021 \|work\=WUSF Public Media \|date\=January 6, 2021 \|language\=en}} Of the rioters, Rubio said some of them were adherents "to a conspiracy theory and others got caught up in the moment. The result was a national embarrassment." After Congress was allowed to return to session, Rubio voted to certify the [2021 United States Electoral College vote count](/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2021 United States Electoral College vote count").{{cite news \|last1\=Scouten \|first1\=Ted \|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio Claims Some Trump Supporters Who Barged Into Capitol Building 'Got Caught Up In The Moment' \|url\=https://miami.cbslocal.com/2021/01/07/marco\-rubio\-trump\-supporters\-caught\-up\-in\-the\-moment\-capitol\-siege/ \|access\-date\=January 8, 2021 \|date\=January 7, 2021}} In February 2021, Rubio voted to acquit Trump for his role in inciting the mob to storm the Capitol.{{Cite news\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2021\|title\=Marco Rubio and Rick Scott vote to acquit Trump over role in Capitol riot\|work\=Miami Herald\|url\=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\-government/article249212575\.html\|access\-date\=}}
On May 28, 2021, Rubio voted against creating the [January 6 commission](/wiki/January_6_commission "January 6 commission").{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=May 28, 2021 \|title\=Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/january6\-commission\-senators\-vote/}}
In May 2021, Rubio argued that "Wall Street must stop enabling Communist China" in *The American Prospect*{{Cite web\|url\=https://prospect.org/economy/wall\-street\-must\-stop\-enabling\-communist\-china/\|title \= Wall Street Must Stop Enabling Communist China\|date \= May 26, 2021}} and on his website.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press\-releases?id\=783460B2\-D696\-4D02\-99E5\-9BDC9E0CD390\|title \= ICYMI: Rubio: Wall Street Must Stop Enabling Communist China}} "Americans from across the political spectrum should feel emboldened by the growing bipartisan awakening to the threat that the CCP poses to American workers, families, and communities", he wrote. "As we deploy legislative solutions to tackle this challenge, Democrats must not allow our corporate and financial sectors' leftward shift on social issues to blind them to the enormity of China as a geo\-economic threat."
Rubio denounced the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine") in 2022 and co\-sponsored a bill that would target pro\-Russian separatist groups whose conflict with the Ukrainian government was used by [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") to justify the invasion.Lowry, Bryan (March 8, 2022\). [Republicans pursue sanctions after Russia's invasion of Ukraine](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bradenton-herald-republicans-pursue/138619352/). *The Bradenton Herald*.
### Committee assignments
Rubio's committee memberships are as follows:{{cite web \|title\=Committee Assignments – U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio \|url\=https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/committee\-assignments \|website\=www.rubio.senate.gov}}
* [Committee on Appropriations](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations "United States Senate Committee on Appropriations")
+ [Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Financial_Services_and_General_Government "United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government")
+ [Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Labor%2C_Health_and_Human_Services%2C_Education%2C_and_Related_Agencies "United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies")
+ [Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_the_Legislative_Branch "United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch")
+ [Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Military_Construction%2C_Veterans_Affairs%2C_and_Related_Agencies "United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies")
+ [Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_State%2C_Foreign_Operations%2C_and_Related_Programs "United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs")
* [Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship "United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship")
* [Select Committee on Intelligence](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence "United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence") (Ranking Member)
* [Committee on Foreign Relations](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations "United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations")
+ [Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights, and Global Women's Issues](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Western_Hemisphere%2C_Transnational_Crime%2C_Civilian_Security%2C_Democracy%2C_Human_Rights%2C_and_Global_Women%27s_Issues "United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights, and Global Women's Issues") (Ranking Member)
+ [Subcommittee on East Asia, the Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_East_Asia%2C_The_Pacific%2C_and_International_Cybersecurity_Policy "United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy")
+ [Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_State_Department_and_USAID_Management%2C_International_Operations%2C_and_Bilateral_International_Development "United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development")
* [Special Committee on Aging](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging "United States Senate Special Committee on Aging")
### Caucuses
* [Senate Republican Conference](/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference "Senate Republican Conference")
|
[
"U.S. Senate\n-----------",
"[thumb\\|Start of Rubio's official welcome message at his [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") website](/wiki/File:Senator_Marco_Rubio_-_Welcome_Message-wVvDxxLxCTM.ogv \"Senator Marco Rubio - Welcome Message-wVvDxxLxCTM.ogv\")",
"### Elections",
"#### 2010",
"{{Main\\|2010 United States Senate election in Florida}}\nOn May 5, 2009, Rubio stated his intent to run for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by [Mel Martínez](/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Mel Martínez\"), who had decided not to seek reelection and subsequently resigned before completing his term. Before launching his campaign, Rubio met with fundraisers and supporters throughout the state.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\\-government/elections\\-2016/marco\\-rubio/article18167360\\.html \\|title\\=Marco Rubio quietly registers to run for U.S. Senate \\|work\\=Miami Herald \\|date\\=March 5, 2009 \\|first\\=Beth \\|last\\=Reinhard \\|access\\-date\\=February 10, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211090207/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\\-government/elections\\-2016/marco\\-rubio/article18167360\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Initially trailing by double digits in the primary against the incumbent governor of his own party, Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed Crist in polling for the Republican nomination.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1297\\.xml?ReleaseID\\=1417 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128195800/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1297\\.xml?ReleaseID\\=1417 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2010 \\|date\\=January 26, 2010 \\|title\\=Rubio Edges Crist In Florida Gop Senate Race, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; President Obama Under Water As Voters Disapprove \\|publisher\\=Quinnipiac University\\|via\\=Internet Archive }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public\\_content/politics/elections2/election\\_2010/election\\_2010\\_senate\\_elections/florida/election\\_2010\\_florida\\_gop\\_senate\\_primary \\|publisher\\=Rasmussen Reports \\|title\\=Election 2010: Florida Republican Primary for Senate\\|date\\=February 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209003948/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public\\_content/politics/elections2/election\\_2010/election\\_2010\\_senate\\_elections/florida/election\\_2010\\_florida\\_republican\\_primary\\_for\\_senate \\|archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=February 25, 2012\\|via\\=Internet Archive}} In his campaign, Rubio received the support of members of the [Tea Party](/wiki/Tea_Party_movement \"Tea Party movement\"), many of whom were dissatisfied with Crist's policies as governor.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Leibovich\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=The First Senator From the Tea Party?\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10florida\\-t.html\\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2015\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=January 6, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185550/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10florida\\-t.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On April 28, 2010, Crist said he would run without a party affiliation, effectively ceding the Republican nomination to Rubio.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/charlie\\-crist\\-will\\-run\\-for\\-senate\\-with\\-no\\-party\\-affiliation/1091169\\|title\\=Charlie Crist will run for Senate with no party affiliation\\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120000620/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/charlie\\-crist\\-will\\-run\\-for\\-senate\\-with\\-no\\-party\\-affiliation/1091169\\|archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2015\\|via\\=Internet Archive\\|last1\\=Bousquet\\|first1\\=Steve\\|last2\\=Smith\\|first2\\=Adam C.\\|last3\\=Reinhard\\|first3\\=Beth}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/04/28/crist\\-to\\-run\\-as\\-independent\\-in\\-fl\\-sen\\-race \\|title\\=Crist to Run as Independent in FL Sen Race \\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\|date\\=April 28, 2010 \\|first\\=Kimberly \\|last\\=Schwandt \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503140412/http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/04/28/crist\\-to\\-run\\-as\\-independent\\-in\\-fl\\-sen\\-race/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 3, 2010 \\|via\\=Internet Archive}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/on\\-air/special\\-report/2010/04/29/all\\-star\\-panel\\-gop\\-gov\\-crist\\-running\\-independent\\-floridas\\-senate\\-race\\|title\\=All\\-Star Panel on GOP Gov. Crist Running as an Independent in Florida's Senate Race\\|website\\=\\[\\[Fox News Channel]]\\|date\\=April 29, 2010\\|series\\=Special Report With Bret Baier\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303080228/http://www.foxnews.com/on\\-air/special\\-report/2010/04/29/all\\-star\\-panel\\-gop\\-gov\\-crist\\-running\\-independent\\-floridas\\-senate\\-race\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Several of Crist's top fundraisers, as well as Republican leadership, refused to support Crist after Rubio won the Republican nomination.{{cite web \\|last\\=Romm \\|first\\=Tony \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot\\-box/senate\\-races/67113\\-mcconnell\\-crist\\-would\\-lose\\-all\\-gop\\-support\\-if\\-he\\-ran\\-as\\-independent/ \\|title\\=McConnell: Crist would lose all GOP support if he ran as independent \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=April 18, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622060438/http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot\\-box/senate\\-races/92869\\-mcconnell\\-crist\\-would\\-lose\\-all\\-gop\\-support\\-if\\-he\\-ran\\-as\\-independent \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/35937\\.html \\|title\\=Top Charlie Crist supporters torn over indy bid \\|last1\\=Martin \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|last2\\=Catanese \\|first2\\=David \\|date\\=April 17, 2010 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418233443/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/35937\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/24/marco\\-rubio\\-wins\\-florida\\-\\_n\\_693377\\.html \\|title\\=Marco Rubio Wins Florida GOP Senate Primary \\|first1\\=Brendan \\|last1\\=Farrington \\|first2\\=Jennifer \\|last2\\=Kay \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Huffington Post]] \\|date\\=August 24, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=November 3, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 2, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902164916/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/24/marco\\-rubio\\-wins\\-florida\\-\\_n\\_693377\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On November 2, 2010, Rubio won the general election with 49% of the vote to Crist's 30% and [Democrat](/wiki/U.S._Democratic_Party \"U.S. Democratic Party\") [Kendrick Meek](/wiki/Kendrick_Meek \"Kendrick Meek\")'s 20%.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2010/florida/senate/ \\|title\\=Florida Senate Election Results \\|publisher\\=NBC News \\|date\\=November 8, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618031204/http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2010/florida/senate \\|url\\-status\\=live }} When Rubio was sworn in to the U.S. Senate, he and [Bob Menendez](/wiki/Bob_Menendez \"Bob Menendez\") of New Jersey were the only two [Latino Americans in the Senate](/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress \"List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress\").",
"#### 2016",
"{{Main\\|2016 United States Senate election in Florida}}\nIn April 2015, Rubio decided to [run for president](/wiki/Marco_Rubio_2016_presidential_campaign \"Marco Rubio 2016 presidential campaign\") instead of seeking reelection to the Senate. After suspending his presidential campaign on March 15, 2016, Rubio \"seemed to open the door to running for reelection\" on June 13, 2016, citing the previous day's [Orlando nightclub shooting](/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting \"Orlando nightclub shooting\") and how \"it really gives you pause, to think a little bit about your service to your country and where you can be most useful to your country.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=LoBianco\\|first\\=Tom\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/13/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-senate\\-orlando\\-shootings/index.html\\|title\\=Citing Orlando shootings, Rubio opens door to Senate run\\|work\\=\\[\\[CNN]]\\|date\\=June 13, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613204808/http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/13/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-senate\\-orlando\\-shootings/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Rubio officially started his campaign nine days later, on June 22\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/06/22/marco\\-rubio\\-will\\-seek\\-senate\\-re\\-election\\-reversing\\-pledge\\-not\\-to\\-run/\\|title\\=Marco Rubio will seek Senate re\\-election, reversing pledge not to run\\|last1\\=DeBonis\\|first1\\=Mike\\|last2\\=O'Keefe\\|first2\\=Ed\\|date\\=June 22, 2016\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2016\\|last3\\=Sullivan\\|first3\\=Sean\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622185936/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/06/22/marco\\-rubio\\-will\\-seek\\-senate\\-re\\-election\\-reversing\\-pledge\\-not\\-to\\-run/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Rubio won the Republican primary on August 30, 2016, defeating [Carlos Beruff](/wiki/Carlos_Beruff \"Carlos Beruff\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Marco Rubio easily wins Senate primary in Florida\\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida\\-senate\\-house\\-primary\\-results\\-2016/\\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2016\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|publisher\\=CBS News\\|date\\=August 30, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=November 17, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064826/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida\\-senate\\-house\\-primary\\-results\\-2016/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He faced Democratic nominee [Patrick Murphy](/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_%28Florida_politician%29 \"Patrick Murphy (Florida politician)\") in the general election, defeating him with almost 52% of the vote.{{cite news\\|title\\=Florida Results\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/florida\\|access\\-date\\=November 16, 2016\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=November 16, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224173402/http://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/florida\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 2022",
"{{Main\\|2022 United States Senate election in Florida}}\nIn November 2020, Rubio announced he would run for a third Senate term in the [2022 election](/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida \"2022 United States Senate election in Florida\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 10, 2020 \\|title\\=Marco Rubio Readies Bid for a Third Term in the Senate \\|url\\=https://www.floridadaily.com/marco\\-rubio\\-launches\\-bid\\-for\\-a\\-third\\-term\\-in\\-the\\-senate/ \\|website\\=FloridaDaily \\|first\\=Kevin\\|last\\=Derby\\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2023}} He faced Democratic challenger [Val Demings](/wiki/Val_Demings \"Val Demings\"), the U.S. representative for [Florida's 10th congressional district](/wiki/Florida%27s_10th_congressional_district \"Florida's 10th congressional district\") and a former police officer. Rubio criticized Demings as an \"ineffective member of Congress and a puppet of [Nancy Pelosi](/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi \"Nancy Pelosi\"); she's voted with Nancy Pelosi 100% of the time\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=March 7, 2022 \\|title\\=Rubio slams Democratic opponent Demings for voting with Pelosi '100% of the time' \\|url\\=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rubio\\-slams\\-demings\\-for\\-voting\\-with\\-pelosi\\-100\\-of\\-the\\-time \\|website\\=\\[\\[Fox News]] \\|first\\=Brooke\\|last\\=Singman\\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2023}} Demings criticized Rubio's attendance record in the Senate, and in a campaign ad said Rubio had \"one of the worst attendance records in the Senate. When Florida needs you, you just don't show up.\"{{Cite web \\|date\\=July 13, 2022 \\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio has \"one of the worst attendance records in the Senate.\" \\|url\\=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/jul/14/val\\-demings/val\\-demings\\-ad\\-criticizes\\-rubios\\-attendance\\-record/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[PolitiFact]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2023}} Demings also claimed that Rubio supported tax hikes, but this was proven false.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Washington \\|first1\\=District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW \\|title\\=PolitiFact \\- No proof for Val Demings claim that Marco Rubio backs tax hikes like those indicated in Scott's plan \\|url\\=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/mar/09/val\\-demings/no\\-proof\\-val\\-demings\\-claim\\-marco\\-rubio\\-backs\\-tax\\-h/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2022 \\|work\\=@politifact \\|date\\=March 9, 2022}} Rubio won the November 8 general election with 57% of the vote to Demings's 41%.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-08 \\|title\\=Florida Governor Election Results \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/08/us/elections/results\\-florida\\-governor.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-09 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"### Tenure as senator",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Rubio's portrait during the \n [112th Congress](/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress \"112th United States Congress\")](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg \"Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio with Israeli President [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres \"Shimon Peres\") during trip to [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\") and [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") in February 2013](/wiki/File:Meeting_in_February_2013_with_Israeli_President_Shimon_Peres_during_trip_to_Jordan_and_Israel.jpg \"Meeting in February 2013 with Israeli President Shimon Peres during trip to Jordan and Israel.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio touring the U.S.\\-Mexican border in November 2011 with [Border Patrol](/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection \"U.S. Customs and Border Protection\") officials](/wiki/File:At_US-Mexican_border_in_November_2011_with_Customs_and_Border_Patrol.jpg \"At US-Mexican border in November 2011 with Customs and Border Patrol.jpg\")\nDuring Rubio's first four years in the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\"), [Republicans were in the minority](/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses \"Party divisions of United States Congresses\"). After the [2014 midterm elections](/wiki/2014_United_States_elections \"2014 United States elections\"), the Republicans obtained majority control of the Senate, giving Rubio and the Republicans vast federal influence during the final two years of [Barack Obama's presidency](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama \"Presidency of Barack Obama\"), as well as during all four years of [Donald Trump's presidency](/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump \"Presidency of Donald Trump\"). After the 2020 elections, the Democrats regained majority control of the Senate, and Rubio has reassumed minority status within the Senate.",
"#### 112th Congress (2011–2013\\)",
"{{multiple image\n \\| width1 \\= 200\n \\| image1 \\= Meeting in January 2011 with Florida constituents at Camp Leatherneck, Helmand Province, Afghanistan.jpg\n \\| caption1 \\= Rubio with Floridians at \\[\\[Camp Leatherneck]] in \\[\\[Afghanistan]] in January 2011\n \\| width2 \\= 210\n \\| image2 \\= At Guantanamo Naval Base in May 2012\\.jpg\n \\| caption2 \\= Rubio visiting \\[\\[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]] in May 2012\n }}\nShortly after taking office in 2011, Rubio said he had no interest in running for president or vice president in the 2012 presidential election.{{cite web\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=O'Brien\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog\\-briefing\\-room/news/79156\\-rubio\\-rejects\\-running\\-as\\-republicans\\-vp\\-nominee/\\|title\\=Rubio rejects running as Republicans' VP nominee\\|website\\=The Hill\\|date\\=January 10, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=November 5, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120013358/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog\\-briefing\\-room/news/136955\\-rubio\\-rejects\\-running\\-as\\-republicans\\-vp\\-nominee\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In March 2012, when he endorsed [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") for president, Rubio said that he did not expect to be or want to be [selected](/wiki/Veepstakes \"Veepstakes\") as a vice presidential [running mate](/wiki/Running_mate \"Running mate\"),{{cite news\\|first\\=Philip\\|last\\=Rucker\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney\\-marco\\-rubio\\-is\\-being\\-seriously\\-vetted\\-as\\-possible\\-vice\\-presidential\\-choice/2012/06/19/gJQAUq19nV\\_story.html\\|title\\=Romney: Marco Rubio is being seriously vetted as possible vice presidential pick\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=June 19, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=November 5, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121151716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney\\-marco\\-rubio\\-is\\-being\\-seriously\\-vetted\\-as\\-possible\\-vice\\-presidential\\-choice/2012/06/19/gJQAUq19nV\\_story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but was [vetted](/wiki/Vetting \"Vetting\") for vice president by the [Romney campaign](/wiki/Mitt_Romney_presidential_campaign%2C_2012 \"Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012\"). Former Romney aide [Beth Myers](/wiki/Beth_Myers \"Beth Myers\") has said that the vetting process turned up nothing disqualifying about Rubio.{{cite web\\|first\\=Alex\\|last\\=Isenstadt\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/10/romney\\-rubio\\-vetting\\-215373\\|title\\=Romney alum rebuts Bush whispers: Rubio passed our vetting\\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|date\\=October 29, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031132457/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/10/romney\\-rubio\\-vetting\\-215373\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Upon taking office, Rubio hired [Cesar Conda](/wiki/Cesar_Conda \"Cesar Conda\") as his [chief of staff](/wiki/Congressional_staff%23Personal_staff \"Congressional staff#Personal staff\").{{Cite news \\|author\\-link\\=Stephen F. Hayes \\|last\\=Hayes \\|first\\=Stephen \\|date\\=January 28, 2011 \\|url\\=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/marco\\-rubio\\-picks\\-chief\\-staff\\-cesar\\-conda\\_537520\\.html \\|title\\=Marco Rubio Picks a Chief of Staff: Cesar Conda \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Weekly Standard]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130033115/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/marco\\-rubio\\-picks\\-chief\\-staff\\-cesar\\-conda\\_537520\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|title\\=Rubio taps Cheney aide for chief of staff\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0111/Rubio\\_taps\\_Cheney\\_aide\\_for\\_chief\\_of\\_staff\\_.html\\|publisher\\=Politico\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2014\\|date\\=January 26, 2011\\|last\\=Toeplitz\\|first\\=Shira\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115043227/http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0111/Rubio\\_taps\\_Cheney\\_aide\\_for\\_chief\\_of\\_staff\\_.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio hires Cesar Conda to be chief of staff\\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/sen\\-marco\\-rubio\\-hires\\-cesar\\-conda\\-to\\-be\\-chief\\-of\\-staff/1148232\\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2014\\|date\\=January 28, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064209/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/sen\\-marco\\-rubio\\-hires\\-cesar\\-conda\\-to\\-be\\-chief\\-of\\-staff/1148232\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2014\\|last\\=Leary\\|first\\=Alex}} Conda, a former adviser to Vice President [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney \"Dick Cheney\"), and former top aide to Sens. [Spencer Abraham](/wiki/Spencer_Abraham \"Spencer Abraham\") (R\\-Mich.) and [Robert Kasten](/wiki/Robert_Kasten \"Robert Kasten\") (R\\-Wis.), was succeeded in 2014 as Rubio's chief of staff by his deputy, Alberto Martinez, but Conda remained as a part\\-time adviser.O'Keefe, Ed and Costa, Robert. [\"Marco Rubio announces staff changes sure to fuel 2016 talk\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/04/11/marco-rubio-announces-staff-changes-sure-to-fuel-2016-talk/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126163934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post\\-politics/wp/2014/04/11/marco\\-rubio\\-announces\\-staff\\-changes\\-sure\\-to\\-fuel\\-2016\\-talk/ \\|date\\=November 26, 2015 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* (April 11, 2014\\).",
"During his first year in office, Rubio became an influential defender of the [United States embargo against Cuba](/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba \"United States embargo against Cuba\") and induced the State Department to withdraw an ambassadorial nomination of [Jonathan D. Farrar](/wiki/Jonathan_D._Farrar \"Jonathan D. Farrar\"), who was the Chief of Mission of the [United States Interests Section in Havana](/wiki/United_States_Interests_Section_in_Havana \"United States Interests Section in Havana\") from 2008 to 2011\\. Rubio believed that Farrar was not assertive enough toward the Castro regime.Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, pp. 194–195 (Simon \\& Schuster 2012\\). Also in 2011, Rubio was invited to visit the [Reagan Library](/wiki/Reagan_Library \"Reagan Library\"), during which he gave a well\\-publicized speech praising its namesake, and also rescued [Nancy Reagan](/wiki/Nancy_Reagan \"Nancy Reagan\") from falling.O'Hare, Kate. [\"Marco Rubio to the rescue! Freshman senator saves a falling Nancy Reagan\"](http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/08/its-marco-rubio-to-the-rescue-when-nancy-reagan-falls.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083333/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/08/its\\-marco\\-rubio\\-to\\-the\\-rescue\\-when\\-nancy\\-reagan\\-falls.html \\|date\\=February 11, 2016 }}, *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* (August 24, 2011\\).Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, pp. 1–6 (Simon \\& Schuster 2012\\).",
"In March 2011, Rubio supported U.S. participation in the [military campaign in Libya](/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya \"2011 military intervention in Libya\") to oust Libyan leader [Muammar Gaddafi](/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi \"Muammar Gaddafi\").Browne, Ryan. \"Reality Check: Rubio on Libya post\\-intervention\" *in* [\"Republican Town Hall: CNN's Reality Check Team inspects the claims\"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/17/politics/republican-town-hall-fact-check/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221110345/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/17/politics/republican\\-town\\-hall\\-fact\\-check \\|date\\=February 21, 2016 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") (February 18, 2016\\). He urged that Senate leaders bring \"a bi\\-partisan resolution to the Senate floor authorizing the president's decision to participate in allied military action in Libya\".Halper, Daniel. [\"Senate Resolution Would Support Policy of Regime Change in Libya\"](http://www.weeklystandard.com/senate-resolution-would-support-policy-of-regime-change-in-libya/article/556824) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222081614/http://www.weeklystandard.com/senate\\-resolution\\-would\\-support\\-policy\\-of\\-regime\\-change\\-in\\-libya/article/556824 \\|date\\=February 22, 2016 }}, *[The Weekly Standard](/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard \"The Weekly Standard\")* (April 5, 2011\\). The administration decided that no congressional authorization was needed under the [War Powers Resolution](/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution%23Libya_intervention_in_2011 \"War Powers Resolution#Libya intervention in 2011\"); Senator [Joe Lieberman](/wiki/Joe_Lieberman \"Joe Lieberman\") (I\\-CT) joined Rubio in writing an opinion piece for *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* in June 2011 again urging passage of such authorization.Lieberman, Joseph and Rubio, Marco. [\"Victory Is the Answer in Libya\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304070104576399923803151478), *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* (June 23, 2011\\): \"For those on Capitol Hill who think the president requires congressional authorization to continue operations in Libya, there is a simple solution: Congress can and should pass a resolution explicitly backing these activities.\" In October 2011, Rubio joined several other senators in pushing for continued engagement to \"help Libya lay the foundation for sustainable security\".McCain, John, et al. [\"The Promise of a Pro\\-American Libya\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211024215/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516 \\|date\\=February 11, 2017 }}, *the [Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal \"Wall Street Journal\")* (October 7, 2011\\). Soon after Gadhafi was ousted, Rubio warned there was a serious threat posed by the spread of militias and weapons, and called for more U.S. involvement to counter that threat.",
"Rubio voted against the [Budget Control Act of 2011](/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011 \"Budget Control Act of 2011\"), which included [mandatory automatic budget cuts from sequestration](/wiki/United_States_budget_sequestration_in_2013 \"United States budget sequestration in 2013\").Michael McAuliff \\& Erin Mershon, [Mandatory Budget Cuts From Sequestration Slammed By Republicans](https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/budget-cuts-sequestration_n_1735321.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405081201/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/budget\\-cuts\\-sequestration\\_n\\_1735321\\.html \\|date\\=April 5, 2016 }}, *The Huffington Post* (August 2, 2012\\).Amy Sherman, [Marco Rubio says he never supported the sequester](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/nov/26/marco-rubio/marco-rubio-says-he-never-supported-sequester/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025133936/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/nov/26/marco\\-rubio/marco\\-rubio\\-says\\-he\\-never\\-supported\\-sequester/ \\|date\\=October 25, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (November 26, 2013\\). He later said that defense spending should never have been linked to taxes and the deficit, calling the policy a \"terrible idea\" based on a \"false choice\".",
"The following month, Rubio and Senator [Chris Coons](/wiki/Chris_Coons \"Chris Coons\"), Democrat of [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\"), co\\-sponsored the American Growth, Recovery, Empowerment and Entrepreneurship Act (AGREE Act), which would have extended many [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credit \"Tax credit\") and exemptions for businesses investing in [research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development \"Research and development\"), equipment, and other capital; provided a tax credit for veterans who start a business franchise; allowed an increase in immigration for certain types of work visas; and strengthened copyright protections.{{cite news \\|author\\=Laura Green \\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio says bipartisan jobs bill built on common ground \\|url\\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/sen\\-marco\\-rubio\\-says\\-bipartisan\\-jobs\\-bill\\-built\\-on/nLzkn/ \\|work\\=The Palm Beach Post \\|date\\=November 16, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311051429/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/sen\\-marco\\-rubio\\-says\\-bipartisan\\-jobs\\-bill\\-built\\-on/nLzkn/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [p. 191](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222085703/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA191 \\|date\\=February 22, 2016 }} (Simon \\& Schuster 2015\\).{{cite news \\|title\\=A jobs bill that will pass in Congress? Sen. Coons and Sen. Rubio on bipartisan bill to boost hiring \\|url\\=http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/16/a\\-jobs\\-bill\\-that\\-will\\-pass\\-in\\-congress\\-sen\\-coons\\-and\\-sen\\-rubio\\-on\\-bipartisan\\-bill\\-to\\-boost\\-hiring/ \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=November 16, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016 \\|series\\=American Morning \\|type\\=video \\|archive\\-date\\=February 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223080628/http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/16/a\\-jobs\\-bill\\-that\\-will\\-pass\\-in\\-congress\\-sen\\-coons\\-and\\-sen\\-rubio\\-on\\-bipartisan\\-bill\\-to\\-boost\\-hiring/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Sens. Rubio, Coons Introduce AGREE Act \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/on\\-air/your\\-world\\-cavuto/2011/11/17/sens\\-rubio\\-coons\\-introduce\\-agree\\-act \\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\|date\\=November 16, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016 \\|series\\=Your World Cavuto \\|last\\=Cavuto \\|first\\=Neil \\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222084606/http://www.foxnews.com/on\\-air/your\\-world\\-cavuto/2011/11/17/sens\\-rubio\\-coons\\-introduce\\-agree\\-act \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Rubio voted against the 2012 \"[fiscal cliff](/wiki/United_States_fiscal_cliff \"United States fiscal cliff\")\" resolutions. Although he received some criticism for this position, he responded: \"Thousands of small businesses, not just the wealthy, will now be forced to decide how they'll pay this new tax, and, chances are, they'll do it by firing employees, cutting back their hours and benefits, or postponing the new hires they were looking to make. And to make matters worse, it does nothing to bring our dangerous debt under control.\"{{cite web \\|last\\=Reinhard \\|first\\=Beth \\|title\\=Paul Ryan vs. Marco Rubio: The Politics of the Cliff Vote \\|work\\=National Journal \\|date\\=January 3, 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/paul\\-ryan\\-vs\\-marco\\-rubio\\-the\\-politics\\-of\\-the\\-cliff\\-vote\\-20130103?page\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106021704/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/paul\\-ryan\\-vs\\-marco\\-rubio\\-the\\-politics\\-of\\-the\\-cliff\\-vote\\-20130103?page\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### 113th Congress (2013–2015\\)",
"[thumb\\|Rubio prior to delivering the [response to the State of the Union address](/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address \"Response to the State of the Union address\") in February 2013](/wiki/File:Preparing_in_February_2013_to_deliver_Republican_address_to_the_nation.jpg \"Preparing in February 2013 to deliver Republican address to the nation.jpg\")\nIn 2013, Rubio was part of the bipartisan \"[Gang of Eight](/wiki/Gang_of_Eight_%28immigration%29 \"Gang of Eight (immigration)\")\" senators that crafted [comprehensive immigration reform legislation](/wiki/Border_Security%2C_Economic_Opportunity%2C_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013 \"Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio (R)\\|url\\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/1856\\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2014\\|publisher\\=National Journal Almanac\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084201/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/1856\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Rubio proposed a plan providing a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants currently living in the United States involving payment of fines and [back taxes](/wiki/Back_tax \"Back tax\"), background checks, and a probationary period; that pathway was to be implemented only after strengthening [border security](/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol \"United States Border Patrol\").{{cite web\n \\| last \\=Reiff\n \\| first \\=Laura Foote\n \\| author2 \\=Nataliya Binshteyn\n \\| title \\=President Obama to Outline Plan for Comprehensive Immigration Reform on Tuesday\n \\| work \\=The National Law Review\n \\| publisher \\=Greenberg Traurig, LLP\n \\| date \\=January 28, 2013\n\\| url \\=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president\\-obama\\-to\\-outline\\-plan\\-comprehensive\\-immigration\\-reform\\-tuesday\\-0\n \\| access\\-date \\=January 29, 2013\n\\| archive\\-date \\=November 7, 2013\n\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107150826/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president\\-obama\\-to\\-outline\\-plan\\-comprehensive\\-immigration\\-reform\\-tuesday\\-0\n \\| url\\-status \\=live\n }}Boles, Corey. [\"Much\\-Anticipated Immigration Bill Is Introduced\"](https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/04/17/much-anticipated-immigration-bill-is-introduced/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080657/http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/04/17/much\\-anticipated\\-immigration\\-bill\\-is\\-introduced/ \\|date\\=April 5, 2016 }}, *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* (April 17, 2013\\). The bill passed the Senate 68 to 32 with his support, but Rubio then signaled that the bill should not be taken up by the House because other priorities, like repealing Obamacare, were a higher priority for him; the House never did take up the bill. Rubio has since explained that he still supports reform, but a different approach instead of a single comprehensive bill.Levy, Pema. [\"How Marco Rubio Gave In to Democrats on the Immigration Reform Bill\"](https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/rubio-immigration-reform-gang-eight) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134819/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/rubio\\-immigration\\-reform\\-gang\\-eight/ \\|date\\=November 8, 2020 }}, *[Mother Jones](/wiki/Mother_Jones_%28magazine%29 \"Mother Jones (magazine)\")* (December 4, 2015\\).",
"Rubio was chosen to deliver the [Republican response](/wiki/Republican_response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address \"Republican response to the State of the Union address\") to President Obama's [2013 State of the Union Address](/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address \"2013 State of the Union Address\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/12/full\\-text\\-marco\\-rubios\\-republican\\-response/\\|title\\=Full text: Marco Rubio's Republican response\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=February 12, 2013\\|editor\\=CNN Political Unit\\|last\\=Rubio\\|first\\=Marco\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=February 17, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204103/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/12/full\\-text\\-marco\\-rubios\\-republican\\-response/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} It marked the first time the response was delivered in English and Spanish.{{cite news \\|title\\=State of the Union: Marco Rubio to Deliver Republican Response \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/marco\\-rubio\\-to\\-deliver\\-gop\\-state\\-of\\-the\\-union\\-response/ \\|publisher\\=ABC News \\|first\\=Z. Byron \\|last\\=Wolf \\|date\\=February 6, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209195030/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/marco\\-rubio\\-to\\-deliver\\-gop\\-state\\-of\\-the\\-union\\-response/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Rubio's attempt to draw a strong line against the looming defense sequestration was undercut by fellow Republican senator [Rand Paul](/wiki/Rand_Paul \"Rand Paul\")'s additional response to Obama's speech that called for the sequester to be carried out.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130224/DEFREG02/302240006/Has\\-U\\-S\\-GOP\\-Lost\\-Its\\-Standing\\-Strong\\-Defense\\-Party\\-\\|title\\=Has U.S. GOP Lost Its Standing as The Strong\\-on\\-Defense Party?\\|work\\=Defense News\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130408011532/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130224/DEFREG02/302240006/Has\\-U\\-S\\-GOP\\-Lost\\-Its\\-Standing\\-Strong\\-Defense\\-Party\\-\\|archive\\-date\\=April 8, 2013}}",
"In April 2013, Rubio voted against an expansion of [background checks for gun purchases](/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System \"National Instant Criminal Background Check System\"), contending that such increased regulatory measures would do little to help capture criminals.Zach Carter, [Marco Rubio: Background Checks In Gun Compromise Won't Capture 'Criminals'](https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/rubio-background-checks-i_n_3080364.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611045038/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/rubio\\-background\\-checks\\-i\\_n\\_3080364\\.html \\|date\\=June 11, 2017 }}, *The Huffington Post* (April 14, 2013\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\\_call\\_lists/roll\\_call\\_vote\\_cfm.cfm?congress\\=113\\&session\\=1\\&vote\\=00097 \\|title\\=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 113th Congress – 1st Session \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Senate]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809104556/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\\_call\\_lists/roll\\_call\\_vote\\_cfm.cfm?congress\\=113\\&session\\=1\\&vote\\=00097 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nRubio voted against publishing the [Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture](/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture \"Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture\"). In 2016, Rubio said the U.S. should \"find out everything they know\" from captured terrorists and should not telegraph \"the enemy what interrogation techniques we will or won't use.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/ted\\-cruz\\-republicans\\-torture\\-217976\\|title\\=On torture, Cruz stands alone\\|author\\=Crowley, Michael\\|work\\=Politico\\|date\\=January 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024190023/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/ted\\-cruz\\-republicans\\-torture\\-217976\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 114th Congress (2015–2017\\)",
"[thumb\\|Rubio in November 2015](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_by_Matt_Johnson.jpg \"Marco Rubio by Matt Johnson.jpg\")\nRepublicans took control of the U.S. Senate as a result of the elections in November 2014\\.Tau, Byron. [\"Santorum Won't Name Single Rubio Feat in Senate (Hint: Think 'Immigration')\"](https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/02/04/santorum-wont-name-single-rubio-feat-in-senate-hint-think-immigration/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111235/https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/02/04/santorum\\-wont\\-name\\-single\\-rubio\\-feat\\-in\\-senate\\-hint\\-think\\-immigration/ \\|date\\=May 3, 2018 }}, *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* (February 4, 2016\\). As this new period of Republican control began, Rubio pushed for the elimination of the \"risk corridors\" used by the federal government to compensate insurers for their losses as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The risk corridors were intended to be funded by profitable insurers participating in the PPACA, but since insurer losses have significantly exceeded their profits in the program, the risk corridors have been depleted. His efforts contributed to the inclusion of a provision in the 2014 federal budget that prevented other funding sources from being tapped to replenish the risk corridors.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/261244\\-rubio\\-budget\\-win\\-is\\-dealing\\-heavy\\-blow\\-to\\-obamacare/ \\| work\\=The Hill \\| title\\=Rubio budget win is dealing heavy blow to ObamaCare \\| date\\=November 24, 2015 \\| last\\=Ferris \\| first\\=Sarah \\| access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016 \\| archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224113505/http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/261244\\-rubio\\-budget\\-win\\-is\\-dealing\\-heavy\\-blow\\-to\\-obamacare \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In March 2015, Rubio and Senator [Mike Lee](/wiki/Mike_Lee \"Mike Lee\"), Republican of Utah, proposed a tax plan that according to *The Wall Street Journal*, combined thinking from \"old\\-fashioned, Reagan\\-era supply\\-siders\" and a \"breed of largely younger conservative reform thinkers\" concerned with the tax burden on the middle class. The plan would lower the top corporate income tax rate from 38% to 25%, eliminate taxes on capital gains, dividends, and inherited estates, and create a new child tax credit worth up to $2,500 per child. The plan would set the top individual income tax rate at 35%. It also included a proposal to replace the means\\-tested welfare system, including food stamps and the Earned Income Tax Credit, with a new \"consolidated system of benefits\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/03/13/lee\\-rubio\\-plan\\-gives\\-life\\-to\\-2016\\-tax\\-debate/ \\|title\\=Lee\\-Rubio Plan Gives Life to 2016 Tax Debate \\|last1\\=King \\|first1\\=Neil Jr. \\|date\\=March 13, 2015 \\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2015}}",
"According to analysis by [Vocativ](/wiki/Vocativ \"Vocativ\") as reported by Fox News, Rubio missed 8\\.3% of total votes from January 2011 to February 2015\\.{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|date\\=April 23, 2015 \\|title\\=Absentee ballot: Ted Cruz a no\\-show at most committee meetings, floor votes \\|url\\=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/23/absentee\\-ballot\\-ted\\-cruz\\-no\\-show\\-at\\-most\\-committee\\-meetings\\-floor\\-votes/ \\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2015 \\|quote\\=In February, an analysis carried out by Vocativ in partnership with GovTrack.us, showed that Rubio beats Cruz as the senator most absent from chambers, having missed 99, or 8\\.3 percent, of 1,198 total votes since taking office in January 2011 to February of this year. \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424071512/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/23/absentee\\-ballot\\-ted\\-cruz\\-no\\-show\\-at\\-most\\-committee\\-meetings\\-floor\\-votes/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} From October 27, 2014, to October 26, 2015, Rubio voted in 74% of Senate votes, according to an analysis by GovTrack.us, which tracks congressional voting records.{{cite web\\|title\\=Marco Rubio, Senator for Florida\\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/marco\\_rubio/412491\\|website\\=GovTrack\\|publisher\\=Civic Impulse, LLC\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029043327/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/marco\\_rubio/412491\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Rugaber\\|first1\\=Christopher S.\\|title\\=AP FACT CHECK: The Republican debaters and the facts\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/ap\\-fact\\-check\\-republican\\-debaters\\-facts\\-005112443\\-\\-election.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2015\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=October 28, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031220429/http://news.yahoo.com/ap\\-fact\\-check\\-republican\\-debaters\\-facts\\-005112443\\-\\-election.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2015, Rubio was absent for about 35% of Senate votes.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.factcheck.org/2015/11/senators\\-missing\\-votes/ \\| title\\=Senators Missing Votes \\| work\\=FactCheck.org \\| date\\=November 3, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=March 8, 2016 \\| author\\=Gore, D'Angelo \\| archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308055636/http://www.factcheck.org/2015/11/senators\\-missing\\-votes \\| url\\-status\\=live }} In historical context Rubio's attendance record for Senate votes is not exceptional among senators seeking a presidential nomination; [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\") missed a much higher percentage of votes in 2007\\. But it was the worst of the three senators who campaigned for the presidency in 2015\\.Bump, Philip. [\"The problem with Marco Rubio's defense of his missed votes\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/10/30/marco-rubio-is-right-that-others-have-missed-more-votes-but-theyve-also-come-under-fire/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224100701/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\\-fix/wp/2015/10/30/marco\\-rubio\\-is\\-right\\-that\\-others\\-have\\-missed\\-more\\-votes\\-but\\-theyve\\-also\\-come\\-under\\-fire/ \\|date\\=February 24, 2016 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* (October 30, 2015\\).",
"During his Senate tenure, Rubio has co\\-sponsored bills on issues ranging from humanitarian crises in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\") to the Russian incursion into [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"),Schleifer, Theodore. [\"Who is Marco Rubio?\"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/10/politics/who-is-marco-rubio/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210144607/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/10/politics/who\\-is\\-marco\\-rubio/index.html \\|date\\=February 10, 2016 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") (February 10, 2016\\). and was a frequent and prominent critic of Obama's efforts in national security.",
"On May 17, 2016, Rubio broke from the Republican majority in his support of Obama's request for $2 billion in emergency spending on the [Zika virus](/wiki/Zika_virus \"Zika virus\") at a time when Florida accounted for roughly 20% of the recorded cases of Zika in the U.S., acknowledging that it was the president's request but adding, \"it's really the scientists' request, the doctors' request, the public health sector's request for how to address this issue.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/17/marco\\-rubio\\-pleads\\-gop\\-fund\\-full\\-zika\\-request\\-back/\\|title\\=Marco Rubio pleads with GOP to fund full Zika request, backfill money later\\|date\\=May 17, 2016\\|work\\=The Washington Times\\|last\\=Howell\\|first\\=Tom Jr.\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519002103/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/17/marco\\-rubio\\-pleads\\-gop\\-fund\\-full\\-zika\\-request\\-back/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On August 6, Rubio said he did not believe in terminating Zika\\-infected pregnancies.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-no\\-abortions\\-for\\-zika\\-infected\\-women/\\|title\\=Marco Rubio: No abortions for Zika\\-infected women\\|date\\=August 7, 2016\\|first\\=Emily\\|last\\=Schultheis\\|publisher\\=CBS News\\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=November 22, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153259/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-no\\-abortions\\-for\\-zika\\-infected\\-women/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On December 13, after President\\-elect Trump nominated [Rex Tillerson](/wiki/Rex_Tillerson \"Rex Tillerson\") as his [Secretary of State](/wiki/Secretary_of_State \"Secretary of State\") in the incoming administration, Rubio expressed concern about the selection.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-rex\\-tillerson\\-amy\\-klobuchar/index.html\\|title\\=Rubio endangers Tillerson nomination by saying he has 'serious conditions'\\|date\\=December 13, 2016\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|last1\\=Schleifer\\|first1\\=Theodore\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=December 14, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214020810/http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-rex\\-tillerson\\-amy\\-klobuchar/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On January 11, Rubio questioned Tillerson during a Senate committee hearing on his confirmation, saying afterward he would \"do what's right\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/rex\\-tillerson\\-confirmation\\-hearings.html\\|title\\=In Rocky Hearing, Rex Tillerson Tries to Separate From Trump\\|date\\=January 11, 2017\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|last1\\=Sanger\\|first1\\=David E.\\|last2\\=Flegenheimer\\|first2\\=Matt\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=January 26, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126231402/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/rex\\-tillerson\\-confirmation\\-hearings.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On January 23, Rubio said that he would vote to confirm Tillerson, saying that a delay in the appointment would be counter to national interests.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315634\\-rubio\\-to\\-vote\\-for\\-tillerson/\\|title\\=Rubio to vote for Tillerson\\|date\\=January 23, 2017\\|work\\=The Hill\\|last\\=Kamisar\\|first\\=Ben\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125154833/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315634\\-rubio\\-to\\-vote\\-for\\-tillerson\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 115th Congress (2017–2019\\)",
"[thumb\\|President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") (left) with [FEMA](/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency \"Federal Emergency Management Agency\") administrator [Brock Long](/wiki/Brock_Long \"Brock Long\") (center) and Rubio in September 2017](/wiki/File:POTUS_arrives_in_Florida_170914-G-ZX620-226.jpg \"POTUS arrives in Florida 170914-G-ZX620-226.jpg\")\nOn April 5, 2017, Rubio said [Bashar al\\-Assad](/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad \"Bashar al-Assad\") felt he could act with \"impunity\" in knowing the United States was not prioritizing removing him from office.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/marco\\-rubio\\-syria\\-rex\\-tillerson\\-236929\\|title\\=Rubio draws his own line on Syria\\|date\\=April 5, 2017\\|first\\=Marc\\|last\\=Caputo\\|publisher\\=Politico\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213750/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/marco\\-rubio\\-syria\\-rex\\-tillerson\\-236929\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The next day, Rubio praised Trump's [ordered strike](/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike \"2017 Shayrat missile strike\"): \"By acting decisively against the very facility from which Assad launched his murderous chemical weapons attack, President Trump has made it clear to Assad and those who empower him that the days of committing war crimes with impunity are over.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/04/rubio\\-nelson\\-applaud\\-trump\\-for\\-air\\-strikes\\-against\\-syrias\\-assad\\-regime\\-111101\\|title\\=Rubio, Nelson applaud Trump for air strikes against Syria's Assad regime\\|date\\=April 6, 2017\\|publisher\\=Politico\\|author1\\=Politico Florida Staff\\|last2\\=Caputo\\|first2\\=Marc\\|last3\\=Palmeri\\|first3\\=Tara\\|last4\\=Toosi\\|first4\\=Nahal\\|last5\\=Bender\\|first5\\=Bryan\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213839/http://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/04/rubio\\-nelson\\-applaud\\-trump\\-for\\-air\\-strikes\\-against\\-syrias\\-assad\\-regime\\-111101\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In September 2017, Rubio defended Trump's decision to rescind the [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals \"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\") program. He called the program, which provided temporary stay for some undocumented immigrants brought into the U.S. as minors, \"unconstitutional\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/349344\\-rubio\\-trump\\-should\\-clearly\\-outline\\-what\\-he\\-wants\\-on\\-daca/\\|title\\=Rubio: Trump should 'clearly outline' what he wants on DACA\\|date\\=September 5, 2017\\|work\\=The Hill\\|last\\=Greenwood\\|first\\=Max\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054527/http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/349344\\-rubio\\-trump\\-should\\-clearly\\-outline\\-what\\-he\\-wants\\-on\\-daca\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In the first session of the [115th United States Congress](/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress \"115th United States Congress\"), Rubio was ranked the tenth most bipartisan senator by the Bipartisan Index, published by [The Lugar Center](/wiki/Richard_Lugar%23The_Lugar_Center \"Richard Lugar#The Lugar Center\") and [Georgetown's](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\") [McCourt School of Public Policy](/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy \"McCourt School of Public Policy\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf\\|publisher\\=The Lugar Center\\|title\\=The Lugar Center – McCourt School Bipartisan Index\\|date\\=April 24, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2018\\|location\\=Washington, D.C.\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180136/http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"While ballots were being counted in a close Florida Senate race between Democratic incumbent [Bill Nelson](/wiki/Bill_Nelson \"Bill Nelson\") and Republican challenger [Rick Scott](/wiki/Rick_Scott \"Rick Scott\"), Rubio claimed without evidence that Democrats were conspiring with election officials to illicitly install Nelson.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/marco\\-rubio\\-opposes\\-recount\\-in\\-florida\\-senate\\-race.html\\|title\\=Rubio: Democrats Are Trying to Steal Florida Elections by Counting All the Votes\\|last\\=Levitz\\|first\\=Eric\\|work\\=Intelligencer\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2018\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072453/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/marco\\-rubio\\-opposes\\-recount\\-in\\-florida\\-senate\\-race.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/12/trump\\-attacks\\-florida\\-recount\\-claims\\-missing\\-or\\-forged\\-ballots.html\\|title\\=Trump attacks Florida recount with a wild claim that there are 'missing or forged' ballots\\|last\\=Higgins\\|first\\=Jacob Pramuk, Tucker\\|date\\=November 12, 2018\\|work\\=CNBC\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141009/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/12/trump\\-attacks\\-florida\\-recount\\-claims\\-missing\\-or\\-forged\\-ballots.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\\-government/article221528685\\.html\\|title\\=Trump, Scott and Rubio continue to push claims of Florida voter fraud without evidence\\|author\\=Daugherty, Alex\\|work\\=Miami Herald\\|date\\=November 12, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2018\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=November 5, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105173538/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\\-government/article221528685\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He claimed without evidence that \"Democrat lawyers\" were descending on Florida and that \"they have been very clear they aren't here to make sure every vote is counted.\" He claimed that Broward County officials were engaged in \"ongoing\" legal violations, without specifying what those were. Election monitors found no evidence of voter fraud in Broward County, and the Florida State Department found no evidence of criminal activity.",
"#### 116th Congress (2019–2021\\)",
"[thumb\\|Rubio meeting with [Venezuelan](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\") presidential candidate and opposition leader [Juan Guaidó](/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3 \"Juan Guaidó\") in February 2020](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_and_Mario_DB_meets_with_Juan_Guaido_%282%29.png \"Marco Rubio and Mario DB meets with Juan Guaido (2).png\")\nIn 2019, Rubio defended Trump's decision to host the [46th G7 summit](/wiki/46th_G7_summit \"46th G7 summit\") at the [Trump National Doral Miami](/wiki/Trump_National_Doral_Miami \"Trump National Doral Miami\"), a resort Trump owns. Rubio called the decision \"great\" and said it would be good for local businesses.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/blog/jamie\\-dupree/rubio\\-fine\\-with\\-trump\\-hosting\\-next\\-his\\-florida\\-resort/MaDz06l7iqWk5qvR7rDabL/\\|title\\=Rubio fine with Trump hosting next G7 at his Florida resort\\|last\\=Jamie Dupree\\|first\\=Cox Washington Bureau\\|website\\=ajc\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 18, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165106/https://www.ajc.com/blog/jamie\\-dupree/rubio\\-fine\\-with\\-trump\\-hosting\\-next\\-his\\-florida\\-resort/MaDz06l7iqWk5qvR7rDabL/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gq.com/story/donald\\-trump\\-g7\\-doral\\|title\\=Donald Trump Says the Absolute Best Spot for a G7 Summit Is His Own Resort\\|website\\=GQ\\|date\\=October 18, 2019\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 18, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165108/https://www.gq.com/story/donald\\-trump\\-g7\\-doral\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2020, Rubio supported the nomination of [Judy Shelton](/wiki/Judy_Shelton \"Judy Shelton\") to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. Shelton had received bipartisan criticism over her support for the [gold standard](/wiki/Gold_standard \"Gold standard\") and other unorthodox monetary policy views.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Saphir\\|first\\=Doina Chiacu, Ann\\|date\\=November 18, 2020\\|title\\=Trump nominee Shelton's path to Fed narrows as virus spreads\\|language\\=fr\\|work\\=Reuters\\|url\\=https://fr.reuters.com/article/usa\\-fed\\-shelton\\-idINKBN27Y07I\\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324162355/https://www.reuters.com/?edition\\-redirect\\=fr\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=Senate blocks Judy Shelton nomination to the Fed\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/11/17/shelton\\-fed\\-mcconnell/\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"After Biden defeated Trump in the [2020 presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\") and Trump made false claims of election fraud, Rubio defended Trump's right to assert claims of fraud and [challenge the election results](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\"), saying any \"irregularities\" and \"claims of broken election laws\" could not be claimed false until the courts ruled on them. Rubio later shifted his rhetoric to saying that concerns from Republican voters over \"potential irregularities\" in the election demanded redress. By November 23, 2020, Rubio referred to Biden as president\\-elect.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Bump\\|first\\=Philip\\|date\\=February 3, 2021\\|title\\=Analysis {{!}} The Republican conspiracy\\-theory crisis, in one tweet\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/03/republican\\-conspiracy\\-theory\\-crisis\\-one\\-tweet/\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2021\\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}}",
"#### 117th Congress (2021–2023\\)",
"Rubio described the [2021 United States Capitol attack](/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack \"2021 United States Capitol attack\") as unpatriotic and \"3rd world\\-style anti\\-American [anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy \"Anarchy\")\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Florida Lawmakers Condemn Pro\\-Trump Protests On Social Media \\|url\\=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/politics\\-issues/2021\\-01\\-06/florida\\-lawmakers\\-condemn\\-pro\\-trump\\-protests\\-on\\-social\\-media \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2021 \\|work\\=WUSF Public Media \\|date\\=January 6, 2021 \\|language\\=en}} Of the rioters, Rubio said some of them were adherents \"to a conspiracy theory and others got caught up in the moment. The result was a national embarrassment.\" After Congress was allowed to return to session, Rubio voted to certify the [2021 United States Electoral College vote count](/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count \"2021 United States Electoral College vote count\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Scouten \\|first1\\=Ted \\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio Claims Some Trump Supporters Who Barged Into Capitol Building 'Got Caught Up In The Moment' \\|url\\=https://miami.cbslocal.com/2021/01/07/marco\\-rubio\\-trump\\-supporters\\-caught\\-up\\-in\\-the\\-moment\\-capitol\\-siege/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2021 \\|date\\=January 7, 2021}} In February 2021, Rubio voted to acquit Trump for his role in inciting the mob to storm the Capitol.{{Cite news\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2021\\|title\\=Marco Rubio and Rick Scott vote to acquit Trump over role in Capitol riot\\|work\\=Miami Herald\\|url\\=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\\-government/article249212575\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"On May 28, 2021, Rubio voted against creating the [January 6 commission](/wiki/January_6_commission \"January 6 commission\").{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=May 28, 2021 \\|title\\=Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/january6\\-commission\\-senators\\-vote/}}",
"In May 2021, Rubio argued that \"Wall Street must stop enabling Communist China\" in *The American Prospect*{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://prospect.org/economy/wall\\-street\\-must\\-stop\\-enabling\\-communist\\-china/\\|title \\= Wall Street Must Stop Enabling Communist China\\|date \\= May 26, 2021}} and on his website.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press\\-releases?id\\=783460B2\\-D696\\-4D02\\-99E5\\-9BDC9E0CD390\\|title \\= ICYMI: Rubio: Wall Street Must Stop Enabling Communist China}} \"Americans from across the political spectrum should feel emboldened by the growing bipartisan awakening to the threat that the CCP poses to American workers, families, and communities\", he wrote. \"As we deploy legislative solutions to tackle this challenge, Democrats must not allow our corporate and financial sectors' leftward shift on social issues to blind them to the enormity of China as a geo\\-economic threat.\"",
"Rubio denounced the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\") in 2022 and co\\-sponsored a bill that would target pro\\-Russian separatist groups whose conflict with the Ukrainian government was used by [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") to justify the invasion.Lowry, Bryan (March 8, 2022\\). [Republicans pursue sanctions after Russia's invasion of Ukraine](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bradenton-herald-republicans-pursue/138619352/). *The Bradenton Herald*.",
"### Committee assignments",
"Rubio's committee memberships are as follows:{{cite web \\|title\\=Committee Assignments – U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio \\|url\\=https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/committee\\-assignments \\|website\\=www.rubio.senate.gov}}",
"* [Committee on Appropriations](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations \"United States Senate Committee on Appropriations\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Financial_Services_and_General_Government \"United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Labor%2C_Health_and_Human_Services%2C_Education%2C_and_Related_Agencies \"United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_the_Legislative_Branch \"United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Military_Construction%2C_Veterans_Affairs%2C_and_Related_Agencies \"United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_State%2C_Foreign_Operations%2C_and_Related_Programs \"United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs\")\n* [Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship \"United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship\")\n* [Select Committee on Intelligence](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence \"United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence\") (Ranking Member)\n* [Committee on Foreign Relations](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations \"United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights, and Global Women's Issues](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Western_Hemisphere%2C_Transnational_Crime%2C_Civilian_Security%2C_Democracy%2C_Human_Rights%2C_and_Global_Women%27s_Issues \"United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights, and Global Women's Issues\") (Ranking Member)\n\t+ [Subcommittee on East Asia, the Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_East_Asia%2C_The_Pacific%2C_and_International_Cybersecurity_Policy \"United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_State_Department_and_USAID_Management%2C_International_Operations%2C_and_Bilateral_International_Development \"United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development\")\n* [Special Committee on Aging](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging \"United States Senate Special Committee on Aging\")",
"### Caucuses",
"* [Senate Republican Conference](/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference \"Senate Republican Conference\")"
] |
### Tenure as senator
[thumb\|right\|Rubio's portrait during the
[112th Congress](/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress "112th United States Congress")](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg "Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio with Israeli President [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres "Shimon Peres") during trip to [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") and [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") in February 2013](/wiki/File:Meeting_in_February_2013_with_Israeli_President_Shimon_Peres_during_trip_to_Jordan_and_Israel.jpg "Meeting in February 2013 with Israeli President Shimon Peres during trip to Jordan and Israel.jpg")
[thumb\|Rubio touring the U.S.\-Mexican border in November 2011 with [Border Patrol](/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection "U.S. Customs and Border Protection") officials](/wiki/File:At_US-Mexican_border_in_November_2011_with_Customs_and_Border_Patrol.jpg "At US-Mexican border in November 2011 with Customs and Border Patrol.jpg")
During Rubio's first four years in the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate"), [Republicans were in the minority](/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses "Party divisions of United States Congresses"). After the [2014 midterm elections](/wiki/2014_United_States_elections "2014 United States elections"), the Republicans obtained majority control of the Senate, giving Rubio and the Republicans vast federal influence during the final two years of [Barack Obama's presidency](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama "Presidency of Barack Obama"), as well as during all four years of [Donald Trump's presidency](/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Presidency of Donald Trump"). After the 2020 elections, the Democrats regained majority control of the Senate, and Rubio has reassumed minority status within the Senate.
#### 112th Congress (2011–2013\)
{{multiple image
\| width1 \= 200
\| image1 \= Meeting in January 2011 with Florida constituents at Camp Leatherneck, Helmand Province, Afghanistan.jpg
\| caption1 \= Rubio with Floridians at \[\[Camp Leatherneck]] in \[\[Afghanistan]] in January 2011
\| width2 \= 210
\| image2 \= At Guantanamo Naval Base in May 2012\.jpg
\| caption2 \= Rubio visiting \[\[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]] in May 2012
}}
Shortly after taking office in 2011, Rubio said he had no interest in running for president or vice president in the 2012 presidential election.{{cite web\|first\=Michael\|last\=O'Brien\|url\=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog\-briefing\-room/news/79156\-rubio\-rejects\-running\-as\-republicans\-vp\-nominee/\|title\=Rubio rejects running as Republicans' VP nominee\|website\=The Hill\|date\=January 10, 2011\|access\-date\=November 5, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 20, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120013358/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog\-briefing\-room/news/136955\-rubio\-rejects\-running\-as\-republicans\-vp\-nominee\|url\-status\=live}} In March 2012, when he endorsed [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") for president, Rubio said that he did not expect to be or want to be [selected](/wiki/Veepstakes "Veepstakes") as a vice presidential [running mate](/wiki/Running_mate "Running mate"),{{cite news\|first\=Philip\|last\=Rucker\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney\-marco\-rubio\-is\-being\-seriously\-vetted\-as\-possible\-vice\-presidential\-choice/2012/06/19/gJQAUq19nV\_story.html\|title\=Romney: Marco Rubio is being seriously vetted as possible vice presidential pick\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=June 19, 2012\|access\-date\=November 5, 2015\|archive\-date\=November 21, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121151716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney\-marco\-rubio\-is\-being\-seriously\-vetted\-as\-possible\-vice\-presidential\-choice/2012/06/19/gJQAUq19nV\_story.html\|url\-status\=live}} but was [vetted](/wiki/Vetting "Vetting") for vice president by the [Romney campaign](/wiki/Mitt_Romney_presidential_campaign%2C_2012 "Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012"). Former Romney aide [Beth Myers](/wiki/Beth_Myers "Beth Myers") has said that the vetting process turned up nothing disqualifying about Rubio.{{cite web\|first\=Alex\|last\=Isenstadt\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/10/romney\-rubio\-vetting\-215373\|title\=Romney alum rebuts Bush whispers: Rubio passed our vetting\|website\=\[\[Politico]]\|date\=October 29, 2015\|access\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031132457/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/10/romney\-rubio\-vetting\-215373\|url\-status\=live}}
Upon taking office, Rubio hired [Cesar Conda](/wiki/Cesar_Conda "Cesar Conda") as his [chief of staff](/wiki/Congressional_staff%23Personal_staff "Congressional staff#Personal staff").{{Cite news \|author\-link\=Stephen F. Hayes \|last\=Hayes \|first\=Stephen \|date\=January 28, 2011 \|url\=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/marco\-rubio\-picks\-chief\-staff\-cesar\-conda\_537520\.html \|title\=Marco Rubio Picks a Chief of Staff: Cesar Conda \|work\=\[\[The Weekly Standard]] \|access\-date\=January 28, 2011 \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130033115/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/marco\-rubio\-picks\-chief\-staff\-cesar\-conda\_537520\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|title\=Rubio taps Cheney aide for chief of staff\|url\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0111/Rubio\_taps\_Cheney\_aide\_for\_chief\_of\_staff\_.html\|publisher\=Politico\|access\-date\=April 20, 2014\|date\=January 26, 2011\|last\=Toeplitz\|first\=Shira\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115043227/http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0111/Rubio\_taps\_Cheney\_aide\_for\_chief\_of\_staff\_.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio hires Cesar Conda to be chief of staff\|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/sen\-marco\-rubio\-hires\-cesar\-conda\-to\-be\-chief\-of\-staff/1148232\|work\=Tampa Bay Times\|access\-date\=April 20, 2014\|date\=January 28, 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064209/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/sen\-marco\-rubio\-hires\-cesar\-conda\-to\-be\-chief\-of\-staff/1148232\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2014\|last\=Leary\|first\=Alex}} Conda, a former adviser to Vice President [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney"), and former top aide to Sens. [Spencer Abraham](/wiki/Spencer_Abraham "Spencer Abraham") (R\-Mich.) and [Robert Kasten](/wiki/Robert_Kasten "Robert Kasten") (R\-Wis.), was succeeded in 2014 as Rubio's chief of staff by his deputy, Alberto Martinez, but Conda remained as a part\-time adviser.O'Keefe, Ed and Costa, Robert. ["Marco Rubio announces staff changes sure to fuel 2016 talk"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/04/11/marco-rubio-announces-staff-changes-sure-to-fuel-2016-talk/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126163934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post\-politics/wp/2014/04/11/marco\-rubio\-announces\-staff\-changes\-sure\-to\-fuel\-2016\-talk/ \|date\=November 26, 2015 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* (April 11, 2014\).
During his first year in office, Rubio became an influential defender of the [United States embargo against Cuba](/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba "United States embargo against Cuba") and induced the State Department to withdraw an ambassadorial nomination of [Jonathan D. Farrar](/wiki/Jonathan_D._Farrar "Jonathan D. Farrar"), who was the Chief of Mission of the [United States Interests Section in Havana](/wiki/United_States_Interests_Section_in_Havana "United States Interests Section in Havana") from 2008 to 2011\. Rubio believed that Farrar was not assertive enough toward the Castro regime.Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, pp. 194–195 (Simon \& Schuster 2012\). Also in 2011, Rubio was invited to visit the [Reagan Library](/wiki/Reagan_Library "Reagan Library"), during which he gave a well\-publicized speech praising its namesake, and also rescued [Nancy Reagan](/wiki/Nancy_Reagan "Nancy Reagan") from falling.O'Hare, Kate. ["Marco Rubio to the rescue! Freshman senator saves a falling Nancy Reagan"](http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/08/its-marco-rubio-to-the-rescue-when-nancy-reagan-falls.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083333/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/08/its\-marco\-rubio\-to\-the\-rescue\-when\-nancy\-reagan\-falls.html \|date\=February 11, 2016 }}, *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")* (August 24, 2011\).Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, pp. 1–6 (Simon \& Schuster 2012\).
In March 2011, Rubio supported U.S. participation in the [military campaign in Libya](/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya "2011 military intervention in Libya") to oust Libyan leader [Muammar Gaddafi](/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi "Muammar Gaddafi").Browne, Ryan. "Reality Check: Rubio on Libya post\-intervention" *in* ["Republican Town Hall: CNN's Reality Check Team inspects the claims"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/17/politics/republican-town-hall-fact-check/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221110345/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/17/politics/republican\-town\-hall\-fact\-check \|date\=February 21, 2016 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") (February 18, 2016\). He urged that Senate leaders bring "a bi\-partisan resolution to the Senate floor authorizing the president's decision to participate in allied military action in Libya".Halper, Daniel. ["Senate Resolution Would Support Policy of Regime Change in Libya"](http://www.weeklystandard.com/senate-resolution-would-support-policy-of-regime-change-in-libya/article/556824) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222081614/http://www.weeklystandard.com/senate\-resolution\-would\-support\-policy\-of\-regime\-change\-in\-libya/article/556824 \|date\=February 22, 2016 }}, *[The Weekly Standard](/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard "The Weekly Standard")* (April 5, 2011\). The administration decided that no congressional authorization was needed under the [War Powers Resolution](/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution%23Libya_intervention_in_2011 "War Powers Resolution#Libya intervention in 2011"); Senator [Joe Lieberman](/wiki/Joe_Lieberman "Joe Lieberman") (I\-CT) joined Rubio in writing an opinion piece for *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* in June 2011 again urging passage of such authorization.Lieberman, Joseph and Rubio, Marco. ["Victory Is the Answer in Libya"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304070104576399923803151478), *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* (June 23, 2011\): "For those on Capitol Hill who think the president requires congressional authorization to continue operations in Libya, there is a simple solution: Congress can and should pass a resolution explicitly backing these activities." In October 2011, Rubio joined several other senators in pushing for continued engagement to "help Libya lay the foundation for sustainable security".McCain, John, et al. ["The Promise of a Pro\-American Libya"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211024215/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516 \|date\=February 11, 2017 }}, *the [Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal "Wall Street Journal")* (October 7, 2011\). Soon after Gadhafi was ousted, Rubio warned there was a serious threat posed by the spread of militias and weapons, and called for more U.S. involvement to counter that threat.
Rubio voted against the [Budget Control Act of 2011](/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011 "Budget Control Act of 2011"), which included [mandatory automatic budget cuts from sequestration](/wiki/United_States_budget_sequestration_in_2013 "United States budget sequestration in 2013").Michael McAuliff \& Erin Mershon, [Mandatory Budget Cuts From Sequestration Slammed By Republicans](https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/budget-cuts-sequestration_n_1735321.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405081201/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/budget\-cuts\-sequestration\_n\_1735321\.html \|date\=April 5, 2016 }}, *The Huffington Post* (August 2, 2012\).Amy Sherman, [Marco Rubio says he never supported the sequester](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/nov/26/marco-rubio/marco-rubio-says-he-never-supported-sequester/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025133936/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/nov/26/marco\-rubio/marco\-rubio\-says\-he\-never\-supported\-sequester/ \|date\=October 25, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (November 26, 2013\). He later said that defense spending should never have been linked to taxes and the deficit, calling the policy a "terrible idea" based on a "false choice".
The following month, Rubio and Senator [Chris Coons](/wiki/Chris_Coons "Chris Coons"), Democrat of [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware"), co\-sponsored the American Growth, Recovery, Empowerment and Entrepreneurship Act (AGREE Act), which would have extended many [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credit "Tax credit") and exemptions for businesses investing in [research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development "Research and development"), equipment, and other capital; provided a tax credit for veterans who start a business franchise; allowed an increase in immigration for certain types of work visas; and strengthened copyright protections.{{cite news \|author\=Laura Green \|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio says bipartisan jobs bill built on common ground \|url\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/sen\-marco\-rubio\-says\-bipartisan\-jobs\-bill\-built\-on/nLzkn/ \|work\=The Palm Beach Post \|date\=November 16, 2011 \|access\-date\=August 18, 2013 \|archive\-date\=March 11, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311051429/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/sen\-marco\-rubio\-says\-bipartisan\-jobs\-bill\-built\-on/nLzkn/ \|url\-status\=live }}Roig\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [p. 191](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222085703/https://books.google.com/books?id\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA191 \|date\=February 22, 2016 }} (Simon \& Schuster 2015\).{{cite news \|title\=A jobs bill that will pass in Congress? Sen. Coons and Sen. Rubio on bipartisan bill to boost hiring \|url\=http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/16/a\-jobs\-bill\-that\-will\-pass\-in\-congress\-sen\-coons\-and\-sen\-rubio\-on\-bipartisan\-bill\-to\-boost\-hiring/ \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=November 16, 2011 \|access\-date\=February 21, 2016 \|series\=American Morning \|type\=video \|archive\-date\=February 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223080628/http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/16/a\-jobs\-bill\-that\-will\-pass\-in\-congress\-sen\-coons\-and\-sen\-rubio\-on\-bipartisan\-bill\-to\-boost\-hiring/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|title\=Sens. Rubio, Coons Introduce AGREE Act \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/on\-air/your\-world\-cavuto/2011/11/17/sens\-rubio\-coons\-introduce\-agree\-act \|publisher\=Fox News Channel \|date\=November 16, 2011 \|access\-date\=February 21, 2016 \|series\=Your World Cavuto \|last\=Cavuto \|first\=Neil \|archive\-date\=February 22, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222084606/http://www.foxnews.com/on\-air/your\-world\-cavuto/2011/11/17/sens\-rubio\-coons\-introduce\-agree\-act \|url\-status\=live }}
Rubio voted against the 2012 "[fiscal cliff](/wiki/United_States_fiscal_cliff "United States fiscal cliff")" resolutions. Although he received some criticism for this position, he responded: "Thousands of small businesses, not just the wealthy, will now be forced to decide how they'll pay this new tax, and, chances are, they'll do it by firing employees, cutting back their hours and benefits, or postponing the new hires they were looking to make. And to make matters worse, it does nothing to bring our dangerous debt under control."{{cite web \|last\=Reinhard \|first\=Beth \|title\=Paul Ryan vs. Marco Rubio: The Politics of the Cliff Vote \|work\=National Journal \|date\=January 3, 2013 \|url\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/paul\-ryan\-vs\-marco\-rubio\-the\-politics\-of\-the\-cliff\-vote\-20130103?page\=1 \|access\-date\=January 4, 2013 \|archive\-date\=January 6, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106021704/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/paul\-ryan\-vs\-marco\-rubio\-the\-politics\-of\-the\-cliff\-vote\-20130103?page\=1 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### 113th Congress (2013–2015\)
[thumb\|Rubio prior to delivering the [response to the State of the Union address](/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address "Response to the State of the Union address") in February 2013](/wiki/File:Preparing_in_February_2013_to_deliver_Republican_address_to_the_nation.jpg "Preparing in February 2013 to deliver Republican address to the nation.jpg")
In 2013, Rubio was part of the bipartisan "[Gang of Eight](/wiki/Gang_of_Eight_%28immigration%29 "Gang of Eight (immigration)")" senators that crafted [comprehensive immigration reform legislation](/wiki/Border_Security%2C_Economic_Opportunity%2C_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013 "Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013").{{cite news\|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio (R)\|url\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/1856\|access\-date\=August 16, 2014\|publisher\=National Journal Almanac\|url\-access\=subscription\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084201/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/1856\|url\-status\=live}} Rubio proposed a plan providing a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants currently living in the United States involving payment of fines and [back taxes](/wiki/Back_tax "Back tax"), background checks, and a probationary period; that pathway was to be implemented only after strengthening [border security](/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol "United States Border Patrol").{{cite web
\| last \=Reiff
\| first \=Laura Foote
\| author2 \=Nataliya Binshteyn
\| title \=President Obama to Outline Plan for Comprehensive Immigration Reform on Tuesday
\| work \=The National Law Review
\| publisher \=Greenberg Traurig, LLP
\| date \=January 28, 2013
\| url \=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president\-obama\-to\-outline\-plan\-comprehensive\-immigration\-reform\-tuesday\-0
\| access\-date \=January 29, 2013
\| archive\-date \=November 7, 2013
\| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107150826/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president\-obama\-to\-outline\-plan\-comprehensive\-immigration\-reform\-tuesday\-0
\| url\-status \=live
}}Boles, Corey. ["Much\-Anticipated Immigration Bill Is Introduced"](https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/04/17/much-anticipated-immigration-bill-is-introduced/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080657/http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/04/17/much\-anticipated\-immigration\-bill\-is\-introduced/ \|date\=April 5, 2016 }}, *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* (April 17, 2013\). The bill passed the Senate 68 to 32 with his support, but Rubio then signaled that the bill should not be taken up by the House because other priorities, like repealing Obamacare, were a higher priority for him; the House never did take up the bill. Rubio has since explained that he still supports reform, but a different approach instead of a single comprehensive bill.Levy, Pema. ["How Marco Rubio Gave In to Democrats on the Immigration Reform Bill"](https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/rubio-immigration-reform-gang-eight) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134819/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/rubio\-immigration\-reform\-gang\-eight/ \|date\=November 8, 2020 }}, *[Mother Jones](/wiki/Mother_Jones_%28magazine%29 "Mother Jones (magazine)")* (December 4, 2015\).
Rubio was chosen to deliver the [Republican response](/wiki/Republican_response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address "Republican response to the State of the Union address") to President Obama's [2013 State of the Union Address](/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address "2013 State of the Union Address").{{cite news\|url\=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/12/full\-text\-marco\-rubios\-republican\-response/\|title\=Full text: Marco Rubio's Republican response\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=February 12, 2013\|editor\=CNN Political Unit\|last\=Rubio\|first\=Marco\|access\-date\=February 19, 2013\|archive\-date\=February 17, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204103/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/12/full\-text\-marco\-rubios\-republican\-response/\|url\-status\=dead}} It marked the first time the response was delivered in English and Spanish.{{cite news \|title\=State of the Union: Marco Rubio to Deliver Republican Response \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/marco\-rubio\-to\-deliver\-gop\-state\-of\-the\-union\-response/ \|publisher\=ABC News \|first\=Z. Byron \|last\=Wolf \|date\=February 6, 2013 \|access\-date\=February 19, 2013 \|archive\-date\=February 9, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209195030/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/marco\-rubio\-to\-deliver\-gop\-state\-of\-the\-union\-response/ \|url\-status\=live }} Rubio's attempt to draw a strong line against the looming defense sequestration was undercut by fellow Republican senator [Rand Paul](/wiki/Rand_Paul "Rand Paul")'s additional response to Obama's speech that called for the sequester to be carried out.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130224/DEFREG02/302240006/Has\-U\-S\-GOP\-Lost\-Its\-Standing\-Strong\-Defense\-Party\-\|title\=Has U.S. GOP Lost Its Standing as The Strong\-on\-Defense Party?\|work\=Defense News\|access\-date\=December 16, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130408011532/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130224/DEFREG02/302240006/Has\-U\-S\-GOP\-Lost\-Its\-Standing\-Strong\-Defense\-Party\-\|archive\-date\=April 8, 2013}}
In April 2013, Rubio voted against an expansion of [background checks for gun purchases](/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System "National Instant Criminal Background Check System"), contending that such increased regulatory measures would do little to help capture criminals.Zach Carter, [Marco Rubio: Background Checks In Gun Compromise Won't Capture 'Criminals'](https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/rubio-background-checks-i_n_3080364.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611045038/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/rubio\-background\-checks\-i\_n\_3080364\.html \|date\=June 11, 2017 }}, *The Huffington Post* (April 14, 2013\).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\_call\_lists/roll\_call\_vote\_cfm.cfm?congress\=113\&session\=1\&vote\=00097 \|title\=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 113th Congress – 1st Session \|publisher\=\[\[United States Senate]] \|access\-date\=July 30, 2013 \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809104556/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\_call\_lists/roll\_call\_vote\_cfm.cfm?congress\=113\&session\=1\&vote\=00097 \|url\-status\=live }}
Rubio voted against publishing the [Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture](/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture "Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture"). In 2016, Rubio said the U.S. should "find out everything they know" from captured terrorists and should not telegraph "the enemy what interrogation techniques we will or won't use."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/ted\-cruz\-republicans\-torture\-217976\|title\=On torture, Cruz stands alone\|author\=Crowley, Michael\|work\=Politico\|date\=January 21, 2016\|access\-date\=September 15, 2020\|archive\-date\=October 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024190023/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/ted\-cruz\-republicans\-torture\-217976\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 114th Congress (2015–2017\)
[thumb\|Rubio in November 2015](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_by_Matt_Johnson.jpg "Marco Rubio by Matt Johnson.jpg")
Republicans took control of the U.S. Senate as a result of the elections in November 2014\.Tau, Byron. ["Santorum Won't Name Single Rubio Feat in Senate (Hint: Think 'Immigration')"](https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/02/04/santorum-wont-name-single-rubio-feat-in-senate-hint-think-immigration/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111235/https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/02/04/santorum\-wont\-name\-single\-rubio\-feat\-in\-senate\-hint\-think\-immigration/ \|date\=May 3, 2018 }}, *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* (February 4, 2016\). As this new period of Republican control began, Rubio pushed for the elimination of the "risk corridors" used by the federal government to compensate insurers for their losses as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The risk corridors were intended to be funded by profitable insurers participating in the PPACA, but since insurer losses have significantly exceeded their profits in the program, the risk corridors have been depleted. His efforts contributed to the inclusion of a provision in the 2014 federal budget that prevented other funding sources from being tapped to replenish the risk corridors.{{cite news \| url\=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/261244\-rubio\-budget\-win\-is\-dealing\-heavy\-blow\-to\-obamacare/ \| work\=The Hill \| title\=Rubio budget win is dealing heavy blow to ObamaCare \| date\=November 24, 2015 \| last\=Ferris \| first\=Sarah \| access\-date\=February 23, 2016 \| archive\-date\=February 24, 2016 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224113505/http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/261244\-rubio\-budget\-win\-is\-dealing\-heavy\-blow\-to\-obamacare \| url\-status\=live }}
In March 2015, Rubio and Senator [Mike Lee](/wiki/Mike_Lee "Mike Lee"), Republican of Utah, proposed a tax plan that according to *The Wall Street Journal*, combined thinking from "old\-fashioned, Reagan\-era supply\-siders" and a "breed of largely younger conservative reform thinkers" concerned with the tax burden on the middle class. The plan would lower the top corporate income tax rate from 38% to 25%, eliminate taxes on capital gains, dividends, and inherited estates, and create a new child tax credit worth up to $2,500 per child. The plan would set the top individual income tax rate at 35%. It also included a proposal to replace the means\-tested welfare system, including food stamps and the Earned Income Tax Credit, with a new "consolidated system of benefits".{{cite news \|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/03/13/lee\-rubio\-plan\-gives\-life\-to\-2016\-tax\-debate/ \|title\=Lee\-Rubio Plan Gives Life to 2016 Tax Debate \|last1\=King \|first1\=Neil Jr. \|date\=March 13, 2015 \|work\=The Wall Street Journal \|access\-date\=September 24, 2015}}
According to analysis by [Vocativ](/wiki/Vocativ "Vocativ") as reported by Fox News, Rubio missed 8\.3% of total votes from January 2011 to February 2015\.{{cite news \|author\= \|date\=April 23, 2015 \|title\=Absentee ballot: Ted Cruz a no\-show at most committee meetings, floor votes \|url\=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/23/absentee\-ballot\-ted\-cruz\-no\-show\-at\-most\-committee\-meetings\-floor\-votes/ \|publisher\=Fox News Channel \|access\-date\=April 23, 2015 \|quote\=In February, an analysis carried out by Vocativ in partnership with GovTrack.us, showed that Rubio beats Cruz as the senator most absent from chambers, having missed 99, or 8\.3 percent, of 1,198 total votes since taking office in January 2011 to February of this year. \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424071512/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/23/absentee\-ballot\-ted\-cruz\-no\-show\-at\-most\-committee\-meetings\-floor\-votes/ \|url\-status\=live }} From October 27, 2014, to October 26, 2015, Rubio voted in 74% of Senate votes, according to an analysis by GovTrack.us, which tracks congressional voting records.{{cite web\|title\=Marco Rubio, Senator for Florida\|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/marco\_rubio/412491\|website\=GovTrack\|publisher\=Civic Impulse, LLC\|access\-date\=October 29, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029043327/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/marco\_rubio/412491\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|last1\=Rugaber\|first1\=Christopher S.\|title\=AP FACT CHECK: The Republican debaters and the facts\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/ap\-fact\-check\-republican\-debaters\-facts\-005112443\-\-election.html\|access\-date\=October 29, 2015\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=October 28, 2015\|archive\-date\=October 31, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031220429/http://news.yahoo.com/ap\-fact\-check\-republican\-debaters\-facts\-005112443\-\-election.html\|url\-status\=live}} In 2015, Rubio was absent for about 35% of Senate votes.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.factcheck.org/2015/11/senators\-missing\-votes/ \| title\=Senators Missing Votes \| work\=FactCheck.org \| date\=November 3, 2015 \| access\-date\=March 8, 2016 \| author\=Gore, D'Angelo \| archive\-date\=March 8, 2016 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308055636/http://www.factcheck.org/2015/11/senators\-missing\-votes \| url\-status\=live }} In historical context Rubio's attendance record for Senate votes is not exceptional among senators seeking a presidential nomination; [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") missed a much higher percentage of votes in 2007\. But it was the worst of the three senators who campaigned for the presidency in 2015\.Bump, Philip. ["The problem with Marco Rubio's defense of his missed votes"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/10/30/marco-rubio-is-right-that-others-have-missed-more-votes-but-theyve-also-come-under-fire/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224100701/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\-fix/wp/2015/10/30/marco\-rubio\-is\-right\-that\-others\-have\-missed\-more\-votes\-but\-theyve\-also\-come\-under\-fire/ \|date\=February 24, 2016 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* (October 30, 2015\).
During his Senate tenure, Rubio has co\-sponsored bills on issues ranging from humanitarian crises in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") to the Russian incursion into [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"),Schleifer, Theodore. ["Who is Marco Rubio?"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/10/politics/who-is-marco-rubio/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210144607/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/10/politics/who\-is\-marco\-rubio/index.html \|date\=February 10, 2016 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") (February 10, 2016\). and was a frequent and prominent critic of Obama's efforts in national security.
On May 17, 2016, Rubio broke from the Republican majority in his support of Obama's request for $2 billion in emergency spending on the [Zika virus](/wiki/Zika_virus "Zika virus") at a time when Florida accounted for roughly 20% of the recorded cases of Zika in the U.S., acknowledging that it was the president's request but adding, "it's really the scientists' request, the doctors' request, the public health sector's request for how to address this issue."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/17/marco\-rubio\-pleads\-gop\-fund\-full\-zika\-request\-back/\|title\=Marco Rubio pleads with GOP to fund full Zika request, backfill money later\|date\=May 17, 2016\|work\=The Washington Times\|last\=Howell\|first\=Tom Jr.\|access\-date\=May 20, 2016\|archive\-date\=May 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519002103/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/17/marco\-rubio\-pleads\-gop\-fund\-full\-zika\-request\-back/\|url\-status\=live}} On August 6, Rubio said he did not believe in terminating Zika\-infected pregnancies.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-no\-abortions\-for\-zika\-infected\-women/\|title\=Marco Rubio: No abortions for Zika\-infected women\|date\=August 7, 2016\|first\=Emily\|last\=Schultheis\|publisher\=CBS News\|access\-date\=November 21, 2016\|archive\-date\=November 22, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153259/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\-rubio\-no\-abortions\-for\-zika\-infected\-women/\|url\-status\=live}}
On December 13, after President\-elect Trump nominated [Rex Tillerson](/wiki/Rex_Tillerson "Rex Tillerson") as his [Secretary of State](/wiki/Secretary_of_State "Secretary of State") in the incoming administration, Rubio expressed concern about the selection.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/marco\-rubio\-rex\-tillerson\-amy\-klobuchar/index.html\|title\=Rubio endangers Tillerson nomination by saying he has 'serious conditions'\|date\=December 13, 2016\|publisher\=CNN\|last1\=Schleifer\|first1\=Theodore\|access\-date\=December 14, 2016\|archive\-date\=December 14, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214020810/http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/marco\-rubio\-rex\-tillerson\-amy\-klobuchar/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} On January 11, Rubio questioned Tillerson during a Senate committee hearing on his confirmation, saying afterward he would "do what's right".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/rex\-tillerson\-confirmation\-hearings.html\|title\=In Rocky Hearing, Rex Tillerson Tries to Separate From Trump\|date\=January 11, 2017\|work\=The New York Times\|last1\=Sanger\|first1\=David E.\|last2\=Flegenheimer\|first2\=Matt\|access\-date\=January 26, 2017\|archive\-date\=January 26, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126231402/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/rex\-tillerson\-confirmation\-hearings.html\|url\-status\=live}} On January 23, Rubio said that he would vote to confirm Tillerson, saying that a delay in the appointment would be counter to national interests.{{cite news\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315634\-rubio\-to\-vote\-for\-tillerson/\|title\=Rubio to vote for Tillerson\|date\=January 23, 2017\|work\=The Hill\|last\=Kamisar\|first\=Ben\|access\-date\=January 26, 2017\|archive\-date\=January 25, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125154833/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315634\-rubio\-to\-vote\-for\-tillerson\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 115th Congress (2017–2019\)
[thumb\|President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (left) with [FEMA](/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency "Federal Emergency Management Agency") administrator [Brock Long](/wiki/Brock_Long "Brock Long") (center) and Rubio in September 2017](/wiki/File:POTUS_arrives_in_Florida_170914-G-ZX620-226.jpg "POTUS arrives in Florida 170914-G-ZX620-226.jpg")
On April 5, 2017, Rubio said [Bashar al\-Assad](/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad "Bashar al-Assad") felt he could act with "impunity" in knowing the United States was not prioritizing removing him from office.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/marco\-rubio\-syria\-rex\-tillerson\-236929\|title\=Rubio draws his own line on Syria\|date\=April 5, 2017\|first\=Marc\|last\=Caputo\|publisher\=Politico\|access\-date\=April 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213750/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/marco\-rubio\-syria\-rex\-tillerson\-236929\|url\-status\=live}} The next day, Rubio praised Trump's [ordered strike](/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike "2017 Shayrat missile strike"): "By acting decisively against the very facility from which Assad launched his murderous chemical weapons attack, President Trump has made it clear to Assad and those who empower him that the days of committing war crimes with impunity are over."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/04/rubio\-nelson\-applaud\-trump\-for\-air\-strikes\-against\-syrias\-assad\-regime\-111101\|title\=Rubio, Nelson applaud Trump for air strikes against Syria's Assad regime\|date\=April 6, 2017\|publisher\=Politico\|author1\=Politico Florida Staff\|last2\=Caputo\|first2\=Marc\|last3\=Palmeri\|first3\=Tara\|last4\=Toosi\|first4\=Nahal\|last5\=Bender\|first5\=Bryan\|access\-date\=April 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213839/http://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/04/rubio\-nelson\-applaud\-trump\-for\-air\-strikes\-against\-syrias\-assad\-regime\-111101\|url\-status\=live}}
In September 2017, Rubio defended Trump's decision to rescind the [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals") program. He called the program, which provided temporary stay for some undocumented immigrants brought into the U.S. as minors, "unconstitutional".{{cite news\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/349344\-rubio\-trump\-should\-clearly\-outline\-what\-he\-wants\-on\-daca/\|title\=Rubio: Trump should 'clearly outline' what he wants on DACA\|date\=September 5, 2017\|work\=The Hill\|last\=Greenwood\|first\=Max\|access\-date\=October 10, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054527/http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/349344\-rubio\-trump\-should\-clearly\-outline\-what\-he\-wants\-on\-daca\|url\-status\=live}}
In the first session of the [115th United States Congress](/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress "115th United States Congress"), Rubio was ranked the tenth most bipartisan senator by the Bipartisan Index, published by [The Lugar Center](/wiki/Richard_Lugar%23The_Lugar_Center "Richard Lugar#The Lugar Center") and [Georgetown's](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") [McCourt School of Public Policy](/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy "McCourt School of Public Policy").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf\|publisher\=The Lugar Center\|title\=The Lugar Center – McCourt School Bipartisan Index\|date\=April 24, 2018\|access\-date\=July 9, 2018\|location\=Washington, D.C.\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180136/http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf\|url\-status\=live}}
While ballots were being counted in a close Florida Senate race between Democratic incumbent [Bill Nelson](/wiki/Bill_Nelson "Bill Nelson") and Republican challenger [Rick Scott](/wiki/Rick_Scott "Rick Scott"), Rubio claimed without evidence that Democrats were conspiring with election officials to illicitly install Nelson.{{Cite news\|url\=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/marco\-rubio\-opposes\-recount\-in\-florida\-senate\-race.html\|title\=Rubio: Democrats Are Trying to Steal Florida Elections by Counting All the Votes\|last\=Levitz\|first\=Eric\|work\=Intelligencer\|access\-date\=November 14, 2018\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072453/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/marco\-rubio\-opposes\-recount\-in\-florida\-senate\-race.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/12/trump\-attacks\-florida\-recount\-claims\-missing\-or\-forged\-ballots.html\|title\=Trump attacks Florida recount with a wild claim that there are 'missing or forged' ballots\|last\=Higgins\|first\=Jacob Pramuk, Tucker\|date\=November 12, 2018\|work\=CNBC\|access\-date\=November 14, 2018\|archive\-date\=November 8, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141009/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/12/trump\-attacks\-florida\-recount\-claims\-missing\-or\-forged\-ballots.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\-government/article221528685\.html\|title\=Trump, Scott and Rubio continue to push claims of Florida voter fraud without evidence\|author\=Daugherty, Alex\|work\=Miami Herald\|date\=November 12, 2018\|access\-date\=November 14, 2018\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=November 5, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105173538/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\-government/article221528685\.html\|url\-status\=live}} He claimed without evidence that "Democrat lawyers" were descending on Florida and that "they have been very clear they aren't here to make sure every vote is counted." He claimed that Broward County officials were engaged in "ongoing" legal violations, without specifying what those were. Election monitors found no evidence of voter fraud in Broward County, and the Florida State Department found no evidence of criminal activity.
#### 116th Congress (2019–2021\)
[thumb\|Rubio meeting with [Venezuelan](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") presidential candidate and opposition leader [Juan Guaidó](/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3 "Juan Guaidó") in February 2020](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_and_Mario_DB_meets_with_Juan_Guaido_%282%29.png "Marco Rubio and Mario DB meets with Juan Guaido (2).png")
In 2019, Rubio defended Trump's decision to host the [46th G7 summit](/wiki/46th_G7_summit "46th G7 summit") at the [Trump National Doral Miami](/wiki/Trump_National_Doral_Miami "Trump National Doral Miami"), a resort Trump owns. Rubio called the decision "great" and said it would be good for local businesses.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ajc.com/blog/jamie\-dupree/rubio\-fine\-with\-trump\-hosting\-next\-his\-florida\-resort/MaDz06l7iqWk5qvR7rDabL/\|title\=Rubio fine with Trump hosting next G7 at his Florida resort\|last\=Jamie Dupree\|first\=Cox Washington Bureau\|website\=ajc\|language\=en\|access\-date\=October 18, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 18, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165106/https://www.ajc.com/blog/jamie\-dupree/rubio\-fine\-with\-trump\-hosting\-next\-his\-florida\-resort/MaDz06l7iqWk5qvR7rDabL/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gq.com/story/donald\-trump\-g7\-doral\|title\=Donald Trump Says the Absolute Best Spot for a G7 Summit Is His Own Resort\|website\=GQ\|date\=October 18, 2019\|language\=en\|access\-date\=October 18, 2019\|archive\-date\=October 18, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165108/https://www.gq.com/story/donald\-trump\-g7\-doral\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2020, Rubio supported the nomination of [Judy Shelton](/wiki/Judy_Shelton "Judy Shelton") to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. Shelton had received bipartisan criticism over her support for the [gold standard](/wiki/Gold_standard "Gold standard") and other unorthodox monetary policy views.{{Cite news\|last\=Saphir\|first\=Doina Chiacu, Ann\|date\=November 18, 2020\|title\=Trump nominee Shelton's path to Fed narrows as virus spreads\|language\=fr\|work\=Reuters\|url\=https://fr.reuters.com/article/usa\-fed\-shelton\-idINKBN27Y07I\|access\-date\=December 20, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324162355/https://www.reuters.com/?edition\-redirect\=fr\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite news\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2020\|title\=Senate blocks Judy Shelton nomination to the Fed\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/11/17/shelton\-fed\-mcconnell/\|access\-date\=}}
After Biden defeated Trump in the [2020 presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") and Trump made false claims of election fraud, Rubio defended Trump's right to assert claims of fraud and [challenge the election results](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election"), saying any "irregularities" and "claims of broken election laws" could not be claimed false until the courts ruled on them. Rubio later shifted his rhetoric to saying that concerns from Republican voters over "potential irregularities" in the election demanded redress. By November 23, 2020, Rubio referred to Biden as president\-elect.{{Cite news\|last\=Bump\|first\=Philip\|date\=February 3, 2021\|title\=Analysis {{!}} The Republican conspiracy\-theory crisis, in one tweet\|language\=en\-US\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/03/republican\-conspiracy\-theory\-crisis\-one\-tweet/\|access\-date\=May 2, 2021\|issn\=0190\-8286}}
#### 117th Congress (2021–2023\)
Rubio described the [2021 United States Capitol attack](/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack "2021 United States Capitol attack") as unpatriotic and "3rd world\-style anti\-American [anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy "Anarchy")".{{cite news \|title\=Florida Lawmakers Condemn Pro\-Trump Protests On Social Media \|url\=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/politics\-issues/2021\-01\-06/florida\-lawmakers\-condemn\-pro\-trump\-protests\-on\-social\-media \|access\-date\=January 8, 2021 \|work\=WUSF Public Media \|date\=January 6, 2021 \|language\=en}} Of the rioters, Rubio said some of them were adherents "to a conspiracy theory and others got caught up in the moment. The result was a national embarrassment." After Congress was allowed to return to session, Rubio voted to certify the [2021 United States Electoral College vote count](/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2021 United States Electoral College vote count").{{cite news \|last1\=Scouten \|first1\=Ted \|title\=Sen. Marco Rubio Claims Some Trump Supporters Who Barged Into Capitol Building 'Got Caught Up In The Moment' \|url\=https://miami.cbslocal.com/2021/01/07/marco\-rubio\-trump\-supporters\-caught\-up\-in\-the\-moment\-capitol\-siege/ \|access\-date\=January 8, 2021 \|date\=January 7, 2021}} In February 2021, Rubio voted to acquit Trump for his role in inciting the mob to storm the Capitol.{{Cite news\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2021\|title\=Marco Rubio and Rick Scott vote to acquit Trump over role in Capitol riot\|work\=Miami Herald\|url\=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\-government/article249212575\.html\|access\-date\=}}
On May 28, 2021, Rubio voted against creating the [January 6 commission](/wiki/January_6_commission "January 6 commission").{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=May 28, 2021 \|title\=Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/january6\-commission\-senators\-vote/}}
In May 2021, Rubio argued that "Wall Street must stop enabling Communist China" in *The American Prospect*{{Cite web\|url\=https://prospect.org/economy/wall\-street\-must\-stop\-enabling\-communist\-china/\|title \= Wall Street Must Stop Enabling Communist China\|date \= May 26, 2021}} and on his website.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press\-releases?id\=783460B2\-D696\-4D02\-99E5\-9BDC9E0CD390\|title \= ICYMI: Rubio: Wall Street Must Stop Enabling Communist China}} "Americans from across the political spectrum should feel emboldened by the growing bipartisan awakening to the threat that the CCP poses to American workers, families, and communities", he wrote. "As we deploy legislative solutions to tackle this challenge, Democrats must not allow our corporate and financial sectors' leftward shift on social issues to blind them to the enormity of China as a geo\-economic threat."
Rubio denounced the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine") in 2022 and co\-sponsored a bill that would target pro\-Russian separatist groups whose conflict with the Ukrainian government was used by [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") to justify the invasion.Lowry, Bryan (March 8, 2022\). [Republicans pursue sanctions after Russia's invasion of Ukraine](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bradenton-herald-republicans-pursue/138619352/). *The Bradenton Herald*.
|
[
"### Tenure as senator",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Rubio's portrait during the \n [112th Congress](/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress \"112th United States Congress\")](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg \"Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio with Israeli President [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres \"Shimon Peres\") during trip to [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\") and [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") in February 2013](/wiki/File:Meeting_in_February_2013_with_Israeli_President_Shimon_Peres_during_trip_to_Jordan_and_Israel.jpg \"Meeting in February 2013 with Israeli President Shimon Peres during trip to Jordan and Israel.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rubio touring the U.S.\\-Mexican border in November 2011 with [Border Patrol](/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection \"U.S. Customs and Border Protection\") officials](/wiki/File:At_US-Mexican_border_in_November_2011_with_Customs_and_Border_Patrol.jpg \"At US-Mexican border in November 2011 with Customs and Border Patrol.jpg\")\nDuring Rubio's first four years in the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\"), [Republicans were in the minority](/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses \"Party divisions of United States Congresses\"). After the [2014 midterm elections](/wiki/2014_United_States_elections \"2014 United States elections\"), the Republicans obtained majority control of the Senate, giving Rubio and the Republicans vast federal influence during the final two years of [Barack Obama's presidency](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama \"Presidency of Barack Obama\"), as well as during all four years of [Donald Trump's presidency](/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump \"Presidency of Donald Trump\"). After the 2020 elections, the Democrats regained majority control of the Senate, and Rubio has reassumed minority status within the Senate.",
"#### 112th Congress (2011–2013\\)",
"{{multiple image\n \\| width1 \\= 200\n \\| image1 \\= Meeting in January 2011 with Florida constituents at Camp Leatherneck, Helmand Province, Afghanistan.jpg\n \\| caption1 \\= Rubio with Floridians at \\[\\[Camp Leatherneck]] in \\[\\[Afghanistan]] in January 2011\n \\| width2 \\= 210\n \\| image2 \\= At Guantanamo Naval Base in May 2012\\.jpg\n \\| caption2 \\= Rubio visiting \\[\\[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]] in May 2012\n }}\nShortly after taking office in 2011, Rubio said he had no interest in running for president or vice president in the 2012 presidential election.{{cite web\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=O'Brien\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog\\-briefing\\-room/news/79156\\-rubio\\-rejects\\-running\\-as\\-republicans\\-vp\\-nominee/\\|title\\=Rubio rejects running as Republicans' VP nominee\\|website\\=The Hill\\|date\\=January 10, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=November 5, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120013358/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog\\-briefing\\-room/news/136955\\-rubio\\-rejects\\-running\\-as\\-republicans\\-vp\\-nominee\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In March 2012, when he endorsed [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") for president, Rubio said that he did not expect to be or want to be [selected](/wiki/Veepstakes \"Veepstakes\") as a vice presidential [running mate](/wiki/Running_mate \"Running mate\"),{{cite news\\|first\\=Philip\\|last\\=Rucker\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney\\-marco\\-rubio\\-is\\-being\\-seriously\\-vetted\\-as\\-possible\\-vice\\-presidential\\-choice/2012/06/19/gJQAUq19nV\\_story.html\\|title\\=Romney: Marco Rubio is being seriously vetted as possible vice presidential pick\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=June 19, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=November 5, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121151716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney\\-marco\\-rubio\\-is\\-being\\-seriously\\-vetted\\-as\\-possible\\-vice\\-presidential\\-choice/2012/06/19/gJQAUq19nV\\_story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but was [vetted](/wiki/Vetting \"Vetting\") for vice president by the [Romney campaign](/wiki/Mitt_Romney_presidential_campaign%2C_2012 \"Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012\"). Former Romney aide [Beth Myers](/wiki/Beth_Myers \"Beth Myers\") has said that the vetting process turned up nothing disqualifying about Rubio.{{cite web\\|first\\=Alex\\|last\\=Isenstadt\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/10/romney\\-rubio\\-vetting\\-215373\\|title\\=Romney alum rebuts Bush whispers: Rubio passed our vetting\\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|date\\=October 29, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031132457/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/10/romney\\-rubio\\-vetting\\-215373\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Upon taking office, Rubio hired [Cesar Conda](/wiki/Cesar_Conda \"Cesar Conda\") as his [chief of staff](/wiki/Congressional_staff%23Personal_staff \"Congressional staff#Personal staff\").{{Cite news \\|author\\-link\\=Stephen F. Hayes \\|last\\=Hayes \\|first\\=Stephen \\|date\\=January 28, 2011 \\|url\\=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/marco\\-rubio\\-picks\\-chief\\-staff\\-cesar\\-conda\\_537520\\.html \\|title\\=Marco Rubio Picks a Chief of Staff: Cesar Conda \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Weekly Standard]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130033115/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/marco\\-rubio\\-picks\\-chief\\-staff\\-cesar\\-conda\\_537520\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|title\\=Rubio taps Cheney aide for chief of staff\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0111/Rubio\\_taps\\_Cheney\\_aide\\_for\\_chief\\_of\\_staff\\_.html\\|publisher\\=Politico\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2014\\|date\\=January 26, 2011\\|last\\=Toeplitz\\|first\\=Shira\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115043227/http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0111/Rubio\\_taps\\_Cheney\\_aide\\_for\\_chief\\_of\\_staff\\_.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio hires Cesar Conda to be chief of staff\\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/sen\\-marco\\-rubio\\-hires\\-cesar\\-conda\\-to\\-be\\-chief\\-of\\-staff/1148232\\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times\\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2014\\|date\\=January 28, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064209/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/sen\\-marco\\-rubio\\-hires\\-cesar\\-conda\\-to\\-be\\-chief\\-of\\-staff/1148232\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2014\\|last\\=Leary\\|first\\=Alex}} Conda, a former adviser to Vice President [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney \"Dick Cheney\"), and former top aide to Sens. [Spencer Abraham](/wiki/Spencer_Abraham \"Spencer Abraham\") (R\\-Mich.) and [Robert Kasten](/wiki/Robert_Kasten \"Robert Kasten\") (R\\-Wis.), was succeeded in 2014 as Rubio's chief of staff by his deputy, Alberto Martinez, but Conda remained as a part\\-time adviser.O'Keefe, Ed and Costa, Robert. [\"Marco Rubio announces staff changes sure to fuel 2016 talk\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/04/11/marco-rubio-announces-staff-changes-sure-to-fuel-2016-talk/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126163934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post\\-politics/wp/2014/04/11/marco\\-rubio\\-announces\\-staff\\-changes\\-sure\\-to\\-fuel\\-2016\\-talk/ \\|date\\=November 26, 2015 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* (April 11, 2014\\).",
"During his first year in office, Rubio became an influential defender of the [United States embargo against Cuba](/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba \"United States embargo against Cuba\") and induced the State Department to withdraw an ambassadorial nomination of [Jonathan D. Farrar](/wiki/Jonathan_D._Farrar \"Jonathan D. Farrar\"), who was the Chief of Mission of the [United States Interests Section in Havana](/wiki/United_States_Interests_Section_in_Havana \"United States Interests Section in Havana\") from 2008 to 2011\\. Rubio believed that Farrar was not assertive enough toward the Castro regime.Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, pp. 194–195 (Simon \\& Schuster 2012\\). Also in 2011, Rubio was invited to visit the [Reagan Library](/wiki/Reagan_Library \"Reagan Library\"), during which he gave a well\\-publicized speech praising its namesake, and also rescued [Nancy Reagan](/wiki/Nancy_Reagan \"Nancy Reagan\") from falling.O'Hare, Kate. [\"Marco Rubio to the rescue! Freshman senator saves a falling Nancy Reagan\"](http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/08/its-marco-rubio-to-the-rescue-when-nancy-reagan-falls.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211083333/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/08/its\\-marco\\-rubio\\-to\\-the\\-rescue\\-when\\-nancy\\-reagan\\-falls.html \\|date\\=February 11, 2016 }}, *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* (August 24, 2011\\).Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, pp. 1–6 (Simon \\& Schuster 2012\\).",
"In March 2011, Rubio supported U.S. participation in the [military campaign in Libya](/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya \"2011 military intervention in Libya\") to oust Libyan leader [Muammar Gaddafi](/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi \"Muammar Gaddafi\").Browne, Ryan. \"Reality Check: Rubio on Libya post\\-intervention\" *in* [\"Republican Town Hall: CNN's Reality Check Team inspects the claims\"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/17/politics/republican-town-hall-fact-check/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221110345/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/17/politics/republican\\-town\\-hall\\-fact\\-check \\|date\\=February 21, 2016 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") (February 18, 2016\\). He urged that Senate leaders bring \"a bi\\-partisan resolution to the Senate floor authorizing the president's decision to participate in allied military action in Libya\".Halper, Daniel. [\"Senate Resolution Would Support Policy of Regime Change in Libya\"](http://www.weeklystandard.com/senate-resolution-would-support-policy-of-regime-change-in-libya/article/556824) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222081614/http://www.weeklystandard.com/senate\\-resolution\\-would\\-support\\-policy\\-of\\-regime\\-change\\-in\\-libya/article/556824 \\|date\\=February 22, 2016 }}, *[The Weekly Standard](/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard \"The Weekly Standard\")* (April 5, 2011\\). The administration decided that no congressional authorization was needed under the [War Powers Resolution](/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution%23Libya_intervention_in_2011 \"War Powers Resolution#Libya intervention in 2011\"); Senator [Joe Lieberman](/wiki/Joe_Lieberman \"Joe Lieberman\") (I\\-CT) joined Rubio in writing an opinion piece for *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* in June 2011 again urging passage of such authorization.Lieberman, Joseph and Rubio, Marco. [\"Victory Is the Answer in Libya\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304070104576399923803151478), *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* (June 23, 2011\\): \"For those on Capitol Hill who think the president requires congressional authorization to continue operations in Libya, there is a simple solution: Congress can and should pass a resolution explicitly backing these activities.\" In October 2011, Rubio joined several other senators in pushing for continued engagement to \"help Libya lay the foundation for sustainable security\".McCain, John, et al. [\"The Promise of a Pro\\-American Libya\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211024215/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516 \\|date\\=February 11, 2017 }}, *the [Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal \"Wall Street Journal\")* (October 7, 2011\\). Soon after Gadhafi was ousted, Rubio warned there was a serious threat posed by the spread of militias and weapons, and called for more U.S. involvement to counter that threat.",
"Rubio voted against the [Budget Control Act of 2011](/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011 \"Budget Control Act of 2011\"), which included [mandatory automatic budget cuts from sequestration](/wiki/United_States_budget_sequestration_in_2013 \"United States budget sequestration in 2013\").Michael McAuliff \\& Erin Mershon, [Mandatory Budget Cuts From Sequestration Slammed By Republicans](https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/budget-cuts-sequestration_n_1735321.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405081201/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/03/budget\\-cuts\\-sequestration\\_n\\_1735321\\.html \\|date\\=April 5, 2016 }}, *The Huffington Post* (August 2, 2012\\).Amy Sherman, [Marco Rubio says he never supported the sequester](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/nov/26/marco-rubio/marco-rubio-says-he-never-supported-sequester/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025133936/http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/nov/26/marco\\-rubio/marco\\-rubio\\-says\\-he\\-never\\-supported\\-sequester/ \\|date\\=October 25, 2015 }}, PolitiFact (November 26, 2013\\). He later said that defense spending should never have been linked to taxes and the deficit, calling the policy a \"terrible idea\" based on a \"false choice\".",
"The following month, Rubio and Senator [Chris Coons](/wiki/Chris_Coons \"Chris Coons\"), Democrat of [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\"), co\\-sponsored the American Growth, Recovery, Empowerment and Entrepreneurship Act (AGREE Act), which would have extended many [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credit \"Tax credit\") and exemptions for businesses investing in [research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development \"Research and development\"), equipment, and other capital; provided a tax credit for veterans who start a business franchise; allowed an increase in immigration for certain types of work visas; and strengthened copyright protections.{{cite news \\|author\\=Laura Green \\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio says bipartisan jobs bill built on common ground \\|url\\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/sen\\-marco\\-rubio\\-says\\-bipartisan\\-jobs\\-bill\\-built\\-on/nLzkn/ \\|work\\=The Palm Beach Post \\|date\\=November 16, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311051429/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/sen\\-marco\\-rubio\\-says\\-bipartisan\\-jobs\\-bill\\-built\\-on/nLzkn/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}Roig\\-Franzia, Manuel. *The Rise of Marco Rubio*, [p. 191](https://books.google.com/books?id=UwxnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222085703/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UwxnCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA191 \\|date\\=February 22, 2016 }} (Simon \\& Schuster 2015\\).{{cite news \\|title\\=A jobs bill that will pass in Congress? Sen. Coons and Sen. Rubio on bipartisan bill to boost hiring \\|url\\=http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/16/a\\-jobs\\-bill\\-that\\-will\\-pass\\-in\\-congress\\-sen\\-coons\\-and\\-sen\\-rubio\\-on\\-bipartisan\\-bill\\-to\\-boost\\-hiring/ \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=November 16, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016 \\|series\\=American Morning \\|type\\=video \\|archive\\-date\\=February 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223080628/http://am.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/16/a\\-jobs\\-bill\\-that\\-will\\-pass\\-in\\-congress\\-sen\\-coons\\-and\\-sen\\-rubio\\-on\\-bipartisan\\-bill\\-to\\-boost\\-hiring/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Sens. Rubio, Coons Introduce AGREE Act \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/on\\-air/your\\-world\\-cavuto/2011/11/17/sens\\-rubio\\-coons\\-introduce\\-agree\\-act \\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\|date\\=November 16, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016 \\|series\\=Your World Cavuto \\|last\\=Cavuto \\|first\\=Neil \\|archive\\-date\\=February 22, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222084606/http://www.foxnews.com/on\\-air/your\\-world\\-cavuto/2011/11/17/sens\\-rubio\\-coons\\-introduce\\-agree\\-act \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Rubio voted against the 2012 \"[fiscal cliff](/wiki/United_States_fiscal_cliff \"United States fiscal cliff\")\" resolutions. Although he received some criticism for this position, he responded: \"Thousands of small businesses, not just the wealthy, will now be forced to decide how they'll pay this new tax, and, chances are, they'll do it by firing employees, cutting back their hours and benefits, or postponing the new hires they were looking to make. And to make matters worse, it does nothing to bring our dangerous debt under control.\"{{cite web \\|last\\=Reinhard \\|first\\=Beth \\|title\\=Paul Ryan vs. Marco Rubio: The Politics of the Cliff Vote \\|work\\=National Journal \\|date\\=January 3, 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/paul\\-ryan\\-vs\\-marco\\-rubio\\-the\\-politics\\-of\\-the\\-cliff\\-vote\\-20130103?page\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106021704/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/paul\\-ryan\\-vs\\-marco\\-rubio\\-the\\-politics\\-of\\-the\\-cliff\\-vote\\-20130103?page\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### 113th Congress (2013–2015\\)",
"[thumb\\|Rubio prior to delivering the [response to the State of the Union address](/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address \"Response to the State of the Union address\") in February 2013](/wiki/File:Preparing_in_February_2013_to_deliver_Republican_address_to_the_nation.jpg \"Preparing in February 2013 to deliver Republican address to the nation.jpg\")\nIn 2013, Rubio was part of the bipartisan \"[Gang of Eight](/wiki/Gang_of_Eight_%28immigration%29 \"Gang of Eight (immigration)\")\" senators that crafted [comprehensive immigration reform legislation](/wiki/Border_Security%2C_Economic_Opportunity%2C_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013 \"Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio (R)\\|url\\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/1856\\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2014\\|publisher\\=National Journal Almanac\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084201/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/1856\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Rubio proposed a plan providing a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants currently living in the United States involving payment of fines and [back taxes](/wiki/Back_tax \"Back tax\"), background checks, and a probationary period; that pathway was to be implemented only after strengthening [border security](/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol \"United States Border Patrol\").{{cite web\n \\| last \\=Reiff\n \\| first \\=Laura Foote\n \\| author2 \\=Nataliya Binshteyn\n \\| title \\=President Obama to Outline Plan for Comprehensive Immigration Reform on Tuesday\n \\| work \\=The National Law Review\n \\| publisher \\=Greenberg Traurig, LLP\n \\| date \\=January 28, 2013\n\\| url \\=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president\\-obama\\-to\\-outline\\-plan\\-comprehensive\\-immigration\\-reform\\-tuesday\\-0\n \\| access\\-date \\=January 29, 2013\n\\| archive\\-date \\=November 7, 2013\n\\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107150826/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president\\-obama\\-to\\-outline\\-plan\\-comprehensive\\-immigration\\-reform\\-tuesday\\-0\n \\| url\\-status \\=live\n }}Boles, Corey. [\"Much\\-Anticipated Immigration Bill Is Introduced\"](https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/04/17/much-anticipated-immigration-bill-is-introduced/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080657/http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/04/17/much\\-anticipated\\-immigration\\-bill\\-is\\-introduced/ \\|date\\=April 5, 2016 }}, *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* (April 17, 2013\\). The bill passed the Senate 68 to 32 with his support, but Rubio then signaled that the bill should not be taken up by the House because other priorities, like repealing Obamacare, were a higher priority for him; the House never did take up the bill. Rubio has since explained that he still supports reform, but a different approach instead of a single comprehensive bill.Levy, Pema. [\"How Marco Rubio Gave In to Democrats on the Immigration Reform Bill\"](https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/rubio-immigration-reform-gang-eight) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134819/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/rubio\\-immigration\\-reform\\-gang\\-eight/ \\|date\\=November 8, 2020 }}, *[Mother Jones](/wiki/Mother_Jones_%28magazine%29 \"Mother Jones (magazine)\")* (December 4, 2015\\).",
"Rubio was chosen to deliver the [Republican response](/wiki/Republican_response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address \"Republican response to the State of the Union address\") to President Obama's [2013 State of the Union Address](/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address \"2013 State of the Union Address\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/12/full\\-text\\-marco\\-rubios\\-republican\\-response/\\|title\\=Full text: Marco Rubio's Republican response\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=February 12, 2013\\|editor\\=CNN Political Unit\\|last\\=Rubio\\|first\\=Marco\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=February 17, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204103/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/12/full\\-text\\-marco\\-rubios\\-republican\\-response/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} It marked the first time the response was delivered in English and Spanish.{{cite news \\|title\\=State of the Union: Marco Rubio to Deliver Republican Response \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/marco\\-rubio\\-to\\-deliver\\-gop\\-state\\-of\\-the\\-union\\-response/ \\|publisher\\=ABC News \\|first\\=Z. Byron \\|last\\=Wolf \\|date\\=February 6, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209195030/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/marco\\-rubio\\-to\\-deliver\\-gop\\-state\\-of\\-the\\-union\\-response/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Rubio's attempt to draw a strong line against the looming defense sequestration was undercut by fellow Republican senator [Rand Paul](/wiki/Rand_Paul \"Rand Paul\")'s additional response to Obama's speech that called for the sequester to be carried out.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130224/DEFREG02/302240006/Has\\-U\\-S\\-GOP\\-Lost\\-Its\\-Standing\\-Strong\\-Defense\\-Party\\-\\|title\\=Has U.S. GOP Lost Its Standing as The Strong\\-on\\-Defense Party?\\|work\\=Defense News\\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130408011532/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130224/DEFREG02/302240006/Has\\-U\\-S\\-GOP\\-Lost\\-Its\\-Standing\\-Strong\\-Defense\\-Party\\-\\|archive\\-date\\=April 8, 2013}}",
"In April 2013, Rubio voted against an expansion of [background checks for gun purchases](/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System \"National Instant Criminal Background Check System\"), contending that such increased regulatory measures would do little to help capture criminals.Zach Carter, [Marco Rubio: Background Checks In Gun Compromise Won't Capture 'Criminals'](https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/rubio-background-checks-i_n_3080364.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611045038/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/rubio\\-background\\-checks\\-i\\_n\\_3080364\\.html \\|date\\=June 11, 2017 }}, *The Huffington Post* (April 14, 2013\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\\_call\\_lists/roll\\_call\\_vote\\_cfm.cfm?congress\\=113\\&session\\=1\\&vote\\=00097 \\|title\\=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 113th Congress – 1st Session \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Senate]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 30, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809104556/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\\_call\\_lists/roll\\_call\\_vote\\_cfm.cfm?congress\\=113\\&session\\=1\\&vote\\=00097 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nRubio voted against publishing the [Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture](/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture \"Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture\"). In 2016, Rubio said the U.S. should \"find out everything they know\" from captured terrorists and should not telegraph \"the enemy what interrogation techniques we will or won't use.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/ted\\-cruz\\-republicans\\-torture\\-217976\\|title\\=On torture, Cruz stands alone\\|author\\=Crowley, Michael\\|work\\=Politico\\|date\\=January 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=October 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024190023/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/ted\\-cruz\\-republicans\\-torture\\-217976\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 114th Congress (2015–2017\\)",
"[thumb\\|Rubio in November 2015](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_by_Matt_Johnson.jpg \"Marco Rubio by Matt Johnson.jpg\")\nRepublicans took control of the U.S. Senate as a result of the elections in November 2014\\.Tau, Byron. [\"Santorum Won't Name Single Rubio Feat in Senate (Hint: Think 'Immigration')\"](https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/02/04/santorum-wont-name-single-rubio-feat-in-senate-hint-think-immigration/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111235/https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/02/04/santorum\\-wont\\-name\\-single\\-rubio\\-feat\\-in\\-senate\\-hint\\-think\\-immigration/ \\|date\\=May 3, 2018 }}, *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* (February 4, 2016\\). As this new period of Republican control began, Rubio pushed for the elimination of the \"risk corridors\" used by the federal government to compensate insurers for their losses as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The risk corridors were intended to be funded by profitable insurers participating in the PPACA, but since insurer losses have significantly exceeded their profits in the program, the risk corridors have been depleted. His efforts contributed to the inclusion of a provision in the 2014 federal budget that prevented other funding sources from being tapped to replenish the risk corridors.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/261244\\-rubio\\-budget\\-win\\-is\\-dealing\\-heavy\\-blow\\-to\\-obamacare/ \\| work\\=The Hill \\| title\\=Rubio budget win is dealing heavy blow to ObamaCare \\| date\\=November 24, 2015 \\| last\\=Ferris \\| first\\=Sarah \\| access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016 \\| archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224113505/http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/261244\\-rubio\\-budget\\-win\\-is\\-dealing\\-heavy\\-blow\\-to\\-obamacare \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In March 2015, Rubio and Senator [Mike Lee](/wiki/Mike_Lee \"Mike Lee\"), Republican of Utah, proposed a tax plan that according to *The Wall Street Journal*, combined thinking from \"old\\-fashioned, Reagan\\-era supply\\-siders\" and a \"breed of largely younger conservative reform thinkers\" concerned with the tax burden on the middle class. The plan would lower the top corporate income tax rate from 38% to 25%, eliminate taxes on capital gains, dividends, and inherited estates, and create a new child tax credit worth up to $2,500 per child. The plan would set the top individual income tax rate at 35%. It also included a proposal to replace the means\\-tested welfare system, including food stamps and the Earned Income Tax Credit, with a new \"consolidated system of benefits\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/03/13/lee\\-rubio\\-plan\\-gives\\-life\\-to\\-2016\\-tax\\-debate/ \\|title\\=Lee\\-Rubio Plan Gives Life to 2016 Tax Debate \\|last1\\=King \\|first1\\=Neil Jr. \\|date\\=March 13, 2015 \\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2015}}",
"According to analysis by [Vocativ](/wiki/Vocativ \"Vocativ\") as reported by Fox News, Rubio missed 8\\.3% of total votes from January 2011 to February 2015\\.{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|date\\=April 23, 2015 \\|title\\=Absentee ballot: Ted Cruz a no\\-show at most committee meetings, floor votes \\|url\\=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/23/absentee\\-ballot\\-ted\\-cruz\\-no\\-show\\-at\\-most\\-committee\\-meetings\\-floor\\-votes/ \\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2015 \\|quote\\=In February, an analysis carried out by Vocativ in partnership with GovTrack.us, showed that Rubio beats Cruz as the senator most absent from chambers, having missed 99, or 8\\.3 percent, of 1,198 total votes since taking office in January 2011 to February of this year. \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424071512/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/23/absentee\\-ballot\\-ted\\-cruz\\-no\\-show\\-at\\-most\\-committee\\-meetings\\-floor\\-votes/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} From October 27, 2014, to October 26, 2015, Rubio voted in 74% of Senate votes, according to an analysis by GovTrack.us, which tracks congressional voting records.{{cite web\\|title\\=Marco Rubio, Senator for Florida\\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/marco\\_rubio/412491\\|website\\=GovTrack\\|publisher\\=Civic Impulse, LLC\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029043327/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/marco\\_rubio/412491\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Rugaber\\|first1\\=Christopher S.\\|title\\=AP FACT CHECK: The Republican debaters and the facts\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/ap\\-fact\\-check\\-republican\\-debaters\\-facts\\-005112443\\-\\-election.html\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2015\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=October 28, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031220429/http://news.yahoo.com/ap\\-fact\\-check\\-republican\\-debaters\\-facts\\-005112443\\-\\-election.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2015, Rubio was absent for about 35% of Senate votes.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.factcheck.org/2015/11/senators\\-missing\\-votes/ \\| title\\=Senators Missing Votes \\| work\\=FactCheck.org \\| date\\=November 3, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=March 8, 2016 \\| author\\=Gore, D'Angelo \\| archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2016 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308055636/http://www.factcheck.org/2015/11/senators\\-missing\\-votes \\| url\\-status\\=live }} In historical context Rubio's attendance record for Senate votes is not exceptional among senators seeking a presidential nomination; [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\") missed a much higher percentage of votes in 2007\\. But it was the worst of the three senators who campaigned for the presidency in 2015\\.Bump, Philip. [\"The problem with Marco Rubio's defense of his missed votes\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/10/30/marco-rubio-is-right-that-others-have-missed-more-votes-but-theyve-also-come-under-fire/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224100701/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\\-fix/wp/2015/10/30/marco\\-rubio\\-is\\-right\\-that\\-others\\-have\\-missed\\-more\\-votes\\-but\\-theyve\\-also\\-come\\-under\\-fire/ \\|date\\=February 24, 2016 }}, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* (October 30, 2015\\).",
"During his Senate tenure, Rubio has co\\-sponsored bills on issues ranging from humanitarian crises in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\") to the Russian incursion into [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"),Schleifer, Theodore. [\"Who is Marco Rubio?\"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/10/politics/who-is-marco-rubio/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210144607/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/10/politics/who\\-is\\-marco\\-rubio/index.html \\|date\\=February 10, 2016 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") (February 10, 2016\\). and was a frequent and prominent critic of Obama's efforts in national security.",
"On May 17, 2016, Rubio broke from the Republican majority in his support of Obama's request for $2 billion in emergency spending on the [Zika virus](/wiki/Zika_virus \"Zika virus\") at a time when Florida accounted for roughly 20% of the recorded cases of Zika in the U.S., acknowledging that it was the president's request but adding, \"it's really the scientists' request, the doctors' request, the public health sector's request for how to address this issue.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/17/marco\\-rubio\\-pleads\\-gop\\-fund\\-full\\-zika\\-request\\-back/\\|title\\=Marco Rubio pleads with GOP to fund full Zika request, backfill money later\\|date\\=May 17, 2016\\|work\\=The Washington Times\\|last\\=Howell\\|first\\=Tom Jr.\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519002103/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/17/marco\\-rubio\\-pleads\\-gop\\-fund\\-full\\-zika\\-request\\-back/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On August 6, Rubio said he did not believe in terminating Zika\\-infected pregnancies.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-no\\-abortions\\-for\\-zika\\-infected\\-women/\\|title\\=Marco Rubio: No abortions for Zika\\-infected women\\|date\\=August 7, 2016\\|first\\=Emily\\|last\\=Schultheis\\|publisher\\=CBS News\\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=November 22, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153259/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/marco\\-rubio\\-no\\-abortions\\-for\\-zika\\-infected\\-women/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On December 13, after President\\-elect Trump nominated [Rex Tillerson](/wiki/Rex_Tillerson \"Rex Tillerson\") as his [Secretary of State](/wiki/Secretary_of_State \"Secretary of State\") in the incoming administration, Rubio expressed concern about the selection.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-rex\\-tillerson\\-amy\\-klobuchar/index.html\\|title\\=Rubio endangers Tillerson nomination by saying he has 'serious conditions'\\|date\\=December 13, 2016\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|last1\\=Schleifer\\|first1\\=Theodore\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=December 14, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214020810/http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/13/politics/marco\\-rubio\\-rex\\-tillerson\\-amy\\-klobuchar/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On January 11, Rubio questioned Tillerson during a Senate committee hearing on his confirmation, saying afterward he would \"do what's right\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/rex\\-tillerson\\-confirmation\\-hearings.html\\|title\\=In Rocky Hearing, Rex Tillerson Tries to Separate From Trump\\|date\\=January 11, 2017\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|last1\\=Sanger\\|first1\\=David E.\\|last2\\=Flegenheimer\\|first2\\=Matt\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=January 26, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126231402/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/rex\\-tillerson\\-confirmation\\-hearings.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On January 23, Rubio said that he would vote to confirm Tillerson, saying that a delay in the appointment would be counter to national interests.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315634\\-rubio\\-to\\-vote\\-for\\-tillerson/\\|title\\=Rubio to vote for Tillerson\\|date\\=January 23, 2017\\|work\\=The Hill\\|last\\=Kamisar\\|first\\=Ben\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125154833/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315634\\-rubio\\-to\\-vote\\-for\\-tillerson\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 115th Congress (2017–2019\\)",
"[thumb\\|President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") (left) with [FEMA](/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency \"Federal Emergency Management Agency\") administrator [Brock Long](/wiki/Brock_Long \"Brock Long\") (center) and Rubio in September 2017](/wiki/File:POTUS_arrives_in_Florida_170914-G-ZX620-226.jpg \"POTUS arrives in Florida 170914-G-ZX620-226.jpg\")\nOn April 5, 2017, Rubio said [Bashar al\\-Assad](/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad \"Bashar al-Assad\") felt he could act with \"impunity\" in knowing the United States was not prioritizing removing him from office.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/marco\\-rubio\\-syria\\-rex\\-tillerson\\-236929\\|title\\=Rubio draws his own line on Syria\\|date\\=April 5, 2017\\|first\\=Marc\\|last\\=Caputo\\|publisher\\=Politico\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213750/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/marco\\-rubio\\-syria\\-rex\\-tillerson\\-236929\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The next day, Rubio praised Trump's [ordered strike](/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike \"2017 Shayrat missile strike\"): \"By acting decisively against the very facility from which Assad launched his murderous chemical weapons attack, President Trump has made it clear to Assad and those who empower him that the days of committing war crimes with impunity are over.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/04/rubio\\-nelson\\-applaud\\-trump\\-for\\-air\\-strikes\\-against\\-syrias\\-assad\\-regime\\-111101\\|title\\=Rubio, Nelson applaud Trump for air strikes against Syria's Assad regime\\|date\\=April 6, 2017\\|publisher\\=Politico\\|author1\\=Politico Florida Staff\\|last2\\=Caputo\\|first2\\=Marc\\|last3\\=Palmeri\\|first3\\=Tara\\|last4\\=Toosi\\|first4\\=Nahal\\|last5\\=Bender\\|first5\\=Bryan\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213839/http://www.politico.com/states/florida/story/2017/04/rubio\\-nelson\\-applaud\\-trump\\-for\\-air\\-strikes\\-against\\-syrias\\-assad\\-regime\\-111101\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In September 2017, Rubio defended Trump's decision to rescind the [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals](/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals \"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\") program. He called the program, which provided temporary stay for some undocumented immigrants brought into the U.S. as minors, \"unconstitutional\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/349344\\-rubio\\-trump\\-should\\-clearly\\-outline\\-what\\-he\\-wants\\-on\\-daca/\\|title\\=Rubio: Trump should 'clearly outline' what he wants on DACA\\|date\\=September 5, 2017\\|work\\=The Hill\\|last\\=Greenwood\\|first\\=Max\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054527/http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/349344\\-rubio\\-trump\\-should\\-clearly\\-outline\\-what\\-he\\-wants\\-on\\-daca\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In the first session of the [115th United States Congress](/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress \"115th United States Congress\"), Rubio was ranked the tenth most bipartisan senator by the Bipartisan Index, published by [The Lugar Center](/wiki/Richard_Lugar%23The_Lugar_Center \"Richard Lugar#The Lugar Center\") and [Georgetown's](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\") [McCourt School of Public Policy](/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy \"McCourt School of Public Policy\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf\\|publisher\\=The Lugar Center\\|title\\=The Lugar Center – McCourt School Bipartisan Index\\|date\\=April 24, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2018\\|location\\=Washington, D.C.\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180136/http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"While ballots were being counted in a close Florida Senate race between Democratic incumbent [Bill Nelson](/wiki/Bill_Nelson \"Bill Nelson\") and Republican challenger [Rick Scott](/wiki/Rick_Scott \"Rick Scott\"), Rubio claimed without evidence that Democrats were conspiring with election officials to illicitly install Nelson.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/marco\\-rubio\\-opposes\\-recount\\-in\\-florida\\-senate\\-race.html\\|title\\=Rubio: Democrats Are Trying to Steal Florida Elections by Counting All the Votes\\|last\\=Levitz\\|first\\=Eric\\|work\\=Intelligencer\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2018\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029072453/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/marco\\-rubio\\-opposes\\-recount\\-in\\-florida\\-senate\\-race.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/12/trump\\-attacks\\-florida\\-recount\\-claims\\-missing\\-or\\-forged\\-ballots.html\\|title\\=Trump attacks Florida recount with a wild claim that there are 'missing or forged' ballots\\|last\\=Higgins\\|first\\=Jacob Pramuk, Tucker\\|date\\=November 12, 2018\\|work\\=CNBC\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=November 8, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141009/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/12/trump\\-attacks\\-florida\\-recount\\-claims\\-missing\\-or\\-forged\\-ballots.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\\-government/article221528685\\.html\\|title\\=Trump, Scott and Rubio continue to push claims of Florida voter fraud without evidence\\|author\\=Daugherty, Alex\\|work\\=Miami Herald\\|date\\=November 12, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2018\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=November 5, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105173538/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\\-government/article221528685\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He claimed without evidence that \"Democrat lawyers\" were descending on Florida and that \"they have been very clear they aren't here to make sure every vote is counted.\" He claimed that Broward County officials were engaged in \"ongoing\" legal violations, without specifying what those were. Election monitors found no evidence of voter fraud in Broward County, and the Florida State Department found no evidence of criminal activity.",
"#### 116th Congress (2019–2021\\)",
"[thumb\\|Rubio meeting with [Venezuelan](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\") presidential candidate and opposition leader [Juan Guaidó](/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3 \"Juan Guaidó\") in February 2020](/wiki/File:Marco_Rubio_and_Mario_DB_meets_with_Juan_Guaido_%282%29.png \"Marco Rubio and Mario DB meets with Juan Guaido (2).png\")\nIn 2019, Rubio defended Trump's decision to host the [46th G7 summit](/wiki/46th_G7_summit \"46th G7 summit\") at the [Trump National Doral Miami](/wiki/Trump_National_Doral_Miami \"Trump National Doral Miami\"), a resort Trump owns. Rubio called the decision \"great\" and said it would be good for local businesses.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/blog/jamie\\-dupree/rubio\\-fine\\-with\\-trump\\-hosting\\-next\\-his\\-florida\\-resort/MaDz06l7iqWk5qvR7rDabL/\\|title\\=Rubio fine with Trump hosting next G7 at his Florida resort\\|last\\=Jamie Dupree\\|first\\=Cox Washington Bureau\\|website\\=ajc\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 18, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165106/https://www.ajc.com/blog/jamie\\-dupree/rubio\\-fine\\-with\\-trump\\-hosting\\-next\\-his\\-florida\\-resort/MaDz06l7iqWk5qvR7rDabL/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gq.com/story/donald\\-trump\\-g7\\-doral\\|title\\=Donald Trump Says the Absolute Best Spot for a G7 Summit Is His Own Resort\\|website\\=GQ\\|date\\=October 18, 2019\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=October 18, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165108/https://www.gq.com/story/donald\\-trump\\-g7\\-doral\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2020, Rubio supported the nomination of [Judy Shelton](/wiki/Judy_Shelton \"Judy Shelton\") to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. Shelton had received bipartisan criticism over her support for the [gold standard](/wiki/Gold_standard \"Gold standard\") and other unorthodox monetary policy views.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Saphir\\|first\\=Doina Chiacu, Ann\\|date\\=November 18, 2020\\|title\\=Trump nominee Shelton's path to Fed narrows as virus spreads\\|language\\=fr\\|work\\=Reuters\\|url\\=https://fr.reuters.com/article/usa\\-fed\\-shelton\\-idINKBN27Y07I\\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324162355/https://www.reuters.com/?edition\\-redirect\\=fr\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=Senate blocks Judy Shelton nomination to the Fed\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/11/17/shelton\\-fed\\-mcconnell/\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"After Biden defeated Trump in the [2020 presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\") and Trump made false claims of election fraud, Rubio defended Trump's right to assert claims of fraud and [challenge the election results](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\"), saying any \"irregularities\" and \"claims of broken election laws\" could not be claimed false until the courts ruled on them. Rubio later shifted his rhetoric to saying that concerns from Republican voters over \"potential irregularities\" in the election demanded redress. By November 23, 2020, Rubio referred to Biden as president\\-elect.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Bump\\|first\\=Philip\\|date\\=February 3, 2021\\|title\\=Analysis {{!}} The Republican conspiracy\\-theory crisis, in one tweet\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/03/republican\\-conspiracy\\-theory\\-crisis\\-one\\-tweet/\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2021\\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}}",
"#### 117th Congress (2021–2023\\)",
"Rubio described the [2021 United States Capitol attack](/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack \"2021 United States Capitol attack\") as unpatriotic and \"3rd world\\-style anti\\-American [anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy \"Anarchy\")\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Florida Lawmakers Condemn Pro\\-Trump Protests On Social Media \\|url\\=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/politics\\-issues/2021\\-01\\-06/florida\\-lawmakers\\-condemn\\-pro\\-trump\\-protests\\-on\\-social\\-media \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2021 \\|work\\=WUSF Public Media \\|date\\=January 6, 2021 \\|language\\=en}} Of the rioters, Rubio said some of them were adherents \"to a conspiracy theory and others got caught up in the moment. The result was a national embarrassment.\" After Congress was allowed to return to session, Rubio voted to certify the [2021 United States Electoral College vote count](/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count \"2021 United States Electoral College vote count\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Scouten \\|first1\\=Ted \\|title\\=Sen. Marco Rubio Claims Some Trump Supporters Who Barged Into Capitol Building 'Got Caught Up In The Moment' \\|url\\=https://miami.cbslocal.com/2021/01/07/marco\\-rubio\\-trump\\-supporters\\-caught\\-up\\-in\\-the\\-moment\\-capitol\\-siege/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2021 \\|date\\=January 7, 2021}} In February 2021, Rubio voted to acquit Trump for his role in inciting the mob to storm the Capitol.{{Cite news\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2021\\|title\\=Marco Rubio and Rick Scott vote to acquit Trump over role in Capitol riot\\|work\\=Miami Herald\\|url\\=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics\\-government/article249212575\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"On May 28, 2021, Rubio voted against creating the [January 6 commission](/wiki/January_6_commission \"January 6 commission\").{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=May 28, 2021 \\|title\\=Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/january6\\-commission\\-senators\\-vote/}}",
"In May 2021, Rubio argued that \"Wall Street must stop enabling Communist China\" in *The American Prospect*{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://prospect.org/economy/wall\\-street\\-must\\-stop\\-enabling\\-communist\\-china/\\|title \\= Wall Street Must Stop Enabling Communist China\\|date \\= May 26, 2021}} and on his website.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press\\-releases?id\\=783460B2\\-D696\\-4D02\\-99E5\\-9BDC9E0CD390\\|title \\= ICYMI: Rubio: Wall Street Must Stop Enabling Communist China}} \"Americans from across the political spectrum should feel emboldened by the growing bipartisan awakening to the threat that the CCP poses to American workers, families, and communities\", he wrote. \"As we deploy legislative solutions to tackle this challenge, Democrats must not allow our corporate and financial sectors' leftward shift on social issues to blind them to the enormity of China as a geo\\-economic threat.\"",
"Rubio denounced the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\") in 2022 and co\\-sponsored a bill that would target pro\\-Russian separatist groups whose conflict with the Ukrainian government was used by [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") to justify the invasion.Lowry, Bryan (March 8, 2022\\). [Republicans pursue sanctions after Russia's invasion of Ukraine](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bradenton-herald-republicans-pursue/138619352/). *The Bradenton Herald*.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Mykhailo Brova was born in the late 19th century into a peasant family in the village of [Novohryhorivka](/wiki/Novohryhorivka%2C_Horlivka_Raion "Novohryhorivka, Horlivka Raion"). From an early age, he worked as a locksmith at the {{ill\|Avdiivka station\|uk\|Авдіївка (станція)}} near [Yuzivka](/wiki/Donetsk "Donetsk").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.makhno.ru/makhno/index.php\#%D0%91\|title\=Брова\|website\=Makhno.ru\|access\-date\=7 March 2023\|language\=ru}}
In 1904 he became an [anarcho\-communist](/wiki/Anarcho-communism "Anarcho-communism") and took part in the [1905 Revolution](/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution "1905 Russian Revolution"). Following the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), he was drafted to the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_World_War_I "Eastern Front of World War I"), where he served in the navy.
In June 1918, he established one of the first anarchist insurgent detachments in Ukraine and fought against the [Central Powers](/wiki/Central_Powers "Central Powers") in [Dibrivka](/wiki/Velykomykhailivka "Velykomykhailivka"). In August 1918, he was seriously wounded in the battle and his command passed to [Fedir Shchus](/wiki/Fedir_Shchus "Fedir Shchus"). By autumn 1918, he had joined the [Makhnovist movement](/wiki/Makhnovshchina "Makhnovshchina"), becoming a permanent member of its [Military Revolutionary Council](/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Council "Military Revolutionary Council") (VRS).{{cite web\|url\=http://ruthenos.org.ua/HTML/Lozova/harkivschyna.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923162833/http://ruthenos.org.ua/HTML/Lozova/harkivschyna.html\|archive\-date\=23 September 2016\|title\=Повстанський рух на Харківщині у 1920\-ті роки\|website\=Ruthenos\|language\=uk}} During [autumn\-winter campaign of 1919](/wiki/Battle_of_Peregonovka "Battle of Peregonovka"), he was a military commander in the [Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine](/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine "Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine") (RIAU), and led the struggle against [Anton Denikin](/wiki/Anton_Denikin "Anton Denikin")'s [Volunteer Army](/wiki/Volunteer_Army "Volunteer Army").
At the beginning of January 1920, at the head of 400\-strong anarchist detachment, he began a guerrilla struggle against the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") in [Novomoskovsk](/wiki/Novomoskovsky_Uyezd "Novomoskovsky Uyezd").{{Sfn\|Bilash\|Bilash\|1993\|p\=447}} During this period, his unit acted largely as a scouting unit that supplied larger insurgent detachments with information on Red Army positions in the [Katerynoslav region](/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate "Yekaterinoslav Governorate").{{cite web\|url\=http://chornoshlychnyk.io.ua/s84305/povstanci\_na\_pivdni\_ukraeni\_v\_1920\-21\_rokah\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829070147/http://chornoshlychnyk.io.ua/s84305/povstanci\_na\_pivdni\_ukraeni\_v\_1920\-21\_rokah\|archive\-date\=29 August 2016\|title\=ПОВСТАНЦІ НА ПІВДНІ УКРАЇНИ В 1920\-21 РОКАХ\|language\=uk\|last\=Poltava\|first\=L.\|date\=22 October 2009\|website\=Chornoshlychnyk}} In the middle of February, Brova was arrested by security officers during an underground meeting of the district's Makhnovist commanders. He was moved to a prison in [Katerynoslav](/wiki/Dnipro "Dnipro"), but escaped in April 1920 and resumed his guerrilla campaign. By the summer of 1920, he re\-established contact with the RIAU command and was appointed as a representative of the Revolutionary Insurgent Council in Novomoskovsk, where he led his guerrilla movement in late 1920\.
After the conclusion of the [Starobilsk agreement](/wiki/Starobilsk_agreement "Starobilsk agreement") with the [Ukrainian Soviet government](/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic") in October 1920, Brova's detachment stopped fighting against the Reds and transferred to the [southern front](/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War "Southern Front of the Russian Civil War"). But on 16 November 1920, he returned to Novomoskovsk to establish a new Makhnovist unit. When the [Bolshevik\-Makhnovist conflict](/wiki/Bolshevik-Makhnovist_conflict "Bolshevik-Makhnovist conflict") resumed in December 1920, Brova returned to guerrilla warfare against the Red Army in command of a small and isolated insurgent detachment.{{Sfn\|Skirda\|2004\|pp\=254\-255}} He organized a detachment of 400 cavalry and 300 infantry, at the head of which he again conducted guerrilla warfare in the districts of [Verkhnedniprovsk](/wiki/Verkhnedneprovsky_Uyezd "Verkhnedneprovsky Uyezd"), [Pavlohrad](/wiki/Pavlogradsky_Uyezd "Pavlogradsky Uyezd") and Novomoskovsk, managing to escape from encirclement several times. On 2 December 1920, Brova led his detachment in routing a [Red hussar brigade](/wiki/Russian_hussars "Russian hussars") at [Komar](/wiki/Komar%2C_Ukraine "Komar, Ukraine").{{Sfn\|Skirda\|2004\|p\=248}}
On 9 February 1921, the Red cavalry commander [Grigori Maslakov](/wiki/Grigori_Maslakov "Grigori Maslakov") defected to the Makhnovists, joining Brova's detachment at [Pavlohrad](/wiki/Pavlohrad "Pavlohrad").{{Sfn\|Skirda\|2004\|p\=253}} Maslakov himself took command of the united detachment and Brova became its [chief of staff](/wiki/Chief_of_staff "Chief of staff"). In March 1921, the Insurgent Army dispatched Maslakov and Brova to the [Don](/wiki/Don_%28river%29 "Don (river)") and [Kuban](/wiki/Kuban "Kuban"), where they were tasked with spreading the insurrection.{{Sfn\|Skirda\|2004\|pp\=255\-256}} Their detachment was reformed into the independent Caucasian Insurgent Army and they marched towards the [North Caucasus](/wiki/North_Caucasus "North Caucasus").{{Sfn\|Bilash\|Bilash\|1993\|p\=594}} In early 1921, the army captured many mountainous regions and villages from the Reds, and raided small towns. The army enjoyed support from the local population and its numbers increased rapidly, from 1,000 to 10,000 people.
As the Red cavalry proved to have little effect against the insurgent forces in Ukraine, in May 1921, they were transferred towards the Don to put down Brova's insurgency.{{Sfn\|Skirda\|2004\|p\=257}} By August 1921, the Red Army had concentrated considerable forces in the area and began taking hostages and committing mass shootings, which inflicted a number of heavy defeats on the army. The army disintegrated into several small isolated units, one of which was led by Mykhailo Brova.
In December 1921, Brova was murdered by a Cheka agent who had infiltrated his unit.{{Sfn\|Bilash\|Bilash\|1993\|p\=629}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Mykhailo Brova was born in the late 19th century into a peasant family in the village of [Novohryhorivka](/wiki/Novohryhorivka%2C_Horlivka_Raion \"Novohryhorivka, Horlivka Raion\"). From an early age, he worked as a locksmith at the {{ill\\|Avdiivka station\\|uk\\|Авдіївка (станція)}} near [Yuzivka](/wiki/Donetsk \"Donetsk\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.makhno.ru/makhno/index.php\\#%D0%91\\|title\\=Брова\\|website\\=Makhno.ru\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2023\\|language\\=ru}}",
"In 1904 he became an [anarcho\\-communist](/wiki/Anarcho-communism \"Anarcho-communism\") and took part in the [1905 Revolution](/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution \"1905 Russian Revolution\"). Following the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), he was drafted to the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_World_War_I \"Eastern Front of World War I\"), where he served in the navy.",
"In June 1918, he established one of the first anarchist insurgent detachments in Ukraine and fought against the [Central Powers](/wiki/Central_Powers \"Central Powers\") in [Dibrivka](/wiki/Velykomykhailivka \"Velykomykhailivka\"). In August 1918, he was seriously wounded in the battle and his command passed to [Fedir Shchus](/wiki/Fedir_Shchus \"Fedir Shchus\"). By autumn 1918, he had joined the [Makhnovist movement](/wiki/Makhnovshchina \"Makhnovshchina\"), becoming a permanent member of its [Military Revolutionary Council](/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Council \"Military Revolutionary Council\") (VRS).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ruthenos.org.ua/HTML/Lozova/harkivschyna.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923162833/http://ruthenos.org.ua/HTML/Lozova/harkivschyna.html\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2016\\|title\\=Повстанський рух на Харківщині у 1920\\-ті роки\\|website\\=Ruthenos\\|language\\=uk}} During [autumn\\-winter campaign of 1919](/wiki/Battle_of_Peregonovka \"Battle of Peregonovka\"), he was a military commander in the [Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine](/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine \"Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine\") (RIAU), and led the struggle against [Anton Denikin](/wiki/Anton_Denikin \"Anton Denikin\")'s [Volunteer Army](/wiki/Volunteer_Army \"Volunteer Army\").",
"At the beginning of January 1920, at the head of 400\\-strong anarchist detachment, he began a guerrilla struggle against the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") in [Novomoskovsk](/wiki/Novomoskovsky_Uyezd \"Novomoskovsky Uyezd\").{{Sfn\\|Bilash\\|Bilash\\|1993\\|p\\=447}} During this period, his unit acted largely as a scouting unit that supplied larger insurgent detachments with information on Red Army positions in the [Katerynoslav region](/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate \"Yekaterinoslav Governorate\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://chornoshlychnyk.io.ua/s84305/povstanci\\_na\\_pivdni\\_ukraeni\\_v\\_1920\\-21\\_rokah\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829070147/http://chornoshlychnyk.io.ua/s84305/povstanci\\_na\\_pivdni\\_ukraeni\\_v\\_1920\\-21\\_rokah\\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2016\\|title\\=ПОВСТАНЦІ НА ПІВДНІ УКРАЇНИ В 1920\\-21 РОКАХ\\|language\\=uk\\|last\\=Poltava\\|first\\=L.\\|date\\=22 October 2009\\|website\\=Chornoshlychnyk}} In the middle of February, Brova was arrested by security officers during an underground meeting of the district's Makhnovist commanders. He was moved to a prison in [Katerynoslav](/wiki/Dnipro \"Dnipro\"), but escaped in April 1920 and resumed his guerrilla campaign. By the summer of 1920, he re\\-established contact with the RIAU command and was appointed as a representative of the Revolutionary Insurgent Council in Novomoskovsk, where he led his guerrilla movement in late 1920\\.",
"After the conclusion of the [Starobilsk agreement](/wiki/Starobilsk_agreement \"Starobilsk agreement\") with the [Ukrainian Soviet government](/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic\") in October 1920, Brova's detachment stopped fighting against the Reds and transferred to the [southern front](/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War \"Southern Front of the Russian Civil War\"). But on 16 November 1920, he returned to Novomoskovsk to establish a new Makhnovist unit. When the [Bolshevik\\-Makhnovist conflict](/wiki/Bolshevik-Makhnovist_conflict \"Bolshevik-Makhnovist conflict\") resumed in December 1920, Brova returned to guerrilla warfare against the Red Army in command of a small and isolated insurgent detachment.{{Sfn\\|Skirda\\|2004\\|pp\\=254\\-255}} He organized a detachment of 400 cavalry and 300 infantry, at the head of which he again conducted guerrilla warfare in the districts of [Verkhnedniprovsk](/wiki/Verkhnedneprovsky_Uyezd \"Verkhnedneprovsky Uyezd\"), [Pavlohrad](/wiki/Pavlogradsky_Uyezd \"Pavlogradsky Uyezd\") and Novomoskovsk, managing to escape from encirclement several times. On 2 December 1920, Brova led his detachment in routing a [Red hussar brigade](/wiki/Russian_hussars \"Russian hussars\") at [Komar](/wiki/Komar%2C_Ukraine \"Komar, Ukraine\").{{Sfn\\|Skirda\\|2004\\|p\\=248}}",
"On 9 February 1921, the Red cavalry commander [Grigori Maslakov](/wiki/Grigori_Maslakov \"Grigori Maslakov\") defected to the Makhnovists, joining Brova's detachment at [Pavlohrad](/wiki/Pavlohrad \"Pavlohrad\").{{Sfn\\|Skirda\\|2004\\|p\\=253}} Maslakov himself took command of the united detachment and Brova became its [chief of staff](/wiki/Chief_of_staff \"Chief of staff\"). In March 1921, the Insurgent Army dispatched Maslakov and Brova to the [Don](/wiki/Don_%28river%29 \"Don (river)\") and [Kuban](/wiki/Kuban \"Kuban\"), where they were tasked with spreading the insurrection.{{Sfn\\|Skirda\\|2004\\|pp\\=255\\-256}} Their detachment was reformed into the independent Caucasian Insurgent Army and they marched towards the [North Caucasus](/wiki/North_Caucasus \"North Caucasus\").{{Sfn\\|Bilash\\|Bilash\\|1993\\|p\\=594}} In early 1921, the army captured many mountainous regions and villages from the Reds, and raided small towns. The army enjoyed support from the local population and its numbers increased rapidly, from 1,000 to 10,000 people.",
"As the Red cavalry proved to have little effect against the insurgent forces in Ukraine, in May 1921, they were transferred towards the Don to put down Brova's insurgency.{{Sfn\\|Skirda\\|2004\\|p\\=257}} By August 1921, the Red Army had concentrated considerable forces in the area and began taking hostages and committing mass shootings, which inflicted a number of heavy defeats on the army. The army disintegrated into several small isolated units, one of which was led by Mykhailo Brova.",
"In December 1921, Brova was murdered by a Cheka agent who had infiltrated his unit.{{Sfn\\|Bilash\\|Bilash\\|1993\\|p\\=629}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
The members of successful [boy band](/wiki/Boy_band "Boy band") DuJour, signed to the pop music [record label](/wiki/Record_label "Record label") MegaRecords, confront Wyatt Frame, an executive with the label, on their private jet, expressing innocent concern about a strange backing track they have discovered on their recent single "DuJour Around the World". After the band members get into a fight, Wyatt and the plane's pilot parachute out of the jet, leaving it to crash with the band still on board, presumably "killing" them.
Landing outside the town of [Riverdale](/wiki/Riverdale_%28Archie_Comics%29 "Riverdale (Archie Comics)"), Wyatt begins searching for a replacement band for DuJour, eventually discovering struggling local rock band The Pussycats: lead vocalist and guitarist Josie McCoy, drummer Melody Valentine, and bassist and backup vocalist Valerie Brown. The group accepts Wyatt's immediate offer of a major record deal despite its seeming implausibility, and they are soon flown to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") with their manager Alexander Cabot, his sister Alexandra, and Josie's love interest Alan M. Wyatt renames the band "Josie and the Pussycats" without their permission, making them very uncomfortable.
Meanwhile, MegaRecords CEO Fiona, in an underground meeting with world government representatives, details how the [United States government](/wiki/United_States_government "United States government") has conspired with the music industry to hide [subliminal messages](/wiki/Subliminal_message "Subliminal message") in pop music to indoctrinate teenagers into buying consumer products as part of a new trend each week, thus helping to build a robust economy from the money the teenagers earn from minimum wage jobs such as babysitting. Musicians who discover the hidden messages are made to disappear via staged plane crashes, drug overdoses and similar disasters.
The band's first single "Pretend to Be Nice" is released and, due to subliminal messaging, instantly becomes successful, soon topping the charts. However, Valerie increasingly resents the attention the label gives Josie rather than the band as a whole, while Melody's uncanny behavioral perception makes her suspicious of Fiona and Wyatt. Fiona orders Wyatt to kill the pair before they uncover the conspiracy. The Pussycats are sent to a fake appearance on [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV")'s *[Total Request Live](/wiki/Total_Request_Live "Total Request Live")* where [Carson Daly](/wiki/Carson_Daly "Carson Daly") and a Carson Daly impersonator ([Aries Spears](/wiki/Aries_Spears "Aries Spears")) attempt to kill them with baseball bats, though the girls survive due to their attackers' incompetence.
Rather than allow her to attend a gig by Alan M, claiming it was canceled, Wyatt instead gives Josie a copy of the group's latest single "You Don't See Me", which contains a subliminal message track designed to brainwash her into desiring a solo career. After arguing with her bandmates, Josie realizes that the single caused the fight. Her suspicions are confirmed when she uses a [mixing board](/wiki/Mixing_console "Mixing console") to amplify the subliminal track. However, Fiona catches her unawares.
MegaRecords have organized a giant [pay\-per\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view "Pay-per-view") concert that will be [streamed online](/wiki/Streaming_media "Streaming media"), wherein they plan to unleash a major subliminal message via themed cat\-ears headsets that viewers must buy to hear the audio. Fiona and Wyatt plan for Josie to perform solo, but when the band insists on performing together, the pair hold Melody and Valerie hostage, threatening to kill them in a staged car explosion if they do not comply. However, the badly injured members of DuJour arrive and thwart the pair's plan, having survived the plane crash by landing the plane in the middle of a [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica") concert, where they were severely assaulted by fans.
The trio fight Fiona, Wyatt and their security guards. During the tussle, Josie accidentally destroys the Megasound 8000, the machine used to generate the messages, revealing the new subliminal message to be one that would make Fiona universally popular. Fiona suffers a breakdown and reveals that her [lisp](/wiki/Lisp "Lisp") made her a social outcast in high school, while Wyatt reveals that his appearance is a disguise. He went to the same high school as Fiona, but was a persecuted and unpopular [albino](/wiki/Albinism_in_humans "Albinism in humans"), and the two immediately bond. The government agents colluding with Fiona arrive, but with the conspiracy exposed, they arrest the pair as scapegoats to cover up their involvement in the scheme. They abandon the idea of spreading subliminal messages via music, deciding that movies are far more effective.
Josie, Valerie, and Melody perform the concert together. Alan M arrives and confesses his love for Josie, who returns his feelings. The concert audience removes their headsets at Josie's suggestion and, able to judge the band on its own merits for the first time, roar their approval.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The members of successful [boy band](/wiki/Boy_band \"Boy band\") DuJour, signed to the pop music [record label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\") MegaRecords, confront Wyatt Frame, an executive with the label, on their private jet, expressing innocent concern about a strange backing track they have discovered on their recent single \"DuJour Around the World\". After the band members get into a fight, Wyatt and the plane's pilot parachute out of the jet, leaving it to crash with the band still on board, presumably \"killing\" them.",
"Landing outside the town of [Riverdale](/wiki/Riverdale_%28Archie_Comics%29 \"Riverdale (Archie Comics)\"), Wyatt begins searching for a replacement band for DuJour, eventually discovering struggling local rock band The Pussycats: lead vocalist and guitarist Josie McCoy, drummer Melody Valentine, and bassist and backup vocalist Valerie Brown. The group accepts Wyatt's immediate offer of a major record deal despite its seeming implausibility, and they are soon flown to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") with their manager Alexander Cabot, his sister Alexandra, and Josie's love interest Alan M. Wyatt renames the band \"Josie and the Pussycats\" without their permission, making them very uncomfortable.",
"Meanwhile, MegaRecords CEO Fiona, in an underground meeting with world government representatives, details how the [United States government](/wiki/United_States_government \"United States government\") has conspired with the music industry to hide [subliminal messages](/wiki/Subliminal_message \"Subliminal message\") in pop music to indoctrinate teenagers into buying consumer products as part of a new trend each week, thus helping to build a robust economy from the money the teenagers earn from minimum wage jobs such as babysitting. Musicians who discover the hidden messages are made to disappear via staged plane crashes, drug overdoses and similar disasters.",
"The band's first single \"Pretend to Be Nice\" is released and, due to subliminal messaging, instantly becomes successful, soon topping the charts. However, Valerie increasingly resents the attention the label gives Josie rather than the band as a whole, while Melody's uncanny behavioral perception makes her suspicious of Fiona and Wyatt. Fiona orders Wyatt to kill the pair before they uncover the conspiracy. The Pussycats are sent to a fake appearance on [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\")'s *[Total Request Live](/wiki/Total_Request_Live \"Total Request Live\")* where [Carson Daly](/wiki/Carson_Daly \"Carson Daly\") and a Carson Daly impersonator ([Aries Spears](/wiki/Aries_Spears \"Aries Spears\")) attempt to kill them with baseball bats, though the girls survive due to their attackers' incompetence.",
"Rather than allow her to attend a gig by Alan M, claiming it was canceled, Wyatt instead gives Josie a copy of the group's latest single \"You Don't See Me\", which contains a subliminal message track designed to brainwash her into desiring a solo career. After arguing with her bandmates, Josie realizes that the single caused the fight. Her suspicions are confirmed when she uses a [mixing board](/wiki/Mixing_console \"Mixing console\") to amplify the subliminal track. However, Fiona catches her unawares.",
"MegaRecords have organized a giant [pay\\-per\\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view \"Pay-per-view\") concert that will be [streamed online](/wiki/Streaming_media \"Streaming media\"), wherein they plan to unleash a major subliminal message via themed cat\\-ears headsets that viewers must buy to hear the audio. Fiona and Wyatt plan for Josie to perform solo, but when the band insists on performing together, the pair hold Melody and Valerie hostage, threatening to kill them in a staged car explosion if they do not comply. However, the badly injured members of DuJour arrive and thwart the pair's plan, having survived the plane crash by landing the plane in the middle of a [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\") concert, where they were severely assaulted by fans.",
"The trio fight Fiona, Wyatt and their security guards. During the tussle, Josie accidentally destroys the Megasound 8000, the machine used to generate the messages, revealing the new subliminal message to be one that would make Fiona universally popular. Fiona suffers a breakdown and reveals that her [lisp](/wiki/Lisp \"Lisp\") made her a social outcast in high school, while Wyatt reveals that his appearance is a disguise. He went to the same high school as Fiona, but was a persecuted and unpopular [albino](/wiki/Albinism_in_humans \"Albinism in humans\"), and the two immediately bond. The government agents colluding with Fiona arrive, but with the conspiracy exposed, they arrest the pair as scapegoats to cover up their involvement in the scheme. They abandon the idea of spreading subliminal messages via music, deciding that movies are far more effective.",
"Josie, Valerie, and Melody perform the concert together. Alan M arrives and confesses his love for Josie, who returns his feelings. The concert audience removes their headsets at Josie's suggestion and, able to judge the band on its own merits for the first time, roar their approval.",
""
] |
History
-------
[200px\|thumb\|left\|Children marching in the main street, ca. 1915](/wiki/Image:Dalby_main_street_ca._1915.jpg "Dalby main street ca. 1915.jpg")
[Baranggum](/wiki/Barunggam_language "Barunggam language") (also known as Barrunggam, Barunggam Parrungoom and Murrumgama) is an [Australian Aboriginal language](/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_language "Australian Aboriginal language") spoken by the [Baranggum people](/wiki/Baru%C5%8Bgam "Baruŋgam"). The Baranggum language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the [Western Downs Regional Council](/wiki/Western_Downs_Region "Western Downs Region"), particularly Dalby, [Tara](/wiki/Tara%2C_Queensland "Tara, Queensland"), [Jandowae](/wiki/Jandowae "Jandowae") and west towards [Chinchilla](/wiki/Chinchilla%2C_Queensland "Chinchilla, Queensland").{{Cite web\|url\=https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/baranggum\-2?embed\=true\|title\=Baranggum\|website\=\[\[State Library of Queensland]]\|access\-date\=15 January 2020\|archive\-date\=9 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209064018/https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/baranggum\-2?embed\=true\|url\-status\=live}}
Dalby was founded in the early 1840s at a place known locally as "The Crossing" on Myall Creek, a tributary of the [Condamine River](/wiki/Condamine_River "Condamine River"). The first settler was Henry Dennis, who explored the region and chose land for himself and others in the locality.[Dalby Town Council:Birth and beginnings](http://www.dalby.qld.gov.au/history/origin.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116035613/http://www.dalby.qld.gov.au/history/origin.asp \|date\=16 November 2006 }} Official website. Retrieved 27 October 2006\. Today an [obelisk](/wiki/Obelisk "Obelisk") in Edward Street denotes the location where Dennis camped.
A small settlement was founded to assist travellers heading north to nearby Jimbour Station. The explorer [Ludwig Leichhardt](/wiki/Ludwig_Leichhardt "Ludwig Leichhardt") visited the area in 1844, on his way to [Port Essington](/wiki/Port_Essington "Port Essington").John and Anne Healy of Dalby, Family Record and Story (Feb 2005\)
In February 1853, the New South Wales government sent the Deputy Surveyor General Captain Samuel Perry to the area to survey a township. In August of the following year, [Charles Douglas Eastaughffe](/wiki/Charles_Douglas_Eastaughffe "Charles Douglas Eastaughffe") arrived with a document under the Seal of the NSW Government officially proclaiming 'Dalby' a township. Eastaughffe was later appointed Chief Constable and remained in Dalby until his retirement.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.angelfire.com/folk/eastaughffe/cde.html \|title\=Charles Douglas Eastaughffe 1800 \- 1885\. \|access\-date\=27 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406140542/http://www.angelfire.com/folk/eastaughffe/cde.html \|archive\-date\=6 April 2004 \|url\-status\=live }}
The name of the town is believed to come from the village of [Dalby](/wiki/Dalby%2C_Isle_of_Man "Dalby, Isle of Man") on the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man") and reflects immigration from the Isle of Man in the mid\-19th century. The name was apparently chosen by [Captain Samuel Perry](/wiki/Samuel_Augustus_Perry "Samuel Augustus Perry") when he surveyed the settlement in 1853\.
Myall Creek Post Office also opened in 1854 in Roche's store, with Mr. Simpson as the first postmaster. It was renamed Dalby in 1855\.{{Cite web \| last \= Premier Postal History \| title \= Post Office List \| publisher \= Premier Postal Auctions \| url \= https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi\-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\=QLD\&country\= \| access\-date \= 10 May 2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140515223132/http://www.premierpostal.com/cgi\-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\=QLD\& \| archive\-date \= 15 May 2014 \| url\-status \= live }}
In 1859, Dalby became part of the [new Colony of Queensland](/wiki/Separation_of_Queensland "Separation of Queensland").
[left\|thumb\|Dalby State School, circa 1954](/wiki/File:Dalby_State_School%2C_circa_1954.jpg "Dalby State School, circa 1954.jpg")
Dalby State School opened on 1 June 1861\. In 1869, the school split into Dalby Boys State School Dalby Girls State School. In 1885, the girls' school became Dalby Girls \& Infants State School. In 1893, the two schools were combined as Dalby State School. In 1914, the school expanded to include a secondary school, which closed in 1954, due to the establishment of a separate secondary school, Dalby State High School.{{Citation\|author1\=Queensland Family History Society\|title\=Queensland schools past and present\|date\=2010\|edition\=Version 1\.01\|publisher\=\[\[Queensland Family History Society]]\|isbn\=978\-1\-921171\-26\-0}}{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-10\-10 \|title\=Our School History \|url\=https://dalbyss.eq.edu.au/our\-school \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-30 \|website\=Dalby State School \|language\=en}}
In August 1863, Dalby was officially proclaimed a municipality, the [Borough of Dalby](/wiki/Borough_of_Dalby "Borough of Dalby"), in the [Queensland Government Gazette](/wiki/Queensland_Government_Gazette "Queensland Government Gazette").
Dalby Non\-Vested School opened as a Roman Catholic girls school in 1864 and in 1866 became a non\-vested school (the teachers' salaries were paid by the Queensland Government but the government did not operate the school). Circa 1880, the school either closed or continued without government funding.
On Sunday 5 August 1866, [Bishop](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Brisbane "Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane") [James Quinn](/wiki/James_Quinn_%28bishop%29 "James Quinn (bishop)") dedicated St Joseph's Catholic Church.{{cite news\|date\=9 August 1866\|title\=NOTES AND NEWS\|volume\=I\|page\=2\|newspaper\=\[\[Dalby Herald And Western Queensland Advertiser]]\|issue\=47\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article215449114\|access\-date\=11 August 2020\|via\=National Library of Australia\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220202/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/215449114\|url\-status\=live}}
Dalby was linked by the [Western railway line](/wiki/Western_railway_line%2C_Queensland "Western railway line, Queensland") to [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich%2C_Queensland "Ipswich, Queensland") on 16 April 1868\.{{cite news\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article215452771\|title\=OPENING OF THE RAILWAY TO DALBY.\|date\=18 April 1868\|issue\=135\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|volume\=III\|page\=2\|via\=National Library of Australia\|newspaper\=\[\[Dalby Herald And Western Queensland Advertiser]]\|access\-date\=10 May 2017\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220205/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/215452771\|url\-status\=live}}
On Sunday 20 June 1869, the first Presbyterian church was opened in Dalby.{{cite news\|date\=23 June 1869\|title\=DALBY.\|page\=3\|newspaper\=\[\[The Darling Downs Gazette And General Advertiser]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article75458498\|access\-date\=24 May 2020\|via\=Trove\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220203/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/75458498\|url\-status\=live}} Reverend [George Grimm](/wiki/George_Grimm_%28Presbyterian_minister%29 "George Grimm (Presbyterian minister)") had conducting regular services since 1865\.{{Cite web\|title\=Presbyterian Churches on the Downs \- Downs Folk\|url\=http://downsfolk.wikidot.com/presbyterian\-churches\-on\-the\-downs\|website\=Downs Folk\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524032308/http://downsfolk.wikidot.com/presbyterian\-churches\-on\-the\-downs\|archive\-date\=2020\-05\-24\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-24}}
St Columba's School was a Catholic primary school which was opened in 1877 by the [Sisters of Mercy](/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy "Sisters of Mercy"). In 2008, it merged with St Mary's College to create Our Lady of the Southern Cross College.
From 1873 to 1949, the [electoral district of Dalby](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Dalby "Electoral district of Dalby") was an [electoral district](/wiki/Queensland_Legislative_Assembly_electoral_districts "Queensland Legislative Assembly electoral districts") of the [Legislative Assembly of Queensland](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland "Legislative Assembly of Queensland").
Mocatta's Corner Provisional School opened on circa 1887\. On 1 January 1909, it became Mocatta's Corner State School. It closed in 1925\. It was on the south\-west corner of the junction of Dalby Cooyar Road and Mocattas Corner Road ({{Coord\|\-27\.11677\|151\.36232\|type:edu\_region:AU\-QLD\|name\=Mocatta's Corner State School (former)}}).{{Cite web \|date\=1921 \|title\=Darling Downs 2 Mile map BG1 series sheet 8 \|url\=https://apps.information.qld.gov.au/data/v2/HistoricalMaps/StaticMap/cadastral/cad\-map\-2mile\-darling\-downs\-bg1\-sh8\-1921/original \|access\-date\=5 July 2024 \|publisher\=\[\[Queensland Government]] \|format\=Map}}{{cite web \|title\=Layers: Locality; Road and rail; Land parcel \|url\=https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/ \|access\-date\=5 July 2024 \|website\=Queensland Globe \|publisher\=\[\[Queensland Government]]}}
Dalby was believed to have a healthy climate and in October 1900 the [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government "Queensland Government") opened the Jubilee Sanitorium for [consumptive](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") patients. The name *Jubilee* commemorates the [Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria "Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria").{{cite news\|date\=7 March 1900\|title\=DALBY CONSUMPTIVE HOME TO BE CALLED JUBILEE SANATORIUM.\|volume\=XLII\|page\=2\|newspaper\=\[\[Darling Downs Gazette]]\|issue\=9,622\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article185584231\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=12 November 2021\|archive\-date\=13 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113233943/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/185584231\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite QSA Agency\|2185\|Dalby Sanatorium\|13 November 2021
}} In 1904 the [Dalby Town Council](/wiki/Dalby_Town_Council "Dalby Town Council") erected therapeutic thermal baths using artesian water from a local [bore](/wiki/Water_well "Water well") for those wishing to improve their health by "[taking the waters](/wiki/Taking_the_waters "Taking the waters")".{{Citation\|title\='Taking the waters': mineral springs, artesian bores and health tourism in Queensland, 1870–1950\|url\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/189892181\|date\=2013\|author1\=Griggs, Peter\|page\=164\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|access\-date\=16 January 2017\|archive\-date\=7 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507084501/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/189892181\|url\-status\=live}} In 1938, the council closed the artesian baths as interest in "[taking the waters](/wiki/Taking_the_waters "Taking the waters")" was declining. Medical opinion became increasingly doubtful of the benefits of bathing in mineral waters, favouring drugs and physiotherapy as better treatments.{{Citation\|title\='Taking the waters': mineral springs, artesian bores and health tourism in Queensland, 1870–1950\|url\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/189892181\|date\=2013\|author1\=Griggs, Peter\|pages\=168–169\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|access\-date\=16 January 2017\|archive\-date\=7 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507084501/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/189892181\|url\-status\=live}} It closed in January 1938 with its remaining patients transferred to Westwood Sanatorium.{{cite news\|date\=25 August 1938\|title\=Dalby Sanatorium To Be Used as Hospital for Sub\-normal Males\|page\=2 (SECOND EDITION)\|newspaper\=\[\[The Telegraph (Brisbane)\|The Telegraph]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article183868771\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=12 November 2021\|archive\-date\=13 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113233943/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/183868771\|url\-status\=live}}
Kincora Provisional School opened in 1908 "via Dalby" and was renamed Moonie River Provisional School circa December 1908\. It closed circa 1916\.{{Citation\|author1\=Queensland Family History Society\|title\=Queensland schools past and present\|publication\-date\=2010\|edition\=Version 1\.01\|publisher\=\[\[Queensland Family History Society]]\|isbn\=978\-1\-921171\-26\-0}}
[thumb\|Dalby Methodist Church, circa 1935](/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_259092_Methodist_Church%2C_Dalby%2C_ca._1935.jpg "StateLibQld 1 259092 Methodist Church, Dalby, ca. 1935.jpg")
On 8 December 1912, the Dalby Methodist Church in Condamine Street was officially opened by the Reverend [Henry Youngman](/wiki/Henry_Youngman_%28minister%29 "Henry Youngman (minister)"), the President of the Queensland Methodist Conference.{{cite news\|date\=23 November 1912\|title\=DALBY.\|volume\=LV\|page\=3\|newspaper\=\[\[Darling Downs Gazette]]\|issue\=278\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article180420779\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220203/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/180420779\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|date\=12 December 1912\|title\=GENERAL ITEMS.\|volume\=LV\|page\=4\|newspaper\=\[\[Darling Downs Gazette]]\|issue\=294\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article180418976\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220204/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/180418976\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|date\=14 December 1912\|title\=DALBY\|volume\=LV\|page\=3\|newspaper\=\[\[Darling Downs Gazette]]\|issue\=296\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article180423846\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220204/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/180423846\|url\-status\=live}} In March 1949 it was announced that a new church would be built with the original church to be moved on the site and be used as a church hall.{{cite news\|date\=25 March 1949\|title\=TENDERS CALLED FOR NEW METHODIST CHURCH\|page\=3\|newspaper\=\[\[The Dalby Herald]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article216406135\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220204/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216406135\|url\-status\=live}} On 1 October 1949 the foundation stone for the new Dalby Methodist Church was laid by Reverend Henry William Prouse, the President of the Queensland Methodist Conference.{{cite news\|date\=3 October 1949\|title\=From cities and towns\|page\=5\|newspaper\=\[\[The Courier\-mail]]\|issue\=4010\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article49715218\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220205/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49715218\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|date\=4 October 1949\|title\=STONELAYING FOR METHODIST CHURCH\|page\=4\|newspaper\=\[\[The Dalby Herald]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article216407693\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220205/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216407693\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|date\=4 October 1949\|title\=PLANS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK\|page\=4\|newspaper\=\[\[The Dalby Herald]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article216407698\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220205/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216407698\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|title\=Dalby Uniting Church\|url\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/uniting\-church\-in\-australia/directory/1771\-dalby\-uniting\-church\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-12\|website\=Churches Australia\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220206/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/uniting\-church\-in\-australia/directory/1771\-dalby\-uniting\-church}} Construction commenced in May 1950, but there were delays in obtaining building materials until August 1951\.{{cite news\|date\=19 May 1950\|title\=START ON NEW CHURCH CONSTRUCTION\|page\=6\|newspaper\=\[\[The Dalby Herald]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article216792459\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220207/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216792459\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|date\=10 August 1951\|title\=NEW METHODIST CHURCH\|page\=2\|newspaper\=\[\[The Dalby Herald]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article216777842\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220239/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216777842\|url\-status\=live}} The new church was dedicated on Saturday 8 December 1951 by Reverend Tom Hardy Blackburn.{{cite news\|date\=7 December 1951\|title\=DEDICATION OF NEW METHODIST CHURCH\|page\=1\|newspaper\=\[\[The Dalby Herald]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article216777884\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220239/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216777884\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|date\=11 December 1951\|title\=NEW METHODIST CHURCH OPENED\|page\=1\|newspaper\=\[\[The Dalby Herald]]\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article216778628\|via\=National Library of Australia\|access\-date\=13 September 2021\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220240/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216778628\|url\-status\=live}} When the Methodist Church amalgamated into the [Uniting Church in Australia](/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia "Uniting Church in Australia") in 1977, it became the Dalby Uniting Church.
The Dalby War Memorial was unveiled by the [Queensland Governor](/wiki/Queensland_Governor "Queensland Governor"), [Matthew Nathan](/wiki/Matthew_Nathan "Matthew Nathan"), on 26 July 1922\.{{cite web\|title\=Dalby War Memorial\|url\=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/conflict/multiple/display/91280\-dalby\-war\-memorial\|publisher\=Monument Australia\|access\-date\=3 April 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407120550/http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/conflict/multiple/display/91280\-dalby\-war\-memorial\|archive\-date\=7 April 2014\|url\-status\=live}}
[alt\=Stacks of chocolate bars line the top of the counter above an assortment of lollies in the glass cabinet. Ornaments and toys are on the lower shelf of the counter. Rows of tinned food, jars and cardboard boxes line the shelves behind the family. A large sign to the right of the counter advertises Capstan cigarettes.\|thumb\|Inside the Paragon Cafe at Dalby, Queensland, ca. 1936](/wiki/File:Inside_the_Paragon_Cafe_at_Dalby%2C_Queensland%2C_ca._1936.jpg "Inside the Paragon Cafe at Dalby, Queensland, ca. 1936.jpg")
The Paragon Cafe was purchased in 1935 by Milton (Miltiadis) Dimitrios Samios part of the cultural phenomenon of [Greek cafes in Queensland](/wiki/Greek_cafes_in_Queensland "Greek cafes in Queensland"). Paragon Cafe employed three men and six women with taking increasing from 90 pounds to 200 pounds within the first year of trading.{{Cite web\|url\=http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2019/09/20/paragon\-cafe\-dalby/\|title\=PARAGON CAFÉ, DALBY\|date\=20 September 2019\|website\=State Library of Queensland\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107001640/http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2019/09/20/paragon\-cafe\-dalby/\|archive\-date\=7 November 2019\|access\-date\=15 January 2020}}
The [Dalby Olympic Swimming Pool](/wiki/Dalby_Olympic_Swimming_Pool "Dalby Olympic Swimming Pool") complex was constructed in 1936 and is the earliest identified Olympic standard pool in Queensland constructed outside Brisbane.
Dalby State High School opened on 2 February 1954\.{{Cite QldSchool\|access\-date\=18 April 2019}} Bunya Campus was acquired by Dalby State High School at the start of 2011 and has since provided students who live out of the catchment area the opportunity to attend Dalby State High School and participate in all it has to offer as a boarding student.{{Cite web\|url\=https://dalbyshsbunya.eq.edu.au/Pages/default.aspx\|title\=Dalby State High School Bunya campus\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124014224/https://dalbyshsbunya.eq.edu.au/Pages/default.aspx\|archive\-date\=24 January 2018\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=23 January 2018}}
St Mary's College was a Catholic secondary school opened on 21 January 1963 by the [Christian Brothers](/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers "Congregation of Christian Brothers"). In 2008, it merged with St Columba's School to create Our Lady of the Southern Cross College.
Dalby South State School opened on 29 March 1965\.{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-10\-11 \|title\=History \|url\=https://dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/our\-school/history \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-30 \|website\=Dalby South State School \|language\=en}}
Dalby Christian School was opened on 1 February 1981 by the Dalby Gospel Chapel.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dalbycc.qld.edu.au/college/history\|title\=History\|website\=Dalby Christian College\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810133905/https://www.dalbycc.qld.edu.au/college/history\|archive\-date\=10 August 2019\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=10 August 2019}}
The Christian Outreach College opened on 28 January 1984\. It closed on 18 September 1991\.
In 2004, Dalby began treating its water with state\-of\-the\-art [reverse osmosis](/wiki/Reverse_osmosis "Reverse osmosis") process. The first Reverse Osmosis plant, opened in 2004, was the first in [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland").{{Cite web\|title\=Queensland's First Municipal Desalination Plant\|url\=https://www.waterworld.com/home/article/16201067/queenslands\-first\-municipal\-desalination\-plant\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220239/https://www.waterworld.com/home/article/16201067/queenslands\-first\-municipal\-desalination\-plant\|archive\-date\=12 September 2021\|access\-date\=26 January 2020}} The second and larger plant opened in 2011\.{{Cite web\|title\=Second reverse osmosis plant opens at Dalby\|url\=http://www.watercareer.com.au/archived\-news/second\-reverse\-osmosis\-plant\-opens\-at\-dalby\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413071607/http://www.watercareer.com.au/archived\-news/second\-reverse\-osmosis\-plant\-opens\-at\-dalby\|archive\-date\=13 April 2019}}
In 2006, the opening of Dalby Shoppingworld at the northern end of Cunningham Street has brought new life to the Dalby CBD. The centre includes [Woolworths](/wiki/Woolworths_Limited "Woolworths Limited"), [Big W](/wiki/Big_W "Big W"), [Amcal](/wiki/Amcal "Amcal") and other specialty shops.{{Cite web\|title\=Dalby Shoppingworld\|url\=http://www.dalbyshoppingworld.com.au/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710081931/http://www.dalbyshoppingworld.com.au/\|archive\-date\=10 July 2019\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-26}} As part of nationwide restructuring, [Target Country](/wiki/Target_Australia "Target Australia") closed its store in January 2021 and was replaced by [K Hub](/wiki/Kmart_Australia "Kmart Australia"), which opened in February.
Dalby Library opened in 2014\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/\_\_data/assets/pdf\_file/0012/388497/SLQ\_StatsBulletin1617\_20171109\.pdf\|title\=Public Libraries Statistical Bulletin 2016\-17\|date\=November 2017\|website\=Public Libraries Connect\|publisher\=\[\[State Library of Queensland]]\|page\=16\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130022546/http://www.plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/\_\_data/assets/pdf\_file/0012/388497/SLQ\_StatsBulletin1617\_20171109\.pdf\|archive\-date\=30 January 2018\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=30 January 2018}}
In 2016, Dalby's population was increasing rapidly with many new estates created and subdivisions made.{{Cite web\|date\=May 2016\|title\=Indicators of change in Dalby and district community\|url\=https://boomtown\-indicators.org/sites/report.boomtown\-toolkit.org/files/dalby\_booklet\_v8\_celoxis\_0\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190846/https://boomtown\-indicators.org/sites/report.boomtown\-toolkit.org/files/dalby\_booklet\_v8\_celoxis\_0\.pdf\|archive\-date\=31 January 2017\|access\-date\=19 January 2017\|website\=SMI CRSM Centre of Social Responsibility in Mining}} Some notable new estates include Sunnyside Estate, Heritage Gardens, Callistemon Park and a new estate on the Warrego Highway side of Sandalwood Avenue.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[200px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Children marching in the main street, ca. 1915](/wiki/Image:Dalby_main_street_ca._1915.jpg \"Dalby main street ca. 1915.jpg\")\n[Baranggum](/wiki/Barunggam_language \"Barunggam language\") (also known as Barrunggam, Barunggam Parrungoom and Murrumgama) is an [Australian Aboriginal language](/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_language \"Australian Aboriginal language\") spoken by the [Baranggum people](/wiki/Baru%C5%8Bgam \"Baruŋgam\"). The Baranggum language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the [Western Downs Regional Council](/wiki/Western_Downs_Region \"Western Downs Region\"), particularly Dalby, [Tara](/wiki/Tara%2C_Queensland \"Tara, Queensland\"), [Jandowae](/wiki/Jandowae \"Jandowae\") and west towards [Chinchilla](/wiki/Chinchilla%2C_Queensland \"Chinchilla, Queensland\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/baranggum\\-2?embed\\=true\\|title\\=Baranggum\\|website\\=\\[\\[State Library of Queensland]]\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209064018/https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/baranggum\\-2?embed\\=true\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Dalby was founded in the early 1840s at a place known locally as \"The Crossing\" on Myall Creek, a tributary of the [Condamine River](/wiki/Condamine_River \"Condamine River\"). The first settler was Henry Dennis, who explored the region and chose land for himself and others in the locality.[Dalby Town Council:Birth and beginnings](http://www.dalby.qld.gov.au/history/origin.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116035613/http://www.dalby.qld.gov.au/history/origin.asp \\|date\\=16 November 2006 }} Official website. Retrieved 27 October 2006\\. Today an [obelisk](/wiki/Obelisk \"Obelisk\") in Edward Street denotes the location where Dennis camped.",
"A small settlement was founded to assist travellers heading north to nearby Jimbour Station. The explorer [Ludwig Leichhardt](/wiki/Ludwig_Leichhardt \"Ludwig Leichhardt\") visited the area in 1844, on his way to [Port Essington](/wiki/Port_Essington \"Port Essington\").John and Anne Healy of Dalby, Family Record and Story (Feb 2005\\)",
"In February 1853, the New South Wales government sent the Deputy Surveyor General Captain Samuel Perry to the area to survey a township. In August of the following year, [Charles Douglas Eastaughffe](/wiki/Charles_Douglas_Eastaughffe \"Charles Douglas Eastaughffe\") arrived with a document under the Seal of the NSW Government officially proclaiming 'Dalby' a township. Eastaughffe was later appointed Chief Constable and remained in Dalby until his retirement.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.angelfire.com/folk/eastaughffe/cde.html \\|title\\=Charles Douglas Eastaughffe 1800 \\- 1885\\. \\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406140542/http://www.angelfire.com/folk/eastaughffe/cde.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2004 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The name of the town is believed to come from the village of [Dalby](/wiki/Dalby%2C_Isle_of_Man \"Dalby, Isle of Man\") on the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") and reflects immigration from the Isle of Man in the mid\\-19th century. The name was apparently chosen by [Captain Samuel Perry](/wiki/Samuel_Augustus_Perry \"Samuel Augustus Perry\") when he surveyed the settlement in 1853\\.",
"Myall Creek Post Office also opened in 1854 in Roche's store, with Mr. Simpson as the first postmaster. It was renamed Dalby in 1855\\.{{Cite web \\| last \\= Premier Postal History \\| title \\= Post Office List \\| publisher \\= Premier Postal Auctions \\| url \\= https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi\\-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\\=QLD\\&country\\= \\| access\\-date \\= 10 May 2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140515223132/http://www.premierpostal.com/cgi\\-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\\=QLD\\& \\| archive\\-date \\= 15 May 2014 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}",
"In 1859, Dalby became part of the [new Colony of Queensland](/wiki/Separation_of_Queensland \"Separation of Queensland\").\n[left\\|thumb\\|Dalby State School, circa 1954](/wiki/File:Dalby_State_School%2C_circa_1954.jpg \"Dalby State School, circa 1954.jpg\")\nDalby State School opened on 1 June 1861\\. In 1869, the school split into Dalby Boys State School Dalby Girls State School. In 1885, the girls' school became Dalby Girls \\& Infants State School. In 1893, the two schools were combined as Dalby State School. In 1914, the school expanded to include a secondary school, which closed in 1954, due to the establishment of a separate secondary school, Dalby State High School.{{Citation\\|author1\\=Queensland Family History Society\\|title\\=Queensland schools past and present\\|date\\=2010\\|edition\\=Version 1\\.01\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Queensland Family History Society]]\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-921171\\-26\\-0}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-10 \\|title\\=Our School History \\|url\\=https://dalbyss.eq.edu.au/our\\-school \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-30 \\|website\\=Dalby State School \\|language\\=en}}",
"In August 1863, Dalby was officially proclaimed a municipality, the [Borough of Dalby](/wiki/Borough_of_Dalby \"Borough of Dalby\"), in the [Queensland Government Gazette](/wiki/Queensland_Government_Gazette \"Queensland Government Gazette\").",
"Dalby Non\\-Vested School opened as a Roman Catholic girls school in 1864 and in 1866 became a non\\-vested school (the teachers' salaries were paid by the Queensland Government but the government did not operate the school). Circa 1880, the school either closed or continued without government funding.",
"On Sunday 5 August 1866, [Bishop](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Brisbane \"Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane\") [James Quinn](/wiki/James_Quinn_%28bishop%29 \"James Quinn (bishop)\") dedicated St Joseph's Catholic Church.{{cite news\\|date\\=9 August 1866\\|title\\=NOTES AND NEWS\\|volume\\=I\\|page\\=2\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dalby Herald And Western Queensland Advertiser]]\\|issue\\=47\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article215449114\\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2020\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220202/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/215449114\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Dalby was linked by the [Western railway line](/wiki/Western_railway_line%2C_Queensland \"Western railway line, Queensland\") to [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich%2C_Queensland \"Ipswich, Queensland\") on 16 April 1868\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article215452771\\|title\\=OPENING OF THE RAILWAY TO DALBY.\\|date\\=18 April 1868\\|issue\\=135\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|volume\\=III\\|page\\=2\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Dalby Herald And Western Queensland Advertiser]]\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220205/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/215452771\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On Sunday 20 June 1869, the first Presbyterian church was opened in Dalby.{{cite news\\|date\\=23 June 1869\\|title\\=DALBY.\\|page\\=3\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Darling Downs Gazette And General Advertiser]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article75458498\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2020\\|via\\=Trove\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220203/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/75458498\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Reverend [George Grimm](/wiki/George_Grimm_%28Presbyterian_minister%29 \"George Grimm (Presbyterian minister)\") had conducting regular services since 1865\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Presbyterian Churches on the Downs \\- Downs Folk\\|url\\=http://downsfolk.wikidot.com/presbyterian\\-churches\\-on\\-the\\-downs\\|website\\=Downs Folk\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524032308/http://downsfolk.wikidot.com/presbyterian\\-churches\\-on\\-the\\-downs\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-24}}",
"St Columba's School was a Catholic primary school which was opened in 1877 by the [Sisters of Mercy](/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy \"Sisters of Mercy\"). In 2008, it merged with St Mary's College to create Our Lady of the Southern Cross College.",
"From 1873 to 1949, the [electoral district of Dalby](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Dalby \"Electoral district of Dalby\") was an [electoral district](/wiki/Queensland_Legislative_Assembly_electoral_districts \"Queensland Legislative Assembly electoral districts\") of the [Legislative Assembly of Queensland](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland \"Legislative Assembly of Queensland\").",
"Mocatta's Corner Provisional School opened on circa 1887\\. On 1 January 1909, it became Mocatta's Corner State School. It closed in 1925\\. It was on the south\\-west corner of the junction of Dalby Cooyar Road and Mocattas Corner Road ({{Coord\\|\\-27\\.11677\\|151\\.36232\\|type:edu\\_region:AU\\-QLD\\|name\\=Mocatta's Corner State School (former)}}).{{Cite web \\|date\\=1921 \\|title\\=Darling Downs 2 Mile map BG1 series sheet 8 \\|url\\=https://apps.information.qld.gov.au/data/v2/HistoricalMaps/StaticMap/cadastral/cad\\-map\\-2mile\\-darling\\-downs\\-bg1\\-sh8\\-1921/original \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2024 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Queensland Government]] \\|format\\=Map}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Layers: Locality; Road and rail; Land parcel \\|url\\=https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/ \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2024 \\|website\\=Queensland Globe \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Queensland Government]]}}",
"Dalby was believed to have a healthy climate and in October 1900 the [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government \"Queensland Government\") opened the Jubilee Sanitorium for [consumptive](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") patients. The name *Jubilee* commemorates the [Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria \"Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria\").{{cite news\\|date\\=7 March 1900\\|title\\=DALBY CONSUMPTIVE HOME TO BE CALLED JUBILEE SANATORIUM.\\|volume\\=XLII\\|page\\=2\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Darling Downs Gazette]]\\|issue\\=9,622\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article185584231\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113233943/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/185584231\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite QSA Agency\\|2185\\|Dalby Sanatorium\\|13 November 2021\n}} In 1904 the [Dalby Town Council](/wiki/Dalby_Town_Council \"Dalby Town Council\") erected therapeutic thermal baths using artesian water from a local [bore](/wiki/Water_well \"Water well\") for those wishing to improve their health by \"[taking the waters](/wiki/Taking_the_waters \"Taking the waters\")\".{{Citation\\|title\\='Taking the waters': mineral springs, artesian bores and health tourism in Queensland, 1870–1950\\|url\\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/189892181\\|date\\=2013\\|author1\\=Griggs, Peter\\|page\\=164\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507084501/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/189892181\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 1938, the council closed the artesian baths as interest in \"[taking the waters](/wiki/Taking_the_waters \"Taking the waters\")\" was declining. Medical opinion became increasingly doubtful of the benefits of bathing in mineral waters, favouring drugs and physiotherapy as better treatments.{{Citation\\|title\\='Taking the waters': mineral springs, artesian bores and health tourism in Queensland, 1870–1950\\|url\\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/189892181\\|date\\=2013\\|author1\\=Griggs, Peter\\|pages\\=168–169\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507084501/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/189892181\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It closed in January 1938 with its remaining patients transferred to Westwood Sanatorium.{{cite news\\|date\\=25 August 1938\\|title\\=Dalby Sanatorium To Be Used as Hospital for Sub\\-normal Males\\|page\\=2 (SECOND EDITION)\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Telegraph (Brisbane)\\|The Telegraph]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article183868771\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113233943/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/183868771\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Kincora Provisional School opened in 1908 \"via Dalby\" and was renamed Moonie River Provisional School circa December 1908\\. It closed circa 1916\\.{{Citation\\|author1\\=Queensland Family History Society\\|title\\=Queensland schools past and present\\|publication\\-date\\=2010\\|edition\\=Version 1\\.01\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Queensland Family History Society]]\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-921171\\-26\\-0}}\n[thumb\\|Dalby Methodist Church, circa 1935](/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_259092_Methodist_Church%2C_Dalby%2C_ca._1935.jpg \"StateLibQld 1 259092 Methodist Church, Dalby, ca. 1935.jpg\")\nOn 8 December 1912, the Dalby Methodist Church in Condamine Street was officially opened by the Reverend [Henry Youngman](/wiki/Henry_Youngman_%28minister%29 \"Henry Youngman (minister)\"), the President of the Queensland Methodist Conference.{{cite news\\|date\\=23 November 1912\\|title\\=DALBY.\\|volume\\=LV\\|page\\=3\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Darling Downs Gazette]]\\|issue\\=278\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article180420779\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220203/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/180420779\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|date\\=12 December 1912\\|title\\=GENERAL ITEMS.\\|volume\\=LV\\|page\\=4\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Darling Downs Gazette]]\\|issue\\=294\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article180418976\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220204/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/180418976\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|date\\=14 December 1912\\|title\\=DALBY\\|volume\\=LV\\|page\\=3\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Darling Downs Gazette]]\\|issue\\=296\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article180423846\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220204/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/180423846\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In March 1949 it was announced that a new church would be built with the original church to be moved on the site and be used as a church hall.{{cite news\\|date\\=25 March 1949\\|title\\=TENDERS CALLED FOR NEW METHODIST CHURCH\\|page\\=3\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Dalby Herald]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article216406135\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220204/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216406135\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 1 October 1949 the foundation stone for the new Dalby Methodist Church was laid by Reverend Henry William Prouse, the President of the Queensland Methodist Conference.{{cite news\\|date\\=3 October 1949\\|title\\=From cities and towns\\|page\\=5\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Courier\\-mail]]\\|issue\\=4010\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article49715218\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220205/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49715218\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|date\\=4 October 1949\\|title\\=STONELAYING FOR METHODIST CHURCH\\|page\\=4\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Dalby Herald]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article216407693\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220205/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216407693\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|date\\=4 October 1949\\|title\\=PLANS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK\\|page\\=4\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Dalby Herald]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article216407698\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220205/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216407698\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Dalby Uniting Church\\|url\\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/uniting\\-church\\-in\\-australia/directory/1771\\-dalby\\-uniting\\-church\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-12\\|website\\=Churches Australia\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220206/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/uniting\\-church\\-in\\-australia/directory/1771\\-dalby\\-uniting\\-church}} Construction commenced in May 1950, but there were delays in obtaining building materials until August 1951\\.{{cite news\\|date\\=19 May 1950\\|title\\=START ON NEW CHURCH CONSTRUCTION\\|page\\=6\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Dalby Herald]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article216792459\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220207/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216792459\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|date\\=10 August 1951\\|title\\=NEW METHODIST CHURCH\\|page\\=2\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Dalby Herald]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article216777842\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220239/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216777842\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The new church was dedicated on Saturday 8 December 1951 by Reverend Tom Hardy Blackburn.{{cite news\\|date\\=7 December 1951\\|title\\=DEDICATION OF NEW METHODIST CHURCH\\|page\\=1\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Dalby Herald]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article216777884\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220239/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216777884\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|date\\=11 December 1951\\|title\\=NEW METHODIST CHURCH OPENED\\|page\\=1\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Dalby Herald]]\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article216778628\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220240/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/216778628\\|url\\-status\\=live}} When the Methodist Church amalgamated into the [Uniting Church in Australia](/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia \"Uniting Church in Australia\") in 1977, it became the Dalby Uniting Church.",
"The Dalby War Memorial was unveiled by the [Queensland Governor](/wiki/Queensland_Governor \"Queensland Governor\"), [Matthew Nathan](/wiki/Matthew_Nathan \"Matthew Nathan\"), on 26 July 1922\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dalby War Memorial\\|url\\=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/conflict/multiple/display/91280\\-dalby\\-war\\-memorial\\|publisher\\=Monument Australia\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407120550/http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/conflict/multiple/display/91280\\-dalby\\-war\\-memorial\\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[alt\\=Stacks of chocolate bars line the top of the counter above an assortment of lollies in the glass cabinet. Ornaments and toys are on the lower shelf of the counter. Rows of tinned food, jars and cardboard boxes line the shelves behind the family. A large sign to the right of the counter advertises Capstan cigarettes.\\|thumb\\|Inside the Paragon Cafe at Dalby, Queensland, ca. 1936](/wiki/File:Inside_the_Paragon_Cafe_at_Dalby%2C_Queensland%2C_ca._1936.jpg \"Inside the Paragon Cafe at Dalby, Queensland, ca. 1936.jpg\")\nThe Paragon Cafe was purchased in 1935 by Milton (Miltiadis) Dimitrios Samios part of the cultural phenomenon of [Greek cafes in Queensland](/wiki/Greek_cafes_in_Queensland \"Greek cafes in Queensland\"). Paragon Cafe employed three men and six women with taking increasing from 90 pounds to 200 pounds within the first year of trading.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2019/09/20/paragon\\-cafe\\-dalby/\\|title\\=PARAGON CAFÉ, DALBY\\|date\\=20 September 2019\\|website\\=State Library of Queensland\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107001640/http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2019/09/20/paragon\\-cafe\\-dalby/\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2019\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2020}}",
"The [Dalby Olympic Swimming Pool](/wiki/Dalby_Olympic_Swimming_Pool \"Dalby Olympic Swimming Pool\") complex was constructed in 1936 and is the earliest identified Olympic standard pool in Queensland constructed outside Brisbane.",
"Dalby State High School opened on 2 February 1954\\.{{Cite QldSchool\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2019}} Bunya Campus was acquired by Dalby State High School at the start of 2011 and has since provided students who live out of the catchment area the opportunity to attend Dalby State High School and participate in all it has to offer as a boarding student.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://dalbyshsbunya.eq.edu.au/Pages/default.aspx\\|title\\=Dalby State High School Bunya campus\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124014224/https://dalbyshsbunya.eq.edu.au/Pages/default.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=24 January 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2018}}",
"St Mary's College was a Catholic secondary school opened on 21 January 1963 by the [Christian Brothers](/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers \"Congregation of Christian Brothers\"). In 2008, it merged with St Columba's School to create Our Lady of the Southern Cross College.",
"Dalby South State School opened on 29 March 1965\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-11 \\|title\\=History \\|url\\=https://dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/our\\-school/history \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-30 \\|website\\=Dalby South State School \\|language\\=en}}",
"Dalby Christian School was opened on 1 February 1981 by the Dalby Gospel Chapel.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dalbycc.qld.edu.au/college/history\\|title\\=History\\|website\\=Dalby Christian College\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810133905/https://www.dalbycc.qld.edu.au/college/history\\|archive\\-date\\=10 August 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2019}}",
"The Christian Outreach College opened on 28 January 1984\\. It closed on 18 September 1991\\.",
"In 2004, Dalby began treating its water with state\\-of\\-the\\-art [reverse osmosis](/wiki/Reverse_osmosis \"Reverse osmosis\") process. The first Reverse Osmosis plant, opened in 2004, was the first in [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Queensland's First Municipal Desalination Plant\\|url\\=https://www.waterworld.com/home/article/16201067/queenslands\\-first\\-municipal\\-desalination\\-plant\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912220239/https://www.waterworld.com/home/article/16201067/queenslands\\-first\\-municipal\\-desalination\\-plant\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2021\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2020}} The second and larger plant opened in 2011\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Second reverse osmosis plant opens at Dalby\\|url\\=http://www.watercareer.com.au/archived\\-news/second\\-reverse\\-osmosis\\-plant\\-opens\\-at\\-dalby\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413071607/http://www.watercareer.com.au/archived\\-news/second\\-reverse\\-osmosis\\-plant\\-opens\\-at\\-dalby\\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2019}}",
"In 2006, the opening of Dalby Shoppingworld at the northern end of Cunningham Street has brought new life to the Dalby CBD. The centre includes [Woolworths](/wiki/Woolworths_Limited \"Woolworths Limited\"), [Big W](/wiki/Big_W \"Big W\"), [Amcal](/wiki/Amcal \"Amcal\") and other specialty shops.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Dalby Shoppingworld\\|url\\=http://www.dalbyshoppingworld.com.au/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710081931/http://www.dalbyshoppingworld.com.au/\\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2019\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-26}} As part of nationwide restructuring, [Target Country](/wiki/Target_Australia \"Target Australia\") closed its store in January 2021 and was replaced by [K Hub](/wiki/Kmart_Australia \"Kmart Australia\"), which opened in February.",
"Dalby Library opened in 2014\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/\\_\\_data/assets/pdf\\_file/0012/388497/SLQ\\_StatsBulletin1617\\_20171109\\.pdf\\|title\\=Public Libraries Statistical Bulletin 2016\\-17\\|date\\=November 2017\\|website\\=Public Libraries Connect\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[State Library of Queensland]]\\|page\\=16\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130022546/http://www.plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/\\_\\_data/assets/pdf\\_file/0012/388497/SLQ\\_StatsBulletin1617\\_20171109\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=30 January 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2018}}",
"In 2016, Dalby's population was increasing rapidly with many new estates created and subdivisions made.{{Cite web\\|date\\=May 2016\\|title\\=Indicators of change in Dalby and district community\\|url\\=https://boomtown\\-indicators.org/sites/report.boomtown\\-toolkit.org/files/dalby\\_booklet\\_v8\\_celoxis\\_0\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190846/https://boomtown\\-indicators.org/sites/report.boomtown\\-toolkit.org/files/dalby\\_booklet\\_v8\\_celoxis\\_0\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2017\\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2017\\|website\\=SMI CRSM Centre of Social Responsibility in Mining}} Some notable new estates include Sunnyside Estate, Heritage Gardens, Callistemon Park and a new estate on the Warrego Highway side of Sandalwood Avenue.",
""
] |
History
-------
The theatre opened on September 1, 1928, the same year that Hammond Junior College became Southeastern Louisiana College. Originally designed for the presentation of motion pictures, vaudeville acts, and local theatrical productions, the Columbia was the largest theater in Hammond. It featured the first [theatre organ](/wiki/Theatre_organ "Theatre organ") and the first [talking pictures](/wiki/Sound_film "Sound film").
The Columbia became the center for entertainment during the depression and war years of the 1930s and 1940s. By the 1950s and 1960s, the theater needed to be renovated. This was an era in which downtown businesses were suffering due to the development of regional malls and subdivisions. Although a sincere effort to remodel and reopen the theater was made in the late 1970s by businessman Wiley Sharp, it proved to be too challenging for one individual. By the early 1980s, the Columbia was vacant, leaking, and infested with termites. In the early 1990s, a delegation of local citizens proposed leveling the Columbia and replacing it with a parking lot.
Another group of citizens, led by Marguerite Walter, Director of the Hammond Downtown Development District (DDD), worked to save the Columbia. She enlisted Harriet Vogt, Director of Fanfare at [Southeastern Louisiana University](/wiki/Southeastern_Louisiana_University "Southeastern Louisiana University") (SLU), who guided the University to join the League of Historic American Theaters, and to seek their advice. The League, which stressed the importance of saving old theaters, asked Killis Almond of [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio "San Antonio"), Texas, to visit Hammond. Almond urged the group to save the Columbia and to do it quickly, as the roof was in danger of collapsing.
Walter and Vogt worked with local attorney Rodney Cashe to register the Columbia as a non\-profit 501 (c) (3\). The group also sought funding from Louisiana state Representative [Bob Livingston](/wiki/Bob_Livingston "Bob Livingston") and state Senator [John Hainkel](/wiki/John_Hainkel "John Hainkel"). Walter wrote several successful grant applications for state capital outlay funding, the first to repair the roof. The City of Hammond joined in by leasing the building and providing insurance coverage.
By 1994 [First Guaranty Bank](/wiki/First_Guaranty_Bank "First Guaranty Bank") owned the structure and offered to donate it to the DDD under the condition that it be converted back to a performance space. The DDD selected Holly and Smith Architects to conduct a restoration study and design plans for the renovation. At this point, Hainkel met with SLU President [Sally Clausen](/wiki/Sally_Clausen "Sally Clausen") and her staff, along with Stan Dameron of First Guaranty Bank. Hainkel proposed turning the theater over to SLU for operation after the restoration. Working together, the DDD, City of Hammond, and SLU secured $4,900,000 in capital outlay funds to restore the Columbia and to also purchase the adjacent old [J. C. Penney](/wiki/J._C._Penney "J. C. Penney") building to provide additional space for dressing rooms, rehearsal space, and offices.
To expand the lobby space and secure a loading dock, retired Judge Leon Ford approached H. P. Forbes, owner of the old Firestone Tire building located on the east side of the Columbia. Forbes donated a portion of the building, and Livingston arranged a federal grant to purchase and renovate the entire building. Upon completion of the restoration, in Spring 2001, Southeastern Louisiana University received ownership from the DDD.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The theatre opened on September 1, 1928, the same year that Hammond Junior College became Southeastern Louisiana College. Originally designed for the presentation of motion pictures, vaudeville acts, and local theatrical productions, the Columbia was the largest theater in Hammond. It featured the first [theatre organ](/wiki/Theatre_organ \"Theatre organ\") and the first [talking pictures](/wiki/Sound_film \"Sound film\").",
"The Columbia became the center for entertainment during the depression and war years of the 1930s and 1940s. By the 1950s and 1960s, the theater needed to be renovated. This was an era in which downtown businesses were suffering due to the development of regional malls and subdivisions. Although a sincere effort to remodel and reopen the theater was made in the late 1970s by businessman Wiley Sharp, it proved to be too challenging for one individual. By the early 1980s, the Columbia was vacant, leaking, and infested with termites. In the early 1990s, a delegation of local citizens proposed leveling the Columbia and replacing it with a parking lot.",
"Another group of citizens, led by Marguerite Walter, Director of the Hammond Downtown Development District (DDD), worked to save the Columbia. She enlisted Harriet Vogt, Director of Fanfare at [Southeastern Louisiana University](/wiki/Southeastern_Louisiana_University \"Southeastern Louisiana University\") (SLU), who guided the University to join the League of Historic American Theaters, and to seek their advice. The League, which stressed the importance of saving old theaters, asked Killis Almond of [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio \"San Antonio\"), Texas, to visit Hammond. Almond urged the group to save the Columbia and to do it quickly, as the roof was in danger of collapsing.",
"Walter and Vogt worked with local attorney Rodney Cashe to register the Columbia as a non\\-profit 501 (c) (3\\). The group also sought funding from Louisiana state Representative [Bob Livingston](/wiki/Bob_Livingston \"Bob Livingston\") and state Senator [John Hainkel](/wiki/John_Hainkel \"John Hainkel\"). Walter wrote several successful grant applications for state capital outlay funding, the first to repair the roof. The City of Hammond joined in by leasing the building and providing insurance coverage.",
"By 1994 [First Guaranty Bank](/wiki/First_Guaranty_Bank \"First Guaranty Bank\") owned the structure and offered to donate it to the DDD under the condition that it be converted back to a performance space. The DDD selected Holly and Smith Architects to conduct a restoration study and design plans for the renovation. At this point, Hainkel met with SLU President [Sally Clausen](/wiki/Sally_Clausen \"Sally Clausen\") and her staff, along with Stan Dameron of First Guaranty Bank. Hainkel proposed turning the theater over to SLU for operation after the restoration. Working together, the DDD, City of Hammond, and SLU secured $4,900,000 in capital outlay funds to restore the Columbia and to also purchase the adjacent old [J. C. Penney](/wiki/J._C._Penney \"J. C. Penney\") building to provide additional space for dressing rooms, rehearsal space, and offices.",
"To expand the lobby space and secure a loading dock, retired Judge Leon Ford approached H. P. Forbes, owner of the old Firestone Tire building located on the east side of the Columbia. Forbes donated a portion of the building, and Livingston arranged a federal grant to purchase and renovate the entire building. Upon completion of the restoration, in Spring 2001, Southeastern Louisiana University received ownership from the DDD.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Michael Lane, a moderately successful author, experiences [writer's block](/wiki/Writer%27s_block "Writer's block") while working on his second novel. A recovering alcoholic, he credits his wife, Katherine, with saving him from losing everything. He is tempted to return to drinking when the stressors in his life pile on: he does not get along with his next\-door neighbor, Mitch; Katherine wants a baby; he has been subject to a series of [prank calls](/wiki/Prank_call "Prank call"); and he is under pressure by everyone to complete his novel. He confides to his [Alcoholics Anonymous](/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous "Alcoholics Anonymous") sponsor, Jeff, that he has recently begun experiencing [hallucinations](/wiki/Hallucination "Hallucination") again despite his lack of drinking. Jeff, a psychologist, suggests that the stress in his life may be to blame.
Michael and Katherine continue to be disturbed by prank calls during the night. When an apparent intruder sets off their alarm, they contact the police. However, Sheriff Stance, who harbors a dislike for Michael, dismisses their concerns and insinuates that Michael has resumed drinking. As the pressures on Michael intensify, he is taunted by the main character of his previous novel, an English knight, and begins to experience gruesome hallucinations of murdered people. The knight urges him to return to drinking, but Michael resists by looking at a picture of his wife and recalling his vow to stay sober.
When friends Mary and Bill are over at their house, their son Mason discovers the Lanes' voicemail and plays back the messages left by the crank callers, who repeated the question, "Remember me?" When Mason refuses to stop playing the messages, Michael strikes him and becomes entranced by the voicemail, from which he claims to hear secret messages when played in reverse. When Bill and Mary confront him, he initially ignores them while translating the messages, then beats up Bill. Distressed, Katherine tells him to seek professional help. After seeing further hallucinations that night, Michael finally drinks an entire bottle of whiskey. When Katherine finds out, she tells him that she is leaving him. Michael insists that they are being haunted and that he needs her help.
As Katherine is about to leave, Detective Taylor stops her and jokes that his research into their crank calls has led him to believe they may be of paranormal origin. Suddenly realizing that Michael may be right, Katherine returns to him, and they research a local unsolved case that involves a serial killer. Taylor confirms that the names Michael has heard on his voice mail are the killer's victims but cannot help any further, as Sheriff Stance has sealed the case's records and warned him to back off. Michael hires a local computer repairman to hack into the police records, where he discovers the serial killer uses a different standardized psychological [M.O.](/wiki/Modus_operandi "Modus operandi") in each killing. The sixth and final M.O. has yet to be used, and Michael becomes convinced that the victims' ghosts want him to stop the killer before he strikes again.
The crank calls from the ghosts continue unabated, and Katherine becomes mysteriously ill. Frustrated, Michael shouts at the ghosts and demands to know who killed them. Voices from his phone stun Michael as they tell him he did. Michael initially denies it but experiences a series of flashbacks, where he remembers murdering the victims and planning Katherine's murder. Before he could finish his plan, he suffered head trauma when one of his victims fought back. He stumbled out of her house with her manuscript, and, because of his [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia "Amnesia"), assumed that he had written it. As the memories come back to him, he returns to his previous killer personality and attempts to murder Katherine; the knight once again encourages him. As she hides from him, the police arrive and take him prisoner. During the subsequent interrogation, Sheriff Stance threatens to kill Michael. When Stance backs down, Michael laughs, calls him weak, and says he has only just begun.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Michael Lane, a moderately successful author, experiences [writer's block](/wiki/Writer%27s_block \"Writer's block\") while working on his second novel. A recovering alcoholic, he credits his wife, Katherine, with saving him from losing everything. He is tempted to return to drinking when the stressors in his life pile on: he does not get along with his next\\-door neighbor, Mitch; Katherine wants a baby; he has been subject to a series of [prank calls](/wiki/Prank_call \"Prank call\"); and he is under pressure by everyone to complete his novel. He confides to his [Alcoholics Anonymous](/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous \"Alcoholics Anonymous\") sponsor, Jeff, that he has recently begun experiencing [hallucinations](/wiki/Hallucination \"Hallucination\") again despite his lack of drinking. Jeff, a psychologist, suggests that the stress in his life may be to blame.",
"Michael and Katherine continue to be disturbed by prank calls during the night. When an apparent intruder sets off their alarm, they contact the police. However, Sheriff Stance, who harbors a dislike for Michael, dismisses their concerns and insinuates that Michael has resumed drinking. As the pressures on Michael intensify, he is taunted by the main character of his previous novel, an English knight, and begins to experience gruesome hallucinations of murdered people. The knight urges him to return to drinking, but Michael resists by looking at a picture of his wife and recalling his vow to stay sober.",
"When friends Mary and Bill are over at their house, their son Mason discovers the Lanes' voicemail and plays back the messages left by the crank callers, who repeated the question, \"Remember me?\" When Mason refuses to stop playing the messages, Michael strikes him and becomes entranced by the voicemail, from which he claims to hear secret messages when played in reverse. When Bill and Mary confront him, he initially ignores them while translating the messages, then beats up Bill. Distressed, Katherine tells him to seek professional help. After seeing further hallucinations that night, Michael finally drinks an entire bottle of whiskey. When Katherine finds out, she tells him that she is leaving him. Michael insists that they are being haunted and that he needs her help.",
"As Katherine is about to leave, Detective Taylor stops her and jokes that his research into their crank calls has led him to believe they may be of paranormal origin. Suddenly realizing that Michael may be right, Katherine returns to him, and they research a local unsolved case that involves a serial killer. Taylor confirms that the names Michael has heard on his voice mail are the killer's victims but cannot help any further, as Sheriff Stance has sealed the case's records and warned him to back off. Michael hires a local computer repairman to hack into the police records, where he discovers the serial killer uses a different standardized psychological [M.O.](/wiki/Modus_operandi \"Modus operandi\") in each killing. The sixth and final M.O. has yet to be used, and Michael becomes convinced that the victims' ghosts want him to stop the killer before he strikes again.",
"The crank calls from the ghosts continue unabated, and Katherine becomes mysteriously ill. Frustrated, Michael shouts at the ghosts and demands to know who killed them. Voices from his phone stun Michael as they tell him he did. Michael initially denies it but experiences a series of flashbacks, where he remembers murdering the victims and planning Katherine's murder. Before he could finish his plan, he suffered head trauma when one of his victims fought back. He stumbled out of her house with her manuscript, and, because of his [amnesia](/wiki/Amnesia \"Amnesia\"), assumed that he had written it. As the memories come back to him, he returns to his previous killer personality and attempts to murder Katherine; the knight once again encourages him. As she hides from him, the police arrive and take him prisoner. During the subsequent interrogation, Sheriff Stance threatens to kill Michael. When Stance backs down, Michael laughs, calls him weak, and says he has only just begun.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
The story begins with the garden of a country rectory, the childhood home of the narrator, which is next to a large park separated from the Rectory by a strip of ancient trees, about thirty or forty feet in width. This strip of trees is known as the Plantation. Access to the Plantation is obtained through a gate of split oak from a path which circles the garden. For someone to open the gate they must reach through a small square hole in it and lift a hook. On passing through this gate another of iron is encountered which leads to the park.
The narrator describes how as a young boy he had walked home through the park one evening. For part of the way a villager walks with him until the boy reaches the iron gate leading to the Plantation, at which point the villager stops and watches him. By this time it is beginning to get dark. The boy feels that someone is in the woods with him. The person is not known to him and is wearing a hood or cloak. The boy hurries home, ensuring that he shuts the wooden gate behind him. On looking out of his bedroom window he thinks he sees something moving by the wooden gate.
Soon after the narrator starts to have a recurring nightmare which always begins with himself looking out of his bedroom window and seeing the gardener and his assistants working. As evening approaches they leave as quickly as they can. From his window the narrator searches the now empty garden looking for movement. He notices some by the wooden gate. As he continues to look out of the window the narrator is aware of the sound of footsteps on the stairs behind him and a hand on his door. He wakes up.
He notices that people always walk quickly to get past the wooden gate and seem glad of company as they approach it.
On a bright and sunny afternoon when he is alone in his bedroom he is reading a novel when he reaches a frightening passage in the book. Looking out of the window at the Plantation he notices that the wooden gate is shut and that no\-one is on the path beyond it. But he notices that something "white or partly white" can be seen through the small hole in the wooden gate. Wanting to know what this is, the narrator goes down to the gate and looks through the small hole \- and sees a face on the other side. While its forehead seems to be fringed with a white shroud, the face is not ghostly or frightening. The face is pink and hot\-looking with a blank expression but with large eyes which stare straight at the narrator. Despite the blankness of the face the narrator believes that its owner wishes him harm. In a panic he runs back into his bedroom where, once safely inside, he again looks out of the window \- but he can see no sign of the figure in white at the wooden gate. However, he does see a hooded figure shuffling through the trees of the Plantation.
On their return the narrator's parents notice that their young son is upset over something but he manages to avoid telling them about the white figure outside the wooden gate. Even as an adult he remembers the chilling encounter and would still prefer not to walk past the gate to the Plantation.
The story concludes with the narrator considering if such creatures like the one he saw at the gate as a young boy were once a regular sight but are now only seen occasionally at specific locations.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"The story begins with the garden of a country rectory, the childhood home of the narrator, which is next to a large park separated from the Rectory by a strip of ancient trees, about thirty or forty feet in width. This strip of trees is known as the Plantation. Access to the Plantation is obtained through a gate of split oak from a path which circles the garden. For someone to open the gate they must reach through a small square hole in it and lift a hook. On passing through this gate another of iron is encountered which leads to the park.",
"The narrator describes how as a young boy he had walked home through the park one evening. For part of the way a villager walks with him until the boy reaches the iron gate leading to the Plantation, at which point the villager stops and watches him. By this time it is beginning to get dark. The boy feels that someone is in the woods with him. The person is not known to him and is wearing a hood or cloak. The boy hurries home, ensuring that he shuts the wooden gate behind him. On looking out of his bedroom window he thinks he sees something moving by the wooden gate.",
"Soon after the narrator starts to have a recurring nightmare which always begins with himself looking out of his bedroom window and seeing the gardener and his assistants working. As evening approaches they leave as quickly as they can. From his window the narrator searches the now empty garden looking for movement. He notices some by the wooden gate. As he continues to look out of the window the narrator is aware of the sound of footsteps on the stairs behind him and a hand on his door. He wakes up.",
"He notices that people always walk quickly to get past the wooden gate and seem glad of company as they approach it.",
"On a bright and sunny afternoon when he is alone in his bedroom he is reading a novel when he reaches a frightening passage in the book. Looking out of the window at the Plantation he notices that the wooden gate is shut and that no\\-one is on the path beyond it. But he notices that something \"white or partly white\" can be seen through the small hole in the wooden gate. Wanting to know what this is, the narrator goes down to the gate and looks through the small hole \\- and sees a face on the other side. While its forehead seems to be fringed with a white shroud, the face is not ghostly or frightening. The face is pink and hot\\-looking with a blank expression but with large eyes which stare straight at the narrator. Despite the blankness of the face the narrator believes that its owner wishes him harm. In a panic he runs back into his bedroom where, once safely inside, he again looks out of the window \\- but he can see no sign of the figure in white at the wooden gate. However, he does see a hooded figure shuffling through the trees of the Plantation.",
"On their return the narrator's parents notice that their young son is upset over something but he manages to avoid telling them about the white figure outside the wooden gate. Even as an adult he remembers the chilling encounter and would still prefer not to walk past the gate to the Plantation.",
"The story concludes with the narrator considering if such creatures like the one he saw at the gate as a young boy were once a regular sight but are now only seen occasionally at specific locations.",
""
] |
History
-------
At the time of their debut [single](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 "Single (music)"), "Girl A, Girl B, Boy C" (1993\) produced by [Giles Martin](/wiki/Giles_Martin "Giles Martin"), son of George, the group had a regular line\-up of twelve members. Though the membership fluctuated continually, it rarely dipped into single figures until 1999, when their third [album](/wiki/Album "Album") credited just four regular members, though most of the former line\-up were still used as [session musicians](/wiki/Session_musician "Session musician"). Their orchestral sound led them to be compared to groups such as [Tindersticks](/wiki/Tindersticks "Tindersticks") and especially [The Divine Comedy](/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_%28band%29 "The Divine Comedy (band)"). Their debut album, *Mornington Crescent* was released on 10 January 1995\. My Life Story enjoyed the most success at the time of their second [album](/wiki/Album "Album") *The Golden Mile*, which was released on 10 March 1997\. It spawned five singles that entered the lower half of the [UK Top 40](/wiki/UK_Top_40 "UK Top 40"),{{cite book
\| first\= David
\| last\= Roberts
\| year\= 2006
\| title\= British Hit Singles \& Albums
\| edition\= 19th
\| publisher\= Guinness World Records Limited
\| location\= London
\| isbn\= 1\-904994\-10\-5
\| page\= 385}} but the group finally disbanded after a series of farewell [concerts](/wiki/Concert "Concert") in December 2000\.
On 26 May 2006 the band reformed with the full line\-up of thirteen members, to play at the Mean Fiddler (LA2\) on Charing Cross Road in London, in support of their forthcoming [Best Of](/wiki/Greatest_hits_album "Greatest hits album") album. The gig got a review rating of 10/10 from [Planet Sound](/wiki/Planet_Sound "Planet Sound"). A second reunion show took place at the Astoria in London on 8 December 2006\. Further reunions have taken place every two years on 13 December 2007 at the [O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire](/wiki/O2_Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire "O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire"), and Koko on 26 November 2009, where the band performed their debut album, *Mornington Crescent*, for the first time in its entirety. In 2009, it was announced that, to mark 15 years since their debut album, the group would reform and perform the album in full, together with later songs. This concert took place at [KOKO](/wiki/KOKO_%28venue%29 "KOKO (venue)") which is next door to [Mornington Crescent tube station](/wiki/Mornington_Crescent_tube_station "Mornington Crescent tube station").
My Life Story announced that they were to reunite again to perform *The Golden Mile* at the Shepherd's Bush Empire on 3 March 2012 to celebrate fifteen years since the album's release.
In mid\-2013 the group announced their first UK tour in 14 years. Singer Jake Shillingford is reported to have said: "For many years we have only been able to play a big London show due to the sheer size and scale of the band. Now I am able to take my songs out on the road with a stripped down tight rocking outfit.
"I will be joined by various members of My Life Story along my journey around the UK, culminating in our traditional annual London concert with the original bunch, I'm really looking forward to seeing everyone again, expect a big, bold and brash performance, all foxy horns and horny foxes."{{cite web\|url\=http://m.ents24\.com/artist/9673/My\_Life\_Story.html\|title\= 2013 Reunion Tour\|access\-date\=1 September 2013}}
In September 2016 My Life Story released their first single in 16 years, "24 Hour Deflowerer". The launch was marked with a two\-night residency at The Borderline in London on 14–15 October, with all audience members receiving a numbered limited edition 7" vinyl of the single.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.withguitars.com/life\-story\-announce\-new\-single\-24\-hour\-deflowerer/\|title\=My Life Story announce new single '24 Hour Deflowerer'\|newspaper\=WithGuitars\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-08\|language\=en\-US}}
My Life Story performed in the Star Shaped Festival,{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/1882664\-1882664\|title\=The Bluetones, Space, Dodgy and more team up for 2017 Britpop tour – NME\|date\=2016\-11\-30\|newspaper\=NME\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-08\|language\=en\-US}} a Britpop revival tour, alongside [The Bluetones](/wiki/The_Bluetones "The Bluetones"), [Space](/wiki/Space_%28UK_band%29 "Space (UK band)"), [Dodgy](/wiki/Dodgy "Dodgy") and [Salad](/wiki/Salad_%28band%29 "Salad (band)"), in July/August 2017 and again in August/September 2018 together with [Echobelly](/wiki/Echobelly "Echobelly"), [Black Grape](/wiki/Black_Grape "Black Grape") and [The Supernaturals](/wiki/The_Supernaturals "The Supernaturals"). The band's current five\-piece line\-up features Jake Shillingford (vocals), Nick Evans (guitar), Chris Hardwick (drums), Jack Hosgood (bass) and Aimee Smith (keys).
The fourth My Life Story studio album, *World Citizen,* was crowd\-funded with pre\-orders from fans and was released on 6 September 2019\. Described as "the best My Life Story album ever",{{Cite web\|url\=https://themildmanneredarmy.com/2019/08/15/world\-citizen\-my\-life\-story/\|title\=World Citizen – My Life Story\|website\=Themildmanneredarmy.com\|date\=2019\-08\-15\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-09\-09}} *World Citizen* received review scores of 4/5 in The Express,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/1175151/album\-review\-status\-quo\-backbone\-rock\-music\-slade\-rock\-cd\-caravan\-new\-release\|title\=Album reviews September: Status Quo, Samantha Fish, Slade, Caravan and more\|last\=Kyriazis\|first\=Stefan\|date\=2019\-09\-07\|website\=Express.co.uk\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-09\-09}} 85% in Hi Fi News{{Cite journal\|date\=October 2019\|title\=My Life Story: World Citizen\|journal\=Hi Fi News\|publisher\=AV Tech Media Ltd}} and 7/10 in Uncut.{{Cite journal\|last\=Williamson\|first\=Nigel\|date\=October 2019\|title\=My Life Story: World Citizen\|journal\=Uncut\|publisher\=BandLab Technologies}}
The band released their fifth Studio album, *Loving You is Killing Me* in February 2024\.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"At the time of their debut [single](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 \"Single (music)\"), \"Girl A, Girl B, Boy C\" (1993\\) produced by [Giles Martin](/wiki/Giles_Martin \"Giles Martin\"), son of George, the group had a regular line\\-up of twelve members. Though the membership fluctuated continually, it rarely dipped into single figures until 1999, when their third [album](/wiki/Album \"Album\") credited just four regular members, though most of the former line\\-up were still used as [session musicians](/wiki/Session_musician \"Session musician\"). Their orchestral sound led them to be compared to groups such as [Tindersticks](/wiki/Tindersticks \"Tindersticks\") and especially [The Divine Comedy](/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_%28band%29 \"The Divine Comedy (band)\"). Their debut album, *Mornington Crescent* was released on 10 January 1995\\. My Life Story enjoyed the most success at the time of their second [album](/wiki/Album \"Album\") *The Golden Mile*, which was released on 10 March 1997\\. It spawned five singles that entered the lower half of the [UK Top 40](/wiki/UK_Top_40 \"UK Top 40\"),{{cite book\n\\| first\\= David\n\\| last\\= Roberts\n\\| year\\= 2006\n\\| title\\= British Hit Singles \\& Albums\n\\| edition\\= 19th\n\\| publisher\\= Guinness World Records Limited \n\\| location\\= London\n\\| isbn\\= 1\\-904994\\-10\\-5\n\\| page\\= 385}} but the group finally disbanded after a series of farewell [concerts](/wiki/Concert \"Concert\") in December 2000\\.",
"On 26 May 2006 the band reformed with the full line\\-up of thirteen members, to play at the Mean Fiddler (LA2\\) on Charing Cross Road in London, in support of their forthcoming [Best Of](/wiki/Greatest_hits_album \"Greatest hits album\") album. The gig got a review rating of 10/10 from [Planet Sound](/wiki/Planet_Sound \"Planet Sound\"). A second reunion show took place at the Astoria in London on 8 December 2006\\. Further reunions have taken place every two years on 13 December 2007 at the [O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire](/wiki/O2_Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire \"O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire\"), and Koko on 26 November 2009, where the band performed their debut album, *Mornington Crescent*, for the first time in its entirety. In 2009, it was announced that, to mark 15 years since their debut album, the group would reform and perform the album in full, together with later songs. This concert took place at [KOKO](/wiki/KOKO_%28venue%29 \"KOKO (venue)\") which is next door to [Mornington Crescent tube station](/wiki/Mornington_Crescent_tube_station \"Mornington Crescent tube station\").",
"My Life Story announced that they were to reunite again to perform *The Golden Mile* at the Shepherd's Bush Empire on 3 March 2012 to celebrate fifteen years since the album's release.",
"In mid\\-2013 the group announced their first UK tour in 14 years. Singer Jake Shillingford is reported to have said: \"For many years we have only been able to play a big London show due to the sheer size and scale of the band. Now I am able to take my songs out on the road with a stripped down tight rocking outfit.",
"\"I will be joined by various members of My Life Story along my journey around the UK, culminating in our traditional annual London concert with the original bunch, I'm really looking forward to seeing everyone again, expect a big, bold and brash performance, all foxy horns and horny foxes.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.ents24\\.com/artist/9673/My\\_Life\\_Story.html\\|title\\= 2013 Reunion Tour\\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2013}}",
"In September 2016 My Life Story released their first single in 16 years, \"24 Hour Deflowerer\". The launch was marked with a two\\-night residency at The Borderline in London on 14–15 October, with all audience members receiving a numbered limited edition 7\" vinyl of the single.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.withguitars.com/life\\-story\\-announce\\-new\\-single\\-24\\-hour\\-deflowerer/\\|title\\=My Life Story announce new single '24 Hour Deflowerer'\\|newspaper\\=WithGuitars\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-08\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"My Life Story performed in the Star Shaped Festival,{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/1882664\\-1882664\\|title\\=The Bluetones, Space, Dodgy and more team up for 2017 Britpop tour – NME\\|date\\=2016\\-11\\-30\\|newspaper\\=NME\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-08\\|language\\=en\\-US}} a Britpop revival tour, alongside [The Bluetones](/wiki/The_Bluetones \"The Bluetones\"), [Space](/wiki/Space_%28UK_band%29 \"Space (UK band)\"), [Dodgy](/wiki/Dodgy \"Dodgy\") and [Salad](/wiki/Salad_%28band%29 \"Salad (band)\"), in July/August 2017 and again in August/September 2018 together with [Echobelly](/wiki/Echobelly \"Echobelly\"), [Black Grape](/wiki/Black_Grape \"Black Grape\") and [The Supernaturals](/wiki/The_Supernaturals \"The Supernaturals\"). The band's current five\\-piece line\\-up features Jake Shillingford (vocals), Nick Evans (guitar), Chris Hardwick (drums), Jack Hosgood (bass) and Aimee Smith (keys).",
"The fourth My Life Story studio album, *World Citizen,* was crowd\\-funded with pre\\-orders from fans and was released on 6 September 2019\\. Described as \"the best My Life Story album ever\",{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://themildmanneredarmy.com/2019/08/15/world\\-citizen\\-my\\-life\\-story/\\|title\\=World Citizen – My Life Story\\|website\\=Themildmanneredarmy.com\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-15\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-09}} *World Citizen* received review scores of 4/5 in The Express,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/1175151/album\\-review\\-status\\-quo\\-backbone\\-rock\\-music\\-slade\\-rock\\-cd\\-caravan\\-new\\-release\\|title\\=Album reviews September: Status Quo, Samantha Fish, Slade, Caravan and more\\|last\\=Kyriazis\\|first\\=Stefan\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-07\\|website\\=Express.co.uk\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-09}} 85% in Hi Fi News{{Cite journal\\|date\\=October 2019\\|title\\=My Life Story: World Citizen\\|journal\\=Hi Fi News\\|publisher\\=AV Tech Media Ltd}} and 7/10 in Uncut.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Williamson\\|first\\=Nigel\\|date\\=October 2019\\|title\\=My Life Story: World Citizen\\|journal\\=Uncut\\|publisher\\=BandLab Technologies}}",
"The band released their fifth Studio album, *Loving You is Killing Me* in February 2024\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2024}}",
""
] |
Impact
------
| Country | Fatalities | Damage (1998 USD) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [St. Kitts and Nevis](/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis "St. Kitts and Nevis") | 5 | $484 million |
| [Antigua](/wiki/Antigua "Antigua") and [Barbuda](/wiki/Barbuda "Barbuda") | 3 | $160 million |
| [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands") | 0 | $9\.4 million |
| [United States Virgin Islands](/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands "United States Virgin Islands") | 0 | $2 million |
| **Total** | 8 | $655\.4 million |
|
### Antigua and Barbuda
Damage around the islands of Antigua and Barbuda was extensive, amounting to $160 million.{{cite web\|author\=U.S. Agency for International Development\|publisher\=Disaster Information Center\|date\=September 30, 1998\|accessdate\=July 29, 2009\|title\=Eastern Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Haiti – Hurricane Georges\|url\=http://www.cidi.org:8080/disaster/98b/0071\.html}}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Georges killed three people and seriously injured fifteen others. A total of 3,338 people were left homeless and about 2,000 homes either damaged or destroyed. On Antigua, 250 homes were destroyed and many others were damaged. Supplies of electricity, telephone services and water were all curtailed by Georges. Both islands' hospitals and airports suffered extensive damage.
Total damage is $160 million.
### Guadeloupe
The weakening hurricane spared the island as it passed 25–30 miles to the north, causing moderate damage (houses and roofs, uprooted trees, power lines and outages, [beach erosion](/wiki/Coastal_erosion "Coastal erosion")) especially in [Grande\-Terre](/wiki/Grande-Terre "Grande-Terre").
In [Basse\-Terre](/wiki/Basse-Terre "Basse-Terre"), minor to moderate damage was common; the worst damage was to the banana crops, 85% to 100% devastated, with a cost of millions of francs. The maximal rainfall was 5 to 6 inches in this area.
The Met office in [Desirade](/wiki/La_D%C3%A9sirade "La Désirade"), east of [Guadeloupe](/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe") had a 75 mph wind and an 88 sustained gust.
In Raizet, they experienced a 43 mph wind and a maximal gust near 72 mph. The minimal pressure fell to 1000–1001 [mb](/wiki/Bar_%28unit%29 "Bar (unit)") for several hours.
[Météo France](/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_France "Météo France") forecast 24 hours prior to impact a 50 mph max winds with gust near 90 mph and a minimal pressure around 985 mb, meaning the worst has been avoid.
### British Virgin Islands
No major damage was reported to public buildings in the [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands "British Virgin Islands"). Some of the islands' homes had roofs blown off. The environment suffered major damage. There were many reports of eroded soil in areas where construction was in progress. Some of the soils were planted on roads in [mangrove farms](/wiki/Mangrove "Mangrove") and in the sea, which could have potentially killed sea life. National Parks around the islands suffered minor damage except for Queen Elizabeth Park, which had many fallen trees. None of the schools in the area suffered any damage and opened again four days after Georges had passed. There were no fatalities in the islands and one minor injury was reported. There was no major damage to the islands' medical buildings. Pipe damage was found in two areas, but there was no damage to the sewage systems.
The total damage in the British Virgin Islands was valued at US$9\.404 million.
### U.S. Virgin Islands
[thumb\|right\|Director of the Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority showing the islands' improved power grid structures](/wiki/File:FEMA_-_9272_-_Photograph_by_FEMA_News_Photo_taken_on_09-24-1998_in_US_Virgin_Islands.jpg "FEMA - 9272 - Photograph by FEMA News Photo taken on 09-24-1998 in US Virgin Islands.jpg")
As Georges moved through the northern end of the Lesser Antilles, it produced significant rainfall and strong winds over the United States Virgin Islands. Maximum rainfalls reached {{convert\|6\.79\|in\|mm}} at the airport in [St. Croix](/wiki/St._Croix "St. Croix") and {{convert\|5\.26\|in\|mm}} at St. Thomas Airport. The strongest sustained winds and gusts were recorded on St. Croix as well, measuring {{convert\|74\|and\|91\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} respectively.{{cite web\|publisher\=National Climatic Data Center\|year\=1999 \|accessdate\=April 22, 2010 \|title\=United States Virgin Islands Event Report: Hurricane \|url\=http://www4\.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi\-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent\~ShowEvent\~347671 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519233135/http://www4\.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi\-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent\~ShowEvent\~347671 \|archivedate\=May 19, 2011}} A total of 20 homes were destroyed and 50 others sustained damage. Most of the losses were confined to agriculture and livestock.{{cite web\| author\=NOAA\| year\=1998\| title\=Georges Pummels Caribbean, Florida Keys, and U.S. Gulf Coast\| publisher\=NOAA\| accessdate\=2007\-08\-23\| url\=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/georges/georges.html\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821210500/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/georges/georges.html\| archive\-date\=2007\-08\-21\| url\-status\=dead}} Fifty\-five boats were sunk across the islands. Several power lines were downed throughout St. Croix by high winds, leaving some residences without power. However, compared to the intensity of Georges during its passage of the islands, relatively few people, 15% of the island's customers, lost power. This was due to the improved power grid set up across the island for this type of event.{{cite web\|publisher\=Federal Emergency Management Agency \|date\=September 24, 1998 \|accessdate\=April 22, 2010 \|title\=FEMA News Photo taken on 24 September 1998 in US Virgin Islands \|url\=http://www.photolibrary.fema.gov/photolibrary/photo\_details.do?id\=9272 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106170330/http://www.photolibrary.fema.gov/photolibrary/photo\_details.do?id\=9272 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 6, 2009 }} Total losses on the island were estimated at $2 million (1998 USD).{{cite web\|author\=Shawn P. Bennett and Rafael Mojica \|year\=1998 \|title\=Hurricane Georges Preliminary Storm Report \|publisher\=NOAA \|accessdate\=2007\-08\-23 \|url\=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/public\_report.html \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625160907/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/public\_report.html \|archivedate\=2007\-06\-25 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### St. Kitts and Nevis
[thumb\|right\|Hurricane Georges near peak intensity on September 20\|alt\=Multicolored satellite image of hurricane, with a clear eye at its center.](/wiki/File:Hurricane_Georges_near_peak_intensity.jpg "Hurricane Georges near peak intensity.jpg")
Five fatalities were reported due to Georges on [St. Kitts and Nevis](/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis "St. Kitts and Nevis").{{cite web\|author\=Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance \|date\=October 8, 1998 \|title\=Caribbean: Hurricane Georges OFDA\-09: Fact Sheet \#9 \|publisher\=Disaster Information Center \|accessdate\=July 26, 2009 \|url\=http://cidi.org/disaster/98b/0076\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184051/http://cidi.org/disaster/98b/0076\.html \|archivedate\=September 27, 2007 }} The supply of electricity and telephone services were severely affected. The southern tip of St. Kitts, a major tourist site, was left in need of repair. Harbor hotels, ports and airports had extensive damage and half of the sugar crop was destroyed.{{cite web\| author\=ReliefWeb\| year\=1998\| title\=World Bank finances emergency recovery and disaster management program for the Caribbean\| publisher\=ReliefWeb\| accessdate\=July 26, 2009\| url\=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS\-64CSSJ?OpenDocument}} Sheds at ports were damaged severely enough to result in losses of cargo. Port Zante sustained the worst damage, catwalks were displaced or destroyed and cruise ship platforms were destroyed. In that port alone, damage reached EC$15 million (US$5\.6 million). A total of 1,440 homes were destroyed on the island, leaving 2,500 people homeless. Roughly 60% of the structures on the island were damaged of which 25% were destroyed. Most of the commercial and public buildings lost their roofs.{{cite web\|author\=Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance\|publisher\=Disaster Information Center\|accessdate\=July 26, 2009\|date\=September 26, 1998\|title\=Caribbean: Hurricane Georges OFDA\-09: Fact Sheet \#3\|url\=http://www.cidi.org:8080/disaster/98b/0065\.html}}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Shelters on the island sustained severe damage during the storm, some becoming unusable following assessment. The local airport sustained significant damage, particularly to the control tower and main terminal. Total damage to the airport amounted to EC$10 million (US$3\.7 million). Roughly 55% of the industrial buildings lost their roofs, leaving [EC$](/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar "East Caribbean dollar")3\.5 million (US$1\.3 million) in damage and 6,000 people without a job. The economic impact of Georges was estimated at EC$100 million (US$37\.4 million) and losses in tourism amounted to EC$20 million (US$7\.4 million).
On Nevis, there were numerous reports of minor injuries but no loss of life. Most of the island was left without power and water supply and 35% of structures on the island were damaged. Over 300,000 heads of livestock were killed during the storm. Damage to infrastructure and the electrical grid amounted to $1 million and $2\.5 million respectively. Damage to the local hospital amounted to $1\.9 million. Across both islands, 90% of the hospitals were unable to function after the storm,{{cite web\|author\=David Taylor\|publisher\=Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization\|year\=1998\|accessdate\=July 29, 2009\|title\=St. Kitts \& Nevis: Ensuring design, construction standards for a paediatrics unit\|url\=http://safehospitals.info/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=122\&Itemid\=173}} causing EC$12 million (US$4\.4 million) in damage. Estimated losses of tourism and export for 1999 were placed at EC$74\.7 million (US$28 million). Sport centers sustained varying damage, costing roughly EC$5 million (US$1\.8 million).
Damage in St. Kitts totaled EC$1\.2 billion (US$445 million). Total damage on Nevis amounted to $39 million.{{cite web\|author\=Staff Writer\|publisher\=St. Kitts/Nevis History Page\|date\=October 16, 2001\|accessdate\=July 27, 2009\|title\=Hurricane Georges: St. Kitts and Nevis\|url\=http://website.lineone.net/\~stkittsnevis/hurrican.htm \|archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060620154635/http://website.lineone.net/\~stkittsnevis/hurrican.htm \|archivedate \= June 20, 2006}} The total damage from the storm was nearly twice the country's [Gross Domestic Product](/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product "Gross Domestic Product") of US$271 million.{{cite web\|author\=Dr. Denzil L. Douglas\|publisher\=Government of St. Kitts and Nevis\|date\=December 10, 1998\|accessdate\=July 29, 2009\|title\=St. Kitts and Nevis Letter of Intent\|url\=http://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/121098\.htm}}
### Netherlands Antilles
Driving winds and rains caused moderate flooding and washed out roads around the island. Heavy rains caused mudslides on Montserrat's main volcano.{{
cite web
\| author\=Montserrat Volcano Observatory
\| year\=1998
\| title\=Scientific Report 96
\| publisher\=Montserrat Volcano Observatory
\| accessdate\=2007\-08\-22
\| url\=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/scireps/mvo\_report0096\.html
}} Teams began on September 21 to clean up fallen debris from roads around the island. Georges shifted ferry services to [Antigua](/wiki/Antigua "Antigua") and caused the cancellation of a concert on the island. The [SSS islands](/wiki/SSS_islands "SSS islands") ([Saba](/wiki/Saba_%28island%29 "Saba (island)"), [Sint Maarten](/wiki/Sint_Maarten "Sint Maarten") and [St. Eustatius](/wiki/St._Eustatius "St. Eustatius")), suffered moderate damage from Hurricane Georges. On Saba, the island's hospital lost its roof and patients had to be evacuated to a geriatric home.{{
cite web
\| author\=ReliefWeb
\| year\=1998
\| title\=Hurricane Georges Situation Report \#2
\| publisher\=ReliefWeb
\| accessdate\=2007\-08\-24
\| url\=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS\-64CA92?OpenDocument
}} Later, the geriatric home lost its roof. The water system, airport and utilities were also damaged, the maximal sustained gust has been {{convert\|153\|kn\|km/h}} in the elevated airport. In Sint Maarten, roofs were blown from houses, power lines and outages wes damaged, trees were uprooted, houses been damaged by the waves and some boats were sunk. The Princess Juliana recorded a {{convert\|54\|kn\|km/h}} sustained winds and sustained gust at {{convert\|85\|kn\|km/h}} and a minimal pressure down to 997 mb (29\.38 In Hg). In Saint Eustacius, no communication was possible throughout the island.
### Elsewhere
In Dominica, the storm produced intermittent rainfall and gusty winds but no major damage. to Anguilla, damage was minor to moderate. In Martinique and St. Lucia, winds gusted up to {{convert\|40\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} with less than 1/4 of an inch of rain around those island.{{cite web\| author\=Personal Accounts (Varies)\| year\=1998\| title\=Personal Accounts of Damage in St.Lucia\|accessdate\=July 27, 2009\| publisher\=Caribbean Storm Network\| url\=http://www.stormcarib.com/georges/gstlucia.htm}} Those islands was mildly affected by Georges.
|
[
"Impact\n------",
"",
"| Country | Fatalities | Damage (1998 USD) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [St. Kitts and Nevis](/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis \"St. Kitts and Nevis\") | 5 | $484 million |\n| [Antigua](/wiki/Antigua \"Antigua\") and [Barbuda](/wiki/Barbuda \"Barbuda\") | 3 | $160 million |\n| [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands \"British Virgin Islands\") | 0 | $9\\.4 million |\n| [United States Virgin Islands](/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands \"United States Virgin Islands\") | 0 | $2 million |\n| **Total** | 8 | $655\\.4 million |\n|",
"### Antigua and Barbuda",
"Damage around the islands of Antigua and Barbuda was extensive, amounting to $160 million.{{cite web\\|author\\=U.S. Agency for International Development\\|publisher\\=Disaster Information Center\\|date\\=September 30, 1998\\|accessdate\\=July 29, 2009\\|title\\=Eastern Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Haiti – Hurricane Georges\\|url\\=http://www.cidi.org:8080/disaster/98b/0071\\.html}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Georges killed three people and seriously injured fifteen others. A total of 3,338 people were left homeless and about 2,000 homes either damaged or destroyed. On Antigua, 250 homes were destroyed and many others were damaged. Supplies of electricity, telephone services and water were all curtailed by Georges. Both islands' hospitals and airports suffered extensive damage.\nTotal damage is $160 million.",
"### Guadeloupe",
"The weakening hurricane spared the island as it passed 25–30 miles to the north, causing moderate damage (houses and roofs, uprooted trees, power lines and outages, [beach erosion](/wiki/Coastal_erosion \"Coastal erosion\")) especially in [Grande\\-Terre](/wiki/Grande-Terre \"Grande-Terre\").\nIn [Basse\\-Terre](/wiki/Basse-Terre \"Basse-Terre\"), minor to moderate damage was common; the worst damage was to the banana crops, 85% to 100% devastated, with a cost of millions of francs. The maximal rainfall was 5 to 6 inches in this area.",
"The Met office in [Desirade](/wiki/La_D%C3%A9sirade \"La Désirade\"), east of [Guadeloupe](/wiki/Guadeloupe \"Guadeloupe\") had a 75 mph wind and an 88 sustained gust.\nIn Raizet, they experienced a 43 mph wind and a maximal gust near 72 mph. The minimal pressure fell to 1000–1001 [mb](/wiki/Bar_%28unit%29 \"Bar (unit)\") for several hours.",
"[Météo France](/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_France \"Météo France\") forecast 24 hours prior to impact a 50 mph max winds with gust near 90 mph and a minimal pressure around 985 mb, meaning the worst has been avoid.",
"### British Virgin Islands",
"No major damage was reported to public buildings in the [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands \"British Virgin Islands\"). Some of the islands' homes had roofs blown off. The environment suffered major damage. There were many reports of eroded soil in areas where construction was in progress. Some of the soils were planted on roads in [mangrove farms](/wiki/Mangrove \"Mangrove\") and in the sea, which could have potentially killed sea life. National Parks around the islands suffered minor damage except for Queen Elizabeth Park, which had many fallen trees. None of the schools in the area suffered any damage and opened again four days after Georges had passed. There were no fatalities in the islands and one minor injury was reported. There was no major damage to the islands' medical buildings. Pipe damage was found in two areas, but there was no damage to the sewage systems.\nThe total damage in the British Virgin Islands was valued at US$9\\.404 million.",
"### U.S. Virgin Islands",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Director of the Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority showing the islands' improved power grid structures](/wiki/File:FEMA_-_9272_-_Photograph_by_FEMA_News_Photo_taken_on_09-24-1998_in_US_Virgin_Islands.jpg \"FEMA - 9272 - Photograph by FEMA News Photo taken on 09-24-1998 in US Virgin Islands.jpg\")\nAs Georges moved through the northern end of the Lesser Antilles, it produced significant rainfall and strong winds over the United States Virgin Islands. Maximum rainfalls reached {{convert\\|6\\.79\\|in\\|mm}} at the airport in [St. Croix](/wiki/St._Croix \"St. Croix\") and {{convert\\|5\\.26\\|in\\|mm}} at St. Thomas Airport. The strongest sustained winds and gusts were recorded on St. Croix as well, measuring {{convert\\|74\\|and\\|91\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} respectively.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=National Climatic Data Center\\|year\\=1999 \\|accessdate\\=April 22, 2010 \\|title\\=United States Virgin Islands Event Report: Hurricane \\|url\\=http://www4\\.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi\\-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent\\~ShowEvent\\~347671 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519233135/http://www4\\.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi\\-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent\\~ShowEvent\\~347671 \\|archivedate\\=May 19, 2011}} A total of 20 homes were destroyed and 50 others sustained damage. Most of the losses were confined to agriculture and livestock.{{cite web\\| author\\=NOAA\\| year\\=1998\\| title\\=Georges Pummels Caribbean, Florida Keys, and U.S. Gulf Coast\\| publisher\\=NOAA\\| accessdate\\=2007\\-08\\-23\\| url\\=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/georges/georges.html\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821210500/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/georges/georges.html\\| archive\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-21\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} Fifty\\-five boats were sunk across the islands. Several power lines were downed throughout St. Croix by high winds, leaving some residences without power. However, compared to the intensity of Georges during its passage of the islands, relatively few people, 15% of the island's customers, lost power. This was due to the improved power grid set up across the island for this type of event.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Federal Emergency Management Agency \\|date\\=September 24, 1998 \\|accessdate\\=April 22, 2010 \\|title\\=FEMA News Photo taken on 24 September 1998 in US Virgin Islands \\|url\\=http://www.photolibrary.fema.gov/photolibrary/photo\\_details.do?id\\=9272 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106170330/http://www.photolibrary.fema.gov/photolibrary/photo\\_details.do?id\\=9272 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2009 }} Total losses on the island were estimated at $2 million (1998 USD).{{cite web\\|author\\=Shawn P. Bennett and Rafael Mojica \\|year\\=1998 \\|title\\=Hurricane Georges Preliminary Storm Report \\|publisher\\=NOAA \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-08\\-23 \\|url\\=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/public\\_report.html \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625160907/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/public\\_report.html \\|archivedate\\=2007\\-06\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### St. Kitts and Nevis",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Hurricane Georges near peak intensity on September 20\\|alt\\=Multicolored satellite image of hurricane, with a clear eye at its center.](/wiki/File:Hurricane_Georges_near_peak_intensity.jpg \"Hurricane Georges near peak intensity.jpg\")\nFive fatalities were reported due to Georges on [St. Kitts and Nevis](/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis \"St. Kitts and Nevis\").{{cite web\\|author\\=Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance \\|date\\=October 8, 1998 \\|title\\=Caribbean: Hurricane Georges OFDA\\-09: Fact Sheet \\#9 \\|publisher\\=Disaster Information Center \\|accessdate\\=July 26, 2009 \\|url\\=http://cidi.org/disaster/98b/0076\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184051/http://cidi.org/disaster/98b/0076\\.html \\|archivedate\\=September 27, 2007 }} The supply of electricity and telephone services were severely affected. The southern tip of St. Kitts, a major tourist site, was left in need of repair. Harbor hotels, ports and airports had extensive damage and half of the sugar crop was destroyed.{{cite web\\| author\\=ReliefWeb\\| year\\=1998\\| title\\=World Bank finances emergency recovery and disaster management program for the Caribbean\\| publisher\\=ReliefWeb\\| accessdate\\=July 26, 2009\\| url\\=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS\\-64CSSJ?OpenDocument}} Sheds at ports were damaged severely enough to result in losses of cargo. Port Zante sustained the worst damage, catwalks were displaced or destroyed and cruise ship platforms were destroyed. In that port alone, damage reached EC$15 million (US$5\\.6 million). A total of 1,440 homes were destroyed on the island, leaving 2,500 people homeless. Roughly 60% of the structures on the island were damaged of which 25% were destroyed. Most of the commercial and public buildings lost their roofs.{{cite web\\|author\\=Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance\\|publisher\\=Disaster Information Center\\|accessdate\\=July 26, 2009\\|date\\=September 26, 1998\\|title\\=Caribbean: Hurricane Georges OFDA\\-09: Fact Sheet \\#3\\|url\\=http://www.cidi.org:8080/disaster/98b/0065\\.html}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Shelters on the island sustained severe damage during the storm, some becoming unusable following assessment. The local airport sustained significant damage, particularly to the control tower and main terminal. Total damage to the airport amounted to EC$10 million (US$3\\.7 million). Roughly 55% of the industrial buildings lost their roofs, leaving [EC$](/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar \"East Caribbean dollar\")3\\.5 million (US$1\\.3 million) in damage and 6,000 people without a job. The economic impact of Georges was estimated at EC$100 million (US$37\\.4 million) and losses in tourism amounted to EC$20 million (US$7\\.4 million).",
"On Nevis, there were numerous reports of minor injuries but no loss of life. Most of the island was left without power and water supply and 35% of structures on the island were damaged. Over 300,000 heads of livestock were killed during the storm. Damage to infrastructure and the electrical grid amounted to $1 million and $2\\.5 million respectively. Damage to the local hospital amounted to $1\\.9 million. Across both islands, 90% of the hospitals were unable to function after the storm,{{cite web\\|author\\=David Taylor\\|publisher\\=Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization\\|year\\=1998\\|accessdate\\=July 29, 2009\\|title\\=St. Kitts \\& Nevis: Ensuring design, construction standards for a paediatrics unit\\|url\\=http://safehospitals.info/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=122\\&Itemid\\=173}} causing EC$12 million (US$4\\.4 million) in damage. Estimated losses of tourism and export for 1999 were placed at EC$74\\.7 million (US$28 million). Sport centers sustained varying damage, costing roughly EC$5 million (US$1\\.8 million).",
"Damage in St. Kitts totaled EC$1\\.2 billion (US$445 million). Total damage on Nevis amounted to $39 million.{{cite web\\|author\\=Staff Writer\\|publisher\\=St. Kitts/Nevis History Page\\|date\\=October 16, 2001\\|accessdate\\=July 27, 2009\\|title\\=Hurricane Georges: St. Kitts and Nevis\\|url\\=http://website.lineone.net/\\~stkittsnevis/hurrican.htm \\|archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060620154635/http://website.lineone.net/\\~stkittsnevis/hurrican.htm \\|archivedate \\= June 20, 2006}} The total damage from the storm was nearly twice the country's [Gross Domestic Product](/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product \"Gross Domestic Product\") of US$271 million.{{cite web\\|author\\=Dr. Denzil L. Douglas\\|publisher\\=Government of St. Kitts and Nevis\\|date\\=December 10, 1998\\|accessdate\\=July 29, 2009\\|title\\=St. Kitts and Nevis Letter of Intent\\|url\\=http://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/121098\\.htm}}",
"### Netherlands Antilles",
"Driving winds and rains caused moderate flooding and washed out roads around the island. Heavy rains caused mudslides on Montserrat's main volcano.{{\ncite web\n\\| author\\=Montserrat Volcano Observatory\n\\| year\\=1998\n\\| title\\=Scientific Report 96\n\\| publisher\\=Montserrat Volcano Observatory\n\\| accessdate\\=2007\\-08\\-22\n\\| url\\=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/scireps/mvo\\_report0096\\.html\n}} Teams began on September 21 to clean up fallen debris from roads around the island. Georges shifted ferry services to [Antigua](/wiki/Antigua \"Antigua\") and caused the cancellation of a concert on the island. The [SSS islands](/wiki/SSS_islands \"SSS islands\") ([Saba](/wiki/Saba_%28island%29 \"Saba (island)\"), [Sint Maarten](/wiki/Sint_Maarten \"Sint Maarten\") and [St. Eustatius](/wiki/St._Eustatius \"St. Eustatius\")), suffered moderate damage from Hurricane Georges. On Saba, the island's hospital lost its roof and patients had to be evacuated to a geriatric home.{{\ncite web\n\\| author\\=ReliefWeb\n\\| year\\=1998\n\\| title\\=Hurricane Georges Situation Report \\#2\n\\| publisher\\=ReliefWeb\n\\| accessdate\\=2007\\-08\\-24\n\\| url\\=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS\\-64CA92?OpenDocument\n}} Later, the geriatric home lost its roof. The water system, airport and utilities were also damaged, the maximal sustained gust has been {{convert\\|153\\|kn\\|km/h}} in the elevated airport. In Sint Maarten, roofs were blown from houses, power lines and outages wes damaged, trees were uprooted, houses been damaged by the waves and some boats were sunk. The Princess Juliana recorded a {{convert\\|54\\|kn\\|km/h}} sustained winds and sustained gust at {{convert\\|85\\|kn\\|km/h}} and a minimal pressure down to 997 mb (29\\.38 In Hg). In Saint Eustacius, no communication was possible throughout the island.",
"### Elsewhere",
"In Dominica, the storm produced intermittent rainfall and gusty winds but no major damage. to Anguilla, damage was minor to moderate. In Martinique and St. Lucia, winds gusted up to {{convert\\|40\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} with less than 1/4 of an inch of rain around those island.{{cite web\\| author\\=Personal Accounts (Varies)\\| year\\=1998\\| title\\=Personal Accounts of Damage in St.Lucia\\|accessdate\\=July 27, 2009\\| publisher\\=Caribbean Storm Network\\| url\\=http://www.stormcarib.com/georges/gstlucia.htm}} Those islands was mildly affected by Georges.",
""
] |
Notes
-----
Given the fragmentary nature of the text and our limited knowledge of Celtiberian, anything close to a full translation is impossible. But various place names and phrases can be recognized, with varying degrees of certainty.
### Celtiberian words and phrases
In line 2, the form DOIBIM is explained by Stifter as a dative dual \**dou̯ibim* ‘to the two.’Stifter, David. "Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology III. The Bronze of Novallas" *Palaeohispanica* 22\. 2022\. pp. 131\-136
On DVNDOM LITANOM and VAMVŚ LITANAṂ on lines 3 and 4, see below.
In line 5, for AVDITUM Jordán Cólera suggests an origin from the Proto\-Indo\-European root \**h2ew\-dheh1\-* / \**h2ew\-dhh1\-o* "grant, bestow, donate," specifically from the genitive plural of the present active participle of this verb: \**h2ew\-dheh1\-nt\-ōm* "of the donating ones."Jordán Cólera, Carlos. "*Avdintvm*, una nueva forma verbal en celtibérico y sus posibles relaciones paradigmáticas (auzeti, auzanto, auz, auzimei, auzares...)" Universidad Complutense de Madrid. *Cuadernos de filología clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos*, 2015\-05, Vol.25 (25\), pp. 11\-23
Line 6\. For BEDAS see below. Stifter claims MEDOM may be compared with Old Irish med ‘measure, balance’ and Welsh medd ‘authority’.
In line 7, Jordán Cólera proposes that the form CABINT is a third person plural present indicative or possibly optitive form of a verb related to Old Irish *gabaid* "take." And he takes SAM BEDAM to be 'this mine' or some such, with the first form a feminine accusative singular of the Celtiberian (and Common Celtic) demonstrative, and the next form, agreeing with it, from PIE \**bhedh*\- ‘dig,’ from which Lat. *fodio, fossa*, Breton *béz* ‘grave, pit’...Jordán Cólera, Carlos "La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas (Zaragoza)" *Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Emerita*, 2014\-12, Vol.82 (2\), p.327\-343
n line 8, Stifter claims that the fragmentary DERNV\- may be compared with words for ‘hand’ or ‘palm’ in other Celtic languages.
### Celtiberian place names
Those that can be identified with some confidence include:
Line 1: CASCA\- probably refers to the ancient city of Cascantum, identified with the modern town of Cascante.Cólera, Carlos Jordán. "Chronica Epigraphica Celtiberica XI" Zaragoza: Institucion "Fernando el Catolico" *Palaeohispanica* (Zaragoza), 2022\-01, Vol.22, p.275\. "8\. El Bronce de Novallas" p. 307\.
Line 2: TERGAŚ is perhaps the ablative of the name of a town (so "from Terga") referred to on late 2nd century bce coins as **terkakom** ("of the people of Terga) perhaps equivalent to the modern municipality of Tierga.
Line 6: CONTREBAC\[OM?] is probably connected to kontebakom, a form attested in Palaeohispanic script. It looks to be adjective formed by the common suffix \-āko\-, "from a substantive contrebia, the etymology of which seems clear: kom\- (“together”) \+ \*treb\- (“to live, habitation”) \+ \*\-yā collective suffix." So something like 'where \[people] live together.' "We know three Celtiberian cities called Contrebia: Contrebia Belaisca,28 Contrebia Carbica,29 and Contrebia Leucada." The last of these was quite near Novalla, but the term could well have been an adjective attached to many settlement, not necessarily any of these mentioned.Cólera, Carlos Jordán. "Chronica Epigraphica Celtiberica XI" Zaragoza: Institucion "Fernando el Catolico" *Palaeohispanica* (Zaragoza), 2022\-01, Vol.22, p.275\. "8\. El Bronce de Novallas" pp. 311\-12\.
### Latin, or Latin influenced, words and phrases
Line 1: (\-?)L]OQUENDI, presumably from the gerundive of Latin loquor "to speak" or a compound thereof. So probably "(These things) are to be announced (publicly) (at such and such time(s) and place(s)," the rest of the legible text presumably being the 'these things' to be announced, especially given that monetary units or spacial measurements seem to be mentioned in lines 3 and 4 (see below). This would mean that any indication of when and where the announcement is to be made came in the lost part of the text before what we have legible to us.Beltrán Lloris, F., Carlos Jordán Cólera, Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignaci, Simón Cornago. "The Novallas bronze tablet: An inscription in the Celtiberian language and the Latin alphabet from Spain." Journal of Roman Archaeology 34 (2021\), 713–733, 720 doi:10\.1017/S1047759421000635
Lines 2, 3, 5, and 10: PUBL(ICUS), in lines two and five, apparently part of a full phrase ODUS PUBL(ICUS). The latter would seem to reflect the Latin phrase *pedes publicos*, 'feet of the people(?)' (with loss of *p\-* as expected in Celtic, a loss not evidenced, though, in the following word!), presumably an official 'public' measurement, except that this Latin phrase is not actually recorded until medieval times.
Line 4: "The sequence II ECQVE S could also be borrowed from Latin, if II and S can be understood as a numeral and the abbreviation of *semis*." So if ECQUE reflects L. etque "and" this could mean "two and a half." This along with IIS in line 3 directly above could be referring to the Latin sestertius which originally meant "two asses (coins) and half of a third." But it is more likely that these numbers refer to measurements of space (see below). This is comparable to the first line of the seventh table (dealing with land use) of the Latin Law of [Twelve Tables](/wiki/Twelve_Tables "Twelve Tables"): "...ownership within a 5\-foot strip shall not be acquired by long usage."Beltrán Lloris, F., Carlos Jordán Cólera, Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignaci, Simón Cornago. "The Novallas bronze tablet: An inscription in the Celtiberian language and the Latin alphabet from Spain." Journal of Roman Archaeology 34 (2021\), 713–733, 720\-21 doi:10\.1017/S1047759421000635
Following these apparent numerals IIS in line three is the phrase DVNDOM LITANOM (probably both masculine accusative) the first form of which could either be again a Latin gerundive "thing to be given" (but it could also be Celtiberian, from the same root) apparently in agreement with the following Celtiberian form that could mean 'wide,' whatever that combination is supposed to mean.Beltrán Lloris, F., Carlos Jordán Cólera, Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignaci, Simón Cornago. "The Novallas bronze tablet: An inscription in the Celtiberian language and the Latin alphabet from Spain." Journal of Roman Archaeology 34 (2021\), 713–733, 721 doi:10\.1017/S1047759421000635
And following \[\-\-OD]AS II ECQVE S in line 4 is the phrase VAMVŚ LITANAṂ the first form of which seems to be a Celtiberian ablative of the superlative of "high", so "from the highest," while the second form looks to be the feminine equivalent of the term from the preceding line "wide." If this is a stipulation of how far apart two buildings can be, this may indicate that the walls of two buildings must be two and a half feet apart from each other measuring from the highest point on the external wall.
Beltrán Lloris *et alia* speculate that these phrases could be somehow connected to a Latin legal concept whereby the space of two and a half feet must be left by every property owner on each side of any boundary, totalling five feet (the quantity mentioned in the [Twelve Tables](/wiki/Twelve_Tables "Twelve Tables")—see above).Francisco Beltrán Lloris , Carlos Jordán Cólera, Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignacio Simón Cornago. "The Novallas bronze tablet: An inscription in the Celtiberian language and the Latin alphabet from Spain." *Journal of Roman Archaeology* 34 (2021\), 713–733, 721 doi:10\.1017/S1047759421000635
In line 7, Jordán Cólera proposes that the form CABINT is a third person plural present indicative or possibly optative form of a verb related to Old Irish *gabaid* "take." And he takes SAM BEDAM to be 'this mine' or some such, with the first form a feminine accusative singular of the Celtiberian (and Common Celtic) demonstrative, and the next form, agreeing with it, from PIE \**bhedh*\- ‘dig,’ from which Lat. *fodio, fossa*, Breton *béz* ‘grave, pit’...
|
[
"Notes\n-----",
"Given the fragmentary nature of the text and our limited knowledge of Celtiberian, anything close to a full translation is impossible. But various place names and phrases can be recognized, with varying degrees of certainty.",
"### Celtiberian words and phrases",
"In line 2, the form DOIBIM is explained by Stifter as a dative dual \\**dou̯ibim* ‘to the two.’Stifter, David. \"Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology III. The Bronze of Novallas\" *Palaeohispanica* 22\\. 2022\\. pp. 131\\-136",
"On DVNDOM LITANOM and VAMVŚ LITANAṂ on lines 3 and 4, see below.",
"In line 5, for AVDITUM Jordán Cólera suggests an origin from the Proto\\-Indo\\-European root \\**h2ew\\-dheh1\\-* / \\**h2ew\\-dhh1\\-o* \"grant, bestow, donate,\" specifically from the genitive plural of the present active participle of this verb: \\**h2ew\\-dheh1\\-nt\\-ōm* \"of the donating ones.\"Jordán Cólera, Carlos. \"*Avdintvm*, una nueva forma verbal en celtibérico y sus posibles relaciones paradigmáticas (auzeti, auzanto, auz, auzimei, auzares...)\" Universidad Complutense de Madrid. *Cuadernos de filología clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos*, 2015\\-05, Vol.25 (25\\), pp. 11\\-23",
"Line 6\\. For BEDAS see below. Stifter claims MEDOM may be compared with Old Irish med ‘measure, balance’ and Welsh medd ‘authority’.",
"In line 7, Jordán Cólera proposes that the form CABINT is a third person plural present indicative or possibly optitive form of a verb related to Old Irish *gabaid* \"take.\" And he takes SAM BEDAM to be 'this mine' or some such, with the first form a feminine accusative singular of the Celtiberian (and Common Celtic) demonstrative, and the next form, agreeing with it, from PIE \\**bhedh*\\- ‘dig,’ from which Lat. *fodio, fossa*, Breton *béz* ‘grave, pit’...Jordán Cólera, Carlos \"La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas (Zaragoza)\" *Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Emerita*, 2014\\-12, Vol.82 (2\\), p.327\\-343",
"n line 8, Stifter claims that the fragmentary DERNV\\- may be compared with words for ‘hand’ or ‘palm’ in other Celtic languages.",
"### Celtiberian place names",
"Those that can be identified with some confidence include:",
"Line 1: CASCA\\- probably refers to the ancient city of Cascantum, identified with the modern town of Cascante.Cólera, Carlos Jordán. \"Chronica Epigraphica Celtiberica XI\" Zaragoza: Institucion \"Fernando el Catolico\" *Palaeohispanica* (Zaragoza), 2022\\-01, Vol.22, p.275\\. \"8\\. El Bronce de Novallas\" p. 307\\.",
"Line 2: TERGAŚ is perhaps the ablative of the name of a town (so \"from Terga\") referred to on late 2nd century bce coins as **terkakom** (\"of the people of Terga) perhaps equivalent to the modern municipality of Tierga.",
"Line 6: CONTREBAC\\[OM?] is probably connected to kontebakom, a form attested in Palaeohispanic script. It looks to be adjective formed by the common suffix \\-āko\\-, \"from a substantive contrebia, the etymology of which seems clear: kom\\- (“together”) \\+ \\*treb\\- (“to live, habitation”) \\+ \\*\\-yā collective suffix.\" So something like 'where \\[people] live together.' \"We know three Celtiberian cities called Contrebia: Contrebia Belaisca,28 Contrebia Carbica,29 and Contrebia Leucada.\" The last of these was quite near Novalla, but the term could well have been an adjective attached to many settlement, not necessarily any of these mentioned.Cólera, Carlos Jordán. \"Chronica Epigraphica Celtiberica XI\" Zaragoza: Institucion \"Fernando el Catolico\" *Palaeohispanica* (Zaragoza), 2022\\-01, Vol.22, p.275\\. \"8\\. El Bronce de Novallas\" pp. 311\\-12\\.",
"### Latin, or Latin influenced, words and phrases",
"Line 1: (\\-?)L]OQUENDI, presumably from the gerundive of Latin loquor \"to speak\" or a compound thereof. So probably \"(These things) are to be announced (publicly) (at such and such time(s) and place(s),\" the rest of the legible text presumably being the 'these things' to be announced, especially given that monetary units or spacial measurements seem to be mentioned in lines 3 and 4 (see below). This would mean that any indication of when and where the announcement is to be made came in the lost part of the text before what we have legible to us.Beltrán Lloris, F., Carlos Jordán Cólera, Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignaci, Simón Cornago. \"The Novallas bronze tablet: An inscription in the Celtiberian language and the Latin alphabet from Spain.\" Journal of Roman Archaeology 34 (2021\\), 713–733, 720 doi:10\\.1017/S1047759421000635",
"Lines 2, 3, 5, and 10: PUBL(ICUS), in lines two and five, apparently part of a full phrase ODUS PUBL(ICUS). The latter would seem to reflect the Latin phrase *pedes publicos*, 'feet of the people(?)' (with loss of *p\\-* as expected in Celtic, a loss not evidenced, though, in the following word!), presumably an official 'public' measurement, except that this Latin phrase is not actually recorded until medieval times.",
"Line 4: \"The sequence II ECQVE S could also be borrowed from Latin, if II and S can be understood as a numeral and the abbreviation of *semis*.\" So if ECQUE reflects L. etque \"and\" this could mean \"two and a half.\" This along with IIS in line 3 directly above could be referring to the Latin sestertius which originally meant \"two asses (coins) and half of a third.\" But it is more likely that these numbers refer to measurements of space (see below). This is comparable to the first line of the seventh table (dealing with land use) of the Latin Law of [Twelve Tables](/wiki/Twelve_Tables \"Twelve Tables\"): \"...ownership within a 5\\-foot strip shall not be acquired by long usage.\"Beltrán Lloris, F., Carlos Jordán Cólera, Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignaci, Simón Cornago. \"The Novallas bronze tablet: An inscription in the Celtiberian language and the Latin alphabet from Spain.\" Journal of Roman Archaeology 34 (2021\\), 713–733, 720\\-21 doi:10\\.1017/S1047759421000635",
"Following these apparent numerals IIS in line three is the phrase DVNDOM LITANOM (probably both masculine accusative) the first form of which could either be again a Latin gerundive \"thing to be given\" (but it could also be Celtiberian, from the same root) apparently in agreement with the following Celtiberian form that could mean 'wide,' whatever that combination is supposed to mean.Beltrán Lloris, F., Carlos Jordán Cólera, Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignaci, Simón Cornago. \"The Novallas bronze tablet: An inscription in the Celtiberian language and the Latin alphabet from Spain.\" Journal of Roman Archaeology 34 (2021\\), 713–733, 721 doi:10\\.1017/S1047759421000635",
"And following \\[\\-\\-OD]AS II ECQVE S in line 4 is the phrase VAMVŚ LITANAṂ the first form of which seems to be a Celtiberian ablative of the superlative of \"high\", so \"from the highest,\" while the second form looks to be the feminine equivalent of the term from the preceding line \"wide.\" If this is a stipulation of how far apart two buildings can be, this may indicate that the walls of two buildings must be two and a half feet apart from each other measuring from the highest point on the external wall.",
"Beltrán Lloris *et alia* speculate that these phrases could be somehow connected to a Latin legal concept whereby the space of two and a half feet must be left by every property owner on each side of any boundary, totalling five feet (the quantity mentioned in the [Twelve Tables](/wiki/Twelve_Tables \"Twelve Tables\")—see above).Francisco Beltrán Lloris , Carlos Jordán Cólera, Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignacio Simón Cornago. \"The Novallas bronze tablet: An inscription in the Celtiberian language and the Latin alphabet from Spain.\" *Journal of Roman Archaeology* 34 (2021\\), 713–733, 721 doi:10\\.1017/S1047759421000635",
"",
"In line 7, Jordán Cólera proposes that the form CABINT is a third person plural present indicative or possibly optative form of a verb related to Old Irish *gabaid* \"take.\" And he takes SAM BEDAM to be 'this mine' or some such, with the first form a feminine accusative singular of the Celtiberian (and Common Celtic) demonstrative, and the next form, agreeing with it, from PIE \\**bhedh*\\- ‘dig,’ from which Lat. *fodio, fossa*, Breton *béz* ‘grave, pit’...",
""
] |
Career
------
Sharma joined Patna University as a lecturer in the Hindi department – same department his father had helped build.
Nalin had a critical and explorative mind and he was well versed in European literature. In Europe as well as India, Marxist poetry had swept the stage with an immensity that overwhelmed academia. In India the *Chayavaad* style of writing verse had dominated the scene between 1918 and 1936 when it started yielding place to *Pragativaad*, or progressive poetry, between 1936 and 1950\. The 1950s brought with it a new trend in thinking – a search for a middle path, an equilibrium, an understanding – and into this stepped Nalin Vilochan Sarma with his *Nakenwad*.
Sharma was a revolutionary with a strange propensity, deeply influenced by western thought and literature. He believed that the raw material of poetry should be drawn from the immediate past, the surrounding present, not necessarily the classic era. He believed that poetry is an inner force which could be enriched in its expression through symbols around us. In 1943, [Agyeya](/wiki/Agyeya "Agyeya") had written his *[Tar Saptak](/wiki/Tar_Saptak "Tar Saptak")* in which he had included seven poets including Muktibodh, Bharat Bhushan Agrawal, Prabhakar Machve, Girija Kumar Mathur. Each of these represented some new poetical style, mostly experimental. This style came to be known as *Prayogvaad*.
Nalin's thinking signifies a positive influence of Agyeya and his *Tar Saptak*. He believed that in poetry, words, music, rhythm and play of intonation mattered, and that the technique and diction of poetry mattered more than the content. This went against the established philosophy of poetics which had dominated Indian poetry, a philosophy which emphasised that content was of the greatest significance in poetry.
Through Nakenvaad, (three poets had combined their work, *Na*lin, *Ke*sari and *N*aresh, hence Naken) Nalin sought to extend his philosophy that words, if exact, rhythmic and lyrical in quality, could lend to poetry what words propped around subject could not.
He also contended that the language of poetry flowed in close proximity with prose, that poetry and prose supplemented and enriched each other. They were in no way contrary or opposed to each other. Nalin was a leader, a non\-conformist. He advocated use of commonplace language like William Wordsworth did and maintained that the choice of words in Hindi literature had taken on nuances of artificiality as if finding the right words had become a labour. Thus, he maintained that the chasm between prose and poetry was likewise artificial. The trio of *Nakenvaad* had used syllables in staccatto arrangement—Kul\-kat\-ta\-Pun\-jab\-Mail—or the Calcutta Punjab Mail. Similar arrangements appear in his book on Nakenvaad appearing in a vertical order using one syllable to a sentence. This he said lent a descriptive rhythm to the train he wrote about and made it onomatopoetical in nature.
This technique had already been tried out by E E Cummings in 1926–27 and by French poets in the 1930s, evoking great appreciation from some quarters and bitter criticism from others. But Nalin maintained that to keep Hindi literature alive and growing it was essential to incorporate the latest trends from English and French poetical experiments.
Simplicity was Nalin's forte and he retained extensively the use of Sanskrit words, traditional concepts and images from daily life.
Nalin Vilochan Sarma also left his mark as a dramatist. His unique contribution was the introduction of the chamber drama. One immortal work of his is entitled *Bibbo ka Bibbok*. Bibbok is a word derived from Sanskrit dramatology and is a little\-known form of drama while Bibbo is the heroine's name, derived from that. But it was as a short story writer that Nalin attained his literary peak. He used to say that writing a good short story was a 'krichh sadhana'{{which lang\|date\=May 2019}} or walking along the edge of a sword. The time that Nalin made a mark as a short story writer was when post\-Freudian psycho\-analysis had not made its mark in Hindi writing. And when Nalin introduced the physical reality in its frailest of sublime aspects it sent shock\-waves round the world.
However, it will be as a pioneering critic that Nalin Vilochan Sarma will always be remembered. In his immortal *Maapdand* he brought into use the newest modes of critical appreciation from the west—France and England—and juxtaposed them in the most natural manner with ancient traditional style and in doing so enriched Hindi literature immensely. He dedicated his *Maapdand* to his eldest sister's husband, K D Tewari, of whom he was an ardent admirer.
The confidence that Nalin had in his erudition was mammoth. Once, when a colleague suggested he should take the examinations for the title of Mahamahopadhyaya, he casually replied, 'But who will check my paper?' He died soon after, on 12 September 1961\. (An article entitled Legend in his Lifetime by Shruti Shukla was published in The Hindustan Times, Patna Edition on 19 October 1991\)
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Sharma joined Patna University as a lecturer in the Hindi department – same department his father had helped build.\nNalin had a critical and explorative mind and he was well versed in European literature. In Europe as well as India, Marxist poetry had swept the stage with an immensity that overwhelmed academia. In India the *Chayavaad* style of writing verse had dominated the scene between 1918 and 1936 when it started yielding place to *Pragativaad*, or progressive poetry, between 1936 and 1950\\. The 1950s brought with it a new trend in thinking – a search for a middle path, an equilibrium, an understanding – and into this stepped Nalin Vilochan Sarma with his *Nakenwad*.",
"Sharma was a revolutionary with a strange propensity, deeply influenced by western thought and literature. He believed that the raw material of poetry should be drawn from the immediate past, the surrounding present, not necessarily the classic era. He believed that poetry is an inner force which could be enriched in its expression through symbols around us. In 1943, [Agyeya](/wiki/Agyeya \"Agyeya\") had written his *[Tar Saptak](/wiki/Tar_Saptak \"Tar Saptak\")* in which he had included seven poets including Muktibodh, Bharat Bhushan Agrawal, Prabhakar Machve, Girija Kumar Mathur. Each of these represented some new poetical style, mostly experimental. This style came to be known as *Prayogvaad*.",
"Nalin's thinking signifies a positive influence of Agyeya and his *Tar Saptak*. He believed that in poetry, words, music, rhythm and play of intonation mattered, and that the technique and diction of poetry mattered more than the content. This went against the established philosophy of poetics which had dominated Indian poetry, a philosophy which emphasised that content was of the greatest significance in poetry.\nThrough Nakenvaad, (three poets had combined their work, *Na*lin, *Ke*sari and *N*aresh, hence Naken) Nalin sought to extend his philosophy that words, if exact, rhythmic and lyrical in quality, could lend to poetry what words propped around subject could not.",
"He also contended that the language of poetry flowed in close proximity with prose, that poetry and prose supplemented and enriched each other. They were in no way contrary or opposed to each other. Nalin was a leader, a non\\-conformist. He advocated use of commonplace language like William Wordsworth did and maintained that the choice of words in Hindi literature had taken on nuances of artificiality as if finding the right words had become a labour. Thus, he maintained that the chasm between prose and poetry was likewise artificial. The trio of *Nakenvaad* had used syllables in staccatto arrangement—Kul\\-kat\\-ta\\-Pun\\-jab\\-Mail—or the Calcutta Punjab Mail. Similar arrangements appear in his book on Nakenvaad appearing in a vertical order using one syllable to a sentence. This he said lent a descriptive rhythm to the train he wrote about and made it onomatopoetical in nature.",
"This technique had already been tried out by E E Cummings in 1926–27 and by French poets in the 1930s, evoking great appreciation from some quarters and bitter criticism from others. But Nalin maintained that to keep Hindi literature alive and growing it was essential to incorporate the latest trends from English and French poetical experiments.",
"Simplicity was Nalin's forte and he retained extensively the use of Sanskrit words, traditional concepts and images from daily life.\nNalin Vilochan Sarma also left his mark as a dramatist. His unique contribution was the introduction of the chamber drama. One immortal work of his is entitled *Bibbo ka Bibbok*. Bibbok is a word derived from Sanskrit dramatology and is a little\\-known form of drama while Bibbo is the heroine's name, derived from that. But it was as a short story writer that Nalin attained his literary peak. He used to say that writing a good short story was a 'krichh sadhana'{{which lang\\|date\\=May 2019}} or walking along the edge of a sword. The time that Nalin made a mark as a short story writer was when post\\-Freudian psycho\\-analysis had not made its mark in Hindi writing. And when Nalin introduced the physical reality in its frailest of sublime aspects it sent shock\\-waves round the world.",
"However, it will be as a pioneering critic that Nalin Vilochan Sarma will always be remembered. In his immortal *Maapdand* he brought into use the newest modes of critical appreciation from the west—France and England—and juxtaposed them in the most natural manner with ancient traditional style and in doing so enriched Hindi literature immensely. He dedicated his *Maapdand* to his eldest sister's husband, K D Tewari, of whom he was an ardent admirer.",
"The confidence that Nalin had in his erudition was mammoth. Once, when a colleague suggested he should take the examinations for the title of Mahamahopadhyaya, he casually replied, 'But who will check my paper?' He died soon after, on 12 September 1961\\. (An article entitled Legend in his Lifetime by Shruti Shukla was published in The Hindustan Times, Patna Edition on 19 October 1991\\)",
""
] |
Subprojects
-----------
* Shor's Algorithm
* Shor's Algorithm DP
* GSCE\-SV
* ALX
* Weird Engine
Shor's Algorithm and Shor's Algorithm DP were the main subprojects of OProject@Home. The objective was to test quantum algorithms (e.g. [Shor's algorithm](/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm "Shor's algorithm")) of quantum computing. GSCE\-SV verifies the correctness of [Goldbach's conjecture](/wiki/Goldbach%27s_conjecture "Goldbach's conjecture"), while ALX is a Non\-CPU\-intensive (nci) subproject capable of running on [ARM\-based CPUs](/wiki/ARM_architecture "ARM architecture") running [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 "Android (operating system)") or [Linux](/wiki/Linux "Linux"). It is used to research and develop [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") and [computer networks](/wiki/Computer_network "Computer network"). The project supports the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3").
The Weird Engine subproject calculates the [weird numbers](/wiki/Weird_number "Weird number") {{OEIS\|id\=A006037}}. Numbers are available in the project database. According to the OEIS it is the largest publicly available database of such numbers.{{cite web\|url\=https://oeis.org/A006037\|title\=Weird numbers: abundant (A005101\) but not pseudoperfect (A005835\)\|website\=On\-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences\|date\=October 21, 2001\|accessdate\=October 8, 2012\|archive\-date\=October 31, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031121944/http://oeis.org/A006037\|url\-status\=live}}
These ongoing work on the application analyzing status of water on Earth. OProject@Home uses data from [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") and [NOAA](/wiki/NOAA "NOAA") [satellites](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite"). Analyzed data are taken from devices [AVHRR](/wiki/Advanced_Very_High_Resolution_Radiometer "Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer") and [AMSR](/wiki/Aqua_%28satellite%29 "Aqua (satellite)") that are used to measure the Earth's [radiation](/wiki/Radiation "Radiation") predominantly in the [infrared](/wiki/Infrared "Infrared"). Based on the information is easy to calculate the [sea surface temperature](/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature "Sea surface temperature") and [ice concentration](/wiki/Sea_ice_concentration "Sea ice concentration") at any point on Earth. This information will enable to perform the analysis and simulations climate.{{citation \|title\=European plant phenology and climate as seen in a 20\-year AVHRR land\-surface parameter dataset \|authorlink\= R. Stöckli and P. L. Vidale \|date\=May 26, 2003 \|publisher\=International Journal of Remote Sensing, Volume 25, Issue 17, 2004}}{{citation \|title\=The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR\-E), NASDA's contribution to the EOS for global energy and water cycle studies \|authorlink\= T. Sezai, Y. Ito, K. Imaoka, T. Takeshima, Y. Ishido, A. Shibata, M. Miura, H. Inahata and R.W. Spencer \|date\=February 2003 \|publisher\=Journals \& Magazines, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume: 41, Issue: 2}}
The subprojects running on the platform OProject@Home are important to science because they address difficult and unsolved problems in physics and theoretical mathematics. For example, [Goldbach's conjecture](/wiki/Goldbach%27s_conjecture "Goldbach's conjecture"), proposed in 1742 has never been disproven. It is not even clear whether the problem can be solved, as the range of numbers are infinite. It's also not known if there are any [odd](/wiki/Parity_%28mathematics%29 "Parity (mathematics)") weird numbers. All calculated weird numbers are [even](/wiki/Parity_%28mathematics%29 "Parity (mathematics)"). Climate change and global warming has also raised a number of controversies, and a future goal is to effectively analyze the entire Earth to predict the probability of various possible threats to people. Such systems can warn against natural disasters such as [hurricanes](/wiki/Hurricanes "Hurricanes") or [cyclones](/wiki/Cyclones "Cyclones") that may arise in the future.{{citation \|title\=Impact of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit measurements on hurricane prediction \|authorlink\= Tong Zhu, Da\-Lin Zhang and Fuzhong Weng \|year\=2002 \|publisher\=Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2416–2432\.\|bibcode\= 2002MWRv..130\.2416Z \|last1\= Zhu \|first1\= Tong \|last2\= Zhang \|first2\= Da\-Lin \|last3\= Weng \|first3\= Fuzhong \|journal\= Monthly Weather Review \|volume\= 130 \|issue\= 10 \|page\= 2416 \|doi\= 10\.1175/1520\-0493(2002\)130\<2416:IOTAMS\>2\.0\.CO;2 \|doi\-access\= free }}{{citation \|title\=Impacts of Ocean–Atmosphere Coupling on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change and Ocean Prediction in the Australian Region \|authorlink\= P. A. Sandery, G. B. Brassington, A. Craig and T. Pugh \|year\=2010 \|publisher\=Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2074–2091\.\|bibcode\= 2010MWRv..138\.2074S \|last1\= Sandery \|first1\= P. A. \|last2\= Brassington \|first2\= G. B. \|last3\= Craig \|first3\= A. \|last4\= Pugh \|first4\= T. \|journal\= Monthly Weather Review \|volume\= 138 \|issue\= 6 \|page\= 2074 \|doi\= 10\.1175/2010MWR3101\.1 \|s2cid\= 121607487 \|doi\-access\= free }} Although this is a future development, a sample video showing the sea surface temperature for 1982 has been generated in order to show what this can result in. The simulation is based on publicly available databases from organisations such as [NOAA](/wiki/NOAA "NOAA") and [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA").
As with other volunteer computing projects, progress relies on recruiting a number of users willing to donate computing power to the project. These projects are usually run in the background and when the computer is idle and have little or no performance impact when a person is using the computer.
A side effect of the project is to develop high\-performance algorithms for the various subprojects. The source code of the programs are open and available for public download on [Google Code](/wiki/Google_Code "Google Code"), licensed under the [GPL](/wiki/GPL "GPL") license. All the data generated by the project is also available from the project website, also distributed under the GPL license. The project is also open to new subprojects, although the current focus is on the continued development of the software, in order to ensure a more stable platform.
The project was officially launched on 13 August 2012\. As of 9 October 2012, over 2243 volunteers with over 1779 hosts have participated in the project.OProject@Home, Project Stats box OProject@Home has 9th place between all BOINC projects by the amount of new hosts after well\-known [WCG](/wiki/World_Community_Grid "World Community Grid"), [SETI@Home](/wiki/SETI%40Home "SETI@Home"), MilkyWay, [Collatz conjecture](/wiki/Collatz_conjecture "Collatz conjecture"), [PrimeGrid](/wiki/PrimeGrid "PrimeGrid") projects.{{cite web \|url\=http://boincstats.com/en/stats/projectStatsInfo \|title\=Project stats info \|publisher\=boincstats.com \|accessdate\=October 9, 2012 \|archive\-date\=October 1, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001130529/http://boincstats.com/en/stats/projectStatsInfo \|url\-status\=live }} On 30 September 2012 the project lead released the news about the launch OProject@Home in BOINC official website,{{cite web \|url\=http://oeis.org/A006037 \|title\=OProject@Home launches \|authorlink\=David Anderson \|date\=September 30, 2012 \|publisher\=boinc.berkeley.edu \|accessdate\=October 9, 2012 \|archive\-date\=October 31, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031121944/http://oeis.org/A006037 \|url\-status\=live }} and later on the same day the project was added to the overall list of volunteer systems.
|
[
"Subprojects\n-----------",
"* Shor's Algorithm\n* Shor's Algorithm DP\n* GSCE\\-SV\n* ALX\n* Weird Engine",
"Shor's Algorithm and Shor's Algorithm DP were the main subprojects of OProject@Home. The objective was to test quantum algorithms (e.g. [Shor's algorithm](/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm \"Shor's algorithm\")) of quantum computing. GSCE\\-SV verifies the correctness of [Goldbach's conjecture](/wiki/Goldbach%27s_conjecture \"Goldbach's conjecture\"), while ALX is a Non\\-CPU\\-intensive (nci) subproject capable of running on [ARM\\-based CPUs](/wiki/ARM_architecture \"ARM architecture\") running [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 \"Android (operating system)\") or [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\"). It is used to research and develop [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") and [computer networks](/wiki/Computer_network \"Computer network\"). The project supports the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\").",
"The Weird Engine subproject calculates the [weird numbers](/wiki/Weird_number \"Weird number\") {{OEIS\\|id\\=A006037}}. Numbers are available in the project database. According to the OEIS it is the largest publicly available database of such numbers.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://oeis.org/A006037\\|title\\=Weird numbers: abundant (A005101\\) but not pseudoperfect (A005835\\)\\|website\\=On\\-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences\\|date\\=October 21, 2001\\|accessdate\\=October 8, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031121944/http://oeis.org/A006037\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"These ongoing work on the application analyzing status of water on Earth. OProject@Home uses data from [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") and [NOAA](/wiki/NOAA \"NOAA\") [satellites](/wiki/Satellite \"Satellite\"). Analyzed data are taken from devices [AVHRR](/wiki/Advanced_Very_High_Resolution_Radiometer \"Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\") and [AMSR](/wiki/Aqua_%28satellite%29 \"Aqua (satellite)\") that are used to measure the Earth's [radiation](/wiki/Radiation \"Radiation\") predominantly in the [infrared](/wiki/Infrared \"Infrared\"). Based on the information is easy to calculate the [sea surface temperature](/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature \"Sea surface temperature\") and [ice concentration](/wiki/Sea_ice_concentration \"Sea ice concentration\") at any point on Earth. This information will enable to perform the analysis and simulations climate.{{citation \\|title\\=European plant phenology and climate as seen in a 20\\-year AVHRR land\\-surface parameter dataset \\|authorlink\\= R. Stöckli and P. L. Vidale \\|date\\=May 26, 2003 \\|publisher\\=International Journal of Remote Sensing, Volume 25, Issue 17, 2004}}{{citation \\|title\\=The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR\\-E), NASDA's contribution to the EOS for global energy and water cycle studies \\|authorlink\\= T. Sezai, Y. Ito, K. Imaoka, T. Takeshima, Y. Ishido, A. Shibata, M. Miura, H. Inahata and R.W. Spencer \\|date\\=February 2003 \\|publisher\\=Journals \\& Magazines, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume: 41, Issue: 2}}",
"The subprojects running on the platform OProject@Home are important to science because they address difficult and unsolved problems in physics and theoretical mathematics. For example, [Goldbach's conjecture](/wiki/Goldbach%27s_conjecture \"Goldbach's conjecture\"), proposed in 1742 has never been disproven. It is not even clear whether the problem can be solved, as the range of numbers are infinite. It's also not known if there are any [odd](/wiki/Parity_%28mathematics%29 \"Parity (mathematics)\") weird numbers. All calculated weird numbers are [even](/wiki/Parity_%28mathematics%29 \"Parity (mathematics)\"). Climate change and global warming has also raised a number of controversies, and a future goal is to effectively analyze the entire Earth to predict the probability of various possible threats to people. Such systems can warn against natural disasters such as [hurricanes](/wiki/Hurricanes \"Hurricanes\") or [cyclones](/wiki/Cyclones \"Cyclones\") that may arise in the future.{{citation \\|title\\=Impact of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit measurements on hurricane prediction \\|authorlink\\= Tong Zhu, Da\\-Lin Zhang and Fuzhong Weng \\|year\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2416–2432\\.\\|bibcode\\= 2002MWRv..130\\.2416Z \\|last1\\= Zhu \\|first1\\= Tong \\|last2\\= Zhang \\|first2\\= Da\\-Lin \\|last3\\= Weng \\|first3\\= Fuzhong \\|journal\\= Monthly Weather Review \\|volume\\= 130 \\|issue\\= 10 \\|page\\= 2416 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1175/1520\\-0493(2002\\)130\\<2416:IOTAMS\\>2\\.0\\.CO;2 \\|doi\\-access\\= free }}{{citation \\|title\\=Impacts of Ocean–Atmosphere Coupling on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change and Ocean Prediction in the Australian Region \\|authorlink\\= P. A. Sandery, G. B. Brassington, A. Craig and T. Pugh \\|year\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2074–2091\\.\\|bibcode\\= 2010MWRv..138\\.2074S \\|last1\\= Sandery \\|first1\\= P. A. \\|last2\\= Brassington \\|first2\\= G. B. \\|last3\\= Craig \\|first3\\= A. \\|last4\\= Pugh \\|first4\\= T. \\|journal\\= Monthly Weather Review \\|volume\\= 138 \\|issue\\= 6 \\|page\\= 2074 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1175/2010MWR3101\\.1 \\|s2cid\\= 121607487 \\|doi\\-access\\= free }} Although this is a future development, a sample video showing the sea surface temperature for 1982 has been generated in order to show what this can result in. The simulation is based on publicly available databases from organisations such as [NOAA](/wiki/NOAA \"NOAA\") and [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\").",
"As with other volunteer computing projects, progress relies on recruiting a number of users willing to donate computing power to the project. These projects are usually run in the background and when the computer is idle and have little or no performance impact when a person is using the computer.",
"A side effect of the project is to develop high\\-performance algorithms for the various subprojects. The source code of the programs are open and available for public download on [Google Code](/wiki/Google_Code \"Google Code\"), licensed under the [GPL](/wiki/GPL \"GPL\") license. All the data generated by the project is also available from the project website, also distributed under the GPL license. The project is also open to new subprojects, although the current focus is on the continued development of the software, in order to ensure a more stable platform.",
"The project was officially launched on 13 August 2012\\. As of 9 October 2012, over 2243 volunteers with over 1779 hosts have participated in the project.OProject@Home, Project Stats box OProject@Home has 9th place between all BOINC projects by the amount of new hosts after well\\-known [WCG](/wiki/World_Community_Grid \"World Community Grid\"), [SETI@Home](/wiki/SETI%40Home \"SETI@Home\"), MilkyWay, [Collatz conjecture](/wiki/Collatz_conjecture \"Collatz conjecture\"), [PrimeGrid](/wiki/PrimeGrid \"PrimeGrid\") projects.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://boincstats.com/en/stats/projectStatsInfo \\|title\\=Project stats info \\|publisher\\=boincstats.com \\|accessdate\\=October 9, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 1, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001130529/http://boincstats.com/en/stats/projectStatsInfo \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 30 September 2012 the project lead released the news about the launch OProject@Home in BOINC official website,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://oeis.org/A006037 \\|title\\=OProject@Home launches \\|authorlink\\=David Anderson \\|date\\=September 30, 2012 \\|publisher\\=boinc.berkeley.edu \\|accessdate\\=October 9, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031121944/http://oeis.org/A006037 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and later on the same day the project was added to the overall list of volunteer systems.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Goldenbaum was born in [Parchim](/wiki/Parchim "Parchim"). During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") he served in the military and he participated in the German [November Revolution](/wiki/German_Revolution "German Revolution"). In 1919 he joined the left\-wing [USPD](/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany") and a few years later the [Communist Party of Germany](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany "Communist Party of Germany").
From 1923 to 1925 he was a member of the city council of Parchim and from 1924 to 1932 he was a member of the [Landtag](/wiki/Landtag "Landtag") of [Mecklenburg\-Schwerin](/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin "Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin"). From 1932 to 1933 he was the editor of *[Volkswacht](/wiki/Volkswacht_%28disambiguation%29 "Volkswacht (disambiguation)")*, a communist newspaper. After the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") seized power he became a farmer and a member of the [German resistance](/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism "German resistance to Nazism").
In 1944 he was arrested and he spent the last year of the war in [concentration camp](/wiki/Concentration_camp "Concentration camp") [Neuengamme](/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp "Neuengamme concentration camp"). In 1945, he was one of very few who survived the sinking of the [SS *Cap Arcona*](/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona "SS Cap Arcona") which claimed over 4000 lives.
After the war he joined the [Socialist Unity Party](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Unity Party of Germany") (SED), but in 1948 he co\-founded the communist\-sponsored [Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany](/wiki/Democratic_Farmers%27_Party_of_Germany "Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany") (DBD). The DBD was a close ally of the SED. Until 1982, Goldenbaum was the chairman of the party.
From 1949 to 1990 Goldenbaum was a member of the [People's Chamber](/wiki/People%27s_Chamber "People's Chamber"). From 1949 to 1950 Goldenbaum was East Germany's first Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. Goldenbaum supported the SED's [collectivisation](/wiki/Collectivisation "Collectivisation") in the 1950s and 1960s. From 1950 to 1963 he was the deputy chairman of the People's Chamber. After 1963 he was a member of the Presidium of the People's Chamber.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Goldenbaum was born in [Parchim](/wiki/Parchim \"Parchim\"). During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") he served in the military and he participated in the German [November Revolution](/wiki/German_Revolution \"German Revolution\"). In 1919 he joined the left\\-wing [USPD](/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany \"Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany\") and a few years later the [Communist Party of Germany](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany \"Communist Party of Germany\").",
"From 1923 to 1925 he was a member of the city council of Parchim and from 1924 to 1932 he was a member of the [Landtag](/wiki/Landtag \"Landtag\") of [Mecklenburg\\-Schwerin](/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin \"Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin\"). From 1932 to 1933 he was the editor of *[Volkswacht](/wiki/Volkswacht_%28disambiguation%29 \"Volkswacht (disambiguation)\")*, a communist newspaper. After the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\") seized power he became a farmer and a member of the [German resistance](/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism \"German resistance to Nazism\").",
"In 1944 he was arrested and he spent the last year of the war in [concentration camp](/wiki/Concentration_camp \"Concentration camp\") [Neuengamme](/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp \"Neuengamme concentration camp\"). In 1945, he was one of very few who survived the sinking of the [SS *Cap Arcona*](/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona \"SS Cap Arcona\") which claimed over 4000 lives.",
"After the war he joined the [Socialist Unity Party](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany\") (SED), but in 1948 he co\\-founded the communist\\-sponsored [Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany](/wiki/Democratic_Farmers%27_Party_of_Germany \"Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany\") (DBD). The DBD was a close ally of the SED. Until 1982, Goldenbaum was the chairman of the party.",
"From 1949 to 1990 Goldenbaum was a member of the [People's Chamber](/wiki/People%27s_Chamber \"People's Chamber\"). From 1949 to 1950 Goldenbaum was East Germany's first Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. Goldenbaum supported the SED's [collectivisation](/wiki/Collectivisation \"Collectivisation\") in the 1950s and 1960s. From 1950 to 1963 he was the deputy chairman of the People's Chamber. After 1963 he was a member of the Presidium of the People's Chamber.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Diplomacy
In the 1920s through the 1930s, Perales served as a diplomat, traveling to the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, Mexico, Chile, and the West Indies on various diplomatic missions.{{Cite web\|title\=Introduction to the Alonso S. Perales Collection · Introduction to the Alonso S. Perales Collection · Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage Digital Collections\|url\=http://usldhrecovery.uh.edu/exhibits/show/peralesintro/aspintro\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-16\|website\=usldhrecovery.uh.edu}} Later, in 1945, he served as legal counsel to the Nicaraguan delegation at the [United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO)](/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization "United Nations Conference on International Organization"), also known as the San Francisco Conference. This conference took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). During this meeting, delegates reviewed the 1944 [Dumbarton Oaks agreements](/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference "Dumbarton Oaks Conference") and created the [Charter of the United Nations](/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations "Charter of the United Nations").{{Cite web\|last\=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information\|first\=Bureau of Public Affairs\|title\=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 \- October 1945\|url\=https://2001\-2009\.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407\.htm\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-16\|website\=2001\-2009\.state.gov\|language\=en}}
### Civil rights
Perales was active in civil rights advocacy and according to scholars, is one of the most influential Hispanic Americans of his time. He moved back to Texas and dedicated his life to combatting discrimination against people of Mexican descent through law, advocacy, and his writings, including two volumes of *En Defensa de mi raza* (In Defense of My People), first published in 1937\. These volumes included essays, letters, speeches, and work by other intellectuals on the problem of discrimination in Texas.Mila, Brandon H. *Hermanos de Raza: Alonso S. Perales and the Creation of the LULAC Spirit.* Master's of Arts thesis. University of North Texas, 2013\. His book, *Are We Good Neighbors?,* published in 1948 by Artes Gráficas, examined the discrimination, exploitation, and injustices faced by people of Mexican and Latin American descent throughout the United States. *Are We Good Neighbors?* also includes affidavits from the public that detail these incidents of discrimination.
In San Antonio, Texas, Perales collaborated with [Maury Maverick](/wiki/Maury_Maverick "Maury Maverick"). And in the 1940s, he petitioned to introduce a bill in the Texas legislature that would prohibit discrimination based on race.
### LULAC
During the 1930s, Mexican Americans, as well as other communities of Latin American descent, began organizing in response to [Juan Crow](/wiki/Juan_Crow "Juan Crow"), or José Cuervo, laws in Texas.{{Cite book\|last\=Orozco\|first\=Cynthia \|author\-link1\=Cynthia Orozco\|title\=No Mexicans, women, or dogs allowed: the rise of the Mexican American civil rights movement \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=University of Texas Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-292\-79343\-9 \|edition\=1st \|location\=Austin \|oclc\=501017354}}{{Cite web\|title\=LULAC History – All for One and One for All\|url\=https://lulac.org/about/history/\|url\-status\=live\|website\=\[\[LULAC]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204091521/http://www.lulac.org/about/history/ \|archive\-date\=2009\-12\-04 }} This resulted in the formation of [Order of the Sons of America](/wiki/Order_of_the_Sons_of_America "Order of the Sons of America") (El Orden Hijos de América) and the [Order of the Knights of America](/wiki/Order_of_the_Knights_of_America "Order of the Knights of America") (El Orden Caballeros de América), Mexican American organizations with various statewide chapters. Between 1927\-1928, Perales and Ben Garza, leader of the Order of the Sons of America Council \#4 in Corpus Christi, discussed how to merge these organizations.
In 1929, these organizations, along with the League of Latin American Citizens (headed by Perales), decided to merge to form the [League of United Latin American Citizens](/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens "League of United Latin American Citizens") (LULAC). Perales, thus, joined Garza, Manuel C. Gonzales, Andres de Luna, Louis Wilmot, Rafael Galvan Sr., Juan Galván, Vicente Lozano, [José Tomás Canales](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Canales "José Tomás Canales"), [Edwardo Idar](/wiki/Edwardo_Idar "Edwardo Idar"), Mauro Machado, J. Luz Saenz, Juan C. Solis, and E.H. Marin to found what would become the oldest Hispanic civil rights organization in the country, LULAC.{{Cite web\|title\=TSHA {{!}} League of United Latin American Citizens\|url\=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/league\-of\-united\-latin\-american\-citizens\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-16\|website\=www.tshaonline.org}} Perales, with the help of Canales and Idar, drafted the LULAC constitution.
Perales went on to form LULAC Council 16 in San Antonio, Texas, and served as LULAC's second president.Adela Sloss\-Vento, Alonso S. Perales: His Struggles for the Rights of Mexican Americans, (Austin, Texas: Artes Graficas, 1977\).{{Cite web\|title\=Alonso S. Perales\|url\=https://lulac.org/about/history/past\_presidents/alonso\_perales/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-16\|website\=LULAC\|language\=en}} As president of LULAC, he focused on the creation of 24 new councils across South Texas. According to the LULAC News (LULAC's official newsletter), Perales helped to cement the organization's spirit: "LULAC is much indebted to the efforts and sacrifices put forth by these pioneers like Alonso S. Perales. It was this spirit of courage \- tenacity, and self\-sacrifice \- during the early history of LULAC that became known as the 'LULAC Spirit.'"
Among his efforts was also the 1930 defeat of House Resolution 6465, also known as the Box Bill, introduced by U.S. Representative [John C. Box](/wiki/John_C._Box "John C. Box"), which proposed expanding the [Immigration Act of 1924](/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924 "Immigration Act of 1924") to include quotas on Mexican immigrants to the United States.{{Cite web\|last\=O'Brien \|first\=Benjamin Gonzalez \|date\=2018\-11\-27 \|title\=The 1929 Law That Turned Undocumented Entry Into a Crime \|url\=https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2018/11/27/1929\-law\-turned\-undocumented\-entry\-crime/ideas/essay/ \|access\-date\=2021\-03\-16 \|website\=Zócalo Public Square \|language\=en\-US}} Perales, together with his fellow LULACers, Canales and Garza, traveled to Washington D.C. to testify in US congressional hearings against the bill. The bill did not pass.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Diplomacy",
"In the 1920s through the 1930s, Perales served as a diplomat, traveling to the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, Mexico, Chile, and the West Indies on various diplomatic missions.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Introduction to the Alonso S. Perales Collection · Introduction to the Alonso S. Perales Collection · Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage Digital Collections\\|url\\=http://usldhrecovery.uh.edu/exhibits/show/peralesintro/aspintro\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-16\\|website\\=usldhrecovery.uh.edu}} Later, in 1945, he served as legal counsel to the Nicaraguan delegation at the [United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO)](/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization \"United Nations Conference on International Organization\"), also known as the San Francisco Conference. This conference took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). During this meeting, delegates reviewed the 1944 [Dumbarton Oaks agreements](/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference \"Dumbarton Oaks Conference\") and created the [Charter of the United Nations](/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations \"Charter of the United Nations\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information\\|first\\=Bureau of Public Affairs\\|title\\=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 \\- October 1945\\|url\\=https://2001\\-2009\\.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-16\\|website\\=2001\\-2009\\.state.gov\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Civil rights",
"Perales was active in civil rights advocacy and according to scholars, is one of the most influential Hispanic Americans of his time. He moved back to Texas and dedicated his life to combatting discrimination against people of Mexican descent through law, advocacy, and his writings, including two volumes of *En Defensa de mi raza* (In Defense of My People), first published in 1937\\. These volumes included essays, letters, speeches, and work by other intellectuals on the problem of discrimination in Texas.Mila, Brandon H. *Hermanos de Raza: Alonso S. Perales and the Creation of the LULAC Spirit.* Master's of Arts thesis. University of North Texas, 2013\\. His book, *Are We Good Neighbors?,* published in 1948 by Artes Gráficas, examined the discrimination, exploitation, and injustices faced by people of Mexican and Latin American descent throughout the United States. *Are We Good Neighbors?* also includes affidavits from the public that detail these incidents of discrimination.",
"In San Antonio, Texas, Perales collaborated with [Maury Maverick](/wiki/Maury_Maverick \"Maury Maverick\"). And in the 1940s, he petitioned to introduce a bill in the Texas legislature that would prohibit discrimination based on race.",
"### LULAC",
"During the 1930s, Mexican Americans, as well as other communities of Latin American descent, began organizing in response to [Juan Crow](/wiki/Juan_Crow \"Juan Crow\"), or José Cuervo, laws in Texas.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Orozco\\|first\\=Cynthia \\|author\\-link1\\=Cynthia Orozco\\|title\\=No Mexicans, women, or dogs allowed: the rise of the Mexican American civil rights movement \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=University of Texas Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-292\\-79343\\-9 \\|edition\\=1st \\|location\\=Austin \\|oclc\\=501017354}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=LULAC History – All for One and One for All\\|url\\=https://lulac.org/about/history/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=\\[\\[LULAC]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204091521/http://www.lulac.org/about/history/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-04 }} This resulted in the formation of [Order of the Sons of America](/wiki/Order_of_the_Sons_of_America \"Order of the Sons of America\") (El Orden Hijos de América) and the [Order of the Knights of America](/wiki/Order_of_the_Knights_of_America \"Order of the Knights of America\") (El Orden Caballeros de América), Mexican American organizations with various statewide chapters. Between 1927\\-1928, Perales and Ben Garza, leader of the Order of the Sons of America Council \\#4 in Corpus Christi, discussed how to merge these organizations.",
"In 1929, these organizations, along with the League of Latin American Citizens (headed by Perales), decided to merge to form the [League of United Latin American Citizens](/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens \"League of United Latin American Citizens\") (LULAC). Perales, thus, joined Garza, Manuel C. Gonzales, Andres de Luna, Louis Wilmot, Rafael Galvan Sr., Juan Galván, Vicente Lozano, [José Tomás Canales](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Canales \"José Tomás Canales\"), [Edwardo Idar](/wiki/Edwardo_Idar \"Edwardo Idar\"), Mauro Machado, J. Luz Saenz, Juan C. Solis, and E.H. Marin to found what would become the oldest Hispanic civil rights organization in the country, LULAC.{{Cite web\\|title\\=TSHA {{!}} League of United Latin American Citizens\\|url\\=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/league\\-of\\-united\\-latin\\-american\\-citizens\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-16\\|website\\=www.tshaonline.org}} Perales, with the help of Canales and Idar, drafted the LULAC constitution.",
"Perales went on to form LULAC Council 16 in San Antonio, Texas, and served as LULAC's second president.Adela Sloss\\-Vento, Alonso S. Perales: His Struggles for the Rights of Mexican Americans, (Austin, Texas: Artes Graficas, 1977\\).{{Cite web\\|title\\=Alonso S. Perales\\|url\\=https://lulac.org/about/history/past\\_presidents/alonso\\_perales/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-16\\|website\\=LULAC\\|language\\=en}} As president of LULAC, he focused on the creation of 24 new councils across South Texas. According to the LULAC News (LULAC's official newsletter), Perales helped to cement the organization's spirit: \"LULAC is much indebted to the efforts and sacrifices put forth by these pioneers like Alonso S. Perales. It was this spirit of courage \\- tenacity, and self\\-sacrifice \\- during the early history of LULAC that became known as the 'LULAC Spirit.'\"",
"Among his efforts was also the 1930 defeat of House Resolution 6465, also known as the Box Bill, introduced by U.S. Representative [John C. Box](/wiki/John_C._Box \"John C. Box\"), which proposed expanding the [Immigration Act of 1924](/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924 \"Immigration Act of 1924\") to include quotas on Mexican immigrants to the United States.{{Cite web\\|last\\=O'Brien \\|first\\=Benjamin Gonzalez \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-27 \\|title\\=The 1929 Law That Turned Undocumented Entry Into a Crime \\|url\\=https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2018/11/27/1929\\-law\\-turned\\-undocumented\\-entry\\-crime/ideas/essay/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-16 \\|website\\=Zócalo Public Square \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Perales, together with his fellow LULACers, Canales and Garza, traveled to Washington D.C. to testify in US congressional hearings against the bill. The bill did not pass.",
""
] |
Background
----------
### Previous use of name
In 1958, Ford introduced the [Super Duty engine family](/wiki/Ford_Super_Duty_engine "Ford Super Duty engine") as big\-block V8 engines for trucks, offered in 401, 477, and 534 cubic\-inch displacements. The 534 is one of the largest gasoline V8 engines ever produced by Ford. The Super Duty engines were some of the largest mass\-produced gasoline V8 engines in the world (for highway vehicles).
To showcase the engine launch, the "Big Job" conventional truck variants of the F\-Series were rebranded as Super Duty,{{cite web \|last\=Flickr \|date\=8 February 2012 \|title\=1960 Super Duty \|url\=https://www.flickr.com/photos/carhaul/6843192999/}} a name added to other Ford trucks as well. Alongside the [Ford C\-Series](/wiki/Ford_C-Series "Ford C-Series") and H\-Series cabovers, the N\-Series conventional adopted the Super Duty name.{{cite web \|title\=1960–1969 Ford Trucks \|url\=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1960\-1969\-ford\-trucks4\.htm \|access\-date\=2011\-11\-29 \|publisher\=HowStuffWorks \|archive\-date\=2011\-09\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908065438/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1960\-1969\-ford\-trucks4\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} Though its poor fuel economy proved uncompetitive against the increasing popularity of diesel engines, the durability of the Super Duty V8 kept the engine in production until 1981\.
In 1987, for the 1988 model year, Ford revitalized the name for a [Class 4](/wiki/Truck_classification%23Class_4 "Truck classification#Class 4") truck badged as the "F\-Super Duty." Manufactured solely as a chassis\-cab vehicle, it was slotted between the F\-350 and F\-600 at the time, and was offered either with a [7\.5L gasoline V8](/wiki/Ford_385_engine "Ford 385 engine") or a 7\.3L diesel V8\.
### F\-Series change
In response to the changing demographics of pickup truck buyers during the 1980s and 1990s, as part of the redesign of the F\-Series for the 1997 model year, the model family began a split into two model families, introducing the [1997 Ford F\-150](/wiki/Ford_F-Series_%28tenth_generation%29 "Ford F-Series (tenth generation)") as the first of two distinct F\-Series lines. While still functioning as a full\-size pickup, the F\-150 adopted car\-like aerodynamics and convenience features to expand its appeal among consumers. To appeal towards commercial and fleet buyers and owners who tow, the F\-250 and F\-350 were developed as a separate, dedicated heavy\-duty truck platform (in place of using one platform for all of its trucks). By expanding the model line into two separate but related platforms, the inevitable compromises inherent in offering a wide range of load\-carrying capacities were avoided.
Prior to the release of the Super Duty series, the previous\-generation F\-250HD and F\-350 carried over for 1997 (alongside a separate F\-250 light duty based upon the tenth\-generation F\-150\).
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"### Previous use of name",
"In 1958, Ford introduced the [Super Duty engine family](/wiki/Ford_Super_Duty_engine \"Ford Super Duty engine\") as big\\-block V8 engines for trucks, offered in 401, 477, and 534 cubic\\-inch displacements. The 534 is one of the largest gasoline V8 engines ever produced by Ford. The Super Duty engines were some of the largest mass\\-produced gasoline V8 engines in the world (for highway vehicles).",
"To showcase the engine launch, the \"Big Job\" conventional truck variants of the F\\-Series were rebranded as Super Duty,{{cite web \\|last\\=Flickr \\|date\\=8 February 2012 \\|title\\=1960 Super Duty \\|url\\=https://www.flickr.com/photos/carhaul/6843192999/}} a name added to other Ford trucks as well. Alongside the [Ford C\\-Series](/wiki/Ford_C-Series \"Ford C-Series\") and H\\-Series cabovers, the N\\-Series conventional adopted the Super Duty name.{{cite web \\|title\\=1960–1969 Ford Trucks \\|url\\=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1960\\-1969\\-ford\\-trucks4\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-29 \\|publisher\\=HowStuffWorks \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908065438/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1960\\-1969\\-ford\\-trucks4\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Though its poor fuel economy proved uncompetitive against the increasing popularity of diesel engines, the durability of the Super Duty V8 kept the engine in production until 1981\\.",
"In 1987, for the 1988 model year, Ford revitalized the name for a [Class 4](/wiki/Truck_classification%23Class_4 \"Truck classification#Class 4\") truck badged as the \"F\\-Super Duty.\" Manufactured solely as a chassis\\-cab vehicle, it was slotted between the F\\-350 and F\\-600 at the time, and was offered either with a [7\\.5L gasoline V8](/wiki/Ford_385_engine \"Ford 385 engine\") or a 7\\.3L diesel V8\\.",
"### F\\-Series change",
"In response to the changing demographics of pickup truck buyers during the 1980s and 1990s, as part of the redesign of the F\\-Series for the 1997 model year, the model family began a split into two model families, introducing the [1997 Ford F\\-150](/wiki/Ford_F-Series_%28tenth_generation%29 \"Ford F-Series (tenth generation)\") as the first of two distinct F\\-Series lines. While still functioning as a full\\-size pickup, the F\\-150 adopted car\\-like aerodynamics and convenience features to expand its appeal among consumers. To appeal towards commercial and fleet buyers and owners who tow, the F\\-250 and F\\-350 were developed as a separate, dedicated heavy\\-duty truck platform (in place of using one platform for all of its trucks). By expanding the model line into two separate but related platforms, the inevitable compromises inherent in offering a wide range of load\\-carrying capacities were avoided.",
"Prior to the release of the Super Duty series, the previous\\-generation F\\-250HD and F\\-350 carried over for 1997 (alongside a separate F\\-250 light duty based upon the tenth\\-generation F\\-150\\).",
""
] |
Second generation (2008–2010\)
------------------------------
{{Infobox automobile
\| name \= Second generation (P356\)
\| image \= 2008 Ford F\-250\.jpg
\| model\_years \= 2008–2010
\| production \= December 18, 2006 – February 2010{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lanereport.com/17597/2013/01/fast\-lane\-january\-2013/2008\-super\-duty\-begins\-production\-at\-fords\-kentucky\-truck\-plant \|title\=Super Duty Begins Production \|publisher\=lanereport.com \|access\-date\=August 14, 2017}}
\| engine \= {{ubl \|'''Gasoline:'''\|5\.4 L \[\[Ford Modular engine\#5\.4 L\|Triton]] \[\[V8 engine\|V8]] \|6\.8 L \[\[Ford Modular engine\#6\.8 V10\|Triton]] \[\[V10 engine\|V10]] \|'''Diesel:'''\|6\.4 L \[\[Ford Power Stroke engine\|Power Stroke]] \[\[V8 engine\|V8]]}}
\| transmission \= {{ubl \|5\-speed manual (Mexico and Venezuela only on F\-350\) \|6\-speed ''\[\[ZF S6\-650 transmission\|ZF S6\-650]]'' \[\[Manual transmission\|manual]] \|5\-speed ''5R110W'' \[\[Automatic transmission\|automatic]]}}
\| assembly \= {{ubl \|\[\[Louisville, Kentucky\|Louisville]], \[\[Kentucky]], United States (\[\[Kentucky Truck Assembly]])\|\[\[General Escobedo]], \[\[Nuevo León]], Mexico (F\-650/F\-750 only) (Blue Diamond Truck)\|\[\[Valencia, Venezuela\|Valencia]], \[\[Carabobo]], Venezuela (\[\[Valencia Assembly]])}}
\| wheelbase \= {{ubl \|{{convert\|137\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \|{{convert\|141\.8\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \|{{convert\|158\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \|{{convert\|156\.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \|{{convert\|172\.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}}}
\| length \= {{ubl \|{{convert\|227\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (Regular Cab, Long Bed) \|{{convert\|231\.8\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (SuperCab, Short Bed) \|{{convert\|248\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (SuperCab, Long Bed) \|{{convert\|246\.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (Crew Cab, Short Bed) \|{{convert\|262\.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (Crew Cab, Long Bed) \|{{convert\|271\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (F\-450, F\-550 SuperCab) \|{{convert\|274\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (F\-450, F\-550 Regular Cab) \|{{convert\|285\.9\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (F\-450, F\-550 Crew Cab) \|{{convert\|286\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (F\-450, F\-550 Regular Cab)}}
\| width \= {{ubl \| SRW: {{convert\|79\.9\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} \| DRW: {{convert\|95\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}}}
\| height \= {{convert\|76\|\-\|81\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}
\| aka \= {{ubl \|F\-250 \|F\-350 \|F\-450 \|F\-550}}
\| designer \= Pat Schiavone (2004\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.rvmotoring.com/ford\_super\_duty\_review1\.html\|title\=Ford Super Duty Review\|publisher\=rvmotoring.com\|access\-date\=August 14, 2017}}
\| body\_style \= 2\-door regular cab
4\-door extended cab (SuperCab)
4\-door crew cab
\| caption \= 2008 Ford F\-250 FX4
}}
The second\-generation Super Duty was originally going to debut for the 2007 model year, but quality issues pushed it back to the 2008 model year. It receives an all\-new {{Convert\|6\.4\|L\|cuin\|abbr\=on}} [Power Stroke](/wiki/Ford_Power_Stroke_engine "Ford Power Stroke engine") diesel V8 with piezoelectric fuel injectors and [sequential turbochargers](/wiki/Twin-turbo%23Sequential "Twin-turbo#Sequential") to replace the 6\.0L Power Stroke single\-turbo diesel V8\. The new engine produces 350 hp (260 kW) and {{convert\|650\|ft.lbf\|N.m\|abbr\=on}} of torque.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId\=109864\|title\=Ford's 2008 Super Duty getting a face\-lift\|work\=\[\[Edmunds.com]]\|access\-date\=April 6, 2006\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408170354/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D109864\|archive\-date\=April 8, 2006}} The vehicle had its first official showing at the Texas State Fair in 2006\. Ford started taking orders in January 2007\. The first 2008 F\-450 pickup sold to the public was delivered to Randy Whipple of Muskegon, Michigan, in February 2007\.
Located near the same dash area as the last generation (but slightly to the right and more directly below the radio), this generation of Super Duty models had the same [Ford TowCommand](/wiki/Ford_TowCommand "Ford TowCommand") trailer brake controller and four auxiliary upfitter switches as the last generation set\-up.
An optional concealed slide\-out step and swing\-up hand grab bar were added to the rear tailgate for easy access.
Ford introduced its all\-new optional "Rapid\-Heat Supplemental Cab Heater," only available with the diesel engine and TorqShift automatic transmission. In the winter, it quickly raised the cab's temperature to a comfortable level until the engine was warm enough to handle the job.
The interior of the Super Duty was completely redesigned, with a new instrument cluster (with an enhanced message center) with similar styling to that of the 11th generation F\-150 (2004–2008\), as well as a new steering wheel, center dash bezel, interior door panels, and seat trim. [Sirius Satellite Radio](/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio "Sirius Satellite Radio"), a 3\.5 mm auxiliary audio input jack (for all models equipped with a [CD player](/wiki/CD_player "CD player") or [CD changer](/wiki/CD_changer "CD changer")), a new "premium" audio system with an external amplifier and subwoofer, and a [GPS](/wiki/GPS "GPS") [navigation system](/wiki/Navigation_system "Navigation system") radio with a [touchscreen](/wiki/Touchscreen "Touchscreen") display were all new features. In 2009, the [Ford SYNC](/wiki/Ford_SYNC "Ford SYNC") entertainment system became available on select trim levels, adding [Bluetooth](/wiki/Bluetooth "Bluetooth") hands\-free calling and wireless stereo audio streaming via [A2DP](/wiki/A2DP "A2DP") and a [USB](/wiki/USB "USB") port for the first time on the Super Duty.
2010 is also the final model year for the 6\.8\-liter V10 in the F\-250 and F\-350, as well as dual\-rear\-wheel configurations in short bed.
### Trim
This second generation of Super Duty trucks included the F\-250, F\-350, and the all\-new F\-450\. The F\-250 and F\-350 basically had the same payload and towing specifications as the last generation. The [trim level](/wiki/Trim_level "Trim level") lineup for the 2010 F\-250, F\-350, and F\-450 consisted of the XL, XLT, Lariat, Cabela's (except F\-450\), King Ranch, and Harley\-Davidson.
The FX4 model, which was once just an optional off\-road 4×4 package that could be added to any model in the lineup, was replaced by the 4×4 Off Road Package. The FX4 became a model of its own. It still had the same specs as the previous generation but with more of a sporty trim package. The FX4 model was discontinued for the 2010 model year and was reverted to an optional off\-road 4×4 package.
* *XL* – Included: Vinyl upholstery, 5\.4L Triton V8, 17" steel wheels with all\-season tires, rear folding bench seat (XL Crew Cab), an AM/FM stereo with digital clock and 2 speakers, black vinyl floor covering, visors, sealed\-beam halogen lamps, manual windows, manual locks, and manual side\-view mirrors.
* *XLT* – Added: 18" steel wheels, cloth upholstery, lumbar support, power locks, power mirrors, power windows with automatic driver's side window, air conditioning, an AM/FM stereo with a single\-CD player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack, a digital clock and four speakers, cruise control, color coordinated carpet floor covering, tilt steering wheel, and dual\-beam headlamps.
* *FX4* (2008–2009\) – Added: 17" forged aluminum wheels with all\-terrain tires, automatic headlamps, illuminated entry, keyless entry with driver door keypad, securi\-lock anti\-theft ignition, a security alarm, FX4 cloth upholstery, black all\-weather floor mats, metallic faced cluster with chrome faced gauges, overhead console with sunglasses storage, and a black\-leather wrapped steering wheel.
* *Lariat* – Added: Power driver and passenger seats, leather upholstery, automatic air conditioning, enhanced message center with distance to empty and compass, color\-coordinated leather wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, visors with illuminated mirrors, and woodgrain style accents for the dash, and later, Ford SYNC.
### Special Editions
For 2008, Ford and [Harley\-Davidson](/wiki/Harley-Davidson "Harley-Davidson") once again joined forces to bring out a new special edition Super Duty. The Harley\-Davidson package was available on both F\-250 and F\-350 Crew Cab single\-rear\-wheel models. A gasoline engine was no longer offered with the package; instead, a 6\.4 L Power Stroke turbo diesel was standard. Unique black and dusted copper two\-tone leather captain's chairs with bar and shield logo, leather\-trimmed center console, unique gauge cluster, and embroidered carpeted floor mats rounded out interior features. Twenty\-inch wheels, billet\-style grille, blacked out headlights, illuminated cab steps, power folding body\-color Powerscope mirrors, rubber bed mat with Harley\-Davidson logo, and special badging were the exterior highlights. The truck could be ordered with two unique exterior themes—a black monochromatic look with bodyside graphics or a black\-and\-vintage\-copper two\-tone with chrome dimensional box side *Harley\-Davidson* lettering. An Audiophile premium eight\-speaker stereo with subwoofer was standard, while a DVD\-based navigation system was optional. A rear\-seat DVD entertainment system with 8" screen was also optional but could not be ordered with the power moonroof.
The Harley\-Davidson package was updated for 2009\. For the first time, this package was offered on the F\-450 DRW pickup. The interior was trimmed in all black leather, instead of the previous year's two\-tone trim. New colors were offered: Black with flame tape stripes, Black with Vista Blue painted flames, and Dark Blue Pearl with Vista Blue painted flames. Ford's *ToughBed* spray\-on bedliner and a rearview camera were made options. For 2010, only minor changes were made. Dark Blue Pearl was deleted from the color options in favor of Black with Tuxedo Black painted flames and the rearview camera was made standard. 2010 was the final year Ford offered a factory Harley\-Davidson Super Duty (not counting the 2020\+ based limited edition).
For 2008, a 60th anniversary package was available to celebrate 60 years of the F\-Series brand. Featuring two\-tone paint, additional chrome trim, and special badging, 2,500 were to be built, and it was only available with the XLT trim.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.wardsauto.com/news\-analysis/ford\-celebrates\-f\-series\-anniversary\-special\-edition\-trucks \|title\=Ford Celebrates F\-Series Anniversary With Special\-Edition Trucks \|date\=September 27, 2007 \|work\=WardsAuto \|publisher\=Informa USA \|access\-date\=May 27, 2021}}
For 2009 and 2010, a special Cabela's edition was available in the FX4 Crew Cab configuration. This version included a basic package and a luxury package. The basic package included cloth captain's chairs, wood trim on center stack, all\-weather floor mats, front and rear locking firearm storage, and an AM/FM radio. The luxury package included everything in the basic package but with leather seats and a navigation\-based radio. In addition, both versions featured special badging and two\-tone paint options.
### Powertrain
The same two gasoline engines and their power ratings were carried over from the previous generation. The {{convert\|5\.4\|L\|cuin\|\|abbr\=on}} V8 is standard, while the {{convert\|6\.8\|L\|cuin\|\|abbr\=on}} V10 was still a $699 option over the 5\.4L V8; both were SOHC engines and used three\-valve\-per\-cylinder heads. The {{convert\|6\.4\|L\|cuin\|\|abbr\=on}} OHV four\-valve\-per\-cylinder Power Stroke diesel engine, supplied by Navistar, was a $6,895 option over the {{convert\|5\.4\|L\|cuin\|\|abbr\=on}} V8\.
| \+Gasoline engines | Model | Years | Type | Power, torque |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *[Triton SOHC V8](/wiki/Ford_Modular_engine%235.4%C2%A0L "Ford Modular engine#5.4 L")* | 2008–2010 | {{convert\|330\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} 24\-valve V8 | {{convert\|300\|hp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}}, {{convert\|365\|lbft\|Nm\|0\|abbr\=on}} |
| *[Triton SOHC V10](/wiki/Ford_Modular_engine%236.8%C2%A0L_V10 "Ford Modular engine#6.8 L V10")* | 2008–2010 | {{convert\|412\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} 30\-valve V10 | {{convert\|362\|hp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}}, {{convert\|457\|lbft\|Nm\|0\|abbr\=on}} |
| \+Diesel engines | Model | Years | Type | Power, torque at rpm |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [6\.4L Power Stroke](/wiki/Ford_Power_Stroke_engine%236.4_Power_Stroke "Ford Power Stroke engine#6.4 Power Stroke")([International MaxxForce 7](/wiki/Navistar_VT_engine%23Maxxforce_7 "Navistar VT engine#Maxxforce 7")) | 2008–2010 | {{convert\|387\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} 32\-valve sequential\-turbocharged Diesel V8 | {{convert\|350\|hp\|kW PS\|0\|abbr\=on}} at 3,000, {{convert\|650\|lbft\|Nm\|0\|abbr\=on}} at 2,000 |
### F\-450 pickup
There are some unique points to highlight of the F\-450 with a regular\-production pickup bed, which was previously only offered as a [chassis cab](/wiki/Chassis_cab "Chassis cab"). It had two available axle ratios of 4\.30:1 and 4\.88:1\. The F\-450 with the optional "High Capacity Trailer Tow Package" increased the [GCWR](/wiki/GCWR "GCWR") from {{convert\|26000\|lb\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|33000\|lb\|abbr\=on}}. Maximum payload was {{convert\|6120\|lb\|abbr\=on}}. The maximum towing capacity was {{convert\|24500\|lb\|abbr\=on}} (4\.88:1 axle ratio) or {{convert\|20500\|lb\|abbr\=on}} (4\.30:1 axle ratio). The only configuration was the Crew Cab (until 2019 when a Regular Cab debuted for the F\-450\), with an {{convert\|8\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} long bed, DRW (Dual Rear Wheels), limited\-slip rear axle, 10\-lug {{convert\|19\.5\|in\|mm\|adj\=on}} [forged Alcoa wheels](/wiki/Forging "Forging"), Trailer Tow package, and the [TowCommand](/wiki/TowCommand "TowCommand") TBC ([Trailer Brake Controller](/wiki/Trailer_Brake_Controller "Trailer Brake Controller")). The only engine offered in the F\-450 was the 6\.4L V8 Power Stroke [sequential turbo](/wiki/Twin-turbo%23Sequential "Twin-turbo#Sequential") diesel. The F\-450 was equipped with a standard 6\-speed manual or the optional 5\-speed TorqShift [automatic transmission](/wiki/Automatic_transmission "Automatic transmission").
File:Ford F\-250 Super Duty Harley\-Davidson Crew Cab.jpg\|Ford F\-250 Super Duty Harley\-Davidson crew cab
File:2008 Ford F\-450\.jpg\|alt\=\|2008 Ford F\-450 equipped with a bed cap
File:Ford F\-550 Super Duty (Sterling Ford).JPG\|Ford F\-550 Super Duty
|
[
"Second generation (2008–2010\\)\n------------------------------",
"{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= Second generation (P356\\)\n\\| image \\= 2008 Ford F\\-250\\.jpg\n\\| model\\_years \\= 2008–2010\n\\| production \\= December 18, 2006 – February 2010{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lanereport.com/17597/2013/01/fast\\-lane\\-january\\-2013/2008\\-super\\-duty\\-begins\\-production\\-at\\-fords\\-kentucky\\-truck\\-plant \\|title\\=Super Duty Begins Production \\|publisher\\=lanereport.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2017}}\n\\| engine \\= {{ubl \\|'''Gasoline:'''\\|5\\.4 L \\[\\[Ford Modular engine\\#5\\.4 L\\|Triton]] \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]] \\|6\\.8 L \\[\\[Ford Modular engine\\#6\\.8 V10\\|Triton]] \\[\\[V10 engine\\|V10]] \\|'''Diesel:'''\\|6\\.4 L \\[\\[Ford Power Stroke engine\\|Power Stroke]] \\[\\[V8 engine\\|V8]]}}\n\\| transmission \\= {{ubl \\|5\\-speed manual (Mexico and Venezuela only on F\\-350\\) \\|6\\-speed ''\\[\\[ZF S6\\-650 transmission\\|ZF S6\\-650]]'' \\[\\[Manual transmission\\|manual]] \\|5\\-speed ''5R110W'' \\[\\[Automatic transmission\\|automatic]]}}\n\\| assembly \\= {{ubl \\|\\[\\[Louisville, Kentucky\\|Louisville]], \\[\\[Kentucky]], United States (\\[\\[Kentucky Truck Assembly]])\\|\\[\\[General Escobedo]], \\[\\[Nuevo León]], Mexico (F\\-650/F\\-750 only) (Blue Diamond Truck)\\|\\[\\[Valencia, Venezuela\\|Valencia]], \\[\\[Carabobo]], Venezuela (\\[\\[Valencia Assembly]])}}\n\\| wheelbase \\= {{ubl \\|{{convert\\|137\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \\|{{convert\\|141\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \\|{{convert\\|158\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \\|{{convert\\|156\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \\|{{convert\\|172\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}}}\n\\| length \\= {{ubl \\|{{convert\\|227\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (Regular Cab, Long Bed) \\|{{convert\\|231\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (SuperCab, Short Bed) \\|{{convert\\|248\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (SuperCab, Long Bed) \\|{{convert\\|246\\.2\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (Crew Cab, Short Bed) \\|{{convert\\|262\\.4\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (Crew Cab, Long Bed) \\|{{convert\\|271\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (F\\-450, F\\-550 SuperCab) \\|{{convert\\|274\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (F\\-450, F\\-550 Regular Cab) \\|{{convert\\|285\\.9\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (F\\-450, F\\-550 Crew Cab) \\|{{convert\\|286\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (F\\-450, F\\-550 Regular Cab)}}\n\\| width \\= {{ubl \\| SRW: {{convert\\|79\\.9\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \\| DRW: {{convert\\|95\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}}}\n\\| height \\= {{convert\\|76\\|\\-\\|81\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| aka \\= {{ubl \\|F\\-250 \\|F\\-350 \\|F\\-450 \\|F\\-550}}\n\\| designer \\= Pat Schiavone (2004\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rvmotoring.com/ford\\_super\\_duty\\_review1\\.html\\|title\\=Ford Super Duty Review\\|publisher\\=rvmotoring.com\\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2017}}\n\\| body\\_style \\= 2\\-door regular cab \n4\\-door extended cab (SuperCab) \n4\\-door crew cab\n\\| caption \\= 2008 Ford F\\-250 FX4\n}}",
"The second\\-generation Super Duty was originally going to debut for the 2007 model year, but quality issues pushed it back to the 2008 model year. It receives an all\\-new {{Convert\\|6\\.4\\|L\\|cuin\\|abbr\\=on}} [Power Stroke](/wiki/Ford_Power_Stroke_engine \"Ford Power Stroke engine\") diesel V8 with piezoelectric fuel injectors and [sequential turbochargers](/wiki/Twin-turbo%23Sequential \"Twin-turbo#Sequential\") to replace the 6\\.0L Power Stroke single\\-turbo diesel V8\\. The new engine produces 350 hp (260 kW) and {{convert\\|650\\|ft.lbf\\|N.m\\|abbr\\=on}} of torque.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId\\=109864\\|title\\=Ford's 2008 Super Duty getting a face\\-lift\\|work\\=\\[\\[Edmunds.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2006\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408170354/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D109864\\|archive\\-date\\=April 8, 2006}} The vehicle had its first official showing at the Texas State Fair in 2006\\. Ford started taking orders in January 2007\\. The first 2008 F\\-450 pickup sold to the public was delivered to Randy Whipple of Muskegon, Michigan, in February 2007\\.",
"Located near the same dash area as the last generation (but slightly to the right and more directly below the radio), this generation of Super Duty models had the same [Ford TowCommand](/wiki/Ford_TowCommand \"Ford TowCommand\") trailer brake controller and four auxiliary upfitter switches as the last generation set\\-up.",
"An optional concealed slide\\-out step and swing\\-up hand grab bar were added to the rear tailgate for easy access.",
"Ford introduced its all\\-new optional \"Rapid\\-Heat Supplemental Cab Heater,\" only available with the diesel engine and TorqShift automatic transmission. In the winter, it quickly raised the cab's temperature to a comfortable level until the engine was warm enough to handle the job.",
"The interior of the Super Duty was completely redesigned, with a new instrument cluster (with an enhanced message center) with similar styling to that of the 11th generation F\\-150 (2004–2008\\), as well as a new steering wheel, center dash bezel, interior door panels, and seat trim. [Sirius Satellite Radio](/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio \"Sirius Satellite Radio\"), a 3\\.5 mm auxiliary audio input jack (for all models equipped with a [CD player](/wiki/CD_player \"CD player\") or [CD changer](/wiki/CD_changer \"CD changer\")), a new \"premium\" audio system with an external amplifier and subwoofer, and a [GPS](/wiki/GPS \"GPS\") [navigation system](/wiki/Navigation_system \"Navigation system\") radio with a [touchscreen](/wiki/Touchscreen \"Touchscreen\") display were all new features. In 2009, the [Ford SYNC](/wiki/Ford_SYNC \"Ford SYNC\") entertainment system became available on select trim levels, adding [Bluetooth](/wiki/Bluetooth \"Bluetooth\") hands\\-free calling and wireless stereo audio streaming via [A2DP](/wiki/A2DP \"A2DP\") and a [USB](/wiki/USB \"USB\") port for the first time on the Super Duty.",
"2010 is also the final model year for the 6\\.8\\-liter V10 in the F\\-250 and F\\-350, as well as dual\\-rear\\-wheel configurations in short bed.",
"### Trim",
"This second generation of Super Duty trucks included the F\\-250, F\\-350, and the all\\-new F\\-450\\. The F\\-250 and F\\-350 basically had the same payload and towing specifications as the last generation. The [trim level](/wiki/Trim_level \"Trim level\") lineup for the 2010 F\\-250, F\\-350, and F\\-450 consisted of the XL, XLT, Lariat, Cabela's (except F\\-450\\), King Ranch, and Harley\\-Davidson.",
"The FX4 model, which was once just an optional off\\-road 4×4 package that could be added to any model in the lineup, was replaced by the 4×4 Off Road Package. The FX4 became a model of its own. It still had the same specs as the previous generation but with more of a sporty trim package. The FX4 model was discontinued for the 2010 model year and was reverted to an optional off\\-road 4×4 package.",
"* *XL* – Included: Vinyl upholstery, 5\\.4L Triton V8, 17\" steel wheels with all\\-season tires, rear folding bench seat (XL Crew Cab), an AM/FM stereo with digital clock and 2 speakers, black vinyl floor covering, visors, sealed\\-beam halogen lamps, manual windows, manual locks, and manual side\\-view mirrors.\n* *XLT* – Added: 18\" steel wheels, cloth upholstery, lumbar support, power locks, power mirrors, power windows with automatic driver's side window, air conditioning, an AM/FM stereo with a single\\-CD player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack, a digital clock and four speakers, cruise control, color coordinated carpet floor covering, tilt steering wheel, and dual\\-beam headlamps.\n* *FX4* (2008–2009\\) – Added: 17\" forged aluminum wheels with all\\-terrain tires, automatic headlamps, illuminated entry, keyless entry with driver door keypad, securi\\-lock anti\\-theft ignition, a security alarm, FX4 cloth upholstery, black all\\-weather floor mats, metallic faced cluster with chrome faced gauges, overhead console with sunglasses storage, and a black\\-leather wrapped steering wheel.\n* *Lariat* – Added: Power driver and passenger seats, leather upholstery, automatic air conditioning, enhanced message center with distance to empty and compass, color\\-coordinated leather wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, visors with illuminated mirrors, and woodgrain style accents for the dash, and later, Ford SYNC.",
"### Special Editions",
"For 2008, Ford and [Harley\\-Davidson](/wiki/Harley-Davidson \"Harley-Davidson\") once again joined forces to bring out a new special edition Super Duty. The Harley\\-Davidson package was available on both F\\-250 and F\\-350 Crew Cab single\\-rear\\-wheel models. A gasoline engine was no longer offered with the package; instead, a 6\\.4 L Power Stroke turbo diesel was standard. Unique black and dusted copper two\\-tone leather captain's chairs with bar and shield logo, leather\\-trimmed center console, unique gauge cluster, and embroidered carpeted floor mats rounded out interior features. Twenty\\-inch wheels, billet\\-style grille, blacked out headlights, illuminated cab steps, power folding body\\-color Powerscope mirrors, rubber bed mat with Harley\\-Davidson logo, and special badging were the exterior highlights. The truck could be ordered with two unique exterior themes—a black monochromatic look with bodyside graphics or a black\\-and\\-vintage\\-copper two\\-tone with chrome dimensional box side *Harley\\-Davidson* lettering. An Audiophile premium eight\\-speaker stereo with subwoofer was standard, while a DVD\\-based navigation system was optional. A rear\\-seat DVD entertainment system with 8\" screen was also optional but could not be ordered with the power moonroof.",
"The Harley\\-Davidson package was updated for 2009\\. For the first time, this package was offered on the F\\-450 DRW pickup. The interior was trimmed in all black leather, instead of the previous year's two\\-tone trim. New colors were offered: Black with flame tape stripes, Black with Vista Blue painted flames, and Dark Blue Pearl with Vista Blue painted flames. Ford's *ToughBed* spray\\-on bedliner and a rearview camera were made options. For 2010, only minor changes were made. Dark Blue Pearl was deleted from the color options in favor of Black with Tuxedo Black painted flames and the rearview camera was made standard. 2010 was the final year Ford offered a factory Harley\\-Davidson Super Duty (not counting the 2020\\+ based limited edition).",
"For 2008, a 60th anniversary package was available to celebrate 60 years of the F\\-Series brand. Featuring two\\-tone paint, additional chrome trim, and special badging, 2,500 were to be built, and it was only available with the XLT trim.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.wardsauto.com/news\\-analysis/ford\\-celebrates\\-f\\-series\\-anniversary\\-special\\-edition\\-trucks \\|title\\=Ford Celebrates F\\-Series Anniversary With Special\\-Edition Trucks \\|date\\=September 27, 2007 \\|work\\=WardsAuto \\|publisher\\=Informa USA \\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2021}}",
"For 2009 and 2010, a special Cabela's edition was available in the FX4 Crew Cab configuration. This version included a basic package and a luxury package. The basic package included cloth captain's chairs, wood trim on center stack, all\\-weather floor mats, front and rear locking firearm storage, and an AM/FM radio. The luxury package included everything in the basic package but with leather seats and a navigation\\-based radio. In addition, both versions featured special badging and two\\-tone paint options.",
"### Powertrain",
"The same two gasoline engines and their power ratings were carried over from the previous generation. The {{convert\\|5\\.4\\|L\\|cuin\\|\\|abbr\\=on}} V8 is standard, while the {{convert\\|6\\.8\\|L\\|cuin\\|\\|abbr\\=on}} V10 was still a $699 option over the 5\\.4L V8; both were SOHC engines and used three\\-valve\\-per\\-cylinder heads. The {{convert\\|6\\.4\\|L\\|cuin\\|\\|abbr\\=on}} OHV four\\-valve\\-per\\-cylinder Power Stroke diesel engine, supplied by Navistar, was a $6,895 option over the {{convert\\|5\\.4\\|L\\|cuin\\|\\|abbr\\=on}} V8\\.",
"",
"| \\+Gasoline engines | Model | Years | Type | Power, torque |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *[Triton SOHC V8](/wiki/Ford_Modular_engine%235.4%C2%A0L \"Ford Modular engine#5.4 L\")* | 2008–2010 | {{convert\\|330\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} 24\\-valve V8 | {{convert\\|300\\|hp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, {{convert\\|365\\|lbft\\|Nm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| *[Triton SOHC V10](/wiki/Ford_Modular_engine%236.8%C2%A0L_V10 \"Ford Modular engine#6.8 L V10\")* | 2008–2010 | {{convert\\|412\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} 30\\-valve V10 | {{convert\\|362\\|hp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, {{convert\\|457\\|lbft\\|Nm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |",
"",
"| \\+Diesel engines | Model | Years | Type | Power, torque at rpm |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [6\\.4L Power Stroke](/wiki/Ford_Power_Stroke_engine%236.4_Power_Stroke \"Ford Power Stroke engine#6.4 Power Stroke\")([International MaxxForce 7](/wiki/Navistar_VT_engine%23Maxxforce_7 \"Navistar VT engine#Maxxforce 7\")) | 2008–2010 | {{convert\\|387\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} 32\\-valve sequential\\-turbocharged Diesel V8 | {{convert\\|350\\|hp\\|kW PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} at 3,000, {{convert\\|650\\|lbft\\|Nm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} at 2,000 |",
"### F\\-450 pickup",
"There are some unique points to highlight of the F\\-450 with a regular\\-production pickup bed, which was previously only offered as a [chassis cab](/wiki/Chassis_cab \"Chassis cab\"). It had two available axle ratios of 4\\.30:1 and 4\\.88:1\\. The F\\-450 with the optional \"High Capacity Trailer Tow Package\" increased the [GCWR](/wiki/GCWR \"GCWR\") from {{convert\\|26000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|33000\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}}. Maximum payload was {{convert\\|6120\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}}. The maximum towing capacity was {{convert\\|24500\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} (4\\.88:1 axle ratio) or {{convert\\|20500\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} (4\\.30:1 axle ratio). The only configuration was the Crew Cab (until 2019 when a Regular Cab debuted for the F\\-450\\), with an {{convert\\|8\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} long bed, DRW (Dual Rear Wheels), limited\\-slip rear axle, 10\\-lug {{convert\\|19\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} [forged Alcoa wheels](/wiki/Forging \"Forging\"), Trailer Tow package, and the [TowCommand](/wiki/TowCommand \"TowCommand\") TBC ([Trailer Brake Controller](/wiki/Trailer_Brake_Controller \"Trailer Brake Controller\")). The only engine offered in the F\\-450 was the 6\\.4L V8 Power Stroke [sequential turbo](/wiki/Twin-turbo%23Sequential \"Twin-turbo#Sequential\") diesel. The F\\-450 was equipped with a standard 6\\-speed manual or the optional 5\\-speed TorqShift [automatic transmission](/wiki/Automatic_transmission \"Automatic transmission\").",
"",
"File:Ford F\\-250 Super Duty Harley\\-Davidson Crew Cab.jpg\\|Ford F\\-250 Super Duty Harley\\-Davidson crew cab\nFile:2008 Ford F\\-450\\.jpg\\|alt\\=\\|2008 Ford F\\-450 equipped with a bed cap\nFile:Ford F\\-550 Super Duty (Sterling Ford).JPG\\|Ford F\\-550 Super Duty",
"",
""
] |
Discovery and charges
---------------------
The [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") (FBI) alleged that beginning in 2011, 33 parents of high school students conspired with other people to use [bribery](/wiki/Bribery "Bribery") and other forms of [fraud](/wiki/Fraud "Fraud") to illegally arrange to have their children admitted to top colleges and universities. The first reporter was Julie Taylor\-Vaz, a guidance counselor at [Buckley School](/wiki/Buckley_School_%28California%29 "Buckley School (California)") (a private school in Los Angeles), who in 2017 learned that a Buckley student identified as "Eliza" Bass – a pseudonym given by *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 "Vanity Fair (magazine)")* – had been accepted to [Tulane University](/wiki/Tulane_University "Tulane University"), [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") and [Loyola Marymount University](/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University "Loyola Marymount University") as an "African\-American tennis whiz, ranked in the Top 10 in California," according to the report. However, "Eliza" was white and did not play tennis. Eliza's father, Adam J. Bass, a member of the Buckley School Board, initially denied that he had used an outside admissions consultant before finally admitting to Buckley that his family had hired Rick Singer, the [Newport Beach, California](/wiki/Newport_Beach%2C_California "Newport Beach, California") man who became infamous in March for being at the heart of the admissions scandal.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-31\|title\=Buckley School Whistleblower Stumbled Onto Rick Singer's Fake College Applications Long Before Admissions Scandal\|url\=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/07/31/buckley\-school\-whistleblower\-stumbled\-onto\-rick\-singers\-fake\-college\-applications\-long\-before\-admissions\-scandal/\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-07\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=September 12, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912183241/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/buckley\-school\-whistleblower\-stumbled\-onto\-rick\-singers\-fake\-college\-applications\-long\-before\-admissions\-scandal/\|url\-status\=live}} Bass was a business partner of Singer's and therefore did not have to pay any money to Singer. Authorities became aware of the scheme around April 2018 when Los Angeles businessman Morrie Tobin, who was under investigation in an unrelated case for alleged [pump\-and\-dump](/wiki/Pump-and-dump "Pump-and-dump") conspiracy and [securities fraud](/wiki/Securities_fraud "Securities fraud"), offered information in exchange for leniency in the previously existing, unrelated case.{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-morrie\-tobin\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-20190331\-story.html \|title\= The bizarre story of the L.A. dad who exposed the college admissions scandal \|first1\= Joel \|last1\= Rubin \|first2\= Matthew \|last2\= Ormseth \|first3\= Suhauna \|last3\= Hussain \|first4\= Richard \|last4\= Winton \|date\= March 31, 2019 \|newspaper\= \[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|access\-date\= March 31, 2019 \|df\= mdy\-all \|archive\-date\= March 31, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331125702/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-morrie\-tobin\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-20190331\-story.html \|url\-status\= live }}
Tobin, who attended but did not graduate from [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University"), told authorities that the [Yale women's soccer](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_women%27s_soccer "Yale Bulldogs women's soccer") head coach, Rudolph "Rudy" Meredith, had asked him for $450,000 in exchange for helping his youngest daughter gain admission to the school.{{cite news \|last1\= Levitz \|first1\= Jennifer \|last2\= Korn \|first2\= Melissa \|title\= The Yale Dad Who Set Off the College\-Admissions Scandal \|url\= https://www.wsj.com/articles/the\-yale\-dad\-who\-set\-off\-the\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-11552588402 \|work\= \[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\= March 14, 2019 \|access\-date\= March 15, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 15, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190315183726/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the\-yale\-dad\-who\-set\-off\-the\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-11552588402 \|url\-status\= live }} As part of his cooperation with the FBI, Tobin wore a recording device while talking to Meredith in a Boston hotel on April 12, 2018; Meredith subsequently agreed to cooperate with the authorities and led them to Singer.{{cite news \|url\=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/03/14/only\-on\-2\-tipster\-who\-touched\-off\-campus\-bribery\-admissions\-scandal\-lives\-in\-larchmont/ \|title\=Only On 2: Tipster Who Touched Off Campus Bribery Admissions Scandal Lives In Larchmont \|date\=March 14, 2019 \|work\=\[\[CBS Los Angeles]] \|access\-date\=March 15, 2019 \|archive\-date\=October 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024063357/https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/03/14/only\-on\-2\-tipster\-who\-touched\-off\-campus\-bribery\-admissions\-scandal\-lives\-in\-larchmont/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last1\= Chen \|first1\= David W. \|last2\= Tracy \|first2\= Marc \|title\= At Yale, a Once Respected Soccer Coach Becomes an Enigma \|url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/sports/yale\-soccer\-meredith.html \|access\-date\= March 16, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The New York Times]] \|date\= March 15, 2019 \|page\= A1 \|archive\-date\= March 16, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190316012154/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/sports/yale\-soccer\-meredith.html \|url\-status\= live }} Meredith pleaded guilty as part of his cooperation with the prosecution. Tobin was not charged in this case, but in February 2019 he pleaded guilty in the unrelated securities fraud case. [United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines](/wiki/United_States_Federal_Sentencing_Guidelines "United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines"), to which judges often refer when deciding sentences, call for between eight and ten years behind bars. According to *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, *Vanity Fair*, and [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"), prosecutors recommended 36 months of supervised release.{{Cite magazine\|url\=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/03/morrie\-tobin\-college\-admissions\-scam\|title\=HOW A CROOKED FINANCE EXEC NARC'D ON THE COLLEGE\-ADMISSIONS SCAM\|last\=Levin\|first\=Bess\|date\=March 14, 2019\|magazine\=Vanity Fair\|access\-date\=April 11, 2019\|archive\-date\=August 7, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807221926/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/03/morrie\-tobin\-college\-admissions\-scam\|url\-status\=live}} In addition, Tobin agreed to forfeit $4{{nbsp}}million as part of his plea deal. Tobin was scheduled for sentencing at a hearing in June 2019, but this did not in fact take place.{{Cite web \|last\=Pavlo \|first\=Walter \|title\=Felicity Huffman And America's Failing Criminal Justice System \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterpavlo/2019/09/14/felicity\-huffman\-and\-americas\-failing\-criminal\-justice\-system/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240425003937/https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterpavlo/2019/09/14/felicity\-huffman\-and\-americas\-failing\-criminal\-justice\-system/?sh\=4b51d4504ab8 \|archive\-date\=25 April 2024 \|access\-date\=October 11, 2019 \|website\=Forbes}}
On March 12, 2019, [federal prosecutors](/wiki/United_States_Attorney "United States Attorney") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") unsealed a criminal complaint charging 50 people with [conspiracy](/wiki/Conspiracy_%28criminal%29 "Conspiracy (criminal)") to commit [felony](/wiki/Felony "Felony") [mail fraud](/wiki/Mail_fraud "Mail fraud") and [honest services mail fraud](/wiki/Honest_services_mail_fraud "Honest services mail fraud") in violation of [Title 18](/wiki/Title_18 "Title 18") [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code "United States Code"), Section 1349\.{{Cite news \|last\=Helling \|first\=Steve \|date\=April 8, 2019 \|title\=Felicity Huffman Announces Guilty Plea in College Admissions Scandal: 'My Daughter Knew Nothing' \|newspaper\=People \|url\=https://people.com/crime/felicity\-huffman\-pleads\-guilty\-college\-admissions\-cheating\-scandal/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=May 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823073420/https://people.com/crime/felicity\-huffman\-pleads\-guilty\-college\-admissions\-cheating\-scandal/ \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2020}}{{cite news \|url\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/college\-admissions\-bribery\-scheme\-affidavit/d216435e\-e073\-41f6\-b6fa\-33ed835d053d\_note.html \|title\= College admissions bribery scheme affidavit \|first\= Laura, \[\[Special Agent]] \[\[FBI]] \|last\= Smith \|format\= \[\[PDF]] \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|newspaper\= \[\[The Washington Post]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\= January 9, 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210109112721/https://www.washingtonpost.com/college\-admissions\-bribery\-scheme\-affidavit/d216435e\-e073\-41f6\-b6fa\-33ed835d053d\_note.html \|url\-status\= live }} Those charges have a maximum term of 20 years in prison, supervised release of three years, and a $250,000 fine.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.dailynews.com/lori\-loughlin\-indicted\-on\-money\-laundering\-charge\-in\-college\-admissions\-scandal\|title\=Lori Loughlin indicted on money\-laundering charge in college admissions scandal\|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Daily News]]\|date\=April 9, 2019\|access\-date\=May 14, 2019\|archive\-date\=January 29, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213738/https://www.dailynews.com/2019/04/09/lori\-loughlin\-indicted\-on\-money\-laundering\-charge\-in\-college\-admissions\-scandal/\|url\-status\=live}} The charges were announced by [Andrew Lelling](/wiki/Andrew_Lelling "Andrew Lelling"), [United States Attorney](/wiki/United_States_Attorney "United States Attorney") for the [District of Massachusetts](/wiki/District_of_Massachusetts "District of Massachusetts").{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/12/a\-slew\-of\-ceos\-are\-charged\-in\-alleged\-college\-entrance\-cheating\-scam.html \|title\= A slew of CEOs charged in alleged college entrance cheating scam \|last1\= Frank \|first1\= Robert \|first2\= Emma \|last2\= Newburger \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[CNBC]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312201744/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/12/a\-slew\-of\-ceos\-are\-charged\-in\-alleged\-college\-entrance\-cheating\-scam.html \|url\-status\= live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/college\-admission\-cheating\-scheme/index.html \|title\=Wealthy parents, actresses, coaches, among those charged in massive college cheating admission scandal, federal prosecutors say \|first1\=Eric \|last1\=Levenson \|first2\=Mark \|last2\=Morales \|work\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=March 13, 2019 \|access\-date\=March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\=March 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312235913/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/college\-admission\-cheating\-scheme/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} [Assistant U.S. Attorneys](/wiki/Assistant_U.S._Attorney "Assistant U.S. Attorney") Eric Rosen, Justin O'Connell, Leslie Wright, and Kristen Kearney of the securities and financial fraud unit were assigned as prosecutors of the case.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.justice.gov/usao\-ma/pr/arrests\-made\-nationwide\-college\-admissions\-scam\-alleged\-exam\-cheating\-athletic \|title\= Arrests Made in Nationwide College Admissions Scam: Alleged Exam Cheating \& Athletic Recruitment Scheme \|author\= \[\[United States Attorney]]'s Office, \[\[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts\|District of Massachusetts]] \|website\= \[\[Department of Justice]] \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312221020/https://www.justice.gov/usao\-ma/pr/arrests\-made\-nationwide\-college\-admissions\-scam\-alleged\-exam\-cheating\-athletic \|url\-status\= live }} FBI [special agent](/wiki/Special_agent "Special agent") Laura Smith signed the 204\-page affidavit in support of the charges.{{cite news \|last\= Ferris \|first\= Jolene \|title\= Utica College grad lead investigator on college scandal \|url\= https://www.wktv.com/content/news/Utica\-College\-grad\-lead\-investigator\-on\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-\-507217441\.html \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091725/https://www.wktv.com/content/news/Utica\-College\-grad\-lead\-investigator\-on\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-\-507217441\.html \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= March 27, 2019 \|access\-date\= March 16, 2019 \|work\= \[\[News Channel 2 WKTV]] \|location\= Utica, NY \|publisher\= \[\[Heartland Media]] \|date\= March 15, 2019 }}
On April 9, 16 of the original 33 charged parents ([Lori Loughlin](/wiki/Lori_Loughlin "Lori Loughlin"), her husband [Mossimo Giannulli](/wiki/Mossimo_Giannulli "Mossimo Giannulli"), [Gamal Aziz](/wiki/Gamal_Aziz "Gamal Aziz"), [Douglas M. Hodge](/wiki/Douglas_M._Hodge "Douglas M. Hodge"), [Bill McGlashan](/wiki/Bill_McGlashan "Bill McGlashan"), Diane and Todd Blake, I\-Hsin "Joey" Chen, Michelle Janavs, Elizabeth and Manuel Henriquez, Elisabeth Kimmel, Marci Palatella, John Wilson, Homayoun Zadeh and Robert Zangrillo), who had not pleaded guilty to the original charges, were additionally charged with conspiracy to commit [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering "Money laundering") by federal prosecutors in Boston in a superseding indictment.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.clickorlando.com/education/lori\-loughlin\-15\-other\-parents\-hit\-with\-more\-charges\|title\=Loughlin, 15 others hit with more charges in college scam\|date\=April 9, 2019\|website\=WKMG\|access\-date\=May 14, 2019\|archive\-date\=June 20, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620140114/https://www.clickorlando.com/education/lori\-loughlin\-15\-other\-parents\-hit\-with\-more\-charges\|url\-status\=dead}} The indictment added those defendants to an existing case against [David Sidoo](/wiki/David_Sidoo "David Sidoo"), another of the 33 parents, that was already pending before [Judge](/wiki/United_States_federal_judge "United States federal judge") [Nathaniel Gorton](/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorton "Nathaniel Gorton").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2019/04/09/college\-scandal\-defense\-teams\-accuse\-feds\-of\-judge\-shopping/\|title\=College Scandal Defense Teams Accuse Feds of Judge\-Shopping\|first\=Jack\|last\=Newsham\|date\=April 9, 2019\|website\=The American Lawyer\|access\-date\=May 14, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410182247/https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2019/04/09/college\-scandal\-defense\-teams\-accuse\-feds\-of\-judge\-shopping/\|url\-status\=live}} The indictment alleged that the parents engaged in a conspiracy to launder bribes paid to Singer "by funneling them through Singer's purported charity and his for\-profit corporation." This third charge has a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison, supervised release of three years, and a $500,000 fine.
Two parents in the scandal, [Gamal Abdelaziz](/wiki/Gamal_Abdelaziz "Gamal Abdelaziz") and John B. Wilson, did not settle and went to trial. In October 2021, they were both convicted of buying their kids' way into school as athletic recruits.{{Cite web \|last\=Richer \|first\=Alanna Durkin \|title\=College admissions scandal: 2 parents convicted of buying kids' way into school \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2021/10/08/college\-admissions\-scandal\-gamal\-abdelaziz\-john\-wilson\-convicted/6056725001/ \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-02 \|website\=USA TODAY \|language\=en\-US}} In February 2022, the two parents were sentenced respectively to 12 months and 15 months in jail as well as fines and community service.{{Cite news \|last\=Levenson \|first\=Michael \|date\=2022\-02\-16 \|title\=Private Equity Investor Sentenced to 15 Months in College Bribery Case \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/16/us/varsity\-blues\-sentence\-john\-wilson.html \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-02 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} Both parents appealed their convictions.{{Cite news \|last\=Saul \|first\=Stephanie \|date\=2022\-04\-25 \|title\=2 Parents Appeal Their Convictions in Varsity Blues Scandal \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/25/us/john\-wilson\-varsity\-blues\-scandal.html \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-02 \|issn\=0362\-4331}}
On May 10, 2023, the [First Circuit](/wiki/First_Circuit "First Circuit") vacated most of Abdelaziz and Wilson's convictions.{{cite web\|url\=http://media.ca1\.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/22\-1129P\-01A.pdf\|title\=Court document. Opinions\|website\=uscourts.gov\|access\-date\=26 June 2023}} The appellate court found that prosecutors had read [honest services fraud](/wiki/Honest_services_fraud "Honest services fraud") too broadly and that universities did not have a property interest in admissions slots. The court affirmed Wilson's conviction for filing a false tax return after he attempted to deduct his bribes from his tax return. Wilson was ultimately sentenced on September 29, 2023 to one year of probation with the first six months to be served in home detention, 250 hours of community service, a fine of $75,000 and restitution in the amount of $88,546\.
In June 2022, the final defendant in the investigation, Amin Khoury, was acquitted at trial of bribing a Georgetown University tennis coach to get his daughter into Georgetown. Khoury was accused of delivering $180,000 in a paper bag to the tennis coach through a middleman, not involving William Singer.{{Cite news \|last\=Hartocollis \|first\=Anemona \|date\=2022\-06\-16 \|title\=A Businessman Is Acquitted in a Georgetown Admissions Trial \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/us/georgetown\-admissions\-scandal\-acquitted.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-24 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=September 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912183244/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/us/georgetown\-admissions\-scandal\-acquitted.html \|url\-status\=live }} Khoury, who was represented by attorney [Roy Black](/wiki/Roy_Black_%28attorney%29 "Roy Black (attorney)"), was the only defendant in the Varsity Blues investigation to gain an acquittal at trial.{{Cite web \|last\=Richer \|first\=Alanna Durkin \|date\=June 16, 2022 \|title\=Georgetown dad acquitted in final college bribery scam trial \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/georgetown\-dad\-acquitted\-final\-college\-bribery\-scam\-trial\-85443527 \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-24 \|website\=ABC News \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=September 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912183240/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/georgetown\-dad\-acquitted\-final\-college\-bribery\-scam\-trial\-85443527 \|url\-status\=live }}
### Allegations
Federal prosecutors alleged a college\-admission scheme that involved:
* bribing exam administrators to facilitate [cheating](/wiki/Academic_dishonesty "Academic dishonesty") on college and university entrance exams;
* bribing coaches and administrators of elite universities to nominate unqualified applicants as elite recruited athletes, thus facilitating the applicants' admission;
* using a [charitable organization](/wiki/Charitable_organization "Charitable organization") to conceal the source and nature of laundered bribery payments.
Court documents unsealed in March 2019 detail a scheme led by William Rick Singer, at the time a 58\-year\-old resident of Newport Beach, California. Wealthy parents paid Singer to illegally arrange to have their children admitted to elite schools by bribing admissions testing officials, athletics staff, and coaches at universities. Payments were made to Key Worldwide Foundation, a [nonprofit organization](/wiki/Nonprofit_organization "Nonprofit organization") owned by Singer and previously granted [501(c)(3\)](/wiki/501%28c%29%283%29 "501(c)(3)") status; that status allowed him to avoid [federal income taxes](/wiki/Federal_income_taxes "Federal income taxes") on the payments, while parents could deduct their "donations" from their own personal taxes. Singer offered college counseling services as The Edge College \& Career Network, a [limited liability company](/wiki/Limited_liability_company "Limited liability company") registered in 2012, which he operated out of his home in Newport Beach.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.justice.gov/file/1142901/download \|title\= Criminal Information 1:19\-CR\-10078\-RWZ, United States of America vs. William Rick Singer \|author\-link\= Andrew Lelling \|last\= Lelling \|first\= Andrew E. \|date\= March 5, 2019 \|website\= \[\[U.S. Department of Justice]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312165401/https://www.justice.gov/file/1142901/download \|url\-status\= live }}{{cite news \|last1\=Davis \|first1\=Hillary \|last2\=Peñaloza \|first2\=David Carrillo \|date\=March 12, 2019 \|title\=Newport Beach and Laguna Beach connections abound in college admissions scandal \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily\-pilot/news/tn\-dpt\-me\-newport\-college\-scandal\-20190312\-story.html \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=March 16, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101135806/https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily\-pilot/news/tn\-dpt\-me\-newport\-college\-scandal\-20190312\-story.html \|archive\-date\=January 1, 2021}}
### Methods of fraudulent admission
Singer primarily used two fraudulent techniques to help clients' children gain admission to elite universities: cheating on college entrance exams and fabrication of elite sports credentials.Quintana, Chris (March 12, 2019\). [Fake disabilities, photoshopped faces: How feds say celebrities, coaches and scammers got kids into elite colleges](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2019/03/12/felicity-huffman-lori-laughlin-how-college-admissions-scam-worked/3142160002/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315045913/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2019/03/12/felicity\-huffman\-lori\-laughlin\-how\-college\-admissions\-scam\-worked/3142160002/ \|date\=March 15, 2019 }} *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*.
#### Cheating on college entrance exams
Singer arranged to enable clients' children to cheat on the [SAT](/wiki/SAT "SAT") or [ACT](/wiki/ACT_%28test%29 "ACT (test)") [college admission tests](/wiki/List_of_admission_tests_to_colleges_and_universities "List of admission tests to colleges and universities"). Singer worked with psychologists to complete the detailed paperwork required to falsely certify clients' children as having a [learning disability](/wiki/Learning_disability "Learning disability"); this in turn gave them access to [accommodations](/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation "Reasonable accommodation"), such as extra time, while taking the tests. Singer said he could obtain a falsified disability report from a psychologist for $4,000 to $5,000, and that the report could be re\-used to fraudulently obtain similar benefits at the schools.
Once the paperwork was complete, Singer told clients to invent false travel plans to arrange to have their child's test locations moved to a test center under his control, either in [West Hollywood](/wiki/West_Hollywood "West Hollywood") or [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"). Parents might also be advised to fabricate a family event that could provide a pretense for the student to take the SAT, ACT, or other test at a private location where Singer could have complete control over the testing process.
In some cases, the student was involved directly in the fraud. In others, the fraud was kept secret from the student and corrupt proctors altered tests on their behalf after the fact.{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.press\-citizen.com/story/news/education/university\-of\-iowa/2019/03/12/college\-admission\-scandal\-act\-says/3142273002/ \|title\= The ACT says 'few bad actors' undermined fair testing in college admissions scandal \|last\= Breaux \|first\= Aimee \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[Iowa City Press\-Citizen]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= January 29, 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213738/https://www.press\-citizen.com/story/news/education/university\-of\-iowa/2019/03/12/college\-admission\-scandal\-act\-says/3142273002/ \|url\-status\= live }} In some cases, other people posed as the students to take the tests. Mark Riddell, a [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") alumnus and college admission exam preparation director at [IMG Academy](/wiki/IMG_Academy "IMG Academy"), was one of the stand\-in test takers who took over two dozen exams; he pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit [mail fraud](/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud "Mail and wire fraud") and honest services mail fraud and one count of money laundering, and agreed to cooperate with investigators.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.tampabay.com/sports/high\-schools/2019/03/13/img\-academy\-suspends\-mark\-riddell\-after\-college\-admissions\-bribery\-scandal/ \|title\= IMG Academy suspends Mark Riddell after college admissions bribery scandal \|last\= Baker \|first\= Matt \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|work\= \[\[Tampa Bay Times]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|df\= mdy\-all \|archive\-date\= March 15, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190315031050/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/high\-schools/2019/03/13/img\-academy\-suspends\-mark\-riddell\-after\-college\-admissions\-bribery\-scandal/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\-security/fbi\-accuses\-wealthy\-parents\-including\-celebrities\-in\-college\-entrance\-bribery\-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942\-44d1\-11e9\-8aab\-95b8d80a1e4f\_story.html \|title\= FBI accuses wealthy parents, including celebrities, in college\-entrance bribery scheme \|last1\= Barrett \|first1\= Devlin \|last2\= Zapotosky \|first2\= Matt \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|newspaper\= \[\[The Washington Post]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|df\= mdy\-all \|archive\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313014559/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\-security/fbi\-accuses\-wealthy\-parents\-including\-celebrities\-in\-college\-entrance\-bribery\-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942\-44d1\-11e9\-8aab\-95b8d80a1e4f\_story.html \|url\-status\= live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Garrison \|first\=Joey \|date\=19 April 2019 \|title\=Mark Riddell, test\-taker ace in college admissions cheating case, pleads guilty in court \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark\-riddell\-test\-taker\-college\-admissions\-cheating\-scandal\-court/3445143002/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514024741/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark\-riddell\-test\-taker\-college\-admissions\-cheating\-scandal\-court/3445143002/ \|archive\-date\=May 14, 2019 \|access\-date\=May 14, 2019 \|website\=USA TODAY}} Prosecutors said he was paid $10,000 per test, and the government was seeking to recover almost $450,000 from him in forfeiture.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/college\-cheating\-scandal\-harvard\-alum\-mark\-riddell\-apologizes\-taking\-board\-n982731 \|title\= Harvard alum 'profoundly sorry' for taking tests for students in college cheating scheme \|last\= Li \|first\= David K. \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|website\= \[\[NBC News]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190314012001/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/college\-cheating\-scandal\-harvard\-alum\-mark\-riddell\-apologizes\-taking\-board\-n982731 \|url\-status\= live }} Riddell did not have advance access to the test papers, but was described as "just a really smart guy".{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-us\-canada\-47585336 \|title\=Celebrity parents and the bizarre 'cheating' scandal \|website\=\[\[BBC News]] \|first\=Vicky \|last\=Baker \|date\=March 15, 2019 \|access\-date\=March 22, 2019 \|quote\=According to the FBI, he would fly in and either take the test for students in a hotel room, sneak them the correct answers in the exam room, or inflate their scores when they finished. Sometimes he would be given a sample of the teen's handwriting so he could copy it. Riddell did not know the questions in advance, according to \[\[Andrew Lelling]], US attorney for the District of Massachusetts. He was "just a really smart guy". \|archive\-date\=March 22, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322003436/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-us\-canada\-47585336 \|url\-status\=live }} He could be sentenced to up to 20 years in prison, but reportedly prosecutors said that because of his cooperation they would instead likely recommend 33 months' imprisonment at his November 1, 2019 (originally July 18\) sentencing hearing.{{Cite web \|last\=Madani \|first\=Doha \|date\=April 13, 2019 \|title\=Mark Riddell, college admissions scandal test\-taker, pleads guilty \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/harvard\-alum\-who\-took\-exams\-students\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-pleads\-n993956 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213211/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/harvard\-alum\-who\-took\-exams\-students\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-pleads\-n993956 \|archive\-date\=May 13, 2019 \|access\-date\=May 14, 2019 \|website\=NBC News}}{{cite web \|last1\=Martin \|first1\=Susan Taylor \|title\=Sentencing reset for Mark Riddell, Tampa Bay man involved in the college admissions scandal \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing\-reset\-for\-mark\-riddell\-tampa\-bay\-man\-involved\-in\-the\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-20190718/ \|website\=Tampa Bay Times \|access\-date\=September 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 20, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720130625/https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing\-reset\-for\-mark\-riddell\-tampa\-bay\-man\-involved\-in\-the\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-20190718/ \|url\-status\=live }}
According to recorded phone calls, the transcripts of which were included in court filings, Singer claimed that the practice of fraudulently obtaining accommodations such as extra testing time, intended for those with legitimate learning disabilities, was widespread outside of his particular scheme:
{{blockquote\|Yeah, everywhere around the country. What happened is, all the wealthy families that figured out that if I get my kid tested and they get extended time, they can do better on the test. So most of these kids don't even have issues, but they're getting time. The playing field is not fair.Smith, Laura, Special Agent FBI. \[https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312211134/https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download \|date\=March 12, 2019 }}, filed in the \[\[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts]]. Retrieved March 12, 2019\.}}
For example, [Jane Buckingham](/wiki/Jane_Buckingham "Jane Buckingham") was arrested on March 12, 2019, for allegedly submitting false paperwork saying her son had a learning disability; and paying $50,000 to Key Worldwide Foundation for a proctor to take the ACT on her son's behalf, scoring a 35 out of 36\. The goal was entrance to the University of Southern California (USC).{{cite news \|last\= Reiss \|first\= Jaclyn \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|title\= College bribery plot: A list of names of those charged in the nationwide scheme \|url\= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college\-bribery\-plot\-list\-names\-those\-charged\-nationwide\-college\-bribery\-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html \|work\= \[\[The Boston Globe]] \|access\-date\= March 15, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 21, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190321221302/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college\-bribery\-plot\-list\-names\-those\-charged\-nationwide\-college\-bribery\-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html \|url\-status\= live }} Portions of recorded conversations between Buckingham and a cooperating witness were included in the FBI's affidavit.
#### Fabrication of sports credentials
Singer also bribed college athletics staff and coaches. At certain colleges, these personnel can submit a certain number of sports recruit names to the admissions office, which then views those applications more favorably. Singer used his Key Worldwide Foundation as a money\-laundering operation to pay coaches a bribe for labeling applicants as athletic recruits. He also fabricated profiles highlighting each applicant's purported athletic prowess. In some cases, [image editing software](/wiki/Image_editing_software "Image editing software") (e.g., [Adobe Photoshop](/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop "Adobe Photoshop")) was used to insert a photograph of a student's face onto a photograph of another person participating in the sport to document purported athletic activity.
In one such incident, Michael Center, the men's tennis coach at the [University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas "University of Texas") (UT), accepted about $100,000 to designate an applicant as a recruit for the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns "Texas Longhorns") tennis team. A similar fraud occurred at Yale, where the then\-head coach of the women's soccer team, Rudolph "Rudy" Meredith, allegedly accepted a $450,000 bribe to falsely identify an applicant as a recruit.{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale\-soccer\-coach\-implicated\-in\-college\-admission\-13682117\.php \|title\= Ex\-Yale soccer coach, Greenwich businessman charged in college admissions scandal \|last1\= Stannard \|first1\= Ed \|last2\= Friedmann \|first2\= Meghan \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[New Haven Register]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313001236/https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale\-soccer\-coach\-implicated\-in\-college\-admission\-13682117\.php \|url\-status\= live }}{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college\-admissions\-scandal\-fbi\-targets\-wealthy\-parents/584695/ \|title\= Why the College\-Admissions Scandal Is So Absurd \|last\= Wong \|first\= Alia \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[The Atlantic]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312215549/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college\-admissions\-scandal\-fbi\-targets\-wealthy\-parents/584695/ \|url\-status\= live }} USC's senior associate athletic director Donna Heinel and water polo coach [Jovan Vavic](/wiki/Jovan_Vavic "Jovan Vavic") allegedly received $1\.3{{nbsp}}million and $250,000, respectively, for similar frauds.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-college\-admissions\-scale\-elite\-schools\-20190312\-story.html \|title\= College cheating scandal snares actresses, CEOs and coaches; alleged mastermind pleads guilty \|last1\= Fry \|first1\= Hannah \|last2\= Winton \|first2\= Richard \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|last3\= Ormseth \|first3\= Matthew \|last4\= Newberry \|first4\= Laura \|archive\-date\= January 3, 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210103145731/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-college\-admissions\-scale\-elite\-schools\-20190312\-story.html \|url\-status\= live }} They were indicted alongside former [USC women's soccer coaches](/wiki/USC_Trojans_women%27s_soccer "USC Trojans women's soccer") Ali Khosroshahin and Laura Janke.{{Cite web \|url\= http://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic\-director\-water\-polo\-coach\-fired\-in\-wake\-of\-fbi\-investigation\-of\-admission\-scam/ \|title\= Athletic director, water polo coach fired in wake of FBI investigation of admission scam \|last1\= Klick \|first1\= Rea \|last2\= Speier \|first2\= Mia \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[Daily Trojan]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= November 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231308/https://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic\-director\-water\-polo\-coach\-fired\-in\-wake\-of\-fbi\-investigation\-of\-admission\-scam/ \|url\-status\= live }} Coaches at two other [Pac\-12](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference "Pac-12 Conference") programs, [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") (UCLA) [men's soccer coach](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_soccer "UCLA Bruins men's soccer") [Jorge Salcedo](/wiki/Jorge_Salcedo_%28soccer%29 "Jorge Salcedo (soccer)") and [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") sailing coach John Vandemoer, were charged with accepting bribes.{{Cite web \|url\= https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3\-pac\-12\-programs\-dismiss\-top\-coaches\-amid\-admissions\-bribery\-scandal\-ncaa\-investigating/ \|title\= 3 Pac\-12 Programs Dismiss Top Coaches Amid Admissions Bribery Scandal; NCAA Investigating \|agency\= Associated Press \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[KTLA]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= April 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401003400/https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3\-pac\-12\-programs\-dismiss\-top\-coaches\-amid\-admissions\-bribery\-scandal\-ncaa\-investigating/ \|url\-status\= live }} Vandemoer admitted that he accepted $270,000 to classify two applicants as prospective sailors, and agreed to plead guilty to a charge of racketeering conspiracy.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column\-a\-twist\-in\-the\-usual\-college\-sports\-scandal/article\_abd7e782\-45ff\-11e9\-9fc4\-13863408d37e.html \|title\= Column: A twist in the usual college sports scandal \|last\= Dahlberg \|first\= Tim \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|website\= \[\[The Oakland Press]] \|access\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|archive\-date\= April 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042653/https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column\-a\-twist\-in\-the\-usual\-college\-sports\-scandal/article\_abd7e782\-45ff\-11e9\-9fc4\-13863408d37e.html \|url\-status\= live }} At [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University "Wake Forest University"), head volleyball coach William "Bill" Ferguson was placed on [administrative leave](/wiki/Administrative_leave "Administrative leave") following charges of [racketeering](/wiki/Racketeering "Racketeering").{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake\-forest\-coach\-accused\-of\-accepting\-six\-figure\-bribe\-to/article\_df0ff008\-5ef1\-565f\-96c9\-98bca8aa68fb.html \|title\= Wake Forest coach accused of accepting six\-figure bribe to help student get into the university \|last\= Craver \|first\= Richard \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[Winston\-Salem Journal]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 31, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331021446/https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake\-forest\-coach\-accused\-of\-accepting\-six\-figure\-bribe\-to/article\_df0ff008\-5ef1\-565f\-96c9\-98bca8aa68fb.html \|url\-status\= live }} Former [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") tennis coach Gordon "Gordie" Ernst is alleged to have facilitated as many as 12 students through fraudulent means while accepting bribes of up to $950,000\.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas\-vineyard\-tie\-college\-admissions\-scandal/ \|title\= Martha's Vineyard tie to college admissions scandal \|last\= Brennan \|first\= George \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|website\= \[\[The Martha's Vineyard Times]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= April 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401065951/https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas\-vineyard\-tie\-college\-admissions\-scandal/ \|url\-status\= live }} On March 20, 2019, the [University of San Diego](/wiki/University_of_San_Diego "University of San Diego") (USD) revealed that its former [men's basketball](/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_men%27s_basketball "San Diego Toreros men's basketball") head coach [Lamont Smith](/wiki/Lamont_Smith_%28basketball%29 "Lamont Smith (basketball)") allegedly accepted bribes.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\-sp\-usd\-college\-bribes\-lamont\-smith\-basketball\-coach\-20190320\-story.html \|title\= Lamont Smith identified as USD coach in bribery scheme; resigns as UTEP assistant \|last1\= Ziegler \|first1\= Mark \|last2\= Davis \|first2\= Kristina \|work\= \[\[San Diego Union\-Tribune]] \|date\= March 21, 2019 \|access\-date\= March 21, 2019 \|archive\-date\= January 1, 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210101143624/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\-sp\-usd\-college\-bribes\-lamont\-smith\-basketball\-coach\-20190320\-story.html \|url\-status\= live }} Hours after that revelation, Smith resigned from his position as assistant coach at the [University of Texas at El Paso](/wiki/UTEP_Miners_men%27s_basketball "UTEP Miners men's basketball").{{cite web \|date\=March 21, 2019 \|title\=UTEP assistant basketball coach resigns, implicated in college admissions scandal \|url\=https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college\-sports/utep/utep\-assistant\-basketball\-coach\-resigns\-implicated\-in\-college\-admissions\-scandal/1864662322 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322051350/https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college\-sports/utep/utep\-assistant\-basketball\-coach\-resigns\-implicated\-in\-college\-admissions\-scandal/1864662322 \|archive\-date\=March 22, 2019 \|access\-date\=March 21, 2019 \|website\=\[\[KTSM\-TV]]}} Two San Diego families were accused of paying $875,000 as part of the scheme.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\-me\-cheating\-scandal\-20190312\-story.html \|title\= University of San Diego, local families caught up in college admissions scandal \|last1\= Davis \|first2\= Gary \|last2\= Robbins \|first1\= Kristina \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[San Diego Union\-Tribune]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 26, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190326182105/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\-me\-cheating\-scandal\-20190312\-story.html \|url\-status\= live }}
Bill McGlashan, a [private equity](/wiki/Private_equity "Private equity") investor, allegedly discussed using Adobe Photoshop to create a fake profile for his son as a [football kicker](/wiki/Placekicker "Placekicker") to help him get into USC.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how\-silicon\-valley\-became\-epicenter\-of\-college\-entry\-cheating\-scandal/ \|title\= How Silicon Valley became epicenter of college\-entry cheating scandal \|last\= Sulek \|first\= Julia Prodis \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The Mercury News]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 31, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331080909/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how\-silicon\-valley\-became\-epicenter\-of\-college\-entry\-cheating\-scandal/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.cbssports.com/college\-football/news/college\-admissions\-scandal\-indictment\-alleges\-use\-of\-fake\-usc\-football\-profiles\-for\-students/ \|title\= College admissions scandal indictment alleges use of fake USC football profiles for students \|last\= Sallee \|first\= Barrett \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[CBS Sports]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= January 1, 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210101135733/https://www.cbssports.com/college\-football/news/college\-admissions\-scandal\-indictment\-alleges\-use\-of\-fake\-usc\-football\-profiles\-for\-students/ \|url\-status\= live }} Similarly, Marci Palatella, wife of former [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers") player [Lou Palatella](/wiki/Lou_Palatella "Lou Palatella"), allegedly conspired with Singer to pass her son off as a [long snapper](/wiki/Long_snapper "Long snapper") recruit for USC.{{Cite web \|url\= http://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652\-181/napa\-valley\-vintner\-augustin\-huneeus \|title\= What 2 locals charged in the college admissions scandal allegedly did \|last1\= Swindell \|first1\= Bill \|last2\= Callahan \|first2\= Mary \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[The Press Democrat]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= August 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190812202229/https://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652\-181/napa\-valley\-vintner\-augustin\-huneeus \|url\-status\= live }} In one of the most notable cases, actress Lori Loughlin, famous for her role on the American sitcom *[Full House](/wiki/Full_House "Full House")* and the drama *[When Calls the Heart](/wiki/When_Calls_the_Heart "When Calls the Heart")*, and her husband, fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli of [Mossimo](/wiki/Mossimo "Mossimo") fashion, allegedly paid $500,000 in bribes to arrange to have their two daughters accepted into USC as members of the [rowing team](/wiki/USC_Trojans%23Women%27s_rowing "USC Trojans#Women's rowing"), although neither girl had participated in [the sport](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 "Rowing (sport)").{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college\-admissions\-probe.html \|title\= Fallout From College Admissions Scandal: Arrests, Damage Control and a Scramble for Answers \|last\= Taylor \|first\= Kate \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|issn\= 0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313180235/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college\-admissions\-probe.html \|url\-status\= live }} On March 13, 2019,{{cite news \|first\= Ingrid \|last\= Schmidt \|title\= Lori Loughlin's Daughter Vacationed on Billionaire USC Official's Yacht \|url\= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lori\-laughlins\-daughter\-vacationed\-rick\-carusos\-yacht\-1194688 \|access\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|quote\= \[\[Lori Loughlin]] and \[\[Mossimo Giannulli]]'s 19\-year\-old daughter was on the \[\[yacht]] of billionaire \[\[Rick Caruso]], the \[\[chairman]] of USC's \[\[Board of Trustees]], during Tuesday's indictment that charged the couple in a nationwide college cheating scandal. \|df\= mdy\-all \|archive\-date\= January 29, 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/lori\-loughlins\-daughter\-vacationed\-rick\-carusos\-yacht\-1194688/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{cite news \|title\=Lori Loughlin Daughter Olivia Leaves Yacht Owned By Top USC Official \|url\=https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori\-loughlin\-daughter\-olivia\-yacht\-usc\-board\-of\-trustees\-rick\-caruso/ \|access\-date\=March 14, 2019 \|work\=\[\[TMZ]] \|date\=March 13, 2019 \|quote\=As \[\[Lori Loughlin]] traveled from Vancouver to L.A. Tuesday night to surrender to federal authorities in the college bribery scandal \-\- which got her daughter, \[\[Olivia Jade]], into USC \-\- Olivia spent the night on the \[\[yacht]] of the \[\[Chairman]] of USC's \[\[Board of Trustees]] \|archive\-date\=March 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314011952/https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori\-loughlin\-daughter\-olivia\-yacht\-usc\-board\-of\-trustees\-rick\-caruso/ \|url\-status\=live }} media sources reported that, when news of the scandal broke, Loughlin's younger daughter was on [Rick Caruso](/wiki/Rick_Caruso "Rick Caruso")'s [yacht](/wiki/Yacht "Yacht") in [the Bahamas](/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas") with her friend, Gianna, Caruso's daughter.{{cite news \|first\= Steven \|last\= Blum \|title\= Olivia Jade Found Out Her Mom Had Schemed Her Into USC While On Rick Caruso's Yacht \|url\= https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia\-jade/ \|access\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|work\= \[\[Los Angeles (magazine)\|Los Angeles]] \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|quote\= \[\[Olivia Jade]], social media influencer and daughter of actress \[\[Lori Loughlin]], was apparently spending her \[\[spring break]] on a \[\[yacht]] owned by USC \[\[board of trustees]] member \[\[Rick Caruso]] when the news broke that her mother was part of an epic college bribery case. \|archive\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190314180836/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia\-jade/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{cite news \|first\= Martha \|last\= Ross \|title\= Will Lori Loughlin's Instagram\-famous daughters get kicked out of USC, face other fallout because of parents? \|url\= https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will\-lori\-laughlins\-instagram\-famous\-daughters\-get\-kicked\-out\-of\-usc\-face\-other\-fallout\-because\-of\-parents/ \|access\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The Mercury News]] \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|quote\= \[\[TMZ]] reported late Wednesday afternoon that \[\[Lori Loughlin]]'s daughter \[\[Olivia Jade Giannulli]] had been traveling in the Bahamas on a yacht owned by \[\[Rick Caruso]], the \[\[chairman]] of the USC \[\[Board of Trustees]] \|archive\-date\= March 27, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090501/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will\-lori\-laughlins\-instagram\-famous\-daughters\-get\-kicked\-out\-of\-usc\-face\-other\-fallout\-because\-of\-parents/ \|url\-status\= live }} Caruso is the [chairman](/wiki/Chairman "Chairman") of the USC [Board of Trustees](/wiki/Board_of_Trustees "Board of Trustees").{{cite web \|title\= Board of Trustees {{!}} USC \|url\= https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu \|website\= \[\[University of Southern California]] \|access\-date\= January 29, 2022 \|archive\-date\= January 6, 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220106114127/https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{cite web \|last\= Moore \|first\= Annette \|url\= http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534\.html \|title\= Rick J. Caruso Elected to USC Board \|website\= \[\[University of Southern California]] \|date\=February 9, 2011 \|access\-date\=September 3, 2011\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110826190533/http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534\.html \|archive\-date\= August 26, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}}
Singer pleaded guilty on March 12, 2019, in the [U.S. District Court in Boston](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts "United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts") to four felony counts of conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and [obstruction of justice](/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice "Obstruction of justice") for alerting a number of subjects to the investigation after he began cooperating with the government.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former\-women\-soccer\-coach\-yale\-faces\-federal\-charges\-bribery\-plot\-tied\-school\-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html/ \|title\= 'A catalog of wealth and privilege': Feds allege college bribery scam \|last1\= Anderson \|first1\= Travis \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The Boston Globe]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|last2\= Ellement \|first2\= John R. \|last3\= Fernandes \|first3\= Deirdre \|last4\= Finucane \|first4\= Martin \|archive\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312175415/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former\-women\-soccer\-coach\-yale\-faces\-federal\-charges\-bribery\-plot\-tied\-school\-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html \|url\-status\= live }} He faced up to 65 years in prison and a fine of $1\.25{{nbsp}}million.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.upi.com/Top\_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents\-coaches\-actors\-among\-50\-charged\-in\-college\-scandal/5761552403090/ \|title\= Parents, coaches, actors among 50 charged in college scandal \|last1\= Brokaw \|first1\= Sommer \|last2\= Uria \|first2\= Daniel \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[UPI]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313012543/https://www.upi.com/Top\_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents\-coaches\-actors\-among\-50\-charged\-in\-college\-scandal/5761552403090/ \|url\-status\= live }} He was sentenced in January 2023, with federal prosecutors asking for six years in prison and Singer's attorneys asking for home detention and community service. Judge [Rya Zobel](/wiki/Rya_Zobel "Rya Zobel") sentenced him to three and a half years in prison, with an additional three years probation as well as over $10 million in restitution to the IRS and forfeiture of millions of dollars in assets.{{cite web\|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/04/us/william\-rick\-singer\-sentencing\-college\-admissions\-scandal/index.html\|title\=College admissions scam mastermind sentenced to 3\.5 years in federal prison\|publisher\=CNN\|first1\=Eric\|last1\=Levenson\|first2\=Lauren\|last2\=del Valle\|date\=January 4, 2023\|access\-date\=January 7, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/us/rick\-singer\-sentenced\-college\-admissions\-scandal.html\|work\=The New York Times\|title\=Rick Singer, Mastermind of Varsity Blues Scandal, Is Sentenced to 3 1/2 Years in Prison\|date\=January 4, 2023\|access\-date\=January 7, 2023\|first\=Anemona\|last\=Hartocollis}} Singer apologized for his actions, saying "I lost my ethical values and have so much regret. To be frank, I’m ashamed of myself."
|
[
"Discovery and charges\n---------------------",
"The [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\") (FBI) alleged that beginning in 2011, 33 parents of high school students conspired with other people to use [bribery](/wiki/Bribery \"Bribery\") and other forms of [fraud](/wiki/Fraud \"Fraud\") to illegally arrange to have their children admitted to top colleges and universities. The first reporter was Julie Taylor\\-Vaz, a guidance counselor at [Buckley School](/wiki/Buckley_School_%28California%29 \"Buckley School (California)\") (a private school in Los Angeles), who in 2017 learned that a Buckley student identified as \"Eliza\" Bass – a pseudonym given by *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")* – had been accepted to [Tulane University](/wiki/Tulane_University \"Tulane University\"), [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\") and [Loyola Marymount University](/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University \"Loyola Marymount University\") as an \"African\\-American tennis whiz, ranked in the Top 10 in California,\" according to the report. However, \"Eliza\" was white and did not play tennis. Eliza's father, Adam J. Bass, a member of the Buckley School Board, initially denied that he had used an outside admissions consultant before finally admitting to Buckley that his family had hired Rick Singer, the [Newport Beach, California](/wiki/Newport_Beach%2C_California \"Newport Beach, California\") man who became infamous in March for being at the heart of the admissions scandal.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-31\\|title\\=Buckley School Whistleblower Stumbled Onto Rick Singer's Fake College Applications Long Before Admissions Scandal\\|url\\=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/07/31/buckley\\-school\\-whistleblower\\-stumbled\\-onto\\-rick\\-singers\\-fake\\-college\\-applications\\-long\\-before\\-admissions\\-scandal/\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-07\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912183241/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/buckley\\-school\\-whistleblower\\-stumbled\\-onto\\-rick\\-singers\\-fake\\-college\\-applications\\-long\\-before\\-admissions\\-scandal/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Bass was a business partner of Singer's and therefore did not have to pay any money to Singer. Authorities became aware of the scheme around April 2018 when Los Angeles businessman Morrie Tobin, who was under investigation in an unrelated case for alleged [pump\\-and\\-dump](/wiki/Pump-and-dump \"Pump-and-dump\") conspiracy and [securities fraud](/wiki/Securities_fraud \"Securities fraud\"), offered information in exchange for leniency in the previously existing, unrelated case.{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-morrie\\-tobin\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-20190331\\-story.html \\|title\\= The bizarre story of the L.A. dad who exposed the college admissions scandal \\|first1\\= Joel \\|last1\\= Rubin \\|first2\\= Matthew \\|last2\\= Ormseth \\|first3\\= Suhauna \\|last3\\= Hussain \\|first4\\= Richard \\|last4\\= Winton \\|date\\= March 31, 2019 \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 31, 2019 \\|df\\= mdy\\-all \\|archive\\-date\\= March 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331125702/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-morrie\\-tobin\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-20190331\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }}",
"Tobin, who attended but did not graduate from [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\"), told authorities that the [Yale women's soccer](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_women%27s_soccer \"Yale Bulldogs women's soccer\") head coach, Rudolph \"Rudy\" Meredith, had asked him for $450,000 in exchange for helping his youngest daughter gain admission to the school.{{cite news \\|last1\\= Levitz \\|first1\\= Jennifer \\|last2\\= Korn \\|first2\\= Melissa \\|title\\= The Yale Dad Who Set Off the College\\-Admissions Scandal \\|url\\= https://www.wsj.com/articles/the\\-yale\\-dad\\-who\\-set\\-off\\-the\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-11552588402 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= March 15, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 15, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190315183726/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the\\-yale\\-dad\\-who\\-set\\-off\\-the\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-11552588402 \\|url\\-status\\= live }} As part of his cooperation with the FBI, Tobin wore a recording device while talking to Meredith in a Boston hotel on April 12, 2018; Meredith subsequently agreed to cooperate with the authorities and led them to Singer.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/03/14/only\\-on\\-2\\-tipster\\-who\\-touched\\-off\\-campus\\-bribery\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-lives\\-in\\-larchmont/ \\|title\\=Only On 2: Tipster Who Touched Off Campus Bribery Admissions Scandal Lives In Larchmont \\|date\\=March 14, 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS Los Angeles]] \\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024063357/https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/03/14/only\\-on\\-2\\-tipster\\-who\\-touched\\-off\\-campus\\-bribery\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-lives\\-in\\-larchmont/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last1\\= Chen \\|first1\\= David W. \\|last2\\= Tracy \\|first2\\= Marc \\|title\\= At Yale, a Once Respected Soccer Coach Becomes an Enigma \\|url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/sports/yale\\-soccer\\-meredith.html \\|access\\-date\\= March 16, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\= March 15, 2019 \\|page\\= A1 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 16, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190316012154/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/sports/yale\\-soccer\\-meredith.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Meredith pleaded guilty as part of his cooperation with the prosecution. Tobin was not charged in this case, but in February 2019 he pleaded guilty in the unrelated securities fraud case. [United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines](/wiki/United_States_Federal_Sentencing_Guidelines \"United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines\"), to which judges often refer when deciding sentences, call for between eight and ten years behind bars. According to *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*, *Vanity Fair*, and [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"), prosecutors recommended 36 months of supervised release.{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/03/morrie\\-tobin\\-college\\-admissions\\-scam\\|title\\=HOW A CROOKED FINANCE EXEC NARC'D ON THE COLLEGE\\-ADMISSIONS SCAM\\|last\\=Levin\\|first\\=Bess\\|date\\=March 14, 2019\\|magazine\\=Vanity Fair\\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=August 7, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807221926/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/03/morrie\\-tobin\\-college\\-admissions\\-scam\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In addition, Tobin agreed to forfeit $4{{nbsp}}million as part of his plea deal. Tobin was scheduled for sentencing at a hearing in June 2019, but this did not in fact take place.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pavlo \\|first\\=Walter \\|title\\=Felicity Huffman And America's Failing Criminal Justice System \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterpavlo/2019/09/14/felicity\\-huffman\\-and\\-americas\\-failing\\-criminal\\-justice\\-system/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240425003937/https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterpavlo/2019/09/14/felicity\\-huffman\\-and\\-americas\\-failing\\-criminal\\-justice\\-system/?sh\\=4b51d4504ab8 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2019 \\|website\\=Forbes}}",
"On March 12, 2019, [federal prosecutors](/wiki/United_States_Attorney \"United States Attorney\") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") unsealed a criminal complaint charging 50 people with [conspiracy](/wiki/Conspiracy_%28criminal%29 \"Conspiracy (criminal)\") to commit [felony](/wiki/Felony \"Felony\") [mail fraud](/wiki/Mail_fraud \"Mail fraud\") and [honest services mail fraud](/wiki/Honest_services_mail_fraud \"Honest services mail fraud\") in violation of [Title 18](/wiki/Title_18 \"Title 18\") [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code \"United States Code\"), Section 1349\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Helling \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=April 8, 2019 \\|title\\=Felicity Huffman Announces Guilty Plea in College Admissions Scandal: 'My Daughter Knew Nothing' \\|newspaper\\=People \\|url\\=https://people.com/crime/felicity\\-huffman\\-pleads\\-guilty\\-college\\-admissions\\-cheating\\-scandal/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823073420/https://people.com/crime/felicity\\-huffman\\-pleads\\-guilty\\-college\\-admissions\\-cheating\\-scandal/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2020}}{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/college\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scheme\\-affidavit/d216435e\\-e073\\-41f6\\-b6fa\\-33ed835d053d\\_note.html \\|title\\= College admissions bribery scheme affidavit \\|first\\= Laura, \\[\\[Special Agent]] \\[\\[FBI]] \\|last\\= Smith \\|format\\= \\[\\[PDF]] \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 9, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210109112721/https://www.washingtonpost.com/college\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scheme\\-affidavit/d216435e\\-e073\\-41f6\\-b6fa\\-33ed835d053d\\_note.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Those charges have a maximum term of 20 years in prison, supervised release of three years, and a $250,000 fine.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailynews.com/lori\\-loughlin\\-indicted\\-on\\-money\\-laundering\\-charge\\-in\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\|title\\=Lori Loughlin indicted on money\\-laundering charge in college admissions scandal\\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Daily News]]\\|date\\=April 9, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213738/https://www.dailynews.com/2019/04/09/lori\\-loughlin\\-indicted\\-on\\-money\\-laundering\\-charge\\-in\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The charges were announced by [Andrew Lelling](/wiki/Andrew_Lelling \"Andrew Lelling\"), [United States Attorney](/wiki/United_States_Attorney \"United States Attorney\") for the [District of Massachusetts](/wiki/District_of_Massachusetts \"District of Massachusetts\").{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/12/a\\-slew\\-of\\-ceos\\-are\\-charged\\-in\\-alleged\\-college\\-entrance\\-cheating\\-scam.html \\|title\\= A slew of CEOs charged in alleged college entrance cheating scam \\|last1\\= Frank \\|first1\\= Robert \\|first2\\= Emma \\|last2\\= Newburger \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[CNBC]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312201744/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/12/a\\-slew\\-of\\-ceos\\-are\\-charged\\-in\\-alleged\\-college\\-entrance\\-cheating\\-scam.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/college\\-admission\\-cheating\\-scheme/index.html \\|title\\=Wealthy parents, actresses, coaches, among those charged in massive college cheating admission scandal, federal prosecutors say \\|first1\\=Eric \\|last1\\=Levenson \\|first2\\=Mark \\|last2\\=Morales \\|work\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=March 13, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312235913/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/college\\-admission\\-cheating\\-scheme/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Assistant U.S. Attorneys](/wiki/Assistant_U.S._Attorney \"Assistant U.S. Attorney\") Eric Rosen, Justin O'Connell, Leslie Wright, and Kristen Kearney of the securities and financial fraud unit were assigned as prosecutors of the case.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.justice.gov/usao\\-ma/pr/arrests\\-made\\-nationwide\\-college\\-admissions\\-scam\\-alleged\\-exam\\-cheating\\-athletic \\|title\\= Arrests Made in Nationwide College Admissions Scam: Alleged Exam Cheating \\& Athletic Recruitment Scheme \\|author\\= \\[\\[United States Attorney]]'s Office, \\[\\[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts\\|District of Massachusetts]] \\|website\\= \\[\\[Department of Justice]] \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312221020/https://www.justice.gov/usao\\-ma/pr/arrests\\-made\\-nationwide\\-college\\-admissions\\-scam\\-alleged\\-exam\\-cheating\\-athletic \\|url\\-status\\= live }} FBI [special agent](/wiki/Special_agent \"Special agent\") Laura Smith signed the 204\\-page affidavit in support of the charges.{{cite news \\|last\\= Ferris \\|first\\= Jolene \\|title\\= Utica College grad lead investigator on college scandal \\|url\\= https://www.wktv.com/content/news/Utica\\-College\\-grad\\-lead\\-investigator\\-on\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-\\-507217441\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091725/https://www.wktv.com/content/news/Utica\\-College\\-grad\\-lead\\-investigator\\-on\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-\\-507217441\\.html \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= March 27, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= March 16, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[News Channel 2 WKTV]] \\|location\\= Utica, NY \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Heartland Media]] \\|date\\= March 15, 2019 }}",
"On April 9, 16 of the original 33 charged parents ([Lori Loughlin](/wiki/Lori_Loughlin \"Lori Loughlin\"), her husband [Mossimo Giannulli](/wiki/Mossimo_Giannulli \"Mossimo Giannulli\"), [Gamal Aziz](/wiki/Gamal_Aziz \"Gamal Aziz\"), [Douglas M. Hodge](/wiki/Douglas_M._Hodge \"Douglas M. Hodge\"), [Bill McGlashan](/wiki/Bill_McGlashan \"Bill McGlashan\"), Diane and Todd Blake, I\\-Hsin \"Joey\" Chen, Michelle Janavs, Elizabeth and Manuel Henriquez, Elisabeth Kimmel, Marci Palatella, John Wilson, Homayoun Zadeh and Robert Zangrillo), who had not pleaded guilty to the original charges, were additionally charged with conspiracy to commit [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering \"Money laundering\") by federal prosecutors in Boston in a superseding indictment.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.clickorlando.com/education/lori\\-loughlin\\-15\\-other\\-parents\\-hit\\-with\\-more\\-charges\\|title\\=Loughlin, 15 others hit with more charges in college scam\\|date\\=April 9, 2019\\|website\\=WKMG\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=June 20, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620140114/https://www.clickorlando.com/education/lori\\-loughlin\\-15\\-other\\-parents\\-hit\\-with\\-more\\-charges\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The indictment added those defendants to an existing case against [David Sidoo](/wiki/David_Sidoo \"David Sidoo\"), another of the 33 parents, that was already pending before [Judge](/wiki/United_States_federal_judge \"United States federal judge\") [Nathaniel Gorton](/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorton \"Nathaniel Gorton\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2019/04/09/college\\-scandal\\-defense\\-teams\\-accuse\\-feds\\-of\\-judge\\-shopping/\\|title\\=College Scandal Defense Teams Accuse Feds of Judge\\-Shopping\\|first\\=Jack\\|last\\=Newsham\\|date\\=April 9, 2019\\|website\\=The American Lawyer\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410182247/https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2019/04/09/college\\-scandal\\-defense\\-teams\\-accuse\\-feds\\-of\\-judge\\-shopping/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The indictment alleged that the parents engaged in a conspiracy to launder bribes paid to Singer \"by funneling them through Singer's purported charity and his for\\-profit corporation.\" This third charge has a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison, supervised release of three years, and a $500,000 fine.",
"Two parents in the scandal, [Gamal Abdelaziz](/wiki/Gamal_Abdelaziz \"Gamal Abdelaziz\") and John B. Wilson, did not settle and went to trial. In October 2021, they were both convicted of buying their kids' way into school as athletic recruits.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Richer \\|first\\=Alanna Durkin \\|title\\=College admissions scandal: 2 parents convicted of buying kids' way into school \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2021/10/08/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-gamal\\-abdelaziz\\-john\\-wilson\\-convicted/6056725001/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-02 \\|website\\=USA TODAY \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In February 2022, the two parents were sentenced respectively to 12 months and 15 months in jail as well as fines and community service.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Levenson \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-16 \\|title\\=Private Equity Investor Sentenced to 15 Months in College Bribery Case \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/16/us/varsity\\-blues\\-sentence\\-john\\-wilson.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-02 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Both parents appealed their convictions.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Saul \\|first\\=Stephanie \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-25 \\|title\\=2 Parents Appeal Their Convictions in Varsity Blues Scandal \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/25/us/john\\-wilson\\-varsity\\-blues\\-scandal.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-02 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"On May 10, 2023, the [First Circuit](/wiki/First_Circuit \"First Circuit\") vacated most of Abdelaziz and Wilson's convictions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://media.ca1\\.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/22\\-1129P\\-01A.pdf\\|title\\=Court document. Opinions\\|website\\=uscourts.gov\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2023}} The appellate court found that prosecutors had read [honest services fraud](/wiki/Honest_services_fraud \"Honest services fraud\") too broadly and that universities did not have a property interest in admissions slots. The court affirmed Wilson's conviction for filing a false tax return after he attempted to deduct his bribes from his tax return. Wilson was ultimately sentenced on September 29, 2023 to one year of probation with the first six months to be served in home detention, 250 hours of community service, a fine of $75,000 and restitution in the amount of $88,546\\.",
"In June 2022, the final defendant in the investigation, Amin Khoury, was acquitted at trial of bribing a Georgetown University tennis coach to get his daughter into Georgetown. Khoury was accused of delivering $180,000 in a paper bag to the tennis coach through a middleman, not involving William Singer.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hartocollis \\|first\\=Anemona \\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-16 \\|title\\=A Businessman Is Acquitted in a Georgetown Admissions Trial \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/us/georgetown\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-acquitted.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-24 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912183244/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/us/georgetown\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-acquitted.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Khoury, who was represented by attorney [Roy Black](/wiki/Roy_Black_%28attorney%29 \"Roy Black (attorney)\"), was the only defendant in the Varsity Blues investigation to gain an acquittal at trial.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Richer \\|first\\=Alanna Durkin \\|date\\=June 16, 2022 \\|title\\=Georgetown dad acquitted in final college bribery scam trial \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/georgetown\\-dad\\-acquitted\\-final\\-college\\-bribery\\-scam\\-trial\\-85443527 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-24 \\|website\\=ABC News \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=September 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912183240/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/georgetown\\-dad\\-acquitted\\-final\\-college\\-bribery\\-scam\\-trial\\-85443527 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Allegations",
"Federal prosecutors alleged a college\\-admission scheme that involved:\n* bribing exam administrators to facilitate [cheating](/wiki/Academic_dishonesty \"Academic dishonesty\") on college and university entrance exams;\n* bribing coaches and administrators of elite universities to nominate unqualified applicants as elite recruited athletes, thus facilitating the applicants' admission;\n* using a [charitable organization](/wiki/Charitable_organization \"Charitable organization\") to conceal the source and nature of laundered bribery payments.",
"Court documents unsealed in March 2019 detail a scheme led by William Rick Singer, at the time a 58\\-year\\-old resident of Newport Beach, California. Wealthy parents paid Singer to illegally arrange to have their children admitted to elite schools by bribing admissions testing officials, athletics staff, and coaches at universities. Payments were made to Key Worldwide Foundation, a [nonprofit organization](/wiki/Nonprofit_organization \"Nonprofit organization\") owned by Singer and previously granted [501(c)(3\\)](/wiki/501%28c%29%283%29 \"501(c)(3)\") status; that status allowed him to avoid [federal income taxes](/wiki/Federal_income_taxes \"Federal income taxes\") on the payments, while parents could deduct their \"donations\" from their own personal taxes. Singer offered college counseling services as The Edge College \\& Career Network, a [limited liability company](/wiki/Limited_liability_company \"Limited liability company\") registered in 2012, which he operated out of his home in Newport Beach.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.justice.gov/file/1142901/download \\|title\\= Criminal Information 1:19\\-CR\\-10078\\-RWZ, United States of America vs. William Rick Singer \\|author\\-link\\= Andrew Lelling \\|last\\= Lelling \\|first\\= Andrew E. \\|date\\= March 5, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[U.S. Department of Justice]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312165401/https://www.justice.gov/file/1142901/download \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Davis \\|first1\\=Hillary \\|last2\\=Peñaloza \\|first2\\=David Carrillo \\|date\\=March 12, 2019 \\|title\\=Newport Beach and Laguna Beach connections abound in college admissions scandal \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily\\-pilot/news/tn\\-dpt\\-me\\-newport\\-college\\-scandal\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=March 16, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101135806/https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily\\-pilot/news/tn\\-dpt\\-me\\-newport\\-college\\-scandal\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2021}}",
"### Methods of fraudulent admission",
"Singer primarily used two fraudulent techniques to help clients' children gain admission to elite universities: cheating on college entrance exams and fabrication of elite sports credentials.Quintana, Chris (March 12, 2019\\). [Fake disabilities, photoshopped faces: How feds say celebrities, coaches and scammers got kids into elite colleges](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2019/03/12/felicity-huffman-lori-laughlin-how-college-admissions-scam-worked/3142160002/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315045913/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2019/03/12/felicity\\-huffman\\-lori\\-laughlin\\-how\\-college\\-admissions\\-scam\\-worked/3142160002/ \\|date\\=March 15, 2019 }} *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*.",
"#### Cheating on college entrance exams",
"Singer arranged to enable clients' children to cheat on the [SAT](/wiki/SAT \"SAT\") or [ACT](/wiki/ACT_%28test%29 \"ACT (test)\") [college admission tests](/wiki/List_of_admission_tests_to_colleges_and_universities \"List of admission tests to colleges and universities\"). Singer worked with psychologists to complete the detailed paperwork required to falsely certify clients' children as having a [learning disability](/wiki/Learning_disability \"Learning disability\"); this in turn gave them access to [accommodations](/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation \"Reasonable accommodation\"), such as extra time, while taking the tests. Singer said he could obtain a falsified disability report from a psychologist for $4,000 to $5,000, and that the report could be re\\-used to fraudulently obtain similar benefits at the schools.",
"Once the paperwork was complete, Singer told clients to invent false travel plans to arrange to have their child's test locations moved to a test center under his control, either in [West Hollywood](/wiki/West_Hollywood \"West Hollywood\") or [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"). Parents might also be advised to fabricate a family event that could provide a pretense for the student to take the SAT, ACT, or other test at a private location where Singer could have complete control over the testing process.",
"In some cases, the student was involved directly in the fraud. In others, the fraud was kept secret from the student and corrupt proctors altered tests on their behalf after the fact.{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.press\\-citizen.com/story/news/education/university\\-of\\-iowa/2019/03/12/college\\-admission\\-scandal\\-act\\-says/3142273002/ \\|title\\= The ACT says 'few bad actors' undermined fair testing in college admissions scandal \\|last\\= Breaux \\|first\\= Aimee \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Iowa City Press\\-Citizen]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213738/https://www.press\\-citizen.com/story/news/education/university\\-of\\-iowa/2019/03/12/college\\-admission\\-scandal\\-act\\-says/3142273002/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} In some cases, other people posed as the students to take the tests. Mark Riddell, a [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") alumnus and college admission exam preparation director at [IMG Academy](/wiki/IMG_Academy \"IMG Academy\"), was one of the stand\\-in test takers who took over two dozen exams; he pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit [mail fraud](/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud \"Mail and wire fraud\") and honest services mail fraud and one count of money laundering, and agreed to cooperate with investigators.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.tampabay.com/sports/high\\-schools/2019/03/13/img\\-academy\\-suspends\\-mark\\-riddell\\-after\\-college\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scandal/ \\|title\\= IMG Academy suspends Mark Riddell after college admissions bribery scandal \\|last\\= Baker \\|first\\= Matt \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Tampa Bay Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|df\\= mdy\\-all \\|archive\\-date\\= March 15, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190315031050/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/high\\-schools/2019/03/13/img\\-academy\\-suspends\\-mark\\-riddell\\-after\\-college\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scandal/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\\-security/fbi\\-accuses\\-wealthy\\-parents\\-including\\-celebrities\\-in\\-college\\-entrance\\-bribery\\-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942\\-44d1\\-11e9\\-8aab\\-95b8d80a1e4f\\_story.html \\|title\\= FBI accuses wealthy parents, including celebrities, in college\\-entrance bribery scheme \\|last1\\= Barrett \\|first1\\= Devlin \\|last2\\= Zapotosky \\|first2\\= Matt \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|df\\= mdy\\-all \\|archive\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313014559/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\\-security/fbi\\-accuses\\-wealthy\\-parents\\-including\\-celebrities\\-in\\-college\\-entrance\\-bribery\\-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942\\-44d1\\-11e9\\-8aab\\-95b8d80a1e4f\\_story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Garrison \\|first\\=Joey \\|date\\=19 April 2019 \\|title\\=Mark Riddell, test\\-taker ace in college admissions cheating case, pleads guilty in court \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark\\-riddell\\-test\\-taker\\-college\\-admissions\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-court/3445143002/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514024741/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark\\-riddell\\-test\\-taker\\-college\\-admissions\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-court/3445143002/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019 \\|website\\=USA TODAY}} Prosecutors said he was paid $10,000 per test, and the government was seeking to recover almost $450,000 from him in forfeiture.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/college\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-harvard\\-alum\\-mark\\-riddell\\-apologizes\\-taking\\-board\\-n982731 \\|title\\= Harvard alum 'profoundly sorry' for taking tests for students in college cheating scheme \\|last\\= Li \\|first\\= David K. \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[NBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190314012001/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/college\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-harvard\\-alum\\-mark\\-riddell\\-apologizes\\-taking\\-board\\-n982731 \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Riddell did not have advance access to the test papers, but was described as \"just a really smart guy\".{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-47585336 \\|title\\=Celebrity parents and the bizarre 'cheating' scandal \\|website\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|first\\=Vicky \\|last\\=Baker \\|date\\=March 15, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2019 \\|quote\\=According to the FBI, he would fly in and either take the test for students in a hotel room, sneak them the correct answers in the exam room, or inflate their scores when they finished. Sometimes he would be given a sample of the teen's handwriting so he could copy it. Riddell did not know the questions in advance, according to \\[\\[Andrew Lelling]], US attorney for the District of Massachusetts. He was \"just a really smart guy\". \\|archive\\-date\\=March 22, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322003436/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-47585336 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He could be sentenced to up to 20 years in prison, but reportedly prosecutors said that because of his cooperation they would instead likely recommend 33 months' imprisonment at his November 1, 2019 (originally July 18\\) sentencing hearing.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Madani \\|first\\=Doha \\|date\\=April 13, 2019 \\|title\\=Mark Riddell, college admissions scandal test\\-taker, pleads guilty \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/harvard\\-alum\\-who\\-took\\-exams\\-students\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-pleads\\-n993956 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213211/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/harvard\\-alum\\-who\\-took\\-exams\\-students\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-pleads\\-n993956 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019 \\|website\\=NBC News}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Martin \\|first1\\=Susan Taylor \\|title\\=Sentencing reset for Mark Riddell, Tampa Bay man involved in the college admissions scandal \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing\\-reset\\-for\\-mark\\-riddell\\-tampa\\-bay\\-man\\-involved\\-in\\-the\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-20190718/ \\|website\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720130625/https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing\\-reset\\-for\\-mark\\-riddell\\-tampa\\-bay\\-man\\-involved\\-in\\-the\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-20190718/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"According to recorded phone calls, the transcripts of which were included in court filings, Singer claimed that the practice of fraudulently obtaining accommodations such as extra testing time, intended for those with legitimate learning disabilities, was widespread outside of his particular scheme:\n{{blockquote\\|Yeah, everywhere around the country. What happened is, all the wealthy families that figured out that if I get my kid tested and they get extended time, they can do better on the test. So most of these kids don't even have issues, but they're getting time. The playing field is not fair.Smith, Laura, Special Agent FBI. \\[https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312211134/https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download \\|date\\=March 12, 2019 }}, filed in the \\[\\[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts]]. Retrieved March 12, 2019\\.}}",
"For example, [Jane Buckingham](/wiki/Jane_Buckingham \"Jane Buckingham\") was arrested on March 12, 2019, for allegedly submitting false paperwork saying her son had a learning disability; and paying $50,000 to Key Worldwide Foundation for a proctor to take the ACT on her son's behalf, scoring a 35 out of 36\\. The goal was entrance to the University of Southern California (USC).{{cite news \\|last\\= Reiss \\|first\\= Jaclyn \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|title\\= College bribery plot: A list of names of those charged in the nationwide scheme \\|url\\= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college\\-bribery\\-plot\\-list\\-names\\-those\\-charged\\-nationwide\\-college\\-bribery\\-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 15, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 21, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190321221302/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college\\-bribery\\-plot\\-list\\-names\\-those\\-charged\\-nationwide\\-college\\-bribery\\-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Portions of recorded conversations between Buckingham and a cooperating witness were included in the FBI's affidavit.",
"#### Fabrication of sports credentials",
"Singer also bribed college athletics staff and coaches. At certain colleges, these personnel can submit a certain number of sports recruit names to the admissions office, which then views those applications more favorably. Singer used his Key Worldwide Foundation as a money\\-laundering operation to pay coaches a bribe for labeling applicants as athletic recruits. He also fabricated profiles highlighting each applicant's purported athletic prowess. In some cases, [image editing software](/wiki/Image_editing_software \"Image editing software\") (e.g., [Adobe Photoshop](/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop \"Adobe Photoshop\")) was used to insert a photograph of a student's face onto a photograph of another person participating in the sport to document purported athletic activity.",
"In one such incident, Michael Center, the men's tennis coach at the [University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas \"University of Texas\") (UT), accepted about $100,000 to designate an applicant as a recruit for the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns \"Texas Longhorns\") tennis team. A similar fraud occurred at Yale, where the then\\-head coach of the women's soccer team, Rudolph \"Rudy\" Meredith, allegedly accepted a $450,000 bribe to falsely identify an applicant as a recruit.{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale\\-soccer\\-coach\\-implicated\\-in\\-college\\-admission\\-13682117\\.php \\|title\\= Ex\\-Yale soccer coach, Greenwich businessman charged in college admissions scandal \\|last1\\= Stannard \\|first1\\= Ed \\|last2\\= Friedmann \\|first2\\= Meghan \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[New Haven Register]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313001236/https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale\\-soccer\\-coach\\-implicated\\-in\\-college\\-admission\\-13682117\\.php \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-fbi\\-targets\\-wealthy\\-parents/584695/ \\|title\\= Why the College\\-Admissions Scandal Is So Absurd \\|last\\= Wong \\|first\\= Alia \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[The Atlantic]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312215549/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-fbi\\-targets\\-wealthy\\-parents/584695/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} USC's senior associate athletic director Donna Heinel and water polo coach [Jovan Vavic](/wiki/Jovan_Vavic \"Jovan Vavic\") allegedly received $1\\.3{{nbsp}}million and $250,000, respectively, for similar frauds.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-college\\-admissions\\-scale\\-elite\\-schools\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|title\\= College cheating scandal snares actresses, CEOs and coaches; alleged mastermind pleads guilty \\|last1\\= Fry \\|first1\\= Hannah \\|last2\\= Winton \\|first2\\= Richard \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|last3\\= Ormseth \\|first3\\= Matthew \\|last4\\= Newberry \\|first4\\= Laura \\|archive\\-date\\= January 3, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210103145731/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-college\\-admissions\\-scale\\-elite\\-schools\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} They were indicted alongside former [USC women's soccer coaches](/wiki/USC_Trojans_women%27s_soccer \"USC Trojans women's soccer\") Ali Khosroshahin and Laura Janke.{{Cite web \\|url\\= http://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic\\-director\\-water\\-polo\\-coach\\-fired\\-in\\-wake\\-of\\-fbi\\-investigation\\-of\\-admission\\-scam/ \\|title\\= Athletic director, water polo coach fired in wake of FBI investigation of admission scam \\|last1\\= Klick \\|first1\\= Rea \\|last2\\= Speier \\|first2\\= Mia \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[Daily Trojan]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= November 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231308/https://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic\\-director\\-water\\-polo\\-coach\\-fired\\-in\\-wake\\-of\\-fbi\\-investigation\\-of\\-admission\\-scam/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Coaches at two other [Pac\\-12](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference \"Pac-12 Conference\") programs, [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\") (UCLA) [men's soccer coach](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_soccer \"UCLA Bruins men's soccer\") [Jorge Salcedo](/wiki/Jorge_Salcedo_%28soccer%29 \"Jorge Salcedo (soccer)\") and [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") sailing coach John Vandemoer, were charged with accepting bribes.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3\\-pac\\-12\\-programs\\-dismiss\\-top\\-coaches\\-amid\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scandal\\-ncaa\\-investigating/ \\|title\\= 3 Pac\\-12 Programs Dismiss Top Coaches Amid Admissions Bribery Scandal; NCAA Investigating \\|agency\\= Associated Press \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[KTLA]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= April 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401003400/https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3\\-pac\\-12\\-programs\\-dismiss\\-top\\-coaches\\-amid\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scandal\\-ncaa\\-investigating/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Vandemoer admitted that he accepted $270,000 to classify two applicants as prospective sailors, and agreed to plead guilty to a charge of racketeering conspiracy.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column\\-a\\-twist\\-in\\-the\\-usual\\-college\\-sports\\-scandal/article\\_abd7e782\\-45ff\\-11e9\\-9fc4\\-13863408d37e.html \\|title\\= Column: A twist in the usual college sports scandal \\|last\\= Dahlberg \\|first\\= Tim \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[The Oakland Press]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= April 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042653/https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column\\-a\\-twist\\-in\\-the\\-usual\\-college\\-sports\\-scandal/article\\_abd7e782\\-45ff\\-11e9\\-9fc4\\-13863408d37e.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} At [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University \"Wake Forest University\"), head volleyball coach William \"Bill\" Ferguson was placed on [administrative leave](/wiki/Administrative_leave \"Administrative leave\") following charges of [racketeering](/wiki/Racketeering \"Racketeering\").{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake\\-forest\\-coach\\-accused\\-of\\-accepting\\-six\\-figure\\-bribe\\-to/article\\_df0ff008\\-5ef1\\-565f\\-96c9\\-98bca8aa68fb.html \\|title\\= Wake Forest coach accused of accepting six\\-figure bribe to help student get into the university \\|last\\= Craver \\|first\\= Richard \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[Winston\\-Salem Journal]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331021446/https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake\\-forest\\-coach\\-accused\\-of\\-accepting\\-six\\-figure\\-bribe\\-to/article\\_df0ff008\\-5ef1\\-565f\\-96c9\\-98bca8aa68fb.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Former [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\") tennis coach Gordon \"Gordie\" Ernst is alleged to have facilitated as many as 12 students through fraudulent means while accepting bribes of up to $950,000\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas\\-vineyard\\-tie\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/ \\|title\\= Martha's Vineyard tie to college admissions scandal \\|last\\= Brennan \\|first\\= George \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[The Martha's Vineyard Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= April 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401065951/https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas\\-vineyard\\-tie\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} On March 20, 2019, the [University of San Diego](/wiki/University_of_San_Diego \"University of San Diego\") (USD) revealed that its former [men's basketball](/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_men%27s_basketball \"San Diego Toreros men's basketball\") head coach [Lamont Smith](/wiki/Lamont_Smith_%28basketball%29 \"Lamont Smith (basketball)\") allegedly accepted bribes.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\\-sp\\-usd\\-college\\-bribes\\-lamont\\-smith\\-basketball\\-coach\\-20190320\\-story.html \\|title\\= Lamont Smith identified as USD coach in bribery scheme; resigns as UTEP assistant \\|last1\\= Ziegler \\|first1\\= Mark \\|last2\\= Davis \\|first2\\= Kristina \\|work\\= \\[\\[San Diego Union\\-Tribune]] \\|date\\= March 21, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= March 21, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 1, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210101143624/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\\-sp\\-usd\\-college\\-bribes\\-lamont\\-smith\\-basketball\\-coach\\-20190320\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Hours after that revelation, Smith resigned from his position as assistant coach at the [University of Texas at El Paso](/wiki/UTEP_Miners_men%27s_basketball \"UTEP Miners men's basketball\").{{cite web \\|date\\=March 21, 2019 \\|title\\=UTEP assistant basketball coach resigns, implicated in college admissions scandal \\|url\\=https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college\\-sports/utep/utep\\-assistant\\-basketball\\-coach\\-resigns\\-implicated\\-in\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/1864662322 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322051350/https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college\\-sports/utep/utep\\-assistant\\-basketball\\-coach\\-resigns\\-implicated\\-in\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/1864662322 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 22, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=March 21, 2019 \\|website\\=\\[\\[KTSM\\-TV]]}} Two San Diego families were accused of paying $875,000 as part of the scheme.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\\-me\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|title\\= University of San Diego, local families caught up in college admissions scandal \\|last1\\= Davis \\|first2\\= Gary \\|last2\\= Robbins \\|first1\\= Kristina \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[San Diego Union\\-Tribune]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 26, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190326182105/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\\-me\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }}",
"Bill McGlashan, a [private equity](/wiki/Private_equity \"Private equity\") investor, allegedly discussed using Adobe Photoshop to create a fake profile for his son as a [football kicker](/wiki/Placekicker \"Placekicker\") to help him get into USC.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how\\-silicon\\-valley\\-became\\-epicenter\\-of\\-college\\-entry\\-cheating\\-scandal/ \\|title\\= How Silicon Valley became epicenter of college\\-entry cheating scandal \\|last\\= Sulek \\|first\\= Julia Prodis \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Mercury News]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331080909/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how\\-silicon\\-valley\\-became\\-epicenter\\-of\\-college\\-entry\\-cheating\\-scandal/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.cbssports.com/college\\-football/news/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-indictment\\-alleges\\-use\\-of\\-fake\\-usc\\-football\\-profiles\\-for\\-students/ \\|title\\= College admissions scandal indictment alleges use of fake USC football profiles for students \\|last\\= Sallee \\|first\\= Barrett \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 1, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210101135733/https://www.cbssports.com/college\\-football/news/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-indictment\\-alleges\\-use\\-of\\-fake\\-usc\\-football\\-profiles\\-for\\-students/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Similarly, Marci Palatella, wife of former [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\") player [Lou Palatella](/wiki/Lou_Palatella \"Lou Palatella\"), allegedly conspired with Singer to pass her son off as a [long snapper](/wiki/Long_snapper \"Long snapper\") recruit for USC.{{Cite web \\|url\\= http://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652\\-181/napa\\-valley\\-vintner\\-augustin\\-huneeus \\|title\\= What 2 locals charged in the college admissions scandal allegedly did \\|last1\\= Swindell \\|first1\\= Bill \\|last2\\= Callahan \\|first2\\= Mary \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[The Press Democrat]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= August 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190812202229/https://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652\\-181/napa\\-valley\\-vintner\\-augustin\\-huneeus \\|url\\-status\\= live }} In one of the most notable cases, actress Lori Loughlin, famous for her role on the American sitcom *[Full House](/wiki/Full_House \"Full House\")* and the drama *[When Calls the Heart](/wiki/When_Calls_the_Heart \"When Calls the Heart\")*, and her husband, fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli of [Mossimo](/wiki/Mossimo \"Mossimo\") fashion, allegedly paid $500,000 in bribes to arrange to have their two daughters accepted into USC as members of the [rowing team](/wiki/USC_Trojans%23Women%27s_rowing \"USC Trojans#Women's rowing\"), although neither girl had participated in [the sport](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 \"Rowing (sport)\").{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college\\-admissions\\-probe.html \\|title\\= Fallout From College Admissions Scandal: Arrests, Damage Control and a Scramble for Answers \\|last\\= Taylor \\|first\\= Kate \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|issn\\= 0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313180235/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college\\-admissions\\-probe.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} On March 13, 2019,{{cite news \\|first\\= Ingrid \\|last\\= Schmidt \\|title\\= Lori Loughlin's Daughter Vacationed on Billionaire USC Official's Yacht \\|url\\= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lori\\-laughlins\\-daughter\\-vacationed\\-rick\\-carusos\\-yacht\\-1194688 \\|access\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|quote\\= \\[\\[Lori Loughlin]] and \\[\\[Mossimo Giannulli]]'s 19\\-year\\-old daughter was on the \\[\\[yacht]] of billionaire \\[\\[Rick Caruso]], the \\[\\[chairman]] of USC's \\[\\[Board of Trustees]], during Tuesday's indictment that charged the couple in a nationwide college cheating scandal. \\|df\\= mdy\\-all \\|archive\\-date\\= January 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/lori\\-loughlins\\-daughter\\-vacationed\\-rick\\-carusos\\-yacht\\-1194688/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Lori Loughlin Daughter Olivia Leaves Yacht Owned By Top USC Official \\|url\\=https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori\\-loughlin\\-daughter\\-olivia\\-yacht\\-usc\\-board\\-of\\-trustees\\-rick\\-caruso/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[TMZ]] \\|date\\=March 13, 2019 \\|quote\\=As \\[\\[Lori Loughlin]] traveled from Vancouver to L.A. Tuesday night to surrender to federal authorities in the college bribery scandal \\-\\- which got her daughter, \\[\\[Olivia Jade]], into USC \\-\\- Olivia spent the night on the \\[\\[yacht]] of the \\[\\[Chairman]] of USC's \\[\\[Board of Trustees]] \\|archive\\-date\\=March 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314011952/https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori\\-loughlin\\-daughter\\-olivia\\-yacht\\-usc\\-board\\-of\\-trustees\\-rick\\-caruso/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} media sources reported that, when news of the scandal broke, Loughlin's younger daughter was on [Rick Caruso](/wiki/Rick_Caruso \"Rick Caruso\")'s [yacht](/wiki/Yacht \"Yacht\") in [the Bahamas](/wiki/The_Bahamas \"The Bahamas\") with her friend, Gianna, Caruso's daughter.{{cite news \\|first\\= Steven \\|last\\= Blum \\|title\\= Olivia Jade Found Out Her Mom Had Schemed Her Into USC While On Rick Caruso's Yacht \\|url\\= https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia\\-jade/ \\|access\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Los Angeles (magazine)\\|Los Angeles]] \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|quote\\= \\[\\[Olivia Jade]], social media influencer and daughter of actress \\[\\[Lori Loughlin]], was apparently spending her \\[\\[spring break]] on a \\[\\[yacht]] owned by USC \\[\\[board of trustees]] member \\[\\[Rick Caruso]] when the news broke that her mother was part of an epic college bribery case. \\|archive\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190314180836/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia\\-jade/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{cite news \\|first\\= Martha \\|last\\= Ross \\|title\\= Will Lori Loughlin's Instagram\\-famous daughters get kicked out of USC, face other fallout because of parents? \\|url\\= https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will\\-lori\\-laughlins\\-instagram\\-famous\\-daughters\\-get\\-kicked\\-out\\-of\\-usc\\-face\\-other\\-fallout\\-because\\-of\\-parents/ \\|access\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Mercury News]] \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|quote\\= \\[\\[TMZ]] reported late Wednesday afternoon that \\[\\[Lori Loughlin]]'s daughter \\[\\[Olivia Jade Giannulli]] had been traveling in the Bahamas on a yacht owned by \\[\\[Rick Caruso]], the \\[\\[chairman]] of the USC \\[\\[Board of Trustees]] \\|archive\\-date\\= March 27, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090501/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will\\-lori\\-laughlins\\-instagram\\-famous\\-daughters\\-get\\-kicked\\-out\\-of\\-usc\\-face\\-other\\-fallout\\-because\\-of\\-parents/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Caruso is the [chairman](/wiki/Chairman \"Chairman\") of the USC [Board of Trustees](/wiki/Board_of_Trustees \"Board of Trustees\").{{cite web \\|title\\= Board of Trustees {{!}} USC \\|url\\= https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu \\|website\\= \\[\\[University of Southern California]] \\|access\\-date\\= January 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 6, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220106114127/https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{cite web \\|last\\= Moore \\|first\\= Annette \\|url\\= http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534\\.html \\|title\\= Rick J. Caruso Elected to USC Board \\|website\\= \\[\\[University of Southern California]] \\|date\\=February 9, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110826190533/http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= August 26, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Singer pleaded guilty on March 12, 2019, in the [U.S. District Court in Boston](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts \"United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts\") to four felony counts of conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and [obstruction of justice](/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice \"Obstruction of justice\") for alerting a number of subjects to the investigation after he began cooperating with the government.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former\\-women\\-soccer\\-coach\\-yale\\-faces\\-federal\\-charges\\-bribery\\-plot\\-tied\\-school\\-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html/ \\|title\\= 'A catalog of wealth and privilege': Feds allege college bribery scam \\|last1\\= Anderson \\|first1\\= Travis \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|last2\\= Ellement \\|first2\\= John R. \\|last3\\= Fernandes \\|first3\\= Deirdre \\|last4\\= Finucane \\|first4\\= Martin \\|archive\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312175415/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former\\-women\\-soccer\\-coach\\-yale\\-faces\\-federal\\-charges\\-bribery\\-plot\\-tied\\-school\\-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} He faced up to 65 years in prison and a fine of $1\\.25{{nbsp}}million.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.upi.com/Top\\_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents\\-coaches\\-actors\\-among\\-50\\-charged\\-in\\-college\\-scandal/5761552403090/ \\|title\\= Parents, coaches, actors among 50 charged in college scandal \\|last1\\= Brokaw \\|first1\\= Sommer \\|last2\\= Uria \\|first2\\= Daniel \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[UPI]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313012543/https://www.upi.com/Top\\_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents\\-coaches\\-actors\\-among\\-50\\-charged\\-in\\-college\\-scandal/5761552403090/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} He was sentenced in January 2023, with federal prosecutors asking for six years in prison and Singer's attorneys asking for home detention and community service. Judge [Rya Zobel](/wiki/Rya_Zobel \"Rya Zobel\") sentenced him to three and a half years in prison, with an additional three years probation as well as over $10 million in restitution to the IRS and forfeiture of millions of dollars in assets.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/04/us/william\\-rick\\-singer\\-sentencing\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/index.html\\|title\\=College admissions scam mastermind sentenced to 3\\.5 years in federal prison\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|first1\\=Eric\\|last1\\=Levenson\\|first2\\=Lauren\\|last2\\=del Valle\\|date\\=January 4, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/us/rick\\-singer\\-sentenced\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|title\\=Rick Singer, Mastermind of Varsity Blues Scandal, Is Sentenced to 3 1/2 Years in Prison\\|date\\=January 4, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2023\\|first\\=Anemona\\|last\\=Hartocollis}} Singer apologized for his actions, saying \"I lost my ethical values and have so much regret. To be frank, I’m ashamed of myself.\"",
""
] |
### Methods of fraudulent admission
Singer primarily used two fraudulent techniques to help clients' children gain admission to elite universities: cheating on college entrance exams and fabrication of elite sports credentials.Quintana, Chris (March 12, 2019\). [Fake disabilities, photoshopped faces: How feds say celebrities, coaches and scammers got kids into elite colleges](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2019/03/12/felicity-huffman-lori-laughlin-how-college-admissions-scam-worked/3142160002/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315045913/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2019/03/12/felicity\-huffman\-lori\-laughlin\-how\-college\-admissions\-scam\-worked/3142160002/ \|date\=March 15, 2019 }} *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*.
#### Cheating on college entrance exams
Singer arranged to enable clients' children to cheat on the [SAT](/wiki/SAT "SAT") or [ACT](/wiki/ACT_%28test%29 "ACT (test)") [college admission tests](/wiki/List_of_admission_tests_to_colleges_and_universities "List of admission tests to colleges and universities"). Singer worked with psychologists to complete the detailed paperwork required to falsely certify clients' children as having a [learning disability](/wiki/Learning_disability "Learning disability"); this in turn gave them access to [accommodations](/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation "Reasonable accommodation"), such as extra time, while taking the tests. Singer said he could obtain a falsified disability report from a psychologist for $4,000 to $5,000, and that the report could be re\-used to fraudulently obtain similar benefits at the schools.
Once the paperwork was complete, Singer told clients to invent false travel plans to arrange to have their child's test locations moved to a test center under his control, either in [West Hollywood](/wiki/West_Hollywood "West Hollywood") or [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"). Parents might also be advised to fabricate a family event that could provide a pretense for the student to take the SAT, ACT, or other test at a private location where Singer could have complete control over the testing process.
In some cases, the student was involved directly in the fraud. In others, the fraud was kept secret from the student and corrupt proctors altered tests on their behalf after the fact.{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.press\-citizen.com/story/news/education/university\-of\-iowa/2019/03/12/college\-admission\-scandal\-act\-says/3142273002/ \|title\= The ACT says 'few bad actors' undermined fair testing in college admissions scandal \|last\= Breaux \|first\= Aimee \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[Iowa City Press\-Citizen]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= January 29, 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213738/https://www.press\-citizen.com/story/news/education/university\-of\-iowa/2019/03/12/college\-admission\-scandal\-act\-says/3142273002/ \|url\-status\= live }} In some cases, other people posed as the students to take the tests. Mark Riddell, a [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") alumnus and college admission exam preparation director at [IMG Academy](/wiki/IMG_Academy "IMG Academy"), was one of the stand\-in test takers who took over two dozen exams; he pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit [mail fraud](/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud "Mail and wire fraud") and honest services mail fraud and one count of money laundering, and agreed to cooperate with investigators.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.tampabay.com/sports/high\-schools/2019/03/13/img\-academy\-suspends\-mark\-riddell\-after\-college\-admissions\-bribery\-scandal/ \|title\= IMG Academy suspends Mark Riddell after college admissions bribery scandal \|last\= Baker \|first\= Matt \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|work\= \[\[Tampa Bay Times]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|df\= mdy\-all \|archive\-date\= March 15, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190315031050/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/high\-schools/2019/03/13/img\-academy\-suspends\-mark\-riddell\-after\-college\-admissions\-bribery\-scandal/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\-security/fbi\-accuses\-wealthy\-parents\-including\-celebrities\-in\-college\-entrance\-bribery\-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942\-44d1\-11e9\-8aab\-95b8d80a1e4f\_story.html \|title\= FBI accuses wealthy parents, including celebrities, in college\-entrance bribery scheme \|last1\= Barrett \|first1\= Devlin \|last2\= Zapotosky \|first2\= Matt \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|newspaper\= \[\[The Washington Post]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|df\= mdy\-all \|archive\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313014559/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\-security/fbi\-accuses\-wealthy\-parents\-including\-celebrities\-in\-college\-entrance\-bribery\-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942\-44d1\-11e9\-8aab\-95b8d80a1e4f\_story.html \|url\-status\= live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Garrison \|first\=Joey \|date\=19 April 2019 \|title\=Mark Riddell, test\-taker ace in college admissions cheating case, pleads guilty in court \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark\-riddell\-test\-taker\-college\-admissions\-cheating\-scandal\-court/3445143002/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514024741/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark\-riddell\-test\-taker\-college\-admissions\-cheating\-scandal\-court/3445143002/ \|archive\-date\=May 14, 2019 \|access\-date\=May 14, 2019 \|website\=USA TODAY}} Prosecutors said he was paid $10,000 per test, and the government was seeking to recover almost $450,000 from him in forfeiture.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/college\-cheating\-scandal\-harvard\-alum\-mark\-riddell\-apologizes\-taking\-board\-n982731 \|title\= Harvard alum 'profoundly sorry' for taking tests for students in college cheating scheme \|last\= Li \|first\= David K. \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|website\= \[\[NBC News]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190314012001/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/college\-cheating\-scandal\-harvard\-alum\-mark\-riddell\-apologizes\-taking\-board\-n982731 \|url\-status\= live }} Riddell did not have advance access to the test papers, but was described as "just a really smart guy".{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-us\-canada\-47585336 \|title\=Celebrity parents and the bizarre 'cheating' scandal \|website\=\[\[BBC News]] \|first\=Vicky \|last\=Baker \|date\=March 15, 2019 \|access\-date\=March 22, 2019 \|quote\=According to the FBI, he would fly in and either take the test for students in a hotel room, sneak them the correct answers in the exam room, or inflate their scores when they finished. Sometimes he would be given a sample of the teen's handwriting so he could copy it. Riddell did not know the questions in advance, according to \[\[Andrew Lelling]], US attorney for the District of Massachusetts. He was "just a really smart guy". \|archive\-date\=March 22, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322003436/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-us\-canada\-47585336 \|url\-status\=live }} He could be sentenced to up to 20 years in prison, but reportedly prosecutors said that because of his cooperation they would instead likely recommend 33 months' imprisonment at his November 1, 2019 (originally July 18\) sentencing hearing.{{Cite web \|last\=Madani \|first\=Doha \|date\=April 13, 2019 \|title\=Mark Riddell, college admissions scandal test\-taker, pleads guilty \|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/harvard\-alum\-who\-took\-exams\-students\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-pleads\-n993956 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213211/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\-news/harvard\-alum\-who\-took\-exams\-students\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-pleads\-n993956 \|archive\-date\=May 13, 2019 \|access\-date\=May 14, 2019 \|website\=NBC News}}{{cite web \|last1\=Martin \|first1\=Susan Taylor \|title\=Sentencing reset for Mark Riddell, Tampa Bay man involved in the college admissions scandal \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing\-reset\-for\-mark\-riddell\-tampa\-bay\-man\-involved\-in\-the\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-20190718/ \|website\=Tampa Bay Times \|access\-date\=September 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 20, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720130625/https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing\-reset\-for\-mark\-riddell\-tampa\-bay\-man\-involved\-in\-the\-college\-admissions\-scandal\-20190718/ \|url\-status\=live }}
According to recorded phone calls, the transcripts of which were included in court filings, Singer claimed that the practice of fraudulently obtaining accommodations such as extra testing time, intended for those with legitimate learning disabilities, was widespread outside of his particular scheme:
{{blockquote\|Yeah, everywhere around the country. What happened is, all the wealthy families that figured out that if I get my kid tested and they get extended time, they can do better on the test. So most of these kids don't even have issues, but they're getting time. The playing field is not fair.Smith, Laura, Special Agent FBI. \[https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312211134/https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download \|date\=March 12, 2019 }}, filed in the \[\[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts]]. Retrieved March 12, 2019\.}}
For example, [Jane Buckingham](/wiki/Jane_Buckingham "Jane Buckingham") was arrested on March 12, 2019, for allegedly submitting false paperwork saying her son had a learning disability; and paying $50,000 to Key Worldwide Foundation for a proctor to take the ACT on her son's behalf, scoring a 35 out of 36\. The goal was entrance to the University of Southern California (USC).{{cite news \|last\= Reiss \|first\= Jaclyn \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|title\= College bribery plot: A list of names of those charged in the nationwide scheme \|url\= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college\-bribery\-plot\-list\-names\-those\-charged\-nationwide\-college\-bribery\-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html \|work\= \[\[The Boston Globe]] \|access\-date\= March 15, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 21, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190321221302/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college\-bribery\-plot\-list\-names\-those\-charged\-nationwide\-college\-bribery\-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html \|url\-status\= live }} Portions of recorded conversations between Buckingham and a cooperating witness were included in the FBI's affidavit.
#### Fabrication of sports credentials
Singer also bribed college athletics staff and coaches. At certain colleges, these personnel can submit a certain number of sports recruit names to the admissions office, which then views those applications more favorably. Singer used his Key Worldwide Foundation as a money\-laundering operation to pay coaches a bribe for labeling applicants as athletic recruits. He also fabricated profiles highlighting each applicant's purported athletic prowess. In some cases, [image editing software](/wiki/Image_editing_software "Image editing software") (e.g., [Adobe Photoshop](/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop "Adobe Photoshop")) was used to insert a photograph of a student's face onto a photograph of another person participating in the sport to document purported athletic activity.
In one such incident, Michael Center, the men's tennis coach at the [University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas "University of Texas") (UT), accepted about $100,000 to designate an applicant as a recruit for the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns "Texas Longhorns") tennis team. A similar fraud occurred at Yale, where the then\-head coach of the women's soccer team, Rudolph "Rudy" Meredith, allegedly accepted a $450,000 bribe to falsely identify an applicant as a recruit.{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale\-soccer\-coach\-implicated\-in\-college\-admission\-13682117\.php \|title\= Ex\-Yale soccer coach, Greenwich businessman charged in college admissions scandal \|last1\= Stannard \|first1\= Ed \|last2\= Friedmann \|first2\= Meghan \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[New Haven Register]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313001236/https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale\-soccer\-coach\-implicated\-in\-college\-admission\-13682117\.php \|url\-status\= live }}{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college\-admissions\-scandal\-fbi\-targets\-wealthy\-parents/584695/ \|title\= Why the College\-Admissions Scandal Is So Absurd \|last\= Wong \|first\= Alia \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[The Atlantic]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312215549/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college\-admissions\-scandal\-fbi\-targets\-wealthy\-parents/584695/ \|url\-status\= live }} USC's senior associate athletic director Donna Heinel and water polo coach [Jovan Vavic](/wiki/Jovan_Vavic "Jovan Vavic") allegedly received $1\.3{{nbsp}}million and $250,000, respectively, for similar frauds.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-college\-admissions\-scale\-elite\-schools\-20190312\-story.html \|title\= College cheating scandal snares actresses, CEOs and coaches; alleged mastermind pleads guilty \|last1\= Fry \|first1\= Hannah \|last2\= Winton \|first2\= Richard \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|last3\= Ormseth \|first3\= Matthew \|last4\= Newberry \|first4\= Laura \|archive\-date\= January 3, 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210103145731/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\-me\-college\-admissions\-scale\-elite\-schools\-20190312\-story.html \|url\-status\= live }} They were indicted alongside former [USC women's soccer coaches](/wiki/USC_Trojans_women%27s_soccer "USC Trojans women's soccer") Ali Khosroshahin and Laura Janke.{{Cite web \|url\= http://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic\-director\-water\-polo\-coach\-fired\-in\-wake\-of\-fbi\-investigation\-of\-admission\-scam/ \|title\= Athletic director, water polo coach fired in wake of FBI investigation of admission scam \|last1\= Klick \|first1\= Rea \|last2\= Speier \|first2\= Mia \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[Daily Trojan]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= November 28, 2020 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231308/https://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic\-director\-water\-polo\-coach\-fired\-in\-wake\-of\-fbi\-investigation\-of\-admission\-scam/ \|url\-status\= live }} Coaches at two other [Pac\-12](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference "Pac-12 Conference") programs, [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") (UCLA) [men's soccer coach](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_soccer "UCLA Bruins men's soccer") [Jorge Salcedo](/wiki/Jorge_Salcedo_%28soccer%29 "Jorge Salcedo (soccer)") and [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") sailing coach John Vandemoer, were charged with accepting bribes.{{Cite web \|url\= https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3\-pac\-12\-programs\-dismiss\-top\-coaches\-amid\-admissions\-bribery\-scandal\-ncaa\-investigating/ \|title\= 3 Pac\-12 Programs Dismiss Top Coaches Amid Admissions Bribery Scandal; NCAA Investigating \|agency\= Associated Press \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[KTLA]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= April 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401003400/https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3\-pac\-12\-programs\-dismiss\-top\-coaches\-amid\-admissions\-bribery\-scandal\-ncaa\-investigating/ \|url\-status\= live }} Vandemoer admitted that he accepted $270,000 to classify two applicants as prospective sailors, and agreed to plead guilty to a charge of racketeering conspiracy.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column\-a\-twist\-in\-the\-usual\-college\-sports\-scandal/article\_abd7e782\-45ff\-11e9\-9fc4\-13863408d37e.html \|title\= Column: A twist in the usual college sports scandal \|last\= Dahlberg \|first\= Tim \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|website\= \[\[The Oakland Press]] \|access\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|archive\-date\= April 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042653/https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column\-a\-twist\-in\-the\-usual\-college\-sports\-scandal/article\_abd7e782\-45ff\-11e9\-9fc4\-13863408d37e.html \|url\-status\= live }} At [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University "Wake Forest University"), head volleyball coach William "Bill" Ferguson was placed on [administrative leave](/wiki/Administrative_leave "Administrative leave") following charges of [racketeering](/wiki/Racketeering "Racketeering").{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake\-forest\-coach\-accused\-of\-accepting\-six\-figure\-bribe\-to/article\_df0ff008\-5ef1\-565f\-96c9\-98bca8aa68fb.html \|title\= Wake Forest coach accused of accepting six\-figure bribe to help student get into the university \|last\= Craver \|first\= Richard \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[Winston\-Salem Journal]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 31, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331021446/https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake\-forest\-coach\-accused\-of\-accepting\-six\-figure\-bribe\-to/article\_df0ff008\-5ef1\-565f\-96c9\-98bca8aa68fb.html \|url\-status\= live }} Former [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") tennis coach Gordon "Gordie" Ernst is alleged to have facilitated as many as 12 students through fraudulent means while accepting bribes of up to $950,000\.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas\-vineyard\-tie\-college\-admissions\-scandal/ \|title\= Martha's Vineyard tie to college admissions scandal \|last\= Brennan \|first\= George \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|website\= \[\[The Martha's Vineyard Times]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= April 1, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401065951/https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas\-vineyard\-tie\-college\-admissions\-scandal/ \|url\-status\= live }} On March 20, 2019, the [University of San Diego](/wiki/University_of_San_Diego "University of San Diego") (USD) revealed that its former [men's basketball](/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_men%27s_basketball "San Diego Toreros men's basketball") head coach [Lamont Smith](/wiki/Lamont_Smith_%28basketball%29 "Lamont Smith (basketball)") allegedly accepted bribes.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\-sp\-usd\-college\-bribes\-lamont\-smith\-basketball\-coach\-20190320\-story.html \|title\= Lamont Smith identified as USD coach in bribery scheme; resigns as UTEP assistant \|last1\= Ziegler \|first1\= Mark \|last2\= Davis \|first2\= Kristina \|work\= \[\[San Diego Union\-Tribune]] \|date\= March 21, 2019 \|access\-date\= March 21, 2019 \|archive\-date\= January 1, 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210101143624/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\-sp\-usd\-college\-bribes\-lamont\-smith\-basketball\-coach\-20190320\-story.html \|url\-status\= live }} Hours after that revelation, Smith resigned from his position as assistant coach at the [University of Texas at El Paso](/wiki/UTEP_Miners_men%27s_basketball "UTEP Miners men's basketball").{{cite web \|date\=March 21, 2019 \|title\=UTEP assistant basketball coach resigns, implicated in college admissions scandal \|url\=https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college\-sports/utep/utep\-assistant\-basketball\-coach\-resigns\-implicated\-in\-college\-admissions\-scandal/1864662322 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322051350/https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college\-sports/utep/utep\-assistant\-basketball\-coach\-resigns\-implicated\-in\-college\-admissions\-scandal/1864662322 \|archive\-date\=March 22, 2019 \|access\-date\=March 21, 2019 \|website\=\[\[KTSM\-TV]]}} Two San Diego families were accused of paying $875,000 as part of the scheme.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\-me\-cheating\-scandal\-20190312\-story.html \|title\= University of San Diego, local families caught up in college admissions scandal \|last1\= Davis \|first2\= Gary \|last2\= Robbins \|first1\= Kristina \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[San Diego Union\-Tribune]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 26, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190326182105/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\-me\-cheating\-scandal\-20190312\-story.html \|url\-status\= live }}
Bill McGlashan, a [private equity](/wiki/Private_equity "Private equity") investor, allegedly discussed using Adobe Photoshop to create a fake profile for his son as a [football kicker](/wiki/Placekicker "Placekicker") to help him get into USC.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how\-silicon\-valley\-became\-epicenter\-of\-college\-entry\-cheating\-scandal/ \|title\= How Silicon Valley became epicenter of college\-entry cheating scandal \|last\= Sulek \|first\= Julia Prodis \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The Mercury News]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 31, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331080909/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how\-silicon\-valley\-became\-epicenter\-of\-college\-entry\-cheating\-scandal/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.cbssports.com/college\-football/news/college\-admissions\-scandal\-indictment\-alleges\-use\-of\-fake\-usc\-football\-profiles\-for\-students/ \|title\= College admissions scandal indictment alleges use of fake USC football profiles for students \|last\= Sallee \|first\= Barrett \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[CBS Sports]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= January 1, 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210101135733/https://www.cbssports.com/college\-football/news/college\-admissions\-scandal\-indictment\-alleges\-use\-of\-fake\-usc\-football\-profiles\-for\-students/ \|url\-status\= live }} Similarly, Marci Palatella, wife of former [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers") player [Lou Palatella](/wiki/Lou_Palatella "Lou Palatella"), allegedly conspired with Singer to pass her son off as a [long snapper](/wiki/Long_snapper "Long snapper") recruit for USC.{{Cite web \|url\= http://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652\-181/napa\-valley\-vintner\-augustin\-huneeus \|title\= What 2 locals charged in the college admissions scandal allegedly did \|last1\= Swindell \|first1\= Bill \|last2\= Callahan \|first2\= Mary \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[The Press Democrat]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= August 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190812202229/https://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652\-181/napa\-valley\-vintner\-augustin\-huneeus \|url\-status\= live }} In one of the most notable cases, actress Lori Loughlin, famous for her role on the American sitcom *[Full House](/wiki/Full_House "Full House")* and the drama *[When Calls the Heart](/wiki/When_Calls_the_Heart "When Calls the Heart")*, and her husband, fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli of [Mossimo](/wiki/Mossimo "Mossimo") fashion, allegedly paid $500,000 in bribes to arrange to have their two daughters accepted into USC as members of the [rowing team](/wiki/USC_Trojans%23Women%27s_rowing "USC Trojans#Women's rowing"), although neither girl had participated in [the sport](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 "Rowing (sport)").{{Cite news \|url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college\-admissions\-probe.html \|title\= Fallout From College Admissions Scandal: Arrests, Damage Control and a Scramble for Answers \|last\= Taylor \|first\= Kate \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|issn\= 0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313180235/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college\-admissions\-probe.html \|url\-status\= live }} On March 13, 2019,{{cite news \|first\= Ingrid \|last\= Schmidt \|title\= Lori Loughlin's Daughter Vacationed on Billionaire USC Official's Yacht \|url\= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lori\-laughlins\-daughter\-vacationed\-rick\-carusos\-yacht\-1194688 \|access\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|quote\= \[\[Lori Loughlin]] and \[\[Mossimo Giannulli]]'s 19\-year\-old daughter was on the \[\[yacht]] of billionaire \[\[Rick Caruso]], the \[\[chairman]] of USC's \[\[Board of Trustees]], during Tuesday's indictment that charged the couple in a nationwide college cheating scandal. \|df\= mdy\-all \|archive\-date\= January 29, 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/lori\-loughlins\-daughter\-vacationed\-rick\-carusos\-yacht\-1194688/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{cite news \|title\=Lori Loughlin Daughter Olivia Leaves Yacht Owned By Top USC Official \|url\=https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori\-loughlin\-daughter\-olivia\-yacht\-usc\-board\-of\-trustees\-rick\-caruso/ \|access\-date\=March 14, 2019 \|work\=\[\[TMZ]] \|date\=March 13, 2019 \|quote\=As \[\[Lori Loughlin]] traveled from Vancouver to L.A. Tuesday night to surrender to federal authorities in the college bribery scandal \-\- which got her daughter, \[\[Olivia Jade]], into USC \-\- Olivia spent the night on the \[\[yacht]] of the \[\[Chairman]] of USC's \[\[Board of Trustees]] \|archive\-date\=March 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314011952/https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori\-loughlin\-daughter\-olivia\-yacht\-usc\-board\-of\-trustees\-rick\-caruso/ \|url\-status\=live }} media sources reported that, when news of the scandal broke, Loughlin's younger daughter was on [Rick Caruso](/wiki/Rick_Caruso "Rick Caruso")'s [yacht](/wiki/Yacht "Yacht") in [the Bahamas](/wiki/The_Bahamas "The Bahamas") with her friend, Gianna, Caruso's daughter.{{cite news \|first\= Steven \|last\= Blum \|title\= Olivia Jade Found Out Her Mom Had Schemed Her Into USC While On Rick Caruso's Yacht \|url\= https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia\-jade/ \|access\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|work\= \[\[Los Angeles (magazine)\|Los Angeles]] \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|quote\= \[\[Olivia Jade]], social media influencer and daughter of actress \[\[Lori Loughlin]], was apparently spending her \[\[spring break]] on a \[\[yacht]] owned by USC \[\[board of trustees]] member \[\[Rick Caruso]] when the news broke that her mother was part of an epic college bribery case. \|archive\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190314180836/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia\-jade/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{cite news \|first\= Martha \|last\= Ross \|title\= Will Lori Loughlin's Instagram\-famous daughters get kicked out of USC, face other fallout because of parents? \|url\= https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will\-lori\-laughlins\-instagram\-famous\-daughters\-get\-kicked\-out\-of\-usc\-face\-other\-fallout\-because\-of\-parents/ \|access\-date\= March 14, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The Mercury News]] \|date\= March 13, 2019 \|quote\= \[\[TMZ]] reported late Wednesday afternoon that \[\[Lori Loughlin]]'s daughter \[\[Olivia Jade Giannulli]] had been traveling in the Bahamas on a yacht owned by \[\[Rick Caruso]], the \[\[chairman]] of the USC \[\[Board of Trustees]] \|archive\-date\= March 27, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090501/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will\-lori\-laughlins\-instagram\-famous\-daughters\-get\-kicked\-out\-of\-usc\-face\-other\-fallout\-because\-of\-parents/ \|url\-status\= live }} Caruso is the [chairman](/wiki/Chairman "Chairman") of the USC [Board of Trustees](/wiki/Board_of_Trustees "Board of Trustees").{{cite web \|title\= Board of Trustees {{!}} USC \|url\= https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu \|website\= \[\[University of Southern California]] \|access\-date\= January 29, 2022 \|archive\-date\= January 6, 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220106114127/https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu/ \|url\-status\= live }}{{cite web \|last\= Moore \|first\= Annette \|url\= http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534\.html \|title\= Rick J. Caruso Elected to USC Board \|website\= \[\[University of Southern California]] \|date\=February 9, 2011 \|access\-date\=September 3, 2011\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110826190533/http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534\.html \|archive\-date\= August 26, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}}
Singer pleaded guilty on March 12, 2019, in the [U.S. District Court in Boston](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts "United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts") to four felony counts of conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and [obstruction of justice](/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice "Obstruction of justice") for alerting a number of subjects to the investigation after he began cooperating with the government.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former\-women\-soccer\-coach\-yale\-faces\-federal\-charges\-bribery\-plot\-tied\-school\-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html/ \|title\= 'A catalog of wealth and privilege': Feds allege college bribery scam \|last1\= Anderson \|first1\= Travis \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|work\= \[\[The Boston Globe]] \|access\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|last2\= Ellement \|first2\= John R. \|last3\= Fernandes \|first3\= Deirdre \|last4\= Finucane \|first4\= Martin \|archive\-date\= March 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312175415/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former\-women\-soccer\-coach\-yale\-faces\-federal\-charges\-bribery\-plot\-tied\-school\-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html \|url\-status\= live }} He faced up to 65 years in prison and a fine of $1\.25{{nbsp}}million.{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.upi.com/Top\_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents\-coaches\-actors\-among\-50\-charged\-in\-college\-scandal/5761552403090/ \|title\= Parents, coaches, actors among 50 charged in college scandal \|last1\= Brokaw \|first1\= Sommer \|last2\= Uria \|first2\= Daniel \|date\= March 12, 2019 \|website\= \[\[UPI]] \|access\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-date\= March 13, 2019 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313012543/https://www.upi.com/Top\_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents\-coaches\-actors\-among\-50\-charged\-in\-college\-scandal/5761552403090/ \|url\-status\= live }} He was sentenced in January 2023, with federal prosecutors asking for six years in prison and Singer's attorneys asking for home detention and community service. Judge [Rya Zobel](/wiki/Rya_Zobel "Rya Zobel") sentenced him to three and a half years in prison, with an additional three years probation as well as over $10 million in restitution to the IRS and forfeiture of millions of dollars in assets.{{cite web\|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/04/us/william\-rick\-singer\-sentencing\-college\-admissions\-scandal/index.html\|title\=College admissions scam mastermind sentenced to 3\.5 years in federal prison\|publisher\=CNN\|first1\=Eric\|last1\=Levenson\|first2\=Lauren\|last2\=del Valle\|date\=January 4, 2023\|access\-date\=January 7, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/us/rick\-singer\-sentenced\-college\-admissions\-scandal.html\|work\=The New York Times\|title\=Rick Singer, Mastermind of Varsity Blues Scandal, Is Sentenced to 3 1/2 Years in Prison\|date\=January 4, 2023\|access\-date\=January 7, 2023\|first\=Anemona\|last\=Hartocollis}} Singer apologized for his actions, saying "I lost my ethical values and have so much regret. To be frank, I’m ashamed of myself."
|
[
"### Methods of fraudulent admission",
"Singer primarily used two fraudulent techniques to help clients' children gain admission to elite universities: cheating on college entrance exams and fabrication of elite sports credentials.Quintana, Chris (March 12, 2019\\). [Fake disabilities, photoshopped faces: How feds say celebrities, coaches and scammers got kids into elite colleges](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2019/03/12/felicity-huffman-lori-laughlin-how-college-admissions-scam-worked/3142160002/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315045913/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2019/03/12/felicity\\-huffman\\-lori\\-laughlin\\-how\\-college\\-admissions\\-scam\\-worked/3142160002/ \\|date\\=March 15, 2019 }} *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*.",
"#### Cheating on college entrance exams",
"Singer arranged to enable clients' children to cheat on the [SAT](/wiki/SAT \"SAT\") or [ACT](/wiki/ACT_%28test%29 \"ACT (test)\") [college admission tests](/wiki/List_of_admission_tests_to_colleges_and_universities \"List of admission tests to colleges and universities\"). Singer worked with psychologists to complete the detailed paperwork required to falsely certify clients' children as having a [learning disability](/wiki/Learning_disability \"Learning disability\"); this in turn gave them access to [accommodations](/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation \"Reasonable accommodation\"), such as extra time, while taking the tests. Singer said he could obtain a falsified disability report from a psychologist for $4,000 to $5,000, and that the report could be re\\-used to fraudulently obtain similar benefits at the schools.",
"Once the paperwork was complete, Singer told clients to invent false travel plans to arrange to have their child's test locations moved to a test center under his control, either in [West Hollywood](/wiki/West_Hollywood \"West Hollywood\") or [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"). Parents might also be advised to fabricate a family event that could provide a pretense for the student to take the SAT, ACT, or other test at a private location where Singer could have complete control over the testing process.",
"In some cases, the student was involved directly in the fraud. In others, the fraud was kept secret from the student and corrupt proctors altered tests on their behalf after the fact.{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.press\\-citizen.com/story/news/education/university\\-of\\-iowa/2019/03/12/college\\-admission\\-scandal\\-act\\-says/3142273002/ \\|title\\= The ACT says 'few bad actors' undermined fair testing in college admissions scandal \\|last\\= Breaux \\|first\\= Aimee \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Iowa City Press\\-Citizen]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213738/https://www.press\\-citizen.com/story/news/education/university\\-of\\-iowa/2019/03/12/college\\-admission\\-scandal\\-act\\-says/3142273002/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} In some cases, other people posed as the students to take the tests. Mark Riddell, a [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") alumnus and college admission exam preparation director at [IMG Academy](/wiki/IMG_Academy \"IMG Academy\"), was one of the stand\\-in test takers who took over two dozen exams; he pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit [mail fraud](/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud \"Mail and wire fraud\") and honest services mail fraud and one count of money laundering, and agreed to cooperate with investigators.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.tampabay.com/sports/high\\-schools/2019/03/13/img\\-academy\\-suspends\\-mark\\-riddell\\-after\\-college\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scandal/ \\|title\\= IMG Academy suspends Mark Riddell after college admissions bribery scandal \\|last\\= Baker \\|first\\= Matt \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Tampa Bay Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|df\\= mdy\\-all \\|archive\\-date\\= March 15, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190315031050/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/high\\-schools/2019/03/13/img\\-academy\\-suspends\\-mark\\-riddell\\-after\\-college\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scandal/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\\-security/fbi\\-accuses\\-wealthy\\-parents\\-including\\-celebrities\\-in\\-college\\-entrance\\-bribery\\-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942\\-44d1\\-11e9\\-8aab\\-95b8d80a1e4f\\_story.html \\|title\\= FBI accuses wealthy parents, including celebrities, in college\\-entrance bribery scheme \\|last1\\= Barrett \\|first1\\= Devlin \\|last2\\= Zapotosky \\|first2\\= Matt \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|df\\= mdy\\-all \\|archive\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313014559/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\\-security/fbi\\-accuses\\-wealthy\\-parents\\-including\\-celebrities\\-in\\-college\\-entrance\\-bribery\\-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942\\-44d1\\-11e9\\-8aab\\-95b8d80a1e4f\\_story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Garrison \\|first\\=Joey \\|date\\=19 April 2019 \\|title\\=Mark Riddell, test\\-taker ace in college admissions cheating case, pleads guilty in court \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark\\-riddell\\-test\\-taker\\-college\\-admissions\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-court/3445143002/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514024741/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark\\-riddell\\-test\\-taker\\-college\\-admissions\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-court/3445143002/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019 \\|website\\=USA TODAY}} Prosecutors said he was paid $10,000 per test, and the government was seeking to recover almost $450,000 from him in forfeiture.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/college\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-harvard\\-alum\\-mark\\-riddell\\-apologizes\\-taking\\-board\\-n982731 \\|title\\= Harvard alum 'profoundly sorry' for taking tests for students in college cheating scheme \\|last\\= Li \\|first\\= David K. \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[NBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190314012001/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/college\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-harvard\\-alum\\-mark\\-riddell\\-apologizes\\-taking\\-board\\-n982731 \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Riddell did not have advance access to the test papers, but was described as \"just a really smart guy\".{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-47585336 \\|title\\=Celebrity parents and the bizarre 'cheating' scandal \\|website\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|first\\=Vicky \\|last\\=Baker \\|date\\=March 15, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2019 \\|quote\\=According to the FBI, he would fly in and either take the test for students in a hotel room, sneak them the correct answers in the exam room, or inflate their scores when they finished. Sometimes he would be given a sample of the teen's handwriting so he could copy it. Riddell did not know the questions in advance, according to \\[\\[Andrew Lelling]], US attorney for the District of Massachusetts. He was \"just a really smart guy\". \\|archive\\-date\\=March 22, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322003436/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-47585336 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He could be sentenced to up to 20 years in prison, but reportedly prosecutors said that because of his cooperation they would instead likely recommend 33 months' imprisonment at his November 1, 2019 (originally July 18\\) sentencing hearing.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Madani \\|first\\=Doha \\|date\\=April 13, 2019 \\|title\\=Mark Riddell, college admissions scandal test\\-taker, pleads guilty \\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/harvard\\-alum\\-who\\-took\\-exams\\-students\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-pleads\\-n993956 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213211/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us\\-news/harvard\\-alum\\-who\\-took\\-exams\\-students\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-pleads\\-n993956 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2019 \\|website\\=NBC News}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Martin \\|first1\\=Susan Taylor \\|title\\=Sentencing reset for Mark Riddell, Tampa Bay man involved in the college admissions scandal \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing\\-reset\\-for\\-mark\\-riddell\\-tampa\\-bay\\-man\\-involved\\-in\\-the\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-20190718/ \\|website\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720130625/https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing\\-reset\\-for\\-mark\\-riddell\\-tampa\\-bay\\-man\\-involved\\-in\\-the\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-20190718/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"According to recorded phone calls, the transcripts of which were included in court filings, Singer claimed that the practice of fraudulently obtaining accommodations such as extra testing time, intended for those with legitimate learning disabilities, was widespread outside of his particular scheme:\n{{blockquote\\|Yeah, everywhere around the country. What happened is, all the wealthy families that figured out that if I get my kid tested and they get extended time, they can do better on the test. So most of these kids don't even have issues, but they're getting time. The playing field is not fair.Smith, Laura, Special Agent FBI. \\[https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312211134/https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download \\|date\\=March 12, 2019 }}, filed in the \\[\\[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts]]. Retrieved March 12, 2019\\.}}",
"For example, [Jane Buckingham](/wiki/Jane_Buckingham \"Jane Buckingham\") was arrested on March 12, 2019, for allegedly submitting false paperwork saying her son had a learning disability; and paying $50,000 to Key Worldwide Foundation for a proctor to take the ACT on her son's behalf, scoring a 35 out of 36\\. The goal was entrance to the University of Southern California (USC).{{cite news \\|last\\= Reiss \\|first\\= Jaclyn \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|title\\= College bribery plot: A list of names of those charged in the nationwide scheme \\|url\\= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college\\-bribery\\-plot\\-list\\-names\\-those\\-charged\\-nationwide\\-college\\-bribery\\-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 15, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 21, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190321221302/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college\\-bribery\\-plot\\-list\\-names\\-those\\-charged\\-nationwide\\-college\\-bribery\\-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Portions of recorded conversations between Buckingham and a cooperating witness were included in the FBI's affidavit.",
"#### Fabrication of sports credentials",
"Singer also bribed college athletics staff and coaches. At certain colleges, these personnel can submit a certain number of sports recruit names to the admissions office, which then views those applications more favorably. Singer used his Key Worldwide Foundation as a money\\-laundering operation to pay coaches a bribe for labeling applicants as athletic recruits. He also fabricated profiles highlighting each applicant's purported athletic prowess. In some cases, [image editing software](/wiki/Image_editing_software \"Image editing software\") (e.g., [Adobe Photoshop](/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop \"Adobe Photoshop\")) was used to insert a photograph of a student's face onto a photograph of another person participating in the sport to document purported athletic activity.",
"In one such incident, Michael Center, the men's tennis coach at the [University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas \"University of Texas\") (UT), accepted about $100,000 to designate an applicant as a recruit for the [Texas Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns \"Texas Longhorns\") tennis team. A similar fraud occurred at Yale, where the then\\-head coach of the women's soccer team, Rudolph \"Rudy\" Meredith, allegedly accepted a $450,000 bribe to falsely identify an applicant as a recruit.{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale\\-soccer\\-coach\\-implicated\\-in\\-college\\-admission\\-13682117\\.php \\|title\\= Ex\\-Yale soccer coach, Greenwich businessman charged in college admissions scandal \\|last1\\= Stannard \\|first1\\= Ed \\|last2\\= Friedmann \\|first2\\= Meghan \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[New Haven Register]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313001236/https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale\\-soccer\\-coach\\-implicated\\-in\\-college\\-admission\\-13682117\\.php \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-fbi\\-targets\\-wealthy\\-parents/584695/ \\|title\\= Why the College\\-Admissions Scandal Is So Absurd \\|last\\= Wong \\|first\\= Alia \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[The Atlantic]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312215549/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-fbi\\-targets\\-wealthy\\-parents/584695/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} USC's senior associate athletic director Donna Heinel and water polo coach [Jovan Vavic](/wiki/Jovan_Vavic \"Jovan Vavic\") allegedly received $1\\.3{{nbsp}}million and $250,000, respectively, for similar frauds.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-college\\-admissions\\-scale\\-elite\\-schools\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|title\\= College cheating scandal snares actresses, CEOs and coaches; alleged mastermind pleads guilty \\|last1\\= Fry \\|first1\\= Hannah \\|last2\\= Winton \\|first2\\= Richard \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|last3\\= Ormseth \\|first3\\= Matthew \\|last4\\= Newberry \\|first4\\= Laura \\|archive\\-date\\= January 3, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210103145731/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la\\-me\\-college\\-admissions\\-scale\\-elite\\-schools\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} They were indicted alongside former [USC women's soccer coaches](/wiki/USC_Trojans_women%27s_soccer \"USC Trojans women's soccer\") Ali Khosroshahin and Laura Janke.{{Cite web \\|url\\= http://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic\\-director\\-water\\-polo\\-coach\\-fired\\-in\\-wake\\-of\\-fbi\\-investigation\\-of\\-admission\\-scam/ \\|title\\= Athletic director, water polo coach fired in wake of FBI investigation of admission scam \\|last1\\= Klick \\|first1\\= Rea \\|last2\\= Speier \\|first2\\= Mia \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[Daily Trojan]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= November 28, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231308/https://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic\\-director\\-water\\-polo\\-coach\\-fired\\-in\\-wake\\-of\\-fbi\\-investigation\\-of\\-admission\\-scam/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Coaches at two other [Pac\\-12](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference \"Pac-12 Conference\") programs, [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\") (UCLA) [men's soccer coach](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_soccer \"UCLA Bruins men's soccer\") [Jorge Salcedo](/wiki/Jorge_Salcedo_%28soccer%29 \"Jorge Salcedo (soccer)\") and [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") sailing coach John Vandemoer, were charged with accepting bribes.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3\\-pac\\-12\\-programs\\-dismiss\\-top\\-coaches\\-amid\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scandal\\-ncaa\\-investigating/ \\|title\\= 3 Pac\\-12 Programs Dismiss Top Coaches Amid Admissions Bribery Scandal; NCAA Investigating \\|agency\\= Associated Press \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[KTLA]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= April 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401003400/https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3\\-pac\\-12\\-programs\\-dismiss\\-top\\-coaches\\-amid\\-admissions\\-bribery\\-scandal\\-ncaa\\-investigating/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Vandemoer admitted that he accepted $270,000 to classify two applicants as prospective sailors, and agreed to plead guilty to a charge of racketeering conspiracy.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column\\-a\\-twist\\-in\\-the\\-usual\\-college\\-sports\\-scandal/article\\_abd7e782\\-45ff\\-11e9\\-9fc4\\-13863408d37e.html \\|title\\= Column: A twist in the usual college sports scandal \\|last\\= Dahlberg \\|first\\= Tim \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[The Oakland Press]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= April 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042653/https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column\\-a\\-twist\\-in\\-the\\-usual\\-college\\-sports\\-scandal/article\\_abd7e782\\-45ff\\-11e9\\-9fc4\\-13863408d37e.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} At [Wake Forest](/wiki/Wake_Forest_University \"Wake Forest University\"), head volleyball coach William \"Bill\" Ferguson was placed on [administrative leave](/wiki/Administrative_leave \"Administrative leave\") following charges of [racketeering](/wiki/Racketeering \"Racketeering\").{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake\\-forest\\-coach\\-accused\\-of\\-accepting\\-six\\-figure\\-bribe\\-to/article\\_df0ff008\\-5ef1\\-565f\\-96c9\\-98bca8aa68fb.html \\|title\\= Wake Forest coach accused of accepting six\\-figure bribe to help student get into the university \\|last\\= Craver \\|first\\= Richard \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[Winston\\-Salem Journal]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331021446/https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake\\-forest\\-coach\\-accused\\-of\\-accepting\\-six\\-figure\\-bribe\\-to/article\\_df0ff008\\-5ef1\\-565f\\-96c9\\-98bca8aa68fb.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Former [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\") tennis coach Gordon \"Gordie\" Ernst is alleged to have facilitated as many as 12 students through fraudulent means while accepting bribes of up to $950,000\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas\\-vineyard\\-tie\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/ \\|title\\= Martha's Vineyard tie to college admissions scandal \\|last\\= Brennan \\|first\\= George \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[The Martha's Vineyard Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= April 1, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401065951/https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas\\-vineyard\\-tie\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} On March 20, 2019, the [University of San Diego](/wiki/University_of_San_Diego \"University of San Diego\") (USD) revealed that its former [men's basketball](/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_men%27s_basketball \"San Diego Toreros men's basketball\") head coach [Lamont Smith](/wiki/Lamont_Smith_%28basketball%29 \"Lamont Smith (basketball)\") allegedly accepted bribes.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\\-sp\\-usd\\-college\\-bribes\\-lamont\\-smith\\-basketball\\-coach\\-20190320\\-story.html \\|title\\= Lamont Smith identified as USD coach in bribery scheme; resigns as UTEP assistant \\|last1\\= Ziegler \\|first1\\= Mark \\|last2\\= Davis \\|first2\\= Kristina \\|work\\= \\[\\[San Diego Union\\-Tribune]] \\|date\\= March 21, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= March 21, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 1, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210101143624/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\\-sp\\-usd\\-college\\-bribes\\-lamont\\-smith\\-basketball\\-coach\\-20190320\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Hours after that revelation, Smith resigned from his position as assistant coach at the [University of Texas at El Paso](/wiki/UTEP_Miners_men%27s_basketball \"UTEP Miners men's basketball\").{{cite web \\|date\\=March 21, 2019 \\|title\\=UTEP assistant basketball coach resigns, implicated in college admissions scandal \\|url\\=https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college\\-sports/utep/utep\\-assistant\\-basketball\\-coach\\-resigns\\-implicated\\-in\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/1864662322 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322051350/https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college\\-sports/utep/utep\\-assistant\\-basketball\\-coach\\-resigns\\-implicated\\-in\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/1864662322 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 22, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=March 21, 2019 \\|website\\=\\[\\[KTSM\\-TV]]}} Two San Diego families were accused of paying $875,000 as part of the scheme.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\\-me\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|title\\= University of San Diego, local families caught up in college admissions scandal \\|last1\\= Davis \\|first2\\= Gary \\|last2\\= Robbins \\|first1\\= Kristina \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[San Diego Union\\-Tribune]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 26, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190326182105/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd\\-me\\-cheating\\-scandal\\-20190312\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }}",
"Bill McGlashan, a [private equity](/wiki/Private_equity \"Private equity\") investor, allegedly discussed using Adobe Photoshop to create a fake profile for his son as a [football kicker](/wiki/Placekicker \"Placekicker\") to help him get into USC.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how\\-silicon\\-valley\\-became\\-epicenter\\-of\\-college\\-entry\\-cheating\\-scandal/ \\|title\\= How Silicon Valley became epicenter of college\\-entry cheating scandal \\|last\\= Sulek \\|first\\= Julia Prodis \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Mercury News]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 31, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331080909/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how\\-silicon\\-valley\\-became\\-epicenter\\-of\\-college\\-entry\\-cheating\\-scandal/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.cbssports.com/college\\-football/news/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-indictment\\-alleges\\-use\\-of\\-fake\\-usc\\-football\\-profiles\\-for\\-students/ \\|title\\= College admissions scandal indictment alleges use of fake USC football profiles for students \\|last\\= Sallee \\|first\\= Barrett \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 1, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210101135733/https://www.cbssports.com/college\\-football/news/college\\-admissions\\-scandal\\-indictment\\-alleges\\-use\\-of\\-fake\\-usc\\-football\\-profiles\\-for\\-students/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Similarly, Marci Palatella, wife of former [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\") player [Lou Palatella](/wiki/Lou_Palatella \"Lou Palatella\"), allegedly conspired with Singer to pass her son off as a [long snapper](/wiki/Long_snapper \"Long snapper\") recruit for USC.{{Cite web \\|url\\= http://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652\\-181/napa\\-valley\\-vintner\\-augustin\\-huneeus \\|title\\= What 2 locals charged in the college admissions scandal allegedly did \\|last1\\= Swindell \\|first1\\= Bill \\|last2\\= Callahan \\|first2\\= Mary \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[The Press Democrat]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= August 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190812202229/https://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652\\-181/napa\\-valley\\-vintner\\-augustin\\-huneeus \\|url\\-status\\= live }} In one of the most notable cases, actress Lori Loughlin, famous for her role on the American sitcom *[Full House](/wiki/Full_House \"Full House\")* and the drama *[When Calls the Heart](/wiki/When_Calls_the_Heart \"When Calls the Heart\")*, and her husband, fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli of [Mossimo](/wiki/Mossimo \"Mossimo\") fashion, allegedly paid $500,000 in bribes to arrange to have their two daughters accepted into USC as members of the [rowing team](/wiki/USC_Trojans%23Women%27s_rowing \"USC Trojans#Women's rowing\"), although neither girl had participated in [the sport](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 \"Rowing (sport)\").{{Cite news \\|url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college\\-admissions\\-probe.html \\|title\\= Fallout From College Admissions Scandal: Arrests, Damage Control and a Scramble for Answers \\|last\\= Taylor \\|first\\= Kate \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|issn\\= 0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313180235/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college\\-admissions\\-probe.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} On March 13, 2019,{{cite news \\|first\\= Ingrid \\|last\\= Schmidt \\|title\\= Lori Loughlin's Daughter Vacationed on Billionaire USC Official's Yacht \\|url\\= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lori\\-laughlins\\-daughter\\-vacationed\\-rick\\-carusos\\-yacht\\-1194688 \\|access\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|quote\\= \\[\\[Lori Loughlin]] and \\[\\[Mossimo Giannulli]]'s 19\\-year\\-old daughter was on the \\[\\[yacht]] of billionaire \\[\\[Rick Caruso]], the \\[\\[chairman]] of USC's \\[\\[Board of Trustees]], during Tuesday's indictment that charged the couple in a nationwide college cheating scandal. \\|df\\= mdy\\-all \\|archive\\-date\\= January 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129213742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/lori\\-loughlins\\-daughter\\-vacationed\\-rick\\-carusos\\-yacht\\-1194688/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Lori Loughlin Daughter Olivia Leaves Yacht Owned By Top USC Official \\|url\\=https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori\\-loughlin\\-daughter\\-olivia\\-yacht\\-usc\\-board\\-of\\-trustees\\-rick\\-caruso/ \\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[TMZ]] \\|date\\=March 13, 2019 \\|quote\\=As \\[\\[Lori Loughlin]] traveled from Vancouver to L.A. Tuesday night to surrender to federal authorities in the college bribery scandal \\-\\- which got her daughter, \\[\\[Olivia Jade]], into USC \\-\\- Olivia spent the night on the \\[\\[yacht]] of the \\[\\[Chairman]] of USC's \\[\\[Board of Trustees]] \\|archive\\-date\\=March 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314011952/https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori\\-loughlin\\-daughter\\-olivia\\-yacht\\-usc\\-board\\-of\\-trustees\\-rick\\-caruso/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} media sources reported that, when news of the scandal broke, Loughlin's younger daughter was on [Rick Caruso](/wiki/Rick_Caruso \"Rick Caruso\")'s [yacht](/wiki/Yacht \"Yacht\") in [the Bahamas](/wiki/The_Bahamas \"The Bahamas\") with her friend, Gianna, Caruso's daughter.{{cite news \\|first\\= Steven \\|last\\= Blum \\|title\\= Olivia Jade Found Out Her Mom Had Schemed Her Into USC While On Rick Caruso's Yacht \\|url\\= https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia\\-jade/ \\|access\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[Los Angeles (magazine)\\|Los Angeles]] \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|quote\\= \\[\\[Olivia Jade]], social media influencer and daughter of actress \\[\\[Lori Loughlin]], was apparently spending her \\[\\[spring break]] on a \\[\\[yacht]] owned by USC \\[\\[board of trustees]] member \\[\\[Rick Caruso]] when the news broke that her mother was part of an epic college bribery case. \\|archive\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190314180836/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia\\-jade/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{cite news \\|first\\= Martha \\|last\\= Ross \\|title\\= Will Lori Loughlin's Instagram\\-famous daughters get kicked out of USC, face other fallout because of parents? \\|url\\= https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will\\-lori\\-laughlins\\-instagram\\-famous\\-daughters\\-get\\-kicked\\-out\\-of\\-usc\\-face\\-other\\-fallout\\-because\\-of\\-parents/ \\|access\\-date\\= March 14, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Mercury News]] \\|date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|quote\\= \\[\\[TMZ]] reported late Wednesday afternoon that \\[\\[Lori Loughlin]]'s daughter \\[\\[Olivia Jade Giannulli]] had been traveling in the Bahamas on a yacht owned by \\[\\[Rick Caruso]], the \\[\\[chairman]] of the USC \\[\\[Board of Trustees]] \\|archive\\-date\\= March 27, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090501/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will\\-lori\\-laughlins\\-instagram\\-famous\\-daughters\\-get\\-kicked\\-out\\-of\\-usc\\-face\\-other\\-fallout\\-because\\-of\\-parents/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} Caruso is the [chairman](/wiki/Chairman \"Chairman\") of the USC [Board of Trustees](/wiki/Board_of_Trustees \"Board of Trustees\").{{cite web \\|title\\= Board of Trustees {{!}} USC \\|url\\= https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu \\|website\\= \\[\\[University of Southern California]] \\|access\\-date\\= January 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\= January 6, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220106114127/https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }}{{cite web \\|last\\= Moore \\|first\\= Annette \\|url\\= http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534\\.html \\|title\\= Rick J. Caruso Elected to USC Board \\|website\\= \\[\\[University of Southern California]] \\|date\\=February 9, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110826190533/http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= August 26, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Singer pleaded guilty on March 12, 2019, in the [U.S. District Court in Boston](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts \"United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts\") to four felony counts of conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and [obstruction of justice](/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice \"Obstruction of justice\") for alerting a number of subjects to the investigation after he began cooperating with the government.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former\\-women\\-soccer\\-coach\\-yale\\-faces\\-federal\\-charges\\-bribery\\-plot\\-tied\\-school\\-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html/ \\|title\\= 'A catalog of wealth and privilege': Feds allege college bribery scam \\|last1\\= Anderson \\|first1\\= Travis \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|last2\\= Ellement \\|first2\\= John R. \\|last3\\= Fernandes \\|first3\\= Deirdre \\|last4\\= Finucane \\|first4\\= Martin \\|archive\\-date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190312175415/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former\\-women\\-soccer\\-coach\\-yale\\-faces\\-federal\\-charges\\-bribery\\-plot\\-tied\\-school\\-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html \\|url\\-status\\= live }} He faced up to 65 years in prison and a fine of $1\\.25{{nbsp}}million.{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.upi.com/Top\\_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents\\-coaches\\-actors\\-among\\-50\\-charged\\-in\\-college\\-scandal/5761552403090/ \\|title\\= Parents, coaches, actors among 50 charged in college scandal \\|last1\\= Brokaw \\|first1\\= Sommer \\|last2\\= Uria \\|first2\\= Daniel \\|date\\= March 12, 2019 \\|website\\= \\[\\[UPI]] \\|access\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\= March 13, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190313012543/https://www.upi.com/Top\\_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents\\-coaches\\-actors\\-among\\-50\\-charged\\-in\\-college\\-scandal/5761552403090/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} He was sentenced in January 2023, with federal prosecutors asking for six years in prison and Singer's attorneys asking for home detention and community service. Judge [Rya Zobel](/wiki/Rya_Zobel \"Rya Zobel\") sentenced him to three and a half years in prison, with an additional three years probation as well as over $10 million in restitution to the IRS and forfeiture of millions of dollars in assets.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/04/us/william\\-rick\\-singer\\-sentencing\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal/index.html\\|title\\=College admissions scam mastermind sentenced to 3\\.5 years in federal prison\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|first1\\=Eric\\|last1\\=Levenson\\|first2\\=Lauren\\|last2\\=del Valle\\|date\\=January 4, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/us/rick\\-singer\\-sentenced\\-college\\-admissions\\-scandal.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|title\\=Rick Singer, Mastermind of Varsity Blues Scandal, Is Sentenced to 3 1/2 Years in Prison\\|date\\=January 4, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2023\\|first\\=Anemona\\|last\\=Hartocollis}} Singer apologized for his actions, saying \"I lost my ethical values and have so much regret. To be frank, I’m ashamed of myself.\"",
""
] |
Construction
------------
Flexible cables can be divided into two types: those with conductors stranded in layers inside the cable, and those that have bundled or braided conductors.
### Stranding in layers
Stranding in layers is easier to produce, and therefore usually less expensive. The cable cores are stranded firmly and left relatively long in several layers around the center and are then enclosed in an extruded tube shaped jacket. In the case of shielded cables, the cores are wrapped up with fleece or foils.
However, this type of construction means that, during the bending process, the inner radius compresses and the outer radius stretches as the cable core moves. Initially, this works quite well, because the elasticity of the material is still sufficient, but material fatigue can set in and cause permanent deformations. The cores move and begin to make their own compressing and stretching zones, which can lead to a “corkscrew” shape, and ultimately, core rupture.
### Stranding in bundles
The unique cable construction technique of braiding conductors around a tension\-proof centre instead of layering them is the second type of construction.
Eliminating multi\-layers guarantees a uniform bend radius across each conductor. At any point where the cable flexes, the path of any core moves quickly from the inside to the outside of the cable. The result is that no single core compresses near the inside of the bend or stretches near the outside of the bend—which reduces overall stresses. An outer jacket is still required to prevent the cores untwisting. A pressure filled jacket, rather than a simple extruded jacket, is preferable here. This fills all the gussets around the cores and ensures that the cores cannot untwist. The resulting dynamic cable is often stiffer than a standard cable, but lasts longer in applications where it must constantly flex.
### Use within cable carriers/drag chains
With a number of different applications, flexible cables are a versatile material to work with. When used within construction flexible cables often need to be protected using [cable carriers/drag chains](/wiki/Cable_carrier "Cable carrier"). This is no only for the health and safety of workers but also the protection of the cable itself. If a cable were to get damaged, it is likely that the damage will be costly to repair. Similarly, if cables are left to hang mid\-air or run along the floor there is a heightened risk of injury.
|
[
"Construction\n------------",
"Flexible cables can be divided into two types: those with conductors stranded in layers inside the cable, and those that have bundled or braided conductors.",
"### Stranding in layers",
"Stranding in layers is easier to produce, and therefore usually less expensive. The cable cores are stranded firmly and left relatively long in several layers around the center and are then enclosed in an extruded tube shaped jacket. In the case of shielded cables, the cores are wrapped up with fleece or foils.",
"However, this type of construction means that, during the bending process, the inner radius compresses and the outer radius stretches as the cable core moves. Initially, this works quite well, because the elasticity of the material is still sufficient, but material fatigue can set in and cause permanent deformations. The cores move and begin to make their own compressing and stretching zones, which can lead to a “corkscrew” shape, and ultimately, core rupture.",
"### Stranding in bundles",
"The unique cable construction technique of braiding conductors around a tension\\-proof centre instead of layering them is the second type of construction.",
"Eliminating multi\\-layers guarantees a uniform bend radius across each conductor. At any point where the cable flexes, the path of any core moves quickly from the inside to the outside of the cable. The result is that no single core compresses near the inside of the bend or stretches near the outside of the bend—which reduces overall stresses. An outer jacket is still required to prevent the cores untwisting. A pressure filled jacket, rather than a simple extruded jacket, is preferable here. This fills all the gussets around the cores and ensures that the cores cannot untwist. The resulting dynamic cable is often stiffer than a standard cable, but lasts longer in applications where it must constantly flex.",
"### Use within cable carriers/drag chains",
"With a number of different applications, flexible cables are a versatile material to work with. When used within construction flexible cables often need to be protected using [cable carriers/drag chains](/wiki/Cable_carrier \"Cable carrier\"). This is no only for the health and safety of workers but also the protection of the cable itself. If a cable were to get damaged, it is likely that the damage will be costly to repair. Similarly, if cables are left to hang mid\\-air or run along the floor there is a heightened risk of injury.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
His parents were Colonel [José Manuel Gálvez Paz](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_G%C3%A1lvez_Paz "José Gálvez Paz") from [Lima](/wiki/Lima "Lima") and María Micaela Egúsquiza y Aristizábal.{{Cite book \|title\=Gálvez, en el sesquicentenario de su muerte heroica \|last\=Bravo Maxdeo \|first\=Roosevelt \|publisher\=\[\[National Police of Peru\|Biblioteca FMP]] \|year\=2016 \|language\=es}} He was the eldest of his brothers, who included [Pedro Gálvez Egúsquiza](/wiki/Pedro_G%C3%A1lvez_Eg%C3%BAsquiza "Pedro Gálvez Egúsquiza") and [Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza](/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_G%C3%A1lvez_Eg%C3%BAsquiza "Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza").{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/participacion/museo/congreso/files/files/jose\_g\_galvez.pdf \|title\=JOSÉ GABRIEL GÁLVEZ EGÚSQUIZA \|website\=\[\[Congress of Peru]]}} His first studies were made at the Cajamarca Central College of Sciences and Arts, run by the [Presbyter](/wiki/Presbyter "Presbyter") Juan Pío Burga. After completing his studies, he helped his parents for some time in the work of their Catudén Hacienda.
In 1842 he moved to Lima, enrolling in the [San Carlos *convictorio*](/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos "National University of San Marcos"), whose rector was clergyman {{ill\|Bartolomé Herrera\|es}}. He graduated with a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree "Bachelor's degree") in Sacred Canons in 1843 and graduated as a lawyer in 1845\. For five years he practiced his profession in the area of [Cerro de Pasco](/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco "Cerro de Pasco") and [Tarma](/wiki/Tarma "Tarma"), in the central [sierra](/wiki/Sierra_%28Peru%29 "Sierra (Peru)") of Peru.
In 1850 he returned to Lima, and joined the {{ill\|Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe National College\|es\|Institución Educativa Emblemática Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe}} as a professor of Moral Philosophy, Psychology, Logic, and Theodicy. In 1852 he was appointed director of the same, replacing his brother Pedro Gálvez and he printed a marked liberal tendency in the studies, contrasting with the conservative orientation followed in the Carolina *convictorio*.
He left teaching to join the [revolution](/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1854 "Liberal Revolution of 1854") started by General [Ramón Castilla](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla "Ramón Castilla"), in [Arequipa](/wiki/Arequipa "Arequipa"), and helped to decide the abolition of the indigenous tax and the emancipation of slaves (1854\), for which he had advocated theoretically in his teaching. After the victorious [battle of La Palma](/wiki/Battle_of_La_Palma "Battle of La Palma") (January 5, 1855\), he was appointed rector of the *Convictorio de San Carlos*, where he strove to counteract the influence of Herrera.{{Cite book \|title\=Discurso pronunciado en el General de San Marcos el 21 de junio de 1931 \|last\=Leguía \|first\=Jorge Guillermo \|publisher\=ACI \|year\=1941 \|pages\=142 \|language\=es \|work\=Hombres e ideas en el Perú}}
Later he was elected deputy for the [province of Pasco](/wiki/Pasco_Province "Pasco Province"),{{Cite book \|title\=Constitución Política de la República del Perú \|publisher\=\[\[Congress of Peru]] \|year\=1856 \|language\=es \|url\=http://www4\.congreso.gob.pe/dgp/constitucion/constituciones/Constitucion\-1856\.pdf}} becoming a member of the {{ill\|National Convention of Peru (1855\)\|es\|Convención Nacional del Perú (1855\)\|lt\=National Convention of 1855}}, summoned to give a new Constitution, replacing [the one of 1839](/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_%281839%29 "Constitution of Peru (1839)"). When said Convention was installed on July 13, 1855, Gálvez was elected as Secretary, being re\-elected in the successive elections of September 1, October 1 and November 1, holding office until the 30th of this month. On February 1, 1856, he was elected President, a position he held until the 28th of the aforementioned month, being reelected up to two more times. After arduous debates, the conventional ones gave the [Liberal Constitution of 1856](/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_%281856%29 "Constitution of Peru (1856)"). Gálvez was also part of the [Penal Code](/wiki/Law_of_Peru "Law of Peru") Coding Commission in 1857\.
In 1857 Castilla dissolved the National Convention, an attitude that turned Gálvez into a staunch opponent, collaborating in the newspaper El Constitucional (April 3 to August 1, 1858\). Castilla convened an ordinary Congress and had a new Constitution discussed in it, which was the [moderate one of 1860](/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_%281860%29 "Constitution of Peru (1860)"). To prevent this new political charter from prevailing, Gálvez was part, together with [Ricardo Palma](/wiki/Ricardo_Palma "Ricardo Palma") and other liberals and officers, of a conspiracy to, according to the official version, victimize—i.e. kill—Castilla, storming his house on the Calle de las Divorciadas (November 23, 1860\). The attempt failed, he had to take refuge in the [Chilean](/wiki/Chile "Chile") legation in Lima and go into exile, heading to [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe").
On December 14, 1860, he left [Callao](/wiki/Callao "Callao") with one of his minor children, bound for [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"), traveling to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") and then to [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva"). She returned to Peru on November 2, 1862 and devoted herself to law. The following year she obtained a doctorate in Jurisprudence at the [National University of San Marcos](/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos "National University of San Marcos"), with a thesis on the autonomous nature of scientific institutions with respect to the State.
[left\|thumb\|Mariano Ignacio Prado and his "Cabinet of Talents": José Gálvez, {{ill\|José María Químper\|es}}, [Manuel Pardo](/wiki/Manuel_Pardo_y_Lavalle "Manuel Pardo y Lavalle"), {{ill\|José Simeón Tejeda\|es}} and {{ill\|Toribio Pacheco y Rivero\|es}}.](/wiki/File:Gabinete_de_Prado.jpg "Gabinete de Prado.jpg")
In 1865 he was elected dean of the {{ill\|Lima Bar Association\|es\|Colegio de Abogados de Lima}} and from that inauguration he criticized the passive attitude of President [Juan Antonio Pezet](/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet "Juan Antonio Pezet") in the face of the aggression of the [Spanish Pacific Squad](/wiki/Spanish_Navy "Spanish Navy"), for which reason he was again exiled to Chile. He returned to Peru and joined the [revolution in Chincha](/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1865 "Peruvian Civil War of 1865") led by Colonel [Mariano Ignacio Prado](/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado "Mariano Ignacio Prado"), whom he requested to be allowed to fight. His application was accepted and he was awarded the rank of colonel. After the triumph of the revolution and the establishment of the Prado dictatorship, he was appointed [Secretary (Minister) of War and Navy](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_and_Navy_%28Peru%29 "Ministry of War and Navy (Peru)"), integrating the famous **Cabinet of Talents**, of which he was leader (1865\).
When, in April 1866, he found out about the manifesto made from the [frigate Captain *Numancia*](/wiki/Spanish_ironclad_Numancia "Spanish ironclad Numancia") by Admiral [Casto Méndez Núñez](/wiki/Casto_M%C3%A9ndez_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez "Casto Méndez Núñez"), commander of the Spanish Squad, threatening to bombard Callao within four days. Gálvez assumed the direction of the defense of the port and He built a series of batteries, located to the north and south, placing the weak and few warships in the center. In the northern defense was the Junín tower, the Ayacucho fort and the famous cannon of the town; On the southern batteries, the Santa Rosa fort, the Merced tower, which was revolving and armored, and the Zepita battery, which faced the Mar Brava.
On [May 2, 1866](/wiki/Battle_of_Callao "Battle of Callao"), in the early hours of the fighting, one of the Blakely cannons at Fort Santa Rosa was disabled. A bomb from the Spanish frigate *{{ill\|Spanish ironclad Almansa\|es\|Almansa (1864\)\|lt\=Almansa}}* entered through one of the doors and fell into some gunpowder warehouses, causing an immense explosion that destroyed the tower of La Merced, where Gálvez was, along with some officers and soldiers.
The following day, the Peruvian Government issued a Decree ordering that Gálvez be considered "First Chief" in the Plaza Artillery Battalion. And when his name was read in the act of review, the commander replied: "He died heroically in the Defense of the Homeland and in Honor of America." Gálvez was buried in a mausoleum at the [Presbítero Maestro Cemetery](/wiki/Cementerio_Presb%C3%ADtero_Mat%C3%ADas_Maestro "Cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"His parents were Colonel [José Manuel Gálvez Paz](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_G%C3%A1lvez_Paz \"José Gálvez Paz\") from [Lima](/wiki/Lima \"Lima\") and María Micaela Egúsquiza y Aristizábal.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Gálvez, en el sesquicentenario de su muerte heroica \\|last\\=Bravo Maxdeo \\|first\\=Roosevelt \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Police of Peru\\|Biblioteca FMP]] \\|year\\=2016 \\|language\\=es}} He was the eldest of his brothers, who included [Pedro Gálvez Egúsquiza](/wiki/Pedro_G%C3%A1lvez_Eg%C3%BAsquiza \"Pedro Gálvez Egúsquiza\") and [Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza](/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_G%C3%A1lvez_Eg%C3%BAsquiza \"Manuel María Gálvez Egúsquiza\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/participacion/museo/congreso/files/files/jose\\_g\\_galvez.pdf \\|title\\=JOSÉ GABRIEL GÁLVEZ EGÚSQUIZA \\|website\\=\\[\\[Congress of Peru]]}} His first studies were made at the Cajamarca Central College of Sciences and Arts, run by the [Presbyter](/wiki/Presbyter \"Presbyter\") Juan Pío Burga. After completing his studies, he helped his parents for some time in the work of their Catudén Hacienda.",
"In 1842 he moved to Lima, enrolling in the [San Carlos *convictorio*](/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos \"National University of San Marcos\"), whose rector was clergyman {{ill\\|Bartolomé Herrera\\|es}}. He graduated with a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\") in Sacred Canons in 1843 and graduated as a lawyer in 1845\\. For five years he practiced his profession in the area of [Cerro de Pasco](/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco \"Cerro de Pasco\") and [Tarma](/wiki/Tarma \"Tarma\"), in the central [sierra](/wiki/Sierra_%28Peru%29 \"Sierra (Peru)\") of Peru.",
"In 1850 he returned to Lima, and joined the {{ill\\|Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe National College\\|es\\|Institución Educativa Emblemática Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe}} as a professor of Moral Philosophy, Psychology, Logic, and Theodicy. In 1852 he was appointed director of the same, replacing his brother Pedro Gálvez and he printed a marked liberal tendency in the studies, contrasting with the conservative orientation followed in the Carolina *convictorio*.",
"He left teaching to join the [revolution](/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1854 \"Liberal Revolution of 1854\") started by General [Ramón Castilla](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla \"Ramón Castilla\"), in [Arequipa](/wiki/Arequipa \"Arequipa\"), and helped to decide the abolition of the indigenous tax and the emancipation of slaves (1854\\), for which he had advocated theoretically in his teaching. After the victorious [battle of La Palma](/wiki/Battle_of_La_Palma \"Battle of La Palma\") (January 5, 1855\\), he was appointed rector of the *Convictorio de San Carlos*, where he strove to counteract the influence of Herrera.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Discurso pronunciado en el General de San Marcos el 21 de junio de 1931 \\|last\\=Leguía \\|first\\=Jorge Guillermo \\|publisher\\=ACI \\|year\\=1941 \\|pages\\=142 \\|language\\=es \\|work\\=Hombres e ideas en el Perú}}",
"Later he was elected deputy for the [province of Pasco](/wiki/Pasco_Province \"Pasco Province\"),{{Cite book \\|title\\=Constitución Política de la República del Perú \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Congress of Peru]] \\|year\\=1856 \\|language\\=es \\|url\\=http://www4\\.congreso.gob.pe/dgp/constitucion/constituciones/Constitucion\\-1856\\.pdf}} becoming a member of the {{ill\\|National Convention of Peru (1855\\)\\|es\\|Convención Nacional del Perú (1855\\)\\|lt\\=National Convention of 1855}}, summoned to give a new Constitution, replacing [the one of 1839](/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_%281839%29 \"Constitution of Peru (1839)\"). When said Convention was installed on July 13, 1855, Gálvez was elected as Secretary, being re\\-elected in the successive elections of September 1, October 1 and November 1, holding office until the 30th of this month. On February 1, 1856, he was elected President, a position he held until the 28th of the aforementioned month, being reelected up to two more times. After arduous debates, the conventional ones gave the [Liberal Constitution of 1856](/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_%281856%29 \"Constitution of Peru (1856)\"). Gálvez was also part of the [Penal Code](/wiki/Law_of_Peru \"Law of Peru\") Coding Commission in 1857\\.",
"In 1857 Castilla dissolved the National Convention, an attitude that turned Gálvez into a staunch opponent, collaborating in the newspaper El Constitucional (April 3 to August 1, 1858\\). Castilla convened an ordinary Congress and had a new Constitution discussed in it, which was the [moderate one of 1860](/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_%281860%29 \"Constitution of Peru (1860)\"). To prevent this new political charter from prevailing, Gálvez was part, together with [Ricardo Palma](/wiki/Ricardo_Palma \"Ricardo Palma\") and other liberals and officers, of a conspiracy to, according to the official version, victimize—i.e. kill—Castilla, storming his house on the Calle de las Divorciadas (November 23, 1860\\). The attempt failed, he had to take refuge in the [Chilean](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") legation in Lima and go into exile, heading to [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\").",
"On December 14, 1860, he left [Callao](/wiki/Callao \"Callao\") with one of his minor children, bound for [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"), traveling to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") and then to [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\"). She returned to Peru on November 2, 1862 and devoted herself to law. The following year she obtained a doctorate in Jurisprudence at the [National University of San Marcos](/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos \"National University of San Marcos\"), with a thesis on the autonomous nature of scientific institutions with respect to the State.\n[left\\|thumb\\|Mariano Ignacio Prado and his \"Cabinet of Talents\": José Gálvez, {{ill\\|José María Químper\\|es}}, [Manuel Pardo](/wiki/Manuel_Pardo_y_Lavalle \"Manuel Pardo y Lavalle\"), {{ill\\|José Simeón Tejeda\\|es}} and {{ill\\|Toribio Pacheco y Rivero\\|es}}.](/wiki/File:Gabinete_de_Prado.jpg \"Gabinete de Prado.jpg\")\nIn 1865 he was elected dean of the {{ill\\|Lima Bar Association\\|es\\|Colegio de Abogados de Lima}} and from that inauguration he criticized the passive attitude of President [Juan Antonio Pezet](/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet \"Juan Antonio Pezet\") in the face of the aggression of the [Spanish Pacific Squad](/wiki/Spanish_Navy \"Spanish Navy\"), for which reason he was again exiled to Chile. He returned to Peru and joined the [revolution in Chincha](/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1865 \"Peruvian Civil War of 1865\") led by Colonel [Mariano Ignacio Prado](/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado \"Mariano Ignacio Prado\"), whom he requested to be allowed to fight. His application was accepted and he was awarded the rank of colonel. After the triumph of the revolution and the establishment of the Prado dictatorship, he was appointed [Secretary (Minister) of War and Navy](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_and_Navy_%28Peru%29 \"Ministry of War and Navy (Peru)\"), integrating the famous **Cabinet of Talents**, of which he was leader (1865\\).",
"When, in April 1866, he found out about the manifesto made from the [frigate Captain *Numancia*](/wiki/Spanish_ironclad_Numancia \"Spanish ironclad Numancia\") by Admiral [Casto Méndez Núñez](/wiki/Casto_M%C3%A9ndez_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez \"Casto Méndez Núñez\"), commander of the Spanish Squad, threatening to bombard Callao within four days. Gálvez assumed the direction of the defense of the port and He built a series of batteries, located to the north and south, placing the weak and few warships in the center. In the northern defense was the Junín tower, the Ayacucho fort and the famous cannon of the town; On the southern batteries, the Santa Rosa fort, the Merced tower, which was revolving and armored, and the Zepita battery, which faced the Mar Brava.",
"On [May 2, 1866](/wiki/Battle_of_Callao \"Battle of Callao\"), in the early hours of the fighting, one of the Blakely cannons at Fort Santa Rosa was disabled. A bomb from the Spanish frigate *{{ill\\|Spanish ironclad Almansa\\|es\\|Almansa (1864\\)\\|lt\\=Almansa}}* entered through one of the doors and fell into some gunpowder warehouses, causing an immense explosion that destroyed the tower of La Merced, where Gálvez was, along with some officers and soldiers.",
"The following day, the Peruvian Government issued a Decree ordering that Gálvez be considered \"First Chief\" in the Plaza Artillery Battalion. And when his name was read in the act of review, the commander replied: \"He died heroically in the Defense of the Homeland and in Honor of America.\" Gálvez was buried in a mausoleum at the [Presbítero Maestro Cemetery](/wiki/Cementerio_Presb%C3%ADtero_Mat%C3%ADas_Maestro \"Cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro\").",
""
] |
Plot
----
Shahana and Sadaf are sisters who are married into affluent families. Sadaf is of controlling nature and judges people based on their social status. She has shrewdly arranged for her daughter Tooba to be engaged to Shahana’s son Taimur knowing that he is the sole heir to Shahana and Gulrez's wealth. Safi is Shahana and Sadaf’s only brother, but he is not as wealthy as his sisters are. While Shahana is warm towards Safi and his wife Aisha, Sadaf mocks Safi for his middle\-class mindset. Safi has two children, Ahmed and Inaya.
Taimur meets with an accident and undergoes multiple surgeries. Later, the doctor tells Taimur's parents that Taimur may not walk again without crutches. Sadaf can't bear that her daughter will be marrying a disabled person. She decides to fix Tooba’s marriage somewhere else and bars her from meeting Taimur.
Inaya marris Taimur. Sadaf arranges a meet between Tooba and a prospective groom Fawad. Fawad instantly likes Tooba and urges Sadaf to expedite the wedding. On their wedding night, Taimur tells Inaya that he can never forget Tooba. Inaya tells him that if her love for him is true, it will make a place in his heart. Tooba marries Fawad.
Meanwhile, with Inaya’s encouragement, Taimur begins to walk without the walking stick. Later, Fawad meets Sarmad and apologises for keeping his first marriage a secret. Sarmad assures him of his support.
Fawad dies in an accident. Tooba is devastated, but Sadaf is impervious to Tooba’s anguish. Sadaf wants to separate Inaya and Taimur. She wants Tooba to marry Tooba.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Shahana and Sadaf are sisters who are married into affluent families. Sadaf is of controlling nature and judges people based on their social status. She has shrewdly arranged for her daughter Tooba to be engaged to Shahana’s son Taimur knowing that he is the sole heir to Shahana and Gulrez's wealth. Safi is Shahana and Sadaf’s only brother, but he is not as wealthy as his sisters are. While Shahana is warm towards Safi and his wife Aisha, Sadaf mocks Safi for his middle\\-class mindset. Safi has two children, Ahmed and Inaya.",
"Taimur meets with an accident and undergoes multiple surgeries. Later, the doctor tells Taimur's parents that Taimur may not walk again without crutches. Sadaf can't bear that her daughter will be marrying a disabled person. She decides to fix Tooba’s marriage somewhere else and bars her from meeting Taimur.",
"Inaya marris Taimur. Sadaf arranges a meet between Tooba and a prospective groom Fawad. Fawad instantly likes Tooba and urges Sadaf to expedite the wedding. On their wedding night, Taimur tells Inaya that he can never forget Tooba. Inaya tells him that if her love for him is true, it will make a place in his heart. Tooba marries Fawad.",
"Meanwhile, with Inaya’s encouragement, Taimur begins to walk without the walking stick. Later, Fawad meets Sarmad and apologises for keeping his first marriage a secret. Sarmad assures him of his support.",
"Fawad dies in an accident. Tooba is devastated, but Sadaf is impervious to Tooba’s anguish. Sadaf wants to separate Inaya and Taimur. She wants Tooba to marry Tooba.",
""
] |
In music and entertainment
--------------------------
### Music
There are three distinct forms of "selling out" in terms of music. First, there is the use of the term "sell\-out" to refer to those who sign for [major labels](/wiki/Music_industry "Music industry") or to those who license their music to companies for use in [advertising](/wiki/Advertising "Advertising"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/30/rocknroll\-sellout\|title\=The great rock'n'roll sellout\|first\=Dorian\|last\=Lynskey\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=30 June 2011\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} that contradicts their apparent values. Secondly, the expression can refer to those who sacrifice their musical integrity through a change in their musical sound, sometimes due to pressure from major labels{{cite web\|url\=http://nyulocal.com/entertainment/2012/03/20/in\-defense\-of\-sell\-out\-musicians/\|title\=In Defense of "Sell Out" Musicians\|first\=Lizzie\|last\=Azran\|publisher\=NYU Local\|date\=20 March 2012\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} or in order to gain profit by making their music more appealing to a mainstream audience. The third form of selling out is simply to sell out a venue, which normally has nothing to do with a lapse of integrity.
#### Record labels and advertising
Since the time of [big band](/wiki/Big_band "Big band") radio shows, there has been an established relationship between musicians and commercialization. There had been some signs of resistance to this model as early as the 1960s, when gospel group [The Blind Boys of Alabama](/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama "The Blind Boys of Alabama") refused to sign record deals to record secular music.{{Cite web\|url\=http://ktep.org/post/clarence\-fountain\-leader\-and\-founding\-member\-blind\-boys\-alabama\-dies\-88\|title \= Clarence Fountain, Leader and Founding Member of Blind Boys of Alabama, Dies at 88\| date\=4 June 2018 }} It was not until the [punk subculture](/wiki/Punk_subculture "Punk subculture") in the 1970s that the notion that musicians should be completely independent of commercial influences began to increase in popularity.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13526\_3\-20002543\-27\.html\|title\=Can bands sell out anymore?\|first\=Matt\|last\=Rosoff\|publisher\=Cnet\|date\=14 April 2010\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} This partly manifested itself in the reluctance of bands to sign for major labels, as this would include taking part in activities that were seen as crass and overly commercial.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7901003\.stm\|title\=The science of selling out\|first\=Stephen\|last\=Dowling\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=20 February 2009\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} This continued into the 1980s, when bands were scorned by [fanzines](/wiki/Fanzines "Fanzines") for signing with major labels as the mainstream success this would bring was symptomatic of the general decay in culture. However, after a number of bands maintained the quality of their records after signing for a major label, by the end of the 1980s the focus on "selling out" shifted to advertising.
The attitude held by those who disliked the idea of "selling out" towards advertising was negative; comedian [Bill Hicks](/wiki/Bill_Hicks "Bill Hicks") claimed that any band who licensed their music for advertising was "off the artistic roll call forever", and [Neil Young](/wiki/Neil_Young "Neil Young") mocked the fact that songs became associated with brands on his 1988 album *[This Note's for You](/wiki/This_Note%27s_for_You "This Note's for You")*. However, although it was possible for fans to feel a sense of betrayal due to the relationship they developed with the song and artist, when artists did allow their music to be used for commercials others considered the advertised product to be more appealing. As CD sales fell and record companies became unwilling or unable to afford the push new bands needed to become established, sponsorship of bands by major companies began to be seen as more acceptable, with even minor record labels devoting time and money towards marketing deals with well\-known brands.
By the 2010s, the use of licensing of artists in commercials had become an accepted part of the music industry, and even those who would previously have been considered part of the 1970s resistance to "selling out" have been used in advertising products, such as former [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols "Sex Pistols") frontman [John Lydon](/wiki/John_Lydon "John Lydon") advertising Country Life [butter](/wiki/Butter "Butter") and [Iggy Pop](/wiki/Iggy_Pop "Iggy Pop") endorsing car insurance. Consequently, it has been suggested{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monitormix/2009/11/risk\_management\_can\_an\_artist.html\|title\=Risk Management: Can An Artist Sell Out When There Are No Boundaries?\|first\=Carrie\|last\=Brownstein\|publisher\=NPR Music\|date\=11 November 2009\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} that the acceptance of music in advertising is generational, as younger listeners are comfortable with the relationship to the point of indifference whilst those who have seen the industry evolve still reject it.
#### Musical integrity
[thumb\|right\|200px\|Metallica playing live at Illinois in 2004\.](/wiki/File:Metallica_46.jpg "Metallica 46.jpg")
Another definition of "selling out" refers to putting aside musical quality or original intentions in favor of commercial success,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antimusic.com/lowdown/05/integrity.shtml\|title\=The Art of Selling Out: Compromising the Music\|first\=Trent\|last\=McMartin\|publisher\=antimusic\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} where a distinction is made for those who achieve success without changing their original sound. The difference between the two is often subjective. While artists may change their musical direction for commercial reasons, such as pressure from major labels who require songs to appeal to mass markets, a change in sound may also be part of a natural progression of creative maturity.
An example of artists being accused of "selling out" is the band [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica"), whose [1991 eponymous album](/wiki/Metallica_%28album%29 "Metallica (album)") has been considered the turning point in the band's musical direction;{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/8b8c\|title\=Metallica (The Black Album) Review\|first\=Sid\|last\=Smith\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=18 April 2007\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} the band members were called the "poster boys for musical un\-integrity" after many incorrectly thought that the band attempted to sue fans who were downloading their music through [Napster](/wiki/Napster "Napster"). The album, known as *The Black Album*, saw critics and [Bob Rock](/wiki/Bob_Rock "Bob Rock"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/metallicas\-black\-album\-track\-by\-track\-485030\#!1\|title\=Metallica's Black Album track\-by\-track\|first\=Joe\|last\=Bosso\|publisher\=MusicRadar\|date\=1 August 2011\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} the album's [producer](/wiki/Record_producer "Record producer"), acknowledge that there was a move away from the band's previous [thrash metal](/wiki/Thrash_metal "Thrash metal") sound. Rock claimed that the change stemmed from the band's desire to "make the leap to the big, big leagues", while some fans blamed Rock himself, going as far to eventually create an internet petition demanding the band cut their ties with him. However, other fans did not consider the change in sound to be significant enough to be considered "selling out", and others accepted the change as part of a natural evolution of the band's style.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.geeksofdoom.com/2011/08/13/metallica\-20th\-anniversary\-of\-the\-black\-album/\|title\=Metallica: 20th Anniversary Of The 'Black Album'\|publisher\=Geeks of Doom\|date\=13 August 2011\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} Ultimately *The Black Album* became the band's most commercially successful release, going [16× Platinum in the United States](/wiki/Metallica_%28album%29%23Certifications_and_sales "Metallica (album)#Certifications and sales").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/metallicas\-lulu\-problem\-why\-dont\-they\-just\-sell\-out\-again/247295/\|title\=Metallica's 'Lulu' Problem: Why Don't They Just Sell Out Again?\|first\=Daniel\|last\=Snyder\|publisher\=The Atlantic\|date\=25 October 2011\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} The differing reaction by fans to the album demonstrates the difficulty in labelling an artist as a "sellout" objectively.
"[Poseur](/wiki/Poseur "Poseur")" is a pejorative term, often used in the [punk](/wiki/Punk_subculture "Punk subculture"), [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture "Heavy metal subculture"), [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop "Hip hop"), and [goth](/wiki/Goth_subculture "Goth subculture") [subcultures](/wiki/Subculture "Subculture"), to describe a person who copies the dress, speech, and/or mannerisms of a group or subculture, generally for attaining acceptability within the group or for popularity among various other groups, yet who is deemed not to share or understand the values of the subculture.
While this perceived [inauthenticity](/wiki/wikt:Inauthentic "Inauthentic") is viewed with scorn and contempt by members of the subculture, the definition of the term and to whom it should be applied is subjective. While the term is most associated with the 1970s\- and 1980s\-era punk and [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_punk "Hardcore punk") subculture, English use of the term originates in the late 19th century.[Definition of poseur](http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=poseur) at Dictionary.com A hardcore punk band that signed a lucrative contract with a major label would probably be labelled as poseurs.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2013}}
### Film and television
In film and television "selling out" refers to compromising the content of produced media, primarily for financial reasons; for example, introducing [product placement](/wiki/Product_placement "Product placement").
Product placement, or embedded marketing, is the placement of brands or products in media in order to advertise,{{cite web\|url\=http://smallbusiness.chron.com/concept\-embedded\-marketing\-product\-placement\-20278\.html\|title\=Concept of Embedded Marketing \& Product Placement\|first\=Neil\|last\=Kokemuller\|publisher\=Chron\|access\-date\=23 July 2012}} and has been in television from almost the very beginning, but has increased with introduction of devices such as [DVRs](/wiki/Digital_video_recorder "Digital video recorder") which allow viewers, and therefore consumers, to fast\-forward through adverts.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tvguide.com/news/product\-placement\-tv\-1042607\.aspx\|title\=Product Placement: Is TV Selling Out?\|first\=Michael\|last\=Schneider\|publisher\=TVguide.com\|date\=31 January 2012\|access\-date\=23 July 2012}} It has been suggested that the idea that product placement is a form of selling out is [Anglocentric](/wiki/Eurocentrism "Eurocentrism"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/tv/news/p\-is\-for\-product\-placement\-as\-tv\-shows\-sell\-out\-to\-advertisers\-2213863\.html\|title\=P is for product placement as TV shows sell out to advertisers\|first\=Ian\|last\=Burrell\|work\=The Independent\|date\=14 February 2011\|access\-date\=23 July 2012}} as American television shows such as *[American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol "American Idol")* and *[Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)")* recorded over 500 examples of brand integration in 2011 according to [Nielsen](/wiki/Nielsen_Company "Nielsen Company").
### Comedy
[thumb\|right\|200px\|George Carlin has been accused of being a sellout for appearing in commercials for MCI, a company he had previously criticized.](/wiki/File:Jesus_is_coming.._Look_Busy_%28George_Carlin%29.jpg "Jesus is coming.. Look Busy (George Carlin).jpg")
[Stand\-up comedians](/wiki/Stand-up_comedians "Stand-up comedians") occasionally face accusations of "selling out". Comedians who start out in comedy clubs might often use foul language and [blue humor](/wiki/Blue_humor "Blue humor") in their routines. A comic who alters their routine by "sugar\-coating" their language and using less\-offensive material to obtain mainstream success may be accused of "selling out".
[George Carlin](/wiki/George_Carlin "George Carlin") was accused of being a "sellout" for appearing in television commercials for [MCI](/wiki/MCI_Inc. "MCI Inc.")'s [10\-10\-220](/wiki/10-10-220 "10-10-220").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gettingit.com/article/394 \|work\=Gettingit.com \|title\=The Happy Pessimist \|access\-date\=15 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530071427/http://www.gettingit.com/article/394 \|archive\-date\=30 May 2015 \|author\=RU Sirius \|date\=30 November 1999}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.shadowculture.com/adman/admn1129\.html \|title\=The adMan \- A Knee\-Jerk to the Groin of American Advertising \|access\-date\=15 June 2015 \|work\=Shadow Culture \|date\=29 November 1998}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.teevee.org/archive/1999/01/18/index.html \|title\=1\-800\-SELL\-OUT \|access\-date\=15 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704090058/http://www.teevee.org/archive/1999/01/18/index.html \|archive\-date\=4 July 2007 \|work\=teevee.org \|first\=Gregg \|last\=Wrenn \|date\=18 January 1999 \|publisher\=Vidiot Syndicate LLC.}} Carlin had previously spoken of his dislike for MCI's commercials in his 1996 album *[Back in Town](/wiki/Back_in_Town_%28George_Carlin_album%29 "Back in Town (George Carlin album)")*. In his 1999 album *[You Are All Diseased](/wiki/You_Are_All_Diseased "You Are All Diseased")*, which contains rants against advertising and business, Carlin admits the dichotomy but makes no attempt to explain himself, stating, "You're just gonna have to figure that shit out on your own." In interviews, Carlin revealed he appeared in the advertisements to help pay off a large tax debt to the [IRS](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22917 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010135213/http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22917 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2007 \|title\=Interviews: George Carlin \|first\=Stephen \|last\=Thompson \|date\=10 November 1999 \|access\-date\=20 March 2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Onion Inc.]] \|work\=\[\[The A.V. Club]]}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bankrate.com/csites/news/investing/20010316a.asp \|title\=Carlin's got his act together, on stage and off \|work\=\[\[Bankrate.com]] \|last\=Getlen \|first\=Larry \|date\=16 March 2001 \|access\-date\=13 January 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073954/https://www.bankrate.com/csites/news/investing/20010316a.asp \|archive\-date\=14 January 2018}}
Comedian/actress [Janeane Garofalo](/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo "Janeane Garofalo") has described herself as a "sellout" based on her participation with the TV show *[24](/wiki/24_%28TV_series%29 "24 (TV series)")* playing [Janis Gold](/wiki/Janis_Gold "Janis Gold"). Garofalo initially turned down the role because of the way the show depicted torture scenes;{{cite web \|url\=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/24/24\-its\-a\-chloejanis\-rivalryor\-26069\.aspx \|title\=24: It's A Chloe\-Janis Rivalry\-\-Or Not, As It Seems \|date\=February 2, 2009 \|work\=\[\[Buddy TV]] \|access\-date\=29 March 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316235329/http://www.buddytv.com/articles/24/24\-its\-a\-chloejanis\-rivalryor\-26069\.aspx \|archive\-date\=16 March 2018 \|first\=Henrik \|last\=Batallones }} however, she changed her mind later on, saying in an interview, "Being unemployed and being flattered that someone wanted to work with me outweighed my stance \[on torture]."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/arts/television/16twen.html \|title\=Deep Inside the Grim '24,' Two Comics' Inside Joke \|last\=Itzkoff \|first\=Dave \|author\-link\=Dave Itzkoff \|date\=February 15, 2009 \|newspaper\=\[\[New York Times]] \|access\-date\=29 March 2009 \|page\=C1}} Garofalo admitted to "selling out" for losing weight in order to gain more acting work.{{cite web \|title\=Janeane Garofalo on Botox, Spanx, and the Troubles of Finding Work As a 45\-Year\-Old Former Slacker Icon\| \|work\=\[\[Vulture.com]] \|publisher\=New York Media, LLC \|last\=Yuan \|first\=Jada \|date\=19 February 2010 \|access\-date\=23 November 2012 \|url\=http://www.vulture.com/2010/02/janeane\_garofalo\_on\_botox\_span.html}}
|
[
"In music and entertainment\n--------------------------",
"### Music",
"There are three distinct forms of \"selling out\" in terms of music. First, there is the use of the term \"sell\\-out\" to refer to those who sign for [major labels](/wiki/Music_industry \"Music industry\") or to those who license their music to companies for use in [advertising](/wiki/Advertising \"Advertising\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/30/rocknroll\\-sellout\\|title\\=The great rock'n'roll sellout\\|first\\=Dorian\\|last\\=Lynskey\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=30 June 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} that contradicts their apparent values. Secondly, the expression can refer to those who sacrifice their musical integrity through a change in their musical sound, sometimes due to pressure from major labels{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nyulocal.com/entertainment/2012/03/20/in\\-defense\\-of\\-sell\\-out\\-musicians/\\|title\\=In Defense of \"Sell Out\" Musicians\\|first\\=Lizzie\\|last\\=Azran\\|publisher\\=NYU Local\\|date\\=20 March 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} or in order to gain profit by making their music more appealing to a mainstream audience. The third form of selling out is simply to sell out a venue, which normally has nothing to do with a lapse of integrity.",
"#### Record labels and advertising",
"Since the time of [big band](/wiki/Big_band \"Big band\") radio shows, there has been an established relationship between musicians and commercialization. There had been some signs of resistance to this model as early as the 1960s, when gospel group [The Blind Boys of Alabama](/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama \"The Blind Boys of Alabama\") refused to sign record deals to record secular music.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://ktep.org/post/clarence\\-fountain\\-leader\\-and\\-founding\\-member\\-blind\\-boys\\-alabama\\-dies\\-88\\|title \\= Clarence Fountain, Leader and Founding Member of Blind Boys of Alabama, Dies at 88\\| date\\=4 June 2018 }} It was not until the [punk subculture](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\") in the 1970s that the notion that musicians should be completely independent of commercial influences began to increase in popularity.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13526\\_3\\-20002543\\-27\\.html\\|title\\=Can bands sell out anymore?\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Rosoff\\|publisher\\=Cnet\\|date\\=14 April 2010\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} This partly manifested itself in the reluctance of bands to sign for major labels, as this would include taking part in activities that were seen as crass and overly commercial.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7901003\\.stm\\|title\\=The science of selling out\\|first\\=Stephen\\|last\\=Dowling\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=20 February 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} This continued into the 1980s, when bands were scorned by [fanzines](/wiki/Fanzines \"Fanzines\") for signing with major labels as the mainstream success this would bring was symptomatic of the general decay in culture. However, after a number of bands maintained the quality of their records after signing for a major label, by the end of the 1980s the focus on \"selling out\" shifted to advertising.",
"The attitude held by those who disliked the idea of \"selling out\" towards advertising was negative; comedian [Bill Hicks](/wiki/Bill_Hicks \"Bill Hicks\") claimed that any band who licensed their music for advertising was \"off the artistic roll call forever\", and [Neil Young](/wiki/Neil_Young \"Neil Young\") mocked the fact that songs became associated with brands on his 1988 album *[This Note's for You](/wiki/This_Note%27s_for_You \"This Note's for You\")*. However, although it was possible for fans to feel a sense of betrayal due to the relationship they developed with the song and artist, when artists did allow their music to be used for commercials others considered the advertised product to be more appealing. As CD sales fell and record companies became unwilling or unable to afford the push new bands needed to become established, sponsorship of bands by major companies began to be seen as more acceptable, with even minor record labels devoting time and money towards marketing deals with well\\-known brands.",
"By the 2010s, the use of licensing of artists in commercials had become an accepted part of the music industry, and even those who would previously have been considered part of the 1970s resistance to \"selling out\" have been used in advertising products, such as former [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\") frontman [John Lydon](/wiki/John_Lydon \"John Lydon\") advertising Country Life [butter](/wiki/Butter \"Butter\") and [Iggy Pop](/wiki/Iggy_Pop \"Iggy Pop\") endorsing car insurance. Consequently, it has been suggested{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monitormix/2009/11/risk\\_management\\_can\\_an\\_artist.html\\|title\\=Risk Management: Can An Artist Sell Out When There Are No Boundaries?\\|first\\=Carrie\\|last\\=Brownstein\\|publisher\\=NPR Music\\|date\\=11 November 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} that the acceptance of music in advertising is generational, as younger listeners are comfortable with the relationship to the point of indifference whilst those who have seen the industry evolve still reject it.",
"#### Musical integrity",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Metallica playing live at Illinois in 2004\\.](/wiki/File:Metallica_46.jpg \"Metallica 46.jpg\")\nAnother definition of \"selling out\" refers to putting aside musical quality or original intentions in favor of commercial success,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antimusic.com/lowdown/05/integrity.shtml\\|title\\=The Art of Selling Out: Compromising the Music\\|first\\=Trent\\|last\\=McMartin\\|publisher\\=antimusic\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} where a distinction is made for those who achieve success without changing their original sound. The difference between the two is often subjective. While artists may change their musical direction for commercial reasons, such as pressure from major labels who require songs to appeal to mass markets, a change in sound may also be part of a natural progression of creative maturity.",
"An example of artists being accused of \"selling out\" is the band [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\"), whose [1991 eponymous album](/wiki/Metallica_%28album%29 \"Metallica (album)\") has been considered the turning point in the band's musical direction;{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/8b8c\\|title\\=Metallica (The Black Album) Review\\|first\\=Sid\\|last\\=Smith\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=18 April 2007\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} the band members were called the \"poster boys for musical un\\-integrity\" after many incorrectly thought that the band attempted to sue fans who were downloading their music through [Napster](/wiki/Napster \"Napster\"). The album, known as *The Black Album*, saw critics and [Bob Rock](/wiki/Bob_Rock \"Bob Rock\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/metallicas\\-black\\-album\\-track\\-by\\-track\\-485030\\#!1\\|title\\=Metallica's Black Album track\\-by\\-track\\|first\\=Joe\\|last\\=Bosso\\|publisher\\=MusicRadar\\|date\\=1 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} the album's [producer](/wiki/Record_producer \"Record producer\"), acknowledge that there was a move away from the band's previous [thrash metal](/wiki/Thrash_metal \"Thrash metal\") sound. Rock claimed that the change stemmed from the band's desire to \"make the leap to the big, big leagues\", while some fans blamed Rock himself, going as far to eventually create an internet petition demanding the band cut their ties with him. However, other fans did not consider the change in sound to be significant enough to be considered \"selling out\", and others accepted the change as part of a natural evolution of the band's style.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.geeksofdoom.com/2011/08/13/metallica\\-20th\\-anniversary\\-of\\-the\\-black\\-album/\\|title\\=Metallica: 20th Anniversary Of The 'Black Album'\\|publisher\\=Geeks of Doom\\|date\\=13 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} Ultimately *The Black Album* became the band's most commercially successful release, going [16× Platinum in the United States](/wiki/Metallica_%28album%29%23Certifications_and_sales \"Metallica (album)#Certifications and sales\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/metallicas\\-lulu\\-problem\\-why\\-dont\\-they\\-just\\-sell\\-out\\-again/247295/\\|title\\=Metallica's 'Lulu' Problem: Why Don't They Just Sell Out Again?\\|first\\=Daniel\\|last\\=Snyder\\|publisher\\=The Atlantic\\|date\\=25 October 2011\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} The differing reaction by fans to the album demonstrates the difficulty in labelling an artist as a \"sellout\" objectively.",
"\"[Poseur](/wiki/Poseur \"Poseur\")\" is a pejorative term, often used in the [punk](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\"), [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture \"Heavy metal subculture\"), [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop \"Hip hop\"), and [goth](/wiki/Goth_subculture \"Goth subculture\") [subcultures](/wiki/Subculture \"Subculture\"), to describe a person who copies the dress, speech, and/or mannerisms of a group or subculture, generally for attaining acceptability within the group or for popularity among various other groups, yet who is deemed not to share or understand the values of the subculture.",
"While this perceived [inauthenticity](/wiki/wikt:Inauthentic \"Inauthentic\") is viewed with scorn and contempt by members of the subculture, the definition of the term and to whom it should be applied is subjective. While the term is most associated with the 1970s\\- and 1980s\\-era punk and [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_punk \"Hardcore punk\") subculture, English use of the term originates in the late 19th century.[Definition of poseur](http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=poseur) at Dictionary.com A hardcore punk band that signed a lucrative contract with a major label would probably be labelled as poseurs.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2013}}",
"### Film and television",
"In film and television \"selling out\" refers to compromising the content of produced media, primarily for financial reasons; for example, introducing [product placement](/wiki/Product_placement \"Product placement\").",
"Product placement, or embedded marketing, is the placement of brands or products in media in order to advertise,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://smallbusiness.chron.com/concept\\-embedded\\-marketing\\-product\\-placement\\-20278\\.html\\|title\\=Concept of Embedded Marketing \\& Product Placement\\|first\\=Neil\\|last\\=Kokemuller\\|publisher\\=Chron\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2012}} and has been in television from almost the very beginning, but has increased with introduction of devices such as [DVRs](/wiki/Digital_video_recorder \"Digital video recorder\") which allow viewers, and therefore consumers, to fast\\-forward through adverts.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tvguide.com/news/product\\-placement\\-tv\\-1042607\\.aspx\\|title\\=Product Placement: Is TV Selling Out?\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=Schneider\\|publisher\\=TVguide.com\\|date\\=31 January 2012\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2012}} It has been suggested that the idea that product placement is a form of selling out is [Anglocentric](/wiki/Eurocentrism \"Eurocentrism\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/tv/news/p\\-is\\-for\\-product\\-placement\\-as\\-tv\\-shows\\-sell\\-out\\-to\\-advertisers\\-2213863\\.html\\|title\\=P is for product placement as TV shows sell out to advertisers\\|first\\=Ian\\|last\\=Burrell\\|work\\=The Independent\\|date\\=14 February 2011\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2012}} as American television shows such as *[American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol \"American Idol\")* and *[Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)\")* recorded over 500 examples of brand integration in 2011 according to [Nielsen](/wiki/Nielsen_Company \"Nielsen Company\").",
"### Comedy",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|George Carlin has been accused of being a sellout for appearing in commercials for MCI, a company he had previously criticized.](/wiki/File:Jesus_is_coming.._Look_Busy_%28George_Carlin%29.jpg \"Jesus is coming.. Look Busy (George Carlin).jpg\")\n[Stand\\-up comedians](/wiki/Stand-up_comedians \"Stand-up comedians\") occasionally face accusations of \"selling out\". Comedians who start out in comedy clubs might often use foul language and [blue humor](/wiki/Blue_humor \"Blue humor\") in their routines. A comic who alters their routine by \"sugar\\-coating\" their language and using less\\-offensive material to obtain mainstream success may be accused of \"selling out\".",
"[George Carlin](/wiki/George_Carlin \"George Carlin\") was accused of being a \"sellout\" for appearing in television commercials for [MCI](/wiki/MCI_Inc. \"MCI Inc.\")'s [10\\-10\\-220](/wiki/10-10-220 \"10-10-220\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gettingit.com/article/394 \\|work\\=Gettingit.com \\|title\\=The Happy Pessimist \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530071427/http://www.gettingit.com/article/394 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2015 \\|author\\=RU Sirius \\|date\\=30 November 1999}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.shadowculture.com/adman/admn1129\\.html \\|title\\=The adMan \\- A Knee\\-Jerk to the Groin of American Advertising \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2015 \\|work\\=Shadow Culture \\|date\\=29 November 1998}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.teevee.org/archive/1999/01/18/index.html \\|title\\=1\\-800\\-SELL\\-OUT \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704090058/http://www.teevee.org/archive/1999/01/18/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2007 \\|work\\=teevee.org \\|first\\=Gregg \\|last\\=Wrenn \\|date\\=18 January 1999 \\|publisher\\=Vidiot Syndicate LLC.}} Carlin had previously spoken of his dislike for MCI's commercials in his 1996 album *[Back in Town](/wiki/Back_in_Town_%28George_Carlin_album%29 \"Back in Town (George Carlin album)\")*. In his 1999 album *[You Are All Diseased](/wiki/You_Are_All_Diseased \"You Are All Diseased\")*, which contains rants against advertising and business, Carlin admits the dichotomy but makes no attempt to explain himself, stating, \"You're just gonna have to figure that shit out on your own.\" In interviews, Carlin revealed he appeared in the advertisements to help pay off a large tax debt to the [IRS](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service \"Internal Revenue Service\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22917 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010135213/http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22917 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2007 \\|title\\=Interviews: George Carlin \\|first\\=Stephen \\|last\\=Thompson \\|date\\=10 November 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=20 March 2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Onion Inc.]] \\|work\\=\\[\\[The A.V. Club]]}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bankrate.com/csites/news/investing/20010316a.asp \\|title\\=Carlin's got his act together, on stage and off \\|work\\=\\[\\[Bankrate.com]] \\|last\\=Getlen \\|first\\=Larry \\|date\\=16 March 2001 \\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073954/https://www.bankrate.com/csites/news/investing/20010316a.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2018}}",
"Comedian/actress [Janeane Garofalo](/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo \"Janeane Garofalo\") has described herself as a \"sellout\" based on her participation with the TV show *[24](/wiki/24_%28TV_series%29 \"24 (TV series)\")* playing [Janis Gold](/wiki/Janis_Gold \"Janis Gold\"). Garofalo initially turned down the role because of the way the show depicted torture scenes;{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/24/24\\-its\\-a\\-chloejanis\\-rivalryor\\-26069\\.aspx \\|title\\=24: It's A Chloe\\-Janis Rivalry\\-\\-Or Not, As It Seems \\|date\\=February 2, 2009 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Buddy TV]] \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316235329/http://www.buddytv.com/articles/24/24\\-its\\-a\\-chloejanis\\-rivalryor\\-26069\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2018 \\|first\\=Henrik \\|last\\=Batallones }} however, she changed her mind later on, saying in an interview, \"Being unemployed and being flattered that someone wanted to work with me outweighed my stance \\[on torture].\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/arts/television/16twen.html \\|title\\=Deep Inside the Grim '24,' Two Comics' Inside Joke \\|last\\=Itzkoff \\|first\\=Dave \\|author\\-link\\=Dave Itzkoff \\|date\\=February 15, 2009 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2009 \\|page\\=C1}} Garofalo admitted to \"selling out\" for losing weight in order to gain more acting work.{{cite web \\|title\\=Janeane Garofalo on Botox, Spanx, and the Troubles of Finding Work As a 45\\-Year\\-Old Former Slacker Icon\\| \\|work\\=\\[\\[Vulture.com]] \\|publisher\\=New York Media, LLC \\|last\\=Yuan \\|first\\=Jada \\|date\\=19 February 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2012 \\|url\\=http://www.vulture.com/2010/02/janeane\\_garofalo\\_on\\_botox\\_span.html}}",
""
] |
### Music
There are three distinct forms of "selling out" in terms of music. First, there is the use of the term "sell\-out" to refer to those who sign for [major labels](/wiki/Music_industry "Music industry") or to those who license their music to companies for use in [advertising](/wiki/Advertising "Advertising"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/30/rocknroll\-sellout\|title\=The great rock'n'roll sellout\|first\=Dorian\|last\=Lynskey\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=30 June 2011\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} that contradicts their apparent values. Secondly, the expression can refer to those who sacrifice their musical integrity through a change in their musical sound, sometimes due to pressure from major labels{{cite web\|url\=http://nyulocal.com/entertainment/2012/03/20/in\-defense\-of\-sell\-out\-musicians/\|title\=In Defense of "Sell Out" Musicians\|first\=Lizzie\|last\=Azran\|publisher\=NYU Local\|date\=20 March 2012\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} or in order to gain profit by making their music more appealing to a mainstream audience. The third form of selling out is simply to sell out a venue, which normally has nothing to do with a lapse of integrity.
#### Record labels and advertising
Since the time of [big band](/wiki/Big_band "Big band") radio shows, there has been an established relationship between musicians and commercialization. There had been some signs of resistance to this model as early as the 1960s, when gospel group [The Blind Boys of Alabama](/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama "The Blind Boys of Alabama") refused to sign record deals to record secular music.{{Cite web\|url\=http://ktep.org/post/clarence\-fountain\-leader\-and\-founding\-member\-blind\-boys\-alabama\-dies\-88\|title \= Clarence Fountain, Leader and Founding Member of Blind Boys of Alabama, Dies at 88\| date\=4 June 2018 }} It was not until the [punk subculture](/wiki/Punk_subculture "Punk subculture") in the 1970s that the notion that musicians should be completely independent of commercial influences began to increase in popularity.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13526\_3\-20002543\-27\.html\|title\=Can bands sell out anymore?\|first\=Matt\|last\=Rosoff\|publisher\=Cnet\|date\=14 April 2010\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} This partly manifested itself in the reluctance of bands to sign for major labels, as this would include taking part in activities that were seen as crass and overly commercial.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7901003\.stm\|title\=The science of selling out\|first\=Stephen\|last\=Dowling\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=20 February 2009\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} This continued into the 1980s, when bands were scorned by [fanzines](/wiki/Fanzines "Fanzines") for signing with major labels as the mainstream success this would bring was symptomatic of the general decay in culture. However, after a number of bands maintained the quality of their records after signing for a major label, by the end of the 1980s the focus on "selling out" shifted to advertising.
The attitude held by those who disliked the idea of "selling out" towards advertising was negative; comedian [Bill Hicks](/wiki/Bill_Hicks "Bill Hicks") claimed that any band who licensed their music for advertising was "off the artistic roll call forever", and [Neil Young](/wiki/Neil_Young "Neil Young") mocked the fact that songs became associated with brands on his 1988 album *[This Note's for You](/wiki/This_Note%27s_for_You "This Note's for You")*. However, although it was possible for fans to feel a sense of betrayal due to the relationship they developed with the song and artist, when artists did allow their music to be used for commercials others considered the advertised product to be more appealing. As CD sales fell and record companies became unwilling or unable to afford the push new bands needed to become established, sponsorship of bands by major companies began to be seen as more acceptable, with even minor record labels devoting time and money towards marketing deals with well\-known brands.
By the 2010s, the use of licensing of artists in commercials had become an accepted part of the music industry, and even those who would previously have been considered part of the 1970s resistance to "selling out" have been used in advertising products, such as former [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols "Sex Pistols") frontman [John Lydon](/wiki/John_Lydon "John Lydon") advertising Country Life [butter](/wiki/Butter "Butter") and [Iggy Pop](/wiki/Iggy_Pop "Iggy Pop") endorsing car insurance. Consequently, it has been suggested{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monitormix/2009/11/risk\_management\_can\_an\_artist.html\|title\=Risk Management: Can An Artist Sell Out When There Are No Boundaries?\|first\=Carrie\|last\=Brownstein\|publisher\=NPR Music\|date\=11 November 2009\|access\-date\=21 July 2012}} that the acceptance of music in advertising is generational, as younger listeners are comfortable with the relationship to the point of indifference whilst those who have seen the industry evolve still reject it.
#### Musical integrity
[thumb\|right\|200px\|Metallica playing live at Illinois in 2004\.](/wiki/File:Metallica_46.jpg "Metallica 46.jpg")
Another definition of "selling out" refers to putting aside musical quality or original intentions in favor of commercial success,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antimusic.com/lowdown/05/integrity.shtml\|title\=The Art of Selling Out: Compromising the Music\|first\=Trent\|last\=McMartin\|publisher\=antimusic\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} where a distinction is made for those who achieve success without changing their original sound. The difference between the two is often subjective. While artists may change their musical direction for commercial reasons, such as pressure from major labels who require songs to appeal to mass markets, a change in sound may also be part of a natural progression of creative maturity.
An example of artists being accused of "selling out" is the band [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica"), whose [1991 eponymous album](/wiki/Metallica_%28album%29 "Metallica (album)") has been considered the turning point in the band's musical direction;{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/8b8c\|title\=Metallica (The Black Album) Review\|first\=Sid\|last\=Smith\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=18 April 2007\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} the band members were called the "poster boys for musical un\-integrity" after many incorrectly thought that the band attempted to sue fans who were downloading their music through [Napster](/wiki/Napster "Napster"). The album, known as *The Black Album*, saw critics and [Bob Rock](/wiki/Bob_Rock "Bob Rock"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/metallicas\-black\-album\-track\-by\-track\-485030\#!1\|title\=Metallica's Black Album track\-by\-track\|first\=Joe\|last\=Bosso\|publisher\=MusicRadar\|date\=1 August 2011\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} the album's [producer](/wiki/Record_producer "Record producer"), acknowledge that there was a move away from the band's previous [thrash metal](/wiki/Thrash_metal "Thrash metal") sound. Rock claimed that the change stemmed from the band's desire to "make the leap to the big, big leagues", while some fans blamed Rock himself, going as far to eventually create an internet petition demanding the band cut their ties with him. However, other fans did not consider the change in sound to be significant enough to be considered "selling out", and others accepted the change as part of a natural evolution of the band's style.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.geeksofdoom.com/2011/08/13/metallica\-20th\-anniversary\-of\-the\-black\-album/\|title\=Metallica: 20th Anniversary Of The 'Black Album'\|publisher\=Geeks of Doom\|date\=13 August 2011\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} Ultimately *The Black Album* became the band's most commercially successful release, going [16× Platinum in the United States](/wiki/Metallica_%28album%29%23Certifications_and_sales "Metallica (album)#Certifications and sales").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/metallicas\-lulu\-problem\-why\-dont\-they\-just\-sell\-out\-again/247295/\|title\=Metallica's 'Lulu' Problem: Why Don't They Just Sell Out Again?\|first\=Daniel\|last\=Snyder\|publisher\=The Atlantic\|date\=25 October 2011\|access\-date\=22 July 2012}} The differing reaction by fans to the album demonstrates the difficulty in labelling an artist as a "sellout" objectively.
"[Poseur](/wiki/Poseur "Poseur")" is a pejorative term, often used in the [punk](/wiki/Punk_subculture "Punk subculture"), [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture "Heavy metal subculture"), [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop "Hip hop"), and [goth](/wiki/Goth_subculture "Goth subculture") [subcultures](/wiki/Subculture "Subculture"), to describe a person who copies the dress, speech, and/or mannerisms of a group or subculture, generally for attaining acceptability within the group or for popularity among various other groups, yet who is deemed not to share or understand the values of the subculture.
While this perceived [inauthenticity](/wiki/wikt:Inauthentic "Inauthentic") is viewed with scorn and contempt by members of the subculture, the definition of the term and to whom it should be applied is subjective. While the term is most associated with the 1970s\- and 1980s\-era punk and [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_punk "Hardcore punk") subculture, English use of the term originates in the late 19th century.[Definition of poseur](http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=poseur) at Dictionary.com A hardcore punk band that signed a lucrative contract with a major label would probably be labelled as poseurs.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2013}}
|
[
"### Music",
"There are three distinct forms of \"selling out\" in terms of music. First, there is the use of the term \"sell\\-out\" to refer to those who sign for [major labels](/wiki/Music_industry \"Music industry\") or to those who license their music to companies for use in [advertising](/wiki/Advertising \"Advertising\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/30/rocknroll\\-sellout\\|title\\=The great rock'n'roll sellout\\|first\\=Dorian\\|last\\=Lynskey\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=30 June 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} that contradicts their apparent values. Secondly, the expression can refer to those who sacrifice their musical integrity through a change in their musical sound, sometimes due to pressure from major labels{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nyulocal.com/entertainment/2012/03/20/in\\-defense\\-of\\-sell\\-out\\-musicians/\\|title\\=In Defense of \"Sell Out\" Musicians\\|first\\=Lizzie\\|last\\=Azran\\|publisher\\=NYU Local\\|date\\=20 March 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} or in order to gain profit by making their music more appealing to a mainstream audience. The third form of selling out is simply to sell out a venue, which normally has nothing to do with a lapse of integrity.",
"#### Record labels and advertising",
"Since the time of [big band](/wiki/Big_band \"Big band\") radio shows, there has been an established relationship between musicians and commercialization. There had been some signs of resistance to this model as early as the 1960s, when gospel group [The Blind Boys of Alabama](/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama \"The Blind Boys of Alabama\") refused to sign record deals to record secular music.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://ktep.org/post/clarence\\-fountain\\-leader\\-and\\-founding\\-member\\-blind\\-boys\\-alabama\\-dies\\-88\\|title \\= Clarence Fountain, Leader and Founding Member of Blind Boys of Alabama, Dies at 88\\| date\\=4 June 2018 }} It was not until the [punk subculture](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\") in the 1970s that the notion that musicians should be completely independent of commercial influences began to increase in popularity.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13526\\_3\\-20002543\\-27\\.html\\|title\\=Can bands sell out anymore?\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Rosoff\\|publisher\\=Cnet\\|date\\=14 April 2010\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} This partly manifested itself in the reluctance of bands to sign for major labels, as this would include taking part in activities that were seen as crass and overly commercial.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7901003\\.stm\\|title\\=The science of selling out\\|first\\=Stephen\\|last\\=Dowling\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=20 February 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} This continued into the 1980s, when bands were scorned by [fanzines](/wiki/Fanzines \"Fanzines\") for signing with major labels as the mainstream success this would bring was symptomatic of the general decay in culture. However, after a number of bands maintained the quality of their records after signing for a major label, by the end of the 1980s the focus on \"selling out\" shifted to advertising.",
"The attitude held by those who disliked the idea of \"selling out\" towards advertising was negative; comedian [Bill Hicks](/wiki/Bill_Hicks \"Bill Hicks\") claimed that any band who licensed their music for advertising was \"off the artistic roll call forever\", and [Neil Young](/wiki/Neil_Young \"Neil Young\") mocked the fact that songs became associated with brands on his 1988 album *[This Note's for You](/wiki/This_Note%27s_for_You \"This Note's for You\")*. However, although it was possible for fans to feel a sense of betrayal due to the relationship they developed with the song and artist, when artists did allow their music to be used for commercials others considered the advertised product to be more appealing. As CD sales fell and record companies became unwilling or unable to afford the push new bands needed to become established, sponsorship of bands by major companies began to be seen as more acceptable, with even minor record labels devoting time and money towards marketing deals with well\\-known brands.",
"By the 2010s, the use of licensing of artists in commercials had become an accepted part of the music industry, and even those who would previously have been considered part of the 1970s resistance to \"selling out\" have been used in advertising products, such as former [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\") frontman [John Lydon](/wiki/John_Lydon \"John Lydon\") advertising Country Life [butter](/wiki/Butter \"Butter\") and [Iggy Pop](/wiki/Iggy_Pop \"Iggy Pop\") endorsing car insurance. Consequently, it has been suggested{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monitormix/2009/11/risk\\_management\\_can\\_an\\_artist.html\\|title\\=Risk Management: Can An Artist Sell Out When There Are No Boundaries?\\|first\\=Carrie\\|last\\=Brownstein\\|publisher\\=NPR Music\\|date\\=11 November 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2012}} that the acceptance of music in advertising is generational, as younger listeners are comfortable with the relationship to the point of indifference whilst those who have seen the industry evolve still reject it.",
"#### Musical integrity",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Metallica playing live at Illinois in 2004\\.](/wiki/File:Metallica_46.jpg \"Metallica 46.jpg\")\nAnother definition of \"selling out\" refers to putting aside musical quality or original intentions in favor of commercial success,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antimusic.com/lowdown/05/integrity.shtml\\|title\\=The Art of Selling Out: Compromising the Music\\|first\\=Trent\\|last\\=McMartin\\|publisher\\=antimusic\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} where a distinction is made for those who achieve success without changing their original sound. The difference between the two is often subjective. While artists may change their musical direction for commercial reasons, such as pressure from major labels who require songs to appeal to mass markets, a change in sound may also be part of a natural progression of creative maturity.",
"An example of artists being accused of \"selling out\" is the band [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\"), whose [1991 eponymous album](/wiki/Metallica_%28album%29 \"Metallica (album)\") has been considered the turning point in the band's musical direction;{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/8b8c\\|title\\=Metallica (The Black Album) Review\\|first\\=Sid\\|last\\=Smith\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=18 April 2007\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} the band members were called the \"poster boys for musical un\\-integrity\" after many incorrectly thought that the band attempted to sue fans who were downloading their music through [Napster](/wiki/Napster \"Napster\"). The album, known as *The Black Album*, saw critics and [Bob Rock](/wiki/Bob_Rock \"Bob Rock\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/metallicas\\-black\\-album\\-track\\-by\\-track\\-485030\\#!1\\|title\\=Metallica's Black Album track\\-by\\-track\\|first\\=Joe\\|last\\=Bosso\\|publisher\\=MusicRadar\\|date\\=1 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} the album's [producer](/wiki/Record_producer \"Record producer\"), acknowledge that there was a move away from the band's previous [thrash metal](/wiki/Thrash_metal \"Thrash metal\") sound. Rock claimed that the change stemmed from the band's desire to \"make the leap to the big, big leagues\", while some fans blamed Rock himself, going as far to eventually create an internet petition demanding the band cut their ties with him. However, other fans did not consider the change in sound to be significant enough to be considered \"selling out\", and others accepted the change as part of a natural evolution of the band's style.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.geeksofdoom.com/2011/08/13/metallica\\-20th\\-anniversary\\-of\\-the\\-black\\-album/\\|title\\=Metallica: 20th Anniversary Of The 'Black Album'\\|publisher\\=Geeks of Doom\\|date\\=13 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} Ultimately *The Black Album* became the band's most commercially successful release, going [16× Platinum in the United States](/wiki/Metallica_%28album%29%23Certifications_and_sales \"Metallica (album)#Certifications and sales\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/metallicas\\-lulu\\-problem\\-why\\-dont\\-they\\-just\\-sell\\-out\\-again/247295/\\|title\\=Metallica's 'Lulu' Problem: Why Don't They Just Sell Out Again?\\|first\\=Daniel\\|last\\=Snyder\\|publisher\\=The Atlantic\\|date\\=25 October 2011\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2012}} The differing reaction by fans to the album demonstrates the difficulty in labelling an artist as a \"sellout\" objectively.",
"\"[Poseur](/wiki/Poseur \"Poseur\")\" is a pejorative term, often used in the [punk](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\"), [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture \"Heavy metal subculture\"), [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop \"Hip hop\"), and [goth](/wiki/Goth_subculture \"Goth subculture\") [subcultures](/wiki/Subculture \"Subculture\"), to describe a person who copies the dress, speech, and/or mannerisms of a group or subculture, generally for attaining acceptability within the group or for popularity among various other groups, yet who is deemed not to share or understand the values of the subculture.",
"While this perceived [inauthenticity](/wiki/wikt:Inauthentic \"Inauthentic\") is viewed with scorn and contempt by members of the subculture, the definition of the term and to whom it should be applied is subjective. While the term is most associated with the 1970s\\- and 1980s\\-era punk and [hardcore](/wiki/Hardcore_punk \"Hardcore punk\") subculture, English use of the term originates in the late 19th century.[Definition of poseur](http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=poseur) at Dictionary.com A hardcore punk band that signed a lucrative contract with a major label would probably be labelled as poseurs.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2013}}",
""
] |
History
-------
{{See also\|List of VMI Keydets football seasons}}
### 19th century
[200px\|thumb\|left\|The first VMI football team in [1891](/wiki/1891_VMI_Keydets_football_team "1891 VMI Keydets football team")](/wiki/File:1891_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg "1891 VMI Keydets football team.jpg")
VMI football dates back to 1873 with a one\-game season, featuring a 4–2 loss to [Washington and Lee](/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University "Washington and Lee University").[Virginia Military Institute Summary](http://www.unigo.com/virginia_military_institute/) No player or coaching records are known from that game. The Keydets would not have another intercollegiate team until 1891 under coach [Walter Taylor III](/wiki/Walter_Taylor_%28American_football%29 "Walter Taylor (American football)"). Taylor was the son of [Walter H. Taylor](/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor "Walter H. Taylor"), a [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United States)") and aide to [Robert E. Lee](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee "Robert E. Lee"). The Keydets went 3–0–1 in 1891, with a win and tie against Washington and Lee and defeats of [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s_College_%28Annapolis/Santa_Fe%29 "St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)") and [Pantops Academy](/wiki/Pantops_Academy "Pantops Academy").
VMI had two additional undefeated seasons in [1892](/wiki/1892_VMI_Keydets_football_team "1892 VMI Keydets football team") and [1894](/wiki/1894_VMI_Keydets_football_team "1894 VMI Keydets football team"), and a total record of 32–10–2 during the 19th century, setting the tone as being one of the state's top football schools. Although they were technically undefeated in [1899](/wiki/1899_VMI_Keydets_football_team "1899 VMI Keydets football team") by a virtue of a lone win over [Washington \& Lee](/wiki/Washington_%26_Lee_Generals_football "Washington & Lee Generals football"), the season was cut short and all cadets were sent home due to an outbreak of [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever "Typhoid fever").{{cite news\|title\=Typhoid at Virginia Institute\|newspaper\=The Free Lance\|date\=October 19, 1899\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=sI5UAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5643,3566460\&dq\=virginia\-military\+typhoid\&hl\=en}}
### 1900–1920
VMI continued to have success on the field during the early 1900s. [Sam Walker](/wiki/Sam_Walker_%28American_football%29 "Sam Walker (American football)") became the head coach at the turn of the century, and, after compiling a head coaching record of 11–7–3 in three seasons, was replaced by future [College Football Hall of Famer](/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame "College Football Hall of Fame") [William Roper](/wiki/William_Roper_%28American_football%29 "William Roper (American football)"). Roper's brief two\-year tenure was highlighted by wins over [NC State](/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack_football "NC State Wolfpack football") and [Davidson](/wiki/Davidson_Wildcats_football "Davidson Wildcats football").
After several seasons of mediocrity, VMI returned to their winning ways in 1911 under [Alpha Brummage](/wiki/Alpha_Brummage "Alpha Brummage"), who previously coached at now\-[NAIA](/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics "National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics") [Ottawa University](/wiki/Ottawa_University "Ottawa University") in [Ottawa, Kansas](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Kansas "Ottawa, Kansas"). In two years with Brummage, VMI went 14–2, and 7–1 each season, stumbling only to Virginia and [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s_College_%28Annapolis/Santa_Fe%29 "St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)"), though VMI did manage to defeat and shutout the in\-state rival and powerhouse Cavaliers 19–0 in [1912](/wiki/1912_VMI_Keydets_football_team "1912 VMI Keydets football team").
After Brummage left VMI for [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats "Kentucky Wildcats"), where he would become the school's football and basketball coach, the Keydets went 7–1–2 under new head coach [Henry Poaque](/wiki/Henry_Poaque "Henry Poaque"), his only season at the Institute. VMI joined the [South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/South_Atlantic_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association") (SAIAA) in 1918, many of the members of which formed the bulk of the [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference "Southern Conference") after the conference's disbandment in 1921\. In 1920, [Blandy Clarkson](/wiki/Blandy_Clarkson "Blandy Clarkson") led VMI to its third of only four perfect seasons with a 9–0 record, culminating with an SAIAA championship.
### Alumni Field
[200px\|thumb\|left\|Old VMI stadiumWith](/wiki/File:Old_VMI_stadium.jpg "Old VMI stadium.jpg") the finished construction of Alumni Field in 1921, VMI football no longer needed to play on the Parade Ground situated in front of the [barracks](/wiki/Barracks%2C_Virginia_Military_Institute "Barracks, Virginia Military Institute"). The stadium was placed around the same place it is today, and was completed at a total cost of $69,000\.[*The 1921 Bomb*](https://archive.org/stream/bomb1922virg#page/218/mode/2up) The Keydets went 3–5–1 in the stadium's inaugural year, which included key wins over in\-state opponents Roanoke, Hampden–Sydney, and a stunning victory over Virginia.
### Blandy Clarkson era
Following the perfect 9–0 championship season in [1920](/wiki/1920_VMI_Keydets_football_team "1920 VMI Keydets football team"), VMI was much less successful the following year, posting a 3–5–1 record, which was the only losing season for the Keydets under Clarkson. After two stellar seasons of 7–2 and 9–1 as an independent, VMI joined the [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference "Southern Conference") in [1924](/wiki/1924_VMI_Keydets_football_team "1924 VMI Keydets football team"), where they would remain for nearly 80 years until 2003\. In their inaugural SoCon season, VMI went 6–3–1, which was good for 13th place in a sizeable conference of 22\.[1924 Southern Conference Year Summary](https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/conferences/southern/1924.html) Clarkson departed VMI following the 1926 season, and totaled a record of 44–21–2 in seven years, the most wins by any Keydet head coach at the time.
### William Raftery era
[150px\|thumb\|right\|[William Raftery](/wiki/William_Raftery "William Raftery")](/wiki/File:WmCRaftery.jpg "WmCRaftery.jpg")
Following the departure of Clarkson, [Worcester, Massachusetts](/wiki/Worcester%2C_Massachusetts "Worcester, Massachusetts")\-native [William "Bill" Raftery](/wiki/W._C._Raftery "W. C. Raftery") took over head coaching duties of VMI. The Keydets were 6–4 his first season, ranking among the last in the SoCon.[1927 Southern Conference Year Summary](https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/conferences/southern/1927.html) Raftery led the team to an 8–2 season in 1929, but it was the last winning season under Raftery's reign, which lasted until 1936\. In ten years his record at VMI was 38–55–5\.
### Allison Hubert era
[Allison Hubert](/wiki/Allison_Hubert "Allison Hubert") took over for his predecessor Raftery in the 1937 season. Nicknamed "Pooley", Hubert was a Mississippi native and a veteran of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). After leading [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football "Alabama Crimson Tide football") to the 1926 national championship, Hubert coached several sports at [Southern Miss](/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles_football "Southern Miss Golden Eagles football") in the early 1930s. He went 5–5 in his first season with the Keydets. Hubert's most successful season with VMI was in 1940, where the squad finished 7–2–1, though it was only good enough to get them 7th in the conference. Hubert left with a 43–45–8 record under his belt after ten seasons.
### Tom Nugent era
When [Arthur Morton](/wiki/Arthur_Morton_%28American_football%29 "Arthur Morton (American football)") left VMI for [Mississippi State](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football "Mississippi State Bulldogs football") in 1949, he was 9–8–1 with the Keydets.[Tom Nugent](/wiki/Tom_Nugent "Tom Nugent") took his place that January. Nugent was famous for developing the [I formation](/wiki/I_formation "I formation"), though it did not happen until the year after he left VMI. Though the first two years were nothing special, Nugent took the 1951 squad to their first SoCon championship with a 7–3 record. The season included a 34–0 shutout of Richmond, a 29–6 drubbing of [Wofford](/wiki/Wofford_Terriers "Wofford Terriers"), a 27–21 win over rival Citadel, and a 20–7 win over Virginia Tech in the season finale. Nugent left following the 1952 season.
### Alumni Memorial Field and John McKenna era
[160px\|thumb\|left\|[Alumni Memorial Field](/wiki/Alumni_Memorial_Field "Alumni Memorial Field")Possibly](/wiki/File:2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg "2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg") the greatest decades in VMI football history were under [John McKenna](/wiki/John_McKenna_%28American_football%29 "John McKenna (American football)"). In his thirteen years with the Keydets, McKenna had a record of 62–60–8, and won four SoCon championships. These occurred in 1957, 1959, 1960 and 1962\.
In the same year VMI won the 1962 Southern Conference, 10,000\-seat [Alumni Memorial Field](/wiki/Alumni_Memorial_Field "Alumni Memorial Field") was built. Costs were around $250,000\.
### Bob Thalman era
[Bob Thalman](/wiki/Bob_Thalman "Bob Thalman") came to VMI in 1971\. Coming from the [University of Richmond](/wiki/University_of_Richmond "University of Richmond"), he previously coached at Hampden–Sydney. Thalman brought another two SoCon championships to VMI in 1974 and 1977\. He departed in 1984 after a 1–9 season.
### 1985–2002
[Eddie Williamson](/wiki/Eddie_Williamson "Eddie Williamson") took over the head coaching position for four years, all losing seasons. He was followed by [Jim Shuck](/wiki/Jim_Shuck "Jim Shuck"), [Bill Stewart](/wiki/Bill_Stewart_%28American_football%29 "Bill Stewart (American football)"), [Ted Cain](/wiki/Ted_Cain "Ted Cain"), and [Cal McCombs](/wiki/Cal_McCombs "Cal McCombs") until 2005\. No coach could produce a winning season for the Keydets.
### Big South and return to Southern Conference
In 2003, VMI joined the [Big South Conference](/wiki/Big_South_Conference "Big South Conference") after 79 years in the SoCon. VMI still could not get back to its winning ways. They were under the direction of McCombs, who would be fired after 2005\. [Jim Reid](/wiki/Jim_Reid "Jim Reid") would coach for two years, with a 3–19 record. [Sparky Woods](/wiki/Sparky_Woods "Sparky Woods") became the 30th head coach in 2008\. The Keydets returned to the Southern Conference in 2014, but Woods was unable to lead a winning season; he was dismissed at the end of the 2014 season with a seven\-year record of 17–62, and was replaced by [Scott Wachenheim](/wiki/Scott_Wachenheim "Scott Wachenheim"). The 2020 VMI Football team won the Southern Conference title with a 6\-1 record, and a FCS Playoff berth. It is their first winning season since 1981\.
During the 2021 FCS spring season, VMI defeated [The Citadel](/wiki/2020_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_football_team "2020 The Citadel Bulldogs football team") 31–17 in the [Military Classic of the South](/wiki/Military_Classic_of_the_South "Military Classic of the South"), retaining the Silver Shako, and winning their first [Southern Conference Football Championship](/wiki/List_of_Southern_Conference_football_champions "List of Southern Conference football champions") since 1977\. By winning the SoCon Championship, The Keydets became an Automatic Qualifier for their first ever FCS Playoff berth. The following week, on April 24, The Keydets lost by one touchdown to the \#1 ranked James Madison University Dukes, 31–24, in Harrisonburg, VA. Three members of the Spring 2021 Keydet Football team would eventually be selected as first\-team All\-Americans. Scott Wachenheim, Head Coach of the Keydets, would go on to win multiple collegiate coaching honors for the season including Southern Conference Coach of the Year and AFCA\-FCS Coach of the Year. Wachenheim had led the spring 2021 Keydets to their first conference championship in over 40 years and their first ever FCS playoff bid. During the season, VMI was ranked amongst the Top 25 FCS Teams nationally for most of the season, rising as high as \#10 in the FCS Stats Perform Poll and \#11 in the AFCA Coaches Polls.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{See also\\|List of VMI Keydets football seasons}}",
"### 19th century",
"[200px\\|thumb\\|left\\|The first VMI football team in [1891](/wiki/1891_VMI_Keydets_football_team \"1891 VMI Keydets football team\")](/wiki/File:1891_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg \"1891 VMI Keydets football team.jpg\")\nVMI football dates back to 1873 with a one\\-game season, featuring a 4–2 loss to [Washington and Lee](/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University \"Washington and Lee University\").[Virginia Military Institute Summary](http://www.unigo.com/virginia_military_institute/) No player or coaching records are known from that game. The Keydets would not have another intercollegiate team until 1891 under coach [Walter Taylor III](/wiki/Walter_Taylor_%28American_football%29 \"Walter Taylor (American football)\"). Taylor was the son of [Walter H. Taylor](/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor \"Walter H. Taylor\"), a [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United States)\") and aide to [Robert E. Lee](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee \"Robert E. Lee\"). The Keydets went 3–0–1 in 1891, with a win and tie against Washington and Lee and defeats of [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s_College_%28Annapolis/Santa_Fe%29 \"St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)\") and [Pantops Academy](/wiki/Pantops_Academy \"Pantops Academy\").",
"VMI had two additional undefeated seasons in [1892](/wiki/1892_VMI_Keydets_football_team \"1892 VMI Keydets football team\") and [1894](/wiki/1894_VMI_Keydets_football_team \"1894 VMI Keydets football team\"), and a total record of 32–10–2 during the 19th century, setting the tone as being one of the state's top football schools. Although they were technically undefeated in [1899](/wiki/1899_VMI_Keydets_football_team \"1899 VMI Keydets football team\") by a virtue of a lone win over [Washington \\& Lee](/wiki/Washington_%26_Lee_Generals_football \"Washington & Lee Generals football\"), the season was cut short and all cadets were sent home due to an outbreak of [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever \"Typhoid fever\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Typhoid at Virginia Institute\\|newspaper\\=The Free Lance\\|date\\=October 19, 1899\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=sI5UAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5643,3566460\\&dq\\=virginia\\-military\\+typhoid\\&hl\\=en}}",
"### 1900–1920",
"VMI continued to have success on the field during the early 1900s. [Sam Walker](/wiki/Sam_Walker_%28American_football%29 \"Sam Walker (American football)\") became the head coach at the turn of the century, and, after compiling a head coaching record of 11–7–3 in three seasons, was replaced by future [College Football Hall of Famer](/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame \"College Football Hall of Fame\") [William Roper](/wiki/William_Roper_%28American_football%29 \"William Roper (American football)\"). Roper's brief two\\-year tenure was highlighted by wins over [NC State](/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack_football \"NC State Wolfpack football\") and [Davidson](/wiki/Davidson_Wildcats_football \"Davidson Wildcats football\").",
"After several seasons of mediocrity, VMI returned to their winning ways in 1911 under [Alpha Brummage](/wiki/Alpha_Brummage \"Alpha Brummage\"), who previously coached at now\\-[NAIA](/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics \"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\") [Ottawa University](/wiki/Ottawa_University \"Ottawa University\") in [Ottawa, Kansas](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Kansas \"Ottawa, Kansas\"). In two years with Brummage, VMI went 14–2, and 7–1 each season, stumbling only to Virginia and [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s_College_%28Annapolis/Santa_Fe%29 \"St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)\"), though VMI did manage to defeat and shutout the in\\-state rival and powerhouse Cavaliers 19–0 in [1912](/wiki/1912_VMI_Keydets_football_team \"1912 VMI Keydets football team\").",
"After Brummage left VMI for [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats \"Kentucky Wildcats\"), where he would become the school's football and basketball coach, the Keydets went 7–1–2 under new head coach [Henry Poaque](/wiki/Henry_Poaque \"Henry Poaque\"), his only season at the Institute. VMI joined the [South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/South_Atlantic_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") (SAIAA) in 1918, many of the members of which formed the bulk of the [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference \"Southern Conference\") after the conference's disbandment in 1921\\. In 1920, [Blandy Clarkson](/wiki/Blandy_Clarkson \"Blandy Clarkson\") led VMI to its third of only four perfect seasons with a 9–0 record, culminating with an SAIAA championship.",
"### Alumni Field",
"[200px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Old VMI stadiumWith](/wiki/File:Old_VMI_stadium.jpg \"Old VMI stadium.jpg\") the finished construction of Alumni Field in 1921, VMI football no longer needed to play on the Parade Ground situated in front of the [barracks](/wiki/Barracks%2C_Virginia_Military_Institute \"Barracks, Virginia Military Institute\"). The stadium was placed around the same place it is today, and was completed at a total cost of $69,000\\.[*The 1921 Bomb*](https://archive.org/stream/bomb1922virg#page/218/mode/2up) The Keydets went 3–5–1 in the stadium's inaugural year, which included key wins over in\\-state opponents Roanoke, Hampden–Sydney, and a stunning victory over Virginia.",
"### Blandy Clarkson era",
"Following the perfect 9–0 championship season in [1920](/wiki/1920_VMI_Keydets_football_team \"1920 VMI Keydets football team\"), VMI was much less successful the following year, posting a 3–5–1 record, which was the only losing season for the Keydets under Clarkson. After two stellar seasons of 7–2 and 9–1 as an independent, VMI joined the [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference \"Southern Conference\") in [1924](/wiki/1924_VMI_Keydets_football_team \"1924 VMI Keydets football team\"), where they would remain for nearly 80 years until 2003\\. In their inaugural SoCon season, VMI went 6–3–1, which was good for 13th place in a sizeable conference of 22\\.[1924 Southern Conference Year Summary](https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/conferences/southern/1924.html) Clarkson departed VMI following the 1926 season, and totaled a record of 44–21–2 in seven years, the most wins by any Keydet head coach at the time.",
"### William Raftery era",
"[150px\\|thumb\\|right\\|[William Raftery](/wiki/William_Raftery \"William Raftery\")](/wiki/File:WmCRaftery.jpg \"WmCRaftery.jpg\")\nFollowing the departure of Clarkson, [Worcester, Massachusetts](/wiki/Worcester%2C_Massachusetts \"Worcester, Massachusetts\")\\-native [William \"Bill\" Raftery](/wiki/W._C._Raftery \"W. C. Raftery\") took over head coaching duties of VMI. The Keydets were 6–4 his first season, ranking among the last in the SoCon.[1927 Southern Conference Year Summary](https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/conferences/southern/1927.html) Raftery led the team to an 8–2 season in 1929, but it was the last winning season under Raftery's reign, which lasted until 1936\\. In ten years his record at VMI was 38–55–5\\.",
"### Allison Hubert era",
"[Allison Hubert](/wiki/Allison_Hubert \"Allison Hubert\") took over for his predecessor Raftery in the 1937 season. Nicknamed \"Pooley\", Hubert was a Mississippi native and a veteran of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). After leading [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football \"Alabama Crimson Tide football\") to the 1926 national championship, Hubert coached several sports at [Southern Miss](/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles_football \"Southern Miss Golden Eagles football\") in the early 1930s. He went 5–5 in his first season with the Keydets. Hubert's most successful season with VMI was in 1940, where the squad finished 7–2–1, though it was only good enough to get them 7th in the conference. Hubert left with a 43–45–8 record under his belt after ten seasons.",
"### Tom Nugent era",
"When [Arthur Morton](/wiki/Arthur_Morton_%28American_football%29 \"Arthur Morton (American football)\") left VMI for [Mississippi State](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football \"Mississippi State Bulldogs football\") in 1949, he was 9–8–1 with the Keydets.[Tom Nugent](/wiki/Tom_Nugent \"Tom Nugent\") took his place that January. Nugent was famous for developing the [I formation](/wiki/I_formation \"I formation\"), though it did not happen until the year after he left VMI. Though the first two years were nothing special, Nugent took the 1951 squad to their first SoCon championship with a 7–3 record. The season included a 34–0 shutout of Richmond, a 29–6 drubbing of [Wofford](/wiki/Wofford_Terriers \"Wofford Terriers\"), a 27–21 win over rival Citadel, and a 20–7 win over Virginia Tech in the season finale. Nugent left following the 1952 season.",
"### Alumni Memorial Field and John McKenna era",
"[160px\\|thumb\\|left\\|[Alumni Memorial Field](/wiki/Alumni_Memorial_Field \"Alumni Memorial Field\")Possibly](/wiki/File:2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg \"2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg\") the greatest decades in VMI football history were under [John McKenna](/wiki/John_McKenna_%28American_football%29 \"John McKenna (American football)\"). In his thirteen years with the Keydets, McKenna had a record of 62–60–8, and won four SoCon championships. These occurred in 1957, 1959, 1960 and 1962\\.",
"In the same year VMI won the 1962 Southern Conference, 10,000\\-seat [Alumni Memorial Field](/wiki/Alumni_Memorial_Field \"Alumni Memorial Field\") was built. Costs were around $250,000\\.",
"### Bob Thalman era",
"[Bob Thalman](/wiki/Bob_Thalman \"Bob Thalman\") came to VMI in 1971\\. Coming from the [University of Richmond](/wiki/University_of_Richmond \"University of Richmond\"), he previously coached at Hampden–Sydney. Thalman brought another two SoCon championships to VMI in 1974 and 1977\\. He departed in 1984 after a 1–9 season.",
"### 1985–2002",
"[Eddie Williamson](/wiki/Eddie_Williamson \"Eddie Williamson\") took over the head coaching position for four years, all losing seasons. He was followed by [Jim Shuck](/wiki/Jim_Shuck \"Jim Shuck\"), [Bill Stewart](/wiki/Bill_Stewart_%28American_football%29 \"Bill Stewart (American football)\"), [Ted Cain](/wiki/Ted_Cain \"Ted Cain\"), and [Cal McCombs](/wiki/Cal_McCombs \"Cal McCombs\") until 2005\\. No coach could produce a winning season for the Keydets.",
"### Big South and return to Southern Conference",
"In 2003, VMI joined the [Big South Conference](/wiki/Big_South_Conference \"Big South Conference\") after 79 years in the SoCon. VMI still could not get back to its winning ways. They were under the direction of McCombs, who would be fired after 2005\\. [Jim Reid](/wiki/Jim_Reid \"Jim Reid\") would coach for two years, with a 3–19 record. [Sparky Woods](/wiki/Sparky_Woods \"Sparky Woods\") became the 30th head coach in 2008\\. The Keydets returned to the Southern Conference in 2014, but Woods was unable to lead a winning season; he was dismissed at the end of the 2014 season with a seven\\-year record of 17–62, and was replaced by [Scott Wachenheim](/wiki/Scott_Wachenheim \"Scott Wachenheim\"). The 2020 VMI Football team won the Southern Conference title with a 6\\-1 record, and a FCS Playoff berth. It is their first winning season since 1981\\.",
"During the 2021 FCS spring season, VMI defeated [The Citadel](/wiki/2020_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_football_team \"2020 The Citadel Bulldogs football team\") 31–17 in the [Military Classic of the South](/wiki/Military_Classic_of_the_South \"Military Classic of the South\"), retaining the Silver Shako, and winning their first [Southern Conference Football Championship](/wiki/List_of_Southern_Conference_football_champions \"List of Southern Conference football champions\") since 1977\\. By winning the SoCon Championship, The Keydets became an Automatic Qualifier for their first ever FCS Playoff berth. The following week, on April 24, The Keydets lost by one touchdown to the \\#1 ranked James Madison University Dukes, 31–24, in Harrisonburg, VA. Three members of the Spring 2021 Keydet Football team would eventually be selected as first\\-team All\\-Americans. Scott Wachenheim, Head Coach of the Keydets, would go on to win multiple collegiate coaching honors for the season including Southern Conference Coach of the Year and AFCA\\-FCS Coach of the Year. Wachenheim had led the spring 2021 Keydets to their first conference championship in over 40 years and their first ever FCS playoff bid. During the season, VMI was ranked amongst the Top 25 FCS Teams nationally for most of the season, rising as high as \\#10 in the FCS Stats Perform Poll and \\#11 in the AFCA Coaches Polls.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Salmon formed the first lineup of the Surrealists in mid\-1987, with Brian Henry Hooper on bass and Tony Pola on drums. He formed the band to record the album *[Hit Me with the Surreal Feel](/wiki/Hit_Me_with_the_Surreal_Feel "Hit Me with the Surreal Feel")*, using minimalist [lo\-fi](/wiki/Lo-fi_%28audio%29 "Lo-fi (audio)") approaches to recording a basic trio: recording the band live with microphones around the studio capturing the entire sound rather than one instrument per track. The recording and mixing cost was [A$](/wiki/Australian_dollar "Australian dollar")240 total. The band also played live around Perth in mid\-1987\. The album was released in October 1988\.
The Surrealists did a few songs by the Scientists (particularly "Shine" from *The Human Jukebox*) and had a similar sound in that Salmon remained the leader and primary songwriter, but the feel of the music was notably different, far less tense and confrontational.
The second album *[Just Because You Can't See It ... Doesn't Mean It Isn't There](/wiki/Just_Because_You_Can%27t_See_It_..._Doesn%27t_Mean_It_Isn%27t_There "Just Because You Can't See It ... Doesn't Mean It Isn't There")* was recorded more conventionally in 1989 and released in early 1990\. Comparing this album with *The Human Jukebox*, there is a similarity in songwriting but a difference in feel is readily apparent. The band's third album *[Essence](/wiki/Essence_%28Kim_Salmon_and_the_Surrealists_album%29 "Essence (Kim Salmon and the Surrealists album)")* was released in 1991, followed by *[Sin Factory](/wiki/Sin_Factory "Sin Factory")* in 1993, which arguably gained the most attention for the band. The sound by now was strong rock riffery, also blending their take on [Blaxploitation](/wiki/Blaxploitation "Blaxploitation") music.
When The Beasts of Bourbon reformed in early 1988, Salmon started touring with that band too. When [James Baker](/wiki/James_Baker_%28drummer%29 "James Baker (drummer)") and [Boris Sujdovic](/wiki/Boris_Sujdovic "Boris Sujdovic") left The Beasts of Bourbon to go full\-time with [The Dubrovniks](/wiki/The_Dubrovniks "The Dubrovniks"), Hooper and Pola joined to replace them.
Salmon fired Tony Pola from the Surrealists in 1993, replacing him with Greg Bainbridge. Brian Hooper later left after the "Kim Salmon and the Surrealists" album and was replaced by [Stu Thomas](/wiki/Stu_Thomas "Stu Thomas") in 1995\. This new trio put out *[Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing](/wiki/Ya_Gotta_Let_Me_Do_My_Thing "Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing")* in 1997, touring Australia, Europe, and the U.S. A horn section was added to the band that included trumpet player Leon de Bruin and saxophonist Michael Redman.
In 1999, Salmon renamed the band [Kim Salmon and the Business](/wiki/Kim_Salmon_and_the_Business "Kim Salmon and the Business"), and released one album "Record" in 1999\. Stu Thomas remained on bass and [Phil Collings](/wiki/Phil_Collings "Phil Collings") was recruited on drums in 2000\.
In September 2006, Kim Salmon and the Surrealists 'reformed' for a show in Spain at [Azkena Rock Festival](/wiki/Azkena_Rock_Festival "Azkena Rock Festival"). This line\-up of Kim Salmon (guitar/vocal), Stu Thomas (bass) and Phil Collings (drums) also played later in Australia.
2010 marked the release of the album *Grand Unifying Theory*, the first Kim Salmon and The Surrealists record for 13 years. Line\-up featured Kim Salmon (guitar/vocal/sampler), Stu Thomas (bass) and Phil Collings (drums). The band was recorded live during rehearsals. The results were sifted through by Salmon and co\-producer [Mike Stranges](/wiki/Mike_Stranges "Mike Stranges"), spliced together in some cases (ala [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis")' "[Bitches Brew](/wiki/Bitches_Brew "Bitches Brew")"), and made into songs.
In June 2020, during COVID lockdowns the band performed 2 improvised livestream gigs from Rolling Stock Studios, Melbourne. These were seen by 7500 worldwide. The livestreams were also recorded then released as the double\-LP "Rantings From The Book Of Swamp".
In 2022 the band completed the "Ya Gotta Let Me Swamp My Rantings" tour of Australia, included the current lineup, plus previous drummer Greg Bainbridge. Two sets featured the 2 different lineups, first performing the current "Rantings" LP, followed by 1997's "Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing" album.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Salmon formed the first lineup of the Surrealists in mid\\-1987, with Brian Henry Hooper on bass and Tony Pola on drums. He formed the band to record the album *[Hit Me with the Surreal Feel](/wiki/Hit_Me_with_the_Surreal_Feel \"Hit Me with the Surreal Feel\")*, using minimalist [lo\\-fi](/wiki/Lo-fi_%28audio%29 \"Lo-fi (audio)\") approaches to recording a basic trio: recording the band live with microphones around the studio capturing the entire sound rather than one instrument per track. The recording and mixing cost was [A$](/wiki/Australian_dollar \"Australian dollar\")240 total. The band also played live around Perth in mid\\-1987\\. The album was released in October 1988\\.",
"The Surrealists did a few songs by the Scientists (particularly \"Shine\" from *The Human Jukebox*) and had a similar sound in that Salmon remained the leader and primary songwriter, but the feel of the music was notably different, far less tense and confrontational.",
"The second album *[Just Because You Can't See It ... Doesn't Mean It Isn't There](/wiki/Just_Because_You_Can%27t_See_It_..._Doesn%27t_Mean_It_Isn%27t_There \"Just Because You Can't See It ... Doesn't Mean It Isn't There\")* was recorded more conventionally in 1989 and released in early 1990\\. Comparing this album with *The Human Jukebox*, there is a similarity in songwriting but a difference in feel is readily apparent. The band's third album *[Essence](/wiki/Essence_%28Kim_Salmon_and_the_Surrealists_album%29 \"Essence (Kim Salmon and the Surrealists album)\")* was released in 1991, followed by *[Sin Factory](/wiki/Sin_Factory \"Sin Factory\")* in 1993, which arguably gained the most attention for the band. The sound by now was strong rock riffery, also blending their take on [Blaxploitation](/wiki/Blaxploitation \"Blaxploitation\") music.",
"When The Beasts of Bourbon reformed in early 1988, Salmon started touring with that band too. When [James Baker](/wiki/James_Baker_%28drummer%29 \"James Baker (drummer)\") and [Boris Sujdovic](/wiki/Boris_Sujdovic \"Boris Sujdovic\") left The Beasts of Bourbon to go full\\-time with [The Dubrovniks](/wiki/The_Dubrovniks \"The Dubrovniks\"), Hooper and Pola joined to replace them.",
"Salmon fired Tony Pola from the Surrealists in 1993, replacing him with Greg Bainbridge. Brian Hooper later left after the \"Kim Salmon and the Surrealists\" album and was replaced by [Stu Thomas](/wiki/Stu_Thomas \"Stu Thomas\") in 1995\\. This new trio put out *[Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing](/wiki/Ya_Gotta_Let_Me_Do_My_Thing \"Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing\")* in 1997, touring Australia, Europe, and the U.S. A horn section was added to the band that included trumpet player Leon de Bruin and saxophonist Michael Redman.",
"In 1999, Salmon renamed the band [Kim Salmon and the Business](/wiki/Kim_Salmon_and_the_Business \"Kim Salmon and the Business\"), and released one album \"Record\" in 1999\\. Stu Thomas remained on bass and [Phil Collings](/wiki/Phil_Collings \"Phil Collings\") was recruited on drums in 2000\\.",
"In September 2006, Kim Salmon and the Surrealists 'reformed' for a show in Spain at [Azkena Rock Festival](/wiki/Azkena_Rock_Festival \"Azkena Rock Festival\"). This line\\-up of Kim Salmon (guitar/vocal), Stu Thomas (bass) and Phil Collings (drums) also played later in Australia.",
"2010 marked the release of the album *Grand Unifying Theory*, the first Kim Salmon and The Surrealists record for 13 years. Line\\-up featured Kim Salmon (guitar/vocal/sampler), Stu Thomas (bass) and Phil Collings (drums). The band was recorded live during rehearsals. The results were sifted through by Salmon and co\\-producer [Mike Stranges](/wiki/Mike_Stranges \"Mike Stranges\"), spliced together in some cases (ala [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\")' \"[Bitches Brew](/wiki/Bitches_Brew \"Bitches Brew\")\"), and made into songs.",
"In June 2020, during COVID lockdowns the band performed 2 improvised livestream gigs from Rolling Stock Studios, Melbourne. These were seen by 7500 worldwide. The livestreams were also recorded then released as the double\\-LP \"Rantings From The Book Of Swamp\".",
"In 2022 the band completed the \"Ya Gotta Let Me Swamp My Rantings\" tour of Australia, included the current lineup, plus previous drummer Greg Bainbridge. Two sets featured the 2 different lineups, first performing the current \"Rantings\" LP, followed by 1997's \"Ya Gotta Let Me Do My Thing\" album.",
""
] |
Community life
--------------
For the Catholic Church the "perfection of charity, to which all the faithful are called, entails for those who freely follow the call to consecrated life the obligation of practicing chastity in celibacy for the sake of the Kingdom, poverty and obedience. It is the profession of these counsels, within a permanent state of life recognised by the Church that characterises the life consecrated to God."{{cite web\|title\=Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 915 \|url\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc\_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4\.htm\#III \|publisher\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \|accessdate\=9 October 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818210149/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc\_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4\.htm \|archivedate\=18 August 2016 }} Thus, like all religious, the Nashville Dominicans embrace the [evangelical counsels](/wiki/Evangelical_counsels "Evangelical counsels") of poverty, chastity and obedience. For their sisters, the journey to making perpetual profession of these vows lasts 8–9 years, and is in six main stages.
### Enquiry
This is the first stage, during which a young woman corresponds with the Congregation, has various conversations with the director of vocations, participates in a [retreat](/wiki/Retreat_%28spiritual%29 "Retreat (spiritual)") and undergoes a psychological evaluation.
### Pre\-postulancy
This follows for those who are accepted and lasts until it is time to enter the convent along with other prospective sisters. It is a period of opportunity for the candidate to deepen her spiritual life by daily reading of the [Bible](/wiki/Bible "Bible"), meeting with a [priest](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Priesthood (Catholic Church)") for [spiritual direction](/wiki/Spiritual_direction "Spiritual direction") and frequent participation in the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist "Eucharist").
### Postulancy
Postulancy begins when the young woman enters the [convent](/wiki/Convent "Convent") and is given a modified version of the [religious habit](/wiki/Religious_habit "Religious habit"). The [postulants](/wiki/Postulant "Postulant") spend the next year learning how to live in community as well as becoming familiar with [Catholic spirituality](/wiki/Catholic_spirituality "Catholic spirituality") and the Dominican way of life. There are also classes in basic [Catholic doctrine](/wiki/Catholic_theology "Catholic theology"), Church history and [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy").
### Novitiate
In 2018 at the General Chapter the period of novitiate was extended to two years [novitiate](/wiki/Novitiate "Novitiate") It follows postulancy. To mark the transition, the novice is clothed in the [Dominican habit](/wiki/Dominican_habit "Dominican habit"); whereas members who have professed vows after novitiate wear black veils, novices (who have not made vows) wear a white veil. The novitiate years are crucial, for it is then "…that the novices better understand their divine vocation, and indeed one which is proper to the institute, experience the manner of living of the institute, and form their mind and heart in its spirit, and so that their intention and suitability are tested."{{cite web\|title\=Code of Canon Law, c. 646 \|url\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P25\.HTM \|publisher\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195525/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P25\.HTM \|archivedate\=3 March 2016 }}
Thus, the novices are given the opportunity for longer periods of [prayer](/wiki/Prayer "Prayer") and spiritual reading, as well as silence, in order to reflect on the vocation [God](/wiki/God "God") is offering and their response. To nurture this process novices also study the Bible, various spiritual writings, [patristics](/wiki/Patristics "Patristics") and the significance of the [evangelical counsels](/wiki/Evangelical_counsels "Evangelical counsels"). The first year of the Novitiate is the Canonical Year which concentrates on nurturing the inner and spiritual life of the sister. The second year of the Novitiate is the Apostolic Year when the sister is introduced to the apostolate and work of the community, in this case, teaching.
### First and Temporary profession
First profession follows the novitiate.{{cite web\|title\=Code of Canon Law, c. 655 \|url\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P26\.HTM \|publisher\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \|accessdate\=8 October 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181227/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P26\.HTM \|archivedate\=3 March 2016 }}
"By religious profession, members assume the observance of the three evangelical counsels by public vow, are consecrated to God through the ministry of the Church, and are incorporated into the institute."{{cite web\|title\=Code of Canon Law, c. 654 \|url\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P26\.HTM \|publisher\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \|accessdate\=8 October 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181227/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P26\.HTM \|archivedate\=3 March 2016 }}
During the celebration of the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist "Eucharist") the novices make their first profession for three years and are clothed in the [black veil](/wiki/Black_Veil "Black Veil"). The [Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church](/wiki/Canon_law_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Canon law (Catholic Church)") states that this period must be a minimum of three, but no longer than six years. When the three years of temporary vows are complete, the sister renews her vows for a minimum of five years after first profession until the time of final profession arrives. Between this time and perpetual profession, the Sisters learn how to live the evangelical counsels in a practical manner.
Apart from working towards receiving certification as teachers, Sisters in this stage of formation finish other college course work as well as take further classes in [theology](/wiki/Theology "Theology") and philosophy. It is also possible that a sister may begin teaching during this period if she has previously obtained her certification.{{cite web\|title\=The Formation Process\|url\=http://www.nashvilledominican.org/vocations/the\-formation\-process/\|publisher\=Dominican Sisters of Saint Cecilia Congregation\|accessdate\=9 October 2016}}
### Perpetual profession
This is the culmination of the preceding years. Even after this profession, the journey continues, for "Through their entire life, religious are to continue diligently their spiritual, doctrinal, and practical formation."{{cite web\|title\=Code of Canon Law, c. 661 \|url\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P27\.HTM \|publisher\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \|accessdate\=9 October 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629134855/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\_\_P27\.HTM \|archivedate\=29 June 2016 }} Thus, the Nashville Dominicans pursue ongoing formation and study throughout all their lives.
|
[
"Community life\n--------------",
"For the Catholic Church the \"perfection of charity, to which all the faithful are called, entails for those who freely follow the call to consecrated life the obligation of practicing chastity in celibacy for the sake of the Kingdom, poverty and obedience. It is the profession of these counsels, within a permanent state of life recognised by the Church that characterises the life consecrated to God.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 915 \\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc\\_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4\\.htm\\#III \\|publisher\\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \\|accessdate\\=9 October 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818210149/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc\\_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4\\.htm \\|archivedate\\=18 August 2016 }} Thus, like all religious, the Nashville Dominicans embrace the [evangelical counsels](/wiki/Evangelical_counsels \"Evangelical counsels\") of poverty, chastity and obedience. For their sisters, the journey to making perpetual profession of these vows lasts 8–9 years, and is in six main stages.",
"### Enquiry",
"This is the first stage, during which a young woman corresponds with the Congregation, has various conversations with the director of vocations, participates in a [retreat](/wiki/Retreat_%28spiritual%29 \"Retreat (spiritual)\") and undergoes a psychological evaluation.",
"### Pre\\-postulancy",
"This follows for those who are accepted and lasts until it is time to enter the convent along with other prospective sisters. It is a period of opportunity for the candidate to deepen her spiritual life by daily reading of the [Bible](/wiki/Bible \"Bible\"), meeting with a [priest](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Priesthood (Catholic Church)\") for [spiritual direction](/wiki/Spiritual_direction \"Spiritual direction\") and frequent participation in the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist \"Eucharist\").",
"### Postulancy",
"Postulancy begins when the young woman enters the [convent](/wiki/Convent \"Convent\") and is given a modified version of the [religious habit](/wiki/Religious_habit \"Religious habit\"). The [postulants](/wiki/Postulant \"Postulant\") spend the next year learning how to live in community as well as becoming familiar with [Catholic spirituality](/wiki/Catholic_spirituality \"Catholic spirituality\") and the Dominican way of life. There are also classes in basic [Catholic doctrine](/wiki/Catholic_theology \"Catholic theology\"), Church history and [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\").",
"### Novitiate",
"In 2018 at the General Chapter the period of novitiate was extended to two years [novitiate](/wiki/Novitiate \"Novitiate\") It follows postulancy. To mark the transition, the novice is clothed in the [Dominican habit](/wiki/Dominican_habit \"Dominican habit\"); whereas members who have professed vows after novitiate wear black veils, novices (who have not made vows) wear a white veil. The novitiate years are crucial, for it is then \"…that the novices better understand their divine vocation, and indeed one which is proper to the institute, experience the manner of living of the institute, and form their mind and heart in its spirit, and so that their intention and suitability are tested.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Code of Canon Law, c. 646 \\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P25\\.HTM \\|publisher\\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195525/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P25\\.HTM \\|archivedate\\=3 March 2016 }}\nThus, the novices are given the opportunity for longer periods of [prayer](/wiki/Prayer \"Prayer\") and spiritual reading, as well as silence, in order to reflect on the vocation [God](/wiki/God \"God\") is offering and their response. To nurture this process novices also study the Bible, various spiritual writings, [patristics](/wiki/Patristics \"Patristics\") and the significance of the [evangelical counsels](/wiki/Evangelical_counsels \"Evangelical counsels\"). The first year of the Novitiate is the Canonical Year which concentrates on nurturing the inner and spiritual life of the sister. The second year of the Novitiate is the Apostolic Year when the sister is introduced to the apostolate and work of the community, in this case, teaching.",
"### First and Temporary profession",
"First profession follows the novitiate.{{cite web\\|title\\=Code of Canon Law, c. 655 \\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P26\\.HTM \\|publisher\\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \\|accessdate\\=8 October 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181227/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P26\\.HTM \\|archivedate\\=3 March 2016 }}\n\"By religious profession, members assume the observance of the three evangelical counsels by public vow, are consecrated to God through the ministry of the Church, and are incorporated into the institute.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Code of Canon Law, c. 654 \\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P26\\.HTM \\|publisher\\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \\|accessdate\\=8 October 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181227/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P26\\.HTM \\|archivedate\\=3 March 2016 }}\nDuring the celebration of the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist \"Eucharist\") the novices make their first profession for three years and are clothed in the [black veil](/wiki/Black_Veil \"Black Veil\"). The [Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church](/wiki/Canon_law_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Canon law (Catholic Church)\") states that this period must be a minimum of three, but no longer than six years. When the three years of temporary vows are complete, the sister renews her vows for a minimum of five years after first profession until the time of final profession arrives. Between this time and perpetual profession, the Sisters learn how to live the evangelical counsels in a practical manner.",
"Apart from working towards receiving certification as teachers, Sisters in this stage of formation finish other college course work as well as take further classes in [theology](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\") and philosophy. It is also possible that a sister may begin teaching during this period if she has previously obtained her certification.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Formation Process\\|url\\=http://www.nashvilledominican.org/vocations/the\\-formation\\-process/\\|publisher\\=Dominican Sisters of Saint Cecilia Congregation\\|accessdate\\=9 October 2016}}",
"### Perpetual profession",
"This is the culmination of the preceding years. Even after this profession, the journey continues, for \"Through their entire life, religious are to continue diligently their spiritual, doctrinal, and practical formation.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Code of Canon Law, c. 661 \\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P27\\.HTM \\|publisher\\=Libreria Editrice Vaticana \\|accessdate\\=9 October 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629134855/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/\\_\\_P27\\.HTM \\|archivedate\\=29 June 2016 }} Thus, the Nashville Dominicans pursue ongoing formation and study throughout all their lives.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|New York Avenue and Bladensburg Road, the first traffic light on New York Avenue after entering [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")](/wiki/File:2016-10-04_09_50_57_View_west_along_U.S._Route_50_%28New_York_Avenue%29_at_U.S._Route_1_Alternate_%28Bladensburg_Road_NE%29_in_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg "2016-10-04 09 50 57 View west along U.S. Route 50 (New York Avenue) at U.S. Route 1 Alternate (Bladensburg Road NE) in Washington, D.C..jpg")
New York Avenue was planned as one of the original streets in the [L'Enfant Plan](/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plan "L'Enfant Plan") for [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") It was intended to begin at the [Potomac River](/wiki/Potomac_River "Potomac River") and extend northeast toward the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House"), then continue past the [Executive Residence](/wiki/Executive_Residence "Executive Residence") northeast to the city's boundary with [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland"). The portion of the street southwest of the White House was to give the [President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") an uninterrupted view of the [Potomac River](/wiki/Potomac_River "Potomac River"). Construction on the [State, War, and Navy Building](/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building "Eisenhower Executive Office Building") from 1871 to 1888 blocked this view, and it remains blocked to this day.{{sfn\|Applewhite\|1993\|page\=127}} It extended to the grounds of the [U.S. Naval Observatory](/wiki/Old_Naval_Observatory "Old Naval Observatory"), but the construction of [Rawlins Park](/wiki/Rawlins_Park "Rawlins Park") in 1873 destroyed a block of New York Avenue between 18th and 19th Streets NW.{{sfn\|Bednar\|2006\|page\=154, 267 fn. 51}}
New York Avenue's consolidation with Triangle Park and three other parklets into a small mall in 1937 consumed another block between 20th and 21st Streets NW.{{Cite news \|date\=April 13, 1937 \|title\=5 New Parks Are Planned As Little Mall \|page\=17 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} Construction of the [United States Department of War](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War "United States Department of War") Building (now the [Harry S Truman Building](/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building "Harry S Truman Building"), housing the [United States Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State")), and an associated park (since January 1959, known as Edward J. Kelly Park){{Cite news \|date\=January 18, 1959 \|title\=Park Named for Edward J. Kelly \|page\=B2 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} from 1940 to 1941 destroyed the lower three blocks of New York Avenue.{{Cite news \|date\=November 17, 1939 \|title\=Legal Notices \|page\=30 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} Construction of the [Theodore Roosevelt Building](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Building "Theodore Roosevelt Building") (which now houses the [United States Office of Personnel Management](/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Personnel_Management "United States Office of Personnel Management")) in 1963 eliminated another block between 19th and 20th Streets NW. This left a single block of New York Avenue NW, between 17th and 18th Streets NW, southeast of the White House.
New York Avenue northeast of the White House retains its uninterrupted character. It originally terminated at Boundary Avenue (now [Florida Avenue NE](/wiki/Florida_Avenue "Florida Avenue"), as all city streets did in the L'Enfant Plan. Extensive development occurred beyond Boundary Avenue from 1870 to 1900\. Extension of New York Avenue to Bladensburg Road was considered as early as 1899\.{{Cite news \|date\=February 5, 1899 \|title\=District Bill Conference \|page\=10 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} But no action was taken. The [McMillan Plan](/wiki/McMillan_Plan "McMillan Plan"), a master plan for the capital published in 1901, strongly endorsed extension of the street. But although many portions of the plan were acted on, no road construction occurred. Plans were drawn up in 1903 to extend the street about {{convert\|1\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} beyond the "city limits" to reach the [Ivy City](/wiki/Ivy_City "Ivy City") development,{{sfn\|Miller\|1984\|page\=80}} but these, too, fell through. In 1907, as construction of [Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29 "Union Station (Washington, D.C.)") was under way, the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad "Baltimore and Ohio Railroad") (B\&O) created a diversion track (beginning at Ivy City) so that its passenger trains could reach the new station.{{Cite news \|date\=November 21, 1903 \|title\=Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company \|page\=2044 \|work\=The Commercial \& Financial Chronicle \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oL4zAQAAMAAJ\&q\=%22Washington\+Branch%22\+terminal\&pg\=PA2042}} As part of this effort, the B\&O was required to build a [bridge to carry New York Avenue](/wiki/New_York_Avenue_Bridge "New York Avenue Bridge") over its new track route, extending New York Avenue to Fourth Street NE. The B\&O built the bridge and extension, but the bridge remained unused for decades.
Extensions to Bladensburg Road were debated again in 1908,{{Cite news \|date\=1908\-02\-14 \|title\=Three District Bills \|page\=4 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/144874039\|id\={{ProQuest\|144874039}} }} and failed. The [right of way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28property_access%29 "Right-of-way (property access)") was purchased in 1914, and property owners along the street route assessed for construction. But no construction occurred.{{Cite news \|date\=October 25, 1931 \|title\=New York Avenue Extension Opening Is Set November 2 \|page\=M22 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} An extension was proposed to South Dakota Avenue NE in 1925 (after land was purchased to found the [United States National Arboretum](/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum "United States National Arboretum")), but these proposals were not acted on.{{Cite news \|date\=December 13, 1925 \|title\=Northeast Citizens Propose Arboretum on Mount Hamilton \|page\=6 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} Construction on New York Avenue Extended finally began in September 1930\.{{Cite news \|date\=September 15, 1930 \|title\=Approaches to Washington \|page\=6 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} The $231,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation\|US\|231000\|1930}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars) project created a {{convert\|50\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} roadway {{convert\|2\.125\|mi\|km}} long from Florida Avenue NE to Bladensburg Road NE. There were no intersections with side streets, and only 4th Street NE merged with it. New York Avenue Extended opened on November 2, 1931\.
The final section of New York Avenue NE (known as New York Avenue Extended), from Bladensburg Road to the District\-Maryland border and the connection with [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_the_District_of_Columbia "U.S. Route 50 in the District of Columbia"), opened in October 1954\. The construction of Route 50 was a joint effort of the state of Maryland (which built the northern half) and the federal government (which constructed the southern half). The District of Columbia paid to have New York Avenue extended to the connection. A "gateway" to the city was proposed at this time, but no gateway was built.{{Cite news \|date\=September 4, 1954 \|title\=New Parkway May Be Open In 6 Weeks \|page\=35 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} This section of the avenue was not well\-planned. At the bridge over South Dakota Avenue and the railroad track just a few hundred feet westward, New York Avenue narrowed from three lanes to two, creating major back\-ups.{{Cite news \|last\=Shaffer \|first\=Ron \|date\=April 10, 1997 \|title\=Three Clogged Arteries \|page\=J1 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}
The fate of New York Avenue NE was sealed with the cancellation of the [Northeast Freeway](/wiki/Northeast_Freeway_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29 "Northeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.)") in 1977, which was intended to provide a more direct route for traffic between downtown Washington and Baltimore along the Interstate 95 corridor. The loss of the Northeast Freeway left New York Avenue NE, U.S. Route 50, and the Baltimore\-Washington Parkway as the best route to get in and out of downtown Washington from the northeast. The main advantage of New York Avenue NE is that drivers need only put up with about two\-and\-a\-half miles (4 km) of traffic lights between downtown Washington and the last traffic light at Bladensburg Road, while the distance between downtown Washington and the closest controlled\-access freeway is more than twice as far for the two next best alternative routes, MD 650 and [MD 500](/wiki/Maryland_Route_500 "Maryland Route 500")/[MD 410](/wiki/Maryland_Route_410 "Maryland Route 410").
### Major reconstructions
New York Avenue NW and NE within the boundary of the old Federal City has generally remained in good to excellent condition. The city rebuilt New York Avenue between 9th and 15th Streets NW from 1992 to 1994\.
New York Avenue NE beyond Florida Avenue NE, however, has had serious degradation issues. This section of the roadway saw only minor repairs until the mid 1980s, when major portions of the road began to fail. In 1987, a complete reconstruction of New York Avenue NE from Bladensburg Road to South Dakota Avenue occurred.{{Cite news \|last\=Lancaster \|first\=John \|date\=May 25, 1987 \|title\=A Long Road To Improved Streets, Bridges \|page\=D10 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} The lower portion of the street did not receive major repairs, and by 1990 was listed by the city (along with [South Capitol Street](/wiki/South_Capitol_Street "South Capitol Street")) as one of the worst for potholes.{{Cite news \|last\=Fehr \|first\=Stephen C. \|date\=July 23, 1990 \|title\=Aging Streets Leave City Bailing Against the Tide \|page\=A1 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}
In 1995, the [District of Columbia Department of Transportation](/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Department_of_Transportation "District of Columbia Department of Transportation") (DDOT) estimated that New York Avenue Extended carried 107,000 vehicles each day.{{Cite news \|last\=Fehr \|first\=Stephen C. \|date\=July 31, 1995 \|title\=N.Y. Avenue's Future Faces a Rough Road \|page\=C1 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} By 1997, this had risen to 135,000 vehicles every day.{{Cite news \|last\=Sipress \|first\=Alan \|date\=March 3, 1999 \|title\=Repair Work Begins on New York Avenue \|page\=B8 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} The road was D.C.'s most heavily trafficked; only the [14th Street Bridge](/wiki/14th_Street_Bridge_%28Potomac_River%29 "14th Street Bridge (Potomac River)") and the [Southeast\-Southwest Freeway](/wiki/Interstate_395_%28District_of_Columbia%E2%80%93Virginia%29 "Interstate 395 (District of Columbia–Virginia)") (I\-395\) were more traveled. It was also the city's most\-used commercial corridor, as [semi\-trailer trucks](/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck "Semi-trailer truck") were twice as likely to use New York Avenue to enter the city than any other street.{{Cite news \|last\=Leonig \|first\=Carol D. \|date\=March 17, 2001 \|title\=New York Ave. Detour Ahead \|page\=B1 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}
In the spring of 1998, the city announced a two\-year, $24\.7 million (${{formatnum:{{inflation\|US\|24700000\|1998}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars) project reconstructed New York Avenue from South Dakota Avenue to the District line. The two bridges which created two\-lane traffic jams were replaced and the roadway widened to three lanes in each direction.{{Cite news \|last\=Reid \|first\=Alice \|date\=October 12, 1997 \|title\=D.C. Roads Take Turn For Better \|page\=B1 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} The ramps connecting South Dakota Avenue with New York Avenue were also replaced. A new roadway design, which incorporated a {{convert\|10\|in\|cm\|adj\=on}} [reinforced concrete](/wiki/Reinforced_concrete "Reinforced concrete") road surface, was used on this section of the street. The project also installed new street and traffic lighting and improved storm water drainage. Design and delays in obtaining federal funding kept the project on the ground until March 1999\. Traffic barriers were used to create reversible lanes, to alleviate rush hour problems. The work proved more difficult than planned, and was not complete until June 2002\.{{Cite news \|last\=Shaffer \|first\=Ron \|date\=June 2, 2002 \|title\=Close Call Changes Revenge Mind\-Set \|page\=C2 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} For reasons which remain unclear, the [bridge over the railroad tracks](/wiki/New_York_Avenue_Bridge_%28Anacostia_River%29 "New York Avenue Bridge (Anacostia River)") near South Dakota Avenue NE was not replaced, and the two\-lane bottleneck continued.
As the 1999 reconstruction project continued, the section of New York Avenue from South Dakota Avenue to Bladensburg Road was repaved to remove bumpy asphalt. All three inbound lanes were closed at the same time, as the city experimented with what it called a "full\-bore approach" in repaving. Fort Myer Construction handled the $700,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation\|US\|700000\|2001}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars) job. The new construction method worked, and the avenue reopened on time three days later.{{Cite news \|last\=Trejos \|first\=Nancy \|date\=March 25, 2001 \|title\=Inbound New York Ave. Reopens on Schedule \|page\=C4 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}
According to a study released in 2005 by the government of the District of Columbia, five of the ten most crash\-prone intersections in the city are along New York Avenue. The most crash\-prone intersection in the city is at New York Avenue NE and Bladensburg Road NE.{{Cite news \|last\=Del Quentin Wilber \|date\=October 6, 2005 \|title\=Hot Spots for Crashes Multiply \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2005/10/05/AR2005100500825\.html \|access\-date\=August 15, 2015}}
Another major bridge, carrying 9th Street NE over New York Avenue, began replacement in April 2009\. The 70\-year\-old structure carried 26,000 vehicles a day. The two\-year, $40 million (${{formatnum:{{inflation\|US\|40000000\|2009}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars) project replaced two\-lane, {{convert\|44\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} wide span with a four\-lane, {{convert\|52\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} wide structure. Sidewalks were widened from {{convert\|5\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} to {{convert\|9\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} in width, a [median](/wiki/Median_%28road%29 "Median (road)") was added, and new crash\-resistant railings installed.{{Cite journal \|date\=July 29, 2011 \|title\=D.C. Dedicates New 9th Street Bridge Over New York Avenue \|url\=http://www.aashtojournal.org/Pages/072911dc.aspx \|journal\=AASHTO Journal \|access\-date\=August 15, 2015}} Delays in other New York Avenue projects allowed the 9th Street NE bridge to begin replacement sooner than expected, and to proceed faster toward completion.{{Cite news \|last\=Thomson \|first\=Robert \|date\=December 17, 2010 \|title\=New York Avenue Bridge Project to Start Soon \|page\=B4 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}
Work on New York Avenue occurred again in the spring of 2010\. Single lane closures in both directions occurred as repaving occurred from Bladensburg Road to Florida Avenue.{{Cite news \|date\=November 8, 2009 \|title\=Navigating New York Avenue \|page\=C2 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} A far more major repair effort began 2011, when the 1907 bridge over the railroad tracks between Florida Avenue NE and Penn Street NE was replaced. The job was a complex one, as the bridge also carried electricity, telecommunication cables, and mechanical equipment critical for railroad operations. The project was ready to begin in 2010, but the complexity of the replacement led to a new replace plan which delayed work a year. Lanes closures in 2011 consisted of a single lane in one direction during rush hour, but expanded to two lanes in each direction in 2012\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|New York Avenue and Bladensburg Road, the first traffic light on New York Avenue after entering [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")](/wiki/File:2016-10-04_09_50_57_View_west_along_U.S._Route_50_%28New_York_Avenue%29_at_U.S._Route_1_Alternate_%28Bladensburg_Road_NE%29_in_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg \"2016-10-04 09 50 57 View west along U.S. Route 50 (New York Avenue) at U.S. Route 1 Alternate (Bladensburg Road NE) in Washington, D.C..jpg\")\nNew York Avenue was planned as one of the original streets in the [L'Enfant Plan](/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plan \"L'Enfant Plan\") for [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") It was intended to begin at the [Potomac River](/wiki/Potomac_River \"Potomac River\") and extend northeast toward the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\"), then continue past the [Executive Residence](/wiki/Executive_Residence \"Executive Residence\") northeast to the city's boundary with [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\"). The portion of the street southwest of the White House was to give the [President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") an uninterrupted view of the [Potomac River](/wiki/Potomac_River \"Potomac River\"). Construction on the [State, War, and Navy Building](/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building \"Eisenhower Executive Office Building\") from 1871 to 1888 blocked this view, and it remains blocked to this day.{{sfn\\|Applewhite\\|1993\\|page\\=127}} It extended to the grounds of the [U.S. Naval Observatory](/wiki/Old_Naval_Observatory \"Old Naval Observatory\"), but the construction of [Rawlins Park](/wiki/Rawlins_Park \"Rawlins Park\") in 1873 destroyed a block of New York Avenue between 18th and 19th Streets NW.{{sfn\\|Bednar\\|2006\\|page\\=154, 267 fn. 51}}",
"New York Avenue's consolidation with Triangle Park and three other parklets into a small mall in 1937 consumed another block between 20th and 21st Streets NW.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 13, 1937 \\|title\\=5 New Parks Are Planned As Little Mall \\|page\\=17 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} Construction of the [United States Department of War](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\") Building (now the [Harry S Truman Building](/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building \"Harry S Truman Building\"), housing the [United States Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\")), and an associated park (since January 1959, known as Edward J. Kelly Park){{Cite news \\|date\\=January 18, 1959 \\|title\\=Park Named for Edward J. Kelly \\|page\\=B2 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} from 1940 to 1941 destroyed the lower three blocks of New York Avenue.{{Cite news \\|date\\=November 17, 1939 \\|title\\=Legal Notices \\|page\\=30 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} Construction of the [Theodore Roosevelt Building](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Building \"Theodore Roosevelt Building\") (which now houses the [United States Office of Personnel Management](/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Personnel_Management \"United States Office of Personnel Management\")) in 1963 eliminated another block between 19th and 20th Streets NW. This left a single block of New York Avenue NW, between 17th and 18th Streets NW, southeast of the White House.",
"New York Avenue northeast of the White House retains its uninterrupted character. It originally terminated at Boundary Avenue (now [Florida Avenue NE](/wiki/Florida_Avenue \"Florida Avenue\"), as all city streets did in the L'Enfant Plan. Extensive development occurred beyond Boundary Avenue from 1870 to 1900\\. Extension of New York Avenue to Bladensburg Road was considered as early as 1899\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=February 5, 1899 \\|title\\=District Bill Conference \\|page\\=10 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} But no action was taken. The [McMillan Plan](/wiki/McMillan_Plan \"McMillan Plan\"), a master plan for the capital published in 1901, strongly endorsed extension of the street. But although many portions of the plan were acted on, no road construction occurred. Plans were drawn up in 1903 to extend the street about {{convert\\|1\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} beyond the \"city limits\" to reach the [Ivy City](/wiki/Ivy_City \"Ivy City\") development,{{sfn\\|Miller\\|1984\\|page\\=80}} but these, too, fell through. In 1907, as construction of [Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29 \"Union Station (Washington, D.C.)\") was under way, the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad \"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\") (B\\&O) created a diversion track (beginning at Ivy City) so that its passenger trains could reach the new station.{{Cite news \\|date\\=November 21, 1903 \\|title\\=Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company \\|page\\=2044 \\|work\\=The Commercial \\& Financial Chronicle \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oL4zAQAAMAAJ\\&q\\=%22Washington\\+Branch%22\\+terminal\\&pg\\=PA2042}} As part of this effort, the B\\&O was required to build a [bridge to carry New York Avenue](/wiki/New_York_Avenue_Bridge \"New York Avenue Bridge\") over its new track route, extending New York Avenue to Fourth Street NE. The B\\&O built the bridge and extension, but the bridge remained unused for decades.",
"Extensions to Bladensburg Road were debated again in 1908,{{Cite news \\|date\\=1908\\-02\\-14 \\|title\\=Three District Bills \\|page\\=4 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/144874039\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|144874039}} }} and failed. The [right of way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28property_access%29 \"Right-of-way (property access)\") was purchased in 1914, and property owners along the street route assessed for construction. But no construction occurred.{{Cite news \\|date\\=October 25, 1931 \\|title\\=New York Avenue Extension Opening Is Set November 2 \\|page\\=M22 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} An extension was proposed to South Dakota Avenue NE in 1925 (after land was purchased to found the [United States National Arboretum](/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum \"United States National Arboretum\")), but these proposals were not acted on.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 13, 1925 \\|title\\=Northeast Citizens Propose Arboretum on Mount Hamilton \\|page\\=6 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} Construction on New York Avenue Extended finally began in September 1930\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 15, 1930 \\|title\\=Approaches to Washington \\|page\\=6 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} The $231,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation\\|US\\|231000\\|1930}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars) project created a {{convert\\|50\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} roadway {{convert\\|2\\.125\\|mi\\|km}} long from Florida Avenue NE to Bladensburg Road NE. There were no intersections with side streets, and only 4th Street NE merged with it. New York Avenue Extended opened on November 2, 1931\\.",
"The final section of New York Avenue NE (known as New York Avenue Extended), from Bladensburg Road to the District\\-Maryland border and the connection with [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_the_District_of_Columbia \"U.S. Route 50 in the District of Columbia\"), opened in October 1954\\. The construction of Route 50 was a joint effort of the state of Maryland (which built the northern half) and the federal government (which constructed the southern half). The District of Columbia paid to have New York Avenue extended to the connection. A \"gateway\" to the city was proposed at this time, but no gateway was built.{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 4, 1954 \\|title\\=New Parkway May Be Open In 6 Weeks \\|page\\=35 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} This section of the avenue was not well\\-planned. At the bridge over South Dakota Avenue and the railroad track just a few hundred feet westward, New York Avenue narrowed from three lanes to two, creating major back\\-ups.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Shaffer \\|first\\=Ron \\|date\\=April 10, 1997 \\|title\\=Three Clogged Arteries \\|page\\=J1 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}",
"The fate of New York Avenue NE was sealed with the cancellation of the [Northeast Freeway](/wiki/Northeast_Freeway_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29 \"Northeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.)\") in 1977, which was intended to provide a more direct route for traffic between downtown Washington and Baltimore along the Interstate 95 corridor. The loss of the Northeast Freeway left New York Avenue NE, U.S. Route 50, and the Baltimore\\-Washington Parkway as the best route to get in and out of downtown Washington from the northeast. The main advantage of New York Avenue NE is that drivers need only put up with about two\\-and\\-a\\-half miles (4 km) of traffic lights between downtown Washington and the last traffic light at Bladensburg Road, while the distance between downtown Washington and the closest controlled\\-access freeway is more than twice as far for the two next best alternative routes, MD 650 and [MD 500](/wiki/Maryland_Route_500 \"Maryland Route 500\")/[MD 410](/wiki/Maryland_Route_410 \"Maryland Route 410\").",
"### Major reconstructions",
"New York Avenue NW and NE within the boundary of the old Federal City has generally remained in good to excellent condition. The city rebuilt New York Avenue between 9th and 15th Streets NW from 1992 to 1994\\.",
"New York Avenue NE beyond Florida Avenue NE, however, has had serious degradation issues. This section of the roadway saw only minor repairs until the mid 1980s, when major portions of the road began to fail. In 1987, a complete reconstruction of New York Avenue NE from Bladensburg Road to South Dakota Avenue occurred.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Lancaster \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=May 25, 1987 \\|title\\=A Long Road To Improved Streets, Bridges \\|page\\=D10 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} The lower portion of the street did not receive major repairs, and by 1990 was listed by the city (along with [South Capitol Street](/wiki/South_Capitol_Street \"South Capitol Street\")) as one of the worst for potholes.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Fehr \\|first\\=Stephen C. \\|date\\=July 23, 1990 \\|title\\=Aging Streets Leave City Bailing Against the Tide \\|page\\=A1 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}",
"In 1995, the [District of Columbia Department of Transportation](/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Department_of_Transportation \"District of Columbia Department of Transportation\") (DDOT) estimated that New York Avenue Extended carried 107,000 vehicles each day.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Fehr \\|first\\=Stephen C. \\|date\\=July 31, 1995 \\|title\\=N.Y. Avenue's Future Faces a Rough Road \\|page\\=C1 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} By 1997, this had risen to 135,000 vehicles every day.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sipress \\|first\\=Alan \\|date\\=March 3, 1999 \\|title\\=Repair Work Begins on New York Avenue \\|page\\=B8 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} The road was D.C.'s most heavily trafficked; only the [14th Street Bridge](/wiki/14th_Street_Bridge_%28Potomac_River%29 \"14th Street Bridge (Potomac River)\") and the [Southeast\\-Southwest Freeway](/wiki/Interstate_395_%28District_of_Columbia%E2%80%93Virginia%29 \"Interstate 395 (District of Columbia–Virginia)\") (I\\-395\\) were more traveled. It was also the city's most\\-used commercial corridor, as [semi\\-trailer trucks](/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck \"Semi-trailer truck\") were twice as likely to use New York Avenue to enter the city than any other street.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Leonig \\|first\\=Carol D. \\|date\\=March 17, 2001 \\|title\\=New York Ave. Detour Ahead \\|page\\=B1 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}",
"In the spring of 1998, the city announced a two\\-year, $24\\.7 million (${{formatnum:{{inflation\\|US\\|24700000\\|1998}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars) project reconstructed New York Avenue from South Dakota Avenue to the District line. The two bridges which created two\\-lane traffic jams were replaced and the roadway widened to three lanes in each direction.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Reid \\|first\\=Alice \\|date\\=October 12, 1997 \\|title\\=D.C. Roads Take Turn For Better \\|page\\=B1 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} The ramps connecting South Dakota Avenue with New York Avenue were also replaced. A new roadway design, which incorporated a {{convert\\|10\\|in\\|cm\\|adj\\=on}} [reinforced concrete](/wiki/Reinforced_concrete \"Reinforced concrete\") road surface, was used on this section of the street. The project also installed new street and traffic lighting and improved storm water drainage. Design and delays in obtaining federal funding kept the project on the ground until March 1999\\. Traffic barriers were used to create reversible lanes, to alleviate rush hour problems. The work proved more difficult than planned, and was not complete until June 2002\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Shaffer \\|first\\=Ron \\|date\\=June 2, 2002 \\|title\\=Close Call Changes Revenge Mind\\-Set \\|page\\=C2 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} For reasons which remain unclear, the [bridge over the railroad tracks](/wiki/New_York_Avenue_Bridge_%28Anacostia_River%29 \"New York Avenue Bridge (Anacostia River)\") near South Dakota Avenue NE was not replaced, and the two\\-lane bottleneck continued.",
"As the 1999 reconstruction project continued, the section of New York Avenue from South Dakota Avenue to Bladensburg Road was repaved to remove bumpy asphalt. All three inbound lanes were closed at the same time, as the city experimented with what it called a \"full\\-bore approach\" in repaving. Fort Myer Construction handled the $700,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation\\|US\\|700000\\|2001}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars) job. The new construction method worked, and the avenue reopened on time three days later.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Trejos \\|first\\=Nancy \\|date\\=March 25, 2001 \\|title\\=Inbound New York Ave. Reopens on Schedule \\|page\\=C4 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}",
"According to a study released in 2005 by the government of the District of Columbia, five of the ten most crash\\-prone intersections in the city are along New York Avenue. The most crash\\-prone intersection in the city is at New York Avenue NE and Bladensburg Road NE.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Del Quentin Wilber \\|date\\=October 6, 2005 \\|title\\=Hot Spots for Crashes Multiply \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2005/10/05/AR2005100500825\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 15, 2015}}",
"Another major bridge, carrying 9th Street NE over New York Avenue, began replacement in April 2009\\. The 70\\-year\\-old structure carried 26,000 vehicles a day. The two\\-year, $40 million (${{formatnum:{{inflation\\|US\\|40000000\\|2009}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars) project replaced two\\-lane, {{convert\\|44\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} wide span with a four\\-lane, {{convert\\|52\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} wide structure. Sidewalks were widened from {{convert\\|5\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} to {{convert\\|9\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} in width, a [median](/wiki/Median_%28road%29 \"Median (road)\") was added, and new crash\\-resistant railings installed.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=July 29, 2011 \\|title\\=D.C. Dedicates New 9th Street Bridge Over New York Avenue \\|url\\=http://www.aashtojournal.org/Pages/072911dc.aspx \\|journal\\=AASHTO Journal \\|access\\-date\\=August 15, 2015}} Delays in other New York Avenue projects allowed the 9th Street NE bridge to begin replacement sooner than expected, and to proceed faster toward completion.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Thomson \\|first\\=Robert \\|date\\=December 17, 2010 \\|title\\=New York Avenue Bridge Project to Start Soon \\|page\\=B4 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}",
"Work on New York Avenue occurred again in the spring of 2010\\. Single lane closures in both directions occurred as repaving occurred from Bladensburg Road to Florida Avenue.{{Cite news \\|date\\=November 8, 2009 \\|title\\=Navigating New York Avenue \\|page\\=C2 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}} A far more major repair effort began 2011, when the 1907 bridge over the railroad tracks between Florida Avenue NE and Penn Street NE was replaced. The job was a complex one, as the bridge also carried electricity, telecommunication cables, and mechanical equipment critical for railroad operations. The project was ready to begin in 2010, but the complexity of the replacement led to a new replace plan which delayed work a year. Lanes closures in 2011 consisted of a single lane in one direction during rush hour, but expanded to two lanes in each direction in 2012\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
In January 1998, [Milo Đukanović](/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87 "Milo Đukanović") became president of Montenegro, following the bitterly contested [presidential election in November 1997](/wiki/1997_Montenegrin_presidential_election "1997 Montenegrin presidential election"), which were pronounced free and fair by international monitors. His coalition followed up with the [parliamentary election in May](/wiki/1998_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "1998 Montenegrin parliamentary election"). Having weathered Milošević's campaign to undermine his government, Đukanović struggled to balance the pro\-independence stance of his coalition with the changed domestic and international environment of the post\-[October 5](/wiki/Bulldozer_Revolution "Bulldozer Revolution") country. In December 2002, Đukanović resigned as president and was appointed [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister "Prime Minister"). The new President of Montenegro became [Filip Vujanović](/wiki/Filip_Vujanovi%C4%87 "Filip Vujanović").
Before the October 5 overthrow as opposition grew, Milošević continued to hold significant power. Although his political party, the [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia "Socialist Party of Serbia") (SPS) (in electoral cartel with [Mirjana Markovic](/wiki/Mirjana_Markovic "Mirjana Markovic")' [Yugoslav Left](/wiki/Yugoslav_Left "Yugoslav Left")), did not enjoy a majority in either the federal or Serbian parliaments, it dominated the governing coalitions and held all the key administrative posts. An essential element of Milošević's grasp on power was his control of the police. Routine federal elections in September 2000 resulted in [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica "Vojislav Koštunica"), leader of the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia "Democratic Opposition of Serbia") block \- receiving less than a majority, requiring a second round. Immediately, street protests and rallies filled cities across the country as the nation rallied around [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica "Vojislav Koštunica"), the recently formed candidate for FRY president. There had been widespread fear that the second round would be canceled on the basis of foreign interference in the elections.
On 5 October 2000, Slobodan Milošević was forced to concede defeat after days of mass protests across Serbia. New FRY President [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica "Vojislav Koštunica") was supported by [Zoran Đinđić](/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87 "Zoran Đinđić"), who was elected Prime Minister of Serbia in the December 2000 republican elections. After an initial honeymoon period in the wake of October 5, DSS and the rest of DOS, led by Đinđić and his DS, found themselves increasingly at odds over the nature and pace of the governments' reform programs. By mid\-2002, Koštunica and Đinđić were openly at odds over the direction of the country's future. Koštunica's party, having informally withdrawn from all DOS decision\-making bodies, was agitating for early elections in an effort to force Đinđić from the scene. After the initial euphoria of replacing Milošević, the population in reaction to this political maneuvering, was sliding into apathy and disillusionment with its leading politicians. This political stalemate continued for much of 2002, and reform initiatives stalled. Finally in February 2003, the Constitutional Charter was ratified by both republics, and Yugoslavia became a confederacy. Under the new Constitutional Charter, most federal functions and authorities devolved to the republic level. [Svetozar Marović](/wiki/Svetozar_Marovi%C4%87 "Svetozar Marović") was elected as the new president of Yugoslavia.
On 6 February 2003, the country became a confederation pursuant to amendments agreed the previous year. This was to be a confederacy with more powers devolved to the constituent republics, Montenegro and Serbia, operating as a [commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth "Commonwealth"). The central government largely became a ceremonial outfit.
On 12 March 2003, Serbia′s prime minister [Zoran Đinđić](/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87 "Zoran Đinđić") was assassinated. The newly formed confederate government of Yugoslavia reacted swiftly by calling a state of emergency and undertaking an unprecedented crackdown on organized crime which led to the arrest of more than 4,000 people.
On 3 June 2006, [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") declared independence. On 5 June 2006, [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") also declared independence, thus ending the 88 year old unity of the two Serbian countries \- [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") and [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In January 1998, [Milo Đukanović](/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87 \"Milo Đukanović\") became president of Montenegro, following the bitterly contested [presidential election in November 1997](/wiki/1997_Montenegrin_presidential_election \"1997 Montenegrin presidential election\"), which were pronounced free and fair by international monitors. His coalition followed up with the [parliamentary election in May](/wiki/1998_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"1998 Montenegrin parliamentary election\"). Having weathered Milošević's campaign to undermine his government, Đukanović struggled to balance the pro\\-independence stance of his coalition with the changed domestic and international environment of the post\\-[October 5](/wiki/Bulldozer_Revolution \"Bulldozer Revolution\") country. In December 2002, Đukanović resigned as president and was appointed [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister \"Prime Minister\"). The new President of Montenegro became [Filip Vujanović](/wiki/Filip_Vujanovi%C4%87 \"Filip Vujanović\").",
"Before the October 5 overthrow as opposition grew, Milošević continued to hold significant power. Although his political party, the [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia \"Socialist Party of Serbia\") (SPS) (in electoral cartel with [Mirjana Markovic](/wiki/Mirjana_Markovic \"Mirjana Markovic\")' [Yugoslav Left](/wiki/Yugoslav_Left \"Yugoslav Left\")), did not enjoy a majority in either the federal or Serbian parliaments, it dominated the governing coalitions and held all the key administrative posts. An essential element of Milošević's grasp on power was his control of the police. Routine federal elections in September 2000 resulted in [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica \"Vojislav Koštunica\"), leader of the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia \"Democratic Opposition of Serbia\") block \\- receiving less than a majority, requiring a second round. Immediately, street protests and rallies filled cities across the country as the nation rallied around [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica \"Vojislav Koštunica\"), the recently formed candidate for FRY president. There had been widespread fear that the second round would be canceled on the basis of foreign interference in the elections.",
"On 5 October 2000, Slobodan Milošević was forced to concede defeat after days of mass protests across Serbia. New FRY President [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica \"Vojislav Koštunica\") was supported by [Zoran Đinđić](/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87 \"Zoran Đinđić\"), who was elected Prime Minister of Serbia in the December 2000 republican elections. After an initial honeymoon period in the wake of October 5, DSS and the rest of DOS, led by Đinđić and his DS, found themselves increasingly at odds over the nature and pace of the governments' reform programs. By mid\\-2002, Koštunica and Đinđić were openly at odds over the direction of the country's future. Koštunica's party, having informally withdrawn from all DOS decision\\-making bodies, was agitating for early elections in an effort to force Đinđić from the scene. After the initial euphoria of replacing Milošević, the population in reaction to this political maneuvering, was sliding into apathy and disillusionment with its leading politicians. This political stalemate continued for much of 2002, and reform initiatives stalled. Finally in February 2003, the Constitutional Charter was ratified by both republics, and Yugoslavia became a confederacy. Under the new Constitutional Charter, most federal functions and authorities devolved to the republic level. [Svetozar Marović](/wiki/Svetozar_Marovi%C4%87 \"Svetozar Marović\") was elected as the new president of Yugoslavia.",
"On 6 February 2003, the country became a confederation pursuant to amendments agreed the previous year. This was to be a confederacy with more powers devolved to the constituent republics, Montenegro and Serbia, operating as a [commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth \"Commonwealth\"). The central government largely became a ceremonial outfit.",
"On 12 March 2003, Serbia′s prime minister [Zoran Đinđić](/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87 \"Zoran Đinđić\") was assassinated. The newly formed confederate government of Yugoslavia reacted swiftly by calling a state of emergency and undertaking an unprecedented crackdown on organized crime which led to the arrest of more than 4,000 people.",
"On 3 June 2006, [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro \"Montenegro\") declared independence. On 5 June 2006, [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\") also declared independence, thus ending the 88 year old unity of the two Serbian countries \\- [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\") and [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro \"Montenegro\").",
""
] |
Measurements
------------
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=July 2021}}
Today Schumann resonances are recorded at many separate research stations around the world. The sensors used to measure Schumann resonances typically consist of two horizontal [magnetic inductive coils](/wiki/Magnetic_inductive_coil "Magnetic inductive coil") for measuring the north\-south and east\-west components of the [magnetic field](/wiki/Magnetic_field "Magnetic field"), and a vertical electric dipole antenna for measuring the vertical component of the [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field "Electric field"). A typical passband of the instruments is 3–100 Hz. The Schumann resonance electric field amplitude (\~300 microvolts per meter) is much smaller than the [static fair\-weather electric field](/wiki/Fair_weather_condition "Fair weather condition") (\~150 V/m) in the [atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere "Atmosphere").
Similarly, the amplitude of the Schumann resonance magnetic field (\~1 picotesla) is many [orders of magnitude](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude "Orders of magnitude") smaller than the [Earth's magnetic field](/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field "Earth's magnetic field") (\~30–50 microteslas).{{cite journal \|last1\=Price\|first1\=C.\|first2\=O. \|last2\=Pechony\|first3\=E. \|last3\=Greenberg \|title\=Schumann resonances in lightning research \|journal\=Journal of Lightning Research \|volume\=1 \|date\=2006\| pages\=1–15}} Specialized receivers and antennas are needed to detect and record Schumann resonances. The electric component is commonly measured with a ball antenna, suggested by Ogawa et al., in 1966,{{cite journal \|last1\=Ogawa\|first1\=T.\|first2\=Y. \|last2\=Tanka\|first3\= T. \|last3\=Miura\|first4\=M. \|last4\=Yasuhara\|title\=Observations of natural ELF electromagnetic noises by using the ball antennas \|journal\=Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity \|volume\=18 \|issue\=4\|date\=1966\| pages\=443–454 \|doi\=10\.5636/jgg.18\.443\|bibcode\=1966JGG....18\..443O\|url\=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgg1949/18/4/18\_4\_443/\_pdf\|doi\-access\=free}} connected to a high\-impedance [amplifier](/wiki/Amplifier "Amplifier"). The magnetic [induction coils](/wiki/Induction_coil "Induction coil") typically consist of tens\- to hundreds\-of\-thousands of turns of wire wound around a core of very high [magnetic permeability](/wiki/Magnetic_permeability "Magnetic permeability").
### Dependence on global lightning activity
From the very beginning of Schumann resonance studies, it was known that they could be used to monitor global lightning activity. At any given time there are about 2000 [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms "Thunderstorms") around the [globe](/wiki/Globe "Globe").{{cite journal \|last1\=Heckman \|first1\=S. J.\|first2\=E. \|last2\=Williams \|title\=Total global lightning inferred from Schumann resonance measurements \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|volume\=103 \|issue\=D24 \|date\=1998\| pages\=31775–31779 \|doi\=10\.1029/98JD02648 \|bibcode\=1998JGR...10331775H\|doi\-access\=free }} Producing approximately 50 lightning events per [second](/wiki/Second "Second"),{{cite journal \|display\-authors\=4\|last1\=Christian \|first1\=H. J.\|first2\=R. J. \|last2\=Blakeslee\|first3\=D. J. \|last3\=Boccippio\|first4\=W. L. \|last4\=Boeck\|first5\=D. E. \|last5\=Buechler\|first6\=K. T. \|last6\=Driscoll\|first7\=S. J. \|last7\=Goodman\|first8\=J. M. \|last8\=Hall\|first9\=W. J. \|last9\=Koshak\|first10\=D. M. \|last10\=Mach\|first11\=M. F. \|last11\=Stewart \|title\=Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|volume\=108 \|issue\=D1 \|date\=2003\| page\=4005 \|doi\=10\.1029/2002JD002347 \|bibcode\=2003JGRD..108\.4005C\|doi\-access\=free }} these [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms "Thunderstorms") are directly linked to the background Schumann resonance signal.
Determining the spatial lightning distribution from Schumann resonance records is a complex problem. To estimate the lightning intensity from Schumann resonance records it is necessary to account for both the distance to lightning sources and the wave propagation between the source and the observer. A common approach is to make a preliminary assumption on the spatial lightning distribution, based on the known properties of lightning [climatology](/wiki/Climatology "Climatology"). An alternative approach is placing the receiver at the [North](/wiki/North_Pole "North Pole") or [South Pole](/wiki/South_Pole "South Pole"), which remain approximately [equidistant](/wiki/Equidistant "Equidistant") from the main thunderstorm centers during the day.{{cite journal \|last\=Nickolaenko\|first\=A. P. \|title\=Modern aspects of Schumann resonance studies \|journal\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\-Terrestrial Physics \|volume\=59 \|issue\=7 \|date\=1997\| pages\=806–816 \|doi\=10\.1016/s1364\-6826(96\)00059\-4\|bibcode \= 1997JASTP..59\..805N }}
One method not requiring preliminary assumptions on the lightning distribution{{cite journal \|last\=Shvets \|first\=A. V. \|title\=A technique for reconstruction of global lightning distance profile from background Schumann resonance signal \|journal\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\-Terrestrial Physics \|volume\=63 \|issue\=10 \|date\=2001\| pages\=1061–1074 \|doi\=10\.1016/s1364\-6826(01\)00024\-4\|bibcode \= 2001JASTP..63\.1061S }} is based on the decomposition of the average background Schumann resonance spectra, utilizing ratios between the average electric and magnetic spectra and between their linear combination. This technique assumes the cavity is spherically symmetric and therefore does not include known cavity asymmetries that are believed to affect the resonance and propagation properties of electromagnetic waves in the system.
#### Diurnal variations
The best documented and the most debated features of the Schumann resonance phenomenon are the diurnal variations of the background Schumann resonance power spectrum.
A characteristic Schumann resonance diurnal record reflects the properties of both global lightning activity and the state of the Earth–ionosphere cavity between the source region and the observer. The vertical [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field "Electric field") is independent of the direction of the source relative to the observer, and is therefore a measure of global lightning.
The diurnal behavior of the vertical electric field shows three distinct maxima, associated with the three "hot spots" of planetary lightning activity: one at 9 UT ([Universal Time](/wiki/Universal_Time "Universal Time")) linked to the daily peak of [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm "Thunderstorm") activity from [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"); one at 14 UT linked to the peak of [African](/wiki/Africa "Africa") lightning activity; and one at 20 UT linked to the peak of [South American](/wiki/South_America "South America") lightning activity. The time and [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") of the peaks vary throughout the year, linked to seasonal changes in lightning activity.
##### "Chimney" ranking
In general, the African peak is the strongest, reflecting the major contribution of the African "chimney"{{clarification needed\|date\=July 2023}} to global lightning activity. The ranking of the two other peaks—Asian and American—is the subject of a vigorous dispute among Schumann resonance scientists. Schumann resonance observations made from Europe show a greater contribution from Asia than from South America, while observations made from North America indicate the dominant contribution comes from South America.
Williams and Sátori{{cite journal \|last1\=Williams \|first1\=E. R.\|first2\=G. \|last2\=Sátori \|title\=Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys \|journal\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\-Terrestrial Physics \|volume\=66 \|issue\=13–14\|date\=2004\| pages\=1213–1231 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jastp.2004\.05\.015\|bibcode \= 2004JASTP..66\.1213W }} suggest that in order to obtain "correct" Asia\-America chimney ranking, it is necessary to remove the influence of the day/night variations in the ionospheric conductivity (day\-night asymmetry influence) from the Schumann resonance records. The "corrected" records presented in the work by Sátori, et al.{{cite journal \|last1\=Sátori \|first1\=G.\|first2\= M. \|last2\=Neska\|first3\=E. \|last3\=Williams\|first4\=J. \|last4\=Szendrői \|title\=Signatures of the non\-uniform Earth–ionosphere cavity in high time\-resolution Schumann resonance records \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS003483 \|year\=2007 \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003483\|bibcode \= 2007RaSc...42\.2S10S \|doi\-access\=free }} show that even after the removal of the day\-night asymmetry influence from Schumann resonance records, the Asian contribution remains greater than American.
Similar results were obtained by Pechony et al.{{cite journal \|last1\=Pechony\|first1\=O.\|first2\=C. \|last2\=Price\|first3\=A. P. \|last3\=Nickolaenko \|title\=Relative importance of the day\-night asymmetry in Schumann resonance amplitude records \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S06 \|year\=2007 \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003456\|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1040408\|bibcode \= 2007RaSc...42\.2S06P \|s2cid\=118326191 }} who calculated Schumann resonance fields from satellite lightning data. It was assumed that the distribution of lightning in the satellite maps was a good proxy for Schumann excitations sources, even though satellite observations predominantly measure in\-cloud lightning rather than the cloud\-to\-ground lightning that are the primary exciters of the resonances. Both simulations—those neglecting the day\-night asymmetry, and those taking this asymmetry into account—showed the same Asia\-America chimney ranking. On the other hand, some optical satellite and climatological lightning data suggest the South American thunderstorm center is stronger than the Asian center.
The reason for the disparity among rankings of Asian and American chimneys in Schumann resonance records remains unclear, and is the subject of further research.
##### Influence of the day\-night asymmetry
In the early literature the observed diurnal variations of Schumann resonance power were explained by the variations in the source\-receiver (lightning\-observer) geometry. It was concluded that no particular systematic variations of the ionosphere (which serves as the upper [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide "Waveguide") boundary) are needed to explain these variations.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Madden \|first1\=T. \|last2\=Thompson \|first2\=W. \|date\=1965 \|title\=Low\-frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the Earth–ionosphere cavity \|journal\=Reviews of Geophysics \|volume\=3 \|issue\=2 \|page\=211 \|bibcode\=1965RvGSP...3\..211M \|doi\=10\.1029/RG003i002p00211}} Subsequent theoretical studies supported the early estimations of the small influence of the ionosphere day\-night asymmetry (difference between day\-side and night\-side ionosphere conductivity) on the observed variations in Schumann resonance field intensities.{{cite book \|last1\=Nickolaenko \|first1\=A. P.\|first2\=M. \|last2\=Hayakawa\|publisher\=Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht\-Boston\-London \|date\=2002 \|title\=Resonances in the Earth–ionosphere cavity}}
The interest in the influence of the day\-night asymmetry in the ionosphere conductivity on Schumann resonances gained new strength in the 1990s, after publication of a work by Sentman and Fraser.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Sentman \|first1\=D.D. \|last2\=Fraser \|first2\=B. J. \|date\=1991 \|title\=Simultaneous observations of Schumann resonances in California and Australia – Evidence for intensity modulation by the local height of the D region \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|volume\=96 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=15973–15984 \|bibcode\=1991JGR....9615973S \|doi\=10\.1029/91JA01085}} developed a technique to separate the global and the local contributions to the observed field power variations using records obtained simultaneously at two stations that were widely separated in longitude. They interpreted the diurnal variations observed at each station in terms of a combination of a diurnally varying global excitation modulated by the local ionosphere height.
Their work, which combined both observations and energy conservation arguments, convinced many scientists of the importance of the ionospheric day\-night asymmetry and inspired numerous experimental studies. Recently it was shown that results obtained by Sentman and Fraser can be approximately simulated with a uniform model (without taking into account ionosphere day\-night variation) and therefore cannot be uniquely interpreted solely in terms of ionosphere height variation.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Pechony \|first1\=O. \|last2\=Price \|first2\=C. \|date\=2006 \|title\=Schumann Resonances: interpretation of local diurnal intensity modulations \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S05 \|bibcode\=2006RaSc...41\.2S05P \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003455\|s2cid\=119780816 \|doi\-access\=free }}
Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") records show significant diurnal and seasonal variations which generally coincide in time with the times of the day\-night transition (the [terminator](/wiki/Terminator_%28solar%29 "Terminator (solar)")). This time\-matching seems to support the suggestion of a significant influence of the day\-night ionosphere asymmetry on Schumann resonance amplitudes. There are records showing almost clock\-like accuracy of the diurnal amplitude changes.
On the other hand, there are numerous days when Schumann resonance amplitudes do not increase at [sunrise](/wiki/Sunrise "Sunrise") or do not decrease at [sunset](/wiki/Sunset "Sunset"). There are studies showing that the general behavior of Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") records can be recreated from diurnal and seasonal thunderstorm migration, without invoking ionospheric variations. Two recent independent theoretical studies have shown that the variations in Schumann resonance power related to the day\-night transition are much smaller than those associated with the peaks of the global lightning activity, and therefore the global lightning activity plays a more important role in the variation of the Schumann resonance power.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Yang \|first1\=H. \|last2\=Pasko \|first2\=V. P. \|date\=2007 \|title\=Three\-dimensional finite difference time domain modeling of the diurnal and seasonal variations in Schumann resonance parameters \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=41 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S14 \|bibcode\=2006RaSc...41\.2S14Y \|doi\=10\.1029/2005RS003402\|doi\-access\=free }}
It is generally acknowledged that source\-observer effects are the dominant source of the observed diurnal variations, but there remains considerable controversy about the degree to which day\-night signatures are present in the data. Part of this controversy stems from the fact that the Schumann resonance parameters extractable from observations provide only a limited amount of information about the coupled lightning source\-ionospheric system geometry. The problem of inverting observations to simultaneously infer both the lightning source function and ionospheric structure is therefore extremely underdetermined, leading to the possibility of non\-unique interpretations.
#### "Inverse problem"
One of the interesting problems in Schumann resonances studies is determining the lightning source characteristics (the "inverse problem"). Temporally resolving each individual flash is impossible because the mean rate of excitation by lightning, \~50 lightning events per second globally, mixes up the individual contributions together. However, occasionally extremely large lightning flashes occur which produce distinctive signatures that stand out from the background signals. Called "Q\-bursts", they are produced by intense lightning strikes that transfer large amounts of charge from clouds to the ground and often carry high peak current.
Q\-bursts can exceed the [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") of the background signal level by a factor of 10 or more and appear with intervals of \~10 s, which allows them to be considered as isolated events and determine the source lightning location. The source location is determined with either multi\-station or single\-station techniques and requires assuming a model for the Earth–ionosphere cavity. The multi\-station techniques are more accurate, but require more complicated and expensive facilities.
### Transient luminous events research
It is now believed that many of the Schumann resonances transients (Q bursts) are related to the [transient luminous events (TLEs)](/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_lightning "Upper-atmospheric lightning"). In 1995, Boccippio et al.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Boccippio \|first1\=D. J. \|last2\=Williams \|first2\=E. R. \|last3\=Heckman \|first3\=S. J. \|last4\=Lyons \|first4\=W. A. \|last5\=Baker \|first5\=I. T. \|last6\=Boldi \|first6\=R. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=1995 \|title\=Sprites, ELF transients, and positive ground strokes \|journal\=Science \|volume\=269 \|issue\=5227 \|pages\=1088–1091 \|bibcode\=1995Sci...269\.1088B \|doi\=10\.1126/science.269\.5227\.1088 \|pmid\=17755531\|s2cid\=8840716 }} showed that [sprites](/wiki/Sprite_%28lightning%29 "Sprite (lightning)"), the most common TLE, are produced by positive cloud\-to\-ground lightning occurring in the stratiform region of a [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm "Thunderstorm") system, and are accompanied by Q\-burst in the Schumann resonances band. Recent observations{{Cite journal \|last1\=Price \|first1\=C. \|last2\=Greenberg \|first2\=E. \|last3\=Yair \|first3\=Y. \|last4\=Sátori \|first4\=G. \|last5\= Bór \|first5\=J. \|last6\=Fukunishi \|first6\=H. \|last7\= Sato \|first7\=M. \|last8\=Israelevich \|first8\=P. \|last9\= Moalem \|first9\=M. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=2004 \|title\=Ground\-based detection of TLE\-producing intense lightning during the MEIDEX mission on board the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' \|journal\=Geophysical Research Letters \|volume\=31 \|issue\=20 \|page\=L20107 \|bibcode\=2004GeoRL..3120107P \|doi\=10\.1029/2004GL020711 \|first10\=A. \|last10\=Devir \|first11\=Z. \|last11\=Levin \|first12\=J. H. \|last12\=Joseph \|first13\=I. \|last13\=Mayo \|first14\=B. \|last14\=Ziv \|first15\=A. \|last15\=Sternlieb\|doi\-access\=free }} reveal that occurrences of sprites and Q bursts are highly correlated and Schumann resonances data can possibly be used to estimate the global occurrence rate of sprites.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Hu \|first1\= W. \|last2\=Cummer \|first2\=S. A. \|last3\=Lyons \|first3\=W. A. \|last4\=Nelson \|first4\=T. E. \|date\=2002 \|title\=Lightning charge moment changes for the initiation of sprites \|journal\=Geophysical Research Letters \|volume\=29 \|issue\=8 \|page\=1279 \|bibcode\=2002GeoRL..29\.1279H \|doi\=10\.1029/2001GL014593\|doi\-access\=free }}
#### Global temperature
Williams \[1992]{{Cite journal \|last\=Williams \|first\= E.R. \|date\=1992 \|title\=The Schumann resonance: a global tropical thermometer \|journal\=Science \|volume\=256 \|issue\=5060 \|pages\=1184–1186 \|bibcode\=1992Sci...256\.1184W \|doi\=10\.1126/science.256\.5060\.1184 \|pmid\=17795213\|s2cid\= 26708495 }} suggested that global temperature may be monitored with the Schumann resonances. The link between Schumann resonance and temperature is lightning flash rate, which increases nonlinearly with temperature. The [nonlinearity](/wiki/Nonlinearity "Nonlinearity") of the lightning\-to\-temperature relation provides a natural [amplifier](/wiki/Amplifier "Amplifier") of the temperature changes and makes Schumann resonance a sensitive "thermometer". Moreover, the ice particles that are believed to participate in the electrification processes which result in a lightning discharge{{Cite journal \|last\=Williams \|first\= E.R. \|date\=1989 \|title\=The tripole structure of thunderstorms \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|volume\=94 \|issue\= D11 \|pages\=13151–13167 \|bibcode\=1989JGR....9413151W \|doi\=10\.1029/JD094iD11p13151}} have an important role in the radiative feedback effects that influence the atmosphere temperature. Schumann resonances may therefore help us to understand these [feedback](/wiki/Feedback "Feedback") effects. A paper was published in 2006 linking Schumann resonance to [global surface temperature](/wiki/Global_surface_temperature "Global surface temperature"),{{Cite journal \|last1\=Sekiguchi \|first1\=M. \|last2\=Hayakawa \|first2\=M. \|last3\= Nickolaenko \|first3\=A. P. \|last4\=Hobara \|first4\= Y. \|date\=2006 \|title\=Evidence on a link between the intensity of Schumann resonance and global surface temperature \|journal\=Annales Geophysicae \|volume\=24 \|issue\=7 \|pages\=1809–1817 \|bibcode\=2006AnGeo..24\.1809S \|doi\=10\.5194/angeo\-24\-1809\-2006\|doi\-access\=free }} which was followed up with a 2009 study.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Hobara \|first1\=Y. \|last2\=Harada \|first2\=T. \|last3\=Hayakawa \|first3\=M. \|last4\=Sekiguchi \|first4\=M. \|last5\=Ohta \|first5\= K. \|year\=2009 \|title\=Study on monitoring global warming by using the data of Schumann resonance \|journal\=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts \|volume\=2009 \|pages\=AE43B–0267 \|bibcode\=2009AGUFMAE43B0267H}}
#### Upper tropospheric water vapor
Tropospheric [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor "Water vapor") is a key element of the Earth's climate, which has direct effects as a [greenhouse gas](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas "Greenhouse gas"), as well as indirect effects through interaction with [clouds](/wiki/Clouds "Clouds"), [aerosols](/wiki/Aerosols "Aerosols") and tropospheric chemistry. Upper tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) has a much greater impact on the [greenhouse effect](/wiki/Greenhouse_effect "Greenhouse effect") than [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor "Water vapor") in the lower [atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere "Atmosphere"),{{Cite book \|title\=Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity \|last1\=Hansen \|first1\=J. \|last2\= Lacis \|first2\=A. \|last3\=Rind \|first3\=D. \|last4\= Russel \|first4\=G. \|last5\= Stone \|first5\=P. \|last6\= Fung \|first6\=I. \|last7\= Ruedy \|first7\=R. \|last8\= Lerner \|first8\=J. \|date\=1984 \|editor\-last\=Hansen \|editor\-first\=J. E. \|series\=AGU Geophysical Monograph Series \|volume\=29 \|pages\=130–163 \|chapter\=Climate sensitivity: Analysis of feedback mechanisms \|bibcode\=1984GMS....29\..130H \|doi\=10\.1029/gm029p0130 \|display\-authors\=4 \|editor\-last2\=Takahashi \|editor\-first2\=T.\|isbn\=978\-0\-87590\-404\-7 }} but whether this impact is a positive or a negative [feedback](/wiki/Feedback "Feedback") is still uncertain.{{Cite journal \|last\=Rind \|first\=D. \|date\=1998 \|title\=Just add water vapor \|journal\=Science \|volume\=28 \|issue\=5380 \|pages\=1152–1153 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.281\.5380\.1152\|s2cid\=129504960 \|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1231141 }}
The main challenge in addressing this question is the difficulty in monitoring UTWV globally over long timescales. Continental deep\-convective [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms "Thunderstorms") produce most of the lightning discharges on Earth. In addition, they transport large amount of [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor "Water vapor") into the upper [troposphere](/wiki/Troposphere "Troposphere"), dominating the variations of global UTWV. Price \[2000]{{Cite journal \|last\=Price \|first\=C. \|date\=2000 \|title\=Evidence for a link between global lightning activity and upper tropospheric water vapor \|journal\=Nature \|volume\=406 \|issue\=6793 \|pages\=290–293 \|doi\=10\.1038/35018543 \|pmid\=10917527\|bibcode\=2000Natur.406\..290P \|s2cid\=4422715 }} suggested that changes in the UTWV can be derived from records of Schumann resonances.
|
[
"Measurements\n------------",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=July 2021}}\nToday Schumann resonances are recorded at many separate research stations around the world. The sensors used to measure Schumann resonances typically consist of two horizontal [magnetic inductive coils](/wiki/Magnetic_inductive_coil \"Magnetic inductive coil\") for measuring the north\\-south and east\\-west components of the [magnetic field](/wiki/Magnetic_field \"Magnetic field\"), and a vertical electric dipole antenna for measuring the vertical component of the [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field \"Electric field\"). A typical passband of the instruments is 3–100 Hz. The Schumann resonance electric field amplitude (\\~300 microvolts per meter) is much smaller than the [static fair\\-weather electric field](/wiki/Fair_weather_condition \"Fair weather condition\") (\\~150 V/m) in the [atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere \"Atmosphere\").",
"Similarly, the amplitude of the Schumann resonance magnetic field (\\~1 picotesla) is many [orders of magnitude](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude \"Orders of magnitude\") smaller than the [Earth's magnetic field](/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field \"Earth's magnetic field\") (\\~30–50 microteslas).{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Price\\|first1\\=C.\\|first2\\=O. \\|last2\\=Pechony\\|first3\\=E. \\|last3\\=Greenberg \\|title\\=Schumann resonances in lightning research \\|journal\\=Journal of Lightning Research \\|volume\\=1 \\|date\\=2006\\| pages\\=1–15}} Specialized receivers and antennas are needed to detect and record Schumann resonances. The electric component is commonly measured with a ball antenna, suggested by Ogawa et al., in 1966,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Ogawa\\|first1\\=T.\\|first2\\=Y. \\|last2\\=Tanka\\|first3\\= T. \\|last3\\=Miura\\|first4\\=M. \\|last4\\=Yasuhara\\|title\\=Observations of natural ELF electromagnetic noises by using the ball antennas \\|journal\\=Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=4\\|date\\=1966\\| pages\\=443–454 \\|doi\\=10\\.5636/jgg.18\\.443\\|bibcode\\=1966JGG....18\\..443O\\|url\\=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgg1949/18/4/18\\_4\\_443/\\_pdf\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} connected to a high\\-impedance [amplifier](/wiki/Amplifier \"Amplifier\"). The magnetic [induction coils](/wiki/Induction_coil \"Induction coil\") typically consist of tens\\- to hundreds\\-of\\-thousands of turns of wire wound around a core of very high [magnetic permeability](/wiki/Magnetic_permeability \"Magnetic permeability\").",
"### Dependence on global lightning activity",
"From the very beginning of Schumann resonance studies, it was known that they could be used to monitor global lightning activity. At any given time there are about 2000 [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms \"Thunderstorms\") around the [globe](/wiki/Globe \"Globe\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Heckman \\|first1\\=S. J.\\|first2\\=E. \\|last2\\=Williams \\|title\\=Total global lightning inferred from Schumann resonance measurements \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|volume\\=103 \\|issue\\=D24 \\|date\\=1998\\| pages\\=31775–31779 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/98JD02648 \\|bibcode\\=1998JGR...10331775H\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Producing approximately 50 lightning events per [second](/wiki/Second \"Second\"),{{cite journal \\|display\\-authors\\=4\\|last1\\=Christian \\|first1\\=H. J.\\|first2\\=R. J. \\|last2\\=Blakeslee\\|first3\\=D. J. \\|last3\\=Boccippio\\|first4\\=W. L. \\|last4\\=Boeck\\|first5\\=D. E. \\|last5\\=Buechler\\|first6\\=K. T. \\|last6\\=Driscoll\\|first7\\=S. J. \\|last7\\=Goodman\\|first8\\=J. M. \\|last8\\=Hall\\|first9\\=W. J. \\|last9\\=Koshak\\|first10\\=D. M. \\|last10\\=Mach\\|first11\\=M. F. \\|last11\\=Stewart \\|title\\=Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|volume\\=108 \\|issue\\=D1 \\|date\\=2003\\| page\\=4005 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2002JD002347 \\|bibcode\\=2003JGRD..108\\.4005C\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} these [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms \"Thunderstorms\") are directly linked to the background Schumann resonance signal.",
"Determining the spatial lightning distribution from Schumann resonance records is a complex problem. To estimate the lightning intensity from Schumann resonance records it is necessary to account for both the distance to lightning sources and the wave propagation between the source and the observer. A common approach is to make a preliminary assumption on the spatial lightning distribution, based on the known properties of lightning [climatology](/wiki/Climatology \"Climatology\"). An alternative approach is placing the receiver at the [North](/wiki/North_Pole \"North Pole\") or [South Pole](/wiki/South_Pole \"South Pole\"), which remain approximately [equidistant](/wiki/Equidistant \"Equidistant\") from the main thunderstorm centers during the day.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Nickolaenko\\|first\\=A. P. \\|title\\=Modern aspects of Schumann resonance studies \\|journal\\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\\-Terrestrial Physics \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=7 \\|date\\=1997\\| pages\\=806–816 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1364\\-6826(96\\)00059\\-4\\|bibcode \\= 1997JASTP..59\\..805N }}",
"One method not requiring preliminary assumptions on the lightning distribution{{cite journal \\|last\\=Shvets \\|first\\=A. V. \\|title\\=A technique for reconstruction of global lightning distance profile from background Schumann resonance signal \\|journal\\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\\-Terrestrial Physics \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=10 \\|date\\=2001\\| pages\\=1061–1074 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1364\\-6826(01\\)00024\\-4\\|bibcode \\= 2001JASTP..63\\.1061S }} is based on the decomposition of the average background Schumann resonance spectra, utilizing ratios between the average electric and magnetic spectra and between their linear combination. This technique assumes the cavity is spherically symmetric and therefore does not include known cavity asymmetries that are believed to affect the resonance and propagation properties of electromagnetic waves in the system.",
"#### Diurnal variations",
"The best documented and the most debated features of the Schumann resonance phenomenon are the diurnal variations of the background Schumann resonance power spectrum.",
"A characteristic Schumann resonance diurnal record reflects the properties of both global lightning activity and the state of the Earth–ionosphere cavity between the source region and the observer. The vertical [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field \"Electric field\") is independent of the direction of the source relative to the observer, and is therefore a measure of global lightning.",
"The diurnal behavior of the vertical electric field shows three distinct maxima, associated with the three \"hot spots\" of planetary lightning activity: one at 9 UT ([Universal Time](/wiki/Universal_Time \"Universal Time\")) linked to the daily peak of [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm \"Thunderstorm\") activity from [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"); one at 14 UT linked to the peak of [African](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") lightning activity; and one at 20 UT linked to the peak of [South American](/wiki/South_America \"South America\") lightning activity. The time and [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") of the peaks vary throughout the year, linked to seasonal changes in lightning activity.",
"##### \"Chimney\" ranking",
"In general, the African peak is the strongest, reflecting the major contribution of the African \"chimney\"{{clarification needed\\|date\\=July 2023}} to global lightning activity. The ranking of the two other peaks—Asian and American—is the subject of a vigorous dispute among Schumann resonance scientists. Schumann resonance observations made from Europe show a greater contribution from Asia than from South America, while observations made from North America indicate the dominant contribution comes from South America.",
"Williams and Sátori{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Williams \\|first1\\=E. R.\\|first2\\=G. \\|last2\\=Sátori \\|title\\=Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys \\|journal\\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\\-Terrestrial Physics \\|volume\\=66 \\|issue\\=13–14\\|date\\=2004\\| pages\\=1213–1231 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jastp.2004\\.05\\.015\\|bibcode \\= 2004JASTP..66\\.1213W }} suggest that in order to obtain \"correct\" Asia\\-America chimney ranking, it is necessary to remove the influence of the day/night variations in the ionospheric conductivity (day\\-night asymmetry influence) from the Schumann resonance records. The \"corrected\" records presented in the work by Sátori, et al.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Sátori \\|first1\\=G.\\|first2\\= M. \\|last2\\=Neska\\|first3\\=E. \\|last3\\=Williams\\|first4\\=J. \\|last4\\=Szendrői \\|title\\=Signatures of the non\\-uniform Earth–ionosphere cavity in high time\\-resolution Schumann resonance records \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS003483 \\|year\\=2007 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003483\\|bibcode \\= 2007RaSc...42\\.2S10S \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} show that even after the removal of the day\\-night asymmetry influence from Schumann resonance records, the Asian contribution remains greater than American.",
"Similar results were obtained by Pechony et al.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Pechony\\|first1\\=O.\\|first2\\=C. \\|last2\\=Price\\|first3\\=A. P. \\|last3\\=Nickolaenko \\|title\\=Relative importance of the day\\-night asymmetry in Schumann resonance amplitude records \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S06 \\|year\\=2007 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003456\\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1040408\\|bibcode \\= 2007RaSc...42\\.2S06P \\|s2cid\\=118326191 }} who calculated Schumann resonance fields from satellite lightning data. It was assumed that the distribution of lightning in the satellite maps was a good proxy for Schumann excitations sources, even though satellite observations predominantly measure in\\-cloud lightning rather than the cloud\\-to\\-ground lightning that are the primary exciters of the resonances. Both simulations—those neglecting the day\\-night asymmetry, and those taking this asymmetry into account—showed the same Asia\\-America chimney ranking. On the other hand, some optical satellite and climatological lightning data suggest the South American thunderstorm center is stronger than the Asian center.",
"The reason for the disparity among rankings of Asian and American chimneys in Schumann resonance records remains unclear, and is the subject of further research.",
"##### Influence of the day\\-night asymmetry",
"In the early literature the observed diurnal variations of Schumann resonance power were explained by the variations in the source\\-receiver (lightning\\-observer) geometry. It was concluded that no particular systematic variations of the ionosphere (which serves as the upper [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide \"Waveguide\") boundary) are needed to explain these variations.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Madden \\|first1\\=T. \\|last2\\=Thompson \\|first2\\=W. \\|date\\=1965 \\|title\\=Low\\-frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the Earth–ionosphere cavity \\|journal\\=Reviews of Geophysics \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=2 \\|page\\=211 \\|bibcode\\=1965RvGSP...3\\..211M \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/RG003i002p00211}} Subsequent theoretical studies supported the early estimations of the small influence of the ionosphere day\\-night asymmetry (difference between day\\-side and night\\-side ionosphere conductivity) on the observed variations in Schumann resonance field intensities.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Nickolaenko \\|first1\\=A. P.\\|first2\\=M. \\|last2\\=Hayakawa\\|publisher\\=Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht\\-Boston\\-London \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Resonances in the Earth–ionosphere cavity}}",
"The interest in the influence of the day\\-night asymmetry in the ionosphere conductivity on Schumann resonances gained new strength in the 1990s, after publication of a work by Sentman and Fraser.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sentman \\|first1\\=D.D. \\|last2\\=Fraser \\|first2\\=B. J. \\|date\\=1991 \\|title\\=Simultaneous observations of Schumann resonances in California and Australia – Evidence for intensity modulation by the local height of the D region \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|volume\\=96 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=15973–15984 \\|bibcode\\=1991JGR....9615973S \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/91JA01085}} developed a technique to separate the global and the local contributions to the observed field power variations using records obtained simultaneously at two stations that were widely separated in longitude. They interpreted the diurnal variations observed at each station in terms of a combination of a diurnally varying global excitation modulated by the local ionosphere height.",
"Their work, which combined both observations and energy conservation arguments, convinced many scientists of the importance of the ionospheric day\\-night asymmetry and inspired numerous experimental studies. Recently it was shown that results obtained by Sentman and Fraser can be approximately simulated with a uniform model (without taking into account ionosphere day\\-night variation) and therefore cannot be uniquely interpreted solely in terms of ionosphere height variation.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Pechony \\|first1\\=O. \\|last2\\=Price \\|first2\\=C. \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=Schumann Resonances: interpretation of local diurnal intensity modulations \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S05 \\|bibcode\\=2006RaSc...41\\.2S05P \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003455\\|s2cid\\=119780816 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") records show significant diurnal and seasonal variations which generally coincide in time with the times of the day\\-night transition (the [terminator](/wiki/Terminator_%28solar%29 \"Terminator (solar)\")). This time\\-matching seems to support the suggestion of a significant influence of the day\\-night ionosphere asymmetry on Schumann resonance amplitudes. There are records showing almost clock\\-like accuracy of the diurnal amplitude changes.",
"On the other hand, there are numerous days when Schumann resonance amplitudes do not increase at [sunrise](/wiki/Sunrise \"Sunrise\") or do not decrease at [sunset](/wiki/Sunset \"Sunset\"). There are studies showing that the general behavior of Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") records can be recreated from diurnal and seasonal thunderstorm migration, without invoking ionospheric variations. Two recent independent theoretical studies have shown that the variations in Schumann resonance power related to the day\\-night transition are much smaller than those associated with the peaks of the global lightning activity, and therefore the global lightning activity plays a more important role in the variation of the Schumann resonance power.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Yang \\|first1\\=H. \\|last2\\=Pasko \\|first2\\=V. P. \\|date\\=2007 \\|title\\=Three\\-dimensional finite difference time domain modeling of the diurnal and seasonal variations in Schumann resonance parameters \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=41 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S14 \\|bibcode\\=2006RaSc...41\\.2S14Y \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2005RS003402\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"It is generally acknowledged that source\\-observer effects are the dominant source of the observed diurnal variations, but there remains considerable controversy about the degree to which day\\-night signatures are present in the data. Part of this controversy stems from the fact that the Schumann resonance parameters extractable from observations provide only a limited amount of information about the coupled lightning source\\-ionospheric system geometry. The problem of inverting observations to simultaneously infer both the lightning source function and ionospheric structure is therefore extremely underdetermined, leading to the possibility of non\\-unique interpretations.",
"#### \"Inverse problem\"",
"One of the interesting problems in Schumann resonances studies is determining the lightning source characteristics (the \"inverse problem\"). Temporally resolving each individual flash is impossible because the mean rate of excitation by lightning, \\~50 lightning events per second globally, mixes up the individual contributions together. However, occasionally extremely large lightning flashes occur which produce distinctive signatures that stand out from the background signals. Called \"Q\\-bursts\", they are produced by intense lightning strikes that transfer large amounts of charge from clouds to the ground and often carry high peak current.",
"Q\\-bursts can exceed the [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") of the background signal level by a factor of 10 or more and appear with intervals of \\~10 s, which allows them to be considered as isolated events and determine the source lightning location. The source location is determined with either multi\\-station or single\\-station techniques and requires assuming a model for the Earth–ionosphere cavity. The multi\\-station techniques are more accurate, but require more complicated and expensive facilities.",
"### Transient luminous events research",
"It is now believed that many of the Schumann resonances transients (Q bursts) are related to the [transient luminous events (TLEs)](/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_lightning \"Upper-atmospheric lightning\"). In 1995, Boccippio et al.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Boccippio \\|first1\\=D. J. \\|last2\\=Williams \\|first2\\=E. R. \\|last3\\=Heckman \\|first3\\=S. J. \\|last4\\=Lyons \\|first4\\=W. A. \\|last5\\=Baker \\|first5\\=I. T. \\|last6\\=Boldi \\|first6\\=R. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=1995 \\|title\\=Sprites, ELF transients, and positive ground strokes \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=269 \\|issue\\=5227 \\|pages\\=1088–1091 \\|bibcode\\=1995Sci...269\\.1088B \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.269\\.5227\\.1088 \\|pmid\\=17755531\\|s2cid\\=8840716 }} showed that [sprites](/wiki/Sprite_%28lightning%29 \"Sprite (lightning)\"), the most common TLE, are produced by positive cloud\\-to\\-ground lightning occurring in the stratiform region of a [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm \"Thunderstorm\") system, and are accompanied by Q\\-burst in the Schumann resonances band. Recent observations{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Price \\|first1\\=C. \\|last2\\=Greenberg \\|first2\\=E. \\|last3\\=Yair \\|first3\\=Y. \\|last4\\=Sátori \\|first4\\=G. \\|last5\\= Bór \\|first5\\=J. \\|last6\\=Fukunishi \\|first6\\=H. \\|last7\\= Sato \\|first7\\=M. \\|last8\\=Israelevich \\|first8\\=P. \\|last9\\= Moalem \\|first9\\=M. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=2004 \\|title\\=Ground\\-based detection of TLE\\-producing intense lightning during the MEIDEX mission on board the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' \\|journal\\=Geophysical Research Letters \\|volume\\=31 \\|issue\\=20 \\|page\\=L20107 \\|bibcode\\=2004GeoRL..3120107P \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2004GL020711 \\|first10\\=A. \\|last10\\=Devir \\|first11\\=Z. \\|last11\\=Levin \\|first12\\=J. H. \\|last12\\=Joseph \\|first13\\=I. \\|last13\\=Mayo \\|first14\\=B. \\|last14\\=Ziv \\|first15\\=A. \\|last15\\=Sternlieb\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} reveal that occurrences of sprites and Q bursts are highly correlated and Schumann resonances data can possibly be used to estimate the global occurrence rate of sprites.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Hu \\|first1\\= W. \\|last2\\=Cummer \\|first2\\=S. A. \\|last3\\=Lyons \\|first3\\=W. A. \\|last4\\=Nelson \\|first4\\=T. E. \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Lightning charge moment changes for the initiation of sprites \\|journal\\=Geophysical Research Letters \\|volume\\=29 \\|issue\\=8 \\|page\\=1279 \\|bibcode\\=2002GeoRL..29\\.1279H \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2001GL014593\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"#### Global temperature",
"Williams \\[1992]{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\= E.R. \\|date\\=1992 \\|title\\=The Schumann resonance: a global tropical thermometer \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=256 \\|issue\\=5060 \\|pages\\=1184–1186 \\|bibcode\\=1992Sci...256\\.1184W \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.256\\.5060\\.1184 \\|pmid\\=17795213\\|s2cid\\= 26708495 }} suggested that global temperature may be monitored with the Schumann resonances. The link between Schumann resonance and temperature is lightning flash rate, which increases nonlinearly with temperature. The [nonlinearity](/wiki/Nonlinearity \"Nonlinearity\") of the lightning\\-to\\-temperature relation provides a natural [amplifier](/wiki/Amplifier \"Amplifier\") of the temperature changes and makes Schumann resonance a sensitive \"thermometer\". Moreover, the ice particles that are believed to participate in the electrification processes which result in a lightning discharge{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Williams \\|first\\= E.R. \\|date\\=1989 \\|title\\=The tripole structure of thunderstorms \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|volume\\=94 \\|issue\\= D11 \\|pages\\=13151–13167 \\|bibcode\\=1989JGR....9413151W \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/JD094iD11p13151}} have an important role in the radiative feedback effects that influence the atmosphere temperature. Schumann resonances may therefore help us to understand these [feedback](/wiki/Feedback \"Feedback\") effects. A paper was published in 2006 linking Schumann resonance to [global surface temperature](/wiki/Global_surface_temperature \"Global surface temperature\"),{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sekiguchi \\|first1\\=M. \\|last2\\=Hayakawa \\|first2\\=M. \\|last3\\= Nickolaenko \\|first3\\=A. P. \\|last4\\=Hobara \\|first4\\= Y. \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=Evidence on a link between the intensity of Schumann resonance and global surface temperature \\|journal\\=Annales Geophysicae \\|volume\\=24 \\|issue\\=7 \\|pages\\=1809–1817 \\|bibcode\\=2006AnGeo..24\\.1809S \\|doi\\=10\\.5194/angeo\\-24\\-1809\\-2006\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} which was followed up with a 2009 study.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Hobara \\|first1\\=Y. \\|last2\\=Harada \\|first2\\=T. \\|last3\\=Hayakawa \\|first3\\=M. \\|last4\\=Sekiguchi \\|first4\\=M. \\|last5\\=Ohta \\|first5\\= K. \\|year\\=2009 \\|title\\=Study on monitoring global warming by using the data of Schumann resonance \\|journal\\=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts \\|volume\\=2009 \\|pages\\=AE43B–0267 \\|bibcode\\=2009AGUFMAE43B0267H}}",
"#### Upper tropospheric water vapor",
"Tropospheric [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor \"Water vapor\") is a key element of the Earth's climate, which has direct effects as a [greenhouse gas](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas \"Greenhouse gas\"), as well as indirect effects through interaction with [clouds](/wiki/Clouds \"Clouds\"), [aerosols](/wiki/Aerosols \"Aerosols\") and tropospheric chemistry. Upper tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) has a much greater impact on the [greenhouse effect](/wiki/Greenhouse_effect \"Greenhouse effect\") than [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor \"Water vapor\") in the lower [atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere \"Atmosphere\"),{{Cite book \\|title\\=Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity \\|last1\\=Hansen \\|first1\\=J. \\|last2\\= Lacis \\|first2\\=A. \\|last3\\=Rind \\|first3\\=D. \\|last4\\= Russel \\|first4\\=G. \\|last5\\= Stone \\|first5\\=P. \\|last6\\= Fung \\|first6\\=I. \\|last7\\= Ruedy \\|first7\\=R. \\|last8\\= Lerner \\|first8\\=J. \\|date\\=1984 \\|editor\\-last\\=Hansen \\|editor\\-first\\=J. E. \\|series\\=AGU Geophysical Monograph Series \\|volume\\=29 \\|pages\\=130–163 \\|chapter\\=Climate sensitivity: Analysis of feedback mechanisms \\|bibcode\\=1984GMS....29\\..130H \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/gm029p0130 \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|editor\\-last2\\=Takahashi \\|editor\\-first2\\=T.\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-87590\\-404\\-7 }} but whether this impact is a positive or a negative [feedback](/wiki/Feedback \"Feedback\") is still uncertain.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Rind \\|first\\=D. \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=Just add water vapor \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=5380 \\|pages\\=1152–1153 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.281\\.5380\\.1152\\|s2cid\\=129504960 \\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1231141 }}",
"The main challenge in addressing this question is the difficulty in monitoring UTWV globally over long timescales. Continental deep\\-convective [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms \"Thunderstorms\") produce most of the lightning discharges on Earth. In addition, they transport large amount of [water vapor](/wiki/Water_vapor \"Water vapor\") into the upper [troposphere](/wiki/Troposphere \"Troposphere\"), dominating the variations of global UTWV. Price \\[2000]{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Price \\|first\\=C. \\|date\\=2000 \\|title\\=Evidence for a link between global lightning activity and upper tropospheric water vapor \\|journal\\=Nature \\|volume\\=406 \\|issue\\=6793 \\|pages\\=290–293 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/35018543 \\|pmid\\=10917527\\|bibcode\\=2000Natur.406\\..290P \\|s2cid\\=4422715 }} suggested that changes in the UTWV can be derived from records of Schumann resonances.",
""
] |
### Dependence on global lightning activity
From the very beginning of Schumann resonance studies, it was known that they could be used to monitor global lightning activity. At any given time there are about 2000 [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms "Thunderstorms") around the [globe](/wiki/Globe "Globe").{{cite journal \|last1\=Heckman \|first1\=S. J.\|first2\=E. \|last2\=Williams \|title\=Total global lightning inferred from Schumann resonance measurements \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|volume\=103 \|issue\=D24 \|date\=1998\| pages\=31775–31779 \|doi\=10\.1029/98JD02648 \|bibcode\=1998JGR...10331775H\|doi\-access\=free }} Producing approximately 50 lightning events per [second](/wiki/Second "Second"),{{cite journal \|display\-authors\=4\|last1\=Christian \|first1\=H. J.\|first2\=R. J. \|last2\=Blakeslee\|first3\=D. J. \|last3\=Boccippio\|first4\=W. L. \|last4\=Boeck\|first5\=D. E. \|last5\=Buechler\|first6\=K. T. \|last6\=Driscoll\|first7\=S. J. \|last7\=Goodman\|first8\=J. M. \|last8\=Hall\|first9\=W. J. \|last9\=Koshak\|first10\=D. M. \|last10\=Mach\|first11\=M. F. \|last11\=Stewart \|title\=Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|volume\=108 \|issue\=D1 \|date\=2003\| page\=4005 \|doi\=10\.1029/2002JD002347 \|bibcode\=2003JGRD..108\.4005C\|doi\-access\=free }} these [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms "Thunderstorms") are directly linked to the background Schumann resonance signal.
Determining the spatial lightning distribution from Schumann resonance records is a complex problem. To estimate the lightning intensity from Schumann resonance records it is necessary to account for both the distance to lightning sources and the wave propagation between the source and the observer. A common approach is to make a preliminary assumption on the spatial lightning distribution, based on the known properties of lightning [climatology](/wiki/Climatology "Climatology"). An alternative approach is placing the receiver at the [North](/wiki/North_Pole "North Pole") or [South Pole](/wiki/South_Pole "South Pole"), which remain approximately [equidistant](/wiki/Equidistant "Equidistant") from the main thunderstorm centers during the day.{{cite journal \|last\=Nickolaenko\|first\=A. P. \|title\=Modern aspects of Schumann resonance studies \|journal\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\-Terrestrial Physics \|volume\=59 \|issue\=7 \|date\=1997\| pages\=806–816 \|doi\=10\.1016/s1364\-6826(96\)00059\-4\|bibcode \= 1997JASTP..59\..805N }}
One method not requiring preliminary assumptions on the lightning distribution{{cite journal \|last\=Shvets \|first\=A. V. \|title\=A technique for reconstruction of global lightning distance profile from background Schumann resonance signal \|journal\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\-Terrestrial Physics \|volume\=63 \|issue\=10 \|date\=2001\| pages\=1061–1074 \|doi\=10\.1016/s1364\-6826(01\)00024\-4\|bibcode \= 2001JASTP..63\.1061S }} is based on the decomposition of the average background Schumann resonance spectra, utilizing ratios between the average electric and magnetic spectra and between their linear combination. This technique assumes the cavity is spherically symmetric and therefore does not include known cavity asymmetries that are believed to affect the resonance and propagation properties of electromagnetic waves in the system.
#### Diurnal variations
The best documented and the most debated features of the Schumann resonance phenomenon are the diurnal variations of the background Schumann resonance power spectrum.
A characteristic Schumann resonance diurnal record reflects the properties of both global lightning activity and the state of the Earth–ionosphere cavity between the source region and the observer. The vertical [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field "Electric field") is independent of the direction of the source relative to the observer, and is therefore a measure of global lightning.
The diurnal behavior of the vertical electric field shows three distinct maxima, associated with the three "hot spots" of planetary lightning activity: one at 9 UT ([Universal Time](/wiki/Universal_Time "Universal Time")) linked to the daily peak of [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm "Thunderstorm") activity from [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"); one at 14 UT linked to the peak of [African](/wiki/Africa "Africa") lightning activity; and one at 20 UT linked to the peak of [South American](/wiki/South_America "South America") lightning activity. The time and [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") of the peaks vary throughout the year, linked to seasonal changes in lightning activity.
##### "Chimney" ranking
In general, the African peak is the strongest, reflecting the major contribution of the African "chimney"{{clarification needed\|date\=July 2023}} to global lightning activity. The ranking of the two other peaks—Asian and American—is the subject of a vigorous dispute among Schumann resonance scientists. Schumann resonance observations made from Europe show a greater contribution from Asia than from South America, while observations made from North America indicate the dominant contribution comes from South America.
Williams and Sátori{{cite journal \|last1\=Williams \|first1\=E. R.\|first2\=G. \|last2\=Sátori \|title\=Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys \|journal\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\-Terrestrial Physics \|volume\=66 \|issue\=13–14\|date\=2004\| pages\=1213–1231 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jastp.2004\.05\.015\|bibcode \= 2004JASTP..66\.1213W }} suggest that in order to obtain "correct" Asia\-America chimney ranking, it is necessary to remove the influence of the day/night variations in the ionospheric conductivity (day\-night asymmetry influence) from the Schumann resonance records. The "corrected" records presented in the work by Sátori, et al.{{cite journal \|last1\=Sátori \|first1\=G.\|first2\= M. \|last2\=Neska\|first3\=E. \|last3\=Williams\|first4\=J. \|last4\=Szendrői \|title\=Signatures of the non\-uniform Earth–ionosphere cavity in high time\-resolution Schumann resonance records \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS003483 \|year\=2007 \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003483\|bibcode \= 2007RaSc...42\.2S10S \|doi\-access\=free }} show that even after the removal of the day\-night asymmetry influence from Schumann resonance records, the Asian contribution remains greater than American.
Similar results were obtained by Pechony et al.{{cite journal \|last1\=Pechony\|first1\=O.\|first2\=C. \|last2\=Price\|first3\=A. P. \|last3\=Nickolaenko \|title\=Relative importance of the day\-night asymmetry in Schumann resonance amplitude records \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S06 \|year\=2007 \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003456\|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1040408\|bibcode \= 2007RaSc...42\.2S06P \|s2cid\=118326191 }} who calculated Schumann resonance fields from satellite lightning data. It was assumed that the distribution of lightning in the satellite maps was a good proxy for Schumann excitations sources, even though satellite observations predominantly measure in\-cloud lightning rather than the cloud\-to\-ground lightning that are the primary exciters of the resonances. Both simulations—those neglecting the day\-night asymmetry, and those taking this asymmetry into account—showed the same Asia\-America chimney ranking. On the other hand, some optical satellite and climatological lightning data suggest the South American thunderstorm center is stronger than the Asian center.
The reason for the disparity among rankings of Asian and American chimneys in Schumann resonance records remains unclear, and is the subject of further research.
##### Influence of the day\-night asymmetry
In the early literature the observed diurnal variations of Schumann resonance power were explained by the variations in the source\-receiver (lightning\-observer) geometry. It was concluded that no particular systematic variations of the ionosphere (which serves as the upper [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide "Waveguide") boundary) are needed to explain these variations.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Madden \|first1\=T. \|last2\=Thompson \|first2\=W. \|date\=1965 \|title\=Low\-frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the Earth–ionosphere cavity \|journal\=Reviews of Geophysics \|volume\=3 \|issue\=2 \|page\=211 \|bibcode\=1965RvGSP...3\..211M \|doi\=10\.1029/RG003i002p00211}} Subsequent theoretical studies supported the early estimations of the small influence of the ionosphere day\-night asymmetry (difference between day\-side and night\-side ionosphere conductivity) on the observed variations in Schumann resonance field intensities.{{cite book \|last1\=Nickolaenko \|first1\=A. P.\|first2\=M. \|last2\=Hayakawa\|publisher\=Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht\-Boston\-London \|date\=2002 \|title\=Resonances in the Earth–ionosphere cavity}}
The interest in the influence of the day\-night asymmetry in the ionosphere conductivity on Schumann resonances gained new strength in the 1990s, after publication of a work by Sentman and Fraser.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Sentman \|first1\=D.D. \|last2\=Fraser \|first2\=B. J. \|date\=1991 \|title\=Simultaneous observations of Schumann resonances in California and Australia – Evidence for intensity modulation by the local height of the D region \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|volume\=96 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=15973–15984 \|bibcode\=1991JGR....9615973S \|doi\=10\.1029/91JA01085}} developed a technique to separate the global and the local contributions to the observed field power variations using records obtained simultaneously at two stations that were widely separated in longitude. They interpreted the diurnal variations observed at each station in terms of a combination of a diurnally varying global excitation modulated by the local ionosphere height.
Their work, which combined both observations and energy conservation arguments, convinced many scientists of the importance of the ionospheric day\-night asymmetry and inspired numerous experimental studies. Recently it was shown that results obtained by Sentman and Fraser can be approximately simulated with a uniform model (without taking into account ionosphere day\-night variation) and therefore cannot be uniquely interpreted solely in terms of ionosphere height variation.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Pechony \|first1\=O. \|last2\=Price \|first2\=C. \|date\=2006 \|title\=Schumann Resonances: interpretation of local diurnal intensity modulations \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S05 \|bibcode\=2006RaSc...41\.2S05P \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003455\|s2cid\=119780816 \|doi\-access\=free }}
Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") records show significant diurnal and seasonal variations which generally coincide in time with the times of the day\-night transition (the [terminator](/wiki/Terminator_%28solar%29 "Terminator (solar)")). This time\-matching seems to support the suggestion of a significant influence of the day\-night ionosphere asymmetry on Schumann resonance amplitudes. There are records showing almost clock\-like accuracy of the diurnal amplitude changes.
On the other hand, there are numerous days when Schumann resonance amplitudes do not increase at [sunrise](/wiki/Sunrise "Sunrise") or do not decrease at [sunset](/wiki/Sunset "Sunset"). There are studies showing that the general behavior of Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") records can be recreated from diurnal and seasonal thunderstorm migration, without invoking ionospheric variations. Two recent independent theoretical studies have shown that the variations in Schumann resonance power related to the day\-night transition are much smaller than those associated with the peaks of the global lightning activity, and therefore the global lightning activity plays a more important role in the variation of the Schumann resonance power.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Yang \|first1\=H. \|last2\=Pasko \|first2\=V. P. \|date\=2007 \|title\=Three\-dimensional finite difference time domain modeling of the diurnal and seasonal variations in Schumann resonance parameters \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=41 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S14 \|bibcode\=2006RaSc...41\.2S14Y \|doi\=10\.1029/2005RS003402\|doi\-access\=free }}
It is generally acknowledged that source\-observer effects are the dominant source of the observed diurnal variations, but there remains considerable controversy about the degree to which day\-night signatures are present in the data. Part of this controversy stems from the fact that the Schumann resonance parameters extractable from observations provide only a limited amount of information about the coupled lightning source\-ionospheric system geometry. The problem of inverting observations to simultaneously infer both the lightning source function and ionospheric structure is therefore extremely underdetermined, leading to the possibility of non\-unique interpretations.
#### "Inverse problem"
One of the interesting problems in Schumann resonances studies is determining the lightning source characteristics (the "inverse problem"). Temporally resolving each individual flash is impossible because the mean rate of excitation by lightning, \~50 lightning events per second globally, mixes up the individual contributions together. However, occasionally extremely large lightning flashes occur which produce distinctive signatures that stand out from the background signals. Called "Q\-bursts", they are produced by intense lightning strikes that transfer large amounts of charge from clouds to the ground and often carry high peak current.
Q\-bursts can exceed the [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") of the background signal level by a factor of 10 or more and appear with intervals of \~10 s, which allows them to be considered as isolated events and determine the source lightning location. The source location is determined with either multi\-station or single\-station techniques and requires assuming a model for the Earth–ionosphere cavity. The multi\-station techniques are more accurate, but require more complicated and expensive facilities.
|
[
"### Dependence on global lightning activity",
"From the very beginning of Schumann resonance studies, it was known that they could be used to monitor global lightning activity. At any given time there are about 2000 [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms \"Thunderstorms\") around the [globe](/wiki/Globe \"Globe\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Heckman \\|first1\\=S. J.\\|first2\\=E. \\|last2\\=Williams \\|title\\=Total global lightning inferred from Schumann resonance measurements \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|volume\\=103 \\|issue\\=D24 \\|date\\=1998\\| pages\\=31775–31779 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/98JD02648 \\|bibcode\\=1998JGR...10331775H\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Producing approximately 50 lightning events per [second](/wiki/Second \"Second\"),{{cite journal \\|display\\-authors\\=4\\|last1\\=Christian \\|first1\\=H. J.\\|first2\\=R. J. \\|last2\\=Blakeslee\\|first3\\=D. J. \\|last3\\=Boccippio\\|first4\\=W. L. \\|last4\\=Boeck\\|first5\\=D. E. \\|last5\\=Buechler\\|first6\\=K. T. \\|last6\\=Driscoll\\|first7\\=S. J. \\|last7\\=Goodman\\|first8\\=J. M. \\|last8\\=Hall\\|first9\\=W. J. \\|last9\\=Koshak\\|first10\\=D. M. \\|last10\\=Mach\\|first11\\=M. F. \\|last11\\=Stewart \\|title\\=Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|volume\\=108 \\|issue\\=D1 \\|date\\=2003\\| page\\=4005 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2002JD002347 \\|bibcode\\=2003JGRD..108\\.4005C\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} these [thunderstorms](/wiki/Thunderstorms \"Thunderstorms\") are directly linked to the background Schumann resonance signal.",
"Determining the spatial lightning distribution from Schumann resonance records is a complex problem. To estimate the lightning intensity from Schumann resonance records it is necessary to account for both the distance to lightning sources and the wave propagation between the source and the observer. A common approach is to make a preliminary assumption on the spatial lightning distribution, based on the known properties of lightning [climatology](/wiki/Climatology \"Climatology\"). An alternative approach is placing the receiver at the [North](/wiki/North_Pole \"North Pole\") or [South Pole](/wiki/South_Pole \"South Pole\"), which remain approximately [equidistant](/wiki/Equidistant \"Equidistant\") from the main thunderstorm centers during the day.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Nickolaenko\\|first\\=A. P. \\|title\\=Modern aspects of Schumann resonance studies \\|journal\\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\\-Terrestrial Physics \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=7 \\|date\\=1997\\| pages\\=806–816 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1364\\-6826(96\\)00059\\-4\\|bibcode \\= 1997JASTP..59\\..805N }}",
"One method not requiring preliminary assumptions on the lightning distribution{{cite journal \\|last\\=Shvets \\|first\\=A. V. \\|title\\=A technique for reconstruction of global lightning distance profile from background Schumann resonance signal \\|journal\\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\\-Terrestrial Physics \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=10 \\|date\\=2001\\| pages\\=1061–1074 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1364\\-6826(01\\)00024\\-4\\|bibcode \\= 2001JASTP..63\\.1061S }} is based on the decomposition of the average background Schumann resonance spectra, utilizing ratios between the average electric and magnetic spectra and between their linear combination. This technique assumes the cavity is spherically symmetric and therefore does not include known cavity asymmetries that are believed to affect the resonance and propagation properties of electromagnetic waves in the system.",
"#### Diurnal variations",
"The best documented and the most debated features of the Schumann resonance phenomenon are the diurnal variations of the background Schumann resonance power spectrum.",
"A characteristic Schumann resonance diurnal record reflects the properties of both global lightning activity and the state of the Earth–ionosphere cavity between the source region and the observer. The vertical [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field \"Electric field\") is independent of the direction of the source relative to the observer, and is therefore a measure of global lightning.",
"The diurnal behavior of the vertical electric field shows three distinct maxima, associated with the three \"hot spots\" of planetary lightning activity: one at 9 UT ([Universal Time](/wiki/Universal_Time \"Universal Time\")) linked to the daily peak of [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm \"Thunderstorm\") activity from [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"); one at 14 UT linked to the peak of [African](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") lightning activity; and one at 20 UT linked to the peak of [South American](/wiki/South_America \"South America\") lightning activity. The time and [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") of the peaks vary throughout the year, linked to seasonal changes in lightning activity.",
"##### \"Chimney\" ranking",
"In general, the African peak is the strongest, reflecting the major contribution of the African \"chimney\"{{clarification needed\\|date\\=July 2023}} to global lightning activity. The ranking of the two other peaks—Asian and American—is the subject of a vigorous dispute among Schumann resonance scientists. Schumann resonance observations made from Europe show a greater contribution from Asia than from South America, while observations made from North America indicate the dominant contribution comes from South America.",
"Williams and Sátori{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Williams \\|first1\\=E. R.\\|first2\\=G. \\|last2\\=Sátori \\|title\\=Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys \\|journal\\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\\-Terrestrial Physics \\|volume\\=66 \\|issue\\=13–14\\|date\\=2004\\| pages\\=1213–1231 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jastp.2004\\.05\\.015\\|bibcode \\= 2004JASTP..66\\.1213W }} suggest that in order to obtain \"correct\" Asia\\-America chimney ranking, it is necessary to remove the influence of the day/night variations in the ionospheric conductivity (day\\-night asymmetry influence) from the Schumann resonance records. The \"corrected\" records presented in the work by Sátori, et al.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Sátori \\|first1\\=G.\\|first2\\= M. \\|last2\\=Neska\\|first3\\=E. \\|last3\\=Williams\\|first4\\=J. \\|last4\\=Szendrői \\|title\\=Signatures of the non\\-uniform Earth–ionosphere cavity in high time\\-resolution Schumann resonance records \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS003483 \\|year\\=2007 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003483\\|bibcode \\= 2007RaSc...42\\.2S10S \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} show that even after the removal of the day\\-night asymmetry influence from Schumann resonance records, the Asian contribution remains greater than American.",
"Similar results were obtained by Pechony et al.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Pechony\\|first1\\=O.\\|first2\\=C. \\|last2\\=Price\\|first3\\=A. P. \\|last3\\=Nickolaenko \\|title\\=Relative importance of the day\\-night asymmetry in Schumann resonance amplitude records \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S06 \\|year\\=2007 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003456\\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1040408\\|bibcode \\= 2007RaSc...42\\.2S06P \\|s2cid\\=118326191 }} who calculated Schumann resonance fields from satellite lightning data. It was assumed that the distribution of lightning in the satellite maps was a good proxy for Schumann excitations sources, even though satellite observations predominantly measure in\\-cloud lightning rather than the cloud\\-to\\-ground lightning that are the primary exciters of the resonances. Both simulations—those neglecting the day\\-night asymmetry, and those taking this asymmetry into account—showed the same Asia\\-America chimney ranking. On the other hand, some optical satellite and climatological lightning data suggest the South American thunderstorm center is stronger than the Asian center.",
"The reason for the disparity among rankings of Asian and American chimneys in Schumann resonance records remains unclear, and is the subject of further research.",
"##### Influence of the day\\-night asymmetry",
"In the early literature the observed diurnal variations of Schumann resonance power were explained by the variations in the source\\-receiver (lightning\\-observer) geometry. It was concluded that no particular systematic variations of the ionosphere (which serves as the upper [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide \"Waveguide\") boundary) are needed to explain these variations.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Madden \\|first1\\=T. \\|last2\\=Thompson \\|first2\\=W. \\|date\\=1965 \\|title\\=Low\\-frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the Earth–ionosphere cavity \\|journal\\=Reviews of Geophysics \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=2 \\|page\\=211 \\|bibcode\\=1965RvGSP...3\\..211M \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/RG003i002p00211}} Subsequent theoretical studies supported the early estimations of the small influence of the ionosphere day\\-night asymmetry (difference between day\\-side and night\\-side ionosphere conductivity) on the observed variations in Schumann resonance field intensities.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Nickolaenko \\|first1\\=A. P.\\|first2\\=M. \\|last2\\=Hayakawa\\|publisher\\=Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht\\-Boston\\-London \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Resonances in the Earth–ionosphere cavity}}",
"The interest in the influence of the day\\-night asymmetry in the ionosphere conductivity on Schumann resonances gained new strength in the 1990s, after publication of a work by Sentman and Fraser.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sentman \\|first1\\=D.D. \\|last2\\=Fraser \\|first2\\=B. J. \\|date\\=1991 \\|title\\=Simultaneous observations of Schumann resonances in California and Australia – Evidence for intensity modulation by the local height of the D region \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|volume\\=96 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=15973–15984 \\|bibcode\\=1991JGR....9615973S \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/91JA01085}} developed a technique to separate the global and the local contributions to the observed field power variations using records obtained simultaneously at two stations that were widely separated in longitude. They interpreted the diurnal variations observed at each station in terms of a combination of a diurnally varying global excitation modulated by the local ionosphere height.",
"Their work, which combined both observations and energy conservation arguments, convinced many scientists of the importance of the ionospheric day\\-night asymmetry and inspired numerous experimental studies. Recently it was shown that results obtained by Sentman and Fraser can be approximately simulated with a uniform model (without taking into account ionosphere day\\-night variation) and therefore cannot be uniquely interpreted solely in terms of ionosphere height variation.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Pechony \\|first1\\=O. \\|last2\\=Price \\|first2\\=C. \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=Schumann Resonances: interpretation of local diurnal intensity modulations \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S05 \\|bibcode\\=2006RaSc...41\\.2S05P \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003455\\|s2cid\\=119780816 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") records show significant diurnal and seasonal variations which generally coincide in time with the times of the day\\-night transition (the [terminator](/wiki/Terminator_%28solar%29 \"Terminator (solar)\")). This time\\-matching seems to support the suggestion of a significant influence of the day\\-night ionosphere asymmetry on Schumann resonance amplitudes. There are records showing almost clock\\-like accuracy of the diurnal amplitude changes.",
"On the other hand, there are numerous days when Schumann resonance amplitudes do not increase at [sunrise](/wiki/Sunrise \"Sunrise\") or do not decrease at [sunset](/wiki/Sunset \"Sunset\"). There are studies showing that the general behavior of Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") records can be recreated from diurnal and seasonal thunderstorm migration, without invoking ionospheric variations. Two recent independent theoretical studies have shown that the variations in Schumann resonance power related to the day\\-night transition are much smaller than those associated with the peaks of the global lightning activity, and therefore the global lightning activity plays a more important role in the variation of the Schumann resonance power.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Yang \\|first1\\=H. \\|last2\\=Pasko \\|first2\\=V. P. \\|date\\=2007 \\|title\\=Three\\-dimensional finite difference time domain modeling of the diurnal and seasonal variations in Schumann resonance parameters \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=41 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S14 \\|bibcode\\=2006RaSc...41\\.2S14Y \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2005RS003402\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"It is generally acknowledged that source\\-observer effects are the dominant source of the observed diurnal variations, but there remains considerable controversy about the degree to which day\\-night signatures are present in the data. Part of this controversy stems from the fact that the Schumann resonance parameters extractable from observations provide only a limited amount of information about the coupled lightning source\\-ionospheric system geometry. The problem of inverting observations to simultaneously infer both the lightning source function and ionospheric structure is therefore extremely underdetermined, leading to the possibility of non\\-unique interpretations.",
"#### \"Inverse problem\"",
"One of the interesting problems in Schumann resonances studies is determining the lightning source characteristics (the \"inverse problem\"). Temporally resolving each individual flash is impossible because the mean rate of excitation by lightning, \\~50 lightning events per second globally, mixes up the individual contributions together. However, occasionally extremely large lightning flashes occur which produce distinctive signatures that stand out from the background signals. Called \"Q\\-bursts\", they are produced by intense lightning strikes that transfer large amounts of charge from clouds to the ground and often carry high peak current.",
"Q\\-bursts can exceed the [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") of the background signal level by a factor of 10 or more and appear with intervals of \\~10 s, which allows them to be considered as isolated events and determine the source lightning location. The source location is determined with either multi\\-station or single\\-station techniques and requires assuming a model for the Earth–ionosphere cavity. The multi\\-station techniques are more accurate, but require more complicated and expensive facilities.",
""
] |
#### Diurnal variations
The best documented and the most debated features of the Schumann resonance phenomenon are the diurnal variations of the background Schumann resonance power spectrum.
A characteristic Schumann resonance diurnal record reflects the properties of both global lightning activity and the state of the Earth–ionosphere cavity between the source region and the observer. The vertical [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field "Electric field") is independent of the direction of the source relative to the observer, and is therefore a measure of global lightning.
The diurnal behavior of the vertical electric field shows three distinct maxima, associated with the three "hot spots" of planetary lightning activity: one at 9 UT ([Universal Time](/wiki/Universal_Time "Universal Time")) linked to the daily peak of [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm "Thunderstorm") activity from [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"); one at 14 UT linked to the peak of [African](/wiki/Africa "Africa") lightning activity; and one at 20 UT linked to the peak of [South American](/wiki/South_America "South America") lightning activity. The time and [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") of the peaks vary throughout the year, linked to seasonal changes in lightning activity.
##### "Chimney" ranking
In general, the African peak is the strongest, reflecting the major contribution of the African "chimney"{{clarification needed\|date\=July 2023}} to global lightning activity. The ranking of the two other peaks—Asian and American—is the subject of a vigorous dispute among Schumann resonance scientists. Schumann resonance observations made from Europe show a greater contribution from Asia than from South America, while observations made from North America indicate the dominant contribution comes from South America.
Williams and Sátori{{cite journal \|last1\=Williams \|first1\=E. R.\|first2\=G. \|last2\=Sátori \|title\=Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys \|journal\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\-Terrestrial Physics \|volume\=66 \|issue\=13–14\|date\=2004\| pages\=1213–1231 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jastp.2004\.05\.015\|bibcode \= 2004JASTP..66\.1213W }} suggest that in order to obtain "correct" Asia\-America chimney ranking, it is necessary to remove the influence of the day/night variations in the ionospheric conductivity (day\-night asymmetry influence) from the Schumann resonance records. The "corrected" records presented in the work by Sátori, et al.{{cite journal \|last1\=Sátori \|first1\=G.\|first2\= M. \|last2\=Neska\|first3\=E. \|last3\=Williams\|first4\=J. \|last4\=Szendrői \|title\=Signatures of the non\-uniform Earth–ionosphere cavity in high time\-resolution Schumann resonance records \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS003483 \|year\=2007 \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003483\|bibcode \= 2007RaSc...42\.2S10S \|doi\-access\=free }} show that even after the removal of the day\-night asymmetry influence from Schumann resonance records, the Asian contribution remains greater than American.
Similar results were obtained by Pechony et al.{{cite journal \|last1\=Pechony\|first1\=O.\|first2\=C. \|last2\=Price\|first3\=A. P. \|last3\=Nickolaenko \|title\=Relative importance of the day\-night asymmetry in Schumann resonance amplitude records \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S06 \|year\=2007 \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003456\|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1040408\|bibcode \= 2007RaSc...42\.2S06P \|s2cid\=118326191 }} who calculated Schumann resonance fields from satellite lightning data. It was assumed that the distribution of lightning in the satellite maps was a good proxy for Schumann excitations sources, even though satellite observations predominantly measure in\-cloud lightning rather than the cloud\-to\-ground lightning that are the primary exciters of the resonances. Both simulations—those neglecting the day\-night asymmetry, and those taking this asymmetry into account—showed the same Asia\-America chimney ranking. On the other hand, some optical satellite and climatological lightning data suggest the South American thunderstorm center is stronger than the Asian center.
The reason for the disparity among rankings of Asian and American chimneys in Schumann resonance records remains unclear, and is the subject of further research.
##### Influence of the day\-night asymmetry
In the early literature the observed diurnal variations of Schumann resonance power were explained by the variations in the source\-receiver (lightning\-observer) geometry. It was concluded that no particular systematic variations of the ionosphere (which serves as the upper [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide "Waveguide") boundary) are needed to explain these variations.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Madden \|first1\=T. \|last2\=Thompson \|first2\=W. \|date\=1965 \|title\=Low\-frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the Earth–ionosphere cavity \|journal\=Reviews of Geophysics \|volume\=3 \|issue\=2 \|page\=211 \|bibcode\=1965RvGSP...3\..211M \|doi\=10\.1029/RG003i002p00211}} Subsequent theoretical studies supported the early estimations of the small influence of the ionosphere day\-night asymmetry (difference between day\-side and night\-side ionosphere conductivity) on the observed variations in Schumann resonance field intensities.{{cite book \|last1\=Nickolaenko \|first1\=A. P.\|first2\=M. \|last2\=Hayakawa\|publisher\=Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht\-Boston\-London \|date\=2002 \|title\=Resonances in the Earth–ionosphere cavity}}
The interest in the influence of the day\-night asymmetry in the ionosphere conductivity on Schumann resonances gained new strength in the 1990s, after publication of a work by Sentman and Fraser.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Sentman \|first1\=D.D. \|last2\=Fraser \|first2\=B. J. \|date\=1991 \|title\=Simultaneous observations of Schumann resonances in California and Australia – Evidence for intensity modulation by the local height of the D region \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|volume\=96 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=15973–15984 \|bibcode\=1991JGR....9615973S \|doi\=10\.1029/91JA01085}} developed a technique to separate the global and the local contributions to the observed field power variations using records obtained simultaneously at two stations that were widely separated in longitude. They interpreted the diurnal variations observed at each station in terms of a combination of a diurnally varying global excitation modulated by the local ionosphere height.
Their work, which combined both observations and energy conservation arguments, convinced many scientists of the importance of the ionospheric day\-night asymmetry and inspired numerous experimental studies. Recently it was shown that results obtained by Sentman and Fraser can be approximately simulated with a uniform model (without taking into account ionosphere day\-night variation) and therefore cannot be uniquely interpreted solely in terms of ionosphere height variation.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Pechony \|first1\=O. \|last2\=Price \|first2\=C. \|date\=2006 \|title\=Schumann Resonances: interpretation of local diurnal intensity modulations \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=42 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S05 \|bibcode\=2006RaSc...41\.2S05P \|doi\=10\.1029/2006RS003455\|s2cid\=119780816 \|doi\-access\=free }}
Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") records show significant diurnal and seasonal variations which generally coincide in time with the times of the day\-night transition (the [terminator](/wiki/Terminator_%28solar%29 "Terminator (solar)")). This time\-matching seems to support the suggestion of a significant influence of the day\-night ionosphere asymmetry on Schumann resonance amplitudes. There are records showing almost clock\-like accuracy of the diurnal amplitude changes.
On the other hand, there are numerous days when Schumann resonance amplitudes do not increase at [sunrise](/wiki/Sunrise "Sunrise") or do not decrease at [sunset](/wiki/Sunset "Sunset"). There are studies showing that the general behavior of Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") records can be recreated from diurnal and seasonal thunderstorm migration, without invoking ionospheric variations. Two recent independent theoretical studies have shown that the variations in Schumann resonance power related to the day\-night transition are much smaller than those associated with the peaks of the global lightning activity, and therefore the global lightning activity plays a more important role in the variation of the Schumann resonance power.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Yang \|first1\=H. \|last2\=Pasko \|first2\=V. P. \|date\=2007 \|title\=Three\-dimensional finite difference time domain modeling of the diurnal and seasonal variations in Schumann resonance parameters \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=41 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=RS2S14 \|bibcode\=2006RaSc...41\.2S14Y \|doi\=10\.1029/2005RS003402\|doi\-access\=free }}
It is generally acknowledged that source\-observer effects are the dominant source of the observed diurnal variations, but there remains considerable controversy about the degree to which day\-night signatures are present in the data. Part of this controversy stems from the fact that the Schumann resonance parameters extractable from observations provide only a limited amount of information about the coupled lightning source\-ionospheric system geometry. The problem of inverting observations to simultaneously infer both the lightning source function and ionospheric structure is therefore extremely underdetermined, leading to the possibility of non\-unique interpretations.
|
[
"#### Diurnal variations",
"The best documented and the most debated features of the Schumann resonance phenomenon are the diurnal variations of the background Schumann resonance power spectrum.",
"A characteristic Schumann resonance diurnal record reflects the properties of both global lightning activity and the state of the Earth–ionosphere cavity between the source region and the observer. The vertical [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field \"Electric field\") is independent of the direction of the source relative to the observer, and is therefore a measure of global lightning.",
"The diurnal behavior of the vertical electric field shows three distinct maxima, associated with the three \"hot spots\" of planetary lightning activity: one at 9 UT ([Universal Time](/wiki/Universal_Time \"Universal Time\")) linked to the daily peak of [thunderstorm](/wiki/Thunderstorm \"Thunderstorm\") activity from [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"); one at 14 UT linked to the peak of [African](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") lightning activity; and one at 20 UT linked to the peak of [South American](/wiki/South_America \"South America\") lightning activity. The time and [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") of the peaks vary throughout the year, linked to seasonal changes in lightning activity.",
"##### \"Chimney\" ranking",
"In general, the African peak is the strongest, reflecting the major contribution of the African \"chimney\"{{clarification needed\\|date\\=July 2023}} to global lightning activity. The ranking of the two other peaks—Asian and American—is the subject of a vigorous dispute among Schumann resonance scientists. Schumann resonance observations made from Europe show a greater contribution from Asia than from South America, while observations made from North America indicate the dominant contribution comes from South America.",
"Williams and Sátori{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Williams \\|first1\\=E. R.\\|first2\\=G. \\|last2\\=Sátori \\|title\\=Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys \\|journal\\=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar\\-Terrestrial Physics \\|volume\\=66 \\|issue\\=13–14\\|date\\=2004\\| pages\\=1213–1231 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jastp.2004\\.05\\.015\\|bibcode \\= 2004JASTP..66\\.1213W }} suggest that in order to obtain \"correct\" Asia\\-America chimney ranking, it is necessary to remove the influence of the day/night variations in the ionospheric conductivity (day\\-night asymmetry influence) from the Schumann resonance records. The \"corrected\" records presented in the work by Sátori, et al.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Sátori \\|first1\\=G.\\|first2\\= M. \\|last2\\=Neska\\|first3\\=E. \\|last3\\=Williams\\|first4\\=J. \\|last4\\=Szendrői \\|title\\=Signatures of the non\\-uniform Earth–ionosphere cavity in high time\\-resolution Schumann resonance records \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS003483 \\|year\\=2007 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003483\\|bibcode \\= 2007RaSc...42\\.2S10S \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} show that even after the removal of the day\\-night asymmetry influence from Schumann resonance records, the Asian contribution remains greater than American.",
"Similar results were obtained by Pechony et al.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Pechony\\|first1\\=O.\\|first2\\=C. \\|last2\\=Price\\|first3\\=A. P. \\|last3\\=Nickolaenko \\|title\\=Relative importance of the day\\-night asymmetry in Schumann resonance amplitude records \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S06 \\|year\\=2007 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003456\\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1040408\\|bibcode \\= 2007RaSc...42\\.2S06P \\|s2cid\\=118326191 }} who calculated Schumann resonance fields from satellite lightning data. It was assumed that the distribution of lightning in the satellite maps was a good proxy for Schumann excitations sources, even though satellite observations predominantly measure in\\-cloud lightning rather than the cloud\\-to\\-ground lightning that are the primary exciters of the resonances. Both simulations—those neglecting the day\\-night asymmetry, and those taking this asymmetry into account—showed the same Asia\\-America chimney ranking. On the other hand, some optical satellite and climatological lightning data suggest the South American thunderstorm center is stronger than the Asian center.",
"The reason for the disparity among rankings of Asian and American chimneys in Schumann resonance records remains unclear, and is the subject of further research.",
"##### Influence of the day\\-night asymmetry",
"In the early literature the observed diurnal variations of Schumann resonance power were explained by the variations in the source\\-receiver (lightning\\-observer) geometry. It was concluded that no particular systematic variations of the ionosphere (which serves as the upper [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide \"Waveguide\") boundary) are needed to explain these variations.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Madden \\|first1\\=T. \\|last2\\=Thompson \\|first2\\=W. \\|date\\=1965 \\|title\\=Low\\-frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the Earth–ionosphere cavity \\|journal\\=Reviews of Geophysics \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=2 \\|page\\=211 \\|bibcode\\=1965RvGSP...3\\..211M \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/RG003i002p00211}} Subsequent theoretical studies supported the early estimations of the small influence of the ionosphere day\\-night asymmetry (difference between day\\-side and night\\-side ionosphere conductivity) on the observed variations in Schumann resonance field intensities.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Nickolaenko \\|first1\\=A. P.\\|first2\\=M. \\|last2\\=Hayakawa\\|publisher\\=Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht\\-Boston\\-London \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Resonances in the Earth–ionosphere cavity}}",
"The interest in the influence of the day\\-night asymmetry in the ionosphere conductivity on Schumann resonances gained new strength in the 1990s, after publication of a work by Sentman and Fraser.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Sentman \\|first1\\=D.D. \\|last2\\=Fraser \\|first2\\=B. J. \\|date\\=1991 \\|title\\=Simultaneous observations of Schumann resonances in California and Australia – Evidence for intensity modulation by the local height of the D region \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|volume\\=96 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=15973–15984 \\|bibcode\\=1991JGR....9615973S \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/91JA01085}} developed a technique to separate the global and the local contributions to the observed field power variations using records obtained simultaneously at two stations that were widely separated in longitude. They interpreted the diurnal variations observed at each station in terms of a combination of a diurnally varying global excitation modulated by the local ionosphere height.",
"Their work, which combined both observations and energy conservation arguments, convinced many scientists of the importance of the ionospheric day\\-night asymmetry and inspired numerous experimental studies. Recently it was shown that results obtained by Sentman and Fraser can be approximately simulated with a uniform model (without taking into account ionosphere day\\-night variation) and therefore cannot be uniquely interpreted solely in terms of ionosphere height variation.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Pechony \\|first1\\=O. \\|last2\\=Price \\|first2\\=C. \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=Schumann Resonances: interpretation of local diurnal intensity modulations \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=42 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S05 \\|bibcode\\=2006RaSc...41\\.2S05P \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006RS003455\\|s2cid\\=119780816 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") records show significant diurnal and seasonal variations which generally coincide in time with the times of the day\\-night transition (the [terminator](/wiki/Terminator_%28solar%29 \"Terminator (solar)\")). This time\\-matching seems to support the suggestion of a significant influence of the day\\-night ionosphere asymmetry on Schumann resonance amplitudes. There are records showing almost clock\\-like accuracy of the diurnal amplitude changes.",
"On the other hand, there are numerous days when Schumann resonance amplitudes do not increase at [sunrise](/wiki/Sunrise \"Sunrise\") or do not decrease at [sunset](/wiki/Sunset \"Sunset\"). There are studies showing that the general behavior of Schumann resonance [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") records can be recreated from diurnal and seasonal thunderstorm migration, without invoking ionospheric variations. Two recent independent theoretical studies have shown that the variations in Schumann resonance power related to the day\\-night transition are much smaller than those associated with the peaks of the global lightning activity, and therefore the global lightning activity plays a more important role in the variation of the Schumann resonance power.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Yang \\|first1\\=H. \\|last2\\=Pasko \\|first2\\=V. P. \\|date\\=2007 \\|title\\=Three\\-dimensional finite difference time domain modeling of the diurnal and seasonal variations in Schumann resonance parameters \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=41 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=RS2S14 \\|bibcode\\=2006RaSc...41\\.2S14Y \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2005RS003402\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"It is generally acknowledged that source\\-observer effects are the dominant source of the observed diurnal variations, but there remains considerable controversy about the degree to which day\\-night signatures are present in the data. Part of this controversy stems from the fact that the Schumann resonance parameters extractable from observations provide only a limited amount of information about the coupled lightning source\\-ionospheric system geometry. The problem of inverting observations to simultaneously infer both the lightning source function and ionospheric structure is therefore extremely underdetermined, leading to the possibility of non\\-unique interpretations.",
""
] |
On other planets and moons
--------------------------
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=July 2021}}
The existence of Schumann\-like resonances is conditioned primarily by two factors:
1. A closed, planetary\-sized and ellipsoidial cavity, consisting of conducting lower and upper boundaries separated by an insulating medium. For the earth the conducting lower boundary is its surface, and the upper boundary is the ionosphere. Other planets may have similar electrical conductivity geometry, so it is speculated that they should possess similar resonant behavior.
2. A source of electrical excitation of [electromagnetic waves](/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves "Electromagnetic waves") in the extremely low frequency range.
Within the [Solar System](/wiki/Solar_System "Solar System") there are five candidates for Schumann resonance detection besides the Earth: [Venus](/wiki/Venus "Venus"), [Mars](/wiki/Mars "Mars"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter "Jupiter"), [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn "Saturn"), and Saturn's biggest moon [Titan](/wiki/Titan_%28moon%29 "Titan (moon)").
Modeling Schumann resonances on the planets and [moons](/wiki/Moons "Moons") of the Solar System is complicated by the lack of knowledge of the [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide "Waveguide") parameters. No *in situ* capability exists today to validate the results.
### Venus
The strongest evidence for lightning on Venus comes from the electromagnetic waves first detected by [Venera](/wiki/Venera "Venera") 11 and 12 landers. Theoretical calculations of the Schumann resonances at Venus were reported by Nickolaenko and Rabinowicz \[1982]{{Cite journal \|last1\=Nickolaenko \|first1\=A. P. \|last2\=Rabinowicz \|first2\=L. M. \|date\=1982 \|title\=On the possibility of existence of global electromagnetic resonances on the planets of Solar system \|journal\=Space Research \|volume\=20 \|pages\=82–89}} and Pechony and Price \[2004].{{Cite journal \|last1\=Pechony \|first1\=O. \|last2\= Price \|first2\=C. \|date\=2004 \|title\=Schumann resonance parameters calculated with a partially uniform knee model on Earth, Venus, Mars, and Titan \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=39 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=RS5007 \|bibcode\=2004RaSc...39\.5007P \|doi\=10\.1029/2004RS003056\|doi\-access\=free }} Both studies yielded very close results, indicating that Schumann resonances should be easily detectable on that planet given a lightning source of excitation and a suitably located sensor.
### Mars
In the case of Mars there have been terrestrial observations of radio emission spectra that have been associated with Schumann resonances. The reported radio emissions are not of the primary electromagnetic Schumann modes, but rather of secondary modulations of the nonthermal microwave emissions from the planet at approximately the expected Schumann frequencies, and have not been independently confirmed to be associated with lightning activity on Mars. There is the possibility that future lander missions could carry in situ instrumentation to perform the necessary measurements. Theoretical studies are primarily directed to parameterizing the problem for future planetary explorers.
Detection of lightning activity on Mars has been reported by Ruf et al. \[2009].{{Cite journal \|last1\=Ruf \|first1\=C. \|last2\=Renno \|first2\=N. O. \|last3\=Kok \|first3\=J. F. \|last4\= Bandelier \|first4\=E. \|last5\= Sander \|first5\=M. J. \|last6\= Gross \|first6\=S. \|last7\=Skjerve \|first7\=L. \|last8\=Cantor \|first8\=B. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=2009 \|title\=Emission of Non\-thermal Microwave Radiation by a Martian Dust Storm \|journal\=Geophysical Research Letters \|volume\=36 \|issue\=13 \|pages\=L13202 \|bibcode\=2009GeoRL..3613202R \|doi\=10\.1029/2009GL038715\|hdl\=2027\.42/94934 \|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.872\.939 \|s2cid\=14707525 \|url\=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027\.42/94934/1/grl26053\.pdf }} The evidence is indirect and in the form of modulations of the nonthermal microwave spectrum at approximately the expected Schumann resonance frequencies. It has not been independently confirmed that these are associated with electrical discharges on Mars. In the event confirmation is made by direct, in situ observations, it would verify the suggestion of the possibility of charge separation and lightning strokes in the Martian dust storms made by Eden and Vonnegut \[1973]{{Cite journal \|last1\=Eden \|first1\= H. F. \|last2\=Vonnegut \|first2\=B. \|date\=1973 \|title\=Electrical breakdown caused by dust motion in low\-pressure atmospheres: consideration for Mars \|journal\=Science \|volume\=180 \|issue\=4089 \|pages\=962–963 \|bibcode\=1973Sci...180\..962E \|doi\=10\.1126/science.180\.4089\.962 \|pmid\=17735929\|s2cid\= 38902776 }} and Renno et al. \[2003].{{Cite journal \|last1\=Renno \|first1\=N. O. \|last2\=Wong \|first2\=A. \|last3\= Atreya \|first3\=S. K. \|last4\=de Pater \|first4\=I. \|last5\=Roos\-Serote \|first5\=M. \|date\=2003 \|title\=Electrical discharges and broadband radio emission by Martian dust devils and dust storms \|journal\=Geophysical Research Letters \|volume\=30 \|issue\=22 \|page\=2140 \|bibcode\=2003GeoRL..30\.2140R \|doi\=10\.1029/2003GL017879\|url\=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027\.42/95558/1/grl17254\.pdf \|hdl\=2027\.42/95558 \|doi\-access\=free }}
Martian global resonances were modeled by Sukhorukov \[1991],{{Cite journal \|last\=Sukhorukov \|first\=A. I. \|date\=1991 \|title\=On the Schumann resonances on Mars \|journal\=Planet. Space Sci. \|volume\=39 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=1673–1676 \|bibcode\=1991P\&SS...39\.1673S \|doi\=10\.1016/0032\-0633(91\)90028\-9}} Pechony and Price \[2004], and Molina\-Cuberos et al. \[2006].{{Cite journal \|last1\=Molina\-Cuberos \|first1\=G. J. \|last2\= Morente \|first2\=J. A. \|last3\= Besser \|first3\=B. P. \|last4\= Porti \|first4\=J. \|last5\= Lichtenegger \|first5\=H. \|last6\= Schwingenschuh \|first6\=K. \|last7\= Salinas \|first7\=A. \|last8\=Margineda \|first8\=J. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=2006 \|title\=Schumann resonances as a tool to study the lower ionosphere of Mars \|journal\=Radio Science \|volume\=41 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=RS1003 \|bibcode\=2006RaSc...41\.1003M \|doi\=10\.1029/2004RS003187\|doi\-access\=free }} The results of the three studies are somewhat different, but it seems that at least the first two Schumann resonance modes should be detectable. Evidence of the first three Schumann resonance modes is present in the spectra of radio emission from the lightning detected in Martian dust storms.
### Titan
It was long ago suggested that lightning discharges may occur on [Titan](/wiki/Titan_%28moon%29 "Titan (moon)"),{{Cite journal \|last1\=Lammer \|first1\=H. \|last2\=Tokano \|first2\=T. \|last3\=Fischer \|first3\=G. \|last4\= Stumptner \|first4\=W. \|last5\=Molina\-Cuberos \|first5\=G. J. \|last6\= Schwingenschuh \|first6\=K. \|last7\= Rucher \|first7\=H. O. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=2001 \|title\=Lightning activity of Titan: can Cassiny/Huygens detect it? \|journal\=Planetary and Space Science \|volume\=49 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=561–574 \|bibcode\=2001P\&SS...49\..561L \|doi\=10\.1016/S0032\-0633(00\)00171\-9}} but recent data from [Cassini–Huygens](/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens "Cassini–Huygens") seems to indicate that there is no lightning activity on this largest [satellite](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite") of Saturn. Due to the recent interest in Titan, associated with the Cassini–Huygens mission, its ionosphere is perhaps the most thoroughly modeled today. Schumann resonances on Titan have received more attention than on any other celestial body, in works by Besser et al. \[2002],{{Cite journal \|last1\=Besser \|first1\=B. P. \|last2\=Schwingenschuh \|first2\=K. \|last3\= Jernej \|first3\=I. \|last4\= Eichelberger \|first4\=H. U. \|last5\= Lichtenegger \|first5\=H. I. M. \|last6\= Fulchignoni \|first6\=M. \|last7\= Molina\-Cuberos \|first7\=G. J. \|last8\=Morente \|first8\=J. A. \|last9\=Porti \|first9\=J. A. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=2002 \|title\=Schumann resonances as indicators for lighting on Titan \|journal\=Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Exo/Astrobiology, Graz, Austria, September 16–19 \|first10\=A. \|last10\=Salinas}} Morente et al. \[2003],{{Cite journal \|last1\=Morente \|first1\=J. A. \|last2\=Molina\-Cuberos \|first2\=G. J. \|last3\=Porti \|first3\=J. A. \|last4\= Schwingenschuh \|first4\=K. \|last5\=Besser \|first5\=B. P. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=2003 \|title\=A study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in Titan's atmosphere with the TLM numerical method \|journal\=Icarus \|volume\=162 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=374–384 \|bibcode\=2003Icar..162\..374M \|doi\=10\.1016/S0019\-1035(03\)00025\-3}} Molina\-Cuberos et al. \[2004],{{Cite journal \|last1\=Molina\-Cuberos \|first1\=G. J. \|last2\= Porti \|first2\=J. \|last3\=Besser \|first3\=B. P. \|last4\= Morente \|first4\=J. A. \|last5\=Margineda \|first5\=J. \|last6\= Lichtenegger \|first6\=H. I. M. \|last7\=Salinas \|first7\=A. \|last8\= Schwingenschuh \|first8\=K. \|last9\= Eichelberger \|first9\=H. U. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=2004 \|title\=Shumann resonances and electromagnetic transparence in the atmosphere of Titan \|journal\=Advances in Space Research \|volume\=33 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=2309–2313 \|bibcode\=2004AdSpR..33\.2309M \|doi\=10\.1016/S0273\-1177(03\)00465\-4}} Nickolaenko et al. \[2003],{{Cite journal \|last1\=Nickolaenko \|first1\=A. P. \|last2\=Besser \|first2\=B. P. \|last3\= Schwingenschuh \|first3\=K. \|date\=2003 \|title\=Model computations of Schumann resonance on Titan \|journal\=Planetary and Space Science \|volume\=51 \|issue\=13 \|pages\=853–862 \|bibcode\=2003P\&SS...51\..853N \|doi\=10\.1016/S0032\-0633(03\)00119\-3}} and Pechony and Price \[2004]. It appears that only the first Schumann resonance mode might be detectable on Titan.
Since the landing of the Huygens probe on Titan's surface in January 2005, there have been many reports on observations and theory of an atypical Schumann resonance on Titan. After several tens of fly\-bys by Cassini, neither lightning nor thunderstorms were detected in Titan's atmosphere. Scientists therefore proposed another source of electrical excitation: induction of ionospheric currents by Saturn's co\-rotating magnetosphere. All data and theoretical models comply with a Schumann resonance, the second eigenmode of which was observed by the Huygens probe. The most important result of this is the proof of existence of a buried liquid water\-ammonia ocean under a few tens of km of the icy subsurface crust.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Béghin \|first1\=C. \|last2\=Simões \|first2\=F. \|last3\=Krasnoselskikh \|first3\=V. \|last4\=Schwingenschuh \|first4\=K. \|last5\=Berthelier \|first5\=J. \|last6\=Besser \|first6\=B. \|last7\=Bettanini \|first7\=C. \|last8\=Grard \|first8\=R. \|last9\=Hamelin \|first9\=M. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=November 1, 2007 \|title\=A Schumann\-like resonance on Titan driven by Saturn's magnetosphere possibly revealed by the Huygens Probe \|journal\=Icarus \|volume\=191 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=251–266 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.icarus.2007\.04\.005 \|first10\=J. J. \|last10\=López\-Moreno \|first11\=G. J. \|last11\=Molina\-Cuberos \|first12\=T. \|last12\=Tokanoh \|bibcode\=2007Icar..191\..251B}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Béghin \|first1\=C. \|last2\=Canu \|first2\=P. \|last3\=Karkoschka \|first3\=E. \|last4\=Sotin \|first4\=C. \|last5\=Bertucci \|first5\=C. \|last6\=Kurth \|first6\=W.S. \|last7\=Berthelier \|first7\=J.J. \|last8\=Grard \|first8\=R. \|last9\=Hamelin \|first9\=M. \|display\-authors\=4 \|date\=December 2009 \|title\=New insights on Titan's plasma\-driven Schumann resonance inferred from Huygens and Cassini data \|journal\=Planetary and Space Science \|volume\=57 \|issue\=14–15 \|pages\=1872–1888 \|bibcode\=2009P\&SS...57\.1872B \|doi\=10\.1016/j.pss.2009\.04\.006\|hdl\=11336/20677 \|hdl\-access\=free }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Béghin \|first1\=Christian \|last2\=Sotin \|first2\=Christophe \|last3\=Hamelin \|first3\=Michel \|date\=June 2010 \|title\=Titan's native ocean revealed beneath some 45km of ice by a Schumann\-like resonance \|journal\=Comptes Rendus Geoscience \|volume\=342 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=425–433 \|bibcode\=2010CRGeo.342\..425B \|doi\=10\.1016/j.crte.2010\.03\.003\|url\=https://comptes\-rendus.academie\-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10\.1016/j.crte.2010\.03\.003/ }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Béghin \|first1\=Christian \|last2\=Randriamboarison \|first2\=Orélien \|last3\=Hamelin \|first3\=Michel \|last4\=Karkoschka \|first4\=Erich \|last5\=Sotin \|first5\=Christophe \|last6\=Whitten \|first6\=Robert C. \|last7\=Berthelier \|first7\=Jean\-Jacques \|last8\=Grard \|first8\=Réjean \|last9\=Simões \|first9\=Fernando \|display\-authors\=4 \|title\=Analytic theory of Titan's Schumann resonance: Constraints on ionospheric conductivity and buried water ocean \|journal\=Icarus \|volume\=218 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=1028–1042 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.icarus.2012\.02\.005 \|bibcode\=2012Icar..218\.1028B \|year\=2012\|hdl\=2060/20140002248 \|s2cid\=26341590 \|hdl\-access\=free }}
### Jupiter and Saturn
Lightning activity has been optically detected on Jupiter. Existence of lightning activity on that planet was predicted by Bar\-Nun \[1975]{{Cite journal \|last\=Bar\-Nun \|first\=A. \|date\=1975 \|title\=Thunderstorms on Jupiter \|journal\=Icarus \|volume\=24 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=86–94 \|bibcode\=1975Icar...24\...86B \|doi\=10\.1016/0019\-1035(75\)90162\-1}} and it is now supported by data from [Galileo](/wiki/Galileo_%28spacecraft%29 "Galileo (spacecraft)"), [Voyagers](/wiki/Voyager_program "Voyager program") 1 and 2, [Pioneers](/wiki/Pioneer_program "Pioneer program") 10 and 11, and [Cassini](/wiki/Cassini_%28spacecraft%29 "Cassini (spacecraft)"). Saturn is also confirmed to have [lightning activity](/wiki/Saturn_Electrostatic_Discharges "Saturn Electrostatic Discharges").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ciclops.org/view\_event/178/Lightning\_Flashing\_in\_Daylight \|title\=Lightning Flashing in Daylight (Saturn Images from NASA's Cassini Spacecraft) \|website\=www.ciclops.org \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-08 \|archive\-date\=September 23, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203444/http://www.ciclops.org/view\_event/178/Lightning\_Flashing\_in\_Daylight \|url\-status\=dead }} Though three visiting spacecraft ([Pioneer 11](/wiki/Pioneer_11 "Pioneer 11") in 1979, [Voyager 1](/wiki/Voyager_1 "Voyager 1") in 1980, and [Voyager 2](/wiki/Voyager_2 "Voyager 2") in 1981\) failed to provide any convincing evidence from optical observations, in July 2012 the Cassini spacecraft detected visible lightning flashes, and electromagnetic sensors aboard the spacecraft detected signatures that are characteristic of lightning.
Little is known about the electrical parameters of the interior of Jupiter or Saturn. Even the question of what should serve as the lower [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide "Waveguide") boundary is a non\-trivial one in case of the gaseous planets. There seem to be no works dedicated to Schumann resonances on Saturn. To date there has been only one attempt to model Schumann resonances on Jupiter.{{Cite journal \|last\=Sentman \|first\=D. D. \|date\=1990 \|title\=Electrical conductivity of Jupiter's Shallow interior and the formation of a resonant planetary\-ionosphere cavity \|journal\=Icarus \|volume\=88 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=73–86 \|bibcode\=1990Icar...88\...73S \|doi\=10\.1016/0019\-1035(90\)90177\-B}}
Here, the electrical conductivity profile within the gaseous atmosphere of Jupiter was calculated using methods similar to those used to model stellar interiors, and it was pointed out that the same methods could be easily extended to the other gas giants Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Given the intense lightning activity at Jupiter, the Schumann resonances should be easily detectable with a sensor suitably positioned within the planetary\-ionospheric cavity.
|
[
"On other planets and moons\n--------------------------",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=July 2021}}\nThe existence of Schumann\\-like resonances is conditioned primarily by two factors:\n1. A closed, planetary\\-sized and ellipsoidial cavity, consisting of conducting lower and upper boundaries separated by an insulating medium. For the earth the conducting lower boundary is its surface, and the upper boundary is the ionosphere. Other planets may have similar electrical conductivity geometry, so it is speculated that they should possess similar resonant behavior.\n2. A source of electrical excitation of [electromagnetic waves](/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves \"Electromagnetic waves\") in the extremely low frequency range.\nWithin the [Solar System](/wiki/Solar_System \"Solar System\") there are five candidates for Schumann resonance detection besides the Earth: [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\"), [Mars](/wiki/Mars \"Mars\"), [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\"), [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn \"Saturn\"), and Saturn's biggest moon [Titan](/wiki/Titan_%28moon%29 \"Titan (moon)\").\nModeling Schumann resonances on the planets and [moons](/wiki/Moons \"Moons\") of the Solar System is complicated by the lack of knowledge of the [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide \"Waveguide\") parameters. No *in situ* capability exists today to validate the results.",
"### Venus",
"The strongest evidence for lightning on Venus comes from the electromagnetic waves first detected by [Venera](/wiki/Venera \"Venera\") 11 and 12 landers. Theoretical calculations of the Schumann resonances at Venus were reported by Nickolaenko and Rabinowicz \\[1982]{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Nickolaenko \\|first1\\=A. P. \\|last2\\=Rabinowicz \\|first2\\=L. M. \\|date\\=1982 \\|title\\=On the possibility of existence of global electromagnetic resonances on the planets of Solar system \\|journal\\=Space Research \\|volume\\=20 \\|pages\\=82–89}} and Pechony and Price \\[2004].{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Pechony \\|first1\\=O. \\|last2\\= Price \\|first2\\=C. \\|date\\=2004 \\|title\\=Schumann resonance parameters calculated with a partially uniform knee model on Earth, Venus, Mars, and Titan \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=RS5007 \\|bibcode\\=2004RaSc...39\\.5007P \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2004RS003056\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Both studies yielded very close results, indicating that Schumann resonances should be easily detectable on that planet given a lightning source of excitation and a suitably located sensor.",
"### Mars",
"In the case of Mars there have been terrestrial observations of radio emission spectra that have been associated with Schumann resonances. The reported radio emissions are not of the primary electromagnetic Schumann modes, but rather of secondary modulations of the nonthermal microwave emissions from the planet at approximately the expected Schumann frequencies, and have not been independently confirmed to be associated with lightning activity on Mars. There is the possibility that future lander missions could carry in situ instrumentation to perform the necessary measurements. Theoretical studies are primarily directed to parameterizing the problem for future planetary explorers.",
"Detection of lightning activity on Mars has been reported by Ruf et al. \\[2009].{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Ruf \\|first1\\=C. \\|last2\\=Renno \\|first2\\=N. O. \\|last3\\=Kok \\|first3\\=J. F. \\|last4\\= Bandelier \\|first4\\=E. \\|last5\\= Sander \\|first5\\=M. J. \\|last6\\= Gross \\|first6\\=S. \\|last7\\=Skjerve \\|first7\\=L. \\|last8\\=Cantor \\|first8\\=B. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=2009 \\|title\\=Emission of Non\\-thermal Microwave Radiation by a Martian Dust Storm \\|journal\\=Geophysical Research Letters \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=13 \\|pages\\=L13202 \\|bibcode\\=2009GeoRL..3613202R \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2009GL038715\\|hdl\\=2027\\.42/94934 \\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.872\\.939 \\|s2cid\\=14707525 \\|url\\=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027\\.42/94934/1/grl26053\\.pdf }} The evidence is indirect and in the form of modulations of the nonthermal microwave spectrum at approximately the expected Schumann resonance frequencies. It has not been independently confirmed that these are associated with electrical discharges on Mars. In the event confirmation is made by direct, in situ observations, it would verify the suggestion of the possibility of charge separation and lightning strokes in the Martian dust storms made by Eden and Vonnegut \\[1973]{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Eden \\|first1\\= H. F. \\|last2\\=Vonnegut \\|first2\\=B. \\|date\\=1973 \\|title\\=Electrical breakdown caused by dust motion in low\\-pressure atmospheres: consideration for Mars \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=180 \\|issue\\=4089 \\|pages\\=962–963 \\|bibcode\\=1973Sci...180\\..962E \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.180\\.4089\\.962 \\|pmid\\=17735929\\|s2cid\\= 38902776 }} and Renno et al. \\[2003].{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Renno \\|first1\\=N. O. \\|last2\\=Wong \\|first2\\=A. \\|last3\\= Atreya \\|first3\\=S. K. \\|last4\\=de Pater \\|first4\\=I. \\|last5\\=Roos\\-Serote \\|first5\\=M. \\|date\\=2003 \\|title\\=Electrical discharges and broadband radio emission by Martian dust devils and dust storms \\|journal\\=Geophysical Research Letters \\|volume\\=30 \\|issue\\=22 \\|page\\=2140 \\|bibcode\\=2003GeoRL..30\\.2140R \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2003GL017879\\|url\\=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027\\.42/95558/1/grl17254\\.pdf \\|hdl\\=2027\\.42/95558 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"Martian global resonances were modeled by Sukhorukov \\[1991],{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Sukhorukov \\|first\\=A. I. \\|date\\=1991 \\|title\\=On the Schumann resonances on Mars \\|journal\\=Planet. Space Sci. \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=1673–1676 \\|bibcode\\=1991P\\&SS...39\\.1673S \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0032\\-0633(91\\)90028\\-9}} Pechony and Price \\[2004], and Molina\\-Cuberos et al. \\[2006].{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Molina\\-Cuberos \\|first1\\=G. J. \\|last2\\= Morente \\|first2\\=J. A. \\|last3\\= Besser \\|first3\\=B. P. \\|last4\\= Porti \\|first4\\=J. \\|last5\\= Lichtenegger \\|first5\\=H. \\|last6\\= Schwingenschuh \\|first6\\=K. \\|last7\\= Salinas \\|first7\\=A. \\|last8\\=Margineda \\|first8\\=J. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=Schumann resonances as a tool to study the lower ionosphere of Mars \\|journal\\=Radio Science \\|volume\\=41 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=RS1003 \\|bibcode\\=2006RaSc...41\\.1003M \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2004RS003187\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The results of the three studies are somewhat different, but it seems that at least the first two Schumann resonance modes should be detectable. Evidence of the first three Schumann resonance modes is present in the spectra of radio emission from the lightning detected in Martian dust storms.",
"### Titan",
"It was long ago suggested that lightning discharges may occur on [Titan](/wiki/Titan_%28moon%29 \"Titan (moon)\"),{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Lammer \\|first1\\=H. \\|last2\\=Tokano \\|first2\\=T. \\|last3\\=Fischer \\|first3\\=G. \\|last4\\= Stumptner \\|first4\\=W. \\|last5\\=Molina\\-Cuberos \\|first5\\=G. J. \\|last6\\= Schwingenschuh \\|first6\\=K. \\|last7\\= Rucher \\|first7\\=H. O. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Lightning activity of Titan: can Cassiny/Huygens detect it? \\|journal\\=Planetary and Space Science \\|volume\\=49 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=561–574 \\|bibcode\\=2001P\\&SS...49\\..561L \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0032\\-0633(00\\)00171\\-9}} but recent data from [Cassini–Huygens](/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens \"Cassini–Huygens\") seems to indicate that there is no lightning activity on this largest [satellite](/wiki/Satellite \"Satellite\") of Saturn. Due to the recent interest in Titan, associated with the Cassini–Huygens mission, its ionosphere is perhaps the most thoroughly modeled today. Schumann resonances on Titan have received more attention than on any other celestial body, in works by Besser et al. \\[2002],{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Besser \\|first1\\=B. P. \\|last2\\=Schwingenschuh \\|first2\\=K. \\|last3\\= Jernej \\|first3\\=I. \\|last4\\= Eichelberger \\|first4\\=H. U. \\|last5\\= Lichtenegger \\|first5\\=H. I. M. \\|last6\\= Fulchignoni \\|first6\\=M. \\|last7\\= Molina\\-Cuberos \\|first7\\=G. J. \\|last8\\=Morente \\|first8\\=J. A. \\|last9\\=Porti \\|first9\\=J. A. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Schumann resonances as indicators for lighting on Titan \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Exo/Astrobiology, Graz, Austria, September 16–19 \\|first10\\=A. \\|last10\\=Salinas}} Morente et al. \\[2003],{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Morente \\|first1\\=J. A. \\|last2\\=Molina\\-Cuberos \\|first2\\=G. J. \\|last3\\=Porti \\|first3\\=J. A. \\|last4\\= Schwingenschuh \\|first4\\=K. \\|last5\\=Besser \\|first5\\=B. P. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=2003 \\|title\\=A study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in Titan's atmosphere with the TLM numerical method \\|journal\\=Icarus \\|volume\\=162 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=374–384 \\|bibcode\\=2003Icar..162\\..374M \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0019\\-1035(03\\)00025\\-3}} Molina\\-Cuberos et al. \\[2004],{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Molina\\-Cuberos \\|first1\\=G. J. \\|last2\\= Porti \\|first2\\=J. \\|last3\\=Besser \\|first3\\=B. P. \\|last4\\= Morente \\|first4\\=J. A. \\|last5\\=Margineda \\|first5\\=J. \\|last6\\= Lichtenegger \\|first6\\=H. I. M. \\|last7\\=Salinas \\|first7\\=A. \\|last8\\= Schwingenschuh \\|first8\\=K. \\|last9\\= Eichelberger \\|first9\\=H. U. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=2004 \\|title\\=Shumann resonances and electromagnetic transparence in the atmosphere of Titan \\|journal\\=Advances in Space Research \\|volume\\=33 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=2309–2313 \\|bibcode\\=2004AdSpR..33\\.2309M \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0273\\-1177(03\\)00465\\-4}} Nickolaenko et al. \\[2003],{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Nickolaenko \\|first1\\=A. P. \\|last2\\=Besser \\|first2\\=B. P. \\|last3\\= Schwingenschuh \\|first3\\=K. \\|date\\=2003 \\|title\\=Model computations of Schumann resonance on Titan \\|journal\\=Planetary and Space Science \\|volume\\=51 \\|issue\\=13 \\|pages\\=853–862 \\|bibcode\\=2003P\\&SS...51\\..853N \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0032\\-0633(03\\)00119\\-3}} and Pechony and Price \\[2004]. It appears that only the first Schumann resonance mode might be detectable on Titan.",
"Since the landing of the Huygens probe on Titan's surface in January 2005, there have been many reports on observations and theory of an atypical Schumann resonance on Titan. After several tens of fly\\-bys by Cassini, neither lightning nor thunderstorms were detected in Titan's atmosphere. Scientists therefore proposed another source of electrical excitation: induction of ionospheric currents by Saturn's co\\-rotating magnetosphere. All data and theoretical models comply with a Schumann resonance, the second eigenmode of which was observed by the Huygens probe. The most important result of this is the proof of existence of a buried liquid water\\-ammonia ocean under a few tens of km of the icy subsurface crust.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Béghin \\|first1\\=C. \\|last2\\=Simões \\|first2\\=F. \\|last3\\=Krasnoselskikh \\|first3\\=V. \\|last4\\=Schwingenschuh \\|first4\\=K. \\|last5\\=Berthelier \\|first5\\=J. \\|last6\\=Besser \\|first6\\=B. \\|last7\\=Bettanini \\|first7\\=C. \\|last8\\=Grard \\|first8\\=R. \\|last9\\=Hamelin \\|first9\\=M. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=November 1, 2007 \\|title\\=A Schumann\\-like resonance on Titan driven by Saturn's magnetosphere possibly revealed by the Huygens Probe \\|journal\\=Icarus \\|volume\\=191 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=251–266 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.icarus.2007\\.04\\.005 \\|first10\\=J. J. \\|last10\\=López\\-Moreno \\|first11\\=G. J. \\|last11\\=Molina\\-Cuberos \\|first12\\=T. \\|last12\\=Tokanoh \\|bibcode\\=2007Icar..191\\..251B}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Béghin \\|first1\\=C. \\|last2\\=Canu \\|first2\\=P. \\|last3\\=Karkoschka \\|first3\\=E. \\|last4\\=Sotin \\|first4\\=C. \\|last5\\=Bertucci \\|first5\\=C. \\|last6\\=Kurth \\|first6\\=W.S. \\|last7\\=Berthelier \\|first7\\=J.J. \\|last8\\=Grard \\|first8\\=R. \\|last9\\=Hamelin \\|first9\\=M. \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|date\\=December 2009 \\|title\\=New insights on Titan's plasma\\-driven Schumann resonance inferred from Huygens and Cassini data \\|journal\\=Planetary and Space Science \\|volume\\=57 \\|issue\\=14–15 \\|pages\\=1872–1888 \\|bibcode\\=2009P\\&SS...57\\.1872B \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.pss.2009\\.04\\.006\\|hdl\\=11336/20677 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Béghin \\|first1\\=Christian \\|last2\\=Sotin \\|first2\\=Christophe \\|last3\\=Hamelin \\|first3\\=Michel \\|date\\=June 2010 \\|title\\=Titan's native ocean revealed beneath some 45km of ice by a Schumann\\-like resonance \\|journal\\=Comptes Rendus Geoscience \\|volume\\=342 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=425–433 \\|bibcode\\=2010CRGeo.342\\..425B \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.crte.2010\\.03\\.003\\|url\\=https://comptes\\-rendus.academie\\-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10\\.1016/j.crte.2010\\.03\\.003/ }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Béghin \\|first1\\=Christian \\|last2\\=Randriamboarison \\|first2\\=Orélien \\|last3\\=Hamelin \\|first3\\=Michel \\|last4\\=Karkoschka \\|first4\\=Erich \\|last5\\=Sotin \\|first5\\=Christophe \\|last6\\=Whitten \\|first6\\=Robert C. \\|last7\\=Berthelier \\|first7\\=Jean\\-Jacques \\|last8\\=Grard \\|first8\\=Réjean \\|last9\\=Simões \\|first9\\=Fernando \\|display\\-authors\\=4 \\|title\\=Analytic theory of Titan's Schumann resonance: Constraints on ionospheric conductivity and buried water ocean \\|journal\\=Icarus \\|volume\\=218 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=1028–1042 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.icarus.2012\\.02\\.005 \\|bibcode\\=2012Icar..218\\.1028B \\|year\\=2012\\|hdl\\=2060/20140002248 \\|s2cid\\=26341590 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}",
"### Jupiter and Saturn",
"Lightning activity has been optically detected on Jupiter. Existence of lightning activity on that planet was predicted by Bar\\-Nun \\[1975]{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bar\\-Nun \\|first\\=A. \\|date\\=1975 \\|title\\=Thunderstorms on Jupiter \\|journal\\=Icarus \\|volume\\=24 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=86–94 \\|bibcode\\=1975Icar...24\\...86B \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0019\\-1035(75\\)90162\\-1}} and it is now supported by data from [Galileo](/wiki/Galileo_%28spacecraft%29 \"Galileo (spacecraft)\"), [Voyagers](/wiki/Voyager_program \"Voyager program\") 1 and 2, [Pioneers](/wiki/Pioneer_program \"Pioneer program\") 10 and 11, and [Cassini](/wiki/Cassini_%28spacecraft%29 \"Cassini (spacecraft)\"). Saturn is also confirmed to have [lightning activity](/wiki/Saturn_Electrostatic_Discharges \"Saturn Electrostatic Discharges\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ciclops.org/view\\_event/178/Lightning\\_Flashing\\_in\\_Daylight \\|title\\=Lightning Flashing in Daylight (Saturn Images from NASA's Cassini Spacecraft) \\|website\\=www.ciclops.org \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-08 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 23, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203444/http://www.ciclops.org/view\\_event/178/Lightning\\_Flashing\\_in\\_Daylight \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Though three visiting spacecraft ([Pioneer 11](/wiki/Pioneer_11 \"Pioneer 11\") in 1979, [Voyager 1](/wiki/Voyager_1 \"Voyager 1\") in 1980, and [Voyager 2](/wiki/Voyager_2 \"Voyager 2\") in 1981\\) failed to provide any convincing evidence from optical observations, in July 2012 the Cassini spacecraft detected visible lightning flashes, and electromagnetic sensors aboard the spacecraft detected signatures that are characteristic of lightning.",
"Little is known about the electrical parameters of the interior of Jupiter or Saturn. Even the question of what should serve as the lower [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide \"Waveguide\") boundary is a non\\-trivial one in case of the gaseous planets. There seem to be no works dedicated to Schumann resonances on Saturn. To date there has been only one attempt to model Schumann resonances on Jupiter.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Sentman \\|first\\=D. D. \\|date\\=1990 \\|title\\=Electrical conductivity of Jupiter's Shallow interior and the formation of a resonant planetary\\-ionosphere cavity \\|journal\\=Icarus \\|volume\\=88 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=73–86 \\|bibcode\\=1990Icar...88\\...73S \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0019\\-1035(90\\)90177\\-B}}",
"Here, the electrical conductivity profile within the gaseous atmosphere of Jupiter was calculated using methods similar to those used to model stellar interiors, and it was pointed out that the same methods could be easily extended to the other gas giants Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Given the intense lightning activity at Jupiter, the Schumann resonances should be easily detectable with a sensor suitably positioned within the planetary\\-ionospheric cavity.",
""
] |
History
-------
A Director\-General, subsequently Director of Naval Ordnance, in the [Controller's Department of the Admiralty](/wiki/Third_Sea_Lord "Third Sea Lord") was first appointed in 1866, but he did not take over procurement of naval ordnance from the War Office until 1888 or custody and supply until 1891, when a Naval Ordnance Department was finally established at the Admiralty.
By stages from 1908 the Admiralty also took over responsibility from the War Office for inspecting naval ordnance when a Chief Inspector of Naval Ordnance was appointed. The [Royal Ordnance Factories](/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factories "Royal Ordnance Factories"), under the control of the War Office, continued, however, to manufacture naval ordnance though a large proportion, including most of the heaviest guns, was let to private contract.
From 1917 until the department was responsible for mines and torpedoes. Between 1918 and 1923 and again from 1939 there was a separate [Armament Supply Department](/wiki/Armament_Supply_Department "Armament Supply Department").The Naval Ordnance Inspection Department was set up in 1922 to control quality in the manufacture and testing of weapons and ammunition for the fleet. Chemical and metallurgical analysis was carried out at its laboratories at Sheffield (the [Bragg](/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg "William Lawrence Bragg") laboratory) and Caerwent.
During the First World War the directorate was divided, and a separate [Department of the Director of Torpedoes and Mining](/wiki/Department_of_the_Director_of_Torpedoes_and_Mining "Department of the Director of Torpedoes and Mining") was created. After the Second World War in 1946 this became the [Underwater Weapons Department](/wiki/Underwater_Weapons_Department "Underwater Weapons Department"). The Bragg laboratory, so\-called from 1938, continued unchanged until 1968, when its chemical analysis work became part of the Army Department's Directorate of Chemical Inspection at Woolwich. From 1941 to 1945 there was a [Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development](/wiki/Department_of_Miscellaneous_Weapons_Development "Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development").
In 1958 the two were re\-united as divisions of the [Weapons Department](/wiki/Weapons_Department "Weapons Department"), under the [Director General of Weapons](/wiki/Director_General_of_Weapons "Director General of Weapons") (Director General, Weapons from 1960 to 1964\). Bragg continued as the Naval Ordnance Inspection (later Service) and Metallurgical Unit (NOIMU, later NOSMU) until 1984 when it was closed and its work transferred to Woolwich. Caerwent laboratory continued investigating propellants until 1971\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"A Director\\-General, subsequently Director of Naval Ordnance, in the [Controller's Department of the Admiralty](/wiki/Third_Sea_Lord \"Third Sea Lord\") was first appointed in 1866, but he did not take over procurement of naval ordnance from the War Office until 1888 or custody and supply until 1891, when a Naval Ordnance Department was finally established at the Admiralty.",
"By stages from 1908 the Admiralty also took over responsibility from the War Office for inspecting naval ordnance when a Chief Inspector of Naval Ordnance was appointed. The [Royal Ordnance Factories](/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factories \"Royal Ordnance Factories\"), under the control of the War Office, continued, however, to manufacture naval ordnance though a large proportion, including most of the heaviest guns, was let to private contract.",
"From 1917 until the department was responsible for mines and torpedoes. Between 1918 and 1923 and again from 1939 there was a separate [Armament Supply Department](/wiki/Armament_Supply_Department \"Armament Supply Department\").The Naval Ordnance Inspection Department was set up in 1922 to control quality in the manufacture and testing of weapons and ammunition for the fleet. Chemical and metallurgical analysis was carried out at its laboratories at Sheffield (the [Bragg](/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg \"William Lawrence Bragg\") laboratory) and Caerwent.",
"During the First World War the directorate was divided, and a separate [Department of the Director of Torpedoes and Mining](/wiki/Department_of_the_Director_of_Torpedoes_and_Mining \"Department of the Director of Torpedoes and Mining\") was created. After the Second World War in 1946 this became the [Underwater Weapons Department](/wiki/Underwater_Weapons_Department \"Underwater Weapons Department\"). The Bragg laboratory, so\\-called from 1938, continued unchanged until 1968, when its chemical analysis work became part of the Army Department's Directorate of Chemical Inspection at Woolwich. From 1941 to 1945 there was a [Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development](/wiki/Department_of_Miscellaneous_Weapons_Development \"Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development\").",
"In 1958 the two were re\\-united as divisions of the [Weapons Department](/wiki/Weapons_Department \"Weapons Department\"), under the [Director General of Weapons](/wiki/Director_General_of_Weapons \"Director General of Weapons\") (Director General, Weapons from 1960 to 1964\\). Bragg continued as the Naval Ordnance Inspection (later Service) and Metallurgical Unit (NOIMU, later NOSMU) until 1984 when it was closed and its work transferred to Woolwich. Caerwent laboratory continued investigating propellants until 1971\\.",
""
] |
Etymology
---------
The name Govindpur is inspired by the name Govind (meaning [Krishna](/wiki/Krishna "Krishna")).
In this block, Vishunpur village is the largest village in both area and population. It is surrounded by mountains that are the sources of many springs. Adjacent to this reservoir, there is a temple at the top of the mountain.
In this block, Dera village is the smallest village in both area and population. Dera comes under Madhopur panchayat. Earlier the village was called "Pirbigha", but it eventually became known as "Dera". Dera is surrounded by mountains from all sides. People who live here are mainly dependent on farming and government services.
The village\-like Sarkanda is situated on the border of Bihar and Jharkhand. On the other side of the border is the village Kaniken. There is a high school, a post office, and a primary school.
The population is about 3,000 with many castes represented, including Yadav, Koiri, [Pandit](/wiki/Pandit "Pandit"), Thathera, Sonar, [Rajbanshi](/wiki/Rajbongshi_people "Rajbongshi people"), Muslims, [Bhumihar](/wiki/Bhumihar "Bhumihar"), Dusadh, Teli, Mushar, Mochi, Carpenter, Kahar, and Dhobi people. The land is fertile. Most of the population works in farming, while others work for the government.
There are two sub\-inspectors of the Bihar Police in this village. There are enough teachers in higher secondary school and middle school for classes to run regularly.
|
[
"Etymology\n---------",
"The name Govindpur is inspired by the name Govind (meaning [Krishna](/wiki/Krishna \"Krishna\")).",
"In this block, Vishunpur village is the largest village in both area and population. It is surrounded by mountains that are the sources of many springs. Adjacent to this reservoir, there is a temple at the top of the mountain.",
"In this block, Dera village is the smallest village in both area and population. Dera comes under Madhopur panchayat. Earlier the village was called \"Pirbigha\", but it eventually became known as \"Dera\". Dera is surrounded by mountains from all sides. People who live here are mainly dependent on farming and government services.",
"The village\\-like Sarkanda is situated on the border of Bihar and Jharkhand. On the other side of the border is the village Kaniken. There is a high school, a post office, and a primary school.",
"The population is about 3,000 with many castes represented, including Yadav, Koiri, [Pandit](/wiki/Pandit \"Pandit\"), Thathera, Sonar, [Rajbanshi](/wiki/Rajbongshi_people \"Rajbongshi people\"), Muslims, [Bhumihar](/wiki/Bhumihar \"Bhumihar\"), Dusadh, Teli, Mushar, Mochi, Carpenter, Kahar, and Dhobi people. The land is fertile. Most of the population works in farming, while others work for the government.",
"There are two sub\\-inspectors of the Bihar Police in this village. There are enough teachers in higher secondary school and middle school for classes to run regularly.",
""
] |
England v Bangladesh
--------------------
### First Test: England v Bangladesh (26–28 May)
| **{{cr\|Bangladesh}}** | **108** | \& | **159** | **England won by an innings and 261 runs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar "Javed Omar") 22 [MJ Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") 4–42 | | [Khaled Mashud](/wiki/Khaled_Mashud "Khaled Mashud") 44 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") 3–29 | [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's"), [London](/wiki/London "London") Umpires: [K Hariharan](/wiki/Krishna_Hariharan "Krishna Hariharan") ([Ind](/wiki/India "India")) and [DJ Harper](/wiki/Daryl_Harper "Daryl Harper") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) Man of the Match: [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) |
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **528/3d** |
| [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") 194 [MP Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") 120 [Mashrafe Mortaza](/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza "Mashrafe Mortaza") 2–107 | | |
[Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") won the toss and put [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladeshi_cricket_team "Bangladeshi cricket team") in to bat at 10\.30am on the first day at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's"). The first ten overs of bowling by [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") were lacklustre, as neither mastered the early\-morning swing and they bowled a wide line. A stronger side would have scored more runs in this period, by Bangladesh made only 31 before losing their first wicket. Bangladesh captain, [Habibul Bashar](/wiki/Habibul_Bashar "Habibul Bashar") then came and went with suicidal hoick when he was on three. The rest of the team succumbed quickly, often to bad balls as they failed to adjust to the English conditions. The English mixed the odd good length ball with the short and wide stuff, inducing edges through to the slips at regular intervals – although, admittedly, the Bangladeshis would never have been out if they'd tried to play a bit more defensively.
[Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar "Javed Omar") was the pick of the batsmen, scoring 22 before being [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught") by [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") off the most accurate of the English bowlers, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)"). With six batsmen out in single figures, only [Aftab Ahmed](/wiki/Aftab_Ahmed_%28Bangladeshi_cricketer%29 "Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)") looked in control, before he also edged [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") to slip. In the end, Bangladesh made just 108 in 38\.2 overs, despite being boosted by 12 English no\-balls – eight from Hoggard, four from Harmison. Few batsmen even displayed the standard practice of getting behind a swinging ball and playing with a straight bat, preferring instead to stay still and nudge at the ball.
Marcus Trescothick and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") then batted to tea with composure, taking the boundaries off Test debutant [Shahadat Hossain](/wiki/Shahadat_Hossain "Shahadat Hossain") in particular, and the pair made 70 runs before tea – meaning that England were only 38 off with ten wickets in hand after two sessions. An hour after tea, England brought up the lead, with Strauss having notched his fifty despite looking slightly shaky against [Anwar Hossain Monir](/wiki/Anwar_Hossain_Monir%27s "Anwar Hossain Monir's") bowling, and then being dropped on 51\. Trescothick then made his fifty with a four off Mohammad Rafique. The opening partnership eventually was worth 148, as Strauss was nearly [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") on 69 with an inswinging ball on one ball and then finally lbw on the next, [Mashrafe Mortaza](/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza "Mashrafe Mortaza") getting rewards for his patient bowling.
England, however, continued to paste the bowlers, although skipper [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") was lucky on more than one occasion – the most notable when he was dropped by [Mohammad Rafique](/wiki/Mohammad_Rafique_%28cricketer%29 "Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)") off Rafique's own bowling. By stumps, however, the pair had added 40, and they continued on a sunny second day – less rusty, however, than they had been on the first day. It was all too embarrassing for Bangladesh, as Vaughan raced to 120 before being caught behind off Mashrafe. Four overs later, the patient Rafique finally got his reward, [Khaled Mashud](/wiki/Khaled_Mashud "Khaled Mashud") coming up with a magnificent catch to get Trescothick out six short of a double century. That was as good as it got for Bangladesh, though, as [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell"), [Warwickshire's](/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club "Warwickshire County Cricket Club") prodigy, made 65 [not out](/wiki/Not_out "Not out"), and [Graham Thorpe](/wiki/Graham_Thorpe "Graham Thorpe") ran runs everywhere to score 42 not out with only two boundaries, before Vaughan decided that enough was enough and declared with seven wickets in hand and a lead of 420 runs.
[thumb\|400px\|England set a very attacking field against Bangladesh on the third day. Only the bowler and silly point are in front of the stumps.](/wiki/Image:England_v_Bangladesh_at_Lord%27s_28_May_05.JPG "England v Bangladesh at Lord's 28 May 05.JPG")
Bangladesh's reply was a sorry one. Yet again, they failed to play the short ball well enough, and lost five wickets – Simon Jones and Andrew Flintoff the main culprits, taking two each – for a miserable 65 before Khaled Mashud and Aftab Ahmed took some responsibility and guided them to stumps with 95 for 5\. It was not to last, though. Only six balls into the third day, Hoggard bowled a good off\-cutter to Aftab Ahmed, who failed to play it properly and was hit on the pads – out for a fine 32, Bangladesh's highest score in the Test series so far.
Steve Harmison then bowled the next over from the Pavilion End, removing spinner Rafique for a duck on his second ball of the over as he was caught behind and then having Mortaza [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled") as Mortaza missed the ball only to have it graze his pad and roll behind him to hit his leg stump. Bangladesh had lost three wickets for two runs in the space of nine balls, and Harmison nearly added another wicket to his tally as he hit Anwar Hossain Monir on the pad in front. However, umpire Hariharan wasn't convinced it was going to hit the stumps, and Harmison was denied the [hat\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick "Hat-trick").
The end looked to be even more abrupt than people could think before the third day had started. However, a no\-ball\-aided recovery and some fine batting from wicket\-keeper Khaled Mashud, who surpassed Aftab Ahmed's score, sent the match into a slow\-death period. Anwar Hossain and Khaled Mashud did, however, manage to put on 58 together for the ninth wicket, Bangladesh's best [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 "Partnership (cricket)") of the match. Simon Jones eventually broke through the defences, though, as Anwar Hossain Monir got a standard thick edge to first slip Trescothick, and thus the ninth wicket fell – 156 for 9\. An over later, Khaled Mashud was finally out, giving an awkward edge off Andrew Flintoff's bowling to Graham Thorpe at short leg and ending the innings on 159 all out – giving England an innings and 261 run win just before noon, half an hour before lunch, on the third day. [Gareth Batty](/wiki/Gareth_Batty "Gareth Batty") – England's spin\-bowler, who came in to replace the injured [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") – was only mentioned on the official scorecard once, as he did not bat, did not bowl, and did not hold a catch. Trescothick was named man of the match for his 194\. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/BDESH_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/BDESH_ENG_T1_26-30MAY2005.html)
### Second Test: England v Bangladesh (3–5 June)
| **{{cr\|Bangladesh}}** | **104** | \& | **326** | **England won by an innings and 27 runs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar "Javed Omar") 37 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") 5/38 | | [Aftab Ahmed](/wiki/Aftab_Ahmed_%28Bangladeshi_cricketer%29 "Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)") 82\* [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar "Javed Omar") 71 [Habibul Bashar](/wiki/Habibul_Bashar "Habibul Bashar") 63 [MJ Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") 5/73 | [Riverside](/wiki/Riverside_Ground "Riverside Ground"), [Chester\-le\-Street](/wiki/Chester-le-Street "Chester-le-Street") Umpires: [DJ Harper](/wiki/Daryl_Harper "Daryl Harper") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) and [AL Hill](/wiki/Tony_Hill_%28cricket%29 "Tony Hill (cricket)") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand")) Man of the Match: [MJ Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) Men of the Series: [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) and [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar "Javed Omar") ([Ban](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh")) |
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **447/3d** |
| [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") 151 [IR Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") 162\* [GP Thorpe](/wiki/Graham_Thorpe "Graham Thorpe") 66\* [Mashrafe Mortaza](/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza "Mashrafe Mortaza") 2/91 | | |
[Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") won the [toss](/wiki/Toss_%28cricket%29 "Toss (cricket)") again, just like in the first Test, and put [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladeshi_cricket_team "Bangladeshi cricket team") into bat. A thoroughly professional bowling performance from the [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") bowlers followed, with Harmison, playing at his home ground, making the most of the conditions to take 5 wickets as the clearly outclassed Bangladeshis succumbed for 104\. Only [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar "Javed Omar") and [Khaled Mashud](/wiki/Khaled_Mashud "Khaled Mashud") made it into double figures. In reply, England quickly overcame the deficit for the loss of just [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss"), the only English batter who averaged less than 80 in this Test series. By close on the first day England were 269 for 3, with pundits reckoning the game would not reach the third day.
On the second day, [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") became the first Englishman to score 100 before lunch in a Test match for 70 years, the last one being [Les Ames](/wiki/Les_Ames "Les Ames"), as both Bell and Thorpe hit out ahead of the predicted lunchtime [declaration](/wiki/Declaration_and_forfeiture "Declaration and forfeiture"), which happened with England on 447 for 3\. What followed was what the series had been crying out for earlier: a spirited Bangladeshi performance with proper cricketing shots. Whilst some Bangladeshis did get out to wild shots, the senior players got behind the ball, selected which ball to play, and made the most of the aggressive field placings chosen by England to make partnerships and build innings.
First out was [Nafees Iqbal](/wiki/Nafees_Iqbal "Nafees Iqbal"), caught behind for 15 with the score on 50\. Iqbal was unlucky, as the video replays suggested the ball had bounced before going into [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones")'s gloves, but despite returning to the pitch to appeal to the umpires, Iqbal had to go. Opener [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar "Javed Omar"), captain [Habibul Bashar](/wiki/Habibul_Bashar "Habibul Bashar") and [Aftab Ahmed](/wiki/Aftab_Ahmed_%28Bangladeshi_cricketer%29 "Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)") all made half\-centuries as it was touch and go as to whether England would wrap it up in the two days. When the seventh wicket fell at 245 in the last over of normal play, it allowed England to claim the extra half\-hour. But only one more wicket fell as Bangladesh restored some pride. England wrapped up the game within 20 minutes on the third day, but Bangladesh, albeit against an attacking field had made 316, 27 short of making the hosts bat again.
England therefore won the two Test series 2–0, taking both matches by more than an innings. This was their fifth successive Test series win, and the first time that the English had won five successive Test series since 1971\. With their first three innings all being over before the Bangladeshis made 200, the series was clearly England's, who consolidated their position at second in the [ICC Test Championship](/wiki/ICC_Test_Championship "ICC Test Championship") table. Bangladesh remain bottom in tenth place. Afterwards England captain [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") said, "It's difficult to judge how much we've got out of these games because we've won so easily. We've not had those real tough\-in sessions and fight\-through sessions where we've lost a batch of wickets. We have had stages when we had to knuckle down but it has been easier than I expected. To win two Test matches in almost two days each is obviously quite an easy series victory." [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/BDESH_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/BDESH_ENG_T2_03-07JUN2005.html)
|
[
"England v Bangladesh\n--------------------",
"### First Test: England v Bangladesh (26–28 May)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|Bangladesh}}** | **108** | \\& | **159** | **England won by an innings and 261 runs** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar \"Javed Omar\") 22 [MJ Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") 4–42 | | [Khaled Mashud](/wiki/Khaled_Mashud \"Khaled Mashud\") 44 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") 3–29 | [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\") Umpires: [K Hariharan](/wiki/Krishna_Hariharan \"Krishna Hariharan\") ([Ind](/wiki/India \"India\")) and [DJ Harper](/wiki/Daryl_Harper \"Daryl Harper\") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) Man of the Match: [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **528/3d** |\n| [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") 194 [MP Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") 120 [Mashrafe Mortaza](/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza \"Mashrafe Mortaza\") 2–107 | | |",
"[Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") won the toss and put [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladeshi_cricket_team \"Bangladeshi cricket team\") in to bat at 10\\.30am on the first day at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\"). The first ten overs of bowling by [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") were lacklustre, as neither mastered the early\\-morning swing and they bowled a wide line. A stronger side would have scored more runs in this period, by Bangladesh made only 31 before losing their first wicket. Bangladesh captain, [Habibul Bashar](/wiki/Habibul_Bashar \"Habibul Bashar\") then came and went with suicidal hoick when he was on three. The rest of the team succumbed quickly, often to bad balls as they failed to adjust to the English conditions. The English mixed the odd good length ball with the short and wide stuff, inducing edges through to the slips at regular intervals – although, admittedly, the Bangladeshis would never have been out if they'd tried to play a bit more defensively.",
"[Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar \"Javed Omar\") was the pick of the batsmen, scoring 22 before being [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\") by [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") off the most accurate of the English bowlers, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\"). With six batsmen out in single figures, only [Aftab Ahmed](/wiki/Aftab_Ahmed_%28Bangladeshi_cricketer%29 \"Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)\") looked in control, before he also edged [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") to slip. In the end, Bangladesh made just 108 in 38\\.2 overs, despite being boosted by 12 English no\\-balls – eight from Hoggard, four from Harmison. Few batsmen even displayed the standard practice of getting behind a swinging ball and playing with a straight bat, preferring instead to stay still and nudge at the ball.",
"Marcus Trescothick and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") then batted to tea with composure, taking the boundaries off Test debutant [Shahadat Hossain](/wiki/Shahadat_Hossain \"Shahadat Hossain\") in particular, and the pair made 70 runs before tea – meaning that England were only 38 off with ten wickets in hand after two sessions. An hour after tea, England brought up the lead, with Strauss having notched his fifty despite looking slightly shaky against [Anwar Hossain Monir](/wiki/Anwar_Hossain_Monir%27s \"Anwar Hossain Monir's\") bowling, and then being dropped on 51\\. Trescothick then made his fifty with a four off Mohammad Rafique. The opening partnership eventually was worth 148, as Strauss was nearly [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") on 69 with an inswinging ball on one ball and then finally lbw on the next, [Mashrafe Mortaza](/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza \"Mashrafe Mortaza\") getting rewards for his patient bowling.",
"England, however, continued to paste the bowlers, although skipper [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") was lucky on more than one occasion – the most notable when he was dropped by [Mohammad Rafique](/wiki/Mohammad_Rafique_%28cricketer%29 \"Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)\") off Rafique's own bowling. By stumps, however, the pair had added 40, and they continued on a sunny second day – less rusty, however, than they had been on the first day. It was all too embarrassing for Bangladesh, as Vaughan raced to 120 before being caught behind off Mashrafe. Four overs later, the patient Rafique finally got his reward, [Khaled Mashud](/wiki/Khaled_Mashud \"Khaled Mashud\") coming up with a magnificent catch to get Trescothick out six short of a double century. That was as good as it got for Bangladesh, though, as [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\"), [Warwickshire's](/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Warwickshire County Cricket Club\") prodigy, made 65 [not out](/wiki/Not_out \"Not out\"), and [Graham Thorpe](/wiki/Graham_Thorpe \"Graham Thorpe\") ran runs everywhere to score 42 not out with only two boundaries, before Vaughan decided that enough was enough and declared with seven wickets in hand and a lead of 420 runs.\n[thumb\\|400px\\|England set a very attacking field against Bangladesh on the third day. Only the bowler and silly point are in front of the stumps.](/wiki/Image:England_v_Bangladesh_at_Lord%27s_28_May_05.JPG \"England v Bangladesh at Lord's 28 May 05.JPG\")\nBangladesh's reply was a sorry one. Yet again, they failed to play the short ball well enough, and lost five wickets – Simon Jones and Andrew Flintoff the main culprits, taking two each – for a miserable 65 before Khaled Mashud and Aftab Ahmed took some responsibility and guided them to stumps with 95 for 5\\. It was not to last, though. Only six balls into the third day, Hoggard bowled a good off\\-cutter to Aftab Ahmed, who failed to play it properly and was hit on the pads – out for a fine 32, Bangladesh's highest score in the Test series so far.",
"Steve Harmison then bowled the next over from the Pavilion End, removing spinner Rafique for a duck on his second ball of the over as he was caught behind and then having Mortaza [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\") as Mortaza missed the ball only to have it graze his pad and roll behind him to hit his leg stump. Bangladesh had lost three wickets for two runs in the space of nine balls, and Harmison nearly added another wicket to his tally as he hit Anwar Hossain Monir on the pad in front. However, umpire Hariharan wasn't convinced it was going to hit the stumps, and Harmison was denied the [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick \"Hat-trick\").",
"The end looked to be even more abrupt than people could think before the third day had started. However, a no\\-ball\\-aided recovery and some fine batting from wicket\\-keeper Khaled Mashud, who surpassed Aftab Ahmed's score, sent the match into a slow\\-death period. Anwar Hossain and Khaled Mashud did, however, manage to put on 58 together for the ninth wicket, Bangladesh's best [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 \"Partnership (cricket)\") of the match. Simon Jones eventually broke through the defences, though, as Anwar Hossain Monir got a standard thick edge to first slip Trescothick, and thus the ninth wicket fell – 156 for 9\\. An over later, Khaled Mashud was finally out, giving an awkward edge off Andrew Flintoff's bowling to Graham Thorpe at short leg and ending the innings on 159 all out – giving England an innings and 261 run win just before noon, half an hour before lunch, on the third day. [Gareth Batty](/wiki/Gareth_Batty \"Gareth Batty\") – England's spin\\-bowler, who came in to replace the injured [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") – was only mentioned on the official scorecard once, as he did not bat, did not bowl, and did not hold a catch. Trescothick was named man of the match for his 194\\. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/BDESH_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/BDESH_ENG_T1_26-30MAY2005.html)",
"### Second Test: England v Bangladesh (3–5 June)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|Bangladesh}}** | **104** | \\& | **326** | **England won by an innings and 27 runs** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar \"Javed Omar\") 37 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") 5/38 | | [Aftab Ahmed](/wiki/Aftab_Ahmed_%28Bangladeshi_cricketer%29 \"Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)\") 82\\* [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar \"Javed Omar\") 71 [Habibul Bashar](/wiki/Habibul_Bashar \"Habibul Bashar\") 63 [MJ Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") 5/73 | [Riverside](/wiki/Riverside_Ground \"Riverside Ground\"), [Chester\\-le\\-Street](/wiki/Chester-le-Street \"Chester-le-Street\") Umpires: [DJ Harper](/wiki/Daryl_Harper \"Daryl Harper\") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) and [AL Hill](/wiki/Tony_Hill_%28cricket%29 \"Tony Hill (cricket)\") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\")) Man of the Match: [MJ Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) Men of the Series: [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) and [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar \"Javed Omar\") ([Ban](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **447/3d** |\n| [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") 151 [IR Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") 162\\* [GP Thorpe](/wiki/Graham_Thorpe \"Graham Thorpe\") 66\\* [Mashrafe Mortaza](/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza \"Mashrafe Mortaza\") 2/91 | | |",
"[Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") won the [toss](/wiki/Toss_%28cricket%29 \"Toss (cricket)\") again, just like in the first Test, and put [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladeshi_cricket_team \"Bangladeshi cricket team\") into bat. A thoroughly professional bowling performance from the [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") bowlers followed, with Harmison, playing at his home ground, making the most of the conditions to take 5 wickets as the clearly outclassed Bangladeshis succumbed for 104\\. Only [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar \"Javed Omar\") and [Khaled Mashud](/wiki/Khaled_Mashud \"Khaled Mashud\") made it into double figures. In reply, England quickly overcame the deficit for the loss of just [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\"), the only English batter who averaged less than 80 in this Test series. By close on the first day England were 269 for 3, with pundits reckoning the game would not reach the third day.",
"On the second day, [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") became the first Englishman to score 100 before lunch in a Test match for 70 years, the last one being [Les Ames](/wiki/Les_Ames \"Les Ames\"), as both Bell and Thorpe hit out ahead of the predicted lunchtime [declaration](/wiki/Declaration_and_forfeiture \"Declaration and forfeiture\"), which happened with England on 447 for 3\\. What followed was what the series had been crying out for earlier: a spirited Bangladeshi performance with proper cricketing shots. Whilst some Bangladeshis did get out to wild shots, the senior players got behind the ball, selected which ball to play, and made the most of the aggressive field placings chosen by England to make partnerships and build innings.",
"First out was [Nafees Iqbal](/wiki/Nafees_Iqbal \"Nafees Iqbal\"), caught behind for 15 with the score on 50\\. Iqbal was unlucky, as the video replays suggested the ball had bounced before going into [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\")'s gloves, but despite returning to the pitch to appeal to the umpires, Iqbal had to go. Opener [Javed Omar](/wiki/Javed_Omar \"Javed Omar\"), captain [Habibul Bashar](/wiki/Habibul_Bashar \"Habibul Bashar\") and [Aftab Ahmed](/wiki/Aftab_Ahmed_%28Bangladeshi_cricketer%29 \"Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)\") all made half\\-centuries as it was touch and go as to whether England would wrap it up in the two days. When the seventh wicket fell at 245 in the last over of normal play, it allowed England to claim the extra half\\-hour. But only one more wicket fell as Bangladesh restored some pride. England wrapped up the game within 20 minutes on the third day, but Bangladesh, albeit against an attacking field had made 316, 27 short of making the hosts bat again.",
"England therefore won the two Test series 2–0, taking both matches by more than an innings. This was their fifth successive Test series win, and the first time that the English had won five successive Test series since 1971\\. With their first three innings all being over before the Bangladeshis made 200, the series was clearly England's, who consolidated their position at second in the [ICC Test Championship](/wiki/ICC_Test_Championship \"ICC Test Championship\") table. Bangladesh remain bottom in tenth place. Afterwards England captain [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") said, \"It's difficult to judge how much we've got out of these games because we've won so easily. We've not had those real tough\\-in sessions and fight\\-through sessions where we've lost a batch of wickets. We have had stages when we had to knuckle down but it has been easier than I expected. To win two Test matches in almost two days each is obviously quite an easy series victory.\" [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/BDESH_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/BDESH_ENG_T2_03-07JUN2005.html)",
""
] |
England v Australia
-------------------
### First Test: England v Australia (21–24 July)
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **190** | \& | **384** | **Australia won by 239 runs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") 40 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") 5/43 | | [MJ Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") 91 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") 3/54 | [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), England Umpires: [Aleem Dar](/wiki/Aleem_Dar "Aleem Dar") ([Pak](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen "Rudi Koertzen") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")) Man of the Match: [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) |
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **155** | \& | **180** |
| [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") 57 [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") 5/53 | | [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") 64[\*](/wiki/Not_out "Not out") [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") 4/29 |
[right\|200px\|thumb\|Australian run rate from the first innings.](/wiki/Image:2005_Ashes%2C_1st_Test%2C_Australian_run-rate%2C_1st_innings.gif "2005 Ashes, 1st Test, Australian run-rate, 1st innings.gif") [right\|200px\|thumb\|English run rate from the first innings.](/wiki/Image:2005_Ashes%2C_1st_Test%2C_England_run-rate%2C_1st_innings.png "2005 Ashes, 1st Test, England run-rate, 1st innings.png")
#### Day One
A low\-scoring first day of cricket at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's") included two batting collapses, first from [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") and then from [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") who got their go at batting just before tea. [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") won the toss and chose to bat, and after [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") had shaken up the opening batsmen early on, hitting Australia's batsmen with bouncers, in particular one that had [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") on the elbow, a procession of wickets began. [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") was inaccurate, but the early swing under the cloud suited him, and the ball that he did get on line swung between bat and pad to smash into [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden")'s off stump. Australia still scored quickly, helped by aggressive field placings from England, but Harmison got the reward for short and pacy bowling when [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") edged him to [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") at third [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28cricket%29 "Slip (cricket)") for 9\. Langer, who had looked immaculate all morning and taken on the bowlers, was next to depart, [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") getting reward with his bowling changes as [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") lured Langer into an expansive pull to Harmison at square\-leg. And when [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") was brought on in the sixteenth over, he got an immediate reward, with [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") gone for 2\. Another man came and went before lunch, [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)"), and Australia were five down after the first session of play.
[Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"), [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") and [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") all played a part in getting Australia past 100, with their scores in the 20s, but Harmison – coming back for a second spell – wrapped them up with variations in length along with his ever\-reliant pace. He finished with five for 43, allowing [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") to be stranded on 10 not out, and McGrath was to take centre stage when England batted. They survived six overs until tea, scoring ten runs, but McGrath, who bowled his usual accurate line and length and got the odd ball to move, reaped massive rewards. [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") fell first ball after tea, edging to slip, and Strauss fell in similar fashion three balls later. Michael Vaughan and [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") were shaken up, but survived six overs – before McGrath started the torture again. They were both [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled"), as was [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"), and England had lost five wickets for 21 runs, with five of their front line batsmen out in single figures. However, [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") gave England a glimmer of hope, pairing up for 58 before [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee")'s reverse\-swing with the old ball induced a backward edge off Jones' bat to [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"). [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") hit two quick boundaries, but a short pacy ball from Lee undid him, and England were 92 for 7 overnight – needing 98 for the last three wickets to get level with Australia.
#### Day Two
England's difficulties continued in the morning. Despite McGrath not getting nearly as much swing, [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") departed for an eight\-ball duck, cutting a delivery from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") in the slips. Throwing caution to the wind, Pietersen launched himself into his natural game, taking twenty\-one runs off seven deliveries before finally being out [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught") by [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn"), a splendid catch just metres off the ropes, as England looked to subside for 130\. However, in yet another twist, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") and [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") fought back with some streaky accumulation, pairing up for 33 – the fifth\-highest partnership of the game thus far – to reduce Australia's lead to 35 runs. England also got a good start fielding, [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") having a flat throw at the stumps to run out [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") for 6, but Hayden and [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") rebuilt well.
In fact, the entire top order apart from Langer batted to high scores, but [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") needed an extra life to do it. Pietersen dropped him on 21, with the Australian score 139 for 3, and instead of England getting the vital breakthrough Clarke and [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") ran away with it, hitting 155 in 34\.3 overs. [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") was smashed to all corners, and his figures read for 84 runs in nineteen overs, but England fought back late in the day – in the frantic last ten overs, started by an inside\-edge from Clarke off Hoggard, Australia lost four wickets for 24 runs. However, Australia had gained a lead of 314 runs by the end of the second day, and still had [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") there on 10\.
#### Day Three
Four overs into the morning, [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") returned what could arguably be said to be his most useful contribution of the match, having [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") [run out](/wiki/Run_out "Run out") for 8\. However, the always defensive [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") proved too difficult to get out for England, Harmison menacing him with bouncers and yorkers but not managing it, and it was the quietly toiling [Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") who finally got his reward with an away\-swinger that crashed into Gillespie's off\-stump – after having a number of catches dropped, one especially simple one by namesake [Geraint](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"). [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") and Katich continued with a partnership of 43, as England was set what would be a world record 420 to win.
They started positively, riding their luck and good favour with the umpires – a number of lbw appeals were turned down both before and after tea – as [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") and [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") paired up for 80 for the first wicket before Strauss edged a classic pace\-man's short\-ball from [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") back into the bowler's waiting hands. [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") got nicely off the mark with a four with his second ball, however, suggesting that England would be playing positively to get the target – but Lee and [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") just kept pounding. Trescothick departed for 44, edging a straight ball from Warne to first slip – having taken him for ten in the previous over – and [Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") was left hopelessly plumb to a ball that didn't turn. When [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") – who had failed to buy a run off the last 23 deliveries – was bowled comprehensively by Lee, there was nowhere to hide for England, and not even an unbeaten 42 from [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") to see [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") to stumps could hide the inevitable – that England needed 301 for the last five wickets, with a world\-class bowling attack at the other end.
#### Day Four
Rain frustrated both [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") and neutral fans on the morning of the fourth day, but after four hours the sun finally broke through and the covers were taken off. It only took ten overs for Australia to wrap up England's innings, [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") taking four of the five wickets required and [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") the last – [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard"), [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") all gone for ducks – as England could only add 24 runs, 22 of them from [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") who was left stranded on an unbeaten 64 to have a Test [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28cricket%29 "Batting average (cricket)") of 121 after the first match.
[(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T1_21-25JUL2005.html)
### Second Test: England v Australia (4–7 August)
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **407** | \& | **182** | **England won by 2 runs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") 90 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 4/116 | | [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 73 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 6/46 | [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground "Edgbaston Cricket Ground"), [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden "Billy Bowden") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen "Rudi Koertzen") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")) Man of the Match: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) |
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **308** | \& | **279** |
| [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") 82 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 3/52 | | [B Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") 43\* [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 4/79 |
#### Day One
The psychological battles before the match saw Australia planting many stories in the press about England already being in trouble. England kept quieter, until just before the game stories appeared about how the Edgbaston game would be decided at the toss: whichever side won it would choose to [bowl](/wiki/Bowling_%28cricket%29 "Bowling (cricket)") first and would win. England's mind games paid dividends when [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") did just that, as [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") admitted that if he had won the toss, he'd have batted, and as the match progressed, it became clearer and clearer that the [pitch](/wiki/Cricket_pitch "Cricket pitch") would take plenty of turn near the end.
[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") took advantage of being inserted and came back strongly, especially considering the 239\-run drubbing they had received at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's") a couple of weeks earlier. The [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") bowlers were smashed to all corners on the first day as, for the first time in their 493\-Test history, Australia conceded more than 400 runs in a first day of [Test cricket](/wiki/Test_cricket "Test cricket"). The English mentality seemed to be to attack from the outset, and it was helped by the freak [injury](/wiki/Injury "Injury") that [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") sustained before the match. During a warm\-up (playing [rugby](/wiki/Rugby_football "Rugby football")), the [pace\-man](/wiki/Fast_bowling "Fast bowling") accidentally stood on a cricket ball, tearing ankle ligaments. Australia had to field [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz") as replacement, and on a pitch where inaccurate bowling was immediately punished, McGrath's line and length would surely have been useful.
Instead, [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") made innumerable smashes off [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") to the cover boundary. [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") preferred [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") for his runs, and their 112\-run opening partnership was the highest by England in the Ashes series so far this year – indeed, the second highest of the series thus far, only beaten by [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") and [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)")'s 155 at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's"). They continued on their fine form from Lord's, where they had made 80 in the second innings, and the jitters from the one\-day series seemed to have vanished with [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath"). Admittedly, Trescothick was caught off a no\-ball on 32, but few remembered that as he crafted his way to 90 – being second out shortly after lunch, with the score 164 for 2, after only 32\.3 overs.
England lost both [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell"), who continued his relatively poor Ashes series with his third successive single\-figure score, and [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan"), who pulled a short [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") delivery to the hands of [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), in the space of the next five overs, but still pounded on. [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen"), in his second Test match, hit ten fours and one six, and forged a 103\-run [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 "Partnership (cricket)") in 105 balls with [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"), which turned the match back to England's favour. Flintoff's 68 was scored quickly, including five sixes, and again [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") got the most stick – he was taken for 26 in the 18 balls he faced.
Lee did get one wicket, though, and [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") could have been forgiven for thinking it was the most important. [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") pulled to [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") for 71, off just 76 balls, and with the score on 342 for 7, [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") would have to get something extraordinary out of the tail to get past 400\. But they did – [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") smacked two fours and a six in an entertaining, if brief, 17, and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") stuck around with [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") for a vital last\-wicket partnership of 32, Jones making 19 not out. [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") finally got the better of Hoggard, but England had made 407, in just under 80 overs. The Australian openers took to the field for the last half\-hour of the day. However, heavy rain prevented another ball being bowled on the first day.
#### Day Two
However, the quick scoring and the first Test result led many people to believe that [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") would come back with a vengeance on the second day of the matcht. Instead, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") bowled a maiden over first up to [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer"), and [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") holed out to Harmison's new\-ball partner [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") for a golden duck – the first of Hayden's career. The dismissal was to set the tone of the innings. Although [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") hit runs just as quickly as England had done, the [umpire](/wiki/Umpire_%28cricket%29 "Umpire (cricket)")'s finger went up twice more before lunch – [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") swept to the opposing captain [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") for 61, and [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") was [run out](/wiki/Run_out "Run out") taking a risky single for 20\. Once again, Vaughan was in the action, hitting the stumps with a throw from mid\-off. [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") and [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") continued after lunch in the same vein, but again, a couple of quick wickets – Clarke edging a quicker ball from [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") behind and [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") falling in the same way to [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") swung it England's way. At 208 for 5, the Australians were struggling, but another good partnership between Langer and Gilchrist saw them to tea with no further loss.
The pair looked to close England's lead, but again the England bowlers intervened – this time in the shape of the invisible man in England's attack, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)"), who got plenty of reverse swing and used that to trap [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") with a [yorker](/wiki/Yorker "Yorker") – gone for 82, which was to be Australia's highest score in the innings. Australia's tail – thought to be strengthened by the absence of [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath"), were all dismissed for single\-figure scores, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") taking the two last men [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") with the two last balls, although there was some argument about the first dismissal.
However, England got their 99\-run lead and continued to hack away at the Australian bowlers before stumps. After [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") and [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") had smashed boundaries at will against the seamers, [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") brought on [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") in the seventh over, and Warne broke through with his second ball of the match – a [leg break](/wiki/Leg_break "Leg break") that came into the left\-hander's stumps and broke them completely, and Strauss was bowled for 6\. [Nightwatchman](/wiki/Nightwatchman_%28cricket%29 "Nightwatchman (cricket)") [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") survived four balls to end the day – England still leading by 124, with nine wickets in hand.
#### Day Three
The third day was just as exhilarating to spectators as the first two; a total of seventeen wickets fell as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") took centre stage in an enthralling contest. First up, however, it was [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), who shattered England with three quick wickets – [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") slashed at a wide delivery, skipper [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") disappointed yet again with the bat as he failed to cover his stumps to a straight one, and Hoggard naturally had to go eventually – edging to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") in the slips for 1\.
[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") were shaken, with the score at 31 for 4, and with [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") at the crease. Pietersen could consider himself lucky to survive, after a suggestion he had been caught first ball. He survived, and went on to make 20, only to be given out off a similar situation from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"). His 41\-run partnership with Bell steadied things somewhat, and there were hopes among England fans that Bell would make his first significant score against the tourists. Instead, he fell two overs after Pietersen, having given the tiniest of edges to [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") for 21\.
So, with the score at 75 for 6, England once again needed a big partnership, this time from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") and wicket\-keeper [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"). The pair saw England to lunch, but Flintoff had suffered a shoulder injury and looked in obvious pain. In the first over after lunch, Jones gave an edge to [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") – seven down for 101\. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") batted responsibly, padding up to [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"), but eventually felt the need to play at one, which [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") held with relative ease. [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") came and went, facing one delivery, and it was all up to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") to see England to a challenging target.
That they did. Jones kept his head, managing 12 runs in his 42\-minute stay at the crease with some streaky fours, while Flintoff smacked [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") everywhere. Flintoff also took runs off [Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz"), with one over yielding 20 runs for England, including a couple of [no\-balls](/wiki/No-ball "No-ball"). At one point during Flintoff's innings, Ponting had nine men on the boundary, something rarely seen in cricket. One six hit by Flintoff landed on top of the stands. Flintoff ended with 73 – the only man to pass 25 for England – before being bowled by Warne. Warne finished with stunning figures of six for 46 from 23\.1 overs, having bowled unchanged from the seventh over till the end – but, as luck and Australia's batsmen would have it, his failure to get Flintoff out earlier would be crucial.
[Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") started positively, taking runs off the occasional bad balls that were served up by [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") and [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles"), and before anyone noticed, they had racked up 47 for no loss, and were well on the way to chasing the target of 282\. Then, Flintoff came in to bowl his first over. The ball was hurled down the pitch, and swung enough to deceive the [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") batsmen – Flintoff got [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") and [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") out in the same over, and Australia were struggling again, the score on 48 for 2\.
A few overs of relative calm followed, Hayden forging runs with [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") but never looking too assured, and his dismissal, came in an over where Australia had actually looked on top. However, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") got the last laugh over Hayden – only to later be reprimanded by the [ICC](/wiki/International_Cricket_Council "International Cricket Council") for his celebrations. England kept muscling on, and despite never playing on top of their game they got four more wickets before the scheduled close of play. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") got two of those, dismissing [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") and [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"), and then an inswinging ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") took care of [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie"), who was trapped lbw.
An extra half\-hour of play was allowed, as a result was nearing, but [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") defied the English. Warne was lucky on more than one occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison"), bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled"). England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory.
#### Day Four
On the fourth day, Australia defied all predictions with a 45\-run partnership between [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), before Warne was forced back onto his stumps by Flintoff to get dismissed [hit wicket](/wiki/Hit_wicket "Hit wicket"). Kasprowicz came in and supported Lee well, fending off aggressive bowling from Flintoff and Harmison. The pair had England on the back foot as their victory target neared closer and closer, edging virtually everything. With three to win, and three results possible, Harmison had Kasprowicz caught behind, with replays showing that the ball hit the batsman's hand when it was off the bat. If the hand had been on the bat, it would have been a correct decision – as it stood, it was incorrect to give him out. However, that mattered little to most viewers, who recognised the difficult job of the umpire. England were thus victors – if in almost the most narrow way possible – and the series very much alive. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T2_04-08AUG2005.html)
Rather than engaging in the victory celebrations, the immediate reaction of Flintoff to the winning dismissal was to console the despondent batsmen—a gesture which was widely commented upon as indicative of the good [sportsmanship](/wiki/Sportsmanship "Sportsmanship") and mutual respect between the teams which characterised the series.
England's two run victory is the narrowest result in Ashes cricket history (there have been two Tests won by a margin of only three runs). It is also the second narrowest run victory in all Test cricket history. ([other narrow victories given here](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/RESULTS/CLOSEST_TESTS_BY_RUNS.html))
### Third Test: England v Australia (11–15 August)
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **444** | \& | **280/6d** | **Match drawn** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [MP Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") 166 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 4/99 | | [AJ Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") 106 [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") 5/115 | [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 "Old Trafford (cricket)"), [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden "Billy Bowden") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand")) and [SA Bucknor](/wiki/Steve_Bucknor "Steve Bucknor") ([Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica "Jamaica")) Man of the Match: [RT Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) |
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **302** | \& | **371/9** |
| [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 90 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") 6/53 | | [RT Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") 156 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 4/71 |
#### Day One
With the series square after England's close win in the second match at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground "Edgbaston Cricket Ground") in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"), the stakes of the third Test at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 "Old Trafford (cricket)") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") had risen significantly. The day began with England winning the toss, and choosing to bat first, thus giving [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") a chance to become the first man to take 600 Test [wickets](/wiki/Wicket%23Dismissing_a_batsman "Wicket#Dismissing a batsman") in England's first innings, and he did so against [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") who mistimed a sweep shot and was caught behind by Australian wicket\-keeper [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"), earning Warne a standing ovation from the [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 "Old Trafford (cricket)") crowd.
After naming an unchanged line\-up, [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") were immediately faced by the pairing of [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") and [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"). There were doubts about whether these could play before the match started, due to injuries sustained earlier, but they both passed fitness tests. England's wickets fell slowly, with many a missed opportunity for [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") helping the hosts to run up a big first innings total. This was also helped by a fruitful partnership between Trescothick and [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan"), who added 137 before Trescothick was dismissed after lunch. Vaughan became the first man in the series to get a century.
The frustrated [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") team faced a fearless England side who challenged them at every turn, and recovered nicely even after the dismissals of Trescothick and Vaughan, who couldn't resist smacking a full toss from Katich straight to McGrath at the boundary. Vaughan was dismissed after 166 runs, which was destined to be the highest individual score in the series. Australia were also faced with a more defiant [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell"), who had struggled in the first two Tests. Picking up where Vaughan left off after tea, Bell, [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") and nightwatchman [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") closed out the day for England with the score 341 for 5\.
#### Day Two
Bell did not add to his overnight score, being given out [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught") behind in controversial circumstances, as replays indicated he did not make contact with the ball. Following a brief rain interval England then lost two more wickets just before lunch, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") after scoring a quick\-fire 46 and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") for 42\. After lunch Australia quickly dispatched the remaining two wickets for just a further 10 runs, bowling England out for a score of 444, with [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") finishing on his worst\-ever Test figures of nought for 86\.
Australia started their innings tentatively with [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") dropping a low catch [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") off his own bowling. Just before tea Australia lost their first wicket with Hayden out caught at short leg from [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") first over. After tea Australia lost another couple of wickets, [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") caught for seven and Hayden given out [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") for 34\. [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") put on 30 before edging the first ball of [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)")' spell to Geraint Jones.
This brought in [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") who had been recuperating at the team hotel after damaging his back on the first day. Due to this injury, Clarke needed [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") to act as a runner. Warne made inroads with the bat, just like at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground "Edgbaston Cricket Ground") four days previously, but Clarke only managed to add seven runs before being deceived by a slower ball from Simon Jones. Warne and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") saw the day out with Warne finishing on 45 [not out](/wiki/Not_out "Not out").
The day finished with Australia on 214 for 7, 230 behind and needing another 31 runs to avoid a [follow\-on](/wiki/Follow-on "Follow-on"). The score was adjusted from 210 overnight due to an umpire failing to signal a four [byes](/wiki/Bye_%28cricket%29 "Bye (cricket)").
#### Day Three
Rain delayed the start of play until 16:00 BST, and even then only 8 overs were possible before play was again suspended, although a further 6 overs were bowled later on before yet more rain meant that play was abandoned for the day. Australia had the better of the short day's play, adding 50 runs without loss to pass the follow\-on target, although Warne was lucky to survive on two occasions thanks to errors by [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"): when [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") had 55 he missed a relatively straightforward [stumping](/wiki/Stumped "Stumped") opportunity, and on 68 he was dropped after edging a ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"). Australia closed on 264 for 7, still 180 in arrears, but England probably felt that they missed several opportunities to put the game beyond their opponents.
#### Day Four
Having been hampered by a rain\-shortened day three, the Australians were ready to put more wood to the ball on day four, and they did not disappoint. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") continued his march towards his maiden Test century before holing out with a hook shot to a well placed [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") at 90\. [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") mopped up the other two wickets to bowl [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") out for 302, Jones finishing the innings with a career best [figures](/wiki/Bowling_analysis "Bowling analysis") of six for 53\.
The English opening batsmen of [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") and [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") began England's response, scoring 26 before lunch. After lunch, Trescothick played on to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled") after scoring 41 giving [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") his first wicket of the match. Strauss put together a fine century, his sixth from just 17 matches, scoring 106 before getting out [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught"). [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") demonstrated how difficult wicket\-keeping was by missing two stumping opportunities to remove [Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") and failing to hold a catch to remove [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"). Bell capitalised on Gilchrist's errors, partnering Strauss for 28 overs and recording a well\-deserved 65\. [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") also added a swift 27 with England more concerned about scoring quickly than staying at the crease, and England declared on 280 to give them a spell at Australia in the evening and a chance of winning the match the next day. McGrath recorded another five\-wicket haul in an innings, but was expensive, giving away 115 runs. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"), despite bowling 25 overs, failed to take a wicket, recording figures of nought for 74\.
Australia needed 423 to win, which would be a record fourth innings total to win a match. Australia saw out the last 10 [overs](/wiki/Over_%28cricket%29 "Over (cricket)") without losing a wicket and put 24 runs, leaving 399\.
#### Day Five
English hopes of a win were high, and 20,000 people were locked out of the stadium in addition to the 23,000 capacity crowd. Australia started the day needing 399 runs from 98 overs if they were to claim an unlikely victory. The day started poorly for them with [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") falling for 14 on the seventh ball of the day, nicking a ball delivered by [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") behind to [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"). [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") narrowly survived being [run out](/wiki/Run_out "Run out") early on and this proved crucial in the context of the match as the momentum gradually swung in Australia's direction. At one point Australia racked up runs at such a rate that a win became a real possibility. Despite losing [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") in quick succession to send the team to 264 for 7, Ponting battled on before eventually succumbing to [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") after seven hours on the crease to record the first Australian century of the series with a score of 156\. This was good enough to earn Man of the Match honours.
After the dismissal of Ponting, Australia were 354 for 9 with only four overs remaining, and another thrilling climax occurred with England having a real chance of snatching victory in similar fashion to the second Test. However the unfancied pairing of [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") and [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") handled the remaining 24 deliveries to finish on 371 for 9, 52 short of victory but sufficient to draw the game and leave the series tied at 1–1\. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://live.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T3_11-15AUG2005.html)
### Fourth Test: England v Australia (25–28 August)
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **477** | \& | **129/7** | **England won by three wickets** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 102 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 4/102 | | [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") 27 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 4/31 | [Trent Bridge](/wiki/Trent_Bridge "Trent Bridge"), [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham"), England Umpires: [Aleem Dar](/wiki/Aleem_Dar "Aleem Dar") ([Pak](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan")) and [SA Bucknor](/wiki/Steve_Bucknor "Steve Bucknor") ([WI](/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team "West Indies cricket team")) Man of the Match: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) |
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **218** | \& | **387 ([f/o](/wiki/Follow-on "Follow-on"))** |
| [B Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") 47 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") 5/44 | | [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") 61 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") 3/93 |
#### Day One
[Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") was once again ruled out due to injury, this time to his elbow, and [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") also dropped the out\-of\-form [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie"), leaving them with a [seam attack](/wiki/Fast_bowling "Fast bowling") of [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), debutant [Shaun Tait](/wiki/Shaun_Tait "Shaun Tait") and [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz"). [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team"), having been on top in the last two [Tests](/wiki/Test_cricket "Test cricket"), were unchanged.
England won the toss and chose to bat, and they got off to a flyer. Boosted by [no\-balls](/wiki/No-ball "No-ball") from the seamers – a total of 18 before lunch – [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") made hay quickly, and enjoyed batting on a [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_%28cricket%29 "Pitch (cricket)") which gave the bowlers no aid. They recorded their second 100\-run opening [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 "Partnership (cricket)") of the series, before Strauss was freakishly dismissed for 35, sweeping [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") onto his boot and into [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden")'s waiting hands at slip – a wicket confirmed by the third umpire. [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") continued on his fine form from [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 "Old Trafford (cricket)"), though, punishing bad balls from Brett Lee to go into lunch with his score on 14\. Trescothick, meanwhile, rode his luck, as he was [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled") off a [no\-ball](/wiki/No-ball "No-ball") on 55, much to Lee's displeasure. At lunch England were 129 for 1\.
Only 3\.1 [overs](/wiki/Over_%28cricket%29 "Over (cricket)") were possible in the afternoon session due to rain. Coming back after tea, England immediately lost two wickets to Shaun Tait, who used the cloud cover to good effect and [swung](/wiki/Swing_bowling "Swing bowling") the ball well. However, Michael Vaughan and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") batted well together for a 67\-run partnership, although they were each dropped once. Towards the end of the day, [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") brought himself on, and his [medium pace](/wiki/Fast_bowling "Fast bowling") yielded a wicket – that of Vaughan for 58\. Overnight, the match was evenly poised with England 229 for 4\.
#### Day Two
Australia dismissed Pietersen at the beginning of the morning's play, edging a full outswinger from Lee through to [wicket\-keeper](/wiki/Wicket-keeper "Wicket-keeper") [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"). But an unbeaten century partnership from [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") took England's score to 344 for 5 at lunch.
After lunch, the pair continued to score quickly for another hour, and extended their partnership to 177 before Flintoff was [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") to Tait for 102, his first Test [century](/wiki/Century_%28cricket%29 "Century (cricket)") against Australia. The loss of Flintoff did not deter the English, as Jones continued to hit runs through the off side on the way to his highest score against the Australians, making 85 before he was [caught and bowled](/wiki/Caught_and_bowled "Caught and bowled") by Kasprowicz. The next two wickets fell quickly, but a stubborn last\-wicket partnership of 23 between [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") – including an incident where the ball hit the [stumps](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 "Stump (cricket)") but the [bails](/wiki/Bail_%28cricket%29 "Bail (cricket)") failed to fall off – saw England to 477 all out at tea.
In the evening session, England's bowlers, especially Matthew Hoggard, managed to find much more swing than the Australian bowlers had done, and ripped through the Australian top order. The first three wickets fell in a crucial period of 11 balls (although the third, which dismissed [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket"), was a debatable decision – television replays indicated that the ball might have hit the bat before the body). By [stumps](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 "Stump (cricket)") Australia had been reduced to 99 for 5 to complete an excellent day for England.
#### Day Three
[Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") and Adam Gilchrist decided that attack was the best form of defence, adding 58 in only 8\.5 overs in the morning, before England came back to take the next four wickets for the addition of only 18 runs, leaving Australia perilously placed at 175 for 9\. Simon Jones was the main culprit, using [swing](/wiki/Swing_bowling "Swing bowling") to good effect as he removed Katich and Warne in successive balls, and then had Kasprowicz clean bowled. Brett Lee added 47 in 44 balls, including three huge [sixes](/wiki/Boundary_%28cricket%29 "Boundary (cricket)"), to take Australia's score to 218, before he was caught off Simon Jones's bowling to give Jones his fifth wicket of the innings. Despite their aggressive batting, Australia therefore finished the first [innings](/wiki/Innings "Innings") 259 runs behind.
Michael Vaughan then gambled, by enforcing the [follow\-on](/wiki/Follow-on "Follow-on") on the visitors (the first time Australia had followed on in 17 years). By lunch, Australia had reached 14 without loss in their second innings, and they powered on in the afternoon session, only losing [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") and adding 100 more runs before tea. For England, the afternoon session was their worst of the match – to compound their misery, Simon Jones showed signs of injury, and Andrew Strauss dropped Justin Langer on 38\.
In the evening session, England managed to take three wickets, but also dropped a catch and missed a stumping. Australia thus finished the day still 37 runs in arrears but with six wickets still in hand. Simon Jones also went off the field during the evening session with an ankle injury, and was taken to hospital for an ankle scan. While Jones was off the field receiving attention, substitute fielder [Gary Pratt](/wiki/Gary_Pratt "Gary Pratt") [ran out](/wiki/Run_out "Run out") Australian captain Ricky Ponting, who verbally expressed his displeasure at England's use of subs to the players, umpires and administrators as he left the field.
#### Day Four
Day Four began in earnest with [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") and [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") continuing their partnership from the previous day. However, Katich had already twice flirted with dismissal, saved only by chance both times. In the words of BBC cricket commentator [Henry Blofeld](/wiki/Henry_Blofeld "Henry Blofeld"), "It's very much a game of chess – white\-flannelled figures on green grass." The English and the Australians proceeded into a cold war for a good part of the morning, with England attempting to frustrate the Australian batting, but with the latter refusing to take the bait. England's lead slowly evaporated without a wicket falling, but [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard")'s taking of Clarke's and then [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist")'s scalps on either side of the lunch break swung the initiative back into England's hands.
The injury to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") became somewhat obvious as the pacers struggled to capture the magic that Jones had created the previous day that had forced Australia to follow on. Despite this, the Australian run rate remained low as both sides stared each other down. Mistakes by [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") were quickly nullified by the dismissal of Warne for 45 and Kasprowicz for 19, and after a few overs' resistance Tait was [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled") middle [stump](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 "Stump (cricket)") for 4, leaving 129 for the English to chase after tea.
[right\|thumb\|Andrew Strauss plays forward to Shane Warne with Michael Clarke waiting to take the catch.](/wiki/Image:Strauss_dismissal.jpg "Strauss dismissal.jpg")
England then proceeded to send the game into a nailbiter – English wickets fell quickly as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") took four wickets (including those of [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") (27\), [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") (0\) and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") (23\)). [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") dismissed [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") (3\) and at 57 for 4 England were in trouble. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") (26\) and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") (23\) then steadied the ship with an invaluable partnership of 46 before both fell in quick succession to Lee. Despite [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") (3\) being dismissed cheaply, the partnership of [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") (7\) and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") (8\) guided the English home. [Man of the match](/wiki/Man_of_the_match "Man of the match") honours went to [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"), but more importantly this gave the English a crucial 2–1 edge heading back to London for the fifth and final Test, ensuring that they could not lose the series. However, with the Ashes going to Australia in the event of a drawn series, there was still all to play for at [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval "The Oval").
[(BBC Scorecard)](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2005/8/11881/html/scorecard.stm)
[Ashes Reactions from the public (last day)](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4192310.stm)
### Final Test: England v Australia (8–12 September)
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **373** | \& | **335** | **Match Drawn; ENG won series 2–1** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [AJ Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") 129 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 6/122 | | [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") 158 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 6/124 | [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval "The Oval"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden "Billy Bowden") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen "Rudi Koertzen") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")) Man of the Match: [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) Men of the Series: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")), [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) Compton\-Miller Award: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) |
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **367** | \& | **4/0** |
| [ML Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") 138 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 5/78 | | |
#### Team changes
Australia named [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath"), recovered from an elbow injury, to replace [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz"). England's [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") did not recover from his ankle injury from the [previous Test](/wiki/England_v_Australia_25%E2%80%9329_August_2005 "England v Australia 25–29 August 2005") in time to be included in the England team, and was replaced after much speculation by all\-rounder [Paul Collingwood](/wiki/Paul_Collingwood "Paul Collingwood"), in preference to specialist fast bowler [James Anderson](/wiki/James_Anderson_%28cricketer%29 "James Anderson (cricketer)").
#### Day One
The final match to decide the fate of the legendary Ashes urn finally began, and the proverbial first blood was drawn by England as Michael Vaughan won his third [toss](/wiki/Toss_%28cricket%29 "Toss (cricket)") of the series (much to the delight of the Brit Oval crowd). Vaughan elected to have his English side to bat first, and the English first innings got underway. [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") added 82 for the first wicket, as England's batsmen looked to take on the Australians, but subtle spin variations bowled from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") yielded three wickets as England went to lunch on 115 for 3\.
[Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") continued after lunch by taking the wicket of [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") for 14\. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") emerged to form a vital partnership of 143 with [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss"), before to falling to [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") for 72 an hour after tea. Strauss made his 2nd century of the series, before being dismissed by Shane Warne off an acrobatic catch by [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich"). The day ended with [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") and [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") at the crease, with England 319 for 7\. Certain forecasts for London called for showers sometime during the weekend, which, it was thought, might wipe up to a day of action or more from the ledger.
#### Day Two
Day two began positively for the Australians, with [Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") being bowled for 25 off Brett Lee, and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") managing a meagre 2 before being dismissed by McGrath. However, Ashley Giles and [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") frustrated the Australians by taking the score past 370, before Warne trapped Giles lbw shortly before midday, leaving England all out for 373\.
The Australian first innings got off to a solid start, with [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") forging a 100 partnership with fellow opener [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") – the first opening\-partnership century of the series by the Australian cricket team. Langer played some blistering strokes off Giles' bowling in particular, but survived a sharp chance to [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") at first [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28cricket%29 "Slip (cricket)"). The Australians were offered the light immediately after tea, despite the English protesting and wanting to bowl Giles. The Australians accepted it, and the light never improved, with light rain coming down later. Thus, the day concluded with Australia 112/0, 261 runs behind England.
#### Day Three
After a delay for wet field conditions, the third day began with a flurry of action, as both [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") and [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") had close calls with [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") appeals, which replays suggested should have been out, and shies at the stumps that just missed. However, no batsman was given out in the morning session, where only 14 overs of play was possible due to rain. Australia added 45 runs in that time.
After lunch Hayden and Langer continued their solid batting, frustrating the England bowlers, with Langer reaching his 22nd Test century. Shortly afterwards, England gained a minor victory as Harmison dismissed [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer"), who departed to a rapturous ovation. [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") should then have been dismissed for a bat\-pad catch off Giles, but Bowden turned down the appeal. Hayden also achieved three\-figure success later in the day, while [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff")'s hostile and accurate bowling was rewarded with the wicket of [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting"), caught at slip by [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss"). With this wicket, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") equalled [Ian Botham](/wiki/Ian_Botham "Ian Botham")'s hitherto unique achievement of 300 runs and 20 wickets in an Ashes series. Flintoff had a later appeal for a catch behind turned down by Rudi Koertzen, despite it hitting the bat.
The Australian batsmen once again ended the day early by accepting an offer of bad light, bringing a much\-interrupted day to a close after only 45\.4 overs. Thanks to dogged batting and at least four umpiring decisions in their favour on the third day, they finished 96 runs behind with eight wickets of their first innings intact.
#### Day Four
The fourth day started brightly for England, [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") hooking a short ball from Flintoff straight into the hands of [Collingwood](/wiki/Paul_Collingwood "Paul Collingwood"), in the third over of the day, having added only one to his overnight score of nine. Further wickets fell, with an excellent knock by [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") been brought to an end by [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"). Flintoff continued with impetus and trapped [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") lbw for 1, before [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") had [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") with an [inswinger](/wiki/Inswinger "Inswinger") at the stroke of lunch. Gilchrist, however, had added a quick 23 that could be vital, as Australia went into the pavilion 17 runs behind with four wickets in hand.
However, it only took six post\-lunch overs for England to end the Australian effort. [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") dropped a catch off [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)")'s bat, but it did not prove to be crucial, as Clarke was [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") to Hoggard in the next over. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") both went for ducks, caught off a mistimed hook and in the slips respectively. Finally Hoggard had [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") (6\) [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught") in the deep and Australia were bowled out for 367\. Flintoff finished with five wickets, the second five\-for of his career, while Hoggard's four for 97 was his best return of the series.
Thus England, who had expected to begin their second innings chasing a hundred runs or more, were actually leading by six as they took up their bats in mid\-afternoon. Australia took a very quick wicket, that of Andrew Strauss, who was dismissed again by [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"), caught bat\-and\-pad by Katich for a solitary run. The wicket was Warne's 167th against England, equalling [Dennis Lillee](/wiki/Dennis_Lillee "Dennis Lillee")'s Ashes bowling record. 11 balls after this dismissal, umpires [Rudi Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen "Rudi Koertzen") and [Billy Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden "Billy Bowden") judged it unfair to continue play due to inadequate light. One additional session of play was however subsequently possible, taking England to a 40\-run lead without further loss, before poor light ended the day.
[BBC day four synopsis](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4234498.stm)
#### Day Five
The fifth day began with the game still finely balanced. Ponting put his trust in his two proven wicket takers – McGrath and Warne. England batted well for forty minutes, with Vaughan taking the game to the Australian bowlers, but McGrath produced two beautiful outswingers to dismiss him and Ian Bell with consecutive deliveries. The Australian charge was diminished by a couple of uncharacteristic dropped catches, but Warne and McGrath combined to take 4 wickets before lunch, leaving England 133 runs ahead with 5 wickets remaining.
The afternoon session was anchored by Pietersen, the beneficiary of three dropped catches, who scored his maiden Test century, with obdurate support from Collingwood and Giles. The session saw only two wickets fall, Collingwood was caught acrobatically by silly mid\-off Ponting for 10, and Geraint Jones (1\) decisively bowled when he was deceived by a rapid Tait delivery. Pietersen was finally dismissed for 158, a superlative innings including 15 fours and 7 sixes, while Ashley Giles added 59 and Steve Harmison was dismissed for a duck to bring Australia into bat with less than 19 overs remaining.
As the Australians began their innings, it was clear that not enough time remained for them to make up the 341 runs by which they trailed. Almost immediately they were offered the light; and having accepted it, both teams had to return to the dressing rooms to wait for a formal finish. The situation became somewhat farcical. With the match effectively over, the crowd were eager for the Ashes to be presented to England, and the celebrations to begin. After a period of some uncertainty and confusion, at 18:17 BST umpires Koertzen and Bowden removed the bails and pulled up the stumps to signal the end of the match. With no result in this fifth and final Test, England took the series 2–1, regaining [the Ashes](/wiki/The_Ashes "The Ashes") for the first time since 1987\.
[Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen"), having scored his maiden Test century at a crucial point, was voted [Man of the Match](/wiki/Man_of_the_Match "Man of the Match") by [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4") viewers. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") was chosen by Australian coach [John Buchanan](/wiki/John_Buchanan_%28cricketer%2C_born_1953%29 "John Buchanan (cricketer, born 1953)") as English [Man of the Series](/wiki/Man_of_the_Series "Man of the Series") while English coach [Duncan Fletcher](/wiki/Duncan_Fletcher "Duncan Fletcher") selected [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") as the Australian Man of the Series. The new [Compton\-Miller Award](/wiki/Compton-Miller_Award "Compton-Miller Award") for the overall man of the series (as selected by each side's chairman of selectors [Trevor Hohns](/wiki/Trevor_Hohns "Trevor Hohns") and [David Graveney](/wiki/David_Graveney "David Graveney")) was also presented to Andrew Flintoff. Finally, the replica urn was presented to jubilant English skipper Michael Vaughan, thus ending the series in favour of the home side.
The next series, scheduled for 2006–2007, will be played in Australia with England defending the Ashes.
[(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T5_08-12SEP2005.html)
[Category:2005 in English cricket](/wiki/Category:2005_in_English_cricket "2005 in English cricket")
|
[
"England v Australia\n-------------------",
"### First Test: England v Australia (21–24 July)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **190** | \\& | **384** | **Australia won by 239 runs** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") 40 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") 5/43 | | [MJ Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") 91 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") 3/54 | [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), England Umpires: [Aleem Dar](/wiki/Aleem_Dar \"Aleem Dar\") ([Pak](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen \"Rudi Koertzen\") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\")) Man of the Match: [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **155** | \\& | **180** |\n| [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") 57 [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") 5/53 | | [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") 64[\\*](/wiki/Not_out \"Not out\") [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") 4/29 |",
"[right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|Australian run rate from the first innings.](/wiki/Image:2005_Ashes%2C_1st_Test%2C_Australian_run-rate%2C_1st_innings.gif \"2005 Ashes, 1st Test, Australian run-rate, 1st innings.gif\") [right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|English run rate from the first innings.](/wiki/Image:2005_Ashes%2C_1st_Test%2C_England_run-rate%2C_1st_innings.png \"2005 Ashes, 1st Test, England run-rate, 1st innings.png\")",
"#### Day One",
"A low\\-scoring first day of cricket at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\") included two batting collapses, first from [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") and then from [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") who got their go at batting just before tea. [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") won the toss and chose to bat, and after [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") had shaken up the opening batsmen early on, hitting Australia's batsmen with bouncers, in particular one that had [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") on the elbow, a procession of wickets began. [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") was inaccurate, but the early swing under the cloud suited him, and the ball that he did get on line swung between bat and pad to smash into [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\")'s off stump. Australia still scored quickly, helped by aggressive field placings from England, but Harmison got the reward for short and pacy bowling when [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") edged him to [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") at third [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28cricket%29 \"Slip (cricket)\") for 9\\. Langer, who had looked immaculate all morning and taken on the bowlers, was next to depart, [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") getting reward with his bowling changes as [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") lured Langer into an expansive pull to Harmison at square\\-leg. And when [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") was brought on in the sixteenth over, he got an immediate reward, with [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") gone for 2\\. Another man came and went before lunch, [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\"), and Australia were five down after the first session of play.",
"[Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"), [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") and [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") all played a part in getting Australia past 100, with their scores in the 20s, but Harmison – coming back for a second spell – wrapped them up with variations in length along with his ever\\-reliant pace. He finished with five for 43, allowing [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") to be stranded on 10 not out, and McGrath was to take centre stage when England batted. They survived six overs until tea, scoring ten runs, but McGrath, who bowled his usual accurate line and length and got the odd ball to move, reaped massive rewards. [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") fell first ball after tea, edging to slip, and Strauss fell in similar fashion three balls later. Michael Vaughan and [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") were shaken up, but survived six overs – before McGrath started the torture again. They were both [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\"), as was [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"), and England had lost five wickets for 21 runs, with five of their front line batsmen out in single figures. However, [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") gave England a glimmer of hope, pairing up for 58 before [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\")'s reverse\\-swing with the old ball induced a backward edge off Jones' bat to [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"). [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") hit two quick boundaries, but a short pacy ball from Lee undid him, and England were 92 for 7 overnight – needing 98 for the last three wickets to get level with Australia.",
"#### Day Two",
"England's difficulties continued in the morning. Despite McGrath not getting nearly as much swing, [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") departed for an eight\\-ball duck, cutting a delivery from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") in the slips. Throwing caution to the wind, Pietersen launched himself into his natural game, taking twenty\\-one runs off seven deliveries before finally being out [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\") by [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\"), a splendid catch just metres off the ropes, as England looked to subside for 130\\. However, in yet another twist, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") and [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") fought back with some streaky accumulation, pairing up for 33 – the fifth\\-highest partnership of the game thus far – to reduce Australia's lead to 35 runs. England also got a good start fielding, [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") having a flat throw at the stumps to run out [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") for 6, but Hayden and [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") rebuilt well.",
"In fact, the entire top order apart from Langer batted to high scores, but [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") needed an extra life to do it. Pietersen dropped him on 21, with the Australian score 139 for 3, and instead of England getting the vital breakthrough Clarke and [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") ran away with it, hitting 155 in 34\\.3 overs. [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") was smashed to all corners, and his figures read for 84 runs in nineteen overs, but England fought back late in the day – in the frantic last ten overs, started by an inside\\-edge from Clarke off Hoggard, Australia lost four wickets for 24 runs. However, Australia had gained a lead of 314 runs by the end of the second day, and still had [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") there on 10\\.",
"#### Day Three",
"Four overs into the morning, [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") returned what could arguably be said to be his most useful contribution of the match, having [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") [run out](/wiki/Run_out \"Run out\") for 8\\. However, the always defensive [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") proved too difficult to get out for England, Harmison menacing him with bouncers and yorkers but not managing it, and it was the quietly toiling [Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") who finally got his reward with an away\\-swinger that crashed into Gillespie's off\\-stump – after having a number of catches dropped, one especially simple one by namesake [Geraint](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"). [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") and Katich continued with a partnership of 43, as England was set what would be a world record 420 to win.",
"They started positively, riding their luck and good favour with the umpires – a number of lbw appeals were turned down both before and after tea – as [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") and [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") paired up for 80 for the first wicket before Strauss edged a classic pace\\-man's short\\-ball from [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") back into the bowler's waiting hands. [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") got nicely off the mark with a four with his second ball, however, suggesting that England would be playing positively to get the target – but Lee and [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") just kept pounding. Trescothick departed for 44, edging a straight ball from Warne to first slip – having taken him for ten in the previous over – and [Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") was left hopelessly plumb to a ball that didn't turn. When [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") – who had failed to buy a run off the last 23 deliveries – was bowled comprehensively by Lee, there was nowhere to hide for England, and not even an unbeaten 42 from [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") to see [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") to stumps could hide the inevitable – that England needed 301 for the last five wickets, with a world\\-class bowling attack at the other end.",
"#### Day Four",
"Rain frustrated both [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") and neutral fans on the morning of the fourth day, but after four hours the sun finally broke through and the covers were taken off. It only took ten overs for Australia to wrap up England's innings, [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") taking four of the five wickets required and [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") the last – [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\"), [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") all gone for ducks – as England could only add 24 runs, 22 of them from [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") who was left stranded on an unbeaten 64 to have a Test [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28cricket%29 \"Batting average (cricket)\") of 121 after the first match.\n[(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T1_21-25JUL2005.html)",
"### Second Test: England v Australia (4–7 August)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **407** | \\& | **182** | **England won by 2 runs** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") 90 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 4/116 | | [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 73 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 6/46 | [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground \"Edgbaston Cricket Ground\"), [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden \"Billy Bowden\") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen \"Rudi Koertzen\") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\")) Man of the Match: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **308** | \\& | **279** |\n| [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") 82 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 3/52 | | [B Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") 43\\* [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 4/79 |",
"#### Day One",
"The psychological battles before the match saw Australia planting many stories in the press about England already being in trouble. England kept quieter, until just before the game stories appeared about how the Edgbaston game would be decided at the toss: whichever side won it would choose to [bowl](/wiki/Bowling_%28cricket%29 \"Bowling (cricket)\") first and would win. England's mind games paid dividends when [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") did just that, as [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") admitted that if he had won the toss, he'd have batted, and as the match progressed, it became clearer and clearer that the [pitch](/wiki/Cricket_pitch \"Cricket pitch\") would take plenty of turn near the end.",
"[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") took advantage of being inserted and came back strongly, especially considering the 239\\-run drubbing they had received at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\") a couple of weeks earlier. The [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") bowlers were smashed to all corners on the first day as, for the first time in their 493\\-Test history, Australia conceded more than 400 runs in a first day of [Test cricket](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\"). The English mentality seemed to be to attack from the outset, and it was helped by the freak [injury](/wiki/Injury \"Injury\") that [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") sustained before the match. During a warm\\-up (playing [rugby](/wiki/Rugby_football \"Rugby football\")), the [pace\\-man](/wiki/Fast_bowling \"Fast bowling\") accidentally stood on a cricket ball, tearing ankle ligaments. Australia had to field [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\") as replacement, and on a pitch where inaccurate bowling was immediately punished, McGrath's line and length would surely have been useful.",
"Instead, [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") made innumerable smashes off [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") to the cover boundary. [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") preferred [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") for his runs, and their 112\\-run opening partnership was the highest by England in the Ashes series so far this year – indeed, the second highest of the series thus far, only beaten by [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") and [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\")'s 155 at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\"). They continued on their fine form from Lord's, where they had made 80 in the second innings, and the jitters from the one\\-day series seemed to have vanished with [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\"). Admittedly, Trescothick was caught off a no\\-ball on 32, but few remembered that as he crafted his way to 90 – being second out shortly after lunch, with the score 164 for 2, after only 32\\.3 overs.",
"England lost both [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\"), who continued his relatively poor Ashes series with his third successive single\\-figure score, and [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\"), who pulled a short [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") delivery to the hands of [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), in the space of the next five overs, but still pounded on. [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\"), in his second Test match, hit ten fours and one six, and forged a 103\\-run [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 \"Partnership (cricket)\") in 105 balls with [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"), which turned the match back to England's favour. Flintoff's 68 was scored quickly, including five sixes, and again [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") got the most stick – he was taken for 26 in the 18 balls he faced.",
"Lee did get one wicket, though, and [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") could have been forgiven for thinking it was the most important. [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") pulled to [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") for 71, off just 76 balls, and with the score on 342 for 7, [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") would have to get something extraordinary out of the tail to get past 400\\. But they did – [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") smacked two fours and a six in an entertaining, if brief, 17, and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") stuck around with [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") for a vital last\\-wicket partnership of 32, Jones making 19 not out. [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") finally got the better of Hoggard, but England had made 407, in just under 80 overs. The Australian openers took to the field for the last half\\-hour of the day. However, heavy rain prevented another ball being bowled on the first day.",
"#### Day Two",
"However, the quick scoring and the first Test result led many people to believe that [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") would come back with a vengeance on the second day of the matcht. Instead, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") bowled a maiden over first up to [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\"), and [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") holed out to Harmison's new\\-ball partner [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") for a golden duck – the first of Hayden's career. The dismissal was to set the tone of the innings. Although [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") hit runs just as quickly as England had done, the [umpire](/wiki/Umpire_%28cricket%29 \"Umpire (cricket)\")'s finger went up twice more before lunch – [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") swept to the opposing captain [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") for 61, and [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") was [run out](/wiki/Run_out \"Run out\") taking a risky single for 20\\. Once again, Vaughan was in the action, hitting the stumps with a throw from mid\\-off. [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") and [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") continued after lunch in the same vein, but again, a couple of quick wickets – Clarke edging a quicker ball from [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") behind and [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") falling in the same way to [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") swung it England's way. At 208 for 5, the Australians were struggling, but another good partnership between Langer and Gilchrist saw them to tea with no further loss.",
"The pair looked to close England's lead, but again the England bowlers intervened – this time in the shape of the invisible man in England's attack, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\"), who got plenty of reverse swing and used that to trap [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") with a [yorker](/wiki/Yorker \"Yorker\") – gone for 82, which was to be Australia's highest score in the innings. Australia's tail – thought to be strengthened by the absence of [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\"), were all dismissed for single\\-figure scores, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") taking the two last men [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") with the two last balls, although there was some argument about the first dismissal.",
"However, England got their 99\\-run lead and continued to hack away at the Australian bowlers before stumps. After [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") and [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") had smashed boundaries at will against the seamers, [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") brought on [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") in the seventh over, and Warne broke through with his second ball of the match – a [leg break](/wiki/Leg_break \"Leg break\") that came into the left\\-hander's stumps and broke them completely, and Strauss was bowled for 6\\. [Nightwatchman](/wiki/Nightwatchman_%28cricket%29 \"Nightwatchman (cricket)\") [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") survived four balls to end the day – England still leading by 124, with nine wickets in hand.",
"#### Day Three",
"The third day was just as exhilarating to spectators as the first two; a total of seventeen wickets fell as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") took centre stage in an enthralling contest. First up, however, it was [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), who shattered England with three quick wickets – [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") slashed at a wide delivery, skipper [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") disappointed yet again with the bat as he failed to cover his stumps to a straight one, and Hoggard naturally had to go eventually – edging to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") in the slips for 1\\.",
"[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") were shaken, with the score at 31 for 4, and with [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") at the crease. Pietersen could consider himself lucky to survive, after a suggestion he had been caught first ball. He survived, and went on to make 20, only to be given out off a similar situation from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"). His 41\\-run partnership with Bell steadied things somewhat, and there were hopes among England fans that Bell would make his first significant score against the tourists. Instead, he fell two overs after Pietersen, having given the tiniest of edges to [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") for 21\\.",
"So, with the score at 75 for 6, England once again needed a big partnership, this time from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") and wicket\\-keeper [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"). The pair saw England to lunch, but Flintoff had suffered a shoulder injury and looked in obvious pain. In the first over after lunch, Jones gave an edge to [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") – seven down for 101\\. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") batted responsibly, padding up to [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"), but eventually felt the need to play at one, which [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") held with relative ease. [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") came and went, facing one delivery, and it was all up to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") to see England to a challenging target.",
"That they did. Jones kept his head, managing 12 runs in his 42\\-minute stay at the crease with some streaky fours, while Flintoff smacked [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") everywhere. Flintoff also took runs off [Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\"), with one over yielding 20 runs for England, including a couple of [no\\-balls](/wiki/No-ball \"No-ball\"). At one point during Flintoff's innings, Ponting had nine men on the boundary, something rarely seen in cricket. One six hit by Flintoff landed on top of the stands. Flintoff ended with 73 – the only man to pass 25 for England – before being bowled by Warne. Warne finished with stunning figures of six for 46 from 23\\.1 overs, having bowled unchanged from the seventh over till the end – but, as luck and Australia's batsmen would have it, his failure to get Flintoff out earlier would be crucial.",
"[Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") started positively, taking runs off the occasional bad balls that were served up by [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") and [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\"), and before anyone noticed, they had racked up 47 for no loss, and were well on the way to chasing the target of 282\\. Then, Flintoff came in to bowl his first over. The ball was hurled down the pitch, and swung enough to deceive the [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") batsmen – Flintoff got [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") and [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") out in the same over, and Australia were struggling again, the score on 48 for 2\\.",
"A few overs of relative calm followed, Hayden forging runs with [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") but never looking too assured, and his dismissal, came in an over where Australia had actually looked on top. However, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") got the last laugh over Hayden – only to later be reprimanded by the [ICC](/wiki/International_Cricket_Council \"International Cricket Council\") for his celebrations. England kept muscling on, and despite never playing on top of their game they got four more wickets before the scheduled close of play. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") got two of those, dismissing [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") and [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"), and then an inswinging ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") took care of [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\"), who was trapped lbw.",
"An extra half\\-hour of play was allowed, as a result was nearing, but [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") defied the English. Warne was lucky on more than one occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\"), bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\"). England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory.",
"#### Day Four",
"On the fourth day, Australia defied all predictions with a 45\\-run partnership between [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), before Warne was forced back onto his stumps by Flintoff to get dismissed [hit wicket](/wiki/Hit_wicket \"Hit wicket\"). Kasprowicz came in and supported Lee well, fending off aggressive bowling from Flintoff and Harmison. The pair had England on the back foot as their victory target neared closer and closer, edging virtually everything. With three to win, and three results possible, Harmison had Kasprowicz caught behind, with replays showing that the ball hit the batsman's hand when it was off the bat. If the hand had been on the bat, it would have been a correct decision – as it stood, it was incorrect to give him out. However, that mattered little to most viewers, who recognised the difficult job of the umpire. England were thus victors – if in almost the most narrow way possible – and the series very much alive. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T2_04-08AUG2005.html)",
"Rather than engaging in the victory celebrations, the immediate reaction of Flintoff to the winning dismissal was to console the despondent batsmen—a gesture which was widely commented upon as indicative of the good [sportsmanship](/wiki/Sportsmanship \"Sportsmanship\") and mutual respect between the teams which characterised the series.",
"England's two run victory is the narrowest result in Ashes cricket history (there have been two Tests won by a margin of only three runs). It is also the second narrowest run victory in all Test cricket history. ([other narrow victories given here](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/RESULTS/CLOSEST_TESTS_BY_RUNS.html))",
"### Third Test: England v Australia (11–15 August)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **444** | \\& | **280/6d** | **Match drawn** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [MP Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") 166 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 4/99 | | [AJ Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") 106 [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") 5/115 | [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 \"Old Trafford (cricket)\"), [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden \"Billy Bowden\") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\")) and [SA Bucknor](/wiki/Steve_Bucknor \"Steve Bucknor\") ([Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\")) Man of the Match: [RT Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **302** | \\& | **371/9** |\n| [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 90 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") 6/53 | | [RT Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") 156 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 4/71 |",
"#### Day One",
"With the series square after England's close win in the second match at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground \"Edgbaston Cricket Ground\") in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"), the stakes of the third Test at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 \"Old Trafford (cricket)\") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") had risen significantly. The day began with England winning the toss, and choosing to bat first, thus giving [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") a chance to become the first man to take 600 Test [wickets](/wiki/Wicket%23Dismissing_a_batsman \"Wicket#Dismissing a batsman\") in England's first innings, and he did so against [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") who mistimed a sweep shot and was caught behind by Australian wicket\\-keeper [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"), earning Warne a standing ovation from the [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 \"Old Trafford (cricket)\") crowd.",
"After naming an unchanged line\\-up, [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") were immediately faced by the pairing of [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") and [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"). There were doubts about whether these could play before the match started, due to injuries sustained earlier, but they both passed fitness tests. England's wickets fell slowly, with many a missed opportunity for [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") helping the hosts to run up a big first innings total. This was also helped by a fruitful partnership between Trescothick and [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\"), who added 137 before Trescothick was dismissed after lunch. Vaughan became the first man in the series to get a century.",
"The frustrated [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") team faced a fearless England side who challenged them at every turn, and recovered nicely even after the dismissals of Trescothick and Vaughan, who couldn't resist smacking a full toss from Katich straight to McGrath at the boundary. Vaughan was dismissed after 166 runs, which was destined to be the highest individual score in the series. Australia were also faced with a more defiant [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\"), who had struggled in the first two Tests. Picking up where Vaughan left off after tea, Bell, [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") and nightwatchman [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") closed out the day for England with the score 341 for 5\\.",
"#### Day Two",
"Bell did not add to his overnight score, being given out [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\") behind in controversial circumstances, as replays indicated he did not make contact with the ball. Following a brief rain interval England then lost two more wickets just before lunch, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") after scoring a quick\\-fire 46 and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") for 42\\. After lunch Australia quickly dispatched the remaining two wickets for just a further 10 runs, bowling England out for a score of 444, with [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") finishing on his worst\\-ever Test figures of nought for 86\\.",
"Australia started their innings tentatively with [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") dropping a low catch [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") off his own bowling. Just before tea Australia lost their first wicket with Hayden out caught at short leg from [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") first over. After tea Australia lost another couple of wickets, [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") caught for seven and Hayden given out [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") for 34\\. [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") put on 30 before edging the first ball of [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\")' spell to Geraint Jones.",
"This brought in [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") who had been recuperating at the team hotel after damaging his back on the first day. Due to this injury, Clarke needed [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") to act as a runner. Warne made inroads with the bat, just like at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground \"Edgbaston Cricket Ground\") four days previously, but Clarke only managed to add seven runs before being deceived by a slower ball from Simon Jones. Warne and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") saw the day out with Warne finishing on 45 [not out](/wiki/Not_out \"Not out\").",
"The day finished with Australia on 214 for 7, 230 behind and needing another 31 runs to avoid a [follow\\-on](/wiki/Follow-on \"Follow-on\"). The score was adjusted from 210 overnight due to an umpire failing to signal a four [byes](/wiki/Bye_%28cricket%29 \"Bye (cricket)\").",
"#### Day Three",
"Rain delayed the start of play until 16:00 BST, and even then only 8 overs were possible before play was again suspended, although a further 6 overs were bowled later on before yet more rain meant that play was abandoned for the day. Australia had the better of the short day's play, adding 50 runs without loss to pass the follow\\-on target, although Warne was lucky to survive on two occasions thanks to errors by [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"): when [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") had 55 he missed a relatively straightforward [stumping](/wiki/Stumped \"Stumped\") opportunity, and on 68 he was dropped after edging a ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"). Australia closed on 264 for 7, still 180 in arrears, but England probably felt that they missed several opportunities to put the game beyond their opponents.",
"#### Day Four",
"Having been hampered by a rain\\-shortened day three, the Australians were ready to put more wood to the ball on day four, and they did not disappoint. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") continued his march towards his maiden Test century before holing out with a hook shot to a well placed [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") at 90\\. [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") mopped up the other two wickets to bowl [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") out for 302, Jones finishing the innings with a career best [figures](/wiki/Bowling_analysis \"Bowling analysis\") of six for 53\\.",
"The English opening batsmen of [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") and [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") began England's response, scoring 26 before lunch. After lunch, Trescothick played on to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\") after scoring 41 giving [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") his first wicket of the match. Strauss put together a fine century, his sixth from just 17 matches, scoring 106 before getting out [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\"). [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") demonstrated how difficult wicket\\-keeping was by missing two stumping opportunities to remove [Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") and failing to hold a catch to remove [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"). Bell capitalised on Gilchrist's errors, partnering Strauss for 28 overs and recording a well\\-deserved 65\\. [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") also added a swift 27 with England more concerned about scoring quickly than staying at the crease, and England declared on 280 to give them a spell at Australia in the evening and a chance of winning the match the next day. McGrath recorded another five\\-wicket haul in an innings, but was expensive, giving away 115 runs. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"), despite bowling 25 overs, failed to take a wicket, recording figures of nought for 74\\.",
"Australia needed 423 to win, which would be a record fourth innings total to win a match. Australia saw out the last 10 [overs](/wiki/Over_%28cricket%29 \"Over (cricket)\") without losing a wicket and put 24 runs, leaving 399\\.",
"#### Day Five",
"English hopes of a win were high, and 20,000 people were locked out of the stadium in addition to the 23,000 capacity crowd. Australia started the day needing 399 runs from 98 overs if they were to claim an unlikely victory. The day started poorly for them with [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") falling for 14 on the seventh ball of the day, nicking a ball delivered by [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") behind to [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"). [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") narrowly survived being [run out](/wiki/Run_out \"Run out\") early on and this proved crucial in the context of the match as the momentum gradually swung in Australia's direction. At one point Australia racked up runs at such a rate that a win became a real possibility. Despite losing [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") in quick succession to send the team to 264 for 7, Ponting battled on before eventually succumbing to [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") after seven hours on the crease to record the first Australian century of the series with a score of 156\\. This was good enough to earn Man of the Match honours.",
"After the dismissal of Ponting, Australia were 354 for 9 with only four overs remaining, and another thrilling climax occurred with England having a real chance of snatching victory in similar fashion to the second Test. However the unfancied pairing of [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") and [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") handled the remaining 24 deliveries to finish on 371 for 9, 52 short of victory but sufficient to draw the game and leave the series tied at 1–1\\. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://live.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T3_11-15AUG2005.html)",
"### Fourth Test: England v Australia (25–28 August)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **477** | \\& | **129/7** | **England won by three wickets** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 102 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 4/102 | | [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") 27 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 4/31 | [Trent Bridge](/wiki/Trent_Bridge \"Trent Bridge\"), [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham \"Nottingham\"), England Umpires: [Aleem Dar](/wiki/Aleem_Dar \"Aleem Dar\") ([Pak](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\")) and [SA Bucknor](/wiki/Steve_Bucknor \"Steve Bucknor\") ([WI](/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team \"West Indies cricket team\")) Man of the Match: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **218** | \\& | **387 ([f/o](/wiki/Follow-on \"Follow-on\"))** |\n| [B Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") 47 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") 5/44 | | [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") 61 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") 3/93 |",
"#### Day One",
"[Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") was once again ruled out due to injury, this time to his elbow, and [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") also dropped the out\\-of\\-form [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\"), leaving them with a [seam attack](/wiki/Fast_bowling \"Fast bowling\") of [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), debutant [Shaun Tait](/wiki/Shaun_Tait \"Shaun Tait\") and [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\"). [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\"), having been on top in the last two [Tests](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\"), were unchanged.",
"England won the toss and chose to bat, and they got off to a flyer. Boosted by [no\\-balls](/wiki/No-ball \"No-ball\") from the seamers – a total of 18 before lunch – [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") made hay quickly, and enjoyed batting on a [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_%28cricket%29 \"Pitch (cricket)\") which gave the bowlers no aid. They recorded their second 100\\-run opening [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 \"Partnership (cricket)\") of the series, before Strauss was freakishly dismissed for 35, sweeping [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") onto his boot and into [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\")'s waiting hands at slip – a wicket confirmed by the third umpire. [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") continued on his fine form from [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 \"Old Trafford (cricket)\"), though, punishing bad balls from Brett Lee to go into lunch with his score on 14\\. Trescothick, meanwhile, rode his luck, as he was [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\") off a [no\\-ball](/wiki/No-ball \"No-ball\") on 55, much to Lee's displeasure. At lunch England were 129 for 1\\.",
"Only 3\\.1 [overs](/wiki/Over_%28cricket%29 \"Over (cricket)\") were possible in the afternoon session due to rain. Coming back after tea, England immediately lost two wickets to Shaun Tait, who used the cloud cover to good effect and [swung](/wiki/Swing_bowling \"Swing bowling\") the ball well. However, Michael Vaughan and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") batted well together for a 67\\-run partnership, although they were each dropped once. Towards the end of the day, [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") brought himself on, and his [medium pace](/wiki/Fast_bowling \"Fast bowling\") yielded a wicket – that of Vaughan for 58\\. Overnight, the match was evenly poised with England 229 for 4\\.",
"#### Day Two",
"Australia dismissed Pietersen at the beginning of the morning's play, edging a full outswinger from Lee through to [wicket\\-keeper](/wiki/Wicket-keeper \"Wicket-keeper\") [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"). But an unbeaten century partnership from [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") took England's score to 344 for 5 at lunch.",
"After lunch, the pair continued to score quickly for another hour, and extended their partnership to 177 before Flintoff was [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") to Tait for 102, his first Test [century](/wiki/Century_%28cricket%29 \"Century (cricket)\") against Australia. The loss of Flintoff did not deter the English, as Jones continued to hit runs through the off side on the way to his highest score against the Australians, making 85 before he was [caught and bowled](/wiki/Caught_and_bowled \"Caught and bowled\") by Kasprowicz. The next two wickets fell quickly, but a stubborn last\\-wicket partnership of 23 between [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") – including an incident where the ball hit the [stumps](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 \"Stump (cricket)\") but the [bails](/wiki/Bail_%28cricket%29 \"Bail (cricket)\") failed to fall off – saw England to 477 all out at tea.",
"In the evening session, England's bowlers, especially Matthew Hoggard, managed to find much more swing than the Australian bowlers had done, and ripped through the Australian top order. The first three wickets fell in a crucial period of 11 balls (although the third, which dismissed [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\"), was a debatable decision – television replays indicated that the ball might have hit the bat before the body). By [stumps](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 \"Stump (cricket)\") Australia had been reduced to 99 for 5 to complete an excellent day for England.",
"#### Day Three",
"[Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") and Adam Gilchrist decided that attack was the best form of defence, adding 58 in only 8\\.5 overs in the morning, before England came back to take the next four wickets for the addition of only 18 runs, leaving Australia perilously placed at 175 for 9\\. Simon Jones was the main culprit, using [swing](/wiki/Swing_bowling \"Swing bowling\") to good effect as he removed Katich and Warne in successive balls, and then had Kasprowicz clean bowled. Brett Lee added 47 in 44 balls, including three huge [sixes](/wiki/Boundary_%28cricket%29 \"Boundary (cricket)\"), to take Australia's score to 218, before he was caught off Simon Jones's bowling to give Jones his fifth wicket of the innings. Despite their aggressive batting, Australia therefore finished the first [innings](/wiki/Innings \"Innings\") 259 runs behind.",
"Michael Vaughan then gambled, by enforcing the [follow\\-on](/wiki/Follow-on \"Follow-on\") on the visitors (the first time Australia had followed on in 17 years). By lunch, Australia had reached 14 without loss in their second innings, and they powered on in the afternoon session, only losing [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") and adding 100 more runs before tea. For England, the afternoon session was their worst of the match – to compound their misery, Simon Jones showed signs of injury, and Andrew Strauss dropped Justin Langer on 38\\.",
"In the evening session, England managed to take three wickets, but also dropped a catch and missed a stumping. Australia thus finished the day still 37 runs in arrears but with six wickets still in hand. Simon Jones also went off the field during the evening session with an ankle injury, and was taken to hospital for an ankle scan. While Jones was off the field receiving attention, substitute fielder [Gary Pratt](/wiki/Gary_Pratt \"Gary Pratt\") [ran out](/wiki/Run_out \"Run out\") Australian captain Ricky Ponting, who verbally expressed his displeasure at England's use of subs to the players, umpires and administrators as he left the field.",
"#### Day Four",
"Day Four began in earnest with [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") and [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") continuing their partnership from the previous day. However, Katich had already twice flirted with dismissal, saved only by chance both times. In the words of BBC cricket commentator [Henry Blofeld](/wiki/Henry_Blofeld \"Henry Blofeld\"), \"It's very much a game of chess – white\\-flannelled figures on green grass.\" The English and the Australians proceeded into a cold war for a good part of the morning, with England attempting to frustrate the Australian batting, but with the latter refusing to take the bait. England's lead slowly evaporated without a wicket falling, but [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\")'s taking of Clarke's and then [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\")'s scalps on either side of the lunch break swung the initiative back into England's hands.",
"The injury to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") became somewhat obvious as the pacers struggled to capture the magic that Jones had created the previous day that had forced Australia to follow on. Despite this, the Australian run rate remained low as both sides stared each other down. Mistakes by [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") were quickly nullified by the dismissal of Warne for 45 and Kasprowicz for 19, and after a few overs' resistance Tait was [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\") middle [stump](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 \"Stump (cricket)\") for 4, leaving 129 for the English to chase after tea.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Andrew Strauss plays forward to Shane Warne with Michael Clarke waiting to take the catch.](/wiki/Image:Strauss_dismissal.jpg \"Strauss dismissal.jpg\")",
"England then proceeded to send the game into a nailbiter – English wickets fell quickly as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") took four wickets (including those of [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") (27\\), [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") (0\\) and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") (23\\)). [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") dismissed [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") (3\\) and at 57 for 4 England were in trouble. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") (26\\) and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") (23\\) then steadied the ship with an invaluable partnership of 46 before both fell in quick succession to Lee. Despite [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") (3\\) being dismissed cheaply, the partnership of [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") (7\\) and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") (8\\) guided the English home. [Man of the match](/wiki/Man_of_the_match \"Man of the match\") honours went to [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"), but more importantly this gave the English a crucial 2–1 edge heading back to London for the fifth and final Test, ensuring that they could not lose the series. However, with the Ashes going to Australia in the event of a drawn series, there was still all to play for at [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval \"The Oval\").",
"[(BBC Scorecard)](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2005/8/11881/html/scorecard.stm)",
"[Ashes Reactions from the public (last day)](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4192310.stm)",
"### Final Test: England v Australia (8–12 September)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **373** | \\& | **335** | **Match Drawn; ENG won series 2–1** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [AJ Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") 129 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 6/122 | | [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") 158 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 6/124 | [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval \"The Oval\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden \"Billy Bowden\") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen \"Rudi Koertzen\") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\")) Man of the Match: [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) Men of the Series: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")), [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) Compton\\-Miller Award: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **367** | \\& | **4/0** |\n| [ML Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") 138 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 5/78 | | |",
"#### Team changes",
"Australia named [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\"), recovered from an elbow injury, to replace [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\"). England's [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") did not recover from his ankle injury from the [previous Test](/wiki/England_v_Australia_25%E2%80%9329_August_2005 \"England v Australia 25–29 August 2005\") in time to be included in the England team, and was replaced after much speculation by all\\-rounder [Paul Collingwood](/wiki/Paul_Collingwood \"Paul Collingwood\"), in preference to specialist fast bowler [James Anderson](/wiki/James_Anderson_%28cricketer%29 \"James Anderson (cricketer)\").",
"#### Day One",
"The final match to decide the fate of the legendary Ashes urn finally began, and the proverbial first blood was drawn by England as Michael Vaughan won his third [toss](/wiki/Toss_%28cricket%29 \"Toss (cricket)\") of the series (much to the delight of the Brit Oval crowd). Vaughan elected to have his English side to bat first, and the English first innings got underway. [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") added 82 for the first wicket, as England's batsmen looked to take on the Australians, but subtle spin variations bowled from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") yielded three wickets as England went to lunch on 115 for 3\\.",
"[Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") continued after lunch by taking the wicket of [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") for 14\\. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") emerged to form a vital partnership of 143 with [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\"), before to falling to [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") for 72 an hour after tea. Strauss made his 2nd century of the series, before being dismissed by Shane Warne off an acrobatic catch by [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\"). The day ended with [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") and [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") at the crease, with England 319 for 7\\. Certain forecasts for London called for showers sometime during the weekend, which, it was thought, might wipe up to a day of action or more from the ledger.",
"#### Day Two",
"Day two began positively for the Australians, with [Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") being bowled for 25 off Brett Lee, and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") managing a meagre 2 before being dismissed by McGrath. However, Ashley Giles and [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") frustrated the Australians by taking the score past 370, before Warne trapped Giles lbw shortly before midday, leaving England all out for 373\\.",
"The Australian first innings got off to a solid start, with [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") forging a 100 partnership with fellow opener [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") – the first opening\\-partnership century of the series by the Australian cricket team. Langer played some blistering strokes off Giles' bowling in particular, but survived a sharp chance to [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") at first [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28cricket%29 \"Slip (cricket)\"). The Australians were offered the light immediately after tea, despite the English protesting and wanting to bowl Giles. The Australians accepted it, and the light never improved, with light rain coming down later. Thus, the day concluded with Australia 112/0, 261 runs behind England.",
"#### Day Three",
"After a delay for wet field conditions, the third day began with a flurry of action, as both [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") and [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") had close calls with [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") appeals, which replays suggested should have been out, and shies at the stumps that just missed. However, no batsman was given out in the morning session, where only 14 overs of play was possible due to rain. Australia added 45 runs in that time.",
"After lunch Hayden and Langer continued their solid batting, frustrating the England bowlers, with Langer reaching his 22nd Test century. Shortly afterwards, England gained a minor victory as Harmison dismissed [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\"), who departed to a rapturous ovation. [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") should then have been dismissed for a bat\\-pad catch off Giles, but Bowden turned down the appeal. Hayden also achieved three\\-figure success later in the day, while [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\")'s hostile and accurate bowling was rewarded with the wicket of [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\"), caught at slip by [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\"). With this wicket, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") equalled [Ian Botham](/wiki/Ian_Botham \"Ian Botham\")'s hitherto unique achievement of 300 runs and 20 wickets in an Ashes series. Flintoff had a later appeal for a catch behind turned down by Rudi Koertzen, despite it hitting the bat.",
"The Australian batsmen once again ended the day early by accepting an offer of bad light, bringing a much\\-interrupted day to a close after only 45\\.4 overs. Thanks to dogged batting and at least four umpiring decisions in their favour on the third day, they finished 96 runs behind with eight wickets of their first innings intact.",
"#### Day Four",
"The fourth day started brightly for England, [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") hooking a short ball from Flintoff straight into the hands of [Collingwood](/wiki/Paul_Collingwood \"Paul Collingwood\"), in the third over of the day, having added only one to his overnight score of nine. Further wickets fell, with an excellent knock by [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") been brought to an end by [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"). Flintoff continued with impetus and trapped [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") lbw for 1, before [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") had [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") with an [inswinger](/wiki/Inswinger \"Inswinger\") at the stroke of lunch. Gilchrist, however, had added a quick 23 that could be vital, as Australia went into the pavilion 17 runs behind with four wickets in hand.",
"However, it only took six post\\-lunch overs for England to end the Australian effort. [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") dropped a catch off [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\")'s bat, but it did not prove to be crucial, as Clarke was [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") to Hoggard in the next over. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") both went for ducks, caught off a mistimed hook and in the slips respectively. Finally Hoggard had [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") (6\\) [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\") in the deep and Australia were bowled out for 367\\. Flintoff finished with five wickets, the second five\\-for of his career, while Hoggard's four for 97 was his best return of the series.",
"Thus England, who had expected to begin their second innings chasing a hundred runs or more, were actually leading by six as they took up their bats in mid\\-afternoon. Australia took a very quick wicket, that of Andrew Strauss, who was dismissed again by [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"), caught bat\\-and\\-pad by Katich for a solitary run. The wicket was Warne's 167th against England, equalling [Dennis Lillee](/wiki/Dennis_Lillee \"Dennis Lillee\")'s Ashes bowling record. 11 balls after this dismissal, umpires [Rudi Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen \"Rudi Koertzen\") and [Billy Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden \"Billy Bowden\") judged it unfair to continue play due to inadequate light. One additional session of play was however subsequently possible, taking England to a 40\\-run lead without further loss, before poor light ended the day.",
"[BBC day four synopsis](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4234498.stm)",
"#### Day Five",
"The fifth day began with the game still finely balanced. Ponting put his trust in his two proven wicket takers – McGrath and Warne. England batted well for forty minutes, with Vaughan taking the game to the Australian bowlers, but McGrath produced two beautiful outswingers to dismiss him and Ian Bell with consecutive deliveries. The Australian charge was diminished by a couple of uncharacteristic dropped catches, but Warne and McGrath combined to take 4 wickets before lunch, leaving England 133 runs ahead with 5 wickets remaining.",
"The afternoon session was anchored by Pietersen, the beneficiary of three dropped catches, who scored his maiden Test century, with obdurate support from Collingwood and Giles. The session saw only two wickets fall, Collingwood was caught acrobatically by silly mid\\-off Ponting for 10, and Geraint Jones (1\\) decisively bowled when he was deceived by a rapid Tait delivery. Pietersen was finally dismissed for 158, a superlative innings including 15 fours and 7 sixes, while Ashley Giles added 59 and Steve Harmison was dismissed for a duck to bring Australia into bat with less than 19 overs remaining.",
"As the Australians began their innings, it was clear that not enough time remained for them to make up the 341 runs by which they trailed. Almost immediately they were offered the light; and having accepted it, both teams had to return to the dressing rooms to wait for a formal finish. The situation became somewhat farcical. With the match effectively over, the crowd were eager for the Ashes to be presented to England, and the celebrations to begin. After a period of some uncertainty and confusion, at 18:17 BST umpires Koertzen and Bowden removed the bails and pulled up the stumps to signal the end of the match. With no result in this fifth and final Test, England took the series 2–1, regaining [the Ashes](/wiki/The_Ashes \"The Ashes\") for the first time since 1987\\.",
"[Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\"), having scored his maiden Test century at a crucial point, was voted [Man of the Match](/wiki/Man_of_the_Match \"Man of the Match\") by [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\") viewers. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") was chosen by Australian coach [John Buchanan](/wiki/John_Buchanan_%28cricketer%2C_born_1953%29 \"John Buchanan (cricketer, born 1953)\") as English [Man of the Series](/wiki/Man_of_the_Series \"Man of the Series\") while English coach [Duncan Fletcher](/wiki/Duncan_Fletcher \"Duncan Fletcher\") selected [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") as the Australian Man of the Series. The new [Compton\\-Miller Award](/wiki/Compton-Miller_Award \"Compton-Miller Award\") for the overall man of the series (as selected by each side's chairman of selectors [Trevor Hohns](/wiki/Trevor_Hohns \"Trevor Hohns\") and [David Graveney](/wiki/David_Graveney \"David Graveney\")) was also presented to Andrew Flintoff. Finally, the replica urn was presented to jubilant English skipper Michael Vaughan, thus ending the series in favour of the home side.",
"The next series, scheduled for 2006–2007, will be played in Australia with England defending the Ashes.",
"[(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T5_08-12SEP2005.html)",
"[Category:2005 in English cricket](/wiki/Category:2005_in_English_cricket \"2005 in English cricket\")",
""
] |
### First Test: England v Australia (21–24 July)
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **190** | \& | **384** | **Australia won by 239 runs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") 40 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") 5/43 | | [MJ Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") 91 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") 3/54 | [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), England Umpires: [Aleem Dar](/wiki/Aleem_Dar "Aleem Dar") ([Pak](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen "Rudi Koertzen") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")) Man of the Match: [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) |
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **155** | \& | **180** |
| [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") 57 [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") 5/53 | | [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") 64[\*](/wiki/Not_out "Not out") [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") 4/29 |
[right\|200px\|thumb\|Australian run rate from the first innings.](/wiki/Image:2005_Ashes%2C_1st_Test%2C_Australian_run-rate%2C_1st_innings.gif "2005 Ashes, 1st Test, Australian run-rate, 1st innings.gif") [right\|200px\|thumb\|English run rate from the first innings.](/wiki/Image:2005_Ashes%2C_1st_Test%2C_England_run-rate%2C_1st_innings.png "2005 Ashes, 1st Test, England run-rate, 1st innings.png")
#### Day One
A low\-scoring first day of cricket at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's") included two batting collapses, first from [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") and then from [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") who got their go at batting just before tea. [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") won the toss and chose to bat, and after [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") had shaken up the opening batsmen early on, hitting Australia's batsmen with bouncers, in particular one that had [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") on the elbow, a procession of wickets began. [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") was inaccurate, but the early swing under the cloud suited him, and the ball that he did get on line swung between bat and pad to smash into [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden")'s off stump. Australia still scored quickly, helped by aggressive field placings from England, but Harmison got the reward for short and pacy bowling when [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") edged him to [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") at third [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28cricket%29 "Slip (cricket)") for 9\. Langer, who had looked immaculate all morning and taken on the bowlers, was next to depart, [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") getting reward with his bowling changes as [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") lured Langer into an expansive pull to Harmison at square\-leg. And when [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") was brought on in the sixteenth over, he got an immediate reward, with [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") gone for 2\. Another man came and went before lunch, [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)"), and Australia were five down after the first session of play.
[Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"), [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") and [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") all played a part in getting Australia past 100, with their scores in the 20s, but Harmison – coming back for a second spell – wrapped them up with variations in length along with his ever\-reliant pace. He finished with five for 43, allowing [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") to be stranded on 10 not out, and McGrath was to take centre stage when England batted. They survived six overs until tea, scoring ten runs, but McGrath, who bowled his usual accurate line and length and got the odd ball to move, reaped massive rewards. [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") fell first ball after tea, edging to slip, and Strauss fell in similar fashion three balls later. Michael Vaughan and [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") were shaken up, but survived six overs – before McGrath started the torture again. They were both [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled"), as was [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"), and England had lost five wickets for 21 runs, with five of their front line batsmen out in single figures. However, [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") gave England a glimmer of hope, pairing up for 58 before [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee")'s reverse\-swing with the old ball induced a backward edge off Jones' bat to [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"). [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") hit two quick boundaries, but a short pacy ball from Lee undid him, and England were 92 for 7 overnight – needing 98 for the last three wickets to get level with Australia.
#### Day Two
England's difficulties continued in the morning. Despite McGrath not getting nearly as much swing, [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") departed for an eight\-ball duck, cutting a delivery from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") in the slips. Throwing caution to the wind, Pietersen launched himself into his natural game, taking twenty\-one runs off seven deliveries before finally being out [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught") by [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn"), a splendid catch just metres off the ropes, as England looked to subside for 130\. However, in yet another twist, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") and [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") fought back with some streaky accumulation, pairing up for 33 – the fifth\-highest partnership of the game thus far – to reduce Australia's lead to 35 runs. England also got a good start fielding, [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") having a flat throw at the stumps to run out [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") for 6, but Hayden and [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") rebuilt well.
In fact, the entire top order apart from Langer batted to high scores, but [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") needed an extra life to do it. Pietersen dropped him on 21, with the Australian score 139 for 3, and instead of England getting the vital breakthrough Clarke and [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") ran away with it, hitting 155 in 34\.3 overs. [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") was smashed to all corners, and his figures read for 84 runs in nineteen overs, but England fought back late in the day – in the frantic last ten overs, started by an inside\-edge from Clarke off Hoggard, Australia lost four wickets for 24 runs. However, Australia had gained a lead of 314 runs by the end of the second day, and still had [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") there on 10\.
#### Day Three
Four overs into the morning, [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") returned what could arguably be said to be his most useful contribution of the match, having [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") [run out](/wiki/Run_out "Run out") for 8\. However, the always defensive [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") proved too difficult to get out for England, Harmison menacing him with bouncers and yorkers but not managing it, and it was the quietly toiling [Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") who finally got his reward with an away\-swinger that crashed into Gillespie's off\-stump – after having a number of catches dropped, one especially simple one by namesake [Geraint](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"). [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") and Katich continued with a partnership of 43, as England was set what would be a world record 420 to win.
They started positively, riding their luck and good favour with the umpires – a number of lbw appeals were turned down both before and after tea – as [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") and [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") paired up for 80 for the first wicket before Strauss edged a classic pace\-man's short\-ball from [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") back into the bowler's waiting hands. [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") got nicely off the mark with a four with his second ball, however, suggesting that England would be playing positively to get the target – but Lee and [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") just kept pounding. Trescothick departed for 44, edging a straight ball from Warne to first slip – having taken him for ten in the previous over – and [Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") was left hopelessly plumb to a ball that didn't turn. When [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") – who had failed to buy a run off the last 23 deliveries – was bowled comprehensively by Lee, there was nowhere to hide for England, and not even an unbeaten 42 from [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") to see [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") to stumps could hide the inevitable – that England needed 301 for the last five wickets, with a world\-class bowling attack at the other end.
#### Day Four
Rain frustrated both [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") and neutral fans on the morning of the fourth day, but after four hours the sun finally broke through and the covers were taken off. It only took ten overs for Australia to wrap up England's innings, [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") taking four of the five wickets required and [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") the last – [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard"), [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") all gone for ducks – as England could only add 24 runs, 22 of them from [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") who was left stranded on an unbeaten 64 to have a Test [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28cricket%29 "Batting average (cricket)") of 121 after the first match.
[(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T1_21-25JUL2005.html)
|
[
"### First Test: England v Australia (21–24 July)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **190** | \\& | **384** | **Australia won by 239 runs** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") 40 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") 5/43 | | [MJ Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") 91 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") 3/54 | [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), England Umpires: [Aleem Dar](/wiki/Aleem_Dar \"Aleem Dar\") ([Pak](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen \"Rudi Koertzen\") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\")) Man of the Match: [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **155** | \\& | **180** |\n| [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") 57 [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") 5/53 | | [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") 64[\\*](/wiki/Not_out \"Not out\") [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") 4/29 |",
"[right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|Australian run rate from the first innings.](/wiki/Image:2005_Ashes%2C_1st_Test%2C_Australian_run-rate%2C_1st_innings.gif \"2005 Ashes, 1st Test, Australian run-rate, 1st innings.gif\") [right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|English run rate from the first innings.](/wiki/Image:2005_Ashes%2C_1st_Test%2C_England_run-rate%2C_1st_innings.png \"2005 Ashes, 1st Test, England run-rate, 1st innings.png\")",
"#### Day One",
"A low\\-scoring first day of cricket at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\") included two batting collapses, first from [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") and then from [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") who got their go at batting just before tea. [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") won the toss and chose to bat, and after [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") had shaken up the opening batsmen early on, hitting Australia's batsmen with bouncers, in particular one that had [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") on the elbow, a procession of wickets began. [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") was inaccurate, but the early swing under the cloud suited him, and the ball that he did get on line swung between bat and pad to smash into [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\")'s off stump. Australia still scored quickly, helped by aggressive field placings from England, but Harmison got the reward for short and pacy bowling when [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") edged him to [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") at third [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28cricket%29 \"Slip (cricket)\") for 9\\. Langer, who had looked immaculate all morning and taken on the bowlers, was next to depart, [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") getting reward with his bowling changes as [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") lured Langer into an expansive pull to Harmison at square\\-leg. And when [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") was brought on in the sixteenth over, he got an immediate reward, with [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") gone for 2\\. Another man came and went before lunch, [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\"), and Australia were five down after the first session of play.",
"[Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"), [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") and [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") all played a part in getting Australia past 100, with their scores in the 20s, but Harmison – coming back for a second spell – wrapped them up with variations in length along with his ever\\-reliant pace. He finished with five for 43, allowing [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") to be stranded on 10 not out, and McGrath was to take centre stage when England batted. They survived six overs until tea, scoring ten runs, but McGrath, who bowled his usual accurate line and length and got the odd ball to move, reaped massive rewards. [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") fell first ball after tea, edging to slip, and Strauss fell in similar fashion three balls later. Michael Vaughan and [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") were shaken up, but survived six overs – before McGrath started the torture again. They were both [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\"), as was [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"), and England had lost five wickets for 21 runs, with five of their front line batsmen out in single figures. However, [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") gave England a glimmer of hope, pairing up for 58 before [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\")'s reverse\\-swing with the old ball induced a backward edge off Jones' bat to [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"). [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") hit two quick boundaries, but a short pacy ball from Lee undid him, and England were 92 for 7 overnight – needing 98 for the last three wickets to get level with Australia.",
"#### Day Two",
"England's difficulties continued in the morning. Despite McGrath not getting nearly as much swing, [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") departed for an eight\\-ball duck, cutting a delivery from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") in the slips. Throwing caution to the wind, Pietersen launched himself into his natural game, taking twenty\\-one runs off seven deliveries before finally being out [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\") by [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\"), a splendid catch just metres off the ropes, as England looked to subside for 130\\. However, in yet another twist, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") and [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") fought back with some streaky accumulation, pairing up for 33 – the fifth\\-highest partnership of the game thus far – to reduce Australia's lead to 35 runs. England also got a good start fielding, [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") having a flat throw at the stumps to run out [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") for 6, but Hayden and [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") rebuilt well.",
"In fact, the entire top order apart from Langer batted to high scores, but [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") needed an extra life to do it. Pietersen dropped him on 21, with the Australian score 139 for 3, and instead of England getting the vital breakthrough Clarke and [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") ran away with it, hitting 155 in 34\\.3 overs. [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") was smashed to all corners, and his figures read for 84 runs in nineteen overs, but England fought back late in the day – in the frantic last ten overs, started by an inside\\-edge from Clarke off Hoggard, Australia lost four wickets for 24 runs. However, Australia had gained a lead of 314 runs by the end of the second day, and still had [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") there on 10\\.",
"#### Day Three",
"Four overs into the morning, [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") returned what could arguably be said to be his most useful contribution of the match, having [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") [run out](/wiki/Run_out \"Run out\") for 8\\. However, the always defensive [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") proved too difficult to get out for England, Harmison menacing him with bouncers and yorkers but not managing it, and it was the quietly toiling [Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") who finally got his reward with an away\\-swinger that crashed into Gillespie's off\\-stump – after having a number of catches dropped, one especially simple one by namesake [Geraint](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"). [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") and Katich continued with a partnership of 43, as England was set what would be a world record 420 to win.",
"They started positively, riding their luck and good favour with the umpires – a number of lbw appeals were turned down both before and after tea – as [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") and [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") paired up for 80 for the first wicket before Strauss edged a classic pace\\-man's short\\-ball from [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") back into the bowler's waiting hands. [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") got nicely off the mark with a four with his second ball, however, suggesting that England would be playing positively to get the target – but Lee and [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") just kept pounding. Trescothick departed for 44, edging a straight ball from Warne to first slip – having taken him for ten in the previous over – and [Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") was left hopelessly plumb to a ball that didn't turn. When [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") – who had failed to buy a run off the last 23 deliveries – was bowled comprehensively by Lee, there was nowhere to hide for England, and not even an unbeaten 42 from [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") to see [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") to stumps could hide the inevitable – that England needed 301 for the last five wickets, with a world\\-class bowling attack at the other end.",
"#### Day Four",
"Rain frustrated both [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") and neutral fans on the morning of the fourth day, but after four hours the sun finally broke through and the covers were taken off. It only took ten overs for Australia to wrap up England's innings, [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") taking four of the five wickets required and [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") the last – [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\"), [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") all gone for ducks – as England could only add 24 runs, 22 of them from [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") who was left stranded on an unbeaten 64 to have a Test [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28cricket%29 \"Batting average (cricket)\") of 121 after the first match.\n[(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T1_21-25JUL2005.html)",
""
] |
### Second Test: England v Australia (4–7 August)
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **407** | \& | **182** | **England won by 2 runs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") 90 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 4/116 | | [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 73 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 6/46 | [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground "Edgbaston Cricket Ground"), [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden "Billy Bowden") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen "Rudi Koertzen") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")) Man of the Match: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) |
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **308** | \& | **279** |
| [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") 82 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 3/52 | | [B Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") 43\* [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 4/79 |
#### Day One
The psychological battles before the match saw Australia planting many stories in the press about England already being in trouble. England kept quieter, until just before the game stories appeared about how the Edgbaston game would be decided at the toss: whichever side won it would choose to [bowl](/wiki/Bowling_%28cricket%29 "Bowling (cricket)") first and would win. England's mind games paid dividends when [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") did just that, as [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") admitted that if he had won the toss, he'd have batted, and as the match progressed, it became clearer and clearer that the [pitch](/wiki/Cricket_pitch "Cricket pitch") would take plenty of turn near the end.
[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") took advantage of being inserted and came back strongly, especially considering the 239\-run drubbing they had received at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's") a couple of weeks earlier. The [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") bowlers were smashed to all corners on the first day as, for the first time in their 493\-Test history, Australia conceded more than 400 runs in a first day of [Test cricket](/wiki/Test_cricket "Test cricket"). The English mentality seemed to be to attack from the outset, and it was helped by the freak [injury](/wiki/Injury "Injury") that [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") sustained before the match. During a warm\-up (playing [rugby](/wiki/Rugby_football "Rugby football")), the [pace\-man](/wiki/Fast_bowling "Fast bowling") accidentally stood on a cricket ball, tearing ankle ligaments. Australia had to field [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz") as replacement, and on a pitch where inaccurate bowling was immediately punished, McGrath's line and length would surely have been useful.
Instead, [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") made innumerable smashes off [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") to the cover boundary. [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") preferred [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") for his runs, and their 112\-run opening partnership was the highest by England in the Ashes series so far this year – indeed, the second highest of the series thus far, only beaten by [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") and [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)")'s 155 at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's"). They continued on their fine form from Lord's, where they had made 80 in the second innings, and the jitters from the one\-day series seemed to have vanished with [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath"). Admittedly, Trescothick was caught off a no\-ball on 32, but few remembered that as he crafted his way to 90 – being second out shortly after lunch, with the score 164 for 2, after only 32\.3 overs.
England lost both [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell"), who continued his relatively poor Ashes series with his third successive single\-figure score, and [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan"), who pulled a short [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") delivery to the hands of [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), in the space of the next five overs, but still pounded on. [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen"), in his second Test match, hit ten fours and one six, and forged a 103\-run [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 "Partnership (cricket)") in 105 balls with [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"), which turned the match back to England's favour. Flintoff's 68 was scored quickly, including five sixes, and again [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") got the most stick – he was taken for 26 in the 18 balls he faced.
Lee did get one wicket, though, and [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") could have been forgiven for thinking it was the most important. [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") pulled to [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") for 71, off just 76 balls, and with the score on 342 for 7, [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") would have to get something extraordinary out of the tail to get past 400\. But they did – [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") smacked two fours and a six in an entertaining, if brief, 17, and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") stuck around with [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") for a vital last\-wicket partnership of 32, Jones making 19 not out. [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") finally got the better of Hoggard, but England had made 407, in just under 80 overs. The Australian openers took to the field for the last half\-hour of the day. However, heavy rain prevented another ball being bowled on the first day.
#### Day Two
However, the quick scoring and the first Test result led many people to believe that [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") would come back with a vengeance on the second day of the matcht. Instead, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") bowled a maiden over first up to [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer"), and [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") holed out to Harmison's new\-ball partner [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") for a golden duck – the first of Hayden's career. The dismissal was to set the tone of the innings. Although [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") hit runs just as quickly as England had done, the [umpire](/wiki/Umpire_%28cricket%29 "Umpire (cricket)")'s finger went up twice more before lunch – [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") swept to the opposing captain [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") for 61, and [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") was [run out](/wiki/Run_out "Run out") taking a risky single for 20\. Once again, Vaughan was in the action, hitting the stumps with a throw from mid\-off. [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") and [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") continued after lunch in the same vein, but again, a couple of quick wickets – Clarke edging a quicker ball from [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") behind and [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") falling in the same way to [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") swung it England's way. At 208 for 5, the Australians were struggling, but another good partnership between Langer and Gilchrist saw them to tea with no further loss.
The pair looked to close England's lead, but again the England bowlers intervened – this time in the shape of the invisible man in England's attack, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)"), who got plenty of reverse swing and used that to trap [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") with a [yorker](/wiki/Yorker "Yorker") – gone for 82, which was to be Australia's highest score in the innings. Australia's tail – thought to be strengthened by the absence of [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath"), were all dismissed for single\-figure scores, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") taking the two last men [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") with the two last balls, although there was some argument about the first dismissal.
However, England got their 99\-run lead and continued to hack away at the Australian bowlers before stumps. After [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") and [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") had smashed boundaries at will against the seamers, [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") brought on [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") in the seventh over, and Warne broke through with his second ball of the match – a [leg break](/wiki/Leg_break "Leg break") that came into the left\-hander's stumps and broke them completely, and Strauss was bowled for 6\. [Nightwatchman](/wiki/Nightwatchman_%28cricket%29 "Nightwatchman (cricket)") [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") survived four balls to end the day – England still leading by 124, with nine wickets in hand.
#### Day Three
The third day was just as exhilarating to spectators as the first two; a total of seventeen wickets fell as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") took centre stage in an enthralling contest. First up, however, it was [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), who shattered England with three quick wickets – [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") slashed at a wide delivery, skipper [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") disappointed yet again with the bat as he failed to cover his stumps to a straight one, and Hoggard naturally had to go eventually – edging to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") in the slips for 1\.
[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") were shaken, with the score at 31 for 4, and with [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") at the crease. Pietersen could consider himself lucky to survive, after a suggestion he had been caught first ball. He survived, and went on to make 20, only to be given out off a similar situation from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"). His 41\-run partnership with Bell steadied things somewhat, and there were hopes among England fans that Bell would make his first significant score against the tourists. Instead, he fell two overs after Pietersen, having given the tiniest of edges to [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") for 21\.
So, with the score at 75 for 6, England once again needed a big partnership, this time from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") and wicket\-keeper [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"). The pair saw England to lunch, but Flintoff had suffered a shoulder injury and looked in obvious pain. In the first over after lunch, Jones gave an edge to [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") – seven down for 101\. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") batted responsibly, padding up to [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"), but eventually felt the need to play at one, which [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") held with relative ease. [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") came and went, facing one delivery, and it was all up to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") to see England to a challenging target.
That they did. Jones kept his head, managing 12 runs in his 42\-minute stay at the crease with some streaky fours, while Flintoff smacked [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") everywhere. Flintoff also took runs off [Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz"), with one over yielding 20 runs for England, including a couple of [no\-balls](/wiki/No-ball "No-ball"). At one point during Flintoff's innings, Ponting had nine men on the boundary, something rarely seen in cricket. One six hit by Flintoff landed on top of the stands. Flintoff ended with 73 – the only man to pass 25 for England – before being bowled by Warne. Warne finished with stunning figures of six for 46 from 23\.1 overs, having bowled unchanged from the seventh over till the end – but, as luck and Australia's batsmen would have it, his failure to get Flintoff out earlier would be crucial.
[Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") started positively, taking runs off the occasional bad balls that were served up by [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") and [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles"), and before anyone noticed, they had racked up 47 for no loss, and were well on the way to chasing the target of 282\. Then, Flintoff came in to bowl his first over. The ball was hurled down the pitch, and swung enough to deceive the [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") batsmen – Flintoff got [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") and [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") out in the same over, and Australia were struggling again, the score on 48 for 2\.
A few overs of relative calm followed, Hayden forging runs with [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") but never looking too assured, and his dismissal, came in an over where Australia had actually looked on top. However, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") got the last laugh over Hayden – only to later be reprimanded by the [ICC](/wiki/International_Cricket_Council "International Cricket Council") for his celebrations. England kept muscling on, and despite never playing on top of their game they got four more wickets before the scheduled close of play. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") got two of those, dismissing [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") and [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"), and then an inswinging ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") took care of [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie"), who was trapped lbw.
An extra half\-hour of play was allowed, as a result was nearing, but [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") defied the English. Warne was lucky on more than one occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison"), bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled"). England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory.
#### Day Four
On the fourth day, Australia defied all predictions with a 45\-run partnership between [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), before Warne was forced back onto his stumps by Flintoff to get dismissed [hit wicket](/wiki/Hit_wicket "Hit wicket"). Kasprowicz came in and supported Lee well, fending off aggressive bowling from Flintoff and Harmison. The pair had England on the back foot as their victory target neared closer and closer, edging virtually everything. With three to win, and three results possible, Harmison had Kasprowicz caught behind, with replays showing that the ball hit the batsman's hand when it was off the bat. If the hand had been on the bat, it would have been a correct decision – as it stood, it was incorrect to give him out. However, that mattered little to most viewers, who recognised the difficult job of the umpire. England were thus victors – if in almost the most narrow way possible – and the series very much alive. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T2_04-08AUG2005.html)
Rather than engaging in the victory celebrations, the immediate reaction of Flintoff to the winning dismissal was to console the despondent batsmen—a gesture which was widely commented upon as indicative of the good [sportsmanship](/wiki/Sportsmanship "Sportsmanship") and mutual respect between the teams which characterised the series.
England's two run victory is the narrowest result in Ashes cricket history (there have been two Tests won by a margin of only three runs). It is also the second narrowest run victory in all Test cricket history. ([other narrow victories given here](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/RESULTS/CLOSEST_TESTS_BY_RUNS.html))
|
[
"### Second Test: England v Australia (4–7 August)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **407** | \\& | **182** | **England won by 2 runs** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") 90 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 4/116 | | [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 73 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 6/46 | [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground \"Edgbaston Cricket Ground\"), [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden \"Billy Bowden\") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen \"Rudi Koertzen\") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\")) Man of the Match: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **308** | \\& | **279** |\n| [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") 82 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 3/52 | | [B Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") 43\\* [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 4/79 |",
"#### Day One",
"The psychological battles before the match saw Australia planting many stories in the press about England already being in trouble. England kept quieter, until just before the game stories appeared about how the Edgbaston game would be decided at the toss: whichever side won it would choose to [bowl](/wiki/Bowling_%28cricket%29 \"Bowling (cricket)\") first and would win. England's mind games paid dividends when [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") did just that, as [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") admitted that if he had won the toss, he'd have batted, and as the match progressed, it became clearer and clearer that the [pitch](/wiki/Cricket_pitch \"Cricket pitch\") would take plenty of turn near the end.",
"[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") took advantage of being inserted and came back strongly, especially considering the 239\\-run drubbing they had received at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\") a couple of weeks earlier. The [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") bowlers were smashed to all corners on the first day as, for the first time in their 493\\-Test history, Australia conceded more than 400 runs in a first day of [Test cricket](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\"). The English mentality seemed to be to attack from the outset, and it was helped by the freak [injury](/wiki/Injury \"Injury\") that [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") sustained before the match. During a warm\\-up (playing [rugby](/wiki/Rugby_football \"Rugby football\")), the [pace\\-man](/wiki/Fast_bowling \"Fast bowling\") accidentally stood on a cricket ball, tearing ankle ligaments. Australia had to field [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\") as replacement, and on a pitch where inaccurate bowling was immediately punished, McGrath's line and length would surely have been useful.",
"Instead, [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") made innumerable smashes off [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") to the cover boundary. [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") preferred [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") for his runs, and their 112\\-run opening partnership was the highest by England in the Ashes series so far this year – indeed, the second highest of the series thus far, only beaten by [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") and [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\")'s 155 at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\"). They continued on their fine form from Lord's, where they had made 80 in the second innings, and the jitters from the one\\-day series seemed to have vanished with [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\"). Admittedly, Trescothick was caught off a no\\-ball on 32, but few remembered that as he crafted his way to 90 – being second out shortly after lunch, with the score 164 for 2, after only 32\\.3 overs.",
"England lost both [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\"), who continued his relatively poor Ashes series with his third successive single\\-figure score, and [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\"), who pulled a short [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") delivery to the hands of [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), in the space of the next five overs, but still pounded on. [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\"), in his second Test match, hit ten fours and one six, and forged a 103\\-run [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 \"Partnership (cricket)\") in 105 balls with [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"), which turned the match back to England's favour. Flintoff's 68 was scored quickly, including five sixes, and again [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") got the most stick – he was taken for 26 in the 18 balls he faced.",
"Lee did get one wicket, though, and [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") could have been forgiven for thinking it was the most important. [Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") pulled to [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") for 71, off just 76 balls, and with the score on 342 for 7, [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") would have to get something extraordinary out of the tail to get past 400\\. But they did – [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") smacked two fours and a six in an entertaining, if brief, 17, and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") stuck around with [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") for a vital last\\-wicket partnership of 32, Jones making 19 not out. [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") finally got the better of Hoggard, but England had made 407, in just under 80 overs. The Australian openers took to the field for the last half\\-hour of the day. However, heavy rain prevented another ball being bowled on the first day.",
"#### Day Two",
"However, the quick scoring and the first Test result led many people to believe that [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") would come back with a vengeance on the second day of the matcht. Instead, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") bowled a maiden over first up to [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\"), and [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") holed out to Harmison's new\\-ball partner [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") for a golden duck – the first of Hayden's career. The dismissal was to set the tone of the innings. Although [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") hit runs just as quickly as England had done, the [umpire](/wiki/Umpire_%28cricket%29 \"Umpire (cricket)\")'s finger went up twice more before lunch – [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") swept to the opposing captain [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") for 61, and [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") was [run out](/wiki/Run_out \"Run out\") taking a risky single for 20\\. Once again, Vaughan was in the action, hitting the stumps with a throw from mid\\-off. [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") and [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") continued after lunch in the same vein, but again, a couple of quick wickets – Clarke edging a quicker ball from [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") behind and [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") falling in the same way to [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") swung it England's way. At 208 for 5, the Australians were struggling, but another good partnership between Langer and Gilchrist saw them to tea with no further loss.",
"The pair looked to close England's lead, but again the England bowlers intervened – this time in the shape of the invisible man in England's attack, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\"), who got plenty of reverse swing and used that to trap [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") with a [yorker](/wiki/Yorker \"Yorker\") – gone for 82, which was to be Australia's highest score in the innings. Australia's tail – thought to be strengthened by the absence of [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\"), were all dismissed for single\\-figure scores, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") taking the two last men [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") with the two last balls, although there was some argument about the first dismissal.",
"However, England got their 99\\-run lead and continued to hack away at the Australian bowlers before stumps. After [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") and [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") had smashed boundaries at will against the seamers, [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") brought on [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") in the seventh over, and Warne broke through with his second ball of the match – a [leg break](/wiki/Leg_break \"Leg break\") that came into the left\\-hander's stumps and broke them completely, and Strauss was bowled for 6\\. [Nightwatchman](/wiki/Nightwatchman_%28cricket%29 \"Nightwatchman (cricket)\") [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") survived four balls to end the day – England still leading by 124, with nine wickets in hand.",
"#### Day Three",
"The third day was just as exhilarating to spectators as the first two; a total of seventeen wickets fell as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") took centre stage in an enthralling contest. First up, however, it was [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), who shattered England with three quick wickets – [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") slashed at a wide delivery, skipper [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") disappointed yet again with the bat as he failed to cover his stumps to a straight one, and Hoggard naturally had to go eventually – edging to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") in the slips for 1\\.",
"[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") were shaken, with the score at 31 for 4, and with [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") at the crease. Pietersen could consider himself lucky to survive, after a suggestion he had been caught first ball. He survived, and went on to make 20, only to be given out off a similar situation from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"). His 41\\-run partnership with Bell steadied things somewhat, and there were hopes among England fans that Bell would make his first significant score against the tourists. Instead, he fell two overs after Pietersen, having given the tiniest of edges to [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") for 21\\.",
"So, with the score at 75 for 6, England once again needed a big partnership, this time from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") and wicket\\-keeper [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"). The pair saw England to lunch, but Flintoff had suffered a shoulder injury and looked in obvious pain. In the first over after lunch, Jones gave an edge to [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") – seven down for 101\\. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") batted responsibly, padding up to [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"), but eventually felt the need to play at one, which [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") held with relative ease. [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") came and went, facing one delivery, and it was all up to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") to see England to a challenging target.",
"That they did. Jones kept his head, managing 12 runs in his 42\\-minute stay at the crease with some streaky fours, while Flintoff smacked [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") everywhere. Flintoff also took runs off [Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\"), with one over yielding 20 runs for England, including a couple of [no\\-balls](/wiki/No-ball \"No-ball\"). At one point during Flintoff's innings, Ponting had nine men on the boundary, something rarely seen in cricket. One six hit by Flintoff landed on top of the stands. Flintoff ended with 73 – the only man to pass 25 for England – before being bowled by Warne. Warne finished with stunning figures of six for 46 from 23\\.1 overs, having bowled unchanged from the seventh over till the end – but, as luck and Australia's batsmen would have it, his failure to get Flintoff out earlier would be crucial.",
"[Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") started positively, taking runs off the occasional bad balls that were served up by [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") and [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\"), and before anyone noticed, they had racked up 47 for no loss, and were well on the way to chasing the target of 282\\. Then, Flintoff came in to bowl his first over. The ball was hurled down the pitch, and swung enough to deceive the [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") batsmen – Flintoff got [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") and [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") out in the same over, and Australia were struggling again, the score on 48 for 2\\.",
"A few overs of relative calm followed, Hayden forging runs with [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") but never looking too assured, and his dismissal, came in an over where Australia had actually looked on top. However, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") got the last laugh over Hayden – only to later be reprimanded by the [ICC](/wiki/International_Cricket_Council \"International Cricket Council\") for his celebrations. England kept muscling on, and despite never playing on top of their game they got four more wickets before the scheduled close of play. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") got two of those, dismissing [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") and [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"), and then an inswinging ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") took care of [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\"), who was trapped lbw.",
"An extra half\\-hour of play was allowed, as a result was nearing, but [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") defied the English. Warne was lucky on more than one occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\"), bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\"). England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory.",
"#### Day Four",
"On the fourth day, Australia defied all predictions with a 45\\-run partnership between [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), before Warne was forced back onto his stumps by Flintoff to get dismissed [hit wicket](/wiki/Hit_wicket \"Hit wicket\"). Kasprowicz came in and supported Lee well, fending off aggressive bowling from Flintoff and Harmison. The pair had England on the back foot as their victory target neared closer and closer, edging virtually everything. With three to win, and three results possible, Harmison had Kasprowicz caught behind, with replays showing that the ball hit the batsman's hand when it was off the bat. If the hand had been on the bat, it would have been a correct decision – as it stood, it was incorrect to give him out. However, that mattered little to most viewers, who recognised the difficult job of the umpire. England were thus victors – if in almost the most narrow way possible – and the series very much alive. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T2_04-08AUG2005.html)",
"Rather than engaging in the victory celebrations, the immediate reaction of Flintoff to the winning dismissal was to console the despondent batsmen—a gesture which was widely commented upon as indicative of the good [sportsmanship](/wiki/Sportsmanship \"Sportsmanship\") and mutual respect between the teams which characterised the series.",
"England's two run victory is the narrowest result in Ashes cricket history (there have been two Tests won by a margin of only three runs). It is also the second narrowest run victory in all Test cricket history. ([other narrow victories given here](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/RESULTS/CLOSEST_TESTS_BY_RUNS.html))",
""
] |
#### Day Three
The third day was just as exhilarating to spectators as the first two; a total of seventeen wickets fell as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") took centre stage in an enthralling contest. First up, however, it was [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), who shattered England with three quick wickets – [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") slashed at a wide delivery, skipper [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") disappointed yet again with the bat as he failed to cover his stumps to a straight one, and Hoggard naturally had to go eventually – edging to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") in the slips for 1\.
[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") were shaken, with the score at 31 for 4, and with [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") at the crease. Pietersen could consider himself lucky to survive, after a suggestion he had been caught first ball. He survived, and went on to make 20, only to be given out off a similar situation from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"). His 41\-run partnership with Bell steadied things somewhat, and there were hopes among England fans that Bell would make his first significant score against the tourists. Instead, he fell two overs after Pietersen, having given the tiniest of edges to [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") for 21\.
So, with the score at 75 for 6, England once again needed a big partnership, this time from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") and wicket\-keeper [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"). The pair saw England to lunch, but Flintoff had suffered a shoulder injury and looked in obvious pain. In the first over after lunch, Jones gave an edge to [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") – seven down for 101\. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") batted responsibly, padding up to [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"), but eventually felt the need to play at one, which [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") held with relative ease. [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") came and went, facing one delivery, and it was all up to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") to see England to a challenging target.
That they did. Jones kept his head, managing 12 runs in his 42\-minute stay at the crease with some streaky fours, while Flintoff smacked [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") everywhere. Flintoff also took runs off [Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz"), with one over yielding 20 runs for England, including a couple of [no\-balls](/wiki/No-ball "No-ball"). At one point during Flintoff's innings, Ponting had nine men on the boundary, something rarely seen in cricket. One six hit by Flintoff landed on top of the stands. Flintoff ended with 73 – the only man to pass 25 for England – before being bowled by Warne. Warne finished with stunning figures of six for 46 from 23\.1 overs, having bowled unchanged from the seventh over till the end – but, as luck and Australia's batsmen would have it, his failure to get Flintoff out earlier would be crucial.
[Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") started positively, taking runs off the occasional bad balls that were served up by [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") and [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles"), and before anyone noticed, they had racked up 47 for no loss, and were well on the way to chasing the target of 282\. Then, Flintoff came in to bowl his first over. The ball was hurled down the pitch, and swung enough to deceive the [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") batsmen – Flintoff got [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") and [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") out in the same over, and Australia were struggling again, the score on 48 for 2\.
A few overs of relative calm followed, Hayden forging runs with [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") but never looking too assured, and his dismissal, came in an over where Australia had actually looked on top. However, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") got the last laugh over Hayden – only to later be reprimanded by the [ICC](/wiki/International_Cricket_Council "International Cricket Council") for his celebrations. England kept muscling on, and despite never playing on top of their game they got four more wickets before the scheduled close of play. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") got two of those, dismissing [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") and [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"), and then an inswinging ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") took care of [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie"), who was trapped lbw.
An extra half\-hour of play was allowed, as a result was nearing, but [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") defied the English. Warne was lucky on more than one occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison"), bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled"). England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory.
|
[
"#### Day Three",
"The third day was just as exhilarating to spectators as the first two; a total of seventeen wickets fell as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") took centre stage in an enthralling contest. First up, however, it was [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), who shattered England with three quick wickets – [Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") slashed at a wide delivery, skipper [Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") disappointed yet again with the bat as he failed to cover his stumps to a straight one, and Hoggard naturally had to go eventually – edging to [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") in the slips for 1\\.",
"[England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") were shaken, with the score at 31 for 4, and with [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") at the crease. Pietersen could consider himself lucky to survive, after a suggestion he had been caught first ball. He survived, and went on to make 20, only to be given out off a similar situation from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"). His 41\\-run partnership with Bell steadied things somewhat, and there were hopes among England fans that Bell would make his first significant score against the tourists. Instead, he fell two overs after Pietersen, having given the tiniest of edges to [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") for 21\\.",
"So, with the score at 75 for 6, England once again needed a big partnership, this time from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") and wicket\\-keeper [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"). The pair saw England to lunch, but Flintoff had suffered a shoulder injury and looked in obvious pain. In the first over after lunch, Jones gave an edge to [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") – seven down for 101\\. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") batted responsibly, padding up to [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"), but eventually felt the need to play at one, which [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") held with relative ease. [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") came and went, facing one delivery, and it was all up to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") and [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") to see England to a challenging target.",
"That they did. Jones kept his head, managing 12 runs in his 42\\-minute stay at the crease with some streaky fours, while Flintoff smacked [Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") everywhere. Flintoff also took runs off [Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\"), with one over yielding 20 runs for England, including a couple of [no\\-balls](/wiki/No-ball \"No-ball\"). At one point during Flintoff's innings, Ponting had nine men on the boundary, something rarely seen in cricket. One six hit by Flintoff landed on top of the stands. Flintoff ended with 73 – the only man to pass 25 for England – before being bowled by Warne. Warne finished with stunning figures of six for 46 from 23\\.1 overs, having bowled unchanged from the seventh over till the end – but, as luck and Australia's batsmen would have it, his failure to get Flintoff out earlier would be crucial.",
"[Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") and [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") started positively, taking runs off the occasional bad balls that were served up by [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\"), [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") and [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\"), and before anyone noticed, they had racked up 47 for no loss, and were well on the way to chasing the target of 282\\. Then, Flintoff came in to bowl his first over. The ball was hurled down the pitch, and swung enough to deceive the [Australian](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") batsmen – Flintoff got [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") and [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") out in the same over, and Australia were struggling again, the score on 48 for 2\\.",
"A few overs of relative calm followed, Hayden forging runs with [Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") but never looking too assured, and his dismissal, came in an over where Australia had actually looked on top. However, [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") got the last laugh over Hayden – only to later be reprimanded by the [ICC](/wiki/International_Cricket_Council \"International Cricket Council\") for his celebrations. England kept muscling on, and despite never playing on top of their game they got four more wickets before the scheduled close of play. [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") got two of those, dismissing [Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") and [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"), and then an inswinging ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") took care of [Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\"), who was trapped lbw.",
"An extra half\\-hour of play was allowed, as a result was nearing, but [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") defied the English. Warne was lucky on more than one occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\"), bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\"). England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory.",
""
] |
### Third Test: England v Australia (11–15 August)
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **444** | \& | **280/6d** | **Match drawn** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [MP Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") 166 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 4/99 | | [AJ Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") 106 [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") 5/115 | [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 "Old Trafford (cricket)"), [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden "Billy Bowden") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand")) and [SA Bucknor](/wiki/Steve_Bucknor "Steve Bucknor") ([Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica "Jamaica")) Man of the Match: [RT Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) |
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **302** | \& | **371/9** |
| [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 90 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") 6/53 | | [RT Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") 156 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 4/71 |
#### Day One
With the series square after England's close win in the second match at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground "Edgbaston Cricket Ground") in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"), the stakes of the third Test at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 "Old Trafford (cricket)") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") had risen significantly. The day began with England winning the toss, and choosing to bat first, thus giving [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") a chance to become the first man to take 600 Test [wickets](/wiki/Wicket%23Dismissing_a_batsman "Wicket#Dismissing a batsman") in England's first innings, and he did so against [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") who mistimed a sweep shot and was caught behind by Australian wicket\-keeper [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"), earning Warne a standing ovation from the [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 "Old Trafford (cricket)") crowd.
After naming an unchanged line\-up, [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team") were immediately faced by the pairing of [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") and [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"). There were doubts about whether these could play before the match started, due to injuries sustained earlier, but they both passed fitness tests. England's wickets fell slowly, with many a missed opportunity for [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") helping the hosts to run up a big first innings total. This was also helped by a fruitful partnership between Trescothick and [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan"), who added 137 before Trescothick was dismissed after lunch. Vaughan became the first man in the series to get a century.
The frustrated [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") team faced a fearless England side who challenged them at every turn, and recovered nicely even after the dismissals of Trescothick and Vaughan, who couldn't resist smacking a full toss from Katich straight to McGrath at the boundary. Vaughan was dismissed after 166 runs, which was destined to be the highest individual score in the series. Australia were also faced with a more defiant [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell"), who had struggled in the first two Tests. Picking up where Vaughan left off after tea, Bell, [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") and nightwatchman [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") closed out the day for England with the score 341 for 5\.
#### Day Two
Bell did not add to his overnight score, being given out [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught") behind in controversial circumstances, as replays indicated he did not make contact with the ball. Following a brief rain interval England then lost two more wickets just before lunch, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") after scoring a quick\-fire 46 and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") for 42\. After lunch Australia quickly dispatched the remaining two wickets for just a further 10 runs, bowling England out for a score of 444, with [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") finishing on his worst\-ever Test figures of nought for 86\.
Australia started their innings tentatively with [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") dropping a low catch [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") off his own bowling. Just before tea Australia lost their first wicket with Hayden out caught at short leg from [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") first over. After tea Australia lost another couple of wickets, [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") caught for seven and Hayden given out [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") for 34\. [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") put on 30 before edging the first ball of [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)")' spell to Geraint Jones.
This brought in [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") who had been recuperating at the team hotel after damaging his back on the first day. Due to this injury, Clarke needed [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") to act as a runner. Warne made inroads with the bat, just like at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground "Edgbaston Cricket Ground") four days previously, but Clarke only managed to add seven runs before being deceived by a slower ball from Simon Jones. Warne and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") saw the day out with Warne finishing on 45 [not out](/wiki/Not_out "Not out").
The day finished with Australia on 214 for 7, 230 behind and needing another 31 runs to avoid a [follow\-on](/wiki/Follow-on "Follow-on"). The score was adjusted from 210 overnight due to an umpire failing to signal a four [byes](/wiki/Bye_%28cricket%29 "Bye (cricket)").
#### Day Three
Rain delayed the start of play until 16:00 BST, and even then only 8 overs were possible before play was again suspended, although a further 6 overs were bowled later on before yet more rain meant that play was abandoned for the day. Australia had the better of the short day's play, adding 50 runs without loss to pass the follow\-on target, although Warne was lucky to survive on two occasions thanks to errors by [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"): when [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") had 55 he missed a relatively straightforward [stumping](/wiki/Stumped "Stumped") opportunity, and on 68 he was dropped after edging a ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"). Australia closed on 264 for 7, still 180 in arrears, but England probably felt that they missed several opportunities to put the game beyond their opponents.
#### Day Four
Having been hampered by a rain\-shortened day three, the Australians were ready to put more wood to the ball on day four, and they did not disappoint. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") continued his march towards his maiden Test century before holing out with a hook shot to a well placed [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") at 90\. [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") mopped up the other two wickets to bowl [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") out for 302, Jones finishing the innings with a career best [figures](/wiki/Bowling_analysis "Bowling analysis") of six for 53\.
The English opening batsmen of [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") and [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") began England's response, scoring 26 before lunch. After lunch, Trescothick played on to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled") after scoring 41 giving [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") his first wicket of the match. Strauss put together a fine century, his sixth from just 17 matches, scoring 106 before getting out [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught"). [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") demonstrated how difficult wicket\-keeping was by missing two stumping opportunities to remove [Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") and failing to hold a catch to remove [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"). Bell capitalised on Gilchrist's errors, partnering Strauss for 28 overs and recording a well\-deserved 65\. [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") also added a swift 27 with England more concerned about scoring quickly than staying at the crease, and England declared on 280 to give them a spell at Australia in the evening and a chance of winning the match the next day. McGrath recorded another five\-wicket haul in an innings, but was expensive, giving away 115 runs. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"), despite bowling 25 overs, failed to take a wicket, recording figures of nought for 74\.
Australia needed 423 to win, which would be a record fourth innings total to win a match. Australia saw out the last 10 [overs](/wiki/Over_%28cricket%29 "Over (cricket)") without losing a wicket and put 24 runs, leaving 399\.
#### Day Five
English hopes of a win were high, and 20,000 people were locked out of the stadium in addition to the 23,000 capacity crowd. Australia started the day needing 399 runs from 98 overs if they were to claim an unlikely victory. The day started poorly for them with [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") falling for 14 on the seventh ball of the day, nicking a ball delivered by [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") behind to [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones"). [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") narrowly survived being [run out](/wiki/Run_out "Run out") early on and this proved crucial in the context of the match as the momentum gradually swung in Australia's direction. At one point Australia racked up runs at such a rate that a win became a real possibility. Despite losing [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie") in quick succession to send the team to 264 for 7, Ponting battled on before eventually succumbing to [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") after seven hours on the crease to record the first Australian century of the series with a score of 156\. This was good enough to earn Man of the Match honours.
After the dismissal of Ponting, Australia were 354 for 9 with only four overs remaining, and another thrilling climax occurred with England having a real chance of snatching victory in similar fashion to the second Test. However the unfancied pairing of [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") and [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") handled the remaining 24 deliveries to finish on 371 for 9, 52 short of victory but sufficient to draw the game and leave the series tied at 1–1\. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://live.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T3_11-15AUG2005.html)
|
[
"### Third Test: England v Australia (11–15 August)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **444** | \\& | **280/6d** | **Match drawn** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [MP Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") 166 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 4/99 | | [AJ Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") 106 [GD McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") 5/115 | [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 \"Old Trafford (cricket)\"), [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden \"Billy Bowden\") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\")) and [SA Bucknor](/wiki/Steve_Bucknor \"Steve Bucknor\") ([Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\")) Man of the Match: [RT Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **302** | \\& | **371/9** |\n| [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 90 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") 6/53 | | [RT Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") 156 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 4/71 |",
"#### Day One",
"With the series square after England's close win in the second match at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground \"Edgbaston Cricket Ground\") in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"), the stakes of the third Test at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 \"Old Trafford (cricket)\") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") had risen significantly. The day began with England winning the toss, and choosing to bat first, thus giving [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") a chance to become the first man to take 600 Test [wickets](/wiki/Wicket%23Dismissing_a_batsman \"Wicket#Dismissing a batsman\") in England's first innings, and he did so against [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") who mistimed a sweep shot and was caught behind by Australian wicket\\-keeper [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"), earning Warne a standing ovation from the [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 \"Old Trafford (cricket)\") crowd.",
"After naming an unchanged line\\-up, [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\") were immediately faced by the pairing of [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") and [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"). There were doubts about whether these could play before the match started, due to injuries sustained earlier, but they both passed fitness tests. England's wickets fell slowly, with many a missed opportunity for [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") helping the hosts to run up a big first innings total. This was also helped by a fruitful partnership between Trescothick and [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\"), who added 137 before Trescothick was dismissed after lunch. Vaughan became the first man in the series to get a century.",
"The frustrated [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") team faced a fearless England side who challenged them at every turn, and recovered nicely even after the dismissals of Trescothick and Vaughan, who couldn't resist smacking a full toss from Katich straight to McGrath at the boundary. Vaughan was dismissed after 166 runs, which was destined to be the highest individual score in the series. Australia were also faced with a more defiant [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\"), who had struggled in the first two Tests. Picking up where Vaughan left off after tea, Bell, [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") and nightwatchman [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") closed out the day for England with the score 341 for 5\\.",
"#### Day Two",
"Bell did not add to his overnight score, being given out [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\") behind in controversial circumstances, as replays indicated he did not make contact with the ball. Following a brief rain interval England then lost two more wickets just before lunch, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") after scoring a quick\\-fire 46 and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") for 42\\. After lunch Australia quickly dispatched the remaining two wickets for just a further 10 runs, bowling England out for a score of 444, with [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") finishing on his worst\\-ever Test figures of nought for 86\\.",
"Australia started their innings tentatively with [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") dropping a low catch [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") off his own bowling. Just before tea Australia lost their first wicket with Hayden out caught at short leg from [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") first over. After tea Australia lost another couple of wickets, [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") caught for seven and Hayden given out [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") for 34\\. [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") put on 30 before edging the first ball of [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\")' spell to Geraint Jones.",
"This brought in [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") who had been recuperating at the team hotel after damaging his back on the first day. Due to this injury, Clarke needed [Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") to act as a runner. Warne made inroads with the bat, just like at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground \"Edgbaston Cricket Ground\") four days previously, but Clarke only managed to add seven runs before being deceived by a slower ball from Simon Jones. Warne and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") saw the day out with Warne finishing on 45 [not out](/wiki/Not_out \"Not out\").",
"The day finished with Australia on 214 for 7, 230 behind and needing another 31 runs to avoid a [follow\\-on](/wiki/Follow-on \"Follow-on\"). The score was adjusted from 210 overnight due to an umpire failing to signal a four [byes](/wiki/Bye_%28cricket%29 \"Bye (cricket)\").",
"#### Day Three",
"Rain delayed the start of play until 16:00 BST, and even then only 8 overs were possible before play was again suspended, although a further 6 overs were bowled later on before yet more rain meant that play was abandoned for the day. Australia had the better of the short day's play, adding 50 runs without loss to pass the follow\\-on target, although Warne was lucky to survive on two occasions thanks to errors by [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"): when [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") had 55 he missed a relatively straightforward [stumping](/wiki/Stumped \"Stumped\") opportunity, and on 68 he was dropped after edging a ball from [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"). Australia closed on 264 for 7, still 180 in arrears, but England probably felt that they missed several opportunities to put the game beyond their opponents.",
"#### Day Four",
"Having been hampered by a rain\\-shortened day three, the Australians were ready to put more wood to the ball on day four, and they did not disappoint. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") continued his march towards his maiden Test century before holing out with a hook shot to a well placed [Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") at 90\\. [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") mopped up the other two wickets to bowl [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") out for 302, Jones finishing the innings with a career best [figures](/wiki/Bowling_analysis \"Bowling analysis\") of six for 53\\.",
"The English opening batsmen of [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") and [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") began England's response, scoring 26 before lunch. After lunch, Trescothick played on to be [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\") after scoring 41 giving [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") his first wicket of the match. Strauss put together a fine century, his sixth from just 17 matches, scoring 106 before getting out [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\"). [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") demonstrated how difficult wicket\\-keeping was by missing two stumping opportunities to remove [Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") and failing to hold a catch to remove [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"). Bell capitalised on Gilchrist's errors, partnering Strauss for 28 overs and recording a well\\-deserved 65\\. [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") also added a swift 27 with England more concerned about scoring quickly than staying at the crease, and England declared on 280 to give them a spell at Australia in the evening and a chance of winning the match the next day. McGrath recorded another five\\-wicket haul in an innings, but was expensive, giving away 115 runs. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"), despite bowling 25 overs, failed to take a wicket, recording figures of nought for 74\\.",
"Australia needed 423 to win, which would be a record fourth innings total to win a match. Australia saw out the last 10 [overs](/wiki/Over_%28cricket%29 \"Over (cricket)\") without losing a wicket and put 24 runs, leaving 399\\.",
"#### Day Five",
"English hopes of a win were high, and 20,000 people were locked out of the stadium in addition to the 23,000 capacity crowd. Australia started the day needing 399 runs from 98 overs if they were to claim an unlikely victory. The day started poorly for them with [Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") falling for 14 on the seventh ball of the day, nicking a ball delivered by [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") behind to [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\"). [Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") narrowly survived being [run out](/wiki/Run_out \"Run out\") early on and this proved crucial in the context of the match as the momentum gradually swung in Australia's direction. At one point Australia racked up runs at such a rate that a win became a real possibility. Despite losing [Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") and [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\") in quick succession to send the team to 264 for 7, Ponting battled on before eventually succumbing to [Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") after seven hours on the crease to record the first Australian century of the series with a score of 156\\. This was good enough to earn Man of the Match honours.",
"After the dismissal of Ponting, Australia were 354 for 9 with only four overs remaining, and another thrilling climax occurred with England having a real chance of snatching victory in similar fashion to the second Test. However the unfancied pairing of [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") and [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") handled the remaining 24 deliveries to finish on 371 for 9, 52 short of victory but sufficient to draw the game and leave the series tied at 1–1\\. [(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://live.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T3_11-15AUG2005.html)",
""
] |
### Fourth Test: England v Australia (25–28 August)
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **477** | \& | **129/7** | **England won by three wickets** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 102 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 4/102 | | [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") 27 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 4/31 | [Trent Bridge](/wiki/Trent_Bridge "Trent Bridge"), [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham"), England Umpires: [Aleem Dar](/wiki/Aleem_Dar "Aleem Dar") ([Pak](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan")) and [SA Bucknor](/wiki/Steve_Bucknor "Steve Bucknor") ([WI](/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team "West Indies cricket team")) Man of the Match: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) |
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **218** | \& | **387 ([f/o](/wiki/Follow-on "Follow-on"))** |
| [B Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") 47 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") 5/44 | | [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") 61 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") 3/93 |
#### Day One
[Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") was once again ruled out due to injury, this time to his elbow, and [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team "Australian cricket team") also dropped the out\-of\-form [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie "Jason Gillespie"), leaving them with a [seam attack](/wiki/Fast_bowling "Fast bowling") of [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee"), debutant [Shaun Tait](/wiki/Shaun_Tait "Shaun Tait") and [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz"). [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team "English cricket team"), having been on top in the last two [Tests](/wiki/Test_cricket "Test cricket"), were unchanged.
England won the toss and chose to bat, and they got off to a flyer. Boosted by [no\-balls](/wiki/No-ball "No-ball") from the seamers – a total of 18 before lunch – [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") made hay quickly, and enjoyed batting on a [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_%28cricket%29 "Pitch (cricket)") which gave the bowlers no aid. They recorded their second 100\-run opening [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 "Partnership (cricket)") of the series, before Strauss was freakishly dismissed for 35, sweeping [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") onto his boot and into [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden")'s waiting hands at slip – a wicket confirmed by the third umpire. [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") continued on his fine form from [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 "Old Trafford (cricket)"), though, punishing bad balls from Brett Lee to go into lunch with his score on 14\. Trescothick, meanwhile, rode his luck, as he was [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled") off a [no\-ball](/wiki/No-ball "No-ball") on 55, much to Lee's displeasure. At lunch England were 129 for 1\.
Only 3\.1 [overs](/wiki/Over_%28cricket%29 "Over (cricket)") were possible in the afternoon session due to rain. Coming back after tea, England immediately lost two wickets to Shaun Tait, who used the cloud cover to good effect and [swung](/wiki/Swing_bowling "Swing bowling") the ball well. However, Michael Vaughan and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") batted well together for a 67\-run partnership, although they were each dropped once. Towards the end of the day, [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") brought himself on, and his [medium pace](/wiki/Fast_bowling "Fast bowling") yielded a wicket – that of Vaughan for 58\. Overnight, the match was evenly poised with England 229 for 4\.
#### Day Two
Australia dismissed Pietersen at the beginning of the morning's play, edging a full outswinger from Lee through to [wicket\-keeper](/wiki/Wicket-keeper "Wicket-keeper") [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist"). But an unbeaten century partnership from [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") took England's score to 344 for 5 at lunch.
After lunch, the pair continued to score quickly for another hour, and extended their partnership to 177 before Flintoff was [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") to Tait for 102, his first Test [century](/wiki/Century_%28cricket%29 "Century (cricket)") against Australia. The loss of Flintoff did not deter the English, as Jones continued to hit runs through the off side on the way to his highest score against the Australians, making 85 before he was [caught and bowled](/wiki/Caught_and_bowled "Caught and bowled") by Kasprowicz. The next two wickets fell quickly, but a stubborn last\-wicket partnership of 23 between [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") – including an incident where the ball hit the [stumps](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 "Stump (cricket)") but the [bails](/wiki/Bail_%28cricket%29 "Bail (cricket)") failed to fall off – saw England to 477 all out at tea.
In the evening session, England's bowlers, especially Matthew Hoggard, managed to find much more swing than the Australian bowlers had done, and ripped through the Australian top order. The first three wickets fell in a crucial period of 11 balls (although the third, which dismissed [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket"), was a debatable decision – television replays indicated that the ball might have hit the bat before the body). By [stumps](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 "Stump (cricket)") Australia had been reduced to 99 for 5 to complete an excellent day for England.
#### Day Three
[Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") and Adam Gilchrist decided that attack was the best form of defence, adding 58 in only 8\.5 overs in the morning, before England came back to take the next four wickets for the addition of only 18 runs, leaving Australia perilously placed at 175 for 9\. Simon Jones was the main culprit, using [swing](/wiki/Swing_bowling "Swing bowling") to good effect as he removed Katich and Warne in successive balls, and then had Kasprowicz clean bowled. Brett Lee added 47 in 44 balls, including three huge [sixes](/wiki/Boundary_%28cricket%29 "Boundary (cricket)"), to take Australia's score to 218, before he was caught off Simon Jones's bowling to give Jones his fifth wicket of the innings. Despite their aggressive batting, Australia therefore finished the first [innings](/wiki/Innings "Innings") 259 runs behind.
Michael Vaughan then gambled, by enforcing the [follow\-on](/wiki/Follow-on "Follow-on") on the visitors (the first time Australia had followed on in 17 years). By lunch, Australia had reached 14 without loss in their second innings, and they powered on in the afternoon session, only losing [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") and adding 100 more runs before tea. For England, the afternoon session was their worst of the match – to compound their misery, Simon Jones showed signs of injury, and Andrew Strauss dropped Justin Langer on 38\.
In the evening session, England managed to take three wickets, but also dropped a catch and missed a stumping. Australia thus finished the day still 37 runs in arrears but with six wickets still in hand. Simon Jones also went off the field during the evening session with an ankle injury, and was taken to hospital for an ankle scan. While Jones was off the field receiving attention, substitute fielder [Gary Pratt](/wiki/Gary_Pratt "Gary Pratt") [ran out](/wiki/Run_out "Run out") Australian captain Ricky Ponting, who verbally expressed his displeasure at England's use of subs to the players, umpires and administrators as he left the field.
#### Day Four
Day Four began in earnest with [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)") and [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") continuing their partnership from the previous day. However, Katich had already twice flirted with dismissal, saved only by chance both times. In the words of BBC cricket commentator [Henry Blofeld](/wiki/Henry_Blofeld "Henry Blofeld"), "It's very much a game of chess – white\-flannelled figures on green grass." The English and the Australians proceeded into a cold war for a good part of the morning, with England attempting to frustrate the Australian batting, but with the latter refusing to take the bait. England's lead slowly evaporated without a wicket falling, but [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard")'s taking of Clarke's and then [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist")'s scalps on either side of the lunch break swung the initiative back into England's hands.
The injury to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") became somewhat obvious as the pacers struggled to capture the magic that Jones had created the previous day that had forced Australia to follow on. Despite this, the Australian run rate remained low as both sides stared each other down. Mistakes by [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") were quickly nullified by the dismissal of Warne for 45 and Kasprowicz for 19, and after a few overs' resistance Tait was [bowled](/wiki/Bowled "Bowled") middle [stump](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 "Stump (cricket)") for 4, leaving 129 for the English to chase after tea.
[right\|thumb\|Andrew Strauss plays forward to Shane Warne with Michael Clarke waiting to take the catch.](/wiki/Image:Strauss_dismissal.jpg "Strauss dismissal.jpg")
England then proceeded to send the game into a nailbiter – English wickets fell quickly as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") took four wickets (including those of [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") (27\), [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan "Michael Vaughan") (0\) and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") (23\)). [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") dismissed [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell "Ian Bell") (3\) and at 57 for 4 England were in trouble. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") (26\) and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") (23\) then steadied the ship with an invaluable partnership of 46 before both fell in quick succession to Lee. Despite [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") (3\) being dismissed cheaply, the partnership of [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") (7\) and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") (8\) guided the English home. [Man of the match](/wiki/Man_of_the_match "Man of the match") honours went to [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"), but more importantly this gave the English a crucial 2–1 edge heading back to London for the fifth and final Test, ensuring that they could not lose the series. However, with the Ashes going to Australia in the event of a drawn series, there was still all to play for at [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval "The Oval").
[(BBC Scorecard)](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2005/8/11881/html/scorecard.stm)
[Ashes Reactions from the public (last day)](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4192310.stm)
|
[
"### Fourth Test: England v Australia (25–28 August)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **477** | \\& | **129/7** | **England won by three wickets** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 102 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 4/102 | | [ME Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") 27 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 4/31 | [Trent Bridge](/wiki/Trent_Bridge \"Trent Bridge\"), [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham \"Nottingham\"), England Umpires: [Aleem Dar](/wiki/Aleem_Dar \"Aleem Dar\") ([Pak](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\")) and [SA Bucknor](/wiki/Steve_Bucknor \"Steve Bucknor\") ([WI](/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team \"West Indies cricket team\")) Man of the Match: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **218** | \\& | **387 ([f/o](/wiki/Follow-on \"Follow-on\"))** |\n| [B Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") 47 [SP Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") 5/44 | | [JL Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") 61 [SJ Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") 3/93 |",
"#### Day One",
"[Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") was once again ruled out due to injury, this time to his elbow, and [Australia](/wiki/Australian_cricket_team \"Australian cricket team\") also dropped the out\\-of\\-form [Jason Gillespie](/wiki/Jason_Gillespie \"Jason Gillespie\"), leaving them with a [seam attack](/wiki/Fast_bowling \"Fast bowling\") of [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\"), debutant [Shaun Tait](/wiki/Shaun_Tait \"Shaun Tait\") and [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\"). [England](/wiki/English_cricket_team \"English cricket team\"), having been on top in the last two [Tests](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\"), were unchanged.",
"England won the toss and chose to bat, and they got off to a flyer. Boosted by [no\\-balls](/wiki/No-ball \"No-ball\") from the seamers – a total of 18 before lunch – [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") made hay quickly, and enjoyed batting on a [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_%28cricket%29 \"Pitch (cricket)\") which gave the bowlers no aid. They recorded their second 100\\-run opening [partnership](/wiki/Partnership_%28cricket%29 \"Partnership (cricket)\") of the series, before Strauss was freakishly dismissed for 35, sweeping [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") onto his boot and into [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\")'s waiting hands at slip – a wicket confirmed by the third umpire. [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") continued on his fine form from [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28cricket%29 \"Old Trafford (cricket)\"), though, punishing bad balls from Brett Lee to go into lunch with his score on 14\\. Trescothick, meanwhile, rode his luck, as he was [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\") off a [no\\-ball](/wiki/No-ball \"No-ball\") on 55, much to Lee's displeasure. At lunch England were 129 for 1\\.",
"Only 3\\.1 [overs](/wiki/Over_%28cricket%29 \"Over (cricket)\") were possible in the afternoon session due to rain. Coming back after tea, England immediately lost two wickets to Shaun Tait, who used the cloud cover to good effect and [swung](/wiki/Swing_bowling \"Swing bowling\") the ball well. However, Michael Vaughan and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") batted well together for a 67\\-run partnership, although they were each dropped once. Towards the end of the day, [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") brought himself on, and his [medium pace](/wiki/Fast_bowling \"Fast bowling\") yielded a wicket – that of Vaughan for 58\\. Overnight, the match was evenly poised with England 229 for 4\\.",
"#### Day Two",
"Australia dismissed Pietersen at the beginning of the morning's play, edging a full outswinger from Lee through to [wicket\\-keeper](/wiki/Wicket-keeper \"Wicket-keeper\") [Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\"). But an unbeaten century partnership from [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") and [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") took England's score to 344 for 5 at lunch.",
"After lunch, the pair continued to score quickly for another hour, and extended their partnership to 177 before Flintoff was [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") to Tait for 102, his first Test [century](/wiki/Century_%28cricket%29 \"Century (cricket)\") against Australia. The loss of Flintoff did not deter the English, as Jones continued to hit runs through the off side on the way to his highest score against the Australians, making 85 before he was [caught and bowled](/wiki/Caught_and_bowled \"Caught and bowled\") by Kasprowicz. The next two wickets fell quickly, but a stubborn last\\-wicket partnership of 23 between [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") and [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") – including an incident where the ball hit the [stumps](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 \"Stump (cricket)\") but the [bails](/wiki/Bail_%28cricket%29 \"Bail (cricket)\") failed to fall off – saw England to 477 all out at tea.",
"In the evening session, England's bowlers, especially Matthew Hoggard, managed to find much more swing than the Australian bowlers had done, and ripped through the Australian top order. The first three wickets fell in a crucial period of 11 balls (although the third, which dismissed [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\"), was a debatable decision – television replays indicated that the ball might have hit the bat before the body). By [stumps](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 \"Stump (cricket)\") Australia had been reduced to 99 for 5 to complete an excellent day for England.",
"#### Day Three",
"[Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") and Adam Gilchrist decided that attack was the best form of defence, adding 58 in only 8\\.5 overs in the morning, before England came back to take the next four wickets for the addition of only 18 runs, leaving Australia perilously placed at 175 for 9\\. Simon Jones was the main culprit, using [swing](/wiki/Swing_bowling \"Swing bowling\") to good effect as he removed Katich and Warne in successive balls, and then had Kasprowicz clean bowled. Brett Lee added 47 in 44 balls, including three huge [sixes](/wiki/Boundary_%28cricket%29 \"Boundary (cricket)\"), to take Australia's score to 218, before he was caught off Simon Jones's bowling to give Jones his fifth wicket of the innings. Despite their aggressive batting, Australia therefore finished the first [innings](/wiki/Innings \"Innings\") 259 runs behind.",
"Michael Vaughan then gambled, by enforcing the [follow\\-on](/wiki/Follow-on \"Follow-on\") on the visitors (the first time Australia had followed on in 17 years). By lunch, Australia had reached 14 without loss in their second innings, and they powered on in the afternoon session, only losing [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") and adding 100 more runs before tea. For England, the afternoon session was their worst of the match – to compound their misery, Simon Jones showed signs of injury, and Andrew Strauss dropped Justin Langer on 38\\.",
"In the evening session, England managed to take three wickets, but also dropped a catch and missed a stumping. Australia thus finished the day still 37 runs in arrears but with six wickets still in hand. Simon Jones also went off the field during the evening session with an ankle injury, and was taken to hospital for an ankle scan. While Jones was off the field receiving attention, substitute fielder [Gary Pratt](/wiki/Gary_Pratt \"Gary Pratt\") [ran out](/wiki/Run_out \"Run out\") Australian captain Ricky Ponting, who verbally expressed his displeasure at England's use of subs to the players, umpires and administrators as he left the field.",
"#### Day Four",
"Day Four began in earnest with [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\") and [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") continuing their partnership from the previous day. However, Katich had already twice flirted with dismissal, saved only by chance both times. In the words of BBC cricket commentator [Henry Blofeld](/wiki/Henry_Blofeld \"Henry Blofeld\"), \"It's very much a game of chess – white\\-flannelled figures on green grass.\" The English and the Australians proceeded into a cold war for a good part of the morning, with England attempting to frustrate the Australian batting, but with the latter refusing to take the bait. England's lead slowly evaporated without a wicket falling, but [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\")'s taking of Clarke's and then [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\")'s scalps on either side of the lunch break swung the initiative back into England's hands.",
"The injury to [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") became somewhat obvious as the pacers struggled to capture the magic that Jones had created the previous day that had forced Australia to follow on. Despite this, the Australian run rate remained low as both sides stared each other down. Mistakes by [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") were quickly nullified by the dismissal of Warne for 45 and Kasprowicz for 19, and after a few overs' resistance Tait was [bowled](/wiki/Bowled \"Bowled\") middle [stump](/wiki/Stump_%28cricket%29 \"Stump (cricket)\") for 4, leaving 129 for the English to chase after tea.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Andrew Strauss plays forward to Shane Warne with Michael Clarke waiting to take the catch.](/wiki/Image:Strauss_dismissal.jpg \"Strauss dismissal.jpg\")",
"England then proceeded to send the game into a nailbiter – English wickets fell quickly as [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") took four wickets (including those of [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") (27\\), [Michael Vaughan](/wiki/Michael_Vaughan \"Michael Vaughan\") (0\\) and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") (23\\)). [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") dismissed [Ian Bell](/wiki/Ian_Bell \"Ian Bell\") (3\\) and at 57 for 4 England were in trouble. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") (26\\) and [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") (23\\) then steadied the ship with an invaluable partnership of 46 before both fell in quick succession to Lee. Despite [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") (3\\) being dismissed cheaply, the partnership of [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") (7\\) and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") (8\\) guided the English home. [Man of the match](/wiki/Man_of_the_match \"Man of the match\") honours went to [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"), but more importantly this gave the English a crucial 2–1 edge heading back to London for the fifth and final Test, ensuring that they could not lose the series. However, with the Ashes going to Australia in the event of a drawn series, there was still all to play for at [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval \"The Oval\").",
"[(BBC Scorecard)](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2005/8/11881/html/scorecard.stm)",
"[Ashes Reactions from the public (last day)](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4192310.stm)",
""
] |
### Final Test: England v Australia (8–12 September)
| **{{cr\|England}}** | **373** | \& | **335** | **Match Drawn; ENG won series 2–1** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [AJ Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") 129 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 6/122 | | [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") 158 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") 6/124 | [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval "The Oval"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden "Billy Bowden") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen "Rudi Koertzen") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")) Man of the Match: [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) Men of the Series: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")), [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) Compton\-Miller Award: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") ([Eng](/wiki/England "England")) |
| **{{cr\|Australia}}** | **367** | \& | **4/0** |
| [ML Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") 138 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") 5/78 | | |
#### Team changes
Australia named [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath"), recovered from an elbow injury, to replace [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz "Michael Kasprowicz"). England's [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 "Simon Jones (cricketer)") did not recover from his ankle injury from the [previous Test](/wiki/England_v_Australia_25%E2%80%9329_August_2005 "England v Australia 25–29 August 2005") in time to be included in the England team, and was replaced after much speculation by all\-rounder [Paul Collingwood](/wiki/Paul_Collingwood "Paul Collingwood"), in preference to specialist fast bowler [James Anderson](/wiki/James_Anderson_%28cricketer%29 "James Anderson (cricketer)").
#### Day One
The final match to decide the fate of the legendary Ashes urn finally began, and the proverbial first blood was drawn by England as Michael Vaughan won his third [toss](/wiki/Toss_%28cricket%29 "Toss (cricket)") of the series (much to the delight of the Brit Oval crowd). Vaughan elected to have his English side to bat first, and the English first innings got underway. [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss") added 82 for the first wicket, as England's batsmen looked to take on the Australians, but subtle spin variations bowled from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") yielded three wickets as England went to lunch on 115 for 3\.
[Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") continued after lunch by taking the wicket of [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen") for 14\. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") emerged to form a vital partnership of 143 with [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss"), before to falling to [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") for 72 an hour after tea. Strauss made his 2nd century of the series, before being dismissed by Shane Warne off an acrobatic catch by [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich"). The day ended with [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") and [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles "Ashley Giles") at the crease, with England 319 for 7\. Certain forecasts for London called for showers sometime during the weekend, which, it was thought, might wipe up to a day of action or more from the ledger.
#### Day Two
Day two began positively for the Australians, with [Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") being bowled for 25 off Brett Lee, and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") managing a meagre 2 before being dismissed by McGrath. However, Ashley Giles and [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison "Steve Harmison") frustrated the Australians by taking the score past 370, before Warne trapped Giles lbw shortly before midday, leaving England all out for 373\.
The Australian first innings got off to a solid start, with [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") forging a 100 partnership with fellow opener [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") – the first opening\-partnership century of the series by the Australian cricket team. Langer played some blistering strokes off Giles' bowling in particular, but survived a sharp chance to [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick "Marcus Trescothick") at first [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28cricket%29 "Slip (cricket)"). The Australians were offered the light immediately after tea, despite the English protesting and wanting to bowl Giles. The Australians accepted it, and the light never improved, with light rain coming down later. Thus, the day concluded with Australia 112/0, 261 runs behind England.
#### Day Three
After a delay for wet field conditions, the third day began with a flurry of action, as both [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer") and [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") had close calls with [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") appeals, which replays suggested should have been out, and shies at the stumps that just missed. However, no batsman was given out in the morning session, where only 14 overs of play was possible due to rain. Australia added 45 runs in that time.
After lunch Hayden and Langer continued their solid batting, frustrating the England bowlers, with Langer reaching his 22nd Test century. Shortly afterwards, England gained a minor victory as Harmison dismissed [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer "Justin Langer"), who departed to a rapturous ovation. [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting") should then have been dismissed for a bat\-pad catch off Giles, but Bowden turned down the appeal. Hayden also achieved three\-figure success later in the day, while [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff")'s hostile and accurate bowling was rewarded with the wicket of [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting "Ricky Ponting"), caught at slip by [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss "Andrew Strauss"). With this wicket, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") equalled [Ian Botham](/wiki/Ian_Botham "Ian Botham")'s hitherto unique achievement of 300 runs and 20 wickets in an Ashes series. Flintoff had a later appeal for a catch behind turned down by Rudi Koertzen, despite it hitting the bat.
The Australian batsmen once again ended the day early by accepting an offer of bad light, bringing a much\-interrupted day to a close after only 45\.4 overs. Thanks to dogged batting and at least four umpiring decisions in their favour on the third day, they finished 96 runs behind with eight wickets of their first innings intact.
#### Day Four
The fourth day started brightly for England, [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn "Damien Martyn") hooking a short ball from Flintoff straight into the hands of [Collingwood](/wiki/Paul_Collingwood "Paul Collingwood"), in the third over of the day, having added only one to his overnight score of nine. Further wickets fell, with an excellent knock by [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden "Matthew Hayden") been brought to an end by [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff"). Flintoff continued with impetus and trapped [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich "Simon Katich") lbw for 1, before [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard "Matthew Hoggard") had [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist "Adam Gilchrist") [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") with an [inswinger](/wiki/Inswinger "Inswinger") at the stroke of lunch. Gilchrist, however, had added a quick 23 that could be vital, as Australia went into the pavilion 17 runs behind with four wickets in hand.
However, it only took six post\-lunch overs for England to end the Australian effort. [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones "Geraint Jones") dropped a catch off [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 "Michael Clarke (cricketer)")'s bat, but it did not prove to be crucial, as Clarke was [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") to Hoggard in the next over. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") and [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath "Glenn McGrath") both went for ducks, caught off a mistimed hook and in the slips respectively. Finally Hoggard had [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee "Brett Lee") (6\) [caught](/wiki/Caught "Caught") in the deep and Australia were bowled out for 367\. Flintoff finished with five wickets, the second five\-for of his career, while Hoggard's four for 97 was his best return of the series.
Thus England, who had expected to begin their second innings chasing a hundred runs or more, were actually leading by six as they took up their bats in mid\-afternoon. Australia took a very quick wicket, that of Andrew Strauss, who was dismissed again by [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne"), caught bat\-and\-pad by Katich for a solitary run. The wicket was Warne's 167th against England, equalling [Dennis Lillee](/wiki/Dennis_Lillee "Dennis Lillee")'s Ashes bowling record. 11 balls after this dismissal, umpires [Rudi Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen "Rudi Koertzen") and [Billy Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden "Billy Bowden") judged it unfair to continue play due to inadequate light. One additional session of play was however subsequently possible, taking England to a 40\-run lead without further loss, before poor light ended the day.
[BBC day four synopsis](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4234498.stm)
#### Day Five
The fifth day began with the game still finely balanced. Ponting put his trust in his two proven wicket takers – McGrath and Warne. England batted well for forty minutes, with Vaughan taking the game to the Australian bowlers, but McGrath produced two beautiful outswingers to dismiss him and Ian Bell with consecutive deliveries. The Australian charge was diminished by a couple of uncharacteristic dropped catches, but Warne and McGrath combined to take 4 wickets before lunch, leaving England 133 runs ahead with 5 wickets remaining.
The afternoon session was anchored by Pietersen, the beneficiary of three dropped catches, who scored his maiden Test century, with obdurate support from Collingwood and Giles. The session saw only two wickets fall, Collingwood was caught acrobatically by silly mid\-off Ponting for 10, and Geraint Jones (1\) decisively bowled when he was deceived by a rapid Tait delivery. Pietersen was finally dismissed for 158, a superlative innings including 15 fours and 7 sixes, while Ashley Giles added 59 and Steve Harmison was dismissed for a duck to bring Australia into bat with less than 19 overs remaining.
As the Australians began their innings, it was clear that not enough time remained for them to make up the 341 runs by which they trailed. Almost immediately they were offered the light; and having accepted it, both teams had to return to the dressing rooms to wait for a formal finish. The situation became somewhat farcical. With the match effectively over, the crowd were eager for the Ashes to be presented to England, and the celebrations to begin. After a period of some uncertainty and confusion, at 18:17 BST umpires Koertzen and Bowden removed the bails and pulled up the stumps to signal the end of the match. With no result in this fifth and final Test, England took the series 2–1, regaining [the Ashes](/wiki/The_Ashes "The Ashes") for the first time since 1987\.
[Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen "Kevin Pietersen"), having scored his maiden Test century at a crucial point, was voted [Man of the Match](/wiki/Man_of_the_Match "Man of the Match") by [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4") viewers. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff "Andrew Flintoff") was chosen by Australian coach [John Buchanan](/wiki/John_Buchanan_%28cricketer%2C_born_1953%29 "John Buchanan (cricketer, born 1953)") as English [Man of the Series](/wiki/Man_of_the_Series "Man of the Series") while English coach [Duncan Fletcher](/wiki/Duncan_Fletcher "Duncan Fletcher") selected [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne "Shane Warne") as the Australian Man of the Series. The new [Compton\-Miller Award](/wiki/Compton-Miller_Award "Compton-Miller Award") for the overall man of the series (as selected by each side's chairman of selectors [Trevor Hohns](/wiki/Trevor_Hohns "Trevor Hohns") and [David Graveney](/wiki/David_Graveney "David Graveney")) was also presented to Andrew Flintoff. Finally, the replica urn was presented to jubilant English skipper Michael Vaughan, thus ending the series in favour of the home side.
The next series, scheduled for 2006–2007, will be played in Australia with England defending the Ashes.
[(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T5_08-12SEP2005.html)
[Category:2005 in English cricket](/wiki/Category:2005_in_English_cricket "2005 in English cricket")
|
[
"### Final Test: England v Australia (8–12 September)",
"",
"| **{{cr\\|England}}** | **373** | \\& | **335** | **Match Drawn; ENG won series 2–1** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [AJ Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") 129 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 6/122 | | [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") 158 [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") 6/124 | [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval \"The Oval\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), England Umpires: [BF Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden \"Billy Bowden\") ([NZ](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\")) and [RE Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen \"Rudi Koertzen\") ([SA](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\")) Man of the Match: [KP Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) Men of the Series: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")), [SK Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") ([Aus](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) Compton\\-Miller Award: [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") ([Eng](/wiki/England \"England\")) |\n| **{{cr\\|Australia}}** | **367** | \\& | **4/0** |\n| [ML Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") 138 [A Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") 5/78 | | |",
"#### Team changes",
"Australia named [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\"), recovered from an elbow injury, to replace [Michael Kasprowicz](/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz \"Michael Kasprowicz\"). England's [Simon Jones](/wiki/Simon_Jones_%28cricketer%29 \"Simon Jones (cricketer)\") did not recover from his ankle injury from the [previous Test](/wiki/England_v_Australia_25%E2%80%9329_August_2005 \"England v Australia 25–29 August 2005\") in time to be included in the England team, and was replaced after much speculation by all\\-rounder [Paul Collingwood](/wiki/Paul_Collingwood \"Paul Collingwood\"), in preference to specialist fast bowler [James Anderson](/wiki/James_Anderson_%28cricketer%29 \"James Anderson (cricketer)\").",
"#### Day One",
"The final match to decide the fate of the legendary Ashes urn finally began, and the proverbial first blood was drawn by England as Michael Vaughan won his third [toss](/wiki/Toss_%28cricket%29 \"Toss (cricket)\") of the series (much to the delight of the Brit Oval crowd). Vaughan elected to have his English side to bat first, and the English first innings got underway. [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") and [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\") added 82 for the first wicket, as England's batsmen looked to take on the Australians, but subtle spin variations bowled from [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") yielded three wickets as England went to lunch on 115 for 3\\.",
"[Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") continued after lunch by taking the wicket of [Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\") for 14\\. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") emerged to form a vital partnership of 143 with [Andrew Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\"), before to falling to [Glenn McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") for 72 an hour after tea. Strauss made his 2nd century of the series, before being dismissed by Shane Warne off an acrobatic catch by [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\"). The day ended with [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") and [Ashley Giles](/wiki/Ashley_Giles \"Ashley Giles\") at the crease, with England 319 for 7\\. Certain forecasts for London called for showers sometime during the weekend, which, it was thought, might wipe up to a day of action or more from the ledger.",
"#### Day Two",
"Day two began positively for the Australians, with [Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") being bowled for 25 off Brett Lee, and [Matthew Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") managing a meagre 2 before being dismissed by McGrath. However, Ashley Giles and [Steve Harmison](/wiki/Steve_Harmison \"Steve Harmison\") frustrated the Australians by taking the score past 370, before Warne trapped Giles lbw shortly before midday, leaving England all out for 373\\.",
"The Australian first innings got off to a solid start, with [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") forging a 100 partnership with fellow opener [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") – the first opening\\-partnership century of the series by the Australian cricket team. Langer played some blistering strokes off Giles' bowling in particular, but survived a sharp chance to [Marcus Trescothick](/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick \"Marcus Trescothick\") at first [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28cricket%29 \"Slip (cricket)\"). The Australians were offered the light immediately after tea, despite the English protesting and wanting to bowl Giles. The Australians accepted it, and the light never improved, with light rain coming down later. Thus, the day concluded with Australia 112/0, 261 runs behind England.",
"#### Day Three",
"After a delay for wet field conditions, the third day began with a flurry of action, as both [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\") and [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") had close calls with [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") appeals, which replays suggested should have been out, and shies at the stumps that just missed. However, no batsman was given out in the morning session, where only 14 overs of play was possible due to rain. Australia added 45 runs in that time.",
"After lunch Hayden and Langer continued their solid batting, frustrating the England bowlers, with Langer reaching his 22nd Test century. Shortly afterwards, England gained a minor victory as Harmison dismissed [Justin Langer](/wiki/Justin_Langer \"Justin Langer\"), who departed to a rapturous ovation. [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\") should then have been dismissed for a bat\\-pad catch off Giles, but Bowden turned down the appeal. Hayden also achieved three\\-figure success later in the day, while [Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\")'s hostile and accurate bowling was rewarded with the wicket of [Ricky Ponting](/wiki/Ricky_Ponting \"Ricky Ponting\"), caught at slip by [Strauss](/wiki/Andrew_Strauss \"Andrew Strauss\"). With this wicket, [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") equalled [Ian Botham](/wiki/Ian_Botham \"Ian Botham\")'s hitherto unique achievement of 300 runs and 20 wickets in an Ashes series. Flintoff had a later appeal for a catch behind turned down by Rudi Koertzen, despite it hitting the bat.",
"The Australian batsmen once again ended the day early by accepting an offer of bad light, bringing a much\\-interrupted day to a close after only 45\\.4 overs. Thanks to dogged batting and at least four umpiring decisions in their favour on the third day, they finished 96 runs behind with eight wickets of their first innings intact.",
"#### Day Four",
"The fourth day started brightly for England, [Damien Martyn](/wiki/Damien_Martyn \"Damien Martyn\") hooking a short ball from Flintoff straight into the hands of [Collingwood](/wiki/Paul_Collingwood \"Paul Collingwood\"), in the third over of the day, having added only one to his overnight score of nine. Further wickets fell, with an excellent knock by [Matthew Hayden](/wiki/Matthew_Hayden \"Matthew Hayden\") been brought to an end by [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\"). Flintoff continued with impetus and trapped [Simon Katich](/wiki/Simon_Katich \"Simon Katich\") lbw for 1, before [Hoggard](/wiki/Matthew_Hoggard \"Matthew Hoggard\") had [Adam Gilchrist](/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist \"Adam Gilchrist\") [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") with an [inswinger](/wiki/Inswinger \"Inswinger\") at the stroke of lunch. Gilchrist, however, had added a quick 23 that could be vital, as Australia went into the pavilion 17 runs behind with four wickets in hand.",
"However, it only took six post\\-lunch overs for England to end the Australian effort. [Geraint Jones](/wiki/Geraint_Jones \"Geraint Jones\") dropped a catch off [Michael Clarke](/wiki/Michael_Clarke_%28cricketer%29 \"Michael Clarke (cricketer)\")'s bat, but it did not prove to be crucial, as Clarke was [lbw](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") to Hoggard in the next over. [Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") and [McGrath](/wiki/Glenn_McGrath \"Glenn McGrath\") both went for ducks, caught off a mistimed hook and in the slips respectively. Finally Hoggard had [Brett Lee](/wiki/Brett_Lee \"Brett Lee\") (6\\) [caught](/wiki/Caught \"Caught\") in the deep and Australia were bowled out for 367\\. Flintoff finished with five wickets, the second five\\-for of his career, while Hoggard's four for 97 was his best return of the series.",
"Thus England, who had expected to begin their second innings chasing a hundred runs or more, were actually leading by six as they took up their bats in mid\\-afternoon. Australia took a very quick wicket, that of Andrew Strauss, who was dismissed again by [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\"), caught bat\\-and\\-pad by Katich for a solitary run. The wicket was Warne's 167th against England, equalling [Dennis Lillee](/wiki/Dennis_Lillee \"Dennis Lillee\")'s Ashes bowling record. 11 balls after this dismissal, umpires [Rudi Koertzen](/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen \"Rudi Koertzen\") and [Billy Bowden](/wiki/Billy_Bowden \"Billy Bowden\") judged it unfair to continue play due to inadequate light. One additional session of play was however subsequently possible, taking England to a 40\\-run lead without further loss, before poor light ended the day.",
"[BBC day four synopsis](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4234498.stm)",
"#### Day Five",
"The fifth day began with the game still finely balanced. Ponting put his trust in his two proven wicket takers – McGrath and Warne. England batted well for forty minutes, with Vaughan taking the game to the Australian bowlers, but McGrath produced two beautiful outswingers to dismiss him and Ian Bell with consecutive deliveries. The Australian charge was diminished by a couple of uncharacteristic dropped catches, but Warne and McGrath combined to take 4 wickets before lunch, leaving England 133 runs ahead with 5 wickets remaining.",
"The afternoon session was anchored by Pietersen, the beneficiary of three dropped catches, who scored his maiden Test century, with obdurate support from Collingwood and Giles. The session saw only two wickets fall, Collingwood was caught acrobatically by silly mid\\-off Ponting for 10, and Geraint Jones (1\\) decisively bowled when he was deceived by a rapid Tait delivery. Pietersen was finally dismissed for 158, a superlative innings including 15 fours and 7 sixes, while Ashley Giles added 59 and Steve Harmison was dismissed for a duck to bring Australia into bat with less than 19 overs remaining.",
"As the Australians began their innings, it was clear that not enough time remained for them to make up the 341 runs by which they trailed. Almost immediately they were offered the light; and having accepted it, both teams had to return to the dressing rooms to wait for a formal finish. The situation became somewhat farcical. With the match effectively over, the crowd were eager for the Ashes to be presented to England, and the celebrations to begin. After a period of some uncertainty and confusion, at 18:17 BST umpires Koertzen and Bowden removed the bails and pulled up the stumps to signal the end of the match. With no result in this fifth and final Test, England took the series 2–1, regaining [the Ashes](/wiki/The_Ashes \"The Ashes\") for the first time since 1987\\.",
"[Kevin Pietersen](/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen \"Kevin Pietersen\"), having scored his maiden Test century at a crucial point, was voted [Man of the Match](/wiki/Man_of_the_Match \"Man of the Match\") by [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\") viewers. [Andrew Flintoff](/wiki/Andrew_Flintoff \"Andrew Flintoff\") was chosen by Australian coach [John Buchanan](/wiki/John_Buchanan_%28cricketer%2C_born_1953%29 \"John Buchanan (cricketer, born 1953)\") as English [Man of the Series](/wiki/Man_of_the_Series \"Man of the Series\") while English coach [Duncan Fletcher](/wiki/Duncan_Fletcher \"Duncan Fletcher\") selected [Shane Warne](/wiki/Shane_Warne \"Shane Warne\") as the Australian Man of the Series. The new [Compton\\-Miller Award](/wiki/Compton-Miller_Award \"Compton-Miller Award\") for the overall man of the series (as selected by each side's chairman of selectors [Trevor Hohns](/wiki/Trevor_Hohns \"Trevor Hohns\") and [David Graveney](/wiki/David_Graveney \"David Graveney\")) was also presented to Andrew Flintoff. Finally, the replica urn was presented to jubilant English skipper Michael Vaughan, thus ending the series in favour of the home side.",
"The next series, scheduled for 2006–2007, will be played in Australia with England defending the Ashes.",
"[(Cricinfo scorecard)](http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T5_08-12SEP2005.html)",
"[Category:2005 in English cricket](/wiki/Category:2005_in_English_cricket \"2005 in English cricket\")",
""
] |
History
-------
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| image1 \= Views of Old\-Time Buffalo p28 b.jpg
\| width1 \= 110
\| alt1 \=
\| caption1 \=
\| image2 \= Original Buffalo Library.jpg
\| width2 \= 94
\| alt2 \=
\| caption2 \=
\| image3 \= 20080307 Buffalo \& Erie County Public Library.JPG
\| width3 \= 105
\| alt3 \=
\| caption3 \=
\| footer \= Eastward (L to R): Original \[\[Erie County, New York\|Erie County]] Court House (1818–1876\), the original Buffalo Public Library (1887–1960s), the current \[\[Buffalo \& Erie County Public Library]] (1960s–present)
}}
At one time, a [rivulet](/wiki/Rivulet "Rivulet") flowed from Lafayette Square down Court Street where it eventually met a stream at Niagara and Mohawk Streets.{{cite news\|title\=Familiar Downtown Area Retains Oldtime Laurels: Lafayetts Square, once Court House Square still center of activities\|work\=\[\[Buffalo Courier\-Express]]\|date\=September 30, 1934}} The square hosted the [Niagara County](/wiki/Niagara_County%2C_New_York "Niagara County, New York") Courthouse from 1810 until it was destroyed by the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") during the [Burning of Buffalo](/wiki/Burning_of_Buffalo "Burning of Buffalo") during the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 "War of 1812") on December 30, 1813\.see plaque picture on this page, Niagara Frontier Landmarks Association, 1905\. In 1831, the [Holland Land Company](/wiki/Holland_Land_Company "Holland Land Company") gave the deed of the public park to the city.
The original Erie County court house was built facing the square park in 1818\. Buffalo was the county seat of Niagara County until 1821, when Erie County was created. In 1833 an adjacent county jailhouse was added.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.andrle.com/markers/marke.htm\|title\=Historic Markers, Monuments, and Memorials in Buffalo, New York\|access\-date\=March 26, 2009\|publisher\=Chris Andrle}} The jail, which was crude,Van Ness, p. 60\. and a debtors' prison were located in the back of the courthouse.{{cite book\|title\=The Picture Book of Earlier Buffalo\|editor\=Severance, Frank H.\|publisher\=\[\[Buffalo Historical Society]]\|pages\=172–175\|year\=1912}} In 1853, the city fenced in the square and installed a [US$](/wiki/US%24 "US$")30,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|30000\|1853\|r\=0}}}} today) fountain. Erie County Sheriff Grover Cleveland once personally hanged a criminal in the square when it was still named Court House Square, after his subordinates refused to do so. [President\-elect](/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States "President-elect of the United States") [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln") spoke at the square on February 16, 1861\. The courthouse was used as the place for the determination of justice for the American side of the [Niagara River](/wiki/Niagara_River "Niagara River") until it was abandoned on March 11, 1876\.
{{multiple image
\| align \= left
\| image1 \= Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette.jpg
\| width1 \= 100
\| alt1 \=
\| caption1 \= \[\[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette\|Lieutenant General Lafayette]] Commander French National Guard, 1792 ≈35yrs
\| image2 \= 20080307 Erie County Court House landmark plaque.JPG
\| width2 \= 103
\| alt2 \=
\| caption2 \= Plaque at corner of Washington and Clinton/Lafayette Square designating the original courthouse site
\| footer \=
}}
A [Cyrus Eidlitz](/wiki/Cyrus_Eidlitz "Cyrus Eidlitz") Buffalo Public Library building was first erected on the Court House's location and dedicated on February 7, 1887\. The current [Buffalo \& Erie County Public Library](/wiki/Buffalo_%26_Erie_County_Public_Library "Buffalo & Erie County Public Library") building that replaced Eidlitz's building was constructed between 1961 and 1963\. Eidlitz had won an architectural competition against the likes of [Henry Richardson](/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson "Henry Hobson Richardson"), who was regarded as the nation's top architect at the time.Van Ness, p. 61\. The gargoyles of the [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture "Romanesque architecture") Eidlitz building were widely respected and admired. However, they were not saved due to prohibitive expense at the time of the early 1960s demolition.
In 1825 [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War") veteran and [French](/wiki/French_people "French people") [General Lafayette](/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_marquis_de_La_Fayette "Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette") [visited this square during his historic tour of the United States](/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States_%281824-25%29 "Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States (1824-25)") and gave a speech in the square. He spoke on a platform in front of the Eagle Tavern, a highly regarded hotel in its day, on June 4 as part of ceremonies to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the outbreak of the war.Eberle and Grande, p. 28\. That same year, Buffalo carried out its last official public hanging when brothers Israel, Isaac and Nelson Thayer were hanged for murdering John Love, which some accounts say occurred in the square, while others say it was at Niagara Square.Eberle and Grande, p. 29\. The square hosted many public meetings and early [Erie County Fairs](/wiki/Erie_County_Fair "Erie County Fair"), such as the October 1841 fair that was held in the square and behind the courthouse.Eberle and Grande, p. 48\.
In 1848, the [Free Soil Party](/wiki/Free_Soil_Party "Free Soil Party"), which was absorbed into the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") in 1854, held its national nominating convention in Buffalo. At the convention, the party selected former [New York Governor](/wiki/New_York_Governor "New York Governor") and former United States President [Martin Van Buren](/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren") and [Charles Francis Adams](/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr. "Charles Francis Adams Sr.") as their nominees for [United States President](/wiki/United_States_President "United States President") and [United States Vice President](/wiki/United_States_Vice_President "United States Vice President") for the [1848 election](/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election "1848 United States presidential election").{{Cite book\|title\=Official Proceedings of the National Free Soil Convention, assembled at Buffalo, N.Y., August 9th and 10th, 1848\|publisher\=E. A. Maynard \& Co.\|year\=1848\|chapter\=Meeting of the Grand Committee of Conference\|page\=5}}Eberle and Grande, p. 33\. Forty thousand people witnessed the event at the square. The square has hosted several notable speakers such as [Henry Clay](/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") in 1842 and [Daniel Webster](/wiki/Daniel_Webster "Daniel Webster") in 1833\.
The first meeting regarding the erection of a Civil War monument was held on April 14, 1866\. Efforts stalled until Mrs. [Horatio Seymour](/wiki/Horatio_Seymour "Horatio Seymour") organized the Ladies Union Monument Association on July 2, 1874, which raised $12,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|12000\|1874\|r\=0}}}}) and approved a design by [George Keller](/wiki/George_W._Keller "George W. Keller"). Following this proactive effort, the city of Buffalo approved an additional $45,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|45000\|1874\|r\=0}}}}) for the project. Support for the monument effort coalesced when public interest in and support for an arch by [Henry Hobson Richardson](/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson "Henry Hobson Richardson") at Niagara Square in front of [Buffalo City Hall](/wiki/Buffalo_City_Hall "Buffalo City Hall") faded. In 1879, the name of the square was changed from Court House Park to Lafayette Square.Van Ness, p. 46\.
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| image1 \= Joseph Ellicott.jpg
\| width1 \= 102
\| alt1 \=
\| caption1 \=
\| image2 \= President Grover Cleveland Restored.jpg
\| width2 \= 81
\| alt2 \=
\| caption2 \=
\| footer \= \[\[Joseph Ellicott]] planned Lafayette Square, and \[\[New York State Governor]] \[\[Grover Cleveland]] was one of two United States Governors who attended the square's ''Soldiers and Sailors'' dedication.
}}
Then\-[Mayor of Buffalo](/wiki/Mayor_of_Buffalo "Mayor of Buffalo") [Grover Cleveland](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland") laid the cornerstone of Keller's {{convert\|85\|ft\|m\|1\|adj\=on}} [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite")\-shaft *Soldiers and Sailors* monument in the center of the square on July 4, 1882 and returned as New York Governor to dedicate the monument July 4, 1884\. When the cornerstone was laid with military pomp and Masonic ritual, Cleveland spoke,Brown, p. 120\. and a [time capsule](/wiki/Time_capsule "Time capsule") was sealed away. In addition, [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General "Brigadier General") [Stewart Woodford](/wiki/Stewart_Woodford "Stewart Woodford") made remarks at the first ceremony. Woodford was among several notable people who attended the dedication, including [Pennsylvania Governor](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Governor "Pennsylvania Governor") [John Hartranft](/wiki/John_Hartranft "John Hartranft") and Brigadier General [William Findlay Rogers](/wiki/William_Findlay_Rogers "William Findlay Rogers"). Columns of [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") veterans marched down Main Street to celebrate the day.
The monument has survived two significant threats. First, in 1889, the [foundation](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 "Foundation (engineering)") was found to have settled unevenly, causing a dangerous tilt similar to that of the [Tower of Pisa](/wiki/Tower_of_Pisa "Tower of Pisa"). The square was cracking and crumbling due to an inadequate core of rubble and mortar to support the granite shaft and statuary. In addition the copper box time capsule was found to be three feet below its intended chamber and cracked with its contents destroyed.{{cite web\|url\=http://preserve.bfn.org/bpr/june96/858main/index.html\|title\=The Old Curiosity Shop\|access\-date\=March 25, 2009\|author\=Van Ness, Cynthia\|work\=Buffalo Preservation Report\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20051029030118/http://preserve.bfn.org/bpr/june96/858main/index.html\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2005\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=mdy\-all}} The monument was dismantled and rebuilt with an expanded {{convert\|15\|ft\|m\|1\|adj\=on}} base. On February 12, 1973, a motorist drove his vehicle into the monument, prompting calls for its demolition by 1982 by the [Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority](/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority "Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority"). Instead, the monument was repaired through fundraising efforts by the Buffalo Civil War Round Table involving a successful public awareness campaign.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= Views of Old\\-Time Buffalo p28 b.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 110\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Original Buffalo Library.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 94\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| image3 \\= 20080307 Buffalo \\& Erie County Public Library.JPG\n\\| width3 \\= 105\n\\| alt3 \\= \n\\| caption3 \\= \n\\| footer \\= Eastward (L to R): Original \\[\\[Erie County, New York\\|Erie County]] Court House (1818–1876\\), the original Buffalo Public Library (1887–1960s), the current \\[\\[Buffalo \\& Erie County Public Library]] (1960s–present)\n}}\nAt one time, a [rivulet](/wiki/Rivulet \"Rivulet\") flowed from Lafayette Square down Court Street where it eventually met a stream at Niagara and Mohawk Streets.{{cite news\\|title\\=Familiar Downtown Area Retains Oldtime Laurels: Lafayetts Square, once Court House Square still center of activities\\|work\\=\\[\\[Buffalo Courier\\-Express]]\\|date\\=September 30, 1934}} The square hosted the [Niagara County](/wiki/Niagara_County%2C_New_York \"Niagara County, New York\") Courthouse from 1810 until it was destroyed by the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") during the [Burning of Buffalo](/wiki/Burning_of_Buffalo \"Burning of Buffalo\") during the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 \"War of 1812\") on December 30, 1813\\.see plaque picture on this page, Niagara Frontier Landmarks Association, 1905\\. In 1831, the [Holland Land Company](/wiki/Holland_Land_Company \"Holland Land Company\") gave the deed of the public park to the city.",
"The original Erie County court house was built facing the square park in 1818\\. Buffalo was the county seat of Niagara County until 1821, when Erie County was created. In 1833 an adjacent county jailhouse was added.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.andrle.com/markers/marke.htm\\|title\\=Historic Markers, Monuments, and Memorials in Buffalo, New York\\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2009\\|publisher\\=Chris Andrle}} The jail, which was crude,Van Ness, p. 60\\. and a debtors' prison were located in the back of the courthouse.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Picture Book of Earlier Buffalo\\|editor\\=Severance, Frank H.\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Buffalo Historical Society]]\\|pages\\=172–175\\|year\\=1912}} In 1853, the city fenced in the square and installed a [US$](/wiki/US%24 \"US$\")30,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|30000\\|1853\\|r\\=0}}}} today) fountain. Erie County Sheriff Grover Cleveland once personally hanged a criminal in the square when it was still named Court House Square, after his subordinates refused to do so. [President\\-elect](/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States \"President-elect of the United States\") [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") spoke at the square on February 16, 1861\\. The courthouse was used as the place for the determination of justice for the American side of the [Niagara River](/wiki/Niagara_River \"Niagara River\") until it was abandoned on March 11, 1876\\.",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= left\n\\| image1 \\= Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 100\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \\[\\[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette\\|Lieutenant General Lafayette]] Commander French National Guard, 1792 ≈35yrs\n\\| image2 \\= 20080307 Erie County Court House landmark plaque.JPG\n\\| width2 \\= 103\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= Plaque at corner of Washington and Clinton/Lafayette Square designating the original courthouse site\n\\| footer \\= \n}}\nA [Cyrus Eidlitz](/wiki/Cyrus_Eidlitz \"Cyrus Eidlitz\") Buffalo Public Library building was first erected on the Court House's location and dedicated on February 7, 1887\\. The current [Buffalo \\& Erie County Public Library](/wiki/Buffalo_%26_Erie_County_Public_Library \"Buffalo & Erie County Public Library\") building that replaced Eidlitz's building was constructed between 1961 and 1963\\. Eidlitz had won an architectural competition against the likes of [Henry Richardson](/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson \"Henry Hobson Richardson\"), who was regarded as the nation's top architect at the time.Van Ness, p. 61\\. The gargoyles of the [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture \"Romanesque architecture\") Eidlitz building were widely respected and admired. However, they were not saved due to prohibitive expense at the time of the early 1960s demolition.",
"In 1825 [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\") veteran and [French](/wiki/French_people \"French people\") [General Lafayette](/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_marquis_de_La_Fayette \"Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette\") [visited this square during his historic tour of the United States](/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States_%281824-25%29 \"Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States (1824-25)\") and gave a speech in the square. He spoke on a platform in front of the Eagle Tavern, a highly regarded hotel in its day, on June 4 as part of ceremonies to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the outbreak of the war.Eberle and Grande, p. 28\\. That same year, Buffalo carried out its last official public hanging when brothers Israel, Isaac and Nelson Thayer were hanged for murdering John Love, which some accounts say occurred in the square, while others say it was at Niagara Square.Eberle and Grande, p. 29\\. The square hosted many public meetings and early [Erie County Fairs](/wiki/Erie_County_Fair \"Erie County Fair\"), such as the October 1841 fair that was held in the square and behind the courthouse.Eberle and Grande, p. 48\\.",
"In 1848, the [Free Soil Party](/wiki/Free_Soil_Party \"Free Soil Party\"), which was absorbed into the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") in 1854, held its national nominating convention in Buffalo. At the convention, the party selected former [New York Governor](/wiki/New_York_Governor \"New York Governor\") and former United States President [Martin Van Buren](/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren \"Martin Van Buren\") and [Charles Francis Adams](/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr. \"Charles Francis Adams Sr.\") as their nominees for [United States President](/wiki/United_States_President \"United States President\") and [United States Vice President](/wiki/United_States_Vice_President \"United States Vice President\") for the [1848 election](/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election \"1848 United States presidential election\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Official Proceedings of the National Free Soil Convention, assembled at Buffalo, N.Y., August 9th and 10th, 1848\\|publisher\\=E. A. Maynard \\& Co.\\|year\\=1848\\|chapter\\=Meeting of the Grand Committee of Conference\\|page\\=5}}Eberle and Grande, p. 33\\. Forty thousand people witnessed the event at the square. The square has hosted several notable speakers such as [Henry Clay](/wiki/Henry_Clay \"Henry Clay\") in 1842 and [Daniel Webster](/wiki/Daniel_Webster \"Daniel Webster\") in 1833\\.",
"The first meeting regarding the erection of a Civil War monument was held on April 14, 1866\\. Efforts stalled until Mrs. [Horatio Seymour](/wiki/Horatio_Seymour \"Horatio Seymour\") organized the Ladies Union Monument Association on July 2, 1874, which raised $12,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|12000\\|1874\\|r\\=0}}}}) and approved a design by [George Keller](/wiki/George_W._Keller \"George W. Keller\"). Following this proactive effort, the city of Buffalo approved an additional $45,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|45000\\|1874\\|r\\=0}}}}) for the project. Support for the monument effort coalesced when public interest in and support for an arch by [Henry Hobson Richardson](/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson \"Henry Hobson Richardson\") at Niagara Square in front of [Buffalo City Hall](/wiki/Buffalo_City_Hall \"Buffalo City Hall\") faded. In 1879, the name of the square was changed from Court House Park to Lafayette Square.Van Ness, p. 46\\.",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= Joseph Ellicott.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 102\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= President Grover Cleveland Restored.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 81\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[Joseph Ellicott]] planned Lafayette Square, and \\[\\[New York State Governor]] \\[\\[Grover Cleveland]] was one of two United States Governors who attended the square's ''Soldiers and Sailors'' dedication.\n}}\nThen\\-[Mayor of Buffalo](/wiki/Mayor_of_Buffalo \"Mayor of Buffalo\") [Grover Cleveland](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland \"Grover Cleveland\") laid the cornerstone of Keller's {{convert\\|85\\|ft\\|m\\|1\\|adj\\=on}} [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\")\\-shaft *Soldiers and Sailors* monument in the center of the square on July 4, 1882 and returned as New York Governor to dedicate the monument July 4, 1884\\. When the cornerstone was laid with military pomp and Masonic ritual, Cleveland spoke,Brown, p. 120\\. and a [time capsule](/wiki/Time_capsule \"Time capsule\") was sealed away. In addition, [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General \"Brigadier General\") [Stewart Woodford](/wiki/Stewart_Woodford \"Stewart Woodford\") made remarks at the first ceremony. Woodford was among several notable people who attended the dedication, including [Pennsylvania Governor](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Governor \"Pennsylvania Governor\") [John Hartranft](/wiki/John_Hartranft \"John Hartranft\") and Brigadier General [William Findlay Rogers](/wiki/William_Findlay_Rogers \"William Findlay Rogers\"). Columns of [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") veterans marched down Main Street to celebrate the day.",
"The monument has survived two significant threats. First, in 1889, the [foundation](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 \"Foundation (engineering)\") was found to have settled unevenly, causing a dangerous tilt similar to that of the [Tower of Pisa](/wiki/Tower_of_Pisa \"Tower of Pisa\"). The square was cracking and crumbling due to an inadequate core of rubble and mortar to support the granite shaft and statuary. In addition the copper box time capsule was found to be three feet below its intended chamber and cracked with its contents destroyed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://preserve.bfn.org/bpr/june96/858main/index.html\\|title\\=The Old Curiosity Shop\\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2009\\|author\\=Van Ness, Cynthia\\|work\\=Buffalo Preservation Report\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20051029030118/http://preserve.bfn.org/bpr/june96/858main/index.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2005\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} The monument was dismantled and rebuilt with an expanded {{convert\\|15\\|ft\\|m\\|1\\|adj\\=on}} base. On February 12, 1973, a motorist drove his vehicle into the monument, prompting calls for its demolition by 1982 by the [Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority](/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_Transportation_Authority \"Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority\"). Instead, the monument was repaired through fundraising efforts by the Buffalo Civil War Round Table involving a successful public awareness campaign.",
""
] |
Military career
---------------
[thumb\|Charles A. L. Totten, ca. 1875](/wiki/File:Charles_A._L._Totten_circa_1875.jpg "Charles A. L. Totten circa 1875.jpg")
Totten graduated from [West Point](/wiki/West_Point "West Point") (where he had been an honor student) in June 1873\. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 4th Artillery Regiment. He was promoted to first lieutenant the next year. He would not be promoted again, however, due to slow promotions in the post\-Civil War Army.
He taught military science and tactics at [Massachusetts Agricultural College](/wiki/Massachusetts_Agricultural_College "Massachusetts Agricultural College") (now known as the [University of Massachusetts Amherst](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst "University of Massachusetts Amherst")) from 1875 to 1878\. In this assignment he introduced fencing as a collegiate sport.
Charles Totten and W. R. Livermore are variously credited with being the first to bring the practice of [wargaming](/wiki/Wargaming "Wargaming") from Germany to the United States. Totten's book *[Strategos](/wiki/Strategos_%28game%29 "Strategos (game)")*, one of the first modern wargaming systems in the United States, was published in 1880\.
In 1881 Totten participated in the [Chiricahua Campaign](/wiki/Chiricahua_Campaign "Chiricahua Campaign") against the [Apaches](/wiki/Apache "Apache") in Arizona. For this service, Totten was entitled to receive the [Indian Campaign Medal](/wiki/Indian_Campaign_Medal "Indian Campaign Medal") when it was established in 1907\.
He was stationed at [Fort Adams](/wiki/Fort_Adams "Fort Adams") in [Newport](/wiki/Newport%2C_Rhode_Island "Newport, Rhode Island"), Rhode Island from November 9, 1882, to August 1, 1883\. He then served as Professor of Military Science and Tactics, Cathedral School of St. Paul in New York from August 4, 1883, until April 21, 1886\. A strong opponent of the [Metric System](/wiki/Metric_System "Metric System"), he patented a system of weights and measures in 1884\.
He was again assigned to [Fort Adams](/wiki/Fort_Adams "Fort Adams"), as well as serving as an advisor at Rhode Island Militia encampments, from May 30, 1886, until October 1, 1889\. His last assignment in the Army was as Professor of Military Science and Tactics at [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") from August 1, 1889, until 1892\.
|
[
"Military career\n---------------",
"[thumb\\|Charles A. L. Totten, ca. 1875](/wiki/File:Charles_A._L._Totten_circa_1875.jpg \"Charles A. L. Totten circa 1875.jpg\")",
"Totten graduated from [West Point](/wiki/West_Point \"West Point\") (where he had been an honor student) in June 1873\\. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 4th Artillery Regiment. He was promoted to first lieutenant the next year. He would not be promoted again, however, due to slow promotions in the post\\-Civil War Army.",
"He taught military science and tactics at [Massachusetts Agricultural College](/wiki/Massachusetts_Agricultural_College \"Massachusetts Agricultural College\") (now known as the [University of Massachusetts Amherst](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst \"University of Massachusetts Amherst\")) from 1875 to 1878\\. In this assignment he introduced fencing as a collegiate sport.",
"Charles Totten and W. R. Livermore are variously credited with being the first to bring the practice of [wargaming](/wiki/Wargaming \"Wargaming\") from Germany to the United States. Totten's book *[Strategos](/wiki/Strategos_%28game%29 \"Strategos (game)\")*, one of the first modern wargaming systems in the United States, was published in 1880\\.",
"In 1881 Totten participated in the [Chiricahua Campaign](/wiki/Chiricahua_Campaign \"Chiricahua Campaign\") against the [Apaches](/wiki/Apache \"Apache\") in Arizona. For this service, Totten was entitled to receive the [Indian Campaign Medal](/wiki/Indian_Campaign_Medal \"Indian Campaign Medal\") when it was established in 1907\\.",
"He was stationed at [Fort Adams](/wiki/Fort_Adams \"Fort Adams\") in [Newport](/wiki/Newport%2C_Rhode_Island \"Newport, Rhode Island\"), Rhode Island from November 9, 1882, to August 1, 1883\\. He then served as Professor of Military Science and Tactics, Cathedral School of St. Paul in New York from August 4, 1883, until April 21, 1886\\. A strong opponent of the [Metric System](/wiki/Metric_System \"Metric System\"), he patented a system of weights and measures in 1884\\.",
"He was again assigned to [Fort Adams](/wiki/Fort_Adams \"Fort Adams\"), as well as serving as an advisor at Rhode Island Militia encampments, from May 30, 1886, until October 1, 1889\\. His last assignment in the Army was as Professor of Military Science and Tactics at [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\") from August 1, 1889, until 1892\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Naval career
Acland was born in London, the younger son of Admiral [Sir William Acland, 2nd Bt](/wiki/Sir_William_Acland%2C_2nd_Baronet "Sir William Acland, 2nd Baronet"), (1847–1924\), and the Hon. Emily Anna Smith (1859–1942\). After attending [Bradfield College](/wiki/Bradfield_College "Bradfield College"), Acland joined the Royal Navy on 15 January 1905, at the age of 14\. After training, he was assigned to the [armoured cruiser](/wiki/Armoured_cruiser "Armoured cruiser") {{HMS\|Good Hope\|1901\|2}}, part of the [Channel Fleet](/wiki/Channel_Fleet "Channel Fleet"), with the rank of [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") in 1908\.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN\_officersA.html \|title\= Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939\-1945 (Abbey to Adams) \|author1\=Hans Houterman \|author2\=Jeroen Koppes \|work\= unithistories.com \|accessdate\= 15 October 2011 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035419/http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN\_officersA.html \|archive\-date\= 5 October 2011 \|url\-status\= dead }} He attained promotion to [sub\-lieutenant](/wiki/Sub-lieutenant "Sub-lieutenant") on 15 November 1909, and [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28navy%29 "Lieutenant (navy)") on 15 November 1910\.{{London Gazette \|issue\=28558 \|date\=8 December 1911 \|page\=9263 }}
He served throughout the [Great War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), receiving a [Mention in Dispatches](/wiki/Mention_in_Dispatches "Mention in Dispatches"). On 15 November 1918, within a few days of the [armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany "Armistice with Germany"), Acland was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander "Lieutenant commander"). On 8 March 1920, he was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order") to recognize his "distinguished services as Gunnery Officer of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla, while operating in [the Baltic in 1919](/wiki/British_campaign_in_the_Baltic_%281918%E2%80%931919%29 "British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)")".{{London Gazette \|issue\=31811 \|date\=5 March 1920 \|page\=2862 \|supp\=y }}
From late 1920 until early 1922, Acland was Stationed at [Port Edgar](/wiki/Port_Edgar "Port Edgar") on the [Firth of Forth](/wiki/Firth_of_Forth "Firth of Forth"). In July 1922, he returned to sea to serve as Gunnery Officer aboard the [light cruiser](/wiki/Light_cruiser "Light cruiser") {{HMS\|Centaur\|1916\|2}}. Starting in July 1924, he was aboard the cadet training [battleship](/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") {{HMS\|Thunderer\|1911\|2}} from July 1924, receiving a promotion to [commander](/wiki/Commander_%28Royal_Navy%29 "Commander (Royal Navy)") on 31 December 1924\.
Acland spent two years from March 1925 in the [Naval Intelligence Division](/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)") at the Admiralty, before serving aboard the [heavy cruiser](/wiki/Heavy_cruiser "Heavy cruiser") {{HMS\|Kent\|54\|2}} from December 1927 as Fleet Gunnery Officer of the [China Station](/wiki/China_Station "China Station"). After returning to England in 1930, he briefly commanded the reserve cruiser, {{HMS\|Castor\|1915\|2}} at [Devonport](/wiki/HMNB_Devonport "HMNB Devonport"), before being assigned to the battleship {{HMS\|Revenge\|06\|2}} in the [Mediterranean Fleet](/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet "Mediterranean Fleet") in December.
Promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 "Captain (naval)") on 30 June 1932, he attended the [Royal Navy War College](/wiki/Royal_Naval_College%2C_Greenwich "Royal Naval College, Greenwich") at [Greenwich](/wiki/Greenwich "Greenwich") and the Senior Officers' School at [Sheerness](/wiki/Sheerness "Sheerness") from March 1933, before being appointed to command of {{HMS\|Halcyon\|J42\|2}} as Senior Officer of the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla on 12 March 1934\. From 1 August 1935 he was in command of {{HMS\|Harebell\|1918\|2}} and the Fishery Protection and Minesweeping Flotilla. He returned to duty at the Admiralty in April 1936 and briefly commanded the target vessel {{HMS\|Centurion\|1911\|2}} in October of that year.
In February 1937, Acland was lent to the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy "Royal Australian Navy"). He served as commanding officer of the heavy cruiser {{HMAS\|Australia\|D84\|6}} from April 1937 to April 1938, then the [seaplane carrier](/wiki/Seaplane_carrier "Seaplane carrier") {{HMAS\|Albatross\|1928\|6}} as she was sailed back to the UK, arriving at Devonport in December 1938\.
In August 1939, just before the outbreak of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), he was appointed Senior Officer of the Reserve Fleet at Devonport. From November 1939 was Commanding Officer of the Gunnery School at [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham%2C_Kent "Chatham, Kent"). From 15 March 1941, he commanded the fleet repair ship {{HMS\|Vindictive\|1918\|2}} and, from 8 July 1941, served as Naval [Aide\-de\-camp](/wiki/Aide-de-camp "Aide-de-camp") to [the King](/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom "George VI of the United Kingdom").
Acland was officially placed on the Retired List on 6 February 1942 but remained in service on the staff of the Commander\-in\-Chief at [Rosyth](/wiki/Rosyth "Rosyth") in 1943, and from November of that year until the end of the war served under the Flag Officer\-in\-Charge, Northern Ireland, based in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast"). He finally retired from the Navy after the end of the war in 1945\.
### Personal life
On 21 August 1915, Acland married his second [cousin](/wiki/Cousin "Cousin") (they were both great\-grandchildren of [Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Dyke_Acland%2C_10th_Baronet "Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet")) Lalage Mary Kathleen Acland (1889–1961\), at All Saints Church, [Dorchester](/wiki/Dorchester%2C_Dorset "Dorchester, Dorset"). They had two sons; Major [Sir Antony Guy Acland](/wiki/Sir_Antony_Guy_Acland%2C_5th_Baronet "Sir Antony Guy Acland, 5th Baronet"), 5th Bt. (1916–1983\) and Lieutenant Colonel James Alison Acland (1919–1993\).{{cite web \|url\= http://www.thepeerage.com/p3133\.htm\#i31327 \|title\=Captain Sir Hubert Guy Dyke Acland, 4th Bt. \|first\=Darryl \|last\=Lundy \|work\=thepeerage.com \|accessdate\=15 October 2011}}
Acland succeeded to the title of 4th Baronet Acland on 4 December 1970 after the death of his older brother Colonel [Sir William Acland, 3rd Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Acland%2C_3rd_Baronet "Sir William Acland, 3rd Baronet"). He died at his home on the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight "Isle of Wight") on 6 May 1978\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Naval career",
"Acland was born in London, the younger son of Admiral [Sir William Acland, 2nd Bt](/wiki/Sir_William_Acland%2C_2nd_Baronet \"Sir William Acland, 2nd Baronet\"), (1847–1924\\), and the Hon. Emily Anna Smith (1859–1942\\). After attending [Bradfield College](/wiki/Bradfield_College \"Bradfield College\"), Acland joined the Royal Navy on 15 January 1905, at the age of 14\\. After training, he was assigned to the [armoured cruiser](/wiki/Armoured_cruiser \"Armoured cruiser\") {{HMS\\|Good Hope\\|1901\\|2}}, part of the [Channel Fleet](/wiki/Channel_Fleet \"Channel Fleet\"), with the rank of [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman \"Midshipman\") in 1908\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN\\_officersA.html \\|title\\= Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939\\-1945 (Abbey to Adams) \\|author1\\=Hans Houterman \\|author2\\=Jeroen Koppes \\|work\\= unithistories.com \\|accessdate\\= 15 October 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035419/http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN\\_officersA.html \\|archive\\-date\\= 5 October 2011 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }} He attained promotion to [sub\\-lieutenant](/wiki/Sub-lieutenant \"Sub-lieutenant\") on 15 November 1909, and [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28navy%29 \"Lieutenant (navy)\") on 15 November 1910\\.{{London Gazette \\|issue\\=28558 \\|date\\=8 December 1911 \\|page\\=9263 }}",
"He served throughout the [Great War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), receiving a [Mention in Dispatches](/wiki/Mention_in_Dispatches \"Mention in Dispatches\"). On 15 November 1918, within a few days of the [armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany \"Armistice with Germany\"), Acland was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander \"Lieutenant commander\"). On 8 March 1920, he was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\") to recognize his \"distinguished services as Gunnery Officer of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla, while operating in [the Baltic in 1919](/wiki/British_campaign_in_the_Baltic_%281918%E2%80%931919%29 \"British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)\")\".{{London Gazette \\|issue\\=31811 \\|date\\=5 March 1920 \\|page\\=2862 \\|supp\\=y }}",
"From late 1920 until early 1922, Acland was Stationed at [Port Edgar](/wiki/Port_Edgar \"Port Edgar\") on the [Firth of Forth](/wiki/Firth_of_Forth \"Firth of Forth\"). In July 1922, he returned to sea to serve as Gunnery Officer aboard the [light cruiser](/wiki/Light_cruiser \"Light cruiser\") {{HMS\\|Centaur\\|1916\\|2}}. Starting in July 1924, he was aboard the cadet training [battleship](/wiki/Battleship \"Battleship\") {{HMS\\|Thunderer\\|1911\\|2}} from July 1924, receiving a promotion to [commander](/wiki/Commander_%28Royal_Navy%29 \"Commander (Royal Navy)\") on 31 December 1924\\.",
"Acland spent two years from March 1925 in the [Naval Intelligence Division](/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)\") at the Admiralty, before serving aboard the [heavy cruiser](/wiki/Heavy_cruiser \"Heavy cruiser\") {{HMS\\|Kent\\|54\\|2}} from December 1927 as Fleet Gunnery Officer of the [China Station](/wiki/China_Station \"China Station\"). After returning to England in 1930, he briefly commanded the reserve cruiser, {{HMS\\|Castor\\|1915\\|2}} at [Devonport](/wiki/HMNB_Devonport \"HMNB Devonport\"), before being assigned to the battleship {{HMS\\|Revenge\\|06\\|2}} in the [Mediterranean Fleet](/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet \"Mediterranean Fleet\") in December.",
"Promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 \"Captain (naval)\") on 30 June 1932, he attended the [Royal Navy War College](/wiki/Royal_Naval_College%2C_Greenwich \"Royal Naval College, Greenwich\") at [Greenwich](/wiki/Greenwich \"Greenwich\") and the Senior Officers' School at [Sheerness](/wiki/Sheerness \"Sheerness\") from March 1933, before being appointed to command of {{HMS\\|Halcyon\\|J42\\|2}} as Senior Officer of the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla on 12 March 1934\\. From 1 August 1935 he was in command of {{HMS\\|Harebell\\|1918\\|2}} and the Fishery Protection and Minesweeping Flotilla. He returned to duty at the Admiralty in April 1936 and briefly commanded the target vessel {{HMS\\|Centurion\\|1911\\|2}} in October of that year.",
"In February 1937, Acland was lent to the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy \"Royal Australian Navy\"). He served as commanding officer of the heavy cruiser {{HMAS\\|Australia\\|D84\\|6}} from April 1937 to April 1938, then the [seaplane carrier](/wiki/Seaplane_carrier \"Seaplane carrier\") {{HMAS\\|Albatross\\|1928\\|6}} as she was sailed back to the UK, arriving at Devonport in December 1938\\.",
"In August 1939, just before the outbreak of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), he was appointed Senior Officer of the Reserve Fleet at Devonport. From November 1939 was Commanding Officer of the Gunnery School at [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham%2C_Kent \"Chatham, Kent\"). From 15 March 1941, he commanded the fleet repair ship {{HMS\\|Vindictive\\|1918\\|2}} and, from 8 July 1941, served as Naval [Aide\\-de\\-camp](/wiki/Aide-de-camp \"Aide-de-camp\") to [the King](/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom \"George VI of the United Kingdom\").",
"Acland was officially placed on the Retired List on 6 February 1942 but remained in service on the staff of the Commander\\-in\\-Chief at [Rosyth](/wiki/Rosyth \"Rosyth\") in 1943, and from November of that year until the end of the war served under the Flag Officer\\-in\\-Charge, Northern Ireland, based in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"). He finally retired from the Navy after the end of the war in 1945\\.",
"### Personal life",
"On 21 August 1915, Acland married his second [cousin](/wiki/Cousin \"Cousin\") (they were both great\\-grandchildren of [Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Dyke_Acland%2C_10th_Baronet \"Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet\")) Lalage Mary Kathleen Acland (1889–1961\\), at All Saints Church, [Dorchester](/wiki/Dorchester%2C_Dorset \"Dorchester, Dorset\"). They had two sons; Major [Sir Antony Guy Acland](/wiki/Sir_Antony_Guy_Acland%2C_5th_Baronet \"Sir Antony Guy Acland, 5th Baronet\"), 5th Bt. (1916–1983\\) and Lieutenant Colonel James Alison Acland (1919–1993\\).{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.thepeerage.com/p3133\\.htm\\#i31327 \\|title\\=Captain Sir Hubert Guy Dyke Acland, 4th Bt. \\|first\\=Darryl \\|last\\=Lundy \\|work\\=thepeerage.com \\|accessdate\\=15 October 2011}}",
"Acland succeeded to the title of 4th Baronet Acland on 4 December 1970 after the death of his older brother Colonel [Sir William Acland, 3rd Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Acland%2C_3rd_Baronet \"Sir William Acland, 3rd Baronet\"). He died at his home on the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight \"Isle of Wight\") on 6 May 1978\\.",
""
] |
### Naval career
Acland was born in London, the younger son of Admiral [Sir William Acland, 2nd Bt](/wiki/Sir_William_Acland%2C_2nd_Baronet "Sir William Acland, 2nd Baronet"), (1847–1924\), and the Hon. Emily Anna Smith (1859–1942\). After attending [Bradfield College](/wiki/Bradfield_College "Bradfield College"), Acland joined the Royal Navy on 15 January 1905, at the age of 14\. After training, he was assigned to the [armoured cruiser](/wiki/Armoured_cruiser "Armoured cruiser") {{HMS\|Good Hope\|1901\|2}}, part of the [Channel Fleet](/wiki/Channel_Fleet "Channel Fleet"), with the rank of [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") in 1908\.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN\_officersA.html \|title\= Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939\-1945 (Abbey to Adams) \|author1\=Hans Houterman \|author2\=Jeroen Koppes \|work\= unithistories.com \|accessdate\= 15 October 2011 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035419/http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN\_officersA.html \|archive\-date\= 5 October 2011 \|url\-status\= dead }} He attained promotion to [sub\-lieutenant](/wiki/Sub-lieutenant "Sub-lieutenant") on 15 November 1909, and [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28navy%29 "Lieutenant (navy)") on 15 November 1910\.{{London Gazette \|issue\=28558 \|date\=8 December 1911 \|page\=9263 }}
He served throughout the [Great War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), receiving a [Mention in Dispatches](/wiki/Mention_in_Dispatches "Mention in Dispatches"). On 15 November 1918, within a few days of the [armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany "Armistice with Germany"), Acland was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander "Lieutenant commander"). On 8 March 1920, he was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order") to recognize his "distinguished services as Gunnery Officer of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla, while operating in [the Baltic in 1919](/wiki/British_campaign_in_the_Baltic_%281918%E2%80%931919%29 "British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)")".{{London Gazette \|issue\=31811 \|date\=5 March 1920 \|page\=2862 \|supp\=y }}
From late 1920 until early 1922, Acland was Stationed at [Port Edgar](/wiki/Port_Edgar "Port Edgar") on the [Firth of Forth](/wiki/Firth_of_Forth "Firth of Forth"). In July 1922, he returned to sea to serve as Gunnery Officer aboard the [light cruiser](/wiki/Light_cruiser "Light cruiser") {{HMS\|Centaur\|1916\|2}}. Starting in July 1924, he was aboard the cadet training [battleship](/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") {{HMS\|Thunderer\|1911\|2}} from July 1924, receiving a promotion to [commander](/wiki/Commander_%28Royal_Navy%29 "Commander (Royal Navy)") on 31 December 1924\.
Acland spent two years from March 1925 in the [Naval Intelligence Division](/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)") at the Admiralty, before serving aboard the [heavy cruiser](/wiki/Heavy_cruiser "Heavy cruiser") {{HMS\|Kent\|54\|2}} from December 1927 as Fleet Gunnery Officer of the [China Station](/wiki/China_Station "China Station"). After returning to England in 1930, he briefly commanded the reserve cruiser, {{HMS\|Castor\|1915\|2}} at [Devonport](/wiki/HMNB_Devonport "HMNB Devonport"), before being assigned to the battleship {{HMS\|Revenge\|06\|2}} in the [Mediterranean Fleet](/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet "Mediterranean Fleet") in December.
Promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 "Captain (naval)") on 30 June 1932, he attended the [Royal Navy War College](/wiki/Royal_Naval_College%2C_Greenwich "Royal Naval College, Greenwich") at [Greenwich](/wiki/Greenwich "Greenwich") and the Senior Officers' School at [Sheerness](/wiki/Sheerness "Sheerness") from March 1933, before being appointed to command of {{HMS\|Halcyon\|J42\|2}} as Senior Officer of the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla on 12 March 1934\. From 1 August 1935 he was in command of {{HMS\|Harebell\|1918\|2}} and the Fishery Protection and Minesweeping Flotilla. He returned to duty at the Admiralty in April 1936 and briefly commanded the target vessel {{HMS\|Centurion\|1911\|2}} in October of that year.
In February 1937, Acland was lent to the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy "Royal Australian Navy"). He served as commanding officer of the heavy cruiser {{HMAS\|Australia\|D84\|6}} from April 1937 to April 1938, then the [seaplane carrier](/wiki/Seaplane_carrier "Seaplane carrier") {{HMAS\|Albatross\|1928\|6}} as she was sailed back to the UK, arriving at Devonport in December 1938\.
In August 1939, just before the outbreak of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), he was appointed Senior Officer of the Reserve Fleet at Devonport. From November 1939 was Commanding Officer of the Gunnery School at [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham%2C_Kent "Chatham, Kent"). From 15 March 1941, he commanded the fleet repair ship {{HMS\|Vindictive\|1918\|2}} and, from 8 July 1941, served as Naval [Aide\-de\-camp](/wiki/Aide-de-camp "Aide-de-camp") to [the King](/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom "George VI of the United Kingdom").
Acland was officially placed on the Retired List on 6 February 1942 but remained in service on the staff of the Commander\-in\-Chief at [Rosyth](/wiki/Rosyth "Rosyth") in 1943, and from November of that year until the end of the war served under the Flag Officer\-in\-Charge, Northern Ireland, based in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast"). He finally retired from the Navy after the end of the war in 1945\.
|
[
"### Naval career",
"Acland was born in London, the younger son of Admiral [Sir William Acland, 2nd Bt](/wiki/Sir_William_Acland%2C_2nd_Baronet \"Sir William Acland, 2nd Baronet\"), (1847–1924\\), and the Hon. Emily Anna Smith (1859–1942\\). After attending [Bradfield College](/wiki/Bradfield_College \"Bradfield College\"), Acland joined the Royal Navy on 15 January 1905, at the age of 14\\. After training, he was assigned to the [armoured cruiser](/wiki/Armoured_cruiser \"Armoured cruiser\") {{HMS\\|Good Hope\\|1901\\|2}}, part of the [Channel Fleet](/wiki/Channel_Fleet \"Channel Fleet\"), with the rank of [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman \"Midshipman\") in 1908\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN\\_officersA.html \\|title\\= Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939\\-1945 (Abbey to Adams) \\|author1\\=Hans Houterman \\|author2\\=Jeroen Koppes \\|work\\= unithistories.com \\|accessdate\\= 15 October 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035419/http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN\\_officersA.html \\|archive\\-date\\= 5 October 2011 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }} He attained promotion to [sub\\-lieutenant](/wiki/Sub-lieutenant \"Sub-lieutenant\") on 15 November 1909, and [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28navy%29 \"Lieutenant (navy)\") on 15 November 1910\\.{{London Gazette \\|issue\\=28558 \\|date\\=8 December 1911 \\|page\\=9263 }}",
"He served throughout the [Great War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), receiving a [Mention in Dispatches](/wiki/Mention_in_Dispatches \"Mention in Dispatches\"). On 15 November 1918, within a few days of the [armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany \"Armistice with Germany\"), Acland was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander \"Lieutenant commander\"). On 8 March 1920, he was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\") to recognize his \"distinguished services as Gunnery Officer of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla, while operating in [the Baltic in 1919](/wiki/British_campaign_in_the_Baltic_%281918%E2%80%931919%29 \"British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)\")\".{{London Gazette \\|issue\\=31811 \\|date\\=5 March 1920 \\|page\\=2862 \\|supp\\=y }}",
"From late 1920 until early 1922, Acland was Stationed at [Port Edgar](/wiki/Port_Edgar \"Port Edgar\") on the [Firth of Forth](/wiki/Firth_of_Forth \"Firth of Forth\"). In July 1922, he returned to sea to serve as Gunnery Officer aboard the [light cruiser](/wiki/Light_cruiser \"Light cruiser\") {{HMS\\|Centaur\\|1916\\|2}}. Starting in July 1924, he was aboard the cadet training [battleship](/wiki/Battleship \"Battleship\") {{HMS\\|Thunderer\\|1911\\|2}} from July 1924, receiving a promotion to [commander](/wiki/Commander_%28Royal_Navy%29 \"Commander (Royal Navy)\") on 31 December 1924\\.",
"Acland spent two years from March 1925 in the [Naval Intelligence Division](/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)\") at the Admiralty, before serving aboard the [heavy cruiser](/wiki/Heavy_cruiser \"Heavy cruiser\") {{HMS\\|Kent\\|54\\|2}} from December 1927 as Fleet Gunnery Officer of the [China Station](/wiki/China_Station \"China Station\"). After returning to England in 1930, he briefly commanded the reserve cruiser, {{HMS\\|Castor\\|1915\\|2}} at [Devonport](/wiki/HMNB_Devonport \"HMNB Devonport\"), before being assigned to the battleship {{HMS\\|Revenge\\|06\\|2}} in the [Mediterranean Fleet](/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet \"Mediterranean Fleet\") in December.",
"Promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 \"Captain (naval)\") on 30 June 1932, he attended the [Royal Navy War College](/wiki/Royal_Naval_College%2C_Greenwich \"Royal Naval College, Greenwich\") at [Greenwich](/wiki/Greenwich \"Greenwich\") and the Senior Officers' School at [Sheerness](/wiki/Sheerness \"Sheerness\") from March 1933, before being appointed to command of {{HMS\\|Halcyon\\|J42\\|2}} as Senior Officer of the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla on 12 March 1934\\. From 1 August 1935 he was in command of {{HMS\\|Harebell\\|1918\\|2}} and the Fishery Protection and Minesweeping Flotilla. He returned to duty at the Admiralty in April 1936 and briefly commanded the target vessel {{HMS\\|Centurion\\|1911\\|2}} in October of that year.",
"In February 1937, Acland was lent to the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy \"Royal Australian Navy\"). He served as commanding officer of the heavy cruiser {{HMAS\\|Australia\\|D84\\|6}} from April 1937 to April 1938, then the [seaplane carrier](/wiki/Seaplane_carrier \"Seaplane carrier\") {{HMAS\\|Albatross\\|1928\\|6}} as she was sailed back to the UK, arriving at Devonport in December 1938\\.",
"In August 1939, just before the outbreak of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), he was appointed Senior Officer of the Reserve Fleet at Devonport. From November 1939 was Commanding Officer of the Gunnery School at [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham%2C_Kent \"Chatham, Kent\"). From 15 March 1941, he commanded the fleet repair ship {{HMS\\|Vindictive\\|1918\\|2}} and, from 8 July 1941, served as Naval [Aide\\-de\\-camp](/wiki/Aide-de-camp \"Aide-de-camp\") to [the King](/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom \"George VI of the United Kingdom\").",
"Acland was officially placed on the Retired List on 6 February 1942 but remained in service on the staff of the Commander\\-in\\-Chief at [Rosyth](/wiki/Rosyth \"Rosyth\") in 1943, and from November of that year until the end of the war served under the Flag Officer\\-in\\-Charge, Northern Ireland, based in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"). He finally retired from the Navy after the end of the war in 1945\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Two [professional assassins](/wiki/Hitman "Hitman") are sent to kidnap a 9\-year\-old boy named Travis Knight ([Harley Cross](/wiki/Harley_Cross "Harley Cross")), who is under the [United States Federal Witness Protection Program](/wiki/United_States_Federal_Witness_Protection_Program "United States Federal Witness Protection Program") in [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma") after witnessing a mob killing in [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"). Cohen ([Roy Scheider](/wiki/Roy_Scheider "Roy Scheider")) is an older, jaded assassin with a little bit of humanity still in him. Tate ([Adam Baldwin](/wiki/Adam_Baldwin "Adam Baldwin")) is a younger, hotheaded and psychopathic killer.
The two hitmen assassinate the boy's parents and the agent who protected them with the help of another agent who lets them get in the house and then runs away. They capture Travis and drive him away to see their boss, in [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"). When Travis learns this from Cohen, he takes advantage of a rising antagonism between his hijackers to further tangle and pit one against the other in order to survive.
When his captors are distracted Travis escapes and is soon picked up by an [Oklahoma Highway Patrol](/wiki/Oklahoma_Highway_Patrol "Oklahoma Highway Patrol") trooper, who is later shot in the head by Cohen while he's driving. Once again they capture Travis and hear on the radio that the boy's father survived the attack and is only injured, and the police are after their trail. Tate wants to get rid of Travis but Cohen does not. They suddenly find a [roadblock](/wiki/Roadblock "Roadblock") ahead and manage to escape by threatening to kill Travis and blowing up the police patrols.
They swap cars with a passing driver after Tate uses [brass knuckles](/wiki/Brass_knuckles "Brass knuckles") to knock him out. Cohen suddenly stops driving and parks beside a mailbox. Without saying a word, with an expression of grief (coming from the suspicion of what could be his last job), he sends part of his payment and his money clip in a letter to his wife. Travis finally manages to turn his captors on each other, when he realizes that Tate is about to shoot the sleepy Cohen while he is driving. He shouts at Cohen, warning him. This enrages Tate, who calls Travis a liar. Travis spits at Tate, and when Tate tries to harm him, he gets shot and chucked out of the moving car by Cohen, who later stows his body in the trunk.
A stop at the gas station leaves an overly curious attendant getting shot through a glass door after he sees blood coming out of the car's trunk while attempting to call for help. Cohen goes to check on Tate only to be attacked on by his now\-enraged and still\-alive partner, who springs out of the trunk and batters Cohen senseless. He reveals himself to have been wearing a bulletproof vest. Travis manages to drive the car away from Tate and hide among pump jacks and oil tanks in an oil field. Cohen reappears and handcuffs Travis to his wrist. Tate stalks them in the dark. When Cohen moves abruptly to shoot where he thinks Tate is, he loses his [hearing aid](/wiki/Hearing_aid "Hearing aid"). Travis finds it but hesitates about speaking out. Cohen looks at Travis with fear in his eyes, and pleads for help. Travis gives him the hearing aid and Cohen thanks him. While escaping, Tate suddenly comes out and shoots Cohen, who takes a round to the shoulder and appears to pass out. Tate advances on Travis before being shot by Cohen, causing him to fall beneath an oil pump jack and be splattered everywhere by the equipment.
When he gets to Houston, Cohen is cornered on the highway by the police and considers shooting Travis, but the boy lets him know that he cannot do it and they both know it. Cohen collides with a highway roadblock in his last attempt to escape, and the car breaks in Houston's downtown. Absolutely cornered by the police, Cohen holds Travis close to him, cocks his gun, and asks him: "How old are you, kid"?. Travis answers "nine". While looking up, Cohen says: "Nine, huh? How about that?" and shoots himself through the throat, dying instantly.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Two [professional assassins](/wiki/Hitman \"Hitman\") are sent to kidnap a 9\\-year\\-old boy named Travis Knight ([Harley Cross](/wiki/Harley_Cross \"Harley Cross\")), who is under the [United States Federal Witness Protection Program](/wiki/United_States_Federal_Witness_Protection_Program \"United States Federal Witness Protection Program\") in [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma \"Oklahoma\") after witnessing a mob killing in [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"). Cohen ([Roy Scheider](/wiki/Roy_Scheider \"Roy Scheider\")) is an older, jaded assassin with a little bit of humanity still in him. Tate ([Adam Baldwin](/wiki/Adam_Baldwin \"Adam Baldwin\")) is a younger, hotheaded and psychopathic killer.",
"The two hitmen assassinate the boy's parents and the agent who protected them with the help of another agent who lets them get in the house and then runs away. They capture Travis and drive him away to see their boss, in [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"). When Travis learns this from Cohen, he takes advantage of a rising antagonism between his hijackers to further tangle and pit one against the other in order to survive.",
"When his captors are distracted Travis escapes and is soon picked up by an [Oklahoma Highway Patrol](/wiki/Oklahoma_Highway_Patrol \"Oklahoma Highway Patrol\") trooper, who is later shot in the head by Cohen while he's driving. Once again they capture Travis and hear on the radio that the boy's father survived the attack and is only injured, and the police are after their trail. Tate wants to get rid of Travis but Cohen does not. They suddenly find a [roadblock](/wiki/Roadblock \"Roadblock\") ahead and manage to escape by threatening to kill Travis and blowing up the police patrols.",
"They swap cars with a passing driver after Tate uses [brass knuckles](/wiki/Brass_knuckles \"Brass knuckles\") to knock him out. Cohen suddenly stops driving and parks beside a mailbox. Without saying a word, with an expression of grief (coming from the suspicion of what could be his last job), he sends part of his payment and his money clip in a letter to his wife. Travis finally manages to turn his captors on each other, when he realizes that Tate is about to shoot the sleepy Cohen while he is driving. He shouts at Cohen, warning him. This enrages Tate, who calls Travis a liar. Travis spits at Tate, and when Tate tries to harm him, he gets shot and chucked out of the moving car by Cohen, who later stows his body in the trunk.",
"A stop at the gas station leaves an overly curious attendant getting shot through a glass door after he sees blood coming out of the car's trunk while attempting to call for help. Cohen goes to check on Tate only to be attacked on by his now\\-enraged and still\\-alive partner, who springs out of the trunk and batters Cohen senseless. He reveals himself to have been wearing a bulletproof vest. Travis manages to drive the car away from Tate and hide among pump jacks and oil tanks in an oil field. Cohen reappears and handcuffs Travis to his wrist. Tate stalks them in the dark. When Cohen moves abruptly to shoot where he thinks Tate is, he loses his [hearing aid](/wiki/Hearing_aid \"Hearing aid\"). Travis finds it but hesitates about speaking out. Cohen looks at Travis with fear in his eyes, and pleads for help. Travis gives him the hearing aid and Cohen thanks him. While escaping, Tate suddenly comes out and shoots Cohen, who takes a round to the shoulder and appears to pass out. Tate advances on Travis before being shot by Cohen, causing him to fall beneath an oil pump jack and be splattered everywhere by the equipment.",
"When he gets to Houston, Cohen is cornered on the highway by the police and considers shooting Travis, but the boy lets him know that he cannot do it and they both know it. Cohen collides with a highway roadblock in his last attempt to escape, and the car breaks in Houston's downtown. Absolutely cornered by the police, Cohen holds Travis close to him, cocks his gun, and asks him: \"How old are you, kid\"?. Travis answers \"nine\". While looking up, Cohen says: \"Nine, huh? How about that?\" and shoots himself through the throat, dying instantly.",
""
] |
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