Datasets:
tom-010
/
diffusing-embeddings-sections-and-paragraphs

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
Community
text
stringlengths
791
228k
parts
listlengths
6
567
History ------- The town's name means 'High homestead/village'. The Ferrers family are mentioned in connection with the town in 1166\. The [hundred](/wiki/Hundred_%28county_division%29 "Hundred (county division)") is named after Higham Ferrers, but the site of the meeting\-place is unknown.{{Cite web \|url\=http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Northamptonshire/Higham%20Ferrers \|title\=Key to English Place\-names \|access\-date\=16 April 2021 \|archive\-date\=16 April 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416152854/http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Northamptonshire/Higham%20Ferrers \|url\-status\=live }} The first Charter of 1251 was due to the Lord of the Manor, William de Ferrers, who created the Borough in order to promote a prosperous community at the gates of his castle, where people had begun to settle in numbers and to trade in the ancient market. [Henry Chichele](/wiki/Henry_Chichele "Henry Chichele") (c. 1364 – 12 April 1443\) was born in Higham Ferrers. He was [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury "Archbishop of Canterbury") and founded [All Souls College, Oxford](/wiki/All_Souls_College%2C_Oxford "All Souls College, Oxford"). In 1422 Higham Ferrers School was founded.{{Cite book\|title\=Chaucer and Fifteenth\-Century Verse and Prose\|author\=H. S. Bennet\|date\=December 1986 \|page\=224\|publisher\=Clarendon Press\|isbn\=0\-19\-812201\-2}} The second Charter was granted in 1556 in the reign of [Mary Tudor](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England "Mary I of England"). For many years the town provided a safe seat in Parliament for a supporter of the Crown nominated by the [Duchy of Lancaster](/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster "Duchy of Lancaster"), the biggest landowner. When [James I](/wiki/James_I_of_England "James I of England") came to the throne the town obtained a confirmation and further extension of civic powers and liberties by the Charter of 1604\. Again after the [Restoration of Charles II](/wiki/Restoration_%28England%29 "Restoration (England)") to the throne and the passing of the [Corporations Act 1661](/wiki/Corporations_Act_1661 "Corporations Act 1661") the liberties were confirmed and extended. The town was a [rotten borough](/wiki/Rotten_borough "Rotten borough") and sent one MP to the [unreformed House of Commons](/wiki/Unreformed_House_of_Commons "Unreformed House of Commons") until it was stripped of its representation by the [Reform Act 1832](/wiki/Reform_Act_1832 "Reform Act 1832"). After the [Municipal Corporations Act 1882](/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1882 "Municipal Corporations Act 1882"), the modern Charter of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") reorganised the composition of the Corporation on modern lines to conform to the pattern of local government laid down in that Act. This Charter is the only one of the town's charters written in English: the earlier charters were in Latin. The castle is thought to have been built not long after the [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest "Norman Conquest") in 1066\. However towards the end of the 15th century the castle suffered years of neglect. It was finally demolished in 1523 and the stone removed to build [Kimbolton Castle](/wiki/Kimbolton_Castle "Kimbolton Castle"). A grass bank and a pond are all that remain of the defensive earthworks and moat. In the garden of the Green Dragon Inn, formerly within the area of the outer ward of the castle, are the remains of a rectangular dove\-house.
[ "History\n-------", "The town's name means 'High homestead/village'. The Ferrers family are mentioned in connection with the town in 1166\\. The [hundred](/wiki/Hundred_%28county_division%29 \"Hundred (county division)\") is named after Higham Ferrers, but the site of the meeting\\-place is unknown.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Northamptonshire/Higham%20Ferrers \\|title\\=Key to English Place\\-names \\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 April 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416152854/http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Northamptonshire/Higham%20Ferrers \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The first Charter of 1251 was due to the Lord of the Manor, William de Ferrers, who created the Borough in order to promote a prosperous community at the gates of his castle, where people had begun to settle in numbers and to trade in the ancient market.", "[Henry Chichele](/wiki/Henry_Chichele \"Henry Chichele\") (c. 1364 – 12 April 1443\\) was born in Higham Ferrers. He was [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\") and founded [All Souls College, Oxford](/wiki/All_Souls_College%2C_Oxford \"All Souls College, Oxford\").", "In 1422 Higham Ferrers School was founded.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Chaucer and Fifteenth\\-Century Verse and Prose\\|author\\=H. S. Bennet\\|date\\=December 1986 \\|page\\=224\\|publisher\\=Clarendon Press\\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-812201\\-2}}", "The second Charter was granted in 1556 in the reign of [Mary Tudor](/wiki/Mary_I_of_England \"Mary I of England\"). For many years the town provided a safe seat in Parliament for a supporter of the Crown nominated by the [Duchy of Lancaster](/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster \"Duchy of Lancaster\"), the biggest landowner. When [James I](/wiki/James_I_of_England \"James I of England\") came to the throne the town obtained a confirmation and further extension of civic powers and liberties by the Charter of 1604\\. Again after the [Restoration of Charles II](/wiki/Restoration_%28England%29 \"Restoration (England)\") to the throne and the passing of the [Corporations Act 1661](/wiki/Corporations_Act_1661 \"Corporations Act 1661\") the liberties were confirmed and extended.", "The town was a [rotten borough](/wiki/Rotten_borough \"Rotten borough\") and sent one MP to the [unreformed House of Commons](/wiki/Unreformed_House_of_Commons \"Unreformed House of Commons\") until it was stripped of its representation by the [Reform Act 1832](/wiki/Reform_Act_1832 \"Reform Act 1832\").", "After the [Municipal Corporations Act 1882](/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1882 \"Municipal Corporations Act 1882\"), the modern Charter of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") reorganised the composition of the Corporation on modern lines to conform to the pattern of local government laid down in that Act. This Charter is the only one of the town's charters written in English: the earlier charters were in Latin.", "The castle is thought to have been built not long after the [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest \"Norman Conquest\") in 1066\\. However towards the end of the 15th century the castle suffered years of neglect. It was finally demolished in 1523 and the stone removed to build [Kimbolton Castle](/wiki/Kimbolton_Castle \"Kimbolton Castle\"). A grass bank and a pond are all that remain of the defensive earthworks and moat. In the garden of the Green Dragon Inn, formerly within the area of the outer ward of the castle, are the remains of a rectangular dove\\-house.", "" ]
Geography --------- Patapedia East River originates in forest area located in the unorganized territory of [Lac\-des\-Eaux\-Mortes, Quebec](/wiki/Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes%2C_Quebec "Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes, Quebec"), between the northern limit of the [Zec du Bas\-Saint\-Laurent](/wiki/Zec_du_Bas-Saint-Laurent "Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent") and [Lake Mitis, Quebec](/wiki/Lake_Mitis%2C_Quebec "Lake Mitis, Quebec"). This source is located at: * {{Convert\|4\.7\|km}} southwest of [Lake Mitis](/wiki/Lake_Mitis "Lake Mitis"); * {{Convert\|16\.7\|km}} northwest from the confluence of the "East River Patapédia"; * {{Convert\|63\.3\|km}} east of the mouth of Lake Mistigougèche; * {{Convert\|56\.8\|km}} southeast of the southeast coast of [Gulf of Saint Lawrence](/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence "Gulf of Saint Lawrence"). The river flows east Patapédia {{convert\|25\.2\|km}} generally toward the southeast, entirely in forest land. From its source, the "Patapédia East River" flows on {{convert\|25\.2\|km}} * {{Convert\|5\.9\|km}} to the Southeast, up to a stream (coming from the north); * {{Convert\|1\.7\|km}} to the Southeast, up to a stream (coming from the southwest); * {{Convert\|2\.8\|km}} to the east in a curve to the north, up to a stream (coming from the north) which drains the southeastern [Lake Mitis](/wiki/Lake_Mitis "Lake Mitis") (Lake section Superior). Note: [Mitis lake](/wiki/Mitis_lake "Mitis lake") has two emissaries, the most important is the Northwest side; the emissary of the south side (the section of Lake Superior) flows south to join the "East Patapédia River"; * {{Convert\|4\.9\|km}} to the Southeast, up to Grey Creek (coming from the west); the confluence is located near the forest road bridge; * {{Convert\|3\.7\|km}} to the southeast, up to the west boundary of the Township of Roncesvalles; * {{Convert\|2\.8\|km}} to the southeast, forming the boundary of the Township of Roncesvalles and [Zec du Bas\-Saint\-Laurent](/wiki/Zec_du_Bas-Saint-Laurent "Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent") up to Dunville stream (coming from the southwest); * {{Convert\|3\.4\|km}} to the southeast, up to the confluence of the riverSegments of the river measured from the Atlas of Canada (posted on Internet), Department of Resources Natural Canada The confluence of "East Patapédia River" is on the north bank of the [Patapédia River](/wiki/Patap%C3%A9dia_River "Patapédia River"), on the eastern edge of the [Zec du Bas\-Saint\-Laurent](/wiki/Zec_du_Bas-Saint-Laurent "Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent") and the unorganized territory of [Ruisseau\-Ferguson, Quebec](/wiki/Ruisseau-Ferguson%2C_Quebec "Ruisseau-Ferguson, Quebec") (township of Roncesvalles). This confluence is located: * {{Convert\|6\.1\|km}} upstream of the confluence of the [Meadow River](/wiki/Meadow_River "Meadow River") (coming from the north); * {{Convert\|8\.6\|km}} north of the limit of [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick"); * {{Convert\|32\.2\|km}} northwest from the confluence of the [Patapédia River](/wiki/Patap%C3%A9dia_River "Patapédia River").
[ "Geography\n---------", "Patapedia East River originates in forest area located in the unorganized territory of [Lac\\-des\\-Eaux\\-Mortes, Quebec](/wiki/Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes%2C_Quebec \"Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes, Quebec\"), between the northern limit of the [Zec du Bas\\-Saint\\-Laurent](/wiki/Zec_du_Bas-Saint-Laurent \"Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent\") and [Lake Mitis, Quebec](/wiki/Lake_Mitis%2C_Quebec \"Lake Mitis, Quebec\").", "This source is located at:\n* {{Convert\\|4\\.7\\|km}} southwest of [Lake Mitis](/wiki/Lake_Mitis \"Lake Mitis\");\n* {{Convert\\|16\\.7\\|km}} northwest from the confluence of the \"East River Patapédia\";\n* {{Convert\\|63\\.3\\|km}} east of the mouth of Lake Mistigougèche;\n* {{Convert\\|56\\.8\\|km}} southeast of the southeast coast of [Gulf of Saint Lawrence](/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence \"Gulf of Saint Lawrence\").", "The river flows east Patapédia {{convert\\|25\\.2\\|km}} generally toward the southeast, entirely in forest land.", "From its source, the \"Patapédia East River\" flows on {{convert\\|25\\.2\\|km}}\n* {{Convert\\|5\\.9\\|km}} to the Southeast, up to a stream (coming from the north);\n* {{Convert\\|1\\.7\\|km}} to the Southeast, up to a stream (coming from the southwest);\n* {{Convert\\|2\\.8\\|km}} to the east in a curve to the north, up to a stream (coming from the north) which drains the southeastern [Lake Mitis](/wiki/Lake_Mitis \"Lake Mitis\") (Lake section Superior). Note: [Mitis lake](/wiki/Mitis_lake \"Mitis lake\") has two emissaries, the most important is the Northwest side; the emissary of the south side (the section of Lake Superior) flows south to join the \"East Patapédia River\";\n* {{Convert\\|4\\.9\\|km}} to the Southeast, up to Grey Creek (coming from the west); the confluence is located near the forest road bridge;\n* {{Convert\\|3\\.7\\|km}} to the southeast, up to the west boundary of the Township of Roncesvalles;\n* {{Convert\\|2\\.8\\|km}} to the southeast, forming the boundary of the Township of Roncesvalles and [Zec du Bas\\-Saint\\-Laurent](/wiki/Zec_du_Bas-Saint-Laurent \"Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent\") up to Dunville stream (coming from the southwest);\n* {{Convert\\|3\\.4\\|km}} to the southeast, up to the confluence of the riverSegments of the river measured from the Atlas of Canada (posted on Internet), Department of Resources Natural Canada", "The confluence of \"East Patapédia River\" is on the north bank of the [Patapédia River](/wiki/Patap%C3%A9dia_River \"Patapédia River\"), on the eastern edge of the [Zec du Bas\\-Saint\\-Laurent](/wiki/Zec_du_Bas-Saint-Laurent \"Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent\") and the unorganized territory of [Ruisseau\\-Ferguson, Quebec](/wiki/Ruisseau-Ferguson%2C_Quebec \"Ruisseau-Ferguson, Quebec\") (township of Roncesvalles).", "This confluence is located:\n* {{Convert\\|6\\.1\\|km}} upstream of the confluence of the [Meadow River](/wiki/Meadow_River \"Meadow River\") (coming from the north);\n* {{Convert\\|8\\.6\\|km}} north of the limit of [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick \"New Brunswick\");\n* {{Convert\\|32\\.2\\|km}} northwest from the confluence of the [Patapédia River](/wiki/Patap%C3%A9dia_River \"Patapédia River\").", "" ]
United Kingdom -------------- ### Knight Bachelor * Professor [John Rex Beddington](/wiki/John_Rex_Beddington "John Rex Beddington"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG}}, [Government Chief Scientific Adviser](/wiki/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Government Chief Scientific Adviser (United Kingdom)"), [Government Office for Science](/wiki/Government_Office_for_Science "Government Office for Science"). * Councillor [Merrick Cockell](/wiki/Merrick_Cockell "Merrick Cockell"), Chairman, [London Councils](/wiki/London_Councils "London Councils"), and Leader, [Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea](/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea "Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea"). For services to Local Government. * [Stuart James Etherington](/wiki/Stuart_James_Etherington "Stuart James Etherington"), Chief Executive, [National Council for Voluntary Organisations](/wiki/National_Council_for_Voluntary_Organisations "National Council for Voluntary Organisations"). For services to the Third Sector. * Professor [Marc Feldmann](/wiki/Marc_Feldmann "Marc Feldmann"), Professor of Cellular Immunology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London. For services to Medicine. * Professor [Ian Thomas Gilmore](/wiki/Ian_Thomas_Gilmore "Ian Thomas Gilmore"), Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist, [Royal Liverpool University Hospitals](/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_University_Hospital "Royal Liverpool University Hospital"), and [President](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians "List of presidents of the Royal College of Physicians"), [Royal College of Physicians](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians "Royal College of Physicians"). For services to Medicine. * [Theodore Wilson Harris](/wiki/Theodore_Wilson_Harris "Theodore Wilson Harris"), Author. For services to Literature. * [Ronald Harwood](/wiki/Ronald_Harwood "Ronald Harwood"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Playwright and Screen Writer. For services to Drama. * Professor [Colin John Humphreys](/wiki/Colin_John_Humphreys "Colin John Humphreys"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Director of Research, [Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge](/wiki/Department_of_Materials_Science_and_Metallurgy%2C_University_of_Cambridge "Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge"). For services to Science. * [Donald William Insall](/wiki/Donald_Insall "Donald Insall"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For services to Conservation Architecture. * Professor [Fergus Graham Burtholme Millar](/wiki/Fergus_Graham_Burtholme_Millar "Fergus Graham Burtholme Millar"), [Emeritus](/wiki/Emeritus "Emeritus") [Camden Professor of Ancient History](/wiki/Camden_Professor_of_Ancient_History "Camden Professor of Ancient History"), [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"). For services to Scholarship. * [Robert Sydney Murray](/wiki/Robert_Sydney_Murray "Robert Sydney Murray"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For services to Football and to Education in the North East. * [Denis Francis O'Connor](/wiki/Denis_Francis_O%27Connor "Denis Francis O'Connor"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, QPM}}, [HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary](/wiki/HM_Chief_Inspector_of_Constabulary "HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary"). For services to the Police. * [Keith Pearson](/wiki/Keith_Pearson "Keith Pearson"), Chairman, [NHS East of England](/wiki/NHS_East_of_England "NHS East of England"). For services to Healthcare. * [Simon Manwaring Robertson](/wiki/Simon_Manwaring_Robertson "Simon Manwaring Robertson"), Chairman, [Rolls\-Royce plc](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc "Rolls-Royce plc"). For services to Business. * Professor [Peter Charles Rubin](/wiki/Peter_Charles_Rubin "Peter Charles Rubin"), Chairman, [General Medical Council](/wiki/General_Medical_Council "General Medical Council"), London. For services to Medicine. * [Hugh Alexander Stevenson](/wiki/Hugh_Stevenson_%28investment_banker%29 "Hugh Stevenson (investment banker)"), lately Chairman, [Equitas](/wiki/Equitas "Equitas") Ltd. For services to the Financial Services Industry. ### Order of the Bath #### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) Military Division * Admiral Sir [Mark Stanhope](/wiki/Mark_Stanhope "Mark Stanhope"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, OBE, ADC}}, C020394L. #### Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (DCB) Civil Division * [Lesley Ann Strathie](/wiki/Lesley_Ann_Strathie "Lesley Ann Strathie"), Permanent Secretary, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs "HM Revenue and Customs"). #### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) Military Division * Lieutenant General [James Benjamin Dutton](/wiki/James_Benjamin_Dutton "James Benjamin Dutton"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, [Royal Marines](/wiki/Royal_Marines "Royal Marines"), N022005F. Civil Division * [Peter James Housden](/wiki/Peter_James_Housden "Peter James Housden"), Permanent Secretary, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government "Department for Communities and Local Government"). #### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) Military Division Royal Navy * Major General [Garry Stuart Robison](/wiki/Garry_Stuart_Robison "Garry Stuart Robison"), Royal Marines, N025751Q. * Vice Admiral [Peter John Wilkinson](/wiki/Peter_John_Wilkinson "Peter John Wilkinson"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CVO}}, C023859Y. Army * Lieutenant General [Richard Arthur David Applegate](/wiki/Richard_Arthur_David_Applegate "Richard Arthur David Applegate"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, late Royal Regiment of Artillery, 497361\. * Major General [Andrew Richard Gregory](/wiki/Andrew_Gregory "Andrew Gregory"), late Royal Regiment of Artillery, 514007\. * Major General [David John Rutherford\-Jones](/wiki/David_John_Rutherford-Jones "David John Rutherford-Jones"), late The Light Dragoons, 504501\. Royal Air Force * Air Vice\-Marshal [Carl William Dixon](/wiki/Carl_Dixon_%28RAF_officer%29 "Carl Dixon (RAF officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. * Air Vice\-Marshal [Richard Frank Garwood](/wiki/Richard_Frank_Garwood "Richard Frank Garwood"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, DFC}}. Civil Division * John Alty, Chief Executive, [Intellectual Property Office](/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)"), [Department for Business, Innovation and Skills](/wiki/Department_for_Business%2C_Innovation_and_Skills "Department for Business, Innovation and Skills"). * Sian Jarvis, Director\-General, Communications, [Department of Health](/wiki/Department_of_Health "Department of Health"). * [Bernadette Kelly](/wiki/Bernadette_Kelly "Bernadette Kelly"), lately Director, Housing Strategy, Land and Markets Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Lesley Longstone, Director\-General, Young People, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families "Department for Children, Schools and Families"). * Mark Neale, lately Managing Director, Budget, Tax and Welfare Directorate, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury"). * Susan Jane Owen, Director\-General, Welfare and Wellbeing Group, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * Peter Richard Charles Storr, International Director, Strategy and International Group, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office"). ### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George #### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) * [Daniel Bethlehem](/wiki/Daniel_Bethlehem "Daniel Bethlehem"), Legal Adviser, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"). * [Tom Richard Vaughan Phillips](/wiki/Tom_Phillips_%28diplomat%29 "Tom Phillips (diplomat)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG}}, [HM Ambassador to Israel](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Israel "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Israel"). #### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) * [Nicholas Graham Faraday Baird](/wiki/Nick_Baird "Nick Baird"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CVO}}, lately [HM Ambassador to Turkey](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Turkey "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Turkey"). * Michael Adrian Fulcher, Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Professor [Michael Christopher Hardy](/wiki/Michael_Christopher_Hardy "Michael Christopher Hardy"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Programme Leader, Intercultural Dialogue, [British Council](/wiki/British_Council "British Council"). * Major [Geoffrey Douglas Langlands](/wiki/Geoffrey_Douglas_Langlands "Geoffrey Douglas Langlands"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Founder and Principal, The [Langlands School and College](/wiki/Langlands_School_and_College "Langlands School and College"), Chitral, Pakistan. For services to education in Pakistan. * [Victoria Margaret Treadell](/wiki/Victoria_Treadell "Victoria Treadell"), lately Deputy High Commissioner to Mumbai, India. ### Royal Victorian Order #### Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) * [Susan Richenda, The Lady Elton](/wiki/Richenda_Elton%2C_Lady_Elton "Richenda Elton, Lady Elton"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CVO}}, [Lady in Waiting to The Queen](/wiki/Lady-in-waiting "Lady-in-waiting"). * [Diana Marion, Lady Farnham](/wiki/Diana_Maxwell%2C_Baroness_Farnham "Diana Maxwell, Baroness Farnham"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CVO}}, Lady in Waiting to The Queen. * The Lady [Mary Christina Holborow](/wiki/Mary_Christina_Holborow "Mary Christina Holborow"), [Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cornwall "Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall"). #### Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) * [James Appleton Hawley](/wiki/James_Appleton_Hawley "James Appleton Hawley"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, [Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Staffordshire "Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire"). * [Roger Henry Vickers](/wiki/Roger_Henry_Vickers "Roger Henry Vickers"), [Serjeant Surgeon](/wiki/Serjeant_Surgeon "Serjeant Surgeon"), [Royal Household](/wiki/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom "Royal Households of the United Kingdom"). * [Samuel Charles Whitbread](/wiki/Samuel_Whitbread_%28Lord_Lieutenant%29 "Samuel Whitbread (Lord Lieutenant)"), [Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Bedfordshire "Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire"). #### Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) * Sir [Christian John Storey Bonington](/wiki/Christian_John_Storey_Bonington "Christian John Storey Bonington"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, DL}}, Deputy Patron, [Outward Bound](/wiki/Outward_Bound "Outward Bound") Trust. * Gilbert Kirkwood Cox, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, [Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lanarkshire "Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire"). * Commodore Peter John Melson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Royal Navy, formerly Director of Operations, [Trinity House](/wiki/Trinity_House "Trinity House"). * Captain [Nicholas Peter Wright](/wiki/Nicholas_Peter_Wright "Nicholas Peter Wright"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=LVO}}, Royal Navy, Private Secretary to [The Princess Royal](/wiki/Anne%2C_Princess_Royal "Anne, Princess Royal"). #### Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) * Jane Wendy Graham, Assistant [Keeper of the Privy Purse](/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Privy_Purse "Keeper of the Privy Purse"). * Jean Catharine Gray, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO}}, Senior Secretary, the Lady in Waiting's Office. * Inderjit Kaur Jutlla, Assistant Treasurer to The Queen. * Mark Murray Leishman, Private Secretary to the [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Charles_III "Charles III") and the [Duchess of Cornwall](/wiki/Queen_Camilla "Queen Camilla"). * Major General the Honourable [Seymour Hector Russell Hale Monro](/wiki/Seymour_Monro "Seymour Monro"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, formerly Adjutant, The Queen's Body Guard for Scotland, [Royal Company of Archers](/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers "Royal Company of Archers"). * Lieutenant Colonel the Honourable Guy Norrie, formerly Lieutenant, [Her Majesty's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms](/wiki/Honourable_Corps_of_Gentlemen_at_Arms "Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms"). * Major Thomas Wills, Lieutenant, [The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard](/wiki/Yeomen_of_the_Guard "Yeomen of the Guard"). * The Reverend Canon [Anthony Robert Wright](/wiki/Robert_Wright_%28Canon_of_Westminster%29 "Robert Wright (Canon of Westminster)"), Sub\-Dean of [Westminster Abbey](/wiki/Westminster_Abbey "Westminster Abbey") and Rector of [St. Margaret's Church](/wiki/St_Margaret%27s%2C_Westminster "St Margaret's, Westminster"). * [Edward Young](/wiki/Edward_Young_%28courtier%29 "Edward Young (courtier)"), [Deputy Private Secretary to The Queen](/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign "Private Secretary to the Sovereign"). #### Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) * Robert John Bell, Lord Lieutenant's Officer, Lincolnshire. * Kevin Francis Coulthard, Deputy Fire Safety Manager, [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle "Windsor Castle"). * Barry John Gomm, Electrician, Windsor Castle. * Jacqueline Rosemary Colliss Harvey, Publisher, [Royal Collection](/wiki/Royal_Collection "Royal Collection"). * Anne Lycett, Head of Ambassadors, [The Prince's Trust](/wiki/The_Prince%27s_Trust "The Prince's Trust"). * David John Middleton, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RVM}}, Chief Upholsterer, Royal Household. * Sergeant William Edward Noon, Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty Protection. * Dr. Michael Turner, Inspector, Government Historic Estates Unit, [English Heritage](/wiki/English_Heritage "English Heritage"). * Shaun Dominic Turner, Furniture Conservator, Royal Collection. * Allan Dyment Williams, Clerk to the Merseyside Lieutenancy. #### Medal of the Royal Victorian Order (RVM) In Gold * John Alan Brown, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RVM}}, Tractor Driver, [Sandringham Estate](/wiki/Sandringham_Estate "Sandringham Estate"). In Silver * Andrea Baldwin, Daily Lady, [St. James's Palace](/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace "St. James's Palace"). * Crawford Henry Butler, Yeoman Warder, HM Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard. * Anna Fernandes, Housekeeper, [Thatched House Lodge](/wiki/Thatched_House_Lodge "Thatched House Lodge"). * Allen Michael Gilbert, formerly Team Supervisor, [The Great Park](/wiki/The_Great_Park "The Great Park"), Crown Estate, Windsor. * Matthew John King, Yeoman of Logistics, Royal Household. * Kenneth Ronald Lea, Machinery Operator, Crown Estate, Windsor. * [Denise Patricia McAdam](/wiki/Denise_Patricia_McAdam "Denise Patricia McAdam") (Mrs. Georges). For Hairdressing services to the Royal Family. * Stephen Matthew Murray, Yeoman of the Plate Pantry, Royal Household. * Norman Anthony Newstead, Sawmill Worker, Sandringham Estate. * Constable Raymond Michael Stanhope, Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty Protection. * Diane Isobel Wahlheim, Head Chef, [Government House, Adelaide](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Adelaide "Government House, Adelaide"). * Colin Peter Wood, Gardens Foreman, Sandringham House. ### Order of the British Empire #### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) Civil Division * Professor [Athene Margaret Donald](/wiki/Athene_Margaret_Donald "Athene Margaret Donald"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=FRS}}, Deputy Head, [Cavendish Laboratory](/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory "Cavendish Laboratory"), and Director, Women in Science, Engineering and Technology Initiative, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"). For services to Physics. * [Amelia Chilcott Fawcett](/wiki/Amelia_Fawcett "Amelia Fawcett"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Chair, Pensions First Group LLP and [Guardian Media Group](/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group "Guardian Media Group"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * [Jacqueline Fisher](/wiki/Jacqueline_Fisher "Jacqueline Fisher"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, [Principal](/wiki/Principal_%28academia%29 "Principal (academia)"), [Newcastle College](/wiki/Newcastle_College "Newcastle College"). For services to local and national Further Education. * [Janet Marion Gaymer](/wiki/Janet_Marion_Gaymer "Janet Marion Gaymer"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, QC (Hon.)}}, [Commissioner for Public Appointments](/wiki/Commissioner_for_Public_Appointments "Commissioner for Public Appointments"). For public service. * Professor [Julia Mary Goodfellow](/wiki/Julia_Mary_Goodfellow "Julia Mary Goodfellow"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, [Vice\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor "Vice-Chancellor"), [University of Kent](/wiki/University_of_Kent "University of Kent"). For services to Science. * Professor [Barbara Monroe](/wiki/Barbara_Monroe "Barbara Monroe"), Chief Executive, [St. Christopher's Hospice](/wiki/St._Christopher%27s_Hospice "St. Christopher's Hospice"), London. For services to Palliative Care. * [Janet Paraskeva](/wiki/Janet_Paraskeva "Janet Paraskeva"), [First Civil Service Commissioner](/wiki/First_Civil_Service_Commissioner "First Civil Service Commissioner"), and Chair, [Child Maintenance Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_Enforcement_Commission "Child Maintenance Enforcement Commission"). For public service. * [Paula Figueiroa Rego](/wiki/Paula_Figueiroa_Rego "Paula Figueiroa Rego"), Artist. For services to Art. * Professor [Alison Fettes Richard](/wiki/Alison_Fettes_Richard "Alison Fettes Richard"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Vice\-Chancellor, University of Cambridge. For services to Higher Education. * [Naila Zaffar](/wiki/Naila_Zaffar "Naila Zaffar"), Headteacher, Copthorne Primary School, Bradford. For services to local and national Education. #### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) Civil Division * [Maurice Flanagan](/wiki/Maurice_Flanagan "Maurice Flanagan"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Executive Vice Chairman, [Emirates](/wiki/Emirates_%28airline%29 "Emirates (airline)") Airline and Group, UAE. For services to the British aviation industry and British exports. * Professor [Charles Kuen Kao](/wiki/Charles_Kuen_Kao "Charles Kuen Kao"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For services to fibre optic communications. #### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Commodore Campbell Stuart Christie, C030984A. * Captain Michael Edward Farrage, C032384D. * Captain Richard Farrington, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, C027738H. * Rear Admiral Ian Moncrieff, C025312M. Army * Colonel Crispian Edward Ian Beattie, late The Royal Green Jackets, 497567\. * Colonel Charles Beaupré Bell Clee, late The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), 518400\. * Brigadier John Patrick Simon Donnelly, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, late The Cheshire Regiment, 514054\. * Colonel Richard Mark James Rollo\-Walker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, late The Light Infantry, 495378\. Royal Air Force * Group Captain Colin Basnett (8183726A). * Group Captain Kenneth Bruce McCann (5203279V). * Group Captain Michael Christopher Neville (5205937M). Civil Division * Dr. Mary Armitage, Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist, [Royal Bournemouth \& Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Royal_Bournemouth_%26_Christchurch_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. * [Simon Armitage](/wiki/Simon_Armitage "Simon Armitage"), Poet. For services to Literature. * Patricia Baskerville, Head of Safer Custody and Offender Policy, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service "National Offender Management Service"), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"). * William Gordon Baxter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, DL}}. For services to Business and to Charity in North East Scotland. * [George William John Benjamin](/wiki/George_William_John_Benjamin "George William John Benjamin"), Composer and Conductor. For services to Music. * Professor [Timothy John Besley](/wiki/Timothy_John_Besley "Timothy John Besley"), Kuwait Professor of Economics and Political Science, [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics "London School of Economics"). For services to Social Science. * Peter George Betts, Director of International Climate Change, [Department for Energy and Climate Change](/wiki/Department_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change "Department for Energy and Climate Change"). * Gavin McFarlane Black. For services to the community in the North East. * William George Black, Chief Executive, [Glasgow City Council](/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council "Glasgow City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Jonathan Blackie, Regional Director, Government Office for the North East, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government "Department for Communities and Local Government"). * John Brown, Director, Cross Cutting Group (Local Compliance) Glasgow, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs "HM Revenue and Customs"). * [Elizabeth Burnley](/wiki/Elizabeth_Burnley "Elizabeth Burnley"), Chief Guide, [Girlguiding UK](/wiki/Girlguiding_UK "Girlguiding UK"). For services to Young People. * Rodney Paul Carr, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chief Executive, [Royal Yachting Association](/wiki/Royal_Yachting_Association "Royal Yachting Association"). For services to Sailing. * Freda Chaloner, Director, Large Business Service, HM Revenue and Customs. * Alan Clarke, Deputy Director, Curriculum and Pupil Well Being, Schools Directorate, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families "Department for Children, Schools and Families"). * Peter Derrick Cleminson, lately National Chairman, [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion "Royal British Legion"). For voluntary service to Ex\-Servicemen and Women. * Peter Collins, Chief Executive, Salford Foundation Charity. For services to Young People. * Bryan Davis, Chief Executive, Social Security Agency Department for Social Development, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive "Northern Ireland Executive"). * [Linda Mary de Cossart](/wiki/Linda_de_Cossart "Linda de Cossart"), Consultant Vascular and General Surgeon, [Countess of Chester Hospital](/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_Hospital "Countess of Chester Hospital"). For services to Medicine. * Dr. [Stephen Deuchar](/wiki/Stephen_Deuchar "Stephen Deuchar"), lately Director [Tate Britain](/wiki/Tate_Britain "Tate Britain"). For services to Art. * Colin Dodge, Executive Vice\-President of Africa, Middle East, India, Europe Operations, [Nissan Motors](/wiki/Nissan_Motors "Nissan Motors") Ltd. For services to the Automotive Industry. * Judge [Khurshid Hassan Drabu](/wiki/Khurshid_Drabu "Khurshid Drabu"). For services to Community Relations. * Dr. Marshall Paul Elliott. For public service. * Dr. [David Stuart English](/wiki/David_English_%28cricketer%29 "David English (cricketer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to Cricket and to Charity. * Brian Etheridge, Director, Civil Service Capability Group, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office"). * Professor Andrew Finlay, lately Professor of Dermatology, Cardiff University. For services to Medicine. * Stephen James Finnigan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary "Lancashire Constabulary"). For services to the Police. * Siobhan Fitzpatrick, Chief Executive, [Early Years](/wiki/Early_Years_%E2%80%93_the_organisation_for_young_children "Early Years – the organisation for young children") Organisation. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Peter John Freeman, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC (Hon.)}}, Chairman, [Competition Commission](/wiki/Competition_Commission "Competition Commission"). For public service. * Anne Galbraith, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chair, Valuation Tribunal Service. For public service. * Professor [David Michael Gann](/wiki/David_Michael_Gann "David Michael Gann"), Chair in Technology and Innovation Management, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"). For services to Engineering. * Ann Margaret Green, Chair, Board of Trustees, [Royal Armouries](/wiki/Royal_Armouries "Royal Armouries"). For services to Museums. * Judith Louise Greensmith. For services to the [NHS](/wiki/NHS "NHS") in Merseyside. * David Gregory, Headteacher, Fosse Way Community Special School, Bath. For services to local and national Special Needs Education. * Dr. Russell Hamilton, Director of Research and Development, Department of Health. * [Nicholas Lionel Hardwick](/wiki/Nick_Hardwick_%28chairman%29 "Nick Hardwick (chairman)"), Chairman, [Independent Police Complaints Commission](/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission "Independent Police Complaints Commission"). For public service. * [Peter Robert Harrison](/wiki/Peter_Harrison_%28philanthropist%29 "Peter Harrison (philanthropist)"). For charitable services through the Peter Harrison Foundation. * [Terence Hodgkinson](/wiki/Terry_Hodgkinson "Terry Hodgkinson"), Chairman of [Yorkshire Forward](/wiki/Yorkshire_Forward "Yorkshire Forward"), Regional Development Agency. For services to Business and to Regeneration. * Eileen Rosemary Holmes, President, Industrial Tribunals and the Fair Employment Tribunal in Northern Ireland. For services to Industrial Relations. * Professor [Ann Jacqueline Hunter](/wiki/Jackie_Hunter "Jackie Hunter"), lately Senior Vice\-President and Head, Science Environment Development, [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline "GlaxoSmithKline"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry. * Richard Hugh Hunting, lately Chairman, [Geffrye Museum](/wiki/Geffrye_Museum "Geffrye Museum") Trust. For services to the Arts and to Heritage. * [Christopher Rajendran Hyman](/wiki/Christopher_Rajendran_Hyman "Christopher Rajendran Hyman"), Chief Executive Officer, [Serco](/wiki/Serco "Serco"). For services to Business and to Charity. * [Karl William Pamp Jenkins](/wiki/Karl_William_Pamp_Jenkins "Karl William Pamp Jenkins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Composer. For services to Music. * [Catherine Zeta Jones](/wiki/Catherine_Zeta_Jones "Catherine Zeta Jones"), Actor. For services to the Film Industry and to Charity. * [Barbara, Lady Judge](/wiki/Barbara_Judge "Barbara Judge"), Chair, [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority "UK Atomic Energy Authority"). For services to the Nuclear and Financial Services Industries. * Raymond Andrew Kitson, Senior Assistant Director of Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland. * Dr. Paul Langmaid, [Chief Dental Officer for Wales](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28England%29 "Chief Dental Officer (England)"), Department of Health and Social Services, Welsh Assembly Government. * Robert Laslett, Director, Private Pensions and Chief Economist, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * Professor [David Seymour Latchman](/wiki/David_Seymour_Latchman "David Seymour Latchman"), Master of [Birkbeck College, University of London](/wiki/Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London "Birkbeck, University of London"). For services to Higher Education. * [Prudence Margaret Leith](/wiki/Prudence_Margaret_Leith "Prudence Margaret Leith"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chair, [School Food Trust](/wiki/School_Food_Trust "School Food Trust"). For services to the Catering Industry. * Professor [Noel Lloyd](/wiki/Noel_Lloyd "Noel Lloyd"), [Vice\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor "Vice-Chancellor"), [Aberystwyth University](/wiki/Aberystwyth_University "Aberystwyth University"). For services to Higher Education in Wales. * Dr. [Michael Longley](/wiki/Michael_Longley "Michael Longley"), Poet. For services to Literature. * Professor Linda Maitland Luxon, Professor of Audiological Medicine, [University College London Hospitals](/wiki/University_College_London_Hospitals "University College London Hospitals") NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine. * Professor [David Whyte Macdonald](/wiki/David_Whyte_Macdonald "David Whyte Macdonald"), [Professor of Wildlife Conservation](/wiki/WildCRU "WildCRU"), [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"). For services to Natural Sciences. * Dr. Karl Joseph MacKie, Chief Executive and Mediator, Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution. For services to Mediation. * Professor Barry McCormick, Chief Economist and Chief Analyst, Department of Health. * [Robin John Christian Millar](/wiki/Robin_John_Christian_Millar "Robin John Christian Millar"), Record Producer. For services to the Music Industry. * Marlene Craigie Morley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Head of the Defence Equipment and Support Collocation Team, Ministry of Defence. * Professor Alan Shaw Murie, Emeritus Professor of Urban and Regional Studies, [University of Birmingham](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham "University of Birmingham"). For services to the Housing Sector. * [Peter Edward Murray](/wiki/Peter_Murray_%28Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park%29 "Peter Murray (Yorkshire Sculpture Park)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Founder and Executive Director, [Yorkshire Sculpture Park](/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park "Yorkshire Sculpture Park"). For services to the Arts. * John Noble. For public service. * George Carew O'Grady, Chief Executive, [Professional Golfers' Association European Tour](/wiki/PGA_European_Tour "PGA European Tour"). For services to Sport. * [Douglas Edwin Oakervee](/wiki/Douglas_Oakervee "Douglas Oakervee"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chairman, [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail "Crossrail"). For services to Civil Engineering. * John Douglas Orr, Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and lately President, [Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh "Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh"). For services to Medicine. * Jenny Owen, Executive Director, Adult, Health and Community Wellbeing, [Essex County Council](/wiki/Essex_County_Council "Essex County Council"), and President, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services. For public service. * Ruth Owen, Chief Operating Officer and Deputy Chief Executive Officer, [Jobcentre Plus](/wiki/Jobcentre_Plus "Jobcentre Plus"), Department for Work and Pensions. * [Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten](/wiki/Hilda_Elsie_Marguerite_Patten "Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Cookery Writer. For services to the Food Industry. * Stephen Phipson, President and Group Managing Director, [Smiths Detection Group Ltd](/wiki/Smiths_Group "Smiths Group"). For services to the Security Industry. * Graham Fenwick Pimlott, lately Chairman, [Export Credits Guarantee Department](/wiki/Export_Credits_Guarantee_Department "Export Credits Guarantee Department"). For services to Business. * [Hope Patricia Powell](/wiki/Hope_Patricia_Powell "Hope Patricia Powell"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, [National Coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 "Coach (sport)"), [England Women's Football Team](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team "England women's national football team"). For services to Sport. * Professor [Carol Propper](/wiki/Carol_Propper "Carol Propper"), Professor of Economics of Public Policy, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol"). For services to Social Science. * Stephen Julian Przybylski, Head of Strategy and Policy, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service"). * William Roe, Chairman, [Highlands and Islands Enterprise](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise "Highlands and Islands Enterprise"). For public service. * Susan Carroll, Lady Sainsbury. For services to the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company") and to the Arts. * John Robin Schultz, Chief Executive, [Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council](/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council "Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council"). For services to Local Government. * Professor [John Graham Shepherd](/wiki/John_Graham_Shepherd "John Graham Shepherd"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=FRS}}, Professorial Research Fellow in Earth System Science, [National Oceanography Centre, Southampton](/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre%2C_Southampton "National Oceanography Centre, Southampton"). For services to Science. * Professor Martin Shirley, Director, [Institute for Animal Health](/wiki/Institute_for_Animal_Health "Institute for Animal Health"). For services to Science. * Jo Shuter, Headteacher, Quintin Kynaston Community School, City of Westminster, London. For services to local and national Education. * Professor David Thomas Sines, Pro Vice\-Chancellor, [Buckinghamshire New University](/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University "Buckinghamshire New University"). For services to Healthcare. * Theodosia Sowa. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the UK and Overseas. * Professor [Robert Stephen John Sparks](/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks "Robert Stephen John Sparks"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=FRS}}, [Chaning Wills](/wiki/Wills_baronets "Wills baronets") Professor of Geology, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol"). For services to Environmental Science. * Mary Cecilia Spinks, Director, [Florence Nightingale Foundation](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Foundation "Florence Nightingale Foundation"). For services to Nursing. * Alyson Jane Stafford, Director of Finance, [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive "Scottish Executive"). * Dr. [Robert Scott Steedman](/wiki/Morris_and_Steedman "Morris and Steedman"), Vice\-President, [Royal Academy of Engineering](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering "Royal Academy of Engineering"). For services to Engineering. * [David Graham Stevens](/wiki/David_Stevens_%28businessman%29 "David Stevens (businessman)"), Chief Operating Officer, [Admiral Group](/wiki/Admiral_Group "Admiral Group"). For services to the Insurance Industry and to Charity. * Heather Vivienne Stevens. For charitable services. * Paul Stockton, Director, Tribunals Judicial Office, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)"). * [Norman Kelvin Stoller](/wiki/Norman_Stoller "Norman Stoller"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, DL}}. For charitable services. * David Radcliffe Stone, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chairman, [Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Sheffield_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * Dr. [Timothy John Stone](/wiki/Timothy_Stone "Timothy Stone"), Expert Chairman, Office of Nuclear Development. For services to the Energy Industry. * Dr. (Ernest) Neil Suggett, Headteacher, Hayes Park Primary School, Hillingdon, London. For services to Education. * Helen Patricia Tait, Headteacher, [Sandgate Primary School](/wiki/Sandgate_Primary_School "Sandgate Primary School") and Folkestone Primary Academy. For services to Education in Kent. * Stephen William Thomas, Chief Executive, [Welsh Local Government Association](/wiki/Welsh_Local_Government_Association "Welsh Local Government Association"). For services to Local Government. * [Harold Peter Tillman](/wiki/Harold_Peter_Tillman "Harold Peter Tillman"), Chairman, [Jaeger](/wiki/Jaeger_%28clothing%29 "Jaeger (clothing)") and [British Fashion Council](/wiki/British_Fashion_Council "British Fashion Council"). For services to the Fashion Industry. * Martin Tolhurst, Principal, [Newham College of Further Education](/wiki/Newham_College_of_Further_Education "Newham College of Further Education"). For services to Further Education in London. * Louise Wendy Tulett, Group Director of Finance and Procurement, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury"). * [Colin Jack, the Honourable Lord Tyre](/wiki/Colin_Tyre%2C_Lord_Tyre "Colin Tyre, Lord Tyre"), lately President, [Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Bars_and_Law_Societies_of_Europe "Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe"). For services to the Administration of Justice. * Professor [Veronica van Heyningen](/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen "Veronica van Heyningen"), President, [The Genetics Society](/wiki/The_Genetics_Society "The Genetics Society"). For services to Science. * Dr. [Jean Venables](/wiki/Jean_Venables "Jean Venables"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, [President](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers "List of presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers"), [Institution of Civil Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers "Institution of Civil Engineers"). For services to Civil Engineering. * Robert Vincent, Chief Executive, [Kirklees Council](/wiki/Kirklees_Council "Kirklees Council"). For services to Local Government. * [Sarah Webb](/wiki/Sarah_Webb_%28housing_professional%29 "Sarah Webb (housing professional)"), Chief Executive, [Chartered Institute of Housing](/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Housing "Chartered Institute of Housing"). For services to the Housing Sector. * Gillian Barbara Westerman, Principal and Chief Executive, [Northern College for Residential Adult Education](/wiki/Northern_College_for_Residential_and_Community_Adult_Education "Northern College for Residential and Community Adult Education"). For services to Adult Learning. * John Furness Widdowson, Principal, [New College Durham](/wiki/New_College_Durham "New College Durham"). For services to local and national Further and Higher Education. * Dr. Robert James Young, Consultant Physician, Diabetes and Endocrinology, [Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Salford_Royal_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * [Thomas Edur](/wiki/Thomas_Edur "Thomas Edur"), lately Senior Principal Dancer, [English National Ballet](/wiki/English_National_Ballet "English National Ballet"). For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations. * [Henry Thomas Marsh](/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Marsh "Henry Thomas Marsh"), Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, [St George's Hospital](/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital "St George's Hospital"), Tooting. For services to Medicine in the UK and Ukraine. * [Agnes Oaks](/wiki/Agnes_Oaks "Agnes Oaks"), Senior Principal Dancer, English National Ballet. For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations. * Dr. [Lee James Taylor White](/wiki/Lee_White_%28conservationist%29 "Lee White (conservationist)"), Head, Gabon's National Parks Agency. For services to Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in West and Central Africa. #### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Commander Matthew James Avison, C033542H. * Commander Darren Cartwright, C032255Y. * Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) Robert Graham Cundy, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Royal Marines, N028071E. * Commander Kevin Gomm, C026462M. * Captain (Acting Commodore) Steven Charles Ramm, C021825S. * Captain Ian Michael Robinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve, C983662K. * Commander Thomas Grenville Sharpe, C035842C. * Commander Paul Kenneth Shawcross, C030263U. * Commander Steven Luigi Smith, C026720Q. Army * Lieutenant Colonel Owen James Adams, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 521592\. * Colonel [Darrell Peter Amison](/wiki/Darrell_Amison "Darrell Amison"), late The Royal Logistic Corps, 536123\. * Colonel [Alastair Andrew Bernard Ribey Bruce of Crionaich](/wiki/Alastair_Bruce_of_Crionaich "Alastair Bruce of Crionaich"), late General List, Territorial Army, 509493\. * Colonel Peter Andrew Christian, Essex Army Cadet Force, 494473\. * Lieutenant Colonel Robert Lewis Gamble, Royal Tank Regiment, 539340\. * Lieutenant Colonel Andrew David Griffiths, Royal Army Medical Corps, 542939\. * Lieutenant Colonel Francis John Hollman, Corps of Royal Engineers, 543230\. * Lieutenant Colonel Anna Clare Luedicke, The Royal Logistic Corps, 538202\. * Lieutenant Colonel Michael John Purnell, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 521687\. * Lieutenant Colonel Richard Arthur Robinson, The Royal Irish Regiment, 512677\. * Colonel Charles Patrick Carnegie Sloan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, late the Royal Irish Regiment, 502912\. * Lieutenant Colonel Barry John Spiers, Royal Corps of Signals, 543680\. * Lieutenant Colonel John Robin Greenwell Stephenson, The Parachute Regiment, 526587\. * Colonel Gordon Straughan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, late The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, Territorial Army, 531176\. * Colonel David Peter Turner, late Army Air Corps, 506903\. * Lieutenant Colonel Gary Paul Wilkinson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 528966\. Royal Air Force * Wing Commander Steven Jon Chadwick (8304300B). * Wing Commander Andrew Kevin Jeffrey (8029314K). * Group Captain Mark Harry Michael Kemsley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (5206907M). * Wing Commander Richard Andrew Knight (8153035K). * Wing Commander James Edward Linter (5205609Q). * Wing Commander Ian David Sargeant (5205239Y). * Wing Commander Dominic Joseph Toriati, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (8029853B). Civil Division * Susan Marie Adams, Director, Care \& Repair England. For services to the Housing Sector for Older People. * Dr. [Husna Ahmad](/wiki/Husna_Ahmad "Husna Ahmad"), Chief Executive Officer, Faith Regeneration Foundation. For services to Disadvantaged People. * Maqsood Ahmad, lately Head of Police Equality and Diversity Policy, Home Office. * Mark Andrews, lately Chief Executive, NG Bailey. For services to Apprenticeships and Training in the Construction Industry. * Mary Archer, Chief Officer, Essex Probation Area, Ministry of Justice. * Clara Anthonyammah Arokiasamy, Chair, Greater London Authority Heritage and Diversity Task Force. For services to Heritage. * Jane Arrowsmith, Principal, Troup House School, Aberdeen. For services to Special Needs Education. * Professor Amanda Ashton, Director of Quality, NHS Leicester City. For services to Nursing. * District Judge Gordon Rayment Ashton. For services to the Administration of Justice and to Disabled People. * [William Michael Allingham Ashton](/wiki/Bill_Ashton_%28jazz_musician%29 "Bill Ashton (jazz musician)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Life President, [National Youth Jazz Orchestra](/wiki/National_Youth_Jazz_Orchestra "National Youth Jazz Orchestra"). For services to Music. * Dalwardin Babu, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * Linda Badman, Customer Services Director, Jobcentre Plus, Wales, Department for Work and Pensions. * Vivien Bailey, lately Her Majesty's Inspector, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted "Ofsted"). * Diana Barnes. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Dr. Emma Barrett, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Elizabeth Barron, lately Chair, [Firebuy Ltd.](/wiki/Firebuy "Firebuy") For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. * Jackie Bennett, Head of Policy, [Council of Mortgage Lenders](/wiki/Council_of_Mortgage_Lenders "Council of Mortgage Lenders"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Robert Edward John Bernays, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in the South West. * [Sharon Berry](/wiki/Sharon_Berry "Sharon Berry"), Chief Executive, [Storybook Dads](/wiki/Storybook_Dads "Storybook Dads"). For services to Children and Families. * Anil Kumar Bhanot. For services to the Hindu community and to Inter\-Faith Relations. * Mark Blundell, Chief Executive, Salmon Youth Centre, Bermondsey, London. For services to Young People. * Jennifer Susan Boothman, lately Headteacher, Pennington Church of England Primary School, Cumbria. For services to Education. * Susan Bradbury, lately Editor\-in\-Chief, [Folio Society](/wiki/Folio_Society "Folio Society"). For services to the Publishing Industry. * Professor Peter Brandon, lately Director of Strategic Programmes, [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford "University of Salford"). For services to the Built Environment. * Kathryn Broadhurst, Headteacher, Green Lane Infants School, Leicester. For services to Education. * Adam Vere Balfour Broke. For public service. * Neil Henry Bromley, lately Principal, [North East Worcestershire College](/wiki/North_East_Worcestershire_College "North East Worcestershire College"). For services to Further Education. * David Brown. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale "John Cale"). For services to Music and to the Arts. * Padraig Canavan, Managing Director, Singularity Ltd. For services to Business in Northern Ireland. * Thomas Canning, Headteacher, Tollgate Primary School, Newham, London. For services to local and national Education. * John Adam Carr. For services to Children Protection on the Internet. * James Rawson Carson. For services to Geography Education in Scotland. * Barbara Rose Castle. For services to Regeneration in Wales. * Janti Champaneri, lately Senior Manager, Adult and Communities Directorate, [Birmingham City Council](/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council "Birmingham City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Utheshtra Chetty, lately Senior Consultant Surgeon, Edinburgh Breast Unit. For services to Medicine. * Aileen Chilton, Senior Manager A, Reducing Re\-Offending Policy Group, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service "National Offender Management Service"), Ministry of Justice. * Edward Chorlton, lately Deputy Chief Executive, [Devon County Council](/wiki/Devon_County_Council "Devon County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Peter Thomas Claiden, lately Principal Inspector of Air Accidents, [Air Accidents Investigation Branch](/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch "Air Accidents Investigation Branch"), Department for Transport. * John Henry Cleary, Deputy Director, Housing and Growth Programmes Team, Department for Communities and Local Government. * [Brian Clemens](/wiki/Brian_Clemens "Brian Clemens"), Screenwriter. For services to Broadcasting and to Drama. * Alexander Jamieson Cluness. For services to the community in the Shetland Isles. * Patricia Mary Coleman. For services to Local Government and to the community in the East Midlands. * [Alec Coles](/wiki/Alec_Coles "Alec Coles"), lately Director, [Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums](/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Archives_and_Museums "Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums"). For services to Museums. * Laura Coletti, Manager, Violet Melchett Sure Start Children's Centre, Kensington, London. For services to Children and Families. * Professor Ian Colligan, lately Chairman, Board of Management, [Dundee College](/wiki/Dundee_College "Dundee College"). For services to Further Education. * Paul Damian Conway, Senior Vice\-President, Cargill Inc. For services to the Agricultural Industry. * [Wendy Cope](/wiki/Wendy_Cope "Wendy Cope"), Poet. For services to Literature. * James Romaine Hendry Coussey, Senior Prosecutor, Crown Prosecution Service. * Professor [Brian Edward Cox](/wiki/Brian_Edward_Cox "Brian Edward Cox"), Professor of Particle Physics and Royal Society University Research Fellow, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester"). For services to Science. * Christopher James Cox, Assistant Director Local Compliance, Individuals and Public Bodies, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs. * Catherine Lynne Crawford, Chief Executive, [Metropolitan Police Authority](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority "Metropolitan Police Authority"). For services to the Police. * Jill Crawford, For services to Midwifery and Nursing. * Fiona Cruickshank, Director, SCM Pharma Ltd. For services to Business in the North East. * [Barry Cunningham](/wiki/Barry_Cunningham_%28publisher%29 "Barry Cunningham (publisher)"), Chief Publisher and Managing Director, [Chicken House Books](/wiki/The_Chicken_House "The Chicken House"). For services to the Publishing Industry. * Suzanne Cunningham, Consultant Midwife, Southampton University Hospital Trust and Bournemouth University. For services to Midwifery. * [Dr. Judith Mary Darmady](/wiki/Judith_Darmady "Judith Darmady"). For services to Children's Well\-Being Overseas. * Angela Darnell, Headteacher, [Egglescliffe School](/wiki/Egglescliffe_School "Egglescliffe School"), Stockton\-on\-Tees. For services to Education. * Professor [Timothy Darvill](/wiki/Timothy_Darvill "Timothy Darvill"). For services to Archaeology. * Elizabeth Davidson. For services to Conservation and Architectural Heritage in Scotland. * David Arthur Stephen Davies, lately President, National Farmers' Union, Cymru. For services to the Agricultural Industry in Wales. * Beverley Jane Davies, Chief Executive, Manchester Science Parks. For services to Innovation. * Susan Elizabeth Davies, Policy and Technical Specialist, Business Tax, London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Colin Dawson, Chief Executive, British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers \& Attractions Ltd. For services to the Tourist Industry. * Jeanette Elizabeth Dawson, Principal, [Bishop Burton College](/wiki/Bishop_Burton_College "Bishop Burton College"), Beverley. For services to Land\-based Further and Higher Education. * Stephen John Rodgers Dawson. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * John Dew, Principal Construction Project Manager, Welsh Assembly Government. * Miles Dibsdall, Principal, [New College Stamford](/wiki/New_College_Stamford "New College Stamford"), Lincolnshire. For services to Further and Higher Education. * Professor Anthony George Doré, Vice\-President for Global Exploration, [Statoil](/wiki/Statoil "Statoil"). For services to Geology. * John Dunningham. For voluntary service to Tennis. * [William Robert Dunster](/wiki/William_Robert_Dunster "William Robert Dunster"). For services to Sustainable Housing Design. * [Barry George Albin\-Dyer](/wiki/Barry_Albin-Dyer "Barry Albin-Dyer"), Chairman, Kenyons Repatriation Services Ltd. For services to the Armed Forces. * Joanna Elson, Chief Executive, Money Advice Trust. For services to People in Debt. * Barry Raymond England, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance. * Margaret Macdonald Eva, Headteacher, [Bourne Community College](/wiki/Bourne_Community_College "Bourne Community College"), West Sussex. For services to Education. * Stephen Nicholas Evans. For services to the Samaritans in the UK. * Robin Anthony Eve. For services to the [City of London Corporation](/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation "City of London Corporation"). * Michael Geoffrey Shaun Farrell. For services to the Church of England. * Barry Forrester, lately Principal Recruitment Policy Adviser, [Civil Service Commissioners](/wiki/Civil_Service_Commissioners_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Civil Service Commissioners (United Kingdom)"), Cabinet Office. * Steven Hamilton Freed, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Dr. Simon Gage, Director, [Edinburgh International Science Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival "Edinburgh International Science Festival"). For services to Science Communication. * Ronald Francis Gainsford, Chief Executive, [Trading Standards Institute](/wiki/Trading_Standards_Institute "Trading Standards Institute"). For services to Consumers and to Business. * Eileen Gallagher, Chief Executive, [Shed Productions](/wiki/Shed_Productions "Shed Productions"). For services to Broadcasting. * Professor Harold Samuel Gamble, Professor of Engineering, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Science. * Olivia Giles. For charitable services particularly to Disabled People. * Margaret Gilmour, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * John Ellis Glennie, lately Chief Executive, [NHS Borders](/wiki/NHS_Borders "NHS Borders"). For services to Healthcare. * Trevor Graves, Oculoplastic Specialist Nurse, [Leicester Royal Infirmary](/wiki/Leicester_Royal_Infirmary "Leicester Royal Infirmary"), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * [Harriet Green](/wiki/Harriet_Green "Harriet Green"), Chief Executive Officer, [Premier Farnell plc](/wiki/Premier_Farnell_plc "Premier Farnell plc"). For services to the Electronics Industry. * [Bonnie Greer](/wiki/Bonnie_Greer "Bonnie Greer"), Playwright, Author and Critic. For services to the Arts. * Dr. Ruth Mary Evelyn Griffin, Lead Scientist, Forensic Science Agency of Northern Ireland. * Professor [Dorothy Seymour Griffiths](/wiki/Dorothy_Griffiths "Dorothy Griffiths"), Professor of HR Management and Deputy Principal, [Imperial College Business School](/wiki/Imperial_College_Business_School "Imperial College Business School"), London. For services to Higher Education. * Peter Lloyd Griffiths, Group Chief Executive, [Principality Building Society](/wiki/Principality_Building_Society "Principality Building Society"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Catherine, The Lady Guthrie. For voluntary service to [SSAFA Forces Help](/wiki/SSAFA_Forces_Help "SSAFA Forces Help"). * John Gale Hambly, Deputy Technical Director, [QinetiQ](/wiki/QinetiQ "QinetiQ"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Garry John Handley, Team Leader, Road Safety Unit, [Gloucestershire County Council](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council "Gloucestershire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Nicola Jane Hanna, Director, Epilepsy Bereaved. For services to Families. * Councillor Malcolm Charles Hanney. For services to the community in the South West. * [Jeremy Andrew Harris](/wiki/Drew_Harris "Drew Harris"), Assistant Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland "Police Service of Northern Ireland"). For services to the Police. * Martin Harris, Deputy Director, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office. * Gillian Anne Heaton, Executive Director of Patient Services and Chief Nurse, [Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Central_Manchester_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * David George Henderson, Managing Director, Tobermore Concrete Products Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland. * [James Herbert](/wiki/James_Herbert "James Herbert"), Author. For services to Literature. * Dr. Robin Walter Hiley, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Robert Seamus Hill, Managing Director, [Chemring Marine](/wiki/Chemring_Group "Chemring Group"). For services to the Marine Industry. * The Reverend Jean Margaret Hoggard. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire. * Vivien Hopkins, Chief Operating Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Nigel Arthur Hoskin. For services to [Dartmoor National Park](/wiki/Dartmoor_National_Park "Dartmoor National Park"). * Professor Dominic Houlihan, Vice\-Principal, [University of Aberdeen](/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen "University of Aberdeen"). For services to Science Communication. * Professor [Kenneth Howard](/wiki/Ken_Howard_%28artist%29 "Ken Howard (artist)"), Artist. For services to Art. * Dr. Elizabeth Howells, Head of Primary Care Psychology and Health Psychology. For services to Mental Healthcare in Wiltshire. * John Hudson, Senior Forestry Adviser, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development"). * Anthony John Hunter, Chief Executive, [North East Lincolnshire Council](/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council "North East Lincolnshire Council"). For services to Social Care. * Stephen Hunter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, [Tayside Fire and Rescue](/wiki/Tayside_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Tayside Fire and Rescue Service"). For services to Local Government. * Mick Hurley, lately Serious Youth Violence Adviser. For services to Young People. * Mashuq Hussain. For services to Young People and to Community Relations in Burnley and Pendle, Lancashire. * Ian Crosbie Tennant Hutcheson, Director of Security, [BAA Airports Ltd](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings "Heathrow Airport Holdings"). For services to the Aviation Industry. * Arthur Graeme Hyslop, Principal, [Langside College](/wiki/Langside_College "Langside College"), Glasgow. For services to Further Education. * Taha Mohammad Idris, Chief Executive, Swansea Bay Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations. * John Jackson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Staffordshire. * Tracy Jackson, Manager, Crescent Children's Centre, Stoke\-on\-Trent. For services to Children and Families. * Lynne James, Manager, Hartcliffe Sure Start Children's Centre, Bristol. For services to Children and Families. * Jonathan Andrew Jefferis, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * [Blair Jenkins](/wiki/Blair_Jenkins "Blair Jenkins"). For services to Broadcasting. * George Robert Jenkins, Vice\-Chairman, [NHS Blood and Transplant](/wiki/NHS_Blood_and_Transplant "NHS Blood and Transplant"), and Chairman, [South London Healthcare NHS](/wiki/South_London_Healthcare_NHS_Trust "South London Healthcare NHS Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * Dr. [Ian Dennis Jenkins](/wiki/Ian_Dennis_Jenkins "Ian Dennis Jenkins"), Senior Curator, Greek Collections, [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum"). For services to Museums. * Professor Arthur Thomas Peter Jones, Senior Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, Academic Development and Research, [Nottingham Trent University](/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University "Nottingham Trent University"). For services to Higher Education and to the Legal Profession. * Dilys Cynthia Mary Jones, lately Headteacher, Lypiatt Primary School and Early Years Centre, Wiltshire. For services to Education. * Dan Clayton\-Jones. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales. * Jean Mary Jones, Headteacher, Grace Owen Nursery School, Sheffield. For services to Early Years Education. * Mair Jones. For services to Further Education in Wales. * Sian Rees\-Jones, Headteacher, Bognor Regis Nursery School and Children's Centre, West Sussex. For services to Early Years Education. * Ursula Jones. For services to Music. * Dr. [Sukhbir Singh Kapoor](/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Kapoor "Sukhbir Singh Kapoor"), Vice\-Chancellor, World Sikh University. For services to Community Relations. * Paul Warren Kendrew, Senior Official, HM Revenue and Customs. * [Nick Knight](/wiki/Nick_Knight_%28photographer%29 "Nick Knight (photographer)"), Fashion Photographer. For services to Art. * Dr. [Kartar Singh Lalvani](/wiki/Kartar_Lalvani "Kartar Lalvani"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry and to Charity. * Deepak Lalwani, Director, India, Astaire \& Partners. For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Robin Frank Landman, Chief Executive Officer, Network for Black Professionals. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic Further Education. * Jurat Derek Le Page, lately [Jurat](/wiki/Jurat "Jurat") of the [Royal Court](/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey "Courts of Guernsey"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Guernsey. * Roger Adrian Legate, Principal and Head of Visual Impairment Service, [Linden Lodge School](/wiki/Linden_Lodge_School "Linden Lodge School"), Wandsworth, London. For services to Special Needs Education. * Sharon Patricia Lemon. For public service. * Eric James Lewis, lately Chief Executive Officer, Doncaster's Group. For services to Industry. * Marion Lewis, Chair, Neighbourhood and Homewatch Network, England and Wales. For services to Community Safety. * Sian Lockwood, Chief Executive, Community Catalysts (NAAPS UK). For services to Social Care. * Karen Logan, Nurse Consultant (Continence Services), [Aneurin Bevan Health Board](/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan_Health_Board "Aneurin Bevan Health Board"). For services to Healthcare. * Joanna Elisabeth Anne Tait\-Lovatt, lately Principal and Chief Executive, [Bishop Auckland College](/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_College "Bishop Auckland College"). For services to local and national Education. * Dr. Kailash Chand Malhotra, General Medical Practitioner, Ashton\-under\-Lyne. For services to Healthcare. * Jehangir Malik. For services to [Islamic Relief](/wiki/Islamic_Relief "Islamic Relief"). * Christine Mann, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse. * Stephen Mathews, Chief Executive, Cedar Foundation. For services to Disabled People in Northern Ireland. * Janet Erica Matthewman, Head of Culture, Media and Sport, Government Office for the North West. * Angela Jane Maxwell, Managing Director, Acuwomen. For services to Business in the West Midlands. * [Anthony Peter McCoy](/wiki/Anthony_Peter_McCoy "Anthony Peter McCoy"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Jockey. For services to Horse Racing.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/northern\_ireland/8735760\.stm \|title\=Tony McCoy and Kyle McCallan head NI sporting honours \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=11 June 2010}} * Patrick Joseph McIntyre, Chief Executive, [Northern Ireland Housing Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Housing_Executive "Northern Ireland Housing Executive"). For services to the Housing Sector. * Joseph McVey, Chairman, Volunteer Development Agency. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Northern Ireland. * Gaynor Mears. For services to Preventing Domestic and Sexual Violence. * [Tamara Mellon](/wiki/Tamara_Mellon "Tamara Mellon"), Founder and Chief Creative Officer, [Jimmy Choo Ltd](/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd "Jimmy Choo Ltd"). For services to the Fashion Industry. * Judith Ann Million, Deputy Regional Director, Government Office for the North East. * Jayne Mary Monkhouse. For services to Equal Opportunities and to Diversity. * Leslie Ann Morphy, Chief Executive, [Crisis](/wiki/Crisis_%28charity%29 "Crisis (charity)"). For services to Homeless People. * Dr. Jennifer Morris. For services to Disabled People. * Robert Mullen, Governor, [HM Prison Lindholme](/wiki/HM_Prison_Lindholme "HM Prison Lindholme"), HM Prison Service. * Barry Mussenden, Deputy Director, Policy and Strategy Directorate, Department of Health. * Catherine Myers, Executive Headteacher, [Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate Schools](/wiki/Bishop_Challoner_Catholic_Collegiate_School "Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate School"), Tower Hamlets, London. For services to Education. * Mohammad Nazir, Chairman, West Midlands Ethnic Minority Business Forum. For services to Business. * [John Vivian Drummond Nettles](/wiki/John_Vivian_Drummond_Nettles "John Vivian Drummond Nettles"), Actor. For services to Drama. * John Irwin Nevin, lately Assistant Director of Operations (Benefits Assurance), Social Security Agency, Northern Ireland Executive. * Rosalind Newlands, Course Director for Tourist Guide Training, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh"). For services to the Tourist Industry. * Angela Elizabeth O'Connor, Headteacher, Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Hastings. For services to Education. * Alache Ode. For services to Diaspora Communities in the UK and Overseas. * Dr Nelson Olawale Ogunshakin, Chief Executive, [Association for Consultancy and Engineering](/wiki/Association_for_Consultancy_and_Engineering "Association for Consultancy and Engineering"). For services to the Construction and Engineering Industries. * [Sophie Okonedo](/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo "Sophie Okonedo"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Margaret Oldfield, Chair, [Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Rotherham_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to the community in South Yorkshire. * [Kenneth Olisa](/wiki/Ken_Olisa "Ken Olisa"), Chairman, [Thames Reach](/wiki/Thames_Reach "Thames Reach"). For services to Homeless People in London. * Dr. [Keith Palmer](/wiki/Keith_Palmer_%28businessman%29 "Keith Palmer (businessman)"). For services to Economic Development Overseas. * Dr. [Cornelia Ann Parker](/wiki/Cornelia_Ann_Parker "Cornelia Ann Parker"), Sculptor and Installation Artist. For services to Art. * Bryn Parry, Co\-Founder, [Help for Heroes](/wiki/Help_for_Heroes "Help for Heroes"). For voluntary service to the Armed Forces. * Emma Parry, Co\-Founder, Help for Heroes. For voluntary service to the Armed Forces. * Dr. Rachel Elizabeth Perkins, Director of Quality Assurance and User Experience, [South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust](/wiki/South_West_London_and_St_George%27s_Mental_Health_NHS_Trust "South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust"). For services to Mental Health. * Zahara Hyde Peters, Chief Executive Officer, [British Triathlon Federation](/wiki/British_Triathlon_Federation "British Triathlon Federation"). For services to Athletics. * [Julian Pettifer](/wiki/Julian_Pettifer "Julian Pettifer"). For services to Journalism and to Wildlife Conservation. * Professor [David Andrew Phoenix](/wiki/David_Andrew_Phoenix "David Andrew Phoenix"), Deputy Vice\-Chancellor, [University of Central Lancashire](/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire "University of Central Lancashire"). For services to Science and to Higher Education. * John Hugh Pitman, Executive Chairman, JHP Group Ltd. For services to Vocational Training. * Nicholas Clive Randle, Chief Executive, [Society of Local Council Clerks](/wiki/Society_of_Local_Council_Clerks "Society of Local Council Clerks"). For services to Local Government. * André Rebello, HM Coroner for Liverpool. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Ann Helen Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society. * Bernard Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society. * Geoffrey Reed, Senior Statistician, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. * Bennett Lyle Edward Reid. For services to Business and to the community in Walsall, West Midlands. * Professor Ken Reid, lately Deputy Vice\-Chancellor, [Swansea Metropolitan University](/wiki/Swansea_Metropolitan_University "Swansea Metropolitan University"). For services to Education. * Honor Rhodes, Director of Strategic Development, [Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships](/wiki/Tavistock_Relationships "Tavistock Relationships"). For services to Children and Families. * [Andrew George Ripley](/wiki/Andrew_George_Ripley "Andrew George Ripley"). For services to Sport, particularly Rugby. (To be dated 20 May 2010\.) * Jacqueline Roberts, Chief Executive, [Care Commission](/wiki/Care_Commission "Care Commission"). For services to Social Care in Scotland. * Jacqueline Ann Robinson, President, [England Squash](/wiki/England_Squash "England Squash"). For services to Sport. * Michael Jeremy Rye, Leader, [Enfield Council](/wiki/Enfield_Council "Enfield Council"). For services to Local Government. * Inderjit Kaur Sandhu, Headteacher, Launde Primary School, Leicestershire. For services to Education. * Johanna Senior. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Dr. Prem Dutt Sharma. For services to Community Relations. * Stephen Frank Shine, Chief Operating Officer, [Thames Water](/wiki/Thames_Water "Thames Water"). For services to the Water Industry. * Angela Sibson, Chief Executive, National Academy for Parenting Practitioners. For services to Children and Families. * Beverley Francis Smart. For services to People with Special Needs. * Dr. Deborah Anita Smith, Director, [Building Research Establishment](/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment "Building Research Establishment"). For services to Fire Safety. * Professor Deborah Frances Smith, Professor of Molecular Parasitology, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York "University of York"), and Chair, Medical Research Council Infections and Immunity Board. For services to Science. * Nigel Saxby\-Soffe, lately Finance Director, Action Aid International. For services to International Development. * Thelma Olive Sorensen. For services to the Economic Regeneration of Cornwall. * Linbert Soloman Spencer. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Ruth Stanier, Deputy Director, Preventing Repossessions and Homelessness, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Christopher Stevens, lately Head of Inclusion Policy, [British Educational and Communications Technology Agency](/wiki/Becta "Becta"). For services to Special Needs Education. * Brian West Stewart, lately Chief Executive, [East of England Regional Assembly](/wiki/East_of_England_Regional_Assembly "East of England Regional Assembly"). For services to Local Government. * Dr. [Richard Malcolm Ellis Stone](/wiki/Richard_Stone_%28campaigner%29 "Richard Stone (campaigner)"). For public and voluntary service. * David George Stout, Executive Director of Finance and Communications, NHS North East Strategic Health Authority. For services to the NHS. * Professor Rodney Paul Sturges. For services to Libraries in the UK and Overseas. * [Shane Edwin Sutton](/wiki/Shane_Edwin_Sutton "Shane Edwin Sutton"), Track Performance Manager, Cycling GB. For services to Sport. * Elizabeth Taylor, Public Health Manager, Southampton City Primary Care Trust. For services to Children and Families. * Kenneth John Taylor, Leader, [Coventry City Council](/wiki/Coventry_City_Council "Coventry City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Mary Teasdale, Head, National Information and Advice Service for Families of People with Schizophrenia. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Barbara Lynne Thomas. For charitable services. * Pauline Thompson. For services to Older and Disabled People. * Tina Tietjen, Chairman, Air Transport Users' Council. For services to the Aviation Industry. * Martin John Tiplady, Director, Human Resources, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * Professor Brian Toft, Professor of Patient Safety, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, [Coventry University](/wiki/Coventry_University "Coventry University"). For services to Healthcare. * Keith Tondeur, President, Credit Action. For services to Financial Education. * Judith Anne Tunstall, Senior Private Secretary, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * Margaret Turner, Chief Executive, Diana Award. For services to Young People. * Baljit Ubhey, Chief Crown Prosecutor, Thames Valley and Group Chair, Thames and Chiltern, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service"). * [Carol Kathleen Walton](/wiki/Caz_Walton "Caz Walton"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to Disability Sport. * Elizabeth Rayner Scott Walton, Lately Principal, [William Morris Sixth Form](/wiki/William_Morris_Sixth_Form "William Morris Sixth Form"), Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Post\-16 Education. * Pauline Waterhouse, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, [Blackpool and The Fylde College](/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College "Blackpool and The Fylde College"), Lancashire. For services to Further Education. * Sylvia Beatrice Wear, Chief Executive, RCV Charity. For services to Disabled People. * Alison Joan Wenham, Chairman and Chief Executive, [Association of Independent Music](/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Music "Association of Independent Music"). For services to the Creative Industries. * Fiona Marie Wheeler, Team Leader, Early Years Parenting and Promoting Learning Team, Department for Children, Schools and Families. * John Whittaker, Deputy Director, Customer Operations PAYE and Self Assessment Strategic North, Nottingham, HM Revenue and Customs. * John Mills Whyte, lately Director Central Region, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency "UK Border Agency"), Home Office. * [Ann Wild](/wiki/Ann_Wild "Ann Wild"). For services to Wheelchair Basketball. * Desmond Williamson, Principal, Castlederg High School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * John Bryan Wybrew, lately Chairman, [Energy and Utility Skills](/wiki/Energy_and_Utility_Skills "Energy and Utility Skills"). For services to Training. * Nicola Yates, Chief Executive, [Hull City Council](/wiki/Hull_City_Council "Hull City Council"). For services to Local Government. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * Philip King Alcock, Prosecutor, War Crimes Department, Prosecutor's Office, Bosnia and Herzegovina. For services to the protection of human rights and the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina. * [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali "Mockbul Ali"), Islamic Issues Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Rodney Keith Bain, lately Chairman, British Chamber of Commerce Thailand. For services to UK/Thailand commercial interests. * [Nigel Marcus Baker](/wiki/Nigel_Marcus_Baker "Nigel Marcus Baker"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO}}, [HM Ambassador to Bolivia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Bolivia "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia"). * Dr. Maha Taysir Barakat, Co\-Founder, Imperial College Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi. For services to medical research, training and public health in the United Arab Emirates. * Gideon David Beale, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Michael Edward Billett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Director of the North American Office, [Mountbatten Institute](/wiki/Mountbatten_Institute "Mountbatten Institute"). For services to Education, particularly Student Exchange and International Study between the UK and USA. * Dr. Vernon Edward Hartley Booth, Chairman, Uzbek\-British Trade and Investment Council and Chairman of the British\-Uzbek Society. For services to UK\-Uzbek commercial interests. * Professor [Stephen Chan](/wiki/Stephen_Chan_%28academic%29 "Stephen Chan (academic)"), Professor of International Relations, [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies "School of Oriental and African Studies"). For services to Africa and Higher Education. * Richard John Cheney, Chairman, Commonwealth Society and Director, Chile British Chamber of Commerce. For services to the community in Chile and UK/Chile commercial interests. * Professor [James Chadwick Dunkerley](/wiki/James_Chadwick_Dunkerley "James Chadwick Dunkerley"), Professor of Latin American Politics and Modern History, [Institute for the Study of the Americas](/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Americas "Institute for the Study of the Americas") (ISA). For services to Latin American studies and UK/Latin American relations. * Alexander Ian Arthur Evans, lately First Secretary Political, British High Commission, Pakistan. * Rupert John Addison Gaskin, Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Jeremy Stuart Jacobson, Director, British Council, Algeria. * Malcolm Alun Richard Llewellyn, Chair, British Chamber of Commerce Indonesia. For services to UK/Indonesian commercial interests and to the community in Indonesia. * Barry Peter Marsh, lately President, British Chamber of Commerce and Founder Member, the Moroccan British Business Council. For services to UK/Moroccan business interests. * Stuart McCarthy, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Nicholas McGegan](/wiki/Nicholas_McGegan "Nicholas McGegan"), Conductor and Musicologist. For services to Music overseas. * Kevin McGurgan, lately Deputy Head, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah. * Dr. Jane Elizabeth Miller, Director, Maternal and Child Health Programmes and Initiatives, [Population Services International](/wiki/Population_Services_International "Population Services International"). For services to controlling and helping to eliminate Malaria in Tanzania. * Conchita Consuelo Ming, For services to the community and the Arts, Bermuda. * [Graham William Nash](/wiki/Graham_William_Nash "Graham William Nash"), Co\-Founder of [Crosby, Stills and Nash](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills_and_Nash "Crosby, Stills and Nash"). For services to Music and for charitable activities. * Terence Donald O'Connor, President, British Chamber of Commerce, Singapore and CEO, Courts (Singapore) Ltd. For services to UK/Singapore commercial interests. * Dr. John Ben Oswald Palmer, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * David Sim Paterson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Director, [Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh "Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh"). For services to Sino\-British co\-operation on biodiversity. * Dr. Adam Keith Prewett, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Nicholas John Pyle, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Chief Political Adviser, UN Political Office for Somalia. * Ian Ralfini, lately General Manager and Vice President, [EMI Manhattan Records](/wiki/EMI_Manhattan_Records "EMI Manhattan Records"), USA. For services to the Music Industry and charitable activities in the UK and USA. * Colin Reeves, Consultant Technical Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Keith Thomas Richards, Managing Director, Promasidor Nigeria Ltd. For services to UK/Nigerian business interests and charitable activities in Nigeria. * Alan Paul Smart, Director, British Council, Burma. * Peter Alan Stephenson, Director Trade and Investment, British High Commission, Nigeria. * The Honourable [Darwin Kurt Tibbetts](/wiki/Darwin_Kurt_Tibbetts "Darwin Kurt Tibbetts"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Leader of the Opposition, Cayman Islands. For services to the community. #### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Lieutenant Jeffrey Richard Bevan, C038321S. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Andrew Neil Collings, D170235C. * Major Nicholas Alan Griffiths, Royal Marines, N029148E. * Chaplain John Hill, C037507X. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering Submarines) Kevin Alan Keenan, D199951T. * Lieutenant Commander Brian Stuart Leyshon, C020520L. * Major Christopher Sydney Middleton, Royal Marines, N029221Y. * Warrant Officer Class 1 (Master at Arms) Susan Morgan, W133839N. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Gavin O'Connell, Royal Marines, P047878J. * Corporal (Acting Sergeant) Stephen Kenton Perry, Royal Marines, P046386G. * Lieutenant Commander Richard Michael John Sutton, C035070Y. * Leading Logistician (Catering Services) Rachael Talton, W143392G. * Lieutenant Commander Dain Jason Thorne, C037370T. * Warrant Officer Class 1 (Communication Information Systems Specialist) Timothy Mark Trevarthen, D180919H. Army * Staff Sergeant Kenneth Barnett, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 24440483\. * Major Jonathan David Billings, Royal Tank Regiment, 533318\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert David Birkenhead, The Parachute Regiment, 24697934\. * Major Douglas Arthur Black, Corps of Royal Engineers, 549743\. * Major Phillip Nowell Blanchfield, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 560053\. * Lieutenant Colonel Ranald Alasdair Blue, The Rifles, 498953\. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Mark Philip Bragg, The Royal Logistic Corps, 25022417\. * The Reverend Colin Sydney Butler, Chaplain to the Forces 3rd Class, Royal Army Chaplains' Department, 541891\. * Staff Sergeant Paul John Butler, Intelligence Corps, 24844236\. * Staff Sergeant Annabel Jo Byles, Army Physical Training Corps, W0813206\. * Major Shaun Anthony Casey, The Mercian Regiment, 539546\. * Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Allen Clarke, {{post\-nominals\|list\=GM, QGM}}, Royal Corps of Signals 543446\. * Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Charles Clee, Corps of Royal Engineers, 533547\. * Lieutenant Colonel [Charles Seymour Collins](/wiki/Charles_Collins_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Charles Collins (British Army officer)"), The Rifles, 542143\. * Captain Benjamin Beaupré Creed, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 556344\. * Major Clare Marie Dutton, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, 548420\. * Major Kevin David Fitchett, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 559899\. * Lieutenant Colonel Colin John Francis, The Royal Logistic Corps, 540034\. * Major Christopher Ham, Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 547684\. * Major Donald Andrew Hodgson, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 548668\. * Corporal Lee Martin Innes, Corps of Royal Engineers, 24792698\. * Major Michael David Jeavons, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 537441\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert King, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 24587695\. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Duncan Sinclair Lamb, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 24327836\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen Michael Magloire, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24592523\. * Lieutenant Colonel Toni Jane Heather Martin, The Royal Logistic Corps, 543314\. * Captain Robert Bruce Mather, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563784\. * Major Michael McCarthy, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, 553235\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Lesa McInnes, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), W0815828\. * Major Bruce McKay, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), 535793\. * Major Geoffrey Edward Minton, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, 536695\. * Major Gordon Muirhead, The Parachute Regiment, 559793\. * Major Nicole Marie Nicholls (née Record), Intelligence Corps, 544249\. * Captain Simon Oats, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563729\. * Major Abigail Ross Pack, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 554379\. * Major Philip Michael Packer, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police), 547982\. * Lieutenant Colonel Francis Alexander James Piggott, The Royal Dragoon Guards, 536705\. * Major Julian Michael Pott, The Parachute Regiment, 559794\. * Major Mark Pullan, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 546021\. * Major Andrew Robert Redding, The Parachute Regiment, 544976\. * Colour Sergeant Graham Clive Richards, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 24891983\. * Major Simon Andrew Ridgway, Royal Tank Regiment, 550797\. * Captain Keith Richard Roberts, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army, 566166\. * Major Leon James Roberts, Royal Army Medical Corps, 548616\. * Major Barry James Skinner, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army, 552191\. * Captain Colin Alfred William Smith, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, 539750\. * Lieutenant Colonel Michael Vince, Buckinghamshire Army Cadet Force, 479913\. * Major Raymond Walter Wells, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 536151\. * Captain Huw Gruffydd Williams, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24648991\. * Major Christopher John Willis, The Rifles, Territorial Army, 546976\. * Captain Robert James Wilmont, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 565165\. * Major Mark Christian Peter Wilson, The Rifles, 546065\. * Major Alan Young, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 547234\. Royal Air Force * Warrant Officer Stephen Roy Bell (J8171383\). * Warrant Officer Adrian Charles Betts (H8177182\). * Sergeant Alan David Bowman (T8225049\). * Squadron Leader Alan John Dawson (2640321G). * Flight Sergeant William Draper (F8261022\). * Chief Technician Andrew Michael Fry (H8204864\). * Flight Lieutenant Andrew David Glover (8029281D). * Squadron Leader Ross Goldsworthy (0209959T), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve_%28Training_Branch%29 "Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch)"). * Warrant Officer Grahame Douglas Grimshaw (Q8290606\). * Sergeant Steven Leslie Heywood (A8285804\). * Squadron Leader David Alan Hood (8246023K). * Warrant Officer Leslie George Hotson (D8112001\). * Squadron Leader James Patrick Lennie (8136789T). * Warrant Officer Lyndsay Hugh Morgan (K8102295\). * First Officer Richard Lavender, [Royal Fleet Auxiliary](/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary "Royal Fleet Auxiliary") (700187D) Civil Division * Andrew Abberley. For public service. * Reginald Adams, lately Coach, Grangemouth Amateur Swimming Club. For services to Sport. * Saima Afzal. For services to the Police and to Community Relations in Lancashire. * Daljit Singh Ahluwalia. For voluntary service to Community and Inter\-faith Relations in Derbyshire. * Zaheer Ahmad, Constable, [British Transport Police](/wiki/British_Transport_Police "British Transport Police"). For services to the Police. * Basheer Ahmed, Honorary Life Vice\-President, Race Equality Council of Lincolnshire. For services to Community Relations. * Shanaz Ahmed. For services to the Asian community in the East End of London. * Craig Leon Ainge, Premises Development Manager, NHS Bedfordshire. For services to Healthcare. * Cathlyn Ainsworth, Chairman, Abbeyfield Southport Society. For voluntary service to Older People. * James Aitken, Director, Centre of Sport and Exercise, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh"). For services to Student Sport. * Lynda Heather Allan, Executive Officer, Inspectorate Team Support, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Malcolm Allen, Psychiatric Nurse and Ward Manager, [Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Tees%2C_Esk_and_Wear_Valleys_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Mental Healthcare. * Ronika Amin, Grade D, Ministry of Defence. * Leonard Andrews. For voluntary service to Brass Band Music in Warrington, Cheshire. * Gitty Ankers. For services to the Recycling and Waste Industries in Cornwall. * Norah Lillian Appleby. For services to the community in Mickleover, Derby. * Mary Julia Archer. For services to the community in Halesowen, West Midlands. * [Sally Arkley](/wiki/Sally_Arkley "Sally Arkley"), Director, Women's Business Development Agency. For services to Women's Enterprise. * Hilda Armstrong, lately Senior Physiotherapy and Orthotic Assistant. For services to the NHS and to the community in Chester\-le\-Street, County Durham. * Harry Arnold. For services to Inland Waterways. * Moira Elizabeth Arthur, lately Managing Director, [Peters Bookselling Services](/wiki/Peters_Bookselling_Services "Peters Bookselling Services"). For services to Children's Libraries. * Marjorie Mavis Atkinson. For services to Older People in East and West Harptree, Bristol. * Miranda Avanzi, Exchequer Funds Manager, Exchequer Funds and Accounts Team, HM Treasury. * Charles William Back. For services to the community in Taunton, Somerset. * Deborah Baddoo. For services to British Dance. * Dr. Michael Bailey. For services to Industrial Archaeology. * Robert James Mundell Baillie. For services to the Boys' Brigade in Scotland. (Deceased. To be dated 4 May 2010\.) * Robert John Baird. For services to Youth Justice in Leeds. * Peter Gore De\-Vaux Balbirnie. For services to the community in Essex. * Stephen Barkby. For charitable services. * Sandra Elizabeth Barnes, Leader, [South Northamptonshire District Council](/wiki/South_Northamptonshire_District_Council "South Northamptonshire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * June Barnett. For voluntary service to the [Leukaemia Research Fund](/wiki/Leukaemia_Research_Fund "Leukaemia Research Fund") and Cancer Leukaemia in Children. * Michael Anthony Tudor Trevor\-Barnston, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Cheshire. * Derek William Barr, lately Chief Executive, [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls "Fairfield Halls"), Croydon. For services to Music and to the Arts. * Ann Marie Barrett. For services to the community in Tullycarnet and Castlereagh, Northern Ireland. * Christopher John Barrows, Chairman of Governors, Coombes Church of England Primary School, Wokingham, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education. * William Noel Barton, Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to the Police. * Dr. Robert Harold Bateman, Technical Consultant, Microssmass UK. For services to Science. * Councillor Graham Baxter, Leader, [North East Derbyshire District Council](/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire_District_Council "North East Derbyshire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Rhoda Ardill Baxter. For services to People with Disabilities in Northern Ireland. * Robin Spencer Baynes. For services to the community in Liverpool. * Professor Stephen Roger Bazire, Chief Pharmacist, Norfolk and Waveney Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Pharmacy. * Lorna Harriett Isobelle Beacom. For voluntary service to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Northern Ireland. * Peter Beaty. For services to the community in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham. * Anne Beer, Senior Adviser, Staffordshire Trading Standards. For services to Consumers. * Sally Bell, Associate Director of Emergency Preparedness, NHS Yorkshire and the Humber. For services to Nursing. * Andrew Richard Bennett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Grade C1, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"). * Martin Bennett, Joint Chairman and Managing Director, Associated Chemists (Wicker) Ltd. For services to Pharmacy in Sheffield. * Alan Bernstein. For services to Young People in Kent. * Francis Arthur Betteridge. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Sandwell, West Midlands. * Ellis Aubrey John Bevan. For services to the community in Stoke\-on\-Trent, Staffordshire. * Anita Suzanne Bew. For services to the communities in Marlborough, Wiltshire and in Gunjar, The Gambia. * Gwenda Binks, Trade Union Representative, [Valuation Office Agency](/wiki/Valuation_Office_Agency "Valuation Office Agency") London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Gerald Blackburn. For voluntary service to the {{HMS\|Dorsetshire\|40\|6}} Association. * Alison Blackshaw, lately Head of Administration, Communications Department, Prime Minister's Office. * Agnes Glass Blair. For services to Healthcare and to Respiratory Services in Northern Ireland. * Rosemary Elizabeth Blakesley. For services to the community in Ashover, Derbyshire. * Virginia Blakey, Head of Tobacco Policy Branch, Welsh Assembly Government. * Councillor Keith Bland. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. * Donald Blue. For services to Health and Safety. * Judith Boardman, Chair of Governors, [City of Westminster College](/wiki/City_of_Westminster_College "City of Westminster College"), London. For voluntary service to Further Education. * Norman James Bone. Senior Vice\-President, [SELEX Galileo](/wiki/SELEX_Galileo "SELEX Galileo"), [Finmeccanica Group](/wiki/Finmeccanica_Group "Finmeccanica Group"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Janet Booth, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence. * John Bosworth. For services to Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. * Marie Boyd, Deputy Principal, Finance and European Division, Department for Employment and Learning, Northern Ireland Executive. * David Wilson Braddock, Governor, [Ferndown Upper School](/wiki/Ferndown_Upper_School "Ferndown Upper School"), Dorset. For voluntary service to Education. * Lorraine Terry Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families. * Ralph Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families. * Joan Maureen Brier, Chair of Corporation, [Rotherham College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Rotherham_College_of_Arts_and_Technology "Rotherham College of Arts and Technology"). For voluntary service to Further Education. * David Rankin Briggs, Director, Corporate Services, [Lisburn City Council](/wiki/Lisburn_City_Council "Lisburn City Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Councillor Loraine Morgan\-Brinkhurst. For services to the community in Bath and North East Somerset. * Kathleen Bromilow, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. For services to the Police. * Michael Brooker. For services to the Hotel Industry. * Alick Brown. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Hampshire. * David John Mcgregor Brown, Chairman, Safety Letterbox Company Ltd, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Business. * Mary Brown. For public service. * Norman Arthur Brown. For services to the community in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire. * Stephen Royston Brown. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Manchester. * Angela Bruno. For voluntary service to the White Lily Fund Cancer Charity in the West of Scotland. * Margaret Paradine Bull. For voluntary service to [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children") in Whitby, North Yorkshire. * Dr. John Francis Burke. For voluntary service to Cancer Patients and their Families in Wales. * Elizabeth June Butler. For services to Electoral Services in Northern Ireland. * Mary Cains, Housekeeper, Prime Minister's Office. * Elizabeth Campbell. For charitable services in Northern Ireland. * Joan Campbell. For services to Skills Development in the Tourist Industry in Scotland. * Rosalind Campbell. For voluntary service to the [War Widows' Association](/wiki/War_Widows_Association_of_Great_Britain "War Widows Association of Great Britain"). * Vanne Campbell. For voluntary service to Iveagh Branch Pony Club in Northern Ireland. * Elizabeth Carlisle. For services to Women in Northern Ireland. * Bryan Charles Carnes, Chief Executive, North Staffordshire Chamber of Commerce and Industry. For services to Business. * Alan Michael Carr. For charitable services. * [Anthony Carr](/wiki/Tony_Carr "Tony Carr"), [Academy Director, West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy "West Ham United F.C. Under-21s and Academy"). For services to Football. * Denise Ann Carroll. For voluntary service to the Milli's Child Contact Centre in Jersey. * Joyce Carroll. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in the North East. * Gloria Atkinson\-Carter, Administrator, [University of Winchester](/wiki/University_of_Winchester "University of Winchester"). For services to Higher Education. * Peter Morton Carter. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire. * Margretta Cartwright. For services to the community in Talybont, Gwynedd. * Raymond Case, lately Reprographics Operator, [Tribunals Service](/wiki/Tribunals_Service "Tribunals Service"), Ministry of Justice. * Councillor David Murray Caunt. For services to Local Government in Dudley, West Midlands. * Roy James Cavanagh, Labour and Training Manager, G. \& J. Seddon Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry. * Donald Scott Charlton. For voluntary service to the Scouts in the North East. * Lisa Charlton. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Tyne and Wear. * Peter Chesher. For voluntary service to [Green Road station](/wiki/Green_Road_railway_station "Green Road railway station"), Cumbria. * Janice Childs. For services to Elderly People in Irthingborough, Northamptonshire. * Eva Mair Jean Chinnery. For services to the community in Brecon, Powys. * Raymonde Chintoh, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Jack Chippendale. For services to the Boat Building Industry. * Susan Jane Clapham. For public service. * Muriel Clarke. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Pamela Arundel Clarke. For services to the community in West Yorkshire. * Ruth Clarke, Community Learning Manager London, National Trust. For services to Heritage and to the Arts. * Terence Alan Clarke, Assistant Headteacher and Arts Co\-ordinator, [Langley School, Solihull](/wiki/Langley_School%2C_Solihull "Langley School, Solihull"). For services to Education. * William Gordon Clarke. For voluntary service to Haemophiliac Patients in Northern Ireland. * Joan Louisa Coates. For services to the community in Alresford, Colchester, Essex. * Pauline Cocker, lately Chair of the Corporation, [Birkenhead Sixth Form College](/wiki/Birkenhead_Sixth_Form_College "Birkenhead Sixth Form College"), Wirral. For voluntary service to Education. * Diane Coggings, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist for Paediatrics, Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * William Patrick Colquhoun, Director, Medical Support in Romania. For services to Healthcare Overseas. * Terence James Connell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Pamela Florence Connock. For services to the community in Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire. * Simon Henry Cooke, Governor, [Newport Free Grammar School](/wiki/Newport_Free_Grammar_School "Newport Free Grammar School"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education. * Roger John Cooper. For services to Forestry. * [David Coulthard](/wiki/David_Coulthard "David Coulthard"). For services to Motor Racing. * Robin Courage. For services to Disability Sport. * Jeremy Robert Cowhig, Managing Director, Institute of Physics Publishing. For services to Science. * Robert Cowley. For services to the community in Dorset. * Jeffrey Robert Cowton, Curator, [Wordsworth Trust](/wiki/Wordsworth_Trust "Wordsworth Trust"). For services to Museums. * Anne Veronica Craig. For services to the Knowledge Transfer Sector. * Mary Elizabeth Crook. For services to Young People in Cornwall. * Thomas Patrick Cunningham, Harbourmaster, [Carlingford Lough](/wiki/Carlingford_Lough "Carlingford Lough") Commission. For services to the Maritime Industry in Northern Ireland. * Carlton Leroy Darrell. For services to the community in Thurrock, Essex. * Prakash Daswani, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, [Cultural Co\-operation](/wiki/Cultural_Co-operation "Cultural Co-operation"). For services to the Arts. * Roy Frederick Davidson, Deputy Chief Commissioner, Scotland. For voluntary service to the Scouts. * Dorothy Ursula Cleaton Davies, District Nurse. For services to Healthcare in Llandrindod Wells, Powys. * Glyndŵr David George Davies, Director of International Affairs, [Economic and Social Research Council](/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council "Economic and Social Research Council"). For services to Social Science. * Paul Davies. For services to Music in Oxfordshire. * Jenifer Margaret Dawes. For services to St. Katherine and Shadwell Trust, East London. * Richard Best De La Rue. For services to Music and to the community in Guernsey. * Sir [John Humphrey de Trafford](/wiki/John_de_Trafford "John de Trafford"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=Bt.}} For public service. * Dr. Cedric Walter Benedict De Voil, General Medical Practitioner. For services to the community in Tayside. * Elizabeth Jane Dearden, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in St. Helens, Merseyside. * Bernard Delaney, Director, [National Express Coventry](/wiki/National_Express_Coventry "National Express Coventry"). For services to Public Transport. * Anthony Hugh Dent, Diversity and Human Rights Officer, [National Policing Improvement Agency](/wiki/National_Policing_Improvement_Agency "National Policing Improvement Agency"). For services to the Police. * [Eileen Derbyshire](/wiki/Eileen_Derbyshire "Eileen Derbyshire"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Maria Desmond, Deputy Chair, Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Kirkham](/wiki/HM_Prison_Kirkham "HM Prison Kirkham"). For services to the community in Lancashire. * Danusia Donata, Lady Trotman\-Dickenson, Chair, Welsh Heritage Schools Initiative. For services to Education. * [Fred Dinenage](/wiki/Fred_Dinenage "Fred Dinenage"), Television Presenter. For services to Broadcasting. * Ursula Dingle. For services to Disabled People in Jersey. * John Divall, Corporate Affairs Director, South Central Ambulance Services. For services to the Ambulance Service in England. * Sandra Mary Docking, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Elizabeth Margaret Douglas. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross](/wiki/British_Red_Cross "British Red Cross") and to the community in Dumfries and Galloway. * Patricia Anne Douglas. For services to Dance in Edinburgh. * Dr. [Frank Carter Duckworth](/wiki/Frank_Carter_Duckworth "Frank Carter Duckworth"). For services to the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society "Royal Statistical Society") and to [Cricket](/wiki/Cricket "Cricket"). * John Edward Duggan, Activities Organiser, Huddersfield [University of the Third Age](/wiki/University_of_the_Third_Age "University of the Third Age"). For voluntary service to Adult Education. * David John Dumbleton. For services to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") and to Charity in Coventry, West Midlands. * Dennis Dunn, Dean and Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, [Manchester Metropolitan University](/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University "Manchester Metropolitan University") Cheshire. For services to Higher Education. * Norman Dunn, lately Chief Executive, [Newtownabbey Borough Council](/wiki/Newtownabbey_Borough_Council "Newtownabbey Borough Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Yvette Marguerite Therese Dutton, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Shirley Ann Dyer, Caretaker, College Park Infant School, Portsmouth. For services to Education. * Peter James Eaglesfield, lately Non\-Executive Director, NHS Wirral. For services to Healthcare. * Alan Edwards, Senior Executive Officer, Homelessness Legislation, Housing Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Maxine Patricia Edwards. For services to Women's Rugby. * Stuart Edwards, Deputy Head of Security, [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency](/wiki/Driver_and_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency "Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency"), Swansea. * William Ioan Edwards, Chairman of Governors, Glyncoed Comprehensive School, Ebbw Vale. For voluntary service to Education in Wales. * [Oku Anwan Ekpenyon](/wiki/Oku_Ekpenyon "Oku Ekpenyon"). For voluntary service to the History of Black British People. * Dr. Salah El\-Sharkawi, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, South West Wales Cancer Centre, Swansea. For services to Medicine. * Alyson Grace Ellis. For charitable services in South East London. * Marie Erwood, Assistant Headteacher, [Stewards School](/wiki/Stewards_School "Stewards School"), Harlow, Essex. For services to Education. * Avril Everett. For services to [Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Cornwall_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service") and to the Firefighters' Charity. * Irene Elizabeth Falloon. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Angela May Farr, Agriculture Accounts Manager, Finance Department, Welsh Assembly Government. * Peter Farr, Chairman, Bristol Community Housing Foundation. For services to Social Housing. * Margaret Farrar, lately Service Manager, Vine, Leeds. For services to Adult Education for Young People with Disabilities. * John Patrick Farrell, Pharmacy Services Manager, Camden and Islington Pharmacy Service. For services to Healthcare. * Alan Farrer, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Haverigg](/wiki/HM_Prison_Haverigg "HM Prison Haverigg"), Cumbria, HM Prison Service. * Susan Maria Farrington (Mrs. Doble). For services to British Heritage in Pakistan. * Charles Richard Ferens, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in Lincolnshire. * Pamela Filer. For voluntary service to Victim Support in Hertfordshire. * Stuart William Fisher. For voluntary service to the West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service Road Casualty Reduction Team. * Vanessa Fison. For services to the community in Richmond, Surrey. * James Henry Fitchie. For services to Ploughing in Northern Ireland. * Margaret Elizabeth Flint, Senior Administrative Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Board. For services to Offenders. * Peter Flukes. For services to the community in Wolseley, Plymouth. * Maurice John Ford. For services to the community in Northamptonshire. * Margaret Ann Forisky, Development Officer, [West Lothian College](/wiki/West_Lothian_College "West Lothian College"). For services to Further Education. * Carol Foster, ICT Teacher, [Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford](/wiki/Lakeside_School%2C_Chandler%27s_Ford "Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford"), Hampshire. For services to Special Needs Education. * [Michelle Vicki Fowler](/wiki/Michelle_Vicki_Fowler "Michelle Vicki Fowler") (Vicki Michelle). For charitable services. * William Andrew Francey, Director, Health and Environmental Services, [Belfast City Council](/wiki/Belfast_City_Council "Belfast City Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * William Terence Francis, Head, School of Business Innovation and Development, [South Eastern Regional College](/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College "South Eastern Regional College"). For services to Further Education in Northern Ireland. * George Edwards Fraser. For voluntary service to the [Burma Star Association](/wiki/Burma_Star_Association "Burma Star Association") in Aberdeen. * Hugh Wilson Fraser. For services to the community in Dumfries. * Janice Patricia Fraser, Carers Planning and Development Officer, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council "Leicestershire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Diana Mary Freeman. For services to Geography Education in Hertfordshire. * Dennis George Frost. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales. * Rita Pauline Fryer. For services to the community in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. * Fay Fullerton, Head, Production Costume, [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House"). For services to Dance and to Opera. * [John Alexander Fullerton](/wiki/Jackie_Fullerton "Jackie Fullerton"). For services to Sports Journalism and to the community in Northern Ireland. * Dr. Mahvash Hussain\-Gambles, Founder and Chief Executive, Saaf International Ltd. For services to the Beauty Industry and to International Trade. * Councillor Derek Davies Games. For services to Local Government and to the community in Merthyr Tydfil. * Halina Gammie. For services to Study Support and Playing for Success. * Richard David Gammon. For services to the community in Bristol. * Irene Dorothy Garrard. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity. * [Michael Garrick](/wiki/Michael_Garrick "Michael Garrick"), Jazz Pianist and Composer. For services to Music. * The Reverend Vernon Frederick George. For services to the community in the London Borough of Barnet and Sri Lanka. * Susan Gibbs, Station Announcer, c2c Rail Ltd, [London Fenchurch Street](/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station "Fenchurch Street railway station"). For services to Public Transport. * Andrew Gibson. For services to Young People in Scotswood, Newcastle upon Tyne. * Pamela Gibson, Executive Officer, Employment Group, Sheffield, Department for Work and Pensions. * Bakhtiar Ahmad Gilani. For services to the community in Greater Manchester. * Robert Charles Gilliat, Chairman, Crime Prevention Panel, Devon and Cornwall. For voluntary service to the Police. * Judith Gillow, Director of Nursing and Infection Prevention and Control, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Linda Joy Christine Ginn. For services to Health and Community Caring in Westleton, Suffolk. * Edana Gledhill. For services to the community in Blackpool, Lancashire. * Councillor Alan Frederick Gloak, Member, [Somerset County Council](/wiki/Somerset_County_Council "Somerset County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Michael Peter Glogg. For voluntary service to Rugby. * Karen Elizabeth Goldstone, Head, East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service. For services to Healthcare. * Nora Theresa Goodman. For services to the community in Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Dr. [Rigby Graham](/wiki/Rigby_Graham "Rigby Graham"), Mural Painter and Illustrator. For services to the Arts. * Angela Helen Grandfield, lately PE Teacher and Pastoral Manager, [Shire Oak School](/wiki/Shire_Oak_School "Shire Oak School"), Walsall. For services to Education. * Victor William Gray. For services to Archivists. * John Curtis Green. For voluntary service to the Helford River Children's Sailing Trust. * Captain John William Green. For services to the community in Cumbria. * Mary Constance Elizabeth Green. For services to Children and Families in Hastings, East Sussex. * Margaret Greenway, lately Commissioning Services Resource Manager, Kent Probation Area. For services to Offenders. * Keith Grimshaw. For services to National Savings and Investments and to the Magistracy. * Christine Gubbins, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Elsie Doreen Gunning. For voluntary service to Deaf People in South Wales. * Councillor Adrian John Gunson, Member, [Norfolk County Council](/wiki/Norfolk_County_Council "Norfolk County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Maria Elisabeth Haddow. For services to the community in Shilbottle, Northumberland. * Samuel Haire. For services to the community in Clabby, Northern Ireland. * Anne Elizabeth Sylvia Hale. For services to the community in Stamford, Lincolnshire. * Alfred Hales, For charitable services in Bolton, Lancashire. * Stephen Halloran, Clinical Biochemist, [Royal Surrey County Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Surrey_County_Hospital "Royal Surrey County Hospital"), Guildford and Director, Bowel Cancer Screen Hub, South of England. For services to Healthcare. * Michael Hamilton. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Lewis Gustav Hammond, Evesham Town Partnership Manager, [Wychavon District Council](/wiki/Wychavon_District_Council "Wychavon District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Barbara Mary Hamzawi, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Personal Assistant, [University for Industry](/wiki/University_for_Industry "University for Industry"). For services to Further Education. * Anne Hanley, lately Senior Probation Officer, [HM Prison Buckley Hall](/wiki/HM_Prison_Buckley_Hall "HM Prison Buckley Hall"), Rochdale. For services to Offenders. * Jo Hansford. For services to the Hairdressing Industry. * [Karen Hanton](/wiki/Karen_Hanton "Karen Hanton"), Founder of [toptable.com](/wiki/Toptable "Toptable"). For services to the Restaurant Industry. * Pauline Mary Frost\-Hardwick. For services to the community in Burnley, Lancashire. * David Ralph Hardy. For services to the Construction Industry. * Susan Harmsworth, Chief Executive, ESPA. For services to the Spa and Beauty Industry. * Elizabeth Jane Harries. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales and to International Peacework. * Jacqueline Harrison, head of public relations, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police. * Loveday Annie Harrison. For services to the community in Altarnum, Cornwall. * June Marian Hart. For services to the British Group of the [Inter\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union "Inter-Parliamentary Union"). * Lynn Georgina Hart, Chief Superintendent, Bournemouth and Poole Divisional Commander, [Dorset Police](/wiki/Dorset_Police "Dorset Police"). For services to the Police. * Irene Grace Hartley. For services to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. * Peter Hartshorne, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police. * Sajid Hashmi. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Stoke\-on\-Trent, Staffordshire. * The Reverend David Haslam. For services to Community Relations and to the Methodist Church. * Daryl Hayler, Integration and Systems Validation Engineer, [MBDA UK Ltd](/wiki/MBDA "MBDA"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Dr. Peter John Hayward, Chairman, Friends of [Dronfield Station](/wiki/Dronfield_railway_station "Dronfield railway station"). For services to the community in Dronfield, Derbyshire. * Richard Lenfestey Heaume. For voluntary service to the Occupation Museum and Society in Guernsey. * Catherine Hegarty, Nursery Nurse, Knotty Ash Primary School, Liverpool. For services to Special Needs Education. * Alexandra Mary Henderson, lately Chair of the Corporation, Hull Group of Colleges. For voluntary service to Further Education. * Councillor Michael John Henderson, Member, [Castlereagh Borough Council](/wiki/Castlereagh_Borough_Council "Castlereagh Borough Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Robert Hetherington, District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Norfolk, Department for Work and Pensions. * John Geraint Hicks. For voluntary service to Disabled People. * Patricia Ellen Hickson. For voluntary service to the community in South Bermondsey, London. * Jane Thornton Higgs. For services to the Heritage of Eden Valley in Kent. * Joan Gladys Hill, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, [Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_and_Enforcement_Commission "Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission"), Department for Work and Pensions. * Michael Roderick Hill. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance in Bath. * Professor [Lubaina Himid](/wiki/Lubaina_Himid "Lubaina Himid"), Artist. For services to Black Women's Art. * Pauline Hitt, lately Head of Department, [Isle of Wight College](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_College "Isle of Wight College"). For services to Further Education. * Sheelagh Teresa O'Flaherty\-Hobbs. For voluntary service in [RAF Odiham](/wiki/RAF_Odiham "RAF Odiham"), Hampshire. * Peter Lionel Leon Hodge. For voluntary service to the [Normandy Veterans' Association](/wiki/Normandy_Veterans%27_Association "Normandy Veterans' Association"). * Michael Hoeg. For services to Music in Cardiff. * Patricia Ann Holdsworth, Assistant Chief Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary "Metropolitan Special Constabulary"). For voluntary service to the Police. * [Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt](/wiki/Geoffrey_Trevor_Marden_Holt "Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt"). For services to Disability Sailing. * Ian Mackinnell Hope. For services to the community in West Cornwall. * Alan John Hopgood, Ticket Office Manager, South West Trains, [Teddington station](/wiki/Teddington_station "Teddington station"). For services to Public Transport. * William Guy Shubra Hordern. For services to Community Relations in Birmingham. * Jonathan Kenneth Horne. For services to Medieval Ceramics. * Judith Ish\-Horowicz, Headteacher, Synagogue Religion School, Wandsworth, London. For services to Early Years Education. * Julian Hoskins, Apprentice Training Co\-ordinator, [Science and Technology Facilities Council](/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council "Science and Technology Facilities Council"). For services to Engineering. * Veronica Daphne Hoskins. For services to the community in Bath. * Margaret Elizabeth Houghton. For voluntary service to Choral Music in Cambridgeshire. * Mary Audrey Hoy. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Eltham, London. * [John Percival Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28ceramicist%29 "John Hughes (ceramicist)"), Founder and Proprietor, [Grogg](/wiki/Grogg "Grogg") Shop, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff. For services to the Ceramics Industry in Wales. * Christine Hulse. For services to the community in Greater Manchester. * David Thomas McMillan Hunter. For services to Scottish Heritage and to Young People. * [Marcia Ann Hutchinson](/wiki/Marcia_Hutchinson "Marcia Hutchinson"), Director, Primary Colours Ltd, Huddersfield. For services to Cultural Diversity. * Stephen Huxley, Search and Rescue Communications Manager, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard "HM Coastguard"), Maritime and Coastguard Agency. * David Hymers, Managing Director, Totalpost Services plc. For services to Business and to International Trade. * Hanan Ally Ibrahim, Founder, Somali Family Support Group. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People. * John Sidney Idiens. For voluntary service to the National Trust in Norfolk. * [Mike Ingham](/wiki/Mike_Ingham "Mike Ingham"), Chief Football Correspondent, [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live "BBC Radio 5 Live"). For services to Sports Broadcasting. * Abida Iqbal. For services to the community in [London Borough of Redbridge](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge "London Borough of Redbridge"). * Dawn Jackson. For services to Young People in Norwich. * Morgan Pringle Gardner Jamieson, lately National Clinical Lead for Children's and Young People's Health in Scotland. For services to Healthcare. * Derek Jenkins, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions. * Pamela Mary Jennings. For services to the community in Aston\-on\-Clun, Shropshire. * Kevin Johns, Broadcaster and Entertainer. For charitable services in Wales. * David Austin Johnston. For public service. * The Reverend Andrew John Jolly, Chaplain. For services to the UK Oil and Gas Industries in Scotland. * Bethan Jones, Project Manager, True Food Marketing. For services to the Food and Drink Industry in Wales. * Christina Rowland\-Jones. For services to Mental Healthcare in Cambridgeshire. * Claire Jones. For charitable services in Hertfordshire. * Daphne Georgina Jones. For services to Young People with Disabilities and their Families in Croydon. * Karen Jones. For services to Women's and Girls' Football in Wales. * Kenneth Jones. For services to the [Ironbridge Gorge](/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge "Ironbridge Gorge") World Heritage Site, Shropshire. * Margaret Ann Jones, Head, YMCA Wales Community College. For services to Further Education. * Martin Jones, lately Manager, Motor Services Unit, Scottish Executive. * Neil Roger Jones. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in North Wales. * Vernon Jones. For voluntary service to Education in Newport, South Wales. * Preihdath Joyram. For voluntary service to Cruse Bereavement in Lancashire. * Dennis Jubb. For services to People with Dementia in Doncaster. * Mary Judd. For services to the community in High Pittington, County Durham. * Jennifer Kartupelis, Director, East of England Faiths Council. For services to Inter\-faith Relations. * Raymond George Kasey. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Sutton, Surrey. * Frederick Rockley Kaye. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion Scotland. * [Donna Victoria Kellogg](/wiki/Donna_Victoria_Kellogg "Donna Victoria Kellogg"). For services to Badminton. * Doreen Kelly. For services to the community in Didsbury, Manchester. * Philip Julian Kelsall, Resident Organist, [Tower Ballroom, Blackpool](/wiki/Tower_Ballroom%2C_Blackpool "Tower Ballroom, Blackpool"). For services to Music. * John Richard Kemish. For services to the community in Worthing, West Sussex. * Jennifer Kent, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Gymnastics in Bexleyheath, Kent. * Elizabeth Kerr, Chair, Powderham Castle Riding for the Disabled Group. For voluntary service to Disabled Children in Exeter. * Michael Peter King, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Valerie King. For services to the community in Derbyshire. * Barbara Ann Kinsella. For services to the community in Cemaes Bay, Anglesey. * Jean Kirkwood. For voluntary service to Visually Impaired People in Swansea. * Suzanne Kitching, Manager, Families First Service, Middlesbrough. For services to Children and Families. * Frank Knapton. For services to the community in Mexborough, South Yorkshire. * Patricia Knowles, Senior Social Worker, HIV Services, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast "Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast"). For services to Healthcare. * [Barbara Knox](/wiki/Barbara_Knox "Barbara Knox"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Mario Franz Kreft, Chief Executive, Care Forum Wales. For services to Social Care. * Councillor Joy Hazvirehwi Laguda. For services to the community in the London Borough of Newham. * Peter Lake. For voluntary service to Surf Life Saving. * Susan Langford. For services to the Magic Me charity. * Councillor Palma Laughton, Chairman, Stanhope Parish Council. For services to the community in Stanhope, Ashford, Kent. * Charles Spencer Leader. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in St. Annes\-on\-Sea, Lancashire. * Joyce Ledgard. For voluntary service to the [Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Girls%27_Brigade "Girls' Brigade") in Wrexham. * Christopher Wilson Lee. For services to Young People in Romford, Essex. * Dr. [Anthony John Lewis](/wiki/Tony_Lewis_%28mathematician%29 "Tony Lewis (mathematician)"). For services to Mathematics and to Cricket. * David Lewis, Chairman of Governors, [Whitefield School](/wiki/Whitefield_School "Whitefield School"), Barnet, London. For services to Education. * David Gethin Lewis. For services to the community in South West Wales. * Essie Nell Lewis. For voluntary service to Older African and Caribbean People in Wolverhampton. * Frances Lewis, Founder and Executive Director, SPLITZ. For services to Single Parents and to Victims of Domestic Abuse. * Patricia Lewis, Youth Leader, Banstead Youth Centre, Surrey. For services to Young People. * Geraldine Ling, Artistic Director, Lawnmowers Theatre Group. For services to People with Special Needs in Tyne and Wear. * Robert Ian Lipscomb, Senior Aviation Security Policy Adviser, Transport Security and Contingencies Directorate, Department for Transport. * David John Lister. For voluntary service to Young People. * John Thomas Lister. For services to Athletics. * William George Little. For services to the community in Dartington, Devon. * John Frank Lloyd. For services to Cycling in Mid and North Wales. * John Howson Lloyd. For voluntary service to [Liverpool Cathedral](/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral "Liverpool Cathedral"). * Lieutenant Colonel Peter John Lockyer, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Sara Locock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Hampshire. * Diane Lofthouse. For services to the Prevention of Disability Hate Crime. * Edyth Lovell. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Robert Loynes, Firearms Medical Adviser, Staffordshire. For voluntary service to the Police. * Elizabeth Anne MacDermott, Grade D, Ministry of Defence. * Hugh James MacKay, Group Technical Director, [Stewart Milne Group](/wiki/Stewart_Milne_Group "Stewart Milne Group"). For services to the Timber Industry. * Iain Archibald MacLeod. For services to Stornoway Port Authority and to the community in Stornoway. * Dionis Maisie MacNair, [Verderer](/wiki/Verderer_%28New_Forest%29 "Verderer (New Forest)"). For services to the New Forest, Hampshire. * Nancy Magrath, Principal, Edenderry Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Councillor Ernest Mallett, Member, [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council "Surrey County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Vithaldas Jeram Mamtora. For voluntary service to Older Asian People in Greater Manchester. * Paul Marsh, lately Principal Officer, [HM Prison Canterbury](/wiki/HM_Prison_Canterbury "HM Prison Canterbury"), HM Prison Service. * Catherine Mary Marshall, Assistant Headteacher, Wyvern School, Ashford, Kent. For services to Special Needs Education. * Pieter Marteau. For services to Oxfam. * Amanda Martin, Director and General Manager, Park Avenue Hotel. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland. * Janet Frances Martin. For services to the Examinations Officer Association. * Julia Carol Mason, Customer Services Manager, Customer Services Group, Southampton, Valuation Office Agency. * Samuel Vernon Mather. For services to the community in Beeley and Edensor, Derbyshire. * Karen Mattison, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises. * David Maurice, Chairman of Governors, Kenmore Park First School and Kenmore Park Middle School, Harrow, London. For voluntary service to Education. * The Reverend Thomas Veitch Mawhinney. For voluntary service to Education in Limavady, Northern Ireland. * Anthony John Maxse. For charitable services in Hampshire. * Clive May, Grade E2, Ministry of Defence. * Mary Elizabeth McAdam. For services to Agriculture in Northern Ireland. * David McAdam. For services to the community in Dumfries and Galloway. * Angus McCall. For services to Tenant Farming in Scotland. * [William Kyle McCallan](/wiki/William_Kyle_McCallan "William Kyle McCallan"). For services to Cricket in Northern Ireland. * Mary Kathleen McCarthy. For voluntary service to Charlie's Angels Youth Fund\-raising Group, Eton\-Wick\-Windsor, Berkshire. * Alison Anne McCaughan. For public service. * Janet McCheyne. For services to the community in Bulphan, Essex. * John McCormick. For services to Young People in Northern Ireland. * Jennifer Ann McDonald. For services to Humanitarian Aid in Bosnia. * Michelle McDowell, Structural Engineering Director, [Building Design Partnership](/wiki/Building_Design_Partnership "Building Design Partnership"). For services to the Construction Industry. * Peter Geoffrey McEwen, Secretary, [National Union of Maritime, Aviation and Shipping Transport](/wiki/NUMAST "NUMAST") Welfare Funds. For services to the Maritime Industry. * David Anthony McGuigan, Manager, Longbenton Youth Project, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Young People. * Jacqueline McKenna, Director of Nursing and Strategic Planning, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Baron McLean, Executive Officer, Staff Support Network, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Dr. Alexina Mary McWhinnie. For services to Adoption, Fostering and Assisted Reproduction. * Audrey Elizabeth Mealins. For voluntary service to Sufferers of Coeliac Disease in East Wales. * Sylvia Medland. For services to the General Dental Council. * Edwin Thomas Menday, Governor, Longford Community School, Hounslow, London. For voluntary service to Education. * Carol Metters. For services to Disadvantaged Women and Children in Bristol. * Neil Duncan Middleton, Chairman of Governors, [City of Bristol College](/wiki/City_of_Bristol_College "City of Bristol College"). For voluntary service to Further Education. * Eric Milburn. For voluntary service to the Methodist Association of Youth Clubs. * Thomas Millen, Mentor and Adviser, Learning Disabilities Team, Northumberland Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Margaret Mills. For voluntary service to Lancashire Police and to Charity. * Margaret Mather Mineham, Curriculum Manager, [Cleveland College of Art and Design](/wiki/Cleveland_College_of_Art_and_Design "Cleveland College of Art and Design"). For services to Further Education. * Stephen Mitchell, Assistant Headteacher, Shelthorpe Community Primary School, Loughborough. For services to Education. * Robert Edward Mizon, National Co\-ordinator, [Campaign for Dark Skies](/wiki/Campaign_for_Dark_Skies "Campaign for Dark Skies"). For voluntary service to Astronomy and to the Environment. * Veena Kumari Mohindra, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Gillian Fennings\-Monkman. For services to Women's Enterprise. * Michael Moran, lately Chairman, Herefordshire and Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce and Chief Executive Officer, J. \& J. Investments Ltd. For services to Commerce. * Thomas Joseph Moran. For voluntary service to Older People in Wales. * Dr. Constance Ada Mary Llewellyn\-Morgan, Chair of Trustees, Ty Bryngwyn Hospice, Llanelli. For services to Palliative Care in Carmarthenshire. * Susan Morgan, Macmillan Clinical Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in Wales. * Pamela Morris, Secretary, Minerva Sports and Social Association, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. * Nora Morrison. For services to Dance and to Charity in Nottingham. * Ronald Michael Moss. For services to the community in East Surrey. * Thirza Mullins, Deputy Justices Clerk, Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court, Her Majesty's Courts Service. * James Bone Murray. For services to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Scotland. * Robert Martin Neville. For services to the [National Air Traffic Services](/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Services "National Air Traffic Services") Trade Union. * Mary Ann Nightingale, Chair, Lunt Tenants' and Residents' Association. For services to the community in Bilston, Wolverhampton. * Moira Niven, Head of Education Development, [West Lothian Council](/wiki/West_Lothian_Council "West Lothian Council"). For services to Education. * Christina Campbell Noble. For services to Community Development in Argyll. * Pamela Margaret Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families. * Robert Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families. * Michael John Wright Norfolk. For services to Healthcare and to Fencing in Chester and Wrexham. * Marie Nunn. For services to the community in Wiltshire. * Dr. Martin Thomas O'Brien, lately Employment and Support Allowance Lead, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * James Francis Patrick O'Neill, Criminal Investigation Officer, Risk and Intelligence Service, London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Richard Ogden. For services to the Construction Industry. * George Ozenbrook, Accommodation Officer, Facilities Management, Department for Children, Schools and Families. * Stephen Timothy John Pack. For voluntary service to Lulworth Coastguard Rescue Station and Lulworth Responder Group, Dorset. * Kathleen Mary Page. For services to Social Care in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. * Richard Pain, Assistant Traffic Manager (Special Events). For services to the City of London Corporation. * Mary Patricia Paisey. For services to the community in Salisbury, Wiltshire. * Sharon Palmer, Chief Executive, Regional Action West Midlands. For services to the Third Sector. * Nicola Louise Pasek, Operations Manager, Trading Standards Service, [Cambridgeshire County Council](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Council "Cambridgeshire County Council"). For services to Consumers. * Mukesh Patel, Administrative Officer, Customer Operations, Leicester, HM Revenue and Customs. * Gary Frederick Payne. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in London. * Brian Peacock, lately Headteacher, Sunnyhurst Primary Pupil Referral Unit, Blackburn with Darwen. For services to Education. * Elsie May Pearson. For services to the community in Martham, Norfolk. * Elizabeth Jayne Peck, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Margaret Elizabeth Penny. For services to Hockey in Northern Ireland and to the [British Parachute Association](/wiki/British_Parachute_Association "British Parachute Association"). * Melvyn Trevor Perkins. For services to Cycle Speedway and to Football. * Benjamin Perl. For services to Jewish Education in the London Borough of Barnet. * Cara Perrett. For services to Community Relations in Scotland. * Alex Pettifer, Director, Estates and Facilities, [Sheffield Hallam University](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University "Sheffield Hallam University"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Sheffield. * Tony Clifford Phillips. For services to Youth Sport in Northern Ireland. * Ann\-Marie Pickup. For services to the community in Salford, Greater Manchester. * Peter Kenneth Pinnell, lately Chairman, [Groundwork Coventry and Warwickshire](/wiki/Groundwork_UK "Groundwork UK"). For services to Regeneration. * The Reverend Canon Suzanne Jane Pinnington. For services to the community in Cottingley, West Yorkshire. * Michael Anthony Polledri, Chairman, Lee Valley Estates. For services to Enterprise and to Regeneration in North London. * Derek Alan Pollock. For charitable services. * Carys Eluned Marslene Portelli, Senior Executive Assistant, People, Places and Corporate Services, Welsh Assembly Government. * Margaret Jacqueline Postgate. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Sedgefield, County Durham. * Craig Powell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Christopher John Pratt, Cutter Commander, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Malcolm Norman Pratt. For services to the community in Winchelsea and to Heritage in East Sussex. * Edith Margaret Price. For charitable services. * Dr. Sandy Primrose, Research Programme Adviser. For services to the Food Standards Agency and to Science. * Margaret Edna Pritchard. For services to Brookside Residents' Council and to the community in Northampton. * Professor Edwin John Pugh, Consultant in Palliative Medicine, [North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/North_Tees_and_Hartlepool_NHS_Foundation_Trust "North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. * Fiona Jennie Rawes, Director, Heart of the City. For services to Corporate Social Responsibility. * Amanda Read, Child Welfare Issues Manager, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Bridget Redmond, lately Caretaker, Mount St. Mary's High School, Leeds. For voluntary service to Education. * Stephen James Reeves. For services to [Independent Monitoring Boards](/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Board "Independent Monitoring Board") and to the Voluntary Sector. * [Anne Reid](/wiki/Anne_Reid "Anne Reid"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Elma Anne Rendall, Customer Service Officer, [Royal Bank of Scotland](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland "Royal Bank of Scotland"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Marlissa Soraya Beryl Richards, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions. * Yvonne Ann Richards. For services to Mental Healthcare in Worcestershire. * Beryl Ann Riches. For services to Selwyn Primary School, [London Borough of Newham](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham "London Borough of Newham"), London. * Sheila Rigg. For services to the community in Conisbrough, Doncaster. * John William Ritter. For services to the community in Newport, South Wales. * Elizabeth Robb, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield "HM Prison Wakefield"), HM Prison Service. * Anthony Charles Roberts. For voluntary service to Lewis\-Manning Hospice, Poole, Dorset. * Carole Anne Roberts. For services to North Wales Police. * Alistair Raeburn Robertson. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Inverness\-shire. * Ann Robertson. For services to the community in North Ayrshire. * Eleanor Robertson. For services to Community Healthcare. * Thomas James Robertson. For voluntary service to Queensferry Lifeboat, West Lothian. * Evelyn Ivy Janet Robins, Principal, Eve Trew School of Dancing and Gateshead Children's Arts and Theatre School. For services to the Arts in the North East. * Hill Robinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Cancer Research UK in Strabane, Northern Ireland. * Professor Iain Clive Andrew Franklyn Robinson, lately Head of Neurosciences Group, Medical Research Council, [National Institute for Medical Research](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Medical_Research "National Institute for Medical Research"). For services to Science. * Janet Mary Roe, Police Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary "Lancashire Constabulary"). For services to the Police. * William Kenneth Rollinson, Director, Care and Repair Leeds. For services to the Housing Sector. * Major Robert David Roper, Salvation Army Chaplain, [HM Prison Grendon](/wiki/HM_Prison_Grendon "HM Prison Grendon"), Buckinghamshire. For services to Offenders. * Brenda Roscoe, Chief Inspector, [Special Constabulary](/wiki/Special_Constabulary "Special Constabulary"), [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police "Greater Manchester Police"). For voluntary service to the Police. * John William Rose, Dental Adviser, NHS Western Cheshire. For services to the NHS. * Sylvia Elizabeth Rose. For voluntary service to the Market Garden Veterans' Association. * Samuel William John Rusk. For services to Industry in Northern Ireland. * Professor Guy Nathan Rutty, Home Office Pathologist, Leicester. For services to the Police. * Sam Sagar, Police Community Support Officer, Bradford. For services to West Yorkshire Police. * Harry Samuel. For voluntary service to Ex\-Miners in Glynneath, Neath Port Talbot. * Mary Sanders. For services to Young People in Cambridgeshire. * Jean Saunderson. For voluntary service to Police Welfare in Northern Ireland. * Dr. Edwin Sawacha. For services to Social Housing and to the community in North West London. * Marzia Sayani, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Kirsty Schneeberger, Co\-ordinator, [UK Youth Climate Coalition](/wiki/UK_Youth_Climate_Coalition "UK Youth Climate Coalition"). For services to Environmental Conservation. * Henrietta Scott. For services to Nursing in Glasgow. * Steven Scott, Chairman, Dwarf Athletic Association UK. For services to Disability Sport. * Anne Scovell, Regional Manager, Liverpool Office, [Identity and Passport Service](/wiki/Identity_and_Passport_Service "Identity and Passport Service"), Home Office. * Marjorie Rose Seal. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Kent. * Ann Sevier, Special Constable, [Hampshire Constabulary](/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary "Hampshire Constabulary"). For voluntary service to the Police. * Christopher Shannon, Head Porter, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Higher Education. * Philip Charles Shannon. For voluntary service to Sennen Cove Lifeboat, Cornwall. * Cyril Raymond Shaw. For services to the Tribunals Service. * Major Geoffrey George Simpson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For voluntary service to the community in Leicester. * Roy Sinar. For services to Young People in the West Midlands. * Catherine Skinner. For services to the community in Fearn, Ross\-shire. * Gillian Slinn. For voluntary service to Girlguiding and to the community in Anglesey. * Helen Vivien Sloan. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Stuart Edward Smalley, lately Head of International Developments, Department of Health. * Councillor Stella Marie Smedley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Member, [Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council "Nottinghamshire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Elizabeth Ann Smith, Police Community Support Officer, Bridlington. For services to Humberside Police. * Julie Smith. For services to the Scouts and to the community in Cardiff. * Julie Smith, Front Line Manager, Customer Operations, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs. * Maureen Elizabeth Smith. For services to the community in Whitstable, Kent. * Terence John Smith. For services to the community in Woking, Surrey. * Valerie Elaine Smith. For services to the community in Wilsden, West Yorkshire. * Major John Douglas Sneesby, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence. * Balvinder Singh Sokhi. For services to the community in Nottingham. * Margaret Ann Southren, Deputy Headteacher, Durham Trinity School. For services to Special Needs Education. * [Gary Andrew Speed](/wiki/Gary_Andrew_Speed "Gary Andrew Speed"). For services to Football. * Raymond Spencer, Executive Director, Customs House, South Shields. For services to the Arts in the North East. * Arthur George Spirling, Director of ICT, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"). For services to Higher Education. * Loris Mercia Squirrell. For services to Inter\-faith Relations in East Anglia. * Yvonne Stanyer, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Telford, HM Revenue and Customs. * Dr. John Chester Stevens, lately Consultant Clinical Scientist, Audiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Michael David Stevens, Chairman of Governors, [Oakwood Park Grammar School](/wiki/Oakwood_Park_Grammar_School "Oakwood Park Grammar School"), Maidstone, Kent. For voluntary service to Education. * Emma Stewart, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises. * Jonathan Stewart, Country Manager Iraq, [KBR](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 "KBR (company)"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Margaret Allison Stewart. For services to the Scottish Red Meat Industry. * Diana Caulfeild\-Stoker, Chief Operating Officer, Community Services, Wandsworth Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Kathleen Anne Stratton. For services to the community in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire. * Ruby Stuckey. For services to the community in Grantham, Lincolnshire. * Edith Audrey Swindells. For services to [Bath Postal Museum](/wiki/Bath_Postal_Museum "Bath Postal Museum"). * Delia Sykes, Mathematics Teacher, [King Edward VI School, Morpeth](/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School%2C_Morpeth "King Edward VI School, Morpeth"), Northumberland. For services to Education. * Jean Sykes, Chief Information Officer, [London School of Economics and Political Science](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science "London School of Economics and Political Science"). For services to Higher Education. * Doreen Sheila Symonds. For voluntary services to Save the Children in Weymouth and Portland. * David Tait. For voluntary services to the NSPCC. * Dr. John Stuart Talbot, Medical Adviser and Associate Medical Director, Salford Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Souad Talsi. For services to the British Moroccan community in London. * Glenda Taylor, lately Governor, [De Aston School](/wiki/De_Aston_School "De Aston School"), Market Rasen, Lincolnshire. For service to Education. * Lesley Taylor. For services to the community in County Durham. * Molly Ann Taylor. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity. * William John Taylor, Chief Executive, [West Lancashire District Council](/wiki/West_Lancashire_District_Council "West Lancashire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Lady Harriot Tennant of Balfluig, lately Chairman, [Chelsea Physic Garden](/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden "Chelsea Physic Garden"). For services to Gardening. * Glenys Thomas. For services to Older People in Carmarthenshire. * Councillor John Thomas. For services to Local Government in South West Cornwall. * Anne Elizabeth Thompson, Staff Nurse, [Musgrave Park Hospital](/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital "Musgrave Park Hospital"). For services to Healthcare in Northern Ireland. * Susan Thompson, Technical Team Expert, Customer Operations, Newcastle upon Tyne, HM Revenue and Customs. * Alan Thomson, Director, Orchardville Society. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Northern Ireland. * Jennifer Elizabeth Thorpe. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. * Dr. John Graham Tillett, Chairman of Governors, [Colchester Royal Grammar School](/wiki/Colchester_Royal_Grammar_School "Colchester Royal Grammar School"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education. * Florence Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire. * Keith Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire. * Janet Ann Townsend, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to Music and to the community in Port Isaac, Cornwall. * Michael Tracey, Managing Director, William Tracey Group. For services to the Waste Industry. * Keith Leslie Tucker, lately Head of Estates Management Group, Medical Research Council. For services to Science. * Michelle Turner, Founder and Proprietor, Little Venice Cake Company. For services to the Catering Industry. * [Nicola Jayne Tustain](/wiki/Nicola_Tustain "Nicola Tustain"). For services to Disability Sport, particularly Equestrian. * Peter Tyrie, Managing Director, [The Eton Collection](/wiki/The_Eton_Collection "The Eton Collection"). For services to the Hotel Industry. * Doreen Marion Underhill. For voluntary service to the Army Attaché Wives' Committee. * Sophia Emma van den Arend. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society "British Red Cross Society") in Suffolk. * Marion Vidler. For services to Civil Registration in the [London Borough of Sutton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton "London Borough of Sutton"). * Doreen Walcott. For services to the community in Bellingham, South East London. * Dr. Ann Wales, Director, Knowledge Management NHS Education for Scotland. For services to the NHS. * Anne Walker, Founder and Partner, International Dance Supplies. For services to Business. * Dr. Eric Walker, Consultant Physician and Epidemiologist. For services to Travel Medicine. * Philip Walters. For services to Educational Publishing. * Anthony Barry Warburton. For services to Owl Conservation. * Anne Cameron Ward. For services to the community in Peterlee, County Durham. * Susan Waring, Policy Adviser, Railway Pensions, Business Performance and Secretariat, Department for Transport. * Hazel Elizabeth Waters, Workforce Information Assistant, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS. * Ethna Patricia Watterson. For voluntary service to the Parkinson's Disease Society in Northern Ireland. * John Weightman. For services to the Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Castington](/wiki/HM_Prison_Castington "HM Prison Castington"), Northumberland. * The Reverend William Derek Weir, Chaplain, [RAF Aldergrove](/wiki/RAF_Aldergrove "RAF Aldergrove"). For services to the Armed Forces. * Irene Weller. For services to the Dorothy House Hospice in Bath, Somerset. * [Christine Ann Wellington](/wiki/Chrissie_Wellington "Chrissie Wellington"). For services to [Ironman Triathlons](/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon "Ironman Triathlon"). * Barbara Ann Westcott. For voluntary service to the Scouts in North East London. * Joan Westerman, Manager, Logik Centre, [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds "University of Leeds"). For services to Higher Education. * Douglas Harold Michael Western. For services to the community in Devizes, Wiltshire. * Richard Allen Westlake, lately Train Driver, [First Great Western](/wiki/First_Great_Western "First Great Western"). For services to Public Transport and to the community in Devon. * Juliet Deirdre Jean Westoll. For services to the community in Cumbria. * Michael Wharton, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Jean Veta White, Founder Member, Leeds Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations. * John Harry White. For voluntary service to the Prison Service Charity Fund. * Paul White. For voluntary service to Hastings Coastguard Rescue Team, East Sussex. * Graham Whitehurst, Plant Manager, Michelin Ballymena. For services to Business. * Brenda Whitmore, Deputy Head, Hillfields Children's Centre, Coventry. For services to Children and Families. * [Amy Williams](/wiki/Amy_Williams "Amy Williams"), British [Skeleton Racer](/wiki/Skeleton_%28sport%29 "Skeleton (sport)"). For services to Sport. * [Bert Frederick Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1920%29 "Bert Williams (footballer, born 1920)"). For services to Football and to Charity. * David Glyn Williams. For services to the community in Calverley, West Yorkshire. * Councillor Hazel Williams. For services to the community in East Cambridgeshire. * Barbara Ann Wilson, International Trade Adviser. For services to Export. * Stuart Wilson, Firefighter, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government. * Paul Winter, Business Design Expert, Modernising Pay As You Earn Processes for Customers, Sunderland, HM Revenue and Customs. * Aileen Teresa Wiswell. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. * James Witham, Porter and Driver, Harrogate Health Care NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS. * Josephine Mary Sykes\-Wood, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Merseyside. * Brenda Jean Woodings. For services to Local Government in Duffield, Derbyshire. * Professor Peter Alfred Woodsford. For services to the Geographic Information Industry. * Cora Woolcock. For services to Healthcare for Black and Minority Ethnic People in East London. * Maxine Worsfold, Acting Sergeant, [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police "City of London Police"). For services to the Police. * Dorothy Joan Wren. For services to the community in North London. * Kay Denise Wright. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People in Northern Ireland. * Margaret Wright, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Shipley, HM Revenue and Customs. * Neill Wright. For voluntary service to the Samaritans in Macclesfield, Cheshire. * Vivienne Linda Yandell. For services to Business and to Charity in Saltash, Cornwall. * Christine, Lady Yapp, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the community in Birmingham. * Alison Yearley, Personal Secretary, Department for Culture, Media and Sport. * Margaret June Young. For services to Older People in Burnley, Lancashire. Honorary appointment to be made Substantive * Dr. Kranti Rajesh Hiremath, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. (To be dated 25 March 2010\). Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * Judith Helen Claire Acheson, Youth Training Consultant. For services to young people in the Democratic Republic of Congo. * Richard James Aspin, Communications and Projects Officer, Governor's Office, Montserrat. * Graham John Bell, Group Scout Leader, 1st Bougival Scout Group. For services to UK Scouting and the British community in France. * Patrick Herbert Bimson. For services to British interests in Uruguay. * Michael Anthony Bindloss Boddington, Founder, COPE (Co\-operative Orthotic and Prosthetic Enterprise). For services to the victims of unexploded ordnance in Laos. * Dorothy Guyver, Lady Bouchier, Author and Translator. For services to UK/Japanese cultural relations. * Dr. Peter Brian Ramsay Carey, Co\-Founder, Cambodia Trust. For services to the rehabilitation of the disabled in South East Asia. * Joseph Louis Caruana, Voluntary social worker. For services to drug rehabilitation in Gibraltar. * Simon Chapman, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Derek Cheung Yu Keung, Manager, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission "Commonwealth War Graves Commission"), Hong Kong. For services to the War Cemeteries in Hong Kong.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.scmp.com/article/717703/manager\-war\-graves\-honoured\-crown \|title\=Manager of war graves honoured by crown \|first\=Vivian \|last\=Li \|date\=21 June 2010 \|newspaper\=\[\[South China Morning Post]] \|access\-date\=7 December 2016}}{{cite news \|title\=Lest we forget: meet the former British soldier who has taken care of Hong Kong’s war cemeteries for two decades \|url\=http://www.scmp.com/video/hong\-kong/2051607/lest\-we\-forget\-meet\-former\-british\-soldier\-who\-has\-taken\-care\-hong\-kongs\-war \|first\=Thomas \|last\=Yau \|newspaper\=South China Morning Post \|access\-date\=7 December 2016}} * Gary Clement. Chairman, South Atlantic Medal Association, Falkland Islands. For services to Military Veterans in the Falkland Islands. * Angela Louise Crompton, Attaché, British Consulate\-General, Jerusalem. * Alison Devine, British Council Deputy Director United Arab Emirates and Director, Dubai. * Sharon Diaz (Miss Sharon Gordon), Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Clare Bat Dimyon](/wiki/Clare_Dimyon "Clare Dimyon"). For services to promoting the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Central and Eastern Europe. * Irene Mary Ellis, Founder President, Javea Cancer Care Centre. For services to Cancer sufferers and their families and friends in Alicante, Spain. * Gerard Leo Flynn, Headteacher, [Maadi British International School](/wiki/Maadi_British_International_School "Maadi British International School"), Egypt. For services to education and charitable activities in Egypt. * Benjamin John Freeth. For services to the farming community in Zimbabwe. * Conrad Jack Glass. For services to the community in Tristan da Cunha. * Andrew John Goodwin, lately First Secretary, Office of the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the EU, Brussels, Belgium. * Robert Henry Hawkins, British Honorary Consul, Penang. For services to the British community in Malaysia. * Kevin Howard, Chairman, British American Business Council, Houston. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Houston, USA. * Michelle Dawn Hughes, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Stuart Iain Hurst, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Dr. Alison Sarah Landon, [Hospice of Hope](/wiki/Hospices_of_Hope "Hospices of Hope") in Brasov, Casa Sperantei. For services to palliative care in Romania. * Ann McCue, Founder Director, Yayasan Harapan Sumba. For services to the Sumbanese community in Indonesia. * Paul McEvoy, General Manager, Lloyds TSB Ecuador. For services to the British community in Ecuador. * Shona McKay McGrahan, Director, Action for Russia's Children. For services to disadvantaged children in Russia. * Lynne Alison McGregor, Visits and Political Officer, British Embassy, Italy. * Alden McNee McLaughlin Jr., {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Member of the Legislative Assembly, Cayman Islands. For services to constitutional reform. * Andrew Mead. For philanthropic activities in Saudi Arabia. * Victor Harry Moon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, lately Security Project Manager, British Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan. * Richard Hugh Morton, Tri\-Service Financial Administrator, British High Commission, Australia. For services to British interests and to Volunteer Firefighting in Australia. * Julia Helen Moss. For services to classical music in Kenya. * Richard William Moss, For services to classical music in Kenya. * Caroline Mulcahy, Second Secretary, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Helmand, Afghanistan. * Donald Eric Peters. For services to the Overseas Territories. * Ulric Scatliffe, Chief Scouting Commissioner, Scout Movement. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands. * Linda Jane Stevens, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * David George Taylor, Executive Principal, International School in Brunei. For services to environmental education in South East Asia. * Paul Taylor, Chairman, Blantyre Branch of the Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi. For services to wildlife and environmental conservation in Malawi. * Susan Lesley Whistler, lately Chair, British Women's Association, Jakarta. For services to the British community in Indonesia. * David Keith Young, Conductor, Dublin Welsh Male Choir. For services to Welsh Music and Culture overseas. * Calvert Alfred Zuill, Program Director, Bermuda Broadcasting Radio Station. For services to the community in Bermuda. ### Queen's Police Medal (QPM) England and Wales * David Andrew Crompton, Deputy Chief Constable, [West Yorkshire Police](/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Police "West Yorkshire Police"). * John Patrick Donlon, lately Assistant Chief Constable, [Thames Valley Police](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police "Thames Valley Police"). * Phillip Ernest John Harper, Superintendent, [Derbyshire Police](/wiki/Derbyshire_Police "Derbyshire Police"). * David Holmes, Detective Inspector, [Kent Police](/wiki/Kent_Police "Kent Police"). * Jane Elizabeth Horwood, Chief Superintendent, [West Mercia Police](/wiki/West_Mercia_Police "West Mercia Police"). * Lesley Anne Ingram, Detective Constable, [Hertfordshire Police](/wiki/Hertfordshire_Police "Hertfordshire Police"). * David Marshall, Detective Chief Inspector, [Metropolitan Police Service](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service "Metropolitan Police Service"). * John Patrick Edward McDowall, lately Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police Service. * John McLuskie McFadzean, Sergeant, West Yorkshire Police. * Liam Joseph O'Brien, Detective Chief Superintendent, West Midlands Police. * Mark Andrew Polin, Chief Constable, [North Wales Police](/wiki/North_Wales_Police "North Wales Police"). * Robert Pritchard, Constable, [Merseyside Police](/wiki/Merseyside_Police "Merseyside Police"). * Christopher Sims, Chief Constable, West Midlands Police. * Ian Wynford Thomas, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QGM}}, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. * Mark Toland, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. * Philip Scott Trendall, Superintendent, [British Transport Police](/wiki/British_Transport_Police "British Transport Police"). * Shirley Ann Tulloch, Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. * Christopher James Ware, Superintendent, [Avon and Somerset Constabulary](/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary "Avon and Somerset Constabulary"). Scotland * Frank Buchan, lately Special Constable, [Tayside Police](/wiki/Tayside_Police "Tayside Police"). * Allan Lindsay Burnett, lately Assistant Chief Constable, [Fife Constabulary](/wiki/Fife_Constabulary "Fife Constabulary"). Northern Ireland * Esmond Charles Adair, Detective Superintendent, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland "Police Service of Northern Ireland"). * Deborah McMaster, Acting Detective Chief Inspector, Police Service of Northern Ireland. * Derek Williamson, Detective Chief Superintendent, Police Service of Northern Ireland. ### Queen's Fire Services Medal (QFSM) England and Wales * John Brown, Assistant Chief Fire Officer of the Technical and Operational Support Department, [West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service "West Midlands Fire Service"). * Neil Gibbins, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, [Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Devon_and_Somerset_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service"). * Sian Griffiths, Station Manager, [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade "London Fire Brigade"). * Mark James Yates, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, [Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Hertfordshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service"). Scotland * James Allardice, Watch Manager, [Central Scotland Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Central_Scotland_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Central Scotland Fire and Rescue Service"). * Allan Brodie, Watch Manager, Central Scotland Fire and Rescue Service. * Jim Smith, Advisor, Retained Duty System, [Strathclyde Fire and Rescue](/wiki/Strathclyde_Fire_and_Rescue "Strathclyde Fire and Rescue"). ### Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM) * Major Mark Gibson, [Royal Marines Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Marines_Reserve "Royal Marines Reserve"), N980377V. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Andrew Bancroft, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, 24574029\. * Sergeant Sharon Mary Goodall, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army, W1038275\. * Major Keith Charles Greenough, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army, 535399\. * Brigadier Maurice John Sheen, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, late The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army, 506613\. * Squadron Leader Derek Morrison (2626701H), [Royal Auxiliary Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Auxiliary_Air_Force "Royal Auxiliary Air Force"). ### Colonial Police Medal (CPM) * Hulman Doorly McLaughlin, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, Cayman Islands Fire Service.
[ "United Kingdom\n--------------", "### Knight Bachelor", "* Professor [John Rex Beddington](/wiki/John_Rex_Beddington \"John Rex Beddington\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG}}, [Government Chief Scientific Adviser](/wiki/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Government Chief Scientific Adviser (United Kingdom)\"), [Government Office for Science](/wiki/Government_Office_for_Science \"Government Office for Science\").\n* Councillor [Merrick Cockell](/wiki/Merrick_Cockell \"Merrick Cockell\"), Chairman, [London Councils](/wiki/London_Councils \"London Councils\"), and Leader, [Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea](/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea \"Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Stuart James Etherington](/wiki/Stuart_James_Etherington \"Stuart James Etherington\"), Chief Executive, [National Council for Voluntary Organisations](/wiki/National_Council_for_Voluntary_Organisations \"National Council for Voluntary Organisations\"). For services to the Third Sector.\n* Professor [Marc Feldmann](/wiki/Marc_Feldmann \"Marc Feldmann\"), Professor of Cellular Immunology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London. For services to Medicine.\n* Professor [Ian Thomas Gilmore](/wiki/Ian_Thomas_Gilmore \"Ian Thomas Gilmore\"), Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist, [Royal Liverpool University Hospitals](/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_University_Hospital \"Royal Liverpool University Hospital\"), and [President](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians \"List of presidents of the Royal College of Physicians\"), [Royal College of Physicians](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians \"Royal College of Physicians\"). For services to Medicine.\n* [Theodore Wilson Harris](/wiki/Theodore_Wilson_Harris \"Theodore Wilson Harris\"), Author. For services to Literature.\n* [Ronald Harwood](/wiki/Ronald_Harwood \"Ronald Harwood\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Playwright and Screen Writer. For services to Drama.\n* Professor [Colin John Humphreys](/wiki/Colin_John_Humphreys \"Colin John Humphreys\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Director of Research, [Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge](/wiki/Department_of_Materials_Science_and_Metallurgy%2C_University_of_Cambridge \"Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge\"). For services to Science.\n* [Donald William Insall](/wiki/Donald_Insall \"Donald Insall\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For services to Conservation Architecture.\n* Professor [Fergus Graham Burtholme Millar](/wiki/Fergus_Graham_Burtholme_Millar \"Fergus Graham Burtholme Millar\"), [Emeritus](/wiki/Emeritus \"Emeritus\") [Camden Professor of Ancient History](/wiki/Camden_Professor_of_Ancient_History \"Camden Professor of Ancient History\"), [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\"). For services to Scholarship.\n* [Robert Sydney Murray](/wiki/Robert_Sydney_Murray \"Robert Sydney Murray\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For services to Football and to Education in the North East.\n* [Denis Francis O'Connor](/wiki/Denis_Francis_O%27Connor \"Denis Francis O'Connor\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, QPM}}, [HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary](/wiki/HM_Chief_Inspector_of_Constabulary \"HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary\"). For services to the Police.\n* [Keith Pearson](/wiki/Keith_Pearson \"Keith Pearson\"), Chairman, [NHS East of England](/wiki/NHS_East_of_England \"NHS East of England\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Simon Manwaring Robertson](/wiki/Simon_Manwaring_Robertson \"Simon Manwaring Robertson\"), Chairman, [Rolls\\-Royce plc](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc \"Rolls-Royce plc\"). For services to Business.\n* Professor [Peter Charles Rubin](/wiki/Peter_Charles_Rubin \"Peter Charles Rubin\"), Chairman, [General Medical Council](/wiki/General_Medical_Council \"General Medical Council\"), London. For services to Medicine.\n* [Hugh Alexander Stevenson](/wiki/Hugh_Stevenson_%28investment_banker%29 \"Hugh Stevenson (investment banker)\"), lately Chairman, [Equitas](/wiki/Equitas \"Equitas\") Ltd. For services to the Financial Services Industry.", "### Order of the Bath", "#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)", "Military Division\n* Admiral Sir [Mark Stanhope](/wiki/Mark_Stanhope \"Mark Stanhope\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, OBE, ADC}}, C020394L.", "#### Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (DCB)", "Civil Division\n* [Lesley Ann Strathie](/wiki/Lesley_Ann_Strathie \"Lesley Ann Strathie\"), Permanent Secretary, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs \"HM Revenue and Customs\").", "#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)", "Military Division\n* Lieutenant General [James Benjamin Dutton](/wiki/James_Benjamin_Dutton \"James Benjamin Dutton\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, [Royal Marines](/wiki/Royal_Marines \"Royal Marines\"), N022005F.", "Civil Division\n* [Peter James Housden](/wiki/Peter_James_Housden \"Peter James Housden\"), Permanent Secretary, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\").", "#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Major General [Garry Stuart Robison](/wiki/Garry_Stuart_Robison \"Garry Stuart Robison\"), Royal Marines, N025751Q.\n* Vice Admiral [Peter John Wilkinson](/wiki/Peter_John_Wilkinson \"Peter John Wilkinson\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CVO}}, C023859Y.", "Army\n* Lieutenant General [Richard Arthur David Applegate](/wiki/Richard_Arthur_David_Applegate \"Richard Arthur David Applegate\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, late Royal Regiment of Artillery, 497361\\.\n* Major General [Andrew Richard Gregory](/wiki/Andrew_Gregory \"Andrew Gregory\"), late Royal Regiment of Artillery, 514007\\.\n* Major General [David John Rutherford\\-Jones](/wiki/David_John_Rutherford-Jones \"David John Rutherford-Jones\"), late The Light Dragoons, 504501\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [Carl William Dixon](/wiki/Carl_Dixon_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Carl Dixon (RAF officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [Richard Frank Garwood](/wiki/Richard_Frank_Garwood \"Richard Frank Garwood\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, DFC}}.", "Civil Division\n* John Alty, Chief Executive, [Intellectual Property Office](/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)\"), [Department for Business, Innovation and Skills](/wiki/Department_for_Business%2C_Innovation_and_Skills \"Department for Business, Innovation and Skills\").\n* Sian Jarvis, Director\\-General, Communications, [Department of Health](/wiki/Department_of_Health \"Department of Health\").\n* [Bernadette Kelly](/wiki/Bernadette_Kelly \"Bernadette Kelly\"), lately Director, Housing Strategy, Land and Markets Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Lesley Longstone, Director\\-General, Young People, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families \"Department for Children, Schools and Families\").\n* Mark Neale, lately Managing Director, Budget, Tax and Welfare Directorate, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\").\n* Susan Jane Owen, Director\\-General, Welfare and Wellbeing Group, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* Peter Richard Charles Storr, International Director, Strategy and International Group, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\").", "### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George", "#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)", "* [Daniel Bethlehem](/wiki/Daniel_Bethlehem \"Daniel Bethlehem\"), Legal Adviser, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\").\n* [Tom Richard Vaughan Phillips](/wiki/Tom_Phillips_%28diplomat%29 \"Tom Phillips (diplomat)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG}}, [HM Ambassador to Israel](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Israel \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Israel\").", "#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)", "* [Nicholas Graham Faraday Baird](/wiki/Nick_Baird \"Nick Baird\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CVO}}, lately [HM Ambassador to Turkey](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Turkey \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Turkey\").\n* Michael Adrian Fulcher, Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Professor [Michael Christopher Hardy](/wiki/Michael_Christopher_Hardy \"Michael Christopher Hardy\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Programme Leader, Intercultural Dialogue, [British Council](/wiki/British_Council \"British Council\").\n* Major [Geoffrey Douglas Langlands](/wiki/Geoffrey_Douglas_Langlands \"Geoffrey Douglas Langlands\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Founder and Principal, The [Langlands School and College](/wiki/Langlands_School_and_College \"Langlands School and College\"), Chitral, Pakistan. For services to education in Pakistan.\n* [Victoria Margaret Treadell](/wiki/Victoria_Treadell \"Victoria Treadell\"), lately Deputy High Commissioner to Mumbai, India.", "### Royal Victorian Order", "#### Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO)", "* [Susan Richenda, The Lady Elton](/wiki/Richenda_Elton%2C_Lady_Elton \"Richenda Elton, Lady Elton\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CVO}}, [Lady in Waiting to The Queen](/wiki/Lady-in-waiting \"Lady-in-waiting\").\n* [Diana Marion, Lady Farnham](/wiki/Diana_Maxwell%2C_Baroness_Farnham \"Diana Maxwell, Baroness Farnham\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CVO}}, Lady in Waiting to The Queen.\n* The Lady [Mary Christina Holborow](/wiki/Mary_Christina_Holborow \"Mary Christina Holborow\"), [Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cornwall \"Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall\").", "#### Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)", "* [James Appleton Hawley](/wiki/James_Appleton_Hawley \"James Appleton Hawley\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, [Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Staffordshire \"Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire\").\n* [Roger Henry Vickers](/wiki/Roger_Henry_Vickers \"Roger Henry Vickers\"), [Serjeant Surgeon](/wiki/Serjeant_Surgeon \"Serjeant Surgeon\"), [Royal Household](/wiki/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Royal Households of the United Kingdom\").\n* [Samuel Charles Whitbread](/wiki/Samuel_Whitbread_%28Lord_Lieutenant%29 \"Samuel Whitbread (Lord Lieutenant)\"), [Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Bedfordshire \"Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire\").", "#### Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)", "* Sir [Christian John Storey Bonington](/wiki/Christian_John_Storey_Bonington \"Christian John Storey Bonington\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, DL}}, Deputy Patron, [Outward Bound](/wiki/Outward_Bound \"Outward Bound\") Trust.\n* Gilbert Kirkwood Cox, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, [Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lanarkshire \"Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire\").\n* Commodore Peter John Melson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Royal Navy, formerly Director of Operations, [Trinity House](/wiki/Trinity_House \"Trinity House\").\n* Captain [Nicholas Peter Wright](/wiki/Nicholas_Peter_Wright \"Nicholas Peter Wright\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=LVO}}, Royal Navy, Private Secretary to [The Princess Royal](/wiki/Anne%2C_Princess_Royal \"Anne, Princess Royal\").", "#### Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO)", "* Jane Wendy Graham, Assistant [Keeper of the Privy Purse](/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Privy_Purse \"Keeper of the Privy Purse\").\n* Jean Catharine Gray, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO}}, Senior Secretary, the Lady in Waiting's Office.\n* Inderjit Kaur Jutlla, Assistant Treasurer to The Queen.\n* Mark Murray Leishman, Private Secretary to the [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Charles_III \"Charles III\") and the [Duchess of Cornwall](/wiki/Queen_Camilla \"Queen Camilla\").\n* Major General the Honourable [Seymour Hector Russell Hale Monro](/wiki/Seymour_Monro \"Seymour Monro\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, formerly Adjutant, The Queen's Body Guard for Scotland, [Royal Company of Archers](/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers \"Royal Company of Archers\").\n* Lieutenant Colonel the Honourable Guy Norrie, formerly Lieutenant, [Her Majesty's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms](/wiki/Honourable_Corps_of_Gentlemen_at_Arms \"Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms\").\n* Major Thomas Wills, Lieutenant, [The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard](/wiki/Yeomen_of_the_Guard \"Yeomen of the Guard\").\n* The Reverend Canon [Anthony Robert Wright](/wiki/Robert_Wright_%28Canon_of_Westminster%29 \"Robert Wright (Canon of Westminster)\"), Sub\\-Dean of [Westminster Abbey](/wiki/Westminster_Abbey \"Westminster Abbey\") and Rector of [St. Margaret's Church](/wiki/St_Margaret%27s%2C_Westminster \"St Margaret's, Westminster\").\n* [Edward Young](/wiki/Edward_Young_%28courtier%29 \"Edward Young (courtier)\"), [Deputy Private Secretary to The Queen](/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign \"Private Secretary to the Sovereign\").", "#### Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)", "* Robert John Bell, Lord Lieutenant's Officer, Lincolnshire.\n* Kevin Francis Coulthard, Deputy Fire Safety Manager, [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle \"Windsor Castle\").\n* Barry John Gomm, Electrician, Windsor Castle.\n* Jacqueline Rosemary Colliss Harvey, Publisher, [Royal Collection](/wiki/Royal_Collection \"Royal Collection\").\n* Anne Lycett, Head of Ambassadors, [The Prince's Trust](/wiki/The_Prince%27s_Trust \"The Prince's Trust\").\n* David John Middleton, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RVM}}, Chief Upholsterer, Royal Household.\n* Sergeant William Edward Noon, Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty Protection.\n* Dr. Michael Turner, Inspector, Government Historic Estates Unit, [English Heritage](/wiki/English_Heritage \"English Heritage\").\n* Shaun Dominic Turner, Furniture Conservator, Royal Collection.\n* Allan Dyment Williams, Clerk to the Merseyside Lieutenancy.", "#### Medal of the Royal Victorian Order (RVM)", "In Gold\n* John Alan Brown, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RVM}}, Tractor Driver, [Sandringham Estate](/wiki/Sandringham_Estate \"Sandringham Estate\").", "In Silver\n* Andrea Baldwin, Daily Lady, [St. James's Palace](/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace \"St. James's Palace\").\n* Crawford Henry Butler, Yeoman Warder, HM Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard.\n* Anna Fernandes, Housekeeper, [Thatched House Lodge](/wiki/Thatched_House_Lodge \"Thatched House Lodge\").\n* Allen Michael Gilbert, formerly Team Supervisor, [The Great Park](/wiki/The_Great_Park \"The Great Park\"), Crown Estate, Windsor.\n* Matthew John King, Yeoman of Logistics, Royal Household.\n* Kenneth Ronald Lea, Machinery Operator, Crown Estate, Windsor.\n* [Denise Patricia McAdam](/wiki/Denise_Patricia_McAdam \"Denise Patricia McAdam\") (Mrs. Georges). For Hairdressing services to the Royal Family.\n* Stephen Matthew Murray, Yeoman of the Plate Pantry, Royal Household.\n* Norman Anthony Newstead, Sawmill Worker, Sandringham Estate.\n* Constable Raymond Michael Stanhope, Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty Protection.\n* Diane Isobel Wahlheim, Head Chef, [Government House, Adelaide](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Adelaide \"Government House, Adelaide\").\n* Colin Peter Wood, Gardens Foreman, Sandringham House.", "### Order of the British Empire", "#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)", "Civil Division\n* Professor [Athene Margaret Donald](/wiki/Athene_Margaret_Donald \"Athene Margaret Donald\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=FRS}}, Deputy Head, [Cavendish Laboratory](/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory \"Cavendish Laboratory\"), and Director, Women in Science, Engineering and Technology Initiative, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"). For services to Physics.\n* [Amelia Chilcott Fawcett](/wiki/Amelia_Fawcett \"Amelia Fawcett\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Chair, Pensions First Group LLP and [Guardian Media Group](/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group \"Guardian Media Group\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* [Jacqueline Fisher](/wiki/Jacqueline_Fisher \"Jacqueline Fisher\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, [Principal](/wiki/Principal_%28academia%29 \"Principal (academia)\"), [Newcastle College](/wiki/Newcastle_College \"Newcastle College\"). For services to local and national Further Education.\n* [Janet Marion Gaymer](/wiki/Janet_Marion_Gaymer \"Janet Marion Gaymer\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, QC (Hon.)}}, [Commissioner for Public Appointments](/wiki/Commissioner_for_Public_Appointments \"Commissioner for Public Appointments\"). For public service.\n* Professor [Julia Mary Goodfellow](/wiki/Julia_Mary_Goodfellow \"Julia Mary Goodfellow\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, [Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor \"Vice-Chancellor\"), [University of Kent](/wiki/University_of_Kent \"University of Kent\"). For services to Science.\n* Professor [Barbara Monroe](/wiki/Barbara_Monroe \"Barbara Monroe\"), Chief Executive, [St. Christopher's Hospice](/wiki/St._Christopher%27s_Hospice \"St. Christopher's Hospice\"), London. For services to Palliative Care.\n* [Janet Paraskeva](/wiki/Janet_Paraskeva \"Janet Paraskeva\"), [First Civil Service Commissioner](/wiki/First_Civil_Service_Commissioner \"First Civil Service Commissioner\"), and Chair, [Child Maintenance Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_Enforcement_Commission \"Child Maintenance Enforcement Commission\"). For public service.\n* [Paula Figueiroa Rego](/wiki/Paula_Figueiroa_Rego \"Paula Figueiroa Rego\"), Artist. For services to Art.\n* Professor [Alison Fettes Richard](/wiki/Alison_Fettes_Richard \"Alison Fettes Richard\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Vice\\-Chancellor, University of Cambridge. For services to Higher Education.\n* [Naila Zaffar](/wiki/Naila_Zaffar \"Naila Zaffar\"), Headteacher, Copthorne Primary School, Bradford. For services to local and national Education.", "#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)", "Civil Division\n* [Maurice Flanagan](/wiki/Maurice_Flanagan \"Maurice Flanagan\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Executive Vice Chairman, [Emirates](/wiki/Emirates_%28airline%29 \"Emirates (airline)\") Airline and Group, UAE. For services to the British aviation industry and British exports.\n* Professor [Charles Kuen Kao](/wiki/Charles_Kuen_Kao \"Charles Kuen Kao\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For services to fibre optic communications.", "#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commodore Campbell Stuart Christie, C030984A.\n* Captain Michael Edward Farrage, C032384D.\n* Captain Richard Farrington, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, C027738H.\n* Rear Admiral Ian Moncrieff, C025312M.", "Army\n* Colonel Crispian Edward Ian Beattie, late The Royal Green Jackets, 497567\\.\n* Colonel Charles Beaupré Bell Clee, late The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), 518400\\.\n* Brigadier John Patrick Simon Donnelly, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, late The Cheshire Regiment, 514054\\.\n* Colonel Richard Mark James Rollo\\-Walker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, late The Light Infantry, 495378\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Group Captain Colin Basnett (8183726A).\n* Group Captain Kenneth Bruce McCann (5203279V).\n* Group Captain Michael Christopher Neville (5205937M).", "Civil Division\n* Dr. Mary Armitage, Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist, [Royal Bournemouth \\& Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Royal_Bournemouth_%26_Christchurch_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.\n* [Simon Armitage](/wiki/Simon_Armitage \"Simon Armitage\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* Patricia Baskerville, Head of Safer Custody and Offender Policy, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service \"National Offender Management Service\"), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* William Gordon Baxter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, DL}}. For services to Business and to Charity in North East Scotland.\n* [George William John Benjamin](/wiki/George_William_John_Benjamin \"George William John Benjamin\"), Composer and Conductor. For services to Music.\n* Professor [Timothy John Besley](/wiki/Timothy_John_Besley \"Timothy John Besley\"), Kuwait Professor of Economics and Political Science, [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Peter George Betts, Director of International Climate Change, [Department for Energy and Climate Change](/wiki/Department_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change \"Department for Energy and Climate Change\").\n* Gavin McFarlane Black. For services to the community in the North East.\n* William George Black, Chief Executive, [Glasgow City Council](/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council \"Glasgow City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Jonathan Blackie, Regional Director, Government Office for the North East, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\").\n* John Brown, Director, Cross Cutting Group (Local Compliance) Glasgow, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs \"HM Revenue and Customs\").\n* [Elizabeth Burnley](/wiki/Elizabeth_Burnley \"Elizabeth Burnley\"), Chief Guide, [Girlguiding UK](/wiki/Girlguiding_UK \"Girlguiding UK\"). For services to Young People.\n* Rodney Paul Carr, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chief Executive, [Royal Yachting Association](/wiki/Royal_Yachting_Association \"Royal Yachting Association\"). For services to Sailing.\n* Freda Chaloner, Director, Large Business Service, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Alan Clarke, Deputy Director, Curriculum and Pupil Well Being, Schools Directorate, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families \"Department for Children, Schools and Families\").\n* Peter Derrick Cleminson, lately National Chairman, [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion \"Royal British Legion\"). For voluntary service to Ex\\-Servicemen and Women.\n* Peter Collins, Chief Executive, Salford Foundation Charity. For services to Young People.\n* Bryan Davis, Chief Executive, Social Security Agency Department for Social Development, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive \"Northern Ireland Executive\").\n* [Linda Mary de Cossart](/wiki/Linda_de_Cossart \"Linda de Cossart\"), Consultant Vascular and General Surgeon, [Countess of Chester Hospital](/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_Hospital \"Countess of Chester Hospital\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Dr. [Stephen Deuchar](/wiki/Stephen_Deuchar \"Stephen Deuchar\"), lately Director [Tate Britain](/wiki/Tate_Britain \"Tate Britain\"). For services to Art.\n* Colin Dodge, Executive Vice\\-President of Africa, Middle East, India, Europe Operations, [Nissan Motors](/wiki/Nissan_Motors \"Nissan Motors\") Ltd. For services to the Automotive Industry.\n* Judge [Khurshid Hassan Drabu](/wiki/Khurshid_Drabu \"Khurshid Drabu\"). For services to Community Relations.\n* Dr. Marshall Paul Elliott. For public service.\n* Dr. [David Stuart English](/wiki/David_English_%28cricketer%29 \"David English (cricketer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to Cricket and to Charity.\n* Brian Etheridge, Director, Civil Service Capability Group, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\").\n* Professor Andrew Finlay, lately Professor of Dermatology, Cardiff University. For services to Medicine.\n* Stephen James Finnigan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary \"Lancashire Constabulary\"). For services to the Police.\n* Siobhan Fitzpatrick, Chief Executive, [Early Years](/wiki/Early_Years_%E2%80%93_the_organisation_for_young_children \"Early Years – the organisation for young children\") Organisation. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Peter John Freeman, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC (Hon.)}}, Chairman, [Competition Commission](/wiki/Competition_Commission \"Competition Commission\"). For public service.\n* Anne Galbraith, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chair, Valuation Tribunal Service. For public service.\n* Professor [David Michael Gann](/wiki/David_Michael_Gann \"David Michael Gann\"), Chair in Technology and Innovation Management, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London \"Imperial College London\"). For services to Engineering.\n* Ann Margaret Green, Chair, Board of Trustees, [Royal Armouries](/wiki/Royal_Armouries \"Royal Armouries\"). For services to Museums.\n* Judith Louise Greensmith. For services to the [NHS](/wiki/NHS \"NHS\") in Merseyside.\n* David Gregory, Headteacher, Fosse Way Community Special School, Bath. For services to local and national Special Needs Education.\n* Dr. Russell Hamilton, Director of Research and Development, Department of Health.\n* [Nicholas Lionel Hardwick](/wiki/Nick_Hardwick_%28chairman%29 \"Nick Hardwick (chairman)\"), Chairman, [Independent Police Complaints Commission](/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission \"Independent Police Complaints Commission\"). For public service.\n* [Peter Robert Harrison](/wiki/Peter_Harrison_%28philanthropist%29 \"Peter Harrison (philanthropist)\"). For charitable services through the Peter Harrison Foundation.\n* [Terence Hodgkinson](/wiki/Terry_Hodgkinson \"Terry Hodgkinson\"), Chairman of [Yorkshire Forward](/wiki/Yorkshire_Forward \"Yorkshire Forward\"), Regional Development Agency. For services to Business and to Regeneration.\n* Eileen Rosemary Holmes, President, Industrial Tribunals and the Fair Employment Tribunal in Northern Ireland. For services to Industrial Relations.\n* Professor [Ann Jacqueline Hunter](/wiki/Jackie_Hunter \"Jackie Hunter\"), lately Senior Vice\\-President and Head, Science Environment Development, [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline \"GlaxoSmithKline\"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry.\n* Richard Hugh Hunting, lately Chairman, [Geffrye Museum](/wiki/Geffrye_Museum \"Geffrye Museum\") Trust. For services to the Arts and to Heritage.\n* [Christopher Rajendran Hyman](/wiki/Christopher_Rajendran_Hyman \"Christopher Rajendran Hyman\"), Chief Executive Officer, [Serco](/wiki/Serco \"Serco\"). For services to Business and to Charity.\n* [Karl William Pamp Jenkins](/wiki/Karl_William_Pamp_Jenkins \"Karl William Pamp Jenkins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Composer. For services to Music.\n* [Catherine Zeta Jones](/wiki/Catherine_Zeta_Jones \"Catherine Zeta Jones\"), Actor. For services to the Film Industry and to Charity.\n* [Barbara, Lady Judge](/wiki/Barbara_Judge \"Barbara Judge\"), Chair, [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority \"UK Atomic Energy Authority\"). For services to the Nuclear and Financial Services Industries.\n* Raymond Andrew Kitson, Senior Assistant Director of Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Paul Langmaid, [Chief Dental Officer for Wales](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28England%29 \"Chief Dental Officer (England)\"), Department of Health and Social Services, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Robert Laslett, Director, Private Pensions and Chief Economist, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* Professor [David Seymour Latchman](/wiki/David_Seymour_Latchman \"David Seymour Latchman\"), Master of [Birkbeck College, University of London](/wiki/Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London \"Birkbeck, University of London\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* [Prudence Margaret Leith](/wiki/Prudence_Margaret_Leith \"Prudence Margaret Leith\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chair, [School Food Trust](/wiki/School_Food_Trust \"School Food Trust\"). For services to the Catering Industry.\n* Professor [Noel Lloyd](/wiki/Noel_Lloyd \"Noel Lloyd\"), [Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor \"Vice-Chancellor\"), [Aberystwyth University](/wiki/Aberystwyth_University \"Aberystwyth University\"). For services to Higher Education in Wales.\n* Dr. [Michael Longley](/wiki/Michael_Longley \"Michael Longley\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* Professor Linda Maitland Luxon, Professor of Audiological Medicine, [University College London Hospitals](/wiki/University_College_London_Hospitals \"University College London Hospitals\") NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine.\n* Professor [David Whyte Macdonald](/wiki/David_Whyte_Macdonald \"David Whyte Macdonald\"), [Professor of Wildlife Conservation](/wiki/WildCRU \"WildCRU\"), [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\"). For services to Natural Sciences.\n* Dr. Karl Joseph MacKie, Chief Executive and Mediator, Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution. For services to Mediation.\n* Professor Barry McCormick, Chief Economist and Chief Analyst, Department of Health.\n* [Robin John Christian Millar](/wiki/Robin_John_Christian_Millar \"Robin John Christian Millar\"), Record Producer. For services to the Music Industry.\n* Marlene Craigie Morley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Head of the Defence Equipment and Support Collocation Team, Ministry of Defence.\n* Professor Alan Shaw Murie, Emeritus Professor of Urban and Regional Studies, [University of Birmingham](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham \"University of Birmingham\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* [Peter Edward Murray](/wiki/Peter_Murray_%28Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park%29 \"Peter Murray (Yorkshire Sculpture Park)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Founder and Executive Director, [Yorkshire Sculpture Park](/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park \"Yorkshire Sculpture Park\"). For services to the Arts.\n* John Noble. For public service.\n* George Carew O'Grady, Chief Executive, [Professional Golfers' Association European Tour](/wiki/PGA_European_Tour \"PGA European Tour\"). For services to Sport.\n* [Douglas Edwin Oakervee](/wiki/Douglas_Oakervee \"Douglas Oakervee\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chairman, [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail \"Crossrail\"). For services to Civil Engineering.\n* John Douglas Orr, Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and lately President, [Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh \"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Jenny Owen, Executive Director, Adult, Health and Community Wellbeing, [Essex County Council](/wiki/Essex_County_Council \"Essex County Council\"), and President, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services. For public service.\n* Ruth Owen, Chief Operating Officer and Deputy Chief Executive Officer, [Jobcentre Plus](/wiki/Jobcentre_Plus \"Jobcentre Plus\"), Department for Work and Pensions.\n* [Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten](/wiki/Hilda_Elsie_Marguerite_Patten \"Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Cookery Writer. For services to the Food Industry.\n* Stephen Phipson, President and Group Managing Director, [Smiths Detection Group Ltd](/wiki/Smiths_Group \"Smiths Group\"). For services to the Security Industry.\n* Graham Fenwick Pimlott, lately Chairman, [Export Credits Guarantee Department](/wiki/Export_Credits_Guarantee_Department \"Export Credits Guarantee Department\"). For services to Business.\n* [Hope Patricia Powell](/wiki/Hope_Patricia_Powell \"Hope Patricia Powell\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, [National Coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 \"Coach (sport)\"), [England Women's Football Team](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team \"England women's national football team\"). For services to Sport.\n* Professor [Carol Propper](/wiki/Carol_Propper \"Carol Propper\"), Professor of Economics of Public Policy, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol \"University of Bristol\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Stephen Julian Przybylski, Head of Strategy and Policy, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\").\n* William Roe, Chairman, [Highlands and Islands Enterprise](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise \"Highlands and Islands Enterprise\"). For public service.\n* Susan Carroll, Lady Sainsbury. For services to the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\") and to the Arts.\n* John Robin Schultz, Chief Executive, [Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council](/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council \"Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [John Graham Shepherd](/wiki/John_Graham_Shepherd \"John Graham Shepherd\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=FRS}}, Professorial Research Fellow in Earth System Science, [National Oceanography Centre, Southampton](/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre%2C_Southampton \"National Oceanography Centre, Southampton\"). For services to Science.\n* Professor Martin Shirley, Director, [Institute for Animal Health](/wiki/Institute_for_Animal_Health \"Institute for Animal Health\"). For services to Science.\n* Jo Shuter, Headteacher, Quintin Kynaston Community School, City of Westminster, London. For services to local and national Education.\n* Professor David Thomas Sines, Pro Vice\\-Chancellor, [Buckinghamshire New University](/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University \"Buckinghamshire New University\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Theodosia Sowa. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the UK and Overseas.\n* Professor [Robert Stephen John Sparks](/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks \"Robert Stephen John Sparks\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=FRS}}, [Chaning Wills](/wiki/Wills_baronets \"Wills baronets\") Professor of Geology, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol \"University of Bristol\"). For services to Environmental Science.\n* Mary Cecilia Spinks, Director, [Florence Nightingale Foundation](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Foundation \"Florence Nightingale Foundation\"). For services to Nursing.\n* Alyson Jane Stafford, Director of Finance, [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive \"Scottish Executive\").\n* Dr. [Robert Scott Steedman](/wiki/Morris_and_Steedman \"Morris and Steedman\"), Vice\\-President, [Royal Academy of Engineering](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering \"Royal Academy of Engineering\"). For services to Engineering.\n* [David Graham Stevens](/wiki/David_Stevens_%28businessman%29 \"David Stevens (businessman)\"), Chief Operating Officer, [Admiral Group](/wiki/Admiral_Group \"Admiral Group\"). For services to the Insurance Industry and to Charity.\n* Heather Vivienne Stevens. For charitable services.\n* Paul Stockton, Director, Tribunals Judicial Office, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)\").\n* [Norman Kelvin Stoller](/wiki/Norman_Stoller \"Norman Stoller\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, DL}}. For charitable services.\n* David Radcliffe Stone, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chairman, [Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Sheffield_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Timothy John Stone](/wiki/Timothy_Stone \"Timothy Stone\"), Expert Chairman, Office of Nuclear Development. For services to the Energy Industry.\n* Dr. (Ernest) Neil Suggett, Headteacher, Hayes Park Primary School, Hillingdon, London. For services to Education.\n* Helen Patricia Tait, Headteacher, [Sandgate Primary School](/wiki/Sandgate_Primary_School \"Sandgate Primary School\") and Folkestone Primary Academy. For services to Education in Kent.\n* Stephen William Thomas, Chief Executive, [Welsh Local Government Association](/wiki/Welsh_Local_Government_Association \"Welsh Local Government Association\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Harold Peter Tillman](/wiki/Harold_Peter_Tillman \"Harold Peter Tillman\"), Chairman, [Jaeger](/wiki/Jaeger_%28clothing%29 \"Jaeger (clothing)\") and [British Fashion Council](/wiki/British_Fashion_Council \"British Fashion Council\"). For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Martin Tolhurst, Principal, [Newham College of Further Education](/wiki/Newham_College_of_Further_Education \"Newham College of Further Education\"). For services to Further Education in London.\n* Louise Wendy Tulett, Group Director of Finance and Procurement, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\").\n* [Colin Jack, the Honourable Lord Tyre](/wiki/Colin_Tyre%2C_Lord_Tyre \"Colin Tyre, Lord Tyre\"), lately President, [Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Bars_and_Law_Societies_of_Europe \"Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe\"). For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Professor [Veronica van Heyningen](/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen \"Veronica van Heyningen\"), President, [The Genetics Society](/wiki/The_Genetics_Society \"The Genetics Society\"). For services to Science.\n* Dr. [Jean Venables](/wiki/Jean_Venables \"Jean Venables\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, [President](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers \"List of presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers\"), [Institution of Civil Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers \"Institution of Civil Engineers\"). For services to Civil Engineering.\n* Robert Vincent, Chief Executive, [Kirklees Council](/wiki/Kirklees_Council \"Kirklees Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Sarah Webb](/wiki/Sarah_Webb_%28housing_professional%29 \"Sarah Webb (housing professional)\"), Chief Executive, [Chartered Institute of Housing](/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Housing \"Chartered Institute of Housing\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Gillian Barbara Westerman, Principal and Chief Executive, [Northern College for Residential Adult Education](/wiki/Northern_College_for_Residential_and_Community_Adult_Education \"Northern College for Residential and Community Adult Education\"). For services to Adult Learning.\n* John Furness Widdowson, Principal, [New College Durham](/wiki/New_College_Durham \"New College Durham\"). For services to local and national Further and Higher Education.\n* Dr. Robert James Young, Consultant Physician, Diabetes and Endocrinology, [Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Salford_Royal_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* [Thomas Edur](/wiki/Thomas_Edur \"Thomas Edur\"), lately Senior Principal Dancer, [English National Ballet](/wiki/English_National_Ballet \"English National Ballet\"). For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations.\n* [Henry Thomas Marsh](/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Marsh \"Henry Thomas Marsh\"), Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, [St George's Hospital](/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital \"St George's Hospital\"), Tooting. For services to Medicine in the UK and Ukraine.\n* [Agnes Oaks](/wiki/Agnes_Oaks \"Agnes Oaks\"), Senior Principal Dancer, English National Ballet. For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations.\n* Dr. [Lee James Taylor White](/wiki/Lee_White_%28conservationist%29 \"Lee White (conservationist)\"), Head, Gabon's National Parks Agency. For services to Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in West and Central Africa.", "#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commander Matthew James Avison, C033542H.\n* Commander Darren Cartwright, C032255Y.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) Robert Graham Cundy, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Royal Marines, N028071E.\n* Commander Kevin Gomm, C026462M.\n* Captain (Acting Commodore) Steven Charles Ramm, C021825S.\n* Captain Ian Michael Robinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve, C983662K.\n* Commander Thomas Grenville Sharpe, C035842C.\n* Commander Paul Kenneth Shawcross, C030263U.\n* Commander Steven Luigi Smith, C026720Q.", "Army\n* Lieutenant Colonel Owen James Adams, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 521592\\.\n* Colonel [Darrell Peter Amison](/wiki/Darrell_Amison \"Darrell Amison\"), late The Royal Logistic Corps, 536123\\.\n* Colonel [Alastair Andrew Bernard Ribey Bruce of Crionaich](/wiki/Alastair_Bruce_of_Crionaich \"Alastair Bruce of Crionaich\"), late General List, Territorial Army, 509493\\.\n* Colonel Peter Andrew Christian, Essex Army Cadet Force, 494473\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Robert Lewis Gamble, Royal Tank Regiment, 539340\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Andrew David Griffiths, Royal Army Medical Corps, 542939\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis John Hollman, Corps of Royal Engineers, 543230\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Anna Clare Luedicke, The Royal Logistic Corps, 538202\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Michael John Purnell, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 521687\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Richard Arthur Robinson, The Royal Irish Regiment, 512677\\.\n* Colonel Charles Patrick Carnegie Sloan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, late the Royal Irish Regiment, 502912\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Barry John Spiers, Royal Corps of Signals, 543680\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Robin Greenwell Stephenson, The Parachute Regiment, 526587\\.\n* Colonel Gordon Straughan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, late The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, Territorial Army, 531176\\.\n* Colonel David Peter Turner, late Army Air Corps, 506903\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Gary Paul Wilkinson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 528966\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Wing Commander Steven Jon Chadwick (8304300B).\n* Wing Commander Andrew Kevin Jeffrey (8029314K).\n* Group Captain Mark Harry Michael Kemsley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (5206907M).\n* Wing Commander Richard Andrew Knight (8153035K).\n* Wing Commander James Edward Linter (5205609Q).\n* Wing Commander Ian David Sargeant (5205239Y).\n* Wing Commander Dominic Joseph Toriati, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (8029853B).", "Civil Division\n* Susan Marie Adams, Director, Care \\& Repair England. For services to the Housing Sector for Older People.\n* Dr. [Husna Ahmad](/wiki/Husna_Ahmad \"Husna Ahmad\"), Chief Executive Officer, Faith Regeneration Foundation. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Maqsood Ahmad, lately Head of Police Equality and Diversity Policy, Home Office.\n* Mark Andrews, lately Chief Executive, NG Bailey. For services to Apprenticeships and Training in the Construction Industry.\n* Mary Archer, Chief Officer, Essex Probation Area, Ministry of Justice.\n* Clara Anthonyammah Arokiasamy, Chair, Greater London Authority Heritage and Diversity Task Force. For services to Heritage.\n* Jane Arrowsmith, Principal, Troup House School, Aberdeen. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Professor Amanda Ashton, Director of Quality, NHS Leicester City. For services to Nursing.\n* District Judge Gordon Rayment Ashton. For services to the Administration of Justice and to Disabled People.\n* [William Michael Allingham Ashton](/wiki/Bill_Ashton_%28jazz_musician%29 \"Bill Ashton (jazz musician)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Life President, [National Youth Jazz Orchestra](/wiki/National_Youth_Jazz_Orchestra \"National Youth Jazz Orchestra\"). For services to Music.\n* Dalwardin Babu, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* Linda Badman, Customer Services Director, Jobcentre Plus, Wales, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Vivien Bailey, lately Her Majesty's Inspector, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted \"Ofsted\").\n* Diana Barnes. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Dr. Emma Barrett, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Elizabeth Barron, lately Chair, [Firebuy Ltd.](/wiki/Firebuy \"Firebuy\") For services to the Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Jackie Bennett, Head of Policy, [Council of Mortgage Lenders](/wiki/Council_of_Mortgage_Lenders \"Council of Mortgage Lenders\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Robert Edward John Bernays, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in the South West.\n* [Sharon Berry](/wiki/Sharon_Berry \"Sharon Berry\"), Chief Executive, [Storybook Dads](/wiki/Storybook_Dads \"Storybook Dads\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* Anil Kumar Bhanot. For services to the Hindu community and to Inter\\-Faith Relations.\n* Mark Blundell, Chief Executive, Salmon Youth Centre, Bermondsey, London. For services to Young People.\n* Jennifer Susan Boothman, lately Headteacher, Pennington Church of England Primary School, Cumbria. For services to Education.\n* Susan Bradbury, lately Editor\\-in\\-Chief, [Folio Society](/wiki/Folio_Society \"Folio Society\"). For services to the Publishing Industry.\n* Professor Peter Brandon, lately Director of Strategic Programmes, [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford \"University of Salford\"). For services to the Built Environment.\n* Kathryn Broadhurst, Headteacher, Green Lane Infants School, Leicester. For services to Education.\n* Adam Vere Balfour Broke. For public service.\n* Neil Henry Bromley, lately Principal, [North East Worcestershire College](/wiki/North_East_Worcestershire_College \"North East Worcestershire College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* David Brown. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale \"John Cale\"). For services to Music and to the Arts.\n* Padraig Canavan, Managing Director, Singularity Ltd. For services to Business in Northern Ireland.\n* Thomas Canning, Headteacher, Tollgate Primary School, Newham, London. For services to local and national Education.\n* John Adam Carr. For services to Children Protection on the Internet.\n* James Rawson Carson. For services to Geography Education in Scotland.\n* Barbara Rose Castle. For services to Regeneration in Wales.\n* Janti Champaneri, lately Senior Manager, Adult and Communities Directorate, [Birmingham City Council](/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council \"Birmingham City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Utheshtra Chetty, lately Senior Consultant Surgeon, Edinburgh Breast Unit. For services to Medicine.\n* Aileen Chilton, Senior Manager A, Reducing Re\\-Offending Policy Group, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service \"National Offender Management Service\"), Ministry of Justice.\n* Edward Chorlton, lately Deputy Chief Executive, [Devon County Council](/wiki/Devon_County_Council \"Devon County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Peter Thomas Claiden, lately Principal Inspector of Air Accidents, [Air Accidents Investigation Branch](/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch \"Air Accidents Investigation Branch\"), Department for Transport.\n* John Henry Cleary, Deputy Director, Housing and Growth Programmes Team, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* [Brian Clemens](/wiki/Brian_Clemens \"Brian Clemens\"), Screenwriter. For services to Broadcasting and to Drama.\n* Alexander Jamieson Cluness. For services to the community in the Shetland Isles.\n* Patricia Mary Coleman. For services to Local Government and to the community in the East Midlands.\n* [Alec Coles](/wiki/Alec_Coles \"Alec Coles\"), lately Director, [Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums](/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Archives_and_Museums \"Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums\"). For services to Museums.\n* Laura Coletti, Manager, Violet Melchett Sure Start Children's Centre, Kensington, London. For services to Children and Families.\n* Professor Ian Colligan, lately Chairman, Board of Management, [Dundee College](/wiki/Dundee_College \"Dundee College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Paul Damian Conway, Senior Vice\\-President, Cargill Inc. For services to the Agricultural Industry.\n* [Wendy Cope](/wiki/Wendy_Cope \"Wendy Cope\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* James Romaine Hendry Coussey, Senior Prosecutor, Crown Prosecution Service.\n* Professor [Brian Edward Cox](/wiki/Brian_Edward_Cox \"Brian Edward Cox\"), Professor of Particle Physics and Royal Society University Research Fellow, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\"). For services to Science.\n* Christopher James Cox, Assistant Director Local Compliance, Individuals and Public Bodies, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Catherine Lynne Crawford, Chief Executive, [Metropolitan Police Authority](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority \"Metropolitan Police Authority\"). For services to the Police.\n* Jill Crawford, For services to Midwifery and Nursing.\n* Fiona Cruickshank, Director, SCM Pharma Ltd. For services to Business in the North East.\n* [Barry Cunningham](/wiki/Barry_Cunningham_%28publisher%29 \"Barry Cunningham (publisher)\"), Chief Publisher and Managing Director, [Chicken House Books](/wiki/The_Chicken_House \"The Chicken House\"). For services to the Publishing Industry.\n* Suzanne Cunningham, Consultant Midwife, Southampton University Hospital Trust and Bournemouth University. For services to Midwifery.\n* [Dr. Judith Mary Darmady](/wiki/Judith_Darmady \"Judith Darmady\"). For services to Children's Well\\-Being Overseas.\n* Angela Darnell, Headteacher, [Egglescliffe School](/wiki/Egglescliffe_School \"Egglescliffe School\"), Stockton\\-on\\-Tees. For services to Education.\n* Professor [Timothy Darvill](/wiki/Timothy_Darvill \"Timothy Darvill\"). For services to Archaeology.\n* Elizabeth Davidson. For services to Conservation and Architectural Heritage in Scotland.\n* David Arthur Stephen Davies, lately President, National Farmers' Union, Cymru. For services to the Agricultural Industry in Wales.\n* Beverley Jane Davies, Chief Executive, Manchester Science Parks. For services to Innovation.\n* Susan Elizabeth Davies, Policy and Technical Specialist, Business Tax, London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Colin Dawson, Chief Executive, British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers \\& Attractions Ltd. For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Jeanette Elizabeth Dawson, Principal, [Bishop Burton College](/wiki/Bishop_Burton_College \"Bishop Burton College\"), Beverley. For services to Land\\-based Further and Higher Education.\n* Stephen John Rodgers Dawson. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* John Dew, Principal Construction Project Manager, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Miles Dibsdall, Principal, [New College Stamford](/wiki/New_College_Stamford \"New College Stamford\"), Lincolnshire. For services to Further and Higher Education.\n* Professor Anthony George Doré, Vice\\-President for Global Exploration, [Statoil](/wiki/Statoil \"Statoil\"). For services to Geology.\n* John Dunningham. For voluntary service to Tennis.\n* [William Robert Dunster](/wiki/William_Robert_Dunster \"William Robert Dunster\"). For services to Sustainable Housing Design.\n* [Barry George Albin\\-Dyer](/wiki/Barry_Albin-Dyer \"Barry Albin-Dyer\"), Chairman, Kenyons Repatriation Services Ltd. For services to the Armed Forces.\n* Joanna Elson, Chief Executive, Money Advice Trust. For services to People in Debt.\n* Barry Raymond England, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance.\n* Margaret Macdonald Eva, Headteacher, [Bourne Community College](/wiki/Bourne_Community_College \"Bourne Community College\"), West Sussex. For services to Education.\n* Stephen Nicholas Evans. For services to the Samaritans in the UK.\n* Robin Anthony Eve. For services to the [City of London Corporation](/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation \"City of London Corporation\").\n* Michael Geoffrey Shaun Farrell. For services to the Church of England.\n* Barry Forrester, lately Principal Recruitment Policy Adviser, [Civil Service Commissioners](/wiki/Civil_Service_Commissioners_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Civil Service Commissioners (United Kingdom)\"), Cabinet Office.\n* Steven Hamilton Freed, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Dr. Simon Gage, Director, [Edinburgh International Science Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival \"Edinburgh International Science Festival\"). For services to Science Communication.\n* Ronald Francis Gainsford, Chief Executive, [Trading Standards Institute](/wiki/Trading_Standards_Institute \"Trading Standards Institute\"). For services to Consumers and to Business.\n* Eileen Gallagher, Chief Executive, [Shed Productions](/wiki/Shed_Productions \"Shed Productions\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* Professor Harold Samuel Gamble, Professor of Engineering, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Science.\n* Olivia Giles. For charitable services particularly to Disabled People.\n* Margaret Gilmour, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Ellis Glennie, lately Chief Executive, [NHS Borders](/wiki/NHS_Borders \"NHS Borders\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Trevor Graves, Oculoplastic Specialist Nurse, [Leicester Royal Infirmary](/wiki/Leicester_Royal_Infirmary \"Leicester Royal Infirmary\"), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* [Harriet Green](/wiki/Harriet_Green \"Harriet Green\"), Chief Executive Officer, [Premier Farnell plc](/wiki/Premier_Farnell_plc \"Premier Farnell plc\"). For services to the Electronics Industry.\n* [Bonnie Greer](/wiki/Bonnie_Greer \"Bonnie Greer\"), Playwright, Author and Critic. For services to the Arts.\n* Dr. Ruth Mary Evelyn Griffin, Lead Scientist, Forensic Science Agency of Northern Ireland.\n* Professor [Dorothy Seymour Griffiths](/wiki/Dorothy_Griffiths \"Dorothy Griffiths\"), Professor of HR Management and Deputy Principal, [Imperial College Business School](/wiki/Imperial_College_Business_School \"Imperial College Business School\"), London. For services to Higher Education.\n* Peter Lloyd Griffiths, Group Chief Executive, [Principality Building Society](/wiki/Principality_Building_Society \"Principality Building Society\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Catherine, The Lady Guthrie. For voluntary service to [SSAFA Forces Help](/wiki/SSAFA_Forces_Help \"SSAFA Forces Help\").\n* John Gale Hambly, Deputy Technical Director, [QinetiQ](/wiki/QinetiQ \"QinetiQ\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Garry John Handley, Team Leader, Road Safety Unit, [Gloucestershire County Council](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council \"Gloucestershire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Nicola Jane Hanna, Director, Epilepsy Bereaved. For services to Families.\n* Councillor Malcolm Charles Hanney. For services to the community in the South West.\n* [Jeremy Andrew Harris](/wiki/Drew_Harris \"Drew Harris\"), Assistant Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland \"Police Service of Northern Ireland\"). For services to the Police.\n* Martin Harris, Deputy Director, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office.\n* Gillian Anne Heaton, Executive Director of Patient Services and Chief Nurse, [Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Central_Manchester_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* David George Henderson, Managing Director, Tobermore Concrete Products Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* [James Herbert](/wiki/James_Herbert \"James Herbert\"), Author. For services to Literature.\n* Dr. Robin Walter Hiley, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Robert Seamus Hill, Managing Director, [Chemring Marine](/wiki/Chemring_Group \"Chemring Group\"). For services to the Marine Industry.\n* The Reverend Jean Margaret Hoggard. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire.\n* Vivien Hopkins, Chief Operating Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Nigel Arthur Hoskin. For services to [Dartmoor National Park](/wiki/Dartmoor_National_Park \"Dartmoor National Park\").\n* Professor Dominic Houlihan, Vice\\-Principal, [University of Aberdeen](/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen \"University of Aberdeen\"). For services to Science Communication.\n* Professor [Kenneth Howard](/wiki/Ken_Howard_%28artist%29 \"Ken Howard (artist)\"), Artist. For services to Art.\n* Dr. Elizabeth Howells, Head of Primary Care Psychology and Health Psychology. For services to Mental Healthcare in Wiltshire.\n* John Hudson, Senior Forestry Adviser, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development \"Department for International Development\").\n* Anthony John Hunter, Chief Executive, [North East Lincolnshire Council](/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council \"North East Lincolnshire Council\"). For services to Social Care.\n* Stephen Hunter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, [Tayside Fire and Rescue](/wiki/Tayside_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Tayside Fire and Rescue Service\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Mick Hurley, lately Serious Youth Violence Adviser. For services to Young People.\n* Mashuq Hussain. For services to Young People and to Community Relations in Burnley and Pendle, Lancashire.\n* Ian Crosbie Tennant Hutcheson, Director of Security, [BAA Airports Ltd](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings \"Heathrow Airport Holdings\"). For services to the Aviation Industry.\n* Arthur Graeme Hyslop, Principal, [Langside College](/wiki/Langside_College \"Langside College\"), Glasgow. For services to Further Education.\n* Taha Mohammad Idris, Chief Executive, Swansea Bay Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations.\n* John Jackson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Staffordshire.\n* Tracy Jackson, Manager, Crescent Children's Centre, Stoke\\-on\\-Trent. For services to Children and Families.\n* Lynne James, Manager, Hartcliffe Sure Start Children's Centre, Bristol. For services to Children and Families.\n* Jonathan Andrew Jefferis, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* [Blair Jenkins](/wiki/Blair_Jenkins \"Blair Jenkins\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* George Robert Jenkins, Vice\\-Chairman, [NHS Blood and Transplant](/wiki/NHS_Blood_and_Transplant \"NHS Blood and Transplant\"), and Chairman, [South London Healthcare NHS](/wiki/South_London_Healthcare_NHS_Trust \"South London Healthcare NHS Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Ian Dennis Jenkins](/wiki/Ian_Dennis_Jenkins \"Ian Dennis Jenkins\"), Senior Curator, Greek Collections, [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\"). For services to Museums.\n* Professor Arthur Thomas Peter Jones, Senior Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, Academic Development and Research, [Nottingham Trent University](/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University \"Nottingham Trent University\"). For services to Higher Education and to the Legal Profession.\n* Dilys Cynthia Mary Jones, lately Headteacher, Lypiatt Primary School and Early Years Centre, Wiltshire. For services to Education.\n* Dan Clayton\\-Jones. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales.\n* Jean Mary Jones, Headteacher, Grace Owen Nursery School, Sheffield. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Mair Jones. For services to Further Education in Wales.\n* Sian Rees\\-Jones, Headteacher, Bognor Regis Nursery School and Children's Centre, West Sussex. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Ursula Jones. For services to Music.\n* Dr. [Sukhbir Singh Kapoor](/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Kapoor \"Sukhbir Singh Kapoor\"), Vice\\-Chancellor, World Sikh University. For services to Community Relations.\n* Paul Warren Kendrew, Senior Official, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* [Nick Knight](/wiki/Nick_Knight_%28photographer%29 \"Nick Knight (photographer)\"), Fashion Photographer. For services to Art.\n* Dr. [Kartar Singh Lalvani](/wiki/Kartar_Lalvani \"Kartar Lalvani\"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry and to Charity.\n* Deepak Lalwani, Director, India, Astaire \\& Partners. For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Robin Frank Landman, Chief Executive Officer, Network for Black Professionals. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic Further Education.\n* Jurat Derek Le Page, lately [Jurat](/wiki/Jurat \"Jurat\") of the [Royal Court](/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey \"Courts of Guernsey\"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Guernsey.\n* Roger Adrian Legate, Principal and Head of Visual Impairment Service, [Linden Lodge School](/wiki/Linden_Lodge_School \"Linden Lodge School\"), Wandsworth, London. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Sharon Patricia Lemon. For public service.\n* Eric James Lewis, lately Chief Executive Officer, Doncaster's Group. For services to Industry.\n* Marion Lewis, Chair, Neighbourhood and Homewatch Network, England and Wales. For services to Community Safety.\n* Sian Lockwood, Chief Executive, Community Catalysts (NAAPS UK). For services to Social Care.\n* Karen Logan, Nurse Consultant (Continence Services), [Aneurin Bevan Health Board](/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan_Health_Board \"Aneurin Bevan Health Board\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Joanna Elisabeth Anne Tait\\-Lovatt, lately Principal and Chief Executive, [Bishop Auckland College](/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_College \"Bishop Auckland College\"). For services to local and national Education.\n* Dr. Kailash Chand Malhotra, General Medical Practitioner, Ashton\\-under\\-Lyne. For services to Healthcare.\n* Jehangir Malik. For services to [Islamic Relief](/wiki/Islamic_Relief \"Islamic Relief\").\n* Christine Mann, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse.\n* Stephen Mathews, Chief Executive, Cedar Foundation. For services to Disabled People in Northern Ireland.\n* Janet Erica Matthewman, Head of Culture, Media and Sport, Government Office for the North West.\n* Angela Jane Maxwell, Managing Director, Acuwomen. For services to Business in the West Midlands.\n* [Anthony Peter McCoy](/wiki/Anthony_Peter_McCoy \"Anthony Peter McCoy\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Jockey. For services to Horse Racing.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/northern\\_ireland/8735760\\.stm \\|title\\=Tony McCoy and Kyle McCallan head NI sporting honours \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=11 June 2010}}\n* Patrick Joseph McIntyre, Chief Executive, [Northern Ireland Housing Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Housing_Executive \"Northern Ireland Housing Executive\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Joseph McVey, Chairman, Volunteer Development Agency. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Northern Ireland.\n* Gaynor Mears. For services to Preventing Domestic and Sexual Violence.\n* [Tamara Mellon](/wiki/Tamara_Mellon \"Tamara Mellon\"), Founder and Chief Creative Officer, [Jimmy Choo Ltd](/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd \"Jimmy Choo Ltd\"). For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Judith Ann Million, Deputy Regional Director, Government Office for the North East.\n* Jayne Mary Monkhouse. For services to Equal Opportunities and to Diversity.\n* Leslie Ann Morphy, Chief Executive, [Crisis](/wiki/Crisis_%28charity%29 \"Crisis (charity)\"). For services to Homeless People.\n* Dr. Jennifer Morris. For services to Disabled People.\n* Robert Mullen, Governor, [HM Prison Lindholme](/wiki/HM_Prison_Lindholme \"HM Prison Lindholme\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Barry Mussenden, Deputy Director, Policy and Strategy Directorate, Department of Health.\n* Catherine Myers, Executive Headteacher, [Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate Schools](/wiki/Bishop_Challoner_Catholic_Collegiate_School \"Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate School\"), Tower Hamlets, London. For services to Education.\n* Mohammad Nazir, Chairman, West Midlands Ethnic Minority Business Forum. For services to Business.\n* [John Vivian Drummond Nettles](/wiki/John_Vivian_Drummond_Nettles \"John Vivian Drummond Nettles\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* John Irwin Nevin, lately Assistant Director of Operations (Benefits Assurance), Social Security Agency, Northern Ireland Executive.\n* Rosalind Newlands, Course Director for Tourist Guide Training, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Angela Elizabeth O'Connor, Headteacher, Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Hastings. For services to Education.\n* Alache Ode. For services to Diaspora Communities in the UK and Overseas.\n* Dr Nelson Olawale Ogunshakin, Chief Executive, [Association for Consultancy and Engineering](/wiki/Association_for_Consultancy_and_Engineering \"Association for Consultancy and Engineering\"). For services to the Construction and Engineering Industries.\n* [Sophie Okonedo](/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo \"Sophie Okonedo\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Margaret Oldfield, Chair, [Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Rotherham_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to the community in South Yorkshire.\n* [Kenneth Olisa](/wiki/Ken_Olisa \"Ken Olisa\"), Chairman, [Thames Reach](/wiki/Thames_Reach \"Thames Reach\"). For services to Homeless People in London.\n* Dr. [Keith Palmer](/wiki/Keith_Palmer_%28businessman%29 \"Keith Palmer (businessman)\"). For services to Economic Development Overseas.\n* Dr. [Cornelia Ann Parker](/wiki/Cornelia_Ann_Parker \"Cornelia Ann Parker\"), Sculptor and Installation Artist. For services to Art.\n* Bryn Parry, Co\\-Founder, [Help for Heroes](/wiki/Help_for_Heroes \"Help for Heroes\"). For voluntary service to the Armed Forces.\n* Emma Parry, Co\\-Founder, Help for Heroes. For voluntary service to the Armed Forces.\n* Dr. Rachel Elizabeth Perkins, Director of Quality Assurance and User Experience, [South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust](/wiki/South_West_London_and_St_George%27s_Mental_Health_NHS_Trust \"South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust\"). For services to Mental Health.\n* Zahara Hyde Peters, Chief Executive Officer, [British Triathlon Federation](/wiki/British_Triathlon_Federation \"British Triathlon Federation\"). For services to Athletics.\n* [Julian Pettifer](/wiki/Julian_Pettifer \"Julian Pettifer\"). For services to Journalism and to Wildlife Conservation.\n* Professor [David Andrew Phoenix](/wiki/David_Andrew_Phoenix \"David Andrew Phoenix\"), Deputy Vice\\-Chancellor, [University of Central Lancashire](/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire \"University of Central Lancashire\"). For services to Science and to Higher Education.\n* John Hugh Pitman, Executive Chairman, JHP Group Ltd. For services to Vocational Training.\n* Nicholas Clive Randle, Chief Executive, [Society of Local Council Clerks](/wiki/Society_of_Local_Council_Clerks \"Society of Local Council Clerks\"). For services to Local Government.\n* André Rebello, HM Coroner for Liverpool. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Ann Helen Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society.\n* Bernard Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society.\n* Geoffrey Reed, Senior Statistician, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.\n* Bennett Lyle Edward Reid. For services to Business and to the community in Walsall, West Midlands.\n* Professor Ken Reid, lately Deputy Vice\\-Chancellor, [Swansea Metropolitan University](/wiki/Swansea_Metropolitan_University \"Swansea Metropolitan University\"). For services to Education.\n* Honor Rhodes, Director of Strategic Development, [Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships](/wiki/Tavistock_Relationships \"Tavistock Relationships\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* [Andrew George Ripley](/wiki/Andrew_George_Ripley \"Andrew George Ripley\"). For services to Sport, particularly Rugby. (To be dated 20 May 2010\\.)\n* Jacqueline Roberts, Chief Executive, [Care Commission](/wiki/Care_Commission \"Care Commission\"). For services to Social Care in Scotland.\n* Jacqueline Ann Robinson, President, [England Squash](/wiki/England_Squash \"England Squash\"). For services to Sport.\n* Michael Jeremy Rye, Leader, [Enfield Council](/wiki/Enfield_Council \"Enfield Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Inderjit Kaur Sandhu, Headteacher, Launde Primary School, Leicestershire. For services to Education.\n* Johanna Senior. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Dr. Prem Dutt Sharma. For services to Community Relations.\n* Stephen Frank Shine, Chief Operating Officer, [Thames Water](/wiki/Thames_Water \"Thames Water\"). For services to the Water Industry.\n* Angela Sibson, Chief Executive, National Academy for Parenting Practitioners. For services to Children and Families.\n* Beverley Francis Smart. For services to People with Special Needs.\n* Dr. Deborah Anita Smith, Director, [Building Research Establishment](/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment \"Building Research Establishment\"). For services to Fire Safety.\n* Professor Deborah Frances Smith, Professor of Molecular Parasitology, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York \"University of York\"), and Chair, Medical Research Council Infections and Immunity Board. For services to Science.\n* Nigel Saxby\\-Soffe, lately Finance Director, Action Aid International. For services to International Development.\n* Thelma Olive Sorensen. For services to the Economic Regeneration of Cornwall.\n* Linbert Soloman Spencer. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Ruth Stanier, Deputy Director, Preventing Repossessions and Homelessness, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Christopher Stevens, lately Head of Inclusion Policy, [British Educational and Communications Technology Agency](/wiki/Becta \"Becta\"). For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Brian West Stewart, lately Chief Executive, [East of England Regional Assembly](/wiki/East_of_England_Regional_Assembly \"East of England Regional Assembly\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Dr. [Richard Malcolm Ellis Stone](/wiki/Richard_Stone_%28campaigner%29 \"Richard Stone (campaigner)\"). For public and voluntary service.\n* David George Stout, Executive Director of Finance and Communications, NHS North East Strategic Health Authority. For services to the NHS.\n* Professor Rodney Paul Sturges. For services to Libraries in the UK and Overseas.\n* [Shane Edwin Sutton](/wiki/Shane_Edwin_Sutton \"Shane Edwin Sutton\"), Track Performance Manager, Cycling GB. For services to Sport.\n* Elizabeth Taylor, Public Health Manager, Southampton City Primary Care Trust. For services to Children and Families.\n* Kenneth John Taylor, Leader, [Coventry City Council](/wiki/Coventry_City_Council \"Coventry City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Mary Teasdale, Head, National Information and Advice Service for Families of People with Schizophrenia. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Barbara Lynne Thomas. For charitable services.\n* Pauline Thompson. For services to Older and Disabled People.\n* Tina Tietjen, Chairman, Air Transport Users' Council. For services to the Aviation Industry.\n* Martin John Tiplady, Director, Human Resources, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* Professor Brian Toft, Professor of Patient Safety, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, [Coventry University](/wiki/Coventry_University \"Coventry University\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Keith Tondeur, President, Credit Action. For services to Financial Education.\n* Judith Anne Tunstall, Senior Private Secretary, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* Margaret Turner, Chief Executive, Diana Award. For services to Young People.\n* Baljit Ubhey, Chief Crown Prosecutor, Thames Valley and Group Chair, Thames and Chiltern, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\").\n* [Carol Kathleen Walton](/wiki/Caz_Walton \"Caz Walton\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Elizabeth Rayner Scott Walton, Lately Principal, [William Morris Sixth Form](/wiki/William_Morris_Sixth_Form \"William Morris Sixth Form\"), Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Post\\-16 Education.\n* Pauline Waterhouse, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, [Blackpool and The Fylde College](/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College \"Blackpool and The Fylde College\"), Lancashire. For services to Further Education.\n* Sylvia Beatrice Wear, Chief Executive, RCV Charity. For services to Disabled People.\n* Alison Joan Wenham, Chairman and Chief Executive, [Association of Independent Music](/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Music \"Association of Independent Music\"). For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Fiona Marie Wheeler, Team Leader, Early Years Parenting and Promoting Learning Team, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n* John Whittaker, Deputy Director, Customer Operations PAYE and Self Assessment Strategic North, Nottingham, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* John Mills Whyte, lately Director Central Region, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency \"UK Border Agency\"), Home Office.\n* [Ann Wild](/wiki/Ann_Wild \"Ann Wild\"). For services to Wheelchair Basketball.\n* Desmond Williamson, Principal, Castlederg High School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* John Bryan Wybrew, lately Chairman, [Energy and Utility Skills](/wiki/Energy_and_Utility_Skills \"Energy and Utility Skills\"). For services to Training.\n* Nicola Yates, Chief Executive, [Hull City Council](/wiki/Hull_City_Council \"Hull City Council\"). For services to Local Government.", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Philip King Alcock, Prosecutor, War Crimes Department, Prosecutor's Office, Bosnia and Herzegovina. For services to the protection of human rights and the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n* [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali \"Mockbul Ali\"), Islamic Issues Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Rodney Keith Bain, lately Chairman, British Chamber of Commerce Thailand. For services to UK/Thailand commercial interests.\n* [Nigel Marcus Baker](/wiki/Nigel_Marcus_Baker \"Nigel Marcus Baker\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO}}, [HM Ambassador to Bolivia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Bolivia \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia\").\n* Dr. Maha Taysir Barakat, Co\\-Founder, Imperial College Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi. For services to medical research, training and public health in the United Arab Emirates.\n* Gideon David Beale, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Michael Edward Billett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Director of the North American Office, [Mountbatten Institute](/wiki/Mountbatten_Institute \"Mountbatten Institute\"). For services to Education, particularly Student Exchange and International Study between the UK and USA.\n* Dr. Vernon Edward Hartley Booth, Chairman, Uzbek\\-British Trade and Investment Council and Chairman of the British\\-Uzbek Society. For services to UK\\-Uzbek commercial interests.\n* Professor [Stephen Chan](/wiki/Stephen_Chan_%28academic%29 \"Stephen Chan (academic)\"), Professor of International Relations, [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies \"School of Oriental and African Studies\"). For services to Africa and Higher Education.\n* Richard John Cheney, Chairman, Commonwealth Society and Director, Chile British Chamber of Commerce. For services to the community in Chile and UK/Chile commercial interests.\n* Professor [James Chadwick Dunkerley](/wiki/James_Chadwick_Dunkerley \"James Chadwick Dunkerley\"), Professor of Latin American Politics and Modern History, [Institute for the Study of the Americas](/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Americas \"Institute for the Study of the Americas\") (ISA). For services to Latin American studies and UK/Latin American relations.\n* Alexander Ian Arthur Evans, lately First Secretary Political, British High Commission, Pakistan.\n* Rupert John Addison Gaskin, Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Jeremy Stuart Jacobson, Director, British Council, Algeria.\n* Malcolm Alun Richard Llewellyn, Chair, British Chamber of Commerce Indonesia. For services to UK/Indonesian commercial interests and to the community in Indonesia.\n* Barry Peter Marsh, lately President, British Chamber of Commerce and Founder Member, the Moroccan British Business Council. For services to UK/Moroccan business interests.\n* Stuart McCarthy, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Nicholas McGegan](/wiki/Nicholas_McGegan \"Nicholas McGegan\"), Conductor and Musicologist. For services to Music overseas.\n* Kevin McGurgan, lately Deputy Head, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah.\n* Dr. Jane Elizabeth Miller, Director, Maternal and Child Health Programmes and Initiatives, [Population Services International](/wiki/Population_Services_International \"Population Services International\"). For services to controlling and helping to eliminate Malaria in Tanzania.\n* Conchita Consuelo Ming, For services to the community and the Arts, Bermuda.\n* [Graham William Nash](/wiki/Graham_William_Nash \"Graham William Nash\"), Co\\-Founder of [Crosby, Stills and Nash](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills_and_Nash \"Crosby, Stills and Nash\"). For services to Music and for charitable activities.\n* Terence Donald O'Connor, President, British Chamber of Commerce, Singapore and CEO, Courts (Singapore) Ltd. For services to UK/Singapore commercial interests.\n* Dr. John Ben Oswald Palmer, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* David Sim Paterson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Director, [Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh \"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh\"). For services to Sino\\-British co\\-operation on biodiversity.\n* Dr. Adam Keith Prewett, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Nicholas John Pyle, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Chief Political Adviser, UN Political Office for Somalia.\n* Ian Ralfini, lately General Manager and Vice President, [EMI Manhattan Records](/wiki/EMI_Manhattan_Records \"EMI Manhattan Records\"), USA. For services to the Music Industry and charitable activities in the UK and USA.\n* Colin Reeves, Consultant Technical Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Keith Thomas Richards, Managing Director, Promasidor Nigeria Ltd. For services to UK/Nigerian business interests and charitable activities in Nigeria.\n* Alan Paul Smart, Director, British Council, Burma.\n* Peter Alan Stephenson, Director Trade and Investment, British High Commission, Nigeria.\n* The Honourable [Darwin Kurt Tibbetts](/wiki/Darwin_Kurt_Tibbetts \"Darwin Kurt Tibbetts\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Leader of the Opposition, Cayman Islands. For services to the community.", "#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Lieutenant Jeffrey Richard Bevan, C038321S.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Andrew Neil Collings, D170235C.\n* Major Nicholas Alan Griffiths, Royal Marines, N029148E.\n* Chaplain John Hill, C037507X.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering Submarines) Kevin Alan Keenan, D199951T.\n* Lieutenant Commander Brian Stuart Leyshon, C020520L.\n* Major Christopher Sydney Middleton, Royal Marines, N029221Y.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 (Master at Arms) Susan Morgan, W133839N.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Gavin O'Connell, Royal Marines, P047878J.\n* Corporal (Acting Sergeant) Stephen Kenton Perry, Royal Marines, P046386G.\n* Lieutenant Commander Richard Michael John Sutton, C035070Y.\n* Leading Logistician (Catering Services) Rachael Talton, W143392G.\n* Lieutenant Commander Dain Jason Thorne, C037370T.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 (Communication Information Systems Specialist) Timothy Mark Trevarthen, D180919H.", "Army\n* Staff Sergeant Kenneth Barnett, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 24440483\\.\n* Major Jonathan David Billings, Royal Tank Regiment, 533318\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert David Birkenhead, The Parachute Regiment, 24697934\\.\n* Major Douglas Arthur Black, Corps of Royal Engineers, 549743\\.\n* Major Phillip Nowell Blanchfield, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 560053\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Ranald Alasdair Blue, The Rifles, 498953\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Mark Philip Bragg, The Royal Logistic Corps, 25022417\\.\n* The Reverend Colin Sydney Butler, Chaplain to the Forces 3rd Class, Royal Army Chaplains' Department, 541891\\.\n* Staff Sergeant Paul John Butler, Intelligence Corps, 24844236\\.\n* Staff Sergeant Annabel Jo Byles, Army Physical Training Corps, W0813206\\.\n* Major Shaun Anthony Casey, The Mercian Regiment, 539546\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Allen Clarke, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=GM, QGM}}, Royal Corps of Signals 543446\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Charles Clee, Corps of Royal Engineers, 533547\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel [Charles Seymour Collins](/wiki/Charles_Collins_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Charles Collins (British Army officer)\"), The Rifles, 542143\\.\n* Captain Benjamin Beaupré Creed, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 556344\\.\n* Major Clare Marie Dutton, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, 548420\\.\n* Major Kevin David Fitchett, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 559899\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Colin John Francis, The Royal Logistic Corps, 540034\\.\n* Major Christopher Ham, Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 547684\\.\n* Major Donald Andrew Hodgson, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 548668\\.\n* Corporal Lee Martin Innes, Corps of Royal Engineers, 24792698\\.\n* Major Michael David Jeavons, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 537441\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert King, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 24587695\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Duncan Sinclair Lamb, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 24327836\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen Michael Magloire, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24592523\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Toni Jane Heather Martin, The Royal Logistic Corps, 543314\\.\n* Captain Robert Bruce Mather, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563784\\.\n* Major Michael McCarthy, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, 553235\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Lesa McInnes, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), W0815828\\.\n* Major Bruce McKay, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), 535793\\.\n* Major Geoffrey Edward Minton, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, 536695\\.\n* Major Gordon Muirhead, The Parachute Regiment, 559793\\.\n* Major Nicole Marie Nicholls (née Record), Intelligence Corps, 544249\\.\n* Captain Simon Oats, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563729\\.\n* Major Abigail Ross Pack, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 554379\\.\n* Major Philip Michael Packer, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police), 547982\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Alexander James Piggott, The Royal Dragoon Guards, 536705\\.\n* Major Julian Michael Pott, The Parachute Regiment, 559794\\.\n* Major Mark Pullan, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 546021\\.\n* Major Andrew Robert Redding, The Parachute Regiment, 544976\\.\n* Colour Sergeant Graham Clive Richards, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 24891983\\.\n* Major Simon Andrew Ridgway, Royal Tank Regiment, 550797\\.\n* Captain Keith Richard Roberts, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army, 566166\\.\n* Major Leon James Roberts, Royal Army Medical Corps, 548616\\.\n* Major Barry James Skinner, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army, 552191\\.\n* Captain Colin Alfred William Smith, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, 539750\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Michael Vince, Buckinghamshire Army Cadet Force, 479913\\.\n* Major Raymond Walter Wells, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 536151\\.\n* Captain Huw Gruffydd Williams, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24648991\\.\n* Major Christopher John Willis, The Rifles, Territorial Army, 546976\\.\n* Captain Robert James Wilmont, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 565165\\.\n* Major Mark Christian Peter Wilson, The Rifles, 546065\\.\n* Major Alan Young, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 547234\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Warrant Officer Stephen Roy Bell (J8171383\\).\n* Warrant Officer Adrian Charles Betts (H8177182\\).\n* Sergeant Alan David Bowman (T8225049\\).\n* Squadron Leader Alan John Dawson (2640321G).\n* Flight Sergeant William Draper (F8261022\\).\n* Chief Technician Andrew Michael Fry (H8204864\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Andrew David Glover (8029281D).\n* Squadron Leader Ross Goldsworthy (0209959T), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve_%28Training_Branch%29 \"Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch)\").\n* Warrant Officer Grahame Douglas Grimshaw (Q8290606\\).\n* Sergeant Steven Leslie Heywood (A8285804\\).\n* Squadron Leader David Alan Hood (8246023K).\n* Warrant Officer Leslie George Hotson (D8112001\\).\n* Squadron Leader James Patrick Lennie (8136789T).\n* Warrant Officer Lyndsay Hugh Morgan (K8102295\\).\n* First Officer Richard Lavender, [Royal Fleet Auxiliary](/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary \"Royal Fleet Auxiliary\") (700187D)", "", "Civil Division\n* Andrew Abberley. For public service.\n* Reginald Adams, lately Coach, Grangemouth Amateur Swimming Club. For services to Sport.\n* Saima Afzal. For services to the Police and to Community Relations in Lancashire.\n* Daljit Singh Ahluwalia. For voluntary service to Community and Inter\\-faith Relations in Derbyshire.\n* Zaheer Ahmad, Constable, [British Transport Police](/wiki/British_Transport_Police \"British Transport Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Basheer Ahmed, Honorary Life Vice\\-President, Race Equality Council of Lincolnshire. For services to Community Relations.\n* Shanaz Ahmed. For services to the Asian community in the East End of London.\n* Craig Leon Ainge, Premises Development Manager, NHS Bedfordshire. For services to Healthcare.\n* Cathlyn Ainsworth, Chairman, Abbeyfield Southport Society. For voluntary service to Older People.\n* James Aitken, Director, Centre of Sport and Exercise, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). For services to Student Sport.\n* Lynda Heather Allan, Executive Officer, Inspectorate Team Support, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Malcolm Allen, Psychiatric Nurse and Ward Manager, [Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Tees%2C_Esk_and_Wear_Valleys_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Ronika Amin, Grade D, Ministry of Defence.\n* Leonard Andrews. For voluntary service to Brass Band Music in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Gitty Ankers. For services to the Recycling and Waste Industries in Cornwall.\n* Norah Lillian Appleby. For services to the community in Mickleover, Derby.\n* Mary Julia Archer. For services to the community in Halesowen, West Midlands.\n* [Sally Arkley](/wiki/Sally_Arkley \"Sally Arkley\"), Director, Women's Business Development Agency. For services to Women's Enterprise.\n* Hilda Armstrong, lately Senior Physiotherapy and Orthotic Assistant. For services to the NHS and to the community in Chester\\-le\\-Street, County Durham.\n* Harry Arnold. For services to Inland Waterways.\n* Moira Elizabeth Arthur, lately Managing Director, [Peters Bookselling Services](/wiki/Peters_Bookselling_Services \"Peters Bookselling Services\"). For services to Children's Libraries.\n* Marjorie Mavis Atkinson. For services to Older People in East and West Harptree, Bristol.\n* Miranda Avanzi, Exchequer Funds Manager, Exchequer Funds and Accounts Team, HM Treasury.\n* Charles William Back. For services to the community in Taunton, Somerset.\n* Deborah Baddoo. For services to British Dance.\n* Dr. Michael Bailey. For services to Industrial Archaeology.\n* Robert James Mundell Baillie. For services to the Boys' Brigade in Scotland. (Deceased. To be dated 4 May 2010\\.)\n* Robert John Baird. For services to Youth Justice in Leeds.\n* Peter Gore De\\-Vaux Balbirnie. For services to the community in Essex.\n* Stephen Barkby. For charitable services.\n* Sandra Elizabeth Barnes, Leader, [South Northamptonshire District Council](/wiki/South_Northamptonshire_District_Council \"South Northamptonshire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* June Barnett. For voluntary service to the [Leukaemia Research Fund](/wiki/Leukaemia_Research_Fund \"Leukaemia Research Fund\") and Cancer Leukaemia in Children.\n* Michael Anthony Tudor Trevor\\-Barnston, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Cheshire.\n* Derek William Barr, lately Chief Executive, [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls \"Fairfield Halls\"), Croydon. For services to Music and to the Arts.\n* Ann Marie Barrett. For services to the community in Tullycarnet and Castlereagh, Northern Ireland.\n* Christopher John Barrows, Chairman of Governors, Coombes Church of England Primary School, Wokingham, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education.\n* William Noel Barton, Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to the Police.\n* Dr. Robert Harold Bateman, Technical Consultant, Microssmass UK. For services to Science.\n* Councillor Graham Baxter, Leader, [North East Derbyshire District Council](/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire_District_Council \"North East Derbyshire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Rhoda Ardill Baxter. For services to People with Disabilities in Northern Ireland.\n* Robin Spencer Baynes. For services to the community in Liverpool.\n* Professor Stephen Roger Bazire, Chief Pharmacist, Norfolk and Waveney Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Pharmacy.\n* Lorna Harriett Isobelle Beacom. For voluntary service to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Northern Ireland.\n* Peter Beaty. For services to the community in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham.\n* Anne Beer, Senior Adviser, Staffordshire Trading Standards. For services to Consumers.\n* Sally Bell, Associate Director of Emergency Preparedness, NHS Yorkshire and the Humber. For services to Nursing.\n* Andrew Richard Bennett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Grade C1, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* Martin Bennett, Joint Chairman and Managing Director, Associated Chemists (Wicker) Ltd. For services to Pharmacy in Sheffield.\n* Alan Bernstein. For services to Young People in Kent.\n* Francis Arthur Betteridge. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Sandwell, West Midlands.\n* Ellis Aubrey John Bevan. For services to the community in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, Staffordshire.\n* Anita Suzanne Bew. For services to the communities in Marlborough, Wiltshire and in Gunjar, The Gambia.\n* Gwenda Binks, Trade Union Representative, [Valuation Office Agency](/wiki/Valuation_Office_Agency \"Valuation Office Agency\") London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Gerald Blackburn. For voluntary service to the {{HMS\\|Dorsetshire\\|40\\|6}} Association.\n* Alison Blackshaw, lately Head of Administration, Communications Department, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Agnes Glass Blair. For services to Healthcare and to Respiratory Services in Northern Ireland.\n* Rosemary Elizabeth Blakesley. For services to the community in Ashover, Derbyshire.\n* Virginia Blakey, Head of Tobacco Policy Branch, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Councillor Keith Bland. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Donald Blue. For services to Health and Safety.\n* Judith Boardman, Chair of Governors, [City of Westminster College](/wiki/City_of_Westminster_College \"City of Westminster College\"), London. For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Norman James Bone. Senior Vice\\-President, [SELEX Galileo](/wiki/SELEX_Galileo \"SELEX Galileo\"), [Finmeccanica Group](/wiki/Finmeccanica_Group \"Finmeccanica Group\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Janet Booth, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Bosworth. For services to Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.\n* Marie Boyd, Deputy Principal, Finance and European Division, Department for Employment and Learning, Northern Ireland Executive.\n* David Wilson Braddock, Governor, [Ferndown Upper School](/wiki/Ferndown_Upper_School \"Ferndown Upper School\"), Dorset. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Lorraine Terry Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ralph Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Joan Maureen Brier, Chair of Corporation, [Rotherham College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Rotherham_College_of_Arts_and_Technology \"Rotherham College of Arts and Technology\"). For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* David Rankin Briggs, Director, Corporate Services, [Lisburn City Council](/wiki/Lisburn_City_Council \"Lisburn City Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Councillor Loraine Morgan\\-Brinkhurst. For services to the community in Bath and North East Somerset.\n* Kathleen Bromilow, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. For services to the Police.\n* Michael Brooker. For services to the Hotel Industry.\n* Alick Brown. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Hampshire.\n* David John Mcgregor Brown, Chairman, Safety Letterbox Company Ltd, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Business.\n* Mary Brown. For public service.\n* Norman Arthur Brown. For services to the community in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire.\n* Stephen Royston Brown. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Manchester.\n* Angela Bruno. For voluntary service to the White Lily Fund Cancer Charity in the West of Scotland.\n* Margaret Paradine Bull. For voluntary service to [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\") in Whitby, North Yorkshire.\n* Dr. John Francis Burke. For voluntary service to Cancer Patients and their Families in Wales.\n* Elizabeth June Butler. For services to Electoral Services in Northern Ireland.\n* Mary Cains, Housekeeper, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Elizabeth Campbell. For charitable services in Northern Ireland.\n* Joan Campbell. For services to Skills Development in the Tourist Industry in Scotland.\n* Rosalind Campbell. For voluntary service to the [War Widows' Association](/wiki/War_Widows_Association_of_Great_Britain \"War Widows Association of Great Britain\").\n* Vanne Campbell. For voluntary service to Iveagh Branch Pony Club in Northern Ireland.\n* Elizabeth Carlisle. For services to Women in Northern Ireland.\n* Bryan Charles Carnes, Chief Executive, North Staffordshire Chamber of Commerce and Industry. For services to Business.\n* Alan Michael Carr. For charitable services.\n* [Anthony Carr](/wiki/Tony_Carr \"Tony Carr\"), [Academy Director, West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy \"West Ham United F.C. Under-21s and Academy\"). For services to Football.\n* Denise Ann Carroll. For voluntary service to the Milli's Child Contact Centre in Jersey.\n* Joyce Carroll. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in the North East.\n* Gloria Atkinson\\-Carter, Administrator, [University of Winchester](/wiki/University_of_Winchester \"University of Winchester\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Peter Morton Carter. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire.\n* Margretta Cartwright. For services to the community in Talybont, Gwynedd.\n* Raymond Case, lately Reprographics Operator, [Tribunals Service](/wiki/Tribunals_Service \"Tribunals Service\"), Ministry of Justice.\n* Councillor David Murray Caunt. For services to Local Government in Dudley, West Midlands.\n* Roy James Cavanagh, Labour and Training Manager, G. \\& J. Seddon Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Donald Scott Charlton. For voluntary service to the Scouts in the North East.\n* Lisa Charlton. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Tyne and Wear.\n* Peter Chesher. For voluntary service to [Green Road station](/wiki/Green_Road_railway_station \"Green Road railway station\"), Cumbria.\n* Janice Childs. For services to Elderly People in Irthingborough, Northamptonshire.\n* Eva Mair Jean Chinnery. For services to the community in Brecon, Powys.\n* Raymonde Chintoh, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Jack Chippendale. For services to the Boat Building Industry.\n* Susan Jane Clapham. For public service.\n* Muriel Clarke. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Pamela Arundel Clarke. For services to the community in West Yorkshire.\n* Ruth Clarke, Community Learning Manager London, National Trust. For services to Heritage and to the Arts.\n* Terence Alan Clarke, Assistant Headteacher and Arts Co\\-ordinator, [Langley School, Solihull](/wiki/Langley_School%2C_Solihull \"Langley School, Solihull\"). For services to Education.\n* William Gordon Clarke. For voluntary service to Haemophiliac Patients in Northern Ireland.\n* Joan Louisa Coates. For services to the community in Alresford, Colchester, Essex.\n* Pauline Cocker, lately Chair of the Corporation, [Birkenhead Sixth Form College](/wiki/Birkenhead_Sixth_Form_College \"Birkenhead Sixth Form College\"), Wirral. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Diane Coggings, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist for Paediatrics, Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* William Patrick Colquhoun, Director, Medical Support in Romania. For services to Healthcare Overseas.\n* Terence James Connell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Pamela Florence Connock. For services to the community in Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire.\n* Simon Henry Cooke, Governor, [Newport Free Grammar School](/wiki/Newport_Free_Grammar_School \"Newport Free Grammar School\"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Roger John Cooper. For services to Forestry.\n* [David Coulthard](/wiki/David_Coulthard \"David Coulthard\"). For services to Motor Racing.\n* Robin Courage. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Jeremy Robert Cowhig, Managing Director, Institute of Physics Publishing. For services to Science.\n* Robert Cowley. For services to the community in Dorset.\n* Jeffrey Robert Cowton, Curator, [Wordsworth Trust](/wiki/Wordsworth_Trust \"Wordsworth Trust\"). For services to Museums.\n* Anne Veronica Craig. For services to the Knowledge Transfer Sector.\n* Mary Elizabeth Crook. For services to Young People in Cornwall.\n* Thomas Patrick Cunningham, Harbourmaster, [Carlingford Lough](/wiki/Carlingford_Lough \"Carlingford Lough\") Commission. For services to the Maritime Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Carlton Leroy Darrell. For services to the community in Thurrock, Essex.\n* Prakash Daswani, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, [Cultural Co\\-operation](/wiki/Cultural_Co-operation \"Cultural Co-operation\"). For services to the Arts.\n* Roy Frederick Davidson, Deputy Chief Commissioner, Scotland. For voluntary service to the Scouts.\n* Dorothy Ursula Cleaton Davies, District Nurse. For services to Healthcare in Llandrindod Wells, Powys.\n* Glyndŵr David George Davies, Director of International Affairs, [Economic and Social Research Council](/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council \"Economic and Social Research Council\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Paul Davies. For services to Music in Oxfordshire.\n* Jenifer Margaret Dawes. For services to St. Katherine and Shadwell Trust, East London.\n* Richard Best De La Rue. For services to Music and to the community in Guernsey.\n* Sir [John Humphrey de Trafford](/wiki/John_de_Trafford \"John de Trafford\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=Bt.}} For public service.\n* Dr. Cedric Walter Benedict De Voil, General Medical Practitioner. For services to the community in Tayside.\n* Elizabeth Jane Dearden, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in St. Helens, Merseyside.\n* Bernard Delaney, Director, [National Express Coventry](/wiki/National_Express_Coventry \"National Express Coventry\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* Anthony Hugh Dent, Diversity and Human Rights Officer, [National Policing Improvement Agency](/wiki/National_Policing_Improvement_Agency \"National Policing Improvement Agency\"). For services to the Police.\n* [Eileen Derbyshire](/wiki/Eileen_Derbyshire \"Eileen Derbyshire\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Maria Desmond, Deputy Chair, Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Kirkham](/wiki/HM_Prison_Kirkham \"HM Prison Kirkham\"). For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Danusia Donata, Lady Trotman\\-Dickenson, Chair, Welsh Heritage Schools Initiative. For services to Education.\n* [Fred Dinenage](/wiki/Fred_Dinenage \"Fred Dinenage\"), Television Presenter. For services to Broadcasting.\n* Ursula Dingle. For services to Disabled People in Jersey.\n* John Divall, Corporate Affairs Director, South Central Ambulance Services. For services to the Ambulance Service in England.\n* Sandra Mary Docking, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Elizabeth Margaret Douglas. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross](/wiki/British_Red_Cross \"British Red Cross\") and to the community in Dumfries and Galloway.\n* Patricia Anne Douglas. For services to Dance in Edinburgh.\n* Dr. [Frank Carter Duckworth](/wiki/Frank_Carter_Duckworth \"Frank Carter Duckworth\"). For services to the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society \"Royal Statistical Society\") and to [Cricket](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\").\n* John Edward Duggan, Activities Organiser, Huddersfield [University of the Third Age](/wiki/University_of_the_Third_Age \"University of the Third Age\"). For voluntary service to Adult Education.\n* David John Dumbleton. For services to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\") and to Charity in Coventry, West Midlands.\n* Dennis Dunn, Dean and Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, [Manchester Metropolitan University](/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University \"Manchester Metropolitan University\") Cheshire. For services to Higher Education.\n* Norman Dunn, lately Chief Executive, [Newtownabbey Borough Council](/wiki/Newtownabbey_Borough_Council \"Newtownabbey Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Yvette Marguerite Therese Dutton, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Shirley Ann Dyer, Caretaker, College Park Infant School, Portsmouth. For services to Education.\n* Peter James Eaglesfield, lately Non\\-Executive Director, NHS Wirral. For services to Healthcare.\n* Alan Edwards, Senior Executive Officer, Homelessness Legislation, Housing Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Maxine Patricia Edwards. For services to Women's Rugby.\n* Stuart Edwards, Deputy Head of Security, [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency](/wiki/Driver_and_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency \"Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency\"), Swansea.\n* William Ioan Edwards, Chairman of Governors, Glyncoed Comprehensive School, Ebbw Vale. For voluntary service to Education in Wales.\n* [Oku Anwan Ekpenyon](/wiki/Oku_Ekpenyon \"Oku Ekpenyon\"). For voluntary service to the History of Black British People.\n* Dr. Salah El\\-Sharkawi, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, South West Wales Cancer Centre, Swansea. For services to Medicine.\n* Alyson Grace Ellis. For charitable services in South East London.\n* Marie Erwood, Assistant Headteacher, [Stewards School](/wiki/Stewards_School \"Stewards School\"), Harlow, Essex. For services to Education.\n* Avril Everett. For services to [Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Cornwall_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service\") and to the Firefighters' Charity.\n* Irene Elizabeth Falloon. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Angela May Farr, Agriculture Accounts Manager, Finance Department, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Peter Farr, Chairman, Bristol Community Housing Foundation. For services to Social Housing.\n* Margaret Farrar, lately Service Manager, Vine, Leeds. For services to Adult Education for Young People with Disabilities.\n* John Patrick Farrell, Pharmacy Services Manager, Camden and Islington Pharmacy Service. For services to Healthcare.\n* Alan Farrer, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Haverigg](/wiki/HM_Prison_Haverigg \"HM Prison Haverigg\"), Cumbria, HM Prison Service.\n* Susan Maria Farrington (Mrs. Doble). For services to British Heritage in Pakistan.\n* Charles Richard Ferens, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Pamela Filer. For voluntary service to Victim Support in Hertfordshire.\n* Stuart William Fisher. For voluntary service to the West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service Road Casualty Reduction Team.\n* Vanessa Fison. For services to the community in Richmond, Surrey.\n* James Henry Fitchie. For services to Ploughing in Northern Ireland.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Flint, Senior Administrative Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Board. For services to Offenders.\n* Peter Flukes. For services to the community in Wolseley, Plymouth.\n* Maurice John Ford. For services to the community in Northamptonshire.\n* Margaret Ann Forisky, Development Officer, [West Lothian College](/wiki/West_Lothian_College \"West Lothian College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Carol Foster, ICT Teacher, [Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford](/wiki/Lakeside_School%2C_Chandler%27s_Ford \"Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford\"), Hampshire. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* [Michelle Vicki Fowler](/wiki/Michelle_Vicki_Fowler \"Michelle Vicki Fowler\") (Vicki Michelle). For charitable services.\n* William Andrew Francey, Director, Health and Environmental Services, [Belfast City Council](/wiki/Belfast_City_Council \"Belfast City Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* William Terence Francis, Head, School of Business Innovation and Development, [South Eastern Regional College](/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College \"South Eastern Regional College\"). For services to Further Education in Northern Ireland.\n* George Edwards Fraser. For voluntary service to the [Burma Star Association](/wiki/Burma_Star_Association \"Burma Star Association\") in Aberdeen.\n* Hugh Wilson Fraser. For services to the community in Dumfries.\n* Janice Patricia Fraser, Carers Planning and Development Officer, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council \"Leicestershire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Diana Mary Freeman. For services to Geography Education in Hertfordshire.\n* Dennis George Frost. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales.\n* Rita Pauline Fryer. For services to the community in Aldeburgh, Suffolk.\n* Fay Fullerton, Head, Production Costume, [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\"). For services to Dance and to Opera.\n* [John Alexander Fullerton](/wiki/Jackie_Fullerton \"Jackie Fullerton\"). For services to Sports Journalism and to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Mahvash Hussain\\-Gambles, Founder and Chief Executive, Saaf International Ltd. For services to the Beauty Industry and to International Trade.\n* Councillor Derek Davies Games. For services to Local Government and to the community in Merthyr Tydfil.\n* Halina Gammie. For services to Study Support and Playing for Success.\n* Richard David Gammon. For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Irene Dorothy Garrard. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity.\n* [Michael Garrick](/wiki/Michael_Garrick \"Michael Garrick\"), Jazz Pianist and Composer. For services to Music.\n* The Reverend Vernon Frederick George. For services to the community in the London Borough of Barnet and Sri Lanka.\n* Susan Gibbs, Station Announcer, c2c Rail Ltd, [London Fenchurch Street](/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station \"Fenchurch Street railway station\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* Andrew Gibson. For services to Young People in Scotswood, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Pamela Gibson, Executive Officer, Employment Group, Sheffield, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Bakhtiar Ahmad Gilani. For services to the community in Greater Manchester.\n* Robert Charles Gilliat, Chairman, Crime Prevention Panel, Devon and Cornwall. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Judith Gillow, Director of Nursing and Infection Prevention and Control, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Linda Joy Christine Ginn. For services to Health and Community Caring in Westleton, Suffolk.\n* Edana Gledhill. For services to the community in Blackpool, Lancashire.\n* Councillor Alan Frederick Gloak, Member, [Somerset County Council](/wiki/Somerset_County_Council \"Somerset County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Michael Peter Glogg. For voluntary service to Rugby.\n* Karen Elizabeth Goldstone, Head, East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service. For services to Healthcare.\n* Nora Theresa Goodman. For services to the community in Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Dr. [Rigby Graham](/wiki/Rigby_Graham \"Rigby Graham\"), Mural Painter and Illustrator. For services to the Arts.\n* Angela Helen Grandfield, lately PE Teacher and Pastoral Manager, [Shire Oak School](/wiki/Shire_Oak_School \"Shire Oak School\"), Walsall. For services to Education.\n* Victor William Gray. For services to Archivists.\n* John Curtis Green. For voluntary service to the Helford River Children's Sailing Trust.\n* Captain John William Green. For services to the community in Cumbria.\n* Mary Constance Elizabeth Green. For services to Children and Families in Hastings, East Sussex.\n* Margaret Greenway, lately Commissioning Services Resource Manager, Kent Probation Area. For services to Offenders.\n* Keith Grimshaw. For services to National Savings and Investments and to the Magistracy.\n* Christine Gubbins, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Elsie Doreen Gunning. For voluntary service to Deaf People in South Wales.\n* Councillor Adrian John Gunson, Member, [Norfolk County Council](/wiki/Norfolk_County_Council \"Norfolk County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Maria Elisabeth Haddow. For services to the community in Shilbottle, Northumberland.\n* Samuel Haire. For services to the community in Clabby, Northern Ireland.\n* Anne Elizabeth Sylvia Hale. For services to the community in Stamford, Lincolnshire.\n* Alfred Hales, For charitable services in Bolton, Lancashire.\n* Stephen Halloran, Clinical Biochemist, [Royal Surrey County Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Surrey_County_Hospital \"Royal Surrey County Hospital\"), Guildford and Director, Bowel Cancer Screen Hub, South of England. For services to Healthcare.\n* Michael Hamilton. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Lewis Gustav Hammond, Evesham Town Partnership Manager, [Wychavon District Council](/wiki/Wychavon_District_Council \"Wychavon District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Barbara Mary Hamzawi, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Personal Assistant, [University for Industry](/wiki/University_for_Industry \"University for Industry\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Anne Hanley, lately Senior Probation Officer, [HM Prison Buckley Hall](/wiki/HM_Prison_Buckley_Hall \"HM Prison Buckley Hall\"), Rochdale. For services to Offenders.\n* Jo Hansford. For services to the Hairdressing Industry.\n* [Karen Hanton](/wiki/Karen_Hanton \"Karen Hanton\"), Founder of [toptable.com](/wiki/Toptable \"Toptable\"). For services to the Restaurant Industry.\n* Pauline Mary Frost\\-Hardwick. For services to the community in Burnley, Lancashire.\n* David Ralph Hardy. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Susan Harmsworth, Chief Executive, ESPA. For services to the Spa and Beauty Industry.\n* Elizabeth Jane Harries. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales and to International Peacework.\n* Jacqueline Harrison, head of public relations, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police.\n* Loveday Annie Harrison. For services to the community in Altarnum, Cornwall.\n* June Marian Hart. For services to the British Group of the [Inter\\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union \"Inter-Parliamentary Union\").\n* Lynn Georgina Hart, Chief Superintendent, Bournemouth and Poole Divisional Commander, [Dorset Police](/wiki/Dorset_Police \"Dorset Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Irene Grace Hartley. For services to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.\n* Peter Hartshorne, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police.\n* Sajid Hashmi. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, Staffordshire.\n* The Reverend David Haslam. For services to Community Relations and to the Methodist Church.\n* Daryl Hayler, Integration and Systems Validation Engineer, [MBDA UK Ltd](/wiki/MBDA \"MBDA\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Dr. Peter John Hayward, Chairman, Friends of [Dronfield Station](/wiki/Dronfield_railway_station \"Dronfield railway station\"). For services to the community in Dronfield, Derbyshire.\n* Richard Lenfestey Heaume. For voluntary service to the Occupation Museum and Society in Guernsey.\n* Catherine Hegarty, Nursery Nurse, Knotty Ash Primary School, Liverpool. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Alexandra Mary Henderson, lately Chair of the Corporation, Hull Group of Colleges. For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Councillor Michael John Henderson, Member, [Castlereagh Borough Council](/wiki/Castlereagh_Borough_Council \"Castlereagh Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Robert Hetherington, District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Norfolk, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* John Geraint Hicks. For voluntary service to Disabled People.\n* Patricia Ellen Hickson. For voluntary service to the community in South Bermondsey, London.\n* Jane Thornton Higgs. For services to the Heritage of Eden Valley in Kent.\n* Joan Gladys Hill, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, [Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_and_Enforcement_Commission \"Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission\"), Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Michael Roderick Hill. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance in Bath.\n* Professor [Lubaina Himid](/wiki/Lubaina_Himid \"Lubaina Himid\"), Artist. For services to Black Women's Art.\n* Pauline Hitt, lately Head of Department, [Isle of Wight College](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_College \"Isle of Wight College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Sheelagh Teresa O'Flaherty\\-Hobbs. For voluntary service in [RAF Odiham](/wiki/RAF_Odiham \"RAF Odiham\"), Hampshire.\n* Peter Lionel Leon Hodge. For voluntary service to the [Normandy Veterans' Association](/wiki/Normandy_Veterans%27_Association \"Normandy Veterans' Association\").\n* Michael Hoeg. For services to Music in Cardiff.\n* Patricia Ann Holdsworth, Assistant Chief Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary \"Metropolitan Special Constabulary\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* [Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt](/wiki/Geoffrey_Trevor_Marden_Holt \"Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt\"). For services to Disability Sailing.\n* Ian Mackinnell Hope. For services to the community in West Cornwall.\n* Alan John Hopgood, Ticket Office Manager, South West Trains, [Teddington station](/wiki/Teddington_station \"Teddington station\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* William Guy Shubra Hordern. For services to Community Relations in Birmingham.\n* Jonathan Kenneth Horne. For services to Medieval Ceramics.\n* Judith Ish\\-Horowicz, Headteacher, Synagogue Religion School, Wandsworth, London. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Julian Hoskins, Apprentice Training Co\\-ordinator, [Science and Technology Facilities Council](/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council \"Science and Technology Facilities Council\"). For services to Engineering.\n* Veronica Daphne Hoskins. For services to the community in Bath.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Houghton. For voluntary service to Choral Music in Cambridgeshire.\n* Mary Audrey Hoy. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Eltham, London.\n* [John Percival Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28ceramicist%29 \"John Hughes (ceramicist)\"), Founder and Proprietor, [Grogg](/wiki/Grogg \"Grogg\") Shop, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff. For services to the Ceramics Industry in Wales.\n* Christine Hulse. For services to the community in Greater Manchester.\n* David Thomas McMillan Hunter. For services to Scottish Heritage and to Young People.\n* [Marcia Ann Hutchinson](/wiki/Marcia_Hutchinson \"Marcia Hutchinson\"), Director, Primary Colours Ltd, Huddersfield. For services to Cultural Diversity.\n* Stephen Huxley, Search and Rescue Communications Manager, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard \"HM Coastguard\"), Maritime and Coastguard Agency.\n* David Hymers, Managing Director, Totalpost Services plc. For services to Business and to International Trade.\n* Hanan Ally Ibrahim, Founder, Somali Family Support Group. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People.\n* John Sidney Idiens. For voluntary service to the National Trust in Norfolk.\n* [Mike Ingham](/wiki/Mike_Ingham \"Mike Ingham\"), Chief Football Correspondent, [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live \"BBC Radio 5 Live\"). For services to Sports Broadcasting.\n* Abida Iqbal. For services to the community in [London Borough of Redbridge](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge \"London Borough of Redbridge\").\n* Dawn Jackson. For services to Young People in Norwich.\n* Morgan Pringle Gardner Jamieson, lately National Clinical Lead for Children's and Young People's Health in Scotland. For services to Healthcare.\n* Derek Jenkins, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Pamela Mary Jennings. For services to the community in Aston\\-on\\-Clun, Shropshire.\n* Kevin Johns, Broadcaster and Entertainer. For charitable services in Wales.\n* David Austin Johnston. For public service.\n* The Reverend Andrew John Jolly, Chaplain. For services to the UK Oil and Gas Industries in Scotland.\n* Bethan Jones, Project Manager, True Food Marketing. For services to the Food and Drink Industry in Wales.\n* Christina Rowland\\-Jones. For services to Mental Healthcare in Cambridgeshire.\n* Claire Jones. For charitable services in Hertfordshire.\n* Daphne Georgina Jones. For services to Young People with Disabilities and their Families in Croydon.\n* Karen Jones. For services to Women's and Girls' Football in Wales.\n* Kenneth Jones. For services to the [Ironbridge Gorge](/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge \"Ironbridge Gorge\") World Heritage Site, Shropshire.\n* Margaret Ann Jones, Head, YMCA Wales Community College. For services to Further Education.\n* Martin Jones, lately Manager, Motor Services Unit, Scottish Executive.\n* Neil Roger Jones. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in North Wales.\n* Vernon Jones. For voluntary service to Education in Newport, South Wales.\n* Preihdath Joyram. For voluntary service to Cruse Bereavement in Lancashire.\n* Dennis Jubb. For services to People with Dementia in Doncaster.\n* Mary Judd. For services to the community in High Pittington, County Durham.\n* Jennifer Kartupelis, Director, East of England Faiths Council. For services to Inter\\-faith Relations.\n* Raymond George Kasey. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Sutton, Surrey.\n* Frederick Rockley Kaye. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion Scotland.\n* [Donna Victoria Kellogg](/wiki/Donna_Victoria_Kellogg \"Donna Victoria Kellogg\"). For services to Badminton.\n* Doreen Kelly. For services to the community in Didsbury, Manchester.\n* Philip Julian Kelsall, Resident Organist, [Tower Ballroom, Blackpool](/wiki/Tower_Ballroom%2C_Blackpool \"Tower Ballroom, Blackpool\"). For services to Music.\n* John Richard Kemish. For services to the community in Worthing, West Sussex.\n* Jennifer Kent, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Gymnastics in Bexleyheath, Kent.\n* Elizabeth Kerr, Chair, Powderham Castle Riding for the Disabled Group. For voluntary service to Disabled Children in Exeter.\n* Michael Peter King, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Valerie King. For services to the community in Derbyshire.\n* Barbara Ann Kinsella. For services to the community in Cemaes Bay, Anglesey.\n* Jean Kirkwood. For voluntary service to Visually Impaired People in Swansea.\n* Suzanne Kitching, Manager, Families First Service, Middlesbrough. For services to Children and Families.\n* Frank Knapton. For services to the community in Mexborough, South Yorkshire.\n* Patricia Knowles, Senior Social Worker, HIV Services, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast \"Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Barbara Knox](/wiki/Barbara_Knox \"Barbara Knox\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Mario Franz Kreft, Chief Executive, Care Forum Wales. For services to Social Care.\n* Councillor Joy Hazvirehwi Laguda. For services to the community in the London Borough of Newham.\n* Peter Lake. For voluntary service to Surf Life Saving.\n* Susan Langford. For services to the Magic Me charity.\n* Councillor Palma Laughton, Chairman, Stanhope Parish Council. For services to the community in Stanhope, Ashford, Kent.\n* Charles Spencer Leader. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in St. Annes\\-on\\-Sea, Lancashire.\n* Joyce Ledgard. For voluntary service to the [Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Girls%27_Brigade \"Girls' Brigade\") in Wrexham.\n* Christopher Wilson Lee. For services to Young People in Romford, Essex.\n* Dr. [Anthony John Lewis](/wiki/Tony_Lewis_%28mathematician%29 \"Tony Lewis (mathematician)\"). For services to Mathematics and to Cricket.\n* David Lewis, Chairman of Governors, [Whitefield School](/wiki/Whitefield_School \"Whitefield School\"), Barnet, London. For services to Education.\n* David Gethin Lewis. For services to the community in South West Wales.\n* Essie Nell Lewis. For voluntary service to Older African and Caribbean People in Wolverhampton.\n* Frances Lewis, Founder and Executive Director, SPLITZ. For services to Single Parents and to Victims of Domestic Abuse.\n* Patricia Lewis, Youth Leader, Banstead Youth Centre, Surrey. For services to Young People.\n* Geraldine Ling, Artistic Director, Lawnmowers Theatre Group. For services to People with Special Needs in Tyne and Wear.\n* Robert Ian Lipscomb, Senior Aviation Security Policy Adviser, Transport Security and Contingencies Directorate, Department for Transport.\n* David John Lister. For voluntary service to Young People.\n* John Thomas Lister. For services to Athletics.\n* William George Little. For services to the community in Dartington, Devon.\n* John Frank Lloyd. For services to Cycling in Mid and North Wales.\n* John Howson Lloyd. For voluntary service to [Liverpool Cathedral](/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral \"Liverpool Cathedral\").\n* Lieutenant Colonel Peter John Lockyer, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Sara Locock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Hampshire.\n* Diane Lofthouse. For services to the Prevention of Disability Hate Crime.\n* Edyth Lovell. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Robert Loynes, Firearms Medical Adviser, Staffordshire. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Elizabeth Anne MacDermott, Grade D, Ministry of Defence.\n* Hugh James MacKay, Group Technical Director, [Stewart Milne Group](/wiki/Stewart_Milne_Group \"Stewart Milne Group\"). For services to the Timber Industry.\n* Iain Archibald MacLeod. For services to Stornoway Port Authority and to the community in Stornoway.\n* Dionis Maisie MacNair, [Verderer](/wiki/Verderer_%28New_Forest%29 \"Verderer (New Forest)\"). For services to the New Forest, Hampshire.\n* Nancy Magrath, Principal, Edenderry Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Councillor Ernest Mallett, Member, [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council \"Surrey County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Vithaldas Jeram Mamtora. For voluntary service to Older Asian People in Greater Manchester.\n* Paul Marsh, lately Principal Officer, [HM Prison Canterbury](/wiki/HM_Prison_Canterbury \"HM Prison Canterbury\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Catherine Mary Marshall, Assistant Headteacher, Wyvern School, Ashford, Kent. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Pieter Marteau. For services to Oxfam.\n* Amanda Martin, Director and General Manager, Park Avenue Hotel. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Janet Frances Martin. For services to the Examinations Officer Association.\n* Julia Carol Mason, Customer Services Manager, Customer Services Group, Southampton, Valuation Office Agency.\n* Samuel Vernon Mather. For services to the community in Beeley and Edensor, Derbyshire.\n* Karen Mattison, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises.\n* David Maurice, Chairman of Governors, Kenmore Park First School and Kenmore Park Middle School, Harrow, London. For voluntary service to Education.\n* The Reverend Thomas Veitch Mawhinney. For voluntary service to Education in Limavady, Northern Ireland.\n* Anthony John Maxse. For charitable services in Hampshire.\n* Clive May, Grade E2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Mary Elizabeth McAdam. For services to Agriculture in Northern Ireland.\n* David McAdam. For services to the community in Dumfries and Galloway.\n* Angus McCall. For services to Tenant Farming in Scotland.\n* [William Kyle McCallan](/wiki/William_Kyle_McCallan \"William Kyle McCallan\"). For services to Cricket in Northern Ireland.\n* Mary Kathleen McCarthy. For voluntary service to Charlie's Angels Youth Fund\\-raising Group, Eton\\-Wick\\-Windsor, Berkshire.\n* Alison Anne McCaughan. For public service.\n* Janet McCheyne. For services to the community in Bulphan, Essex.\n* John McCormick. For services to Young People in Northern Ireland.\n* Jennifer Ann McDonald. For services to Humanitarian Aid in Bosnia.\n* Michelle McDowell, Structural Engineering Director, [Building Design Partnership](/wiki/Building_Design_Partnership \"Building Design Partnership\"). For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Peter Geoffrey McEwen, Secretary, [National Union of Maritime, Aviation and Shipping Transport](/wiki/NUMAST \"NUMAST\") Welfare Funds. For services to the Maritime Industry.\n* David Anthony McGuigan, Manager, Longbenton Youth Project, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Young People.\n* Jacqueline McKenna, Director of Nursing and Strategic Planning, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Baron McLean, Executive Officer, Staff Support Network, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Dr. Alexina Mary McWhinnie. For services to Adoption, Fostering and Assisted Reproduction.\n* Audrey Elizabeth Mealins. For voluntary service to Sufferers of Coeliac Disease in East Wales.\n* Sylvia Medland. For services to the General Dental Council.\n* Edwin Thomas Menday, Governor, Longford Community School, Hounslow, London. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Carol Metters. For services to Disadvantaged Women and Children in Bristol.\n* Neil Duncan Middleton, Chairman of Governors, [City of Bristol College](/wiki/City_of_Bristol_College \"City of Bristol College\"). For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Eric Milburn. For voluntary service to the Methodist Association of Youth Clubs.\n* Thomas Millen, Mentor and Adviser, Learning Disabilities Team, Northumberland Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Margaret Mills. For voluntary service to Lancashire Police and to Charity.\n* Margaret Mather Mineham, Curriculum Manager, [Cleveland College of Art and Design](/wiki/Cleveland_College_of_Art_and_Design \"Cleveland College of Art and Design\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Stephen Mitchell, Assistant Headteacher, Shelthorpe Community Primary School, Loughborough. For services to Education.\n* Robert Edward Mizon, National Co\\-ordinator, [Campaign for Dark Skies](/wiki/Campaign_for_Dark_Skies \"Campaign for Dark Skies\"). For voluntary service to Astronomy and to the Environment.\n* Veena Kumari Mohindra, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Gillian Fennings\\-Monkman. For services to Women's Enterprise.\n* Michael Moran, lately Chairman, Herefordshire and Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce and Chief Executive Officer, J. \\& J. Investments Ltd. For services to Commerce.\n* Thomas Joseph Moran. For voluntary service to Older People in Wales.\n* Dr. Constance Ada Mary Llewellyn\\-Morgan, Chair of Trustees, Ty Bryngwyn Hospice, Llanelli. For services to Palliative Care in Carmarthenshire.\n* Susan Morgan, Macmillan Clinical Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in Wales.\n* Pamela Morris, Secretary, Minerva Sports and Social Association, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.\n* Nora Morrison. For services to Dance and to Charity in Nottingham.\n* Ronald Michael Moss. For services to the community in East Surrey.\n* Thirza Mullins, Deputy Justices Clerk, Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court, Her Majesty's Courts Service.\n* James Bone Murray. For services to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Scotland.\n* Robert Martin Neville. For services to the [National Air Traffic Services](/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Services \"National Air Traffic Services\") Trade Union.\n* Mary Ann Nightingale, Chair, Lunt Tenants' and Residents' Association. For services to the community in Bilston, Wolverhampton.\n* Moira Niven, Head of Education Development, [West Lothian Council](/wiki/West_Lothian_Council \"West Lothian Council\"). For services to Education.\n* Christina Campbell Noble. For services to Community Development in Argyll.\n* Pamela Margaret Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families.\n* Robert Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families.\n* Michael John Wright Norfolk. For services to Healthcare and to Fencing in Chester and Wrexham.\n* Marie Nunn. For services to the community in Wiltshire.\n* Dr. Martin Thomas O'Brien, lately Employment and Support Allowance Lead, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* James Francis Patrick O'Neill, Criminal Investigation Officer, Risk and Intelligence Service, London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Richard Ogden. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* George Ozenbrook, Accommodation Officer, Facilities Management, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n* Stephen Timothy John Pack. For voluntary service to Lulworth Coastguard Rescue Station and Lulworth Responder Group, Dorset.\n* Kathleen Mary Page. For services to Social Care in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.\n* Richard Pain, Assistant Traffic Manager (Special Events). For services to the City of London Corporation.\n* Mary Patricia Paisey. For services to the community in Salisbury, Wiltshire.\n* Sharon Palmer, Chief Executive, Regional Action West Midlands. For services to the Third Sector.\n* Nicola Louise Pasek, Operations Manager, Trading Standards Service, [Cambridgeshire County Council](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Council \"Cambridgeshire County Council\"). For services to Consumers.\n* Mukesh Patel, Administrative Officer, Customer Operations, Leicester, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Gary Frederick Payne. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in London.\n* Brian Peacock, lately Headteacher, Sunnyhurst Primary Pupil Referral Unit, Blackburn with Darwen. For services to Education.\n* Elsie May Pearson. For services to the community in Martham, Norfolk.\n* Elizabeth Jayne Peck, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Penny. For services to Hockey in Northern Ireland and to the [British Parachute Association](/wiki/British_Parachute_Association \"British Parachute Association\").\n* Melvyn Trevor Perkins. For services to Cycle Speedway and to Football.\n* Benjamin Perl. For services to Jewish Education in the London Borough of Barnet.\n* Cara Perrett. For services to Community Relations in Scotland.\n* Alex Pettifer, Director, Estates and Facilities, [Sheffield Hallam University](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University \"Sheffield Hallam University\"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Sheffield.\n* Tony Clifford Phillips. For services to Youth Sport in Northern Ireland.\n* Ann\\-Marie Pickup. For services to the community in Salford, Greater Manchester.\n* Peter Kenneth Pinnell, lately Chairman, [Groundwork Coventry and Warwickshire](/wiki/Groundwork_UK \"Groundwork UK\"). For services to Regeneration.\n* The Reverend Canon Suzanne Jane Pinnington. For services to the community in Cottingley, West Yorkshire.\n* Michael Anthony Polledri, Chairman, Lee Valley Estates. For services to Enterprise and to Regeneration in North London.\n* Derek Alan Pollock. For charitable services.\n* Carys Eluned Marslene Portelli, Senior Executive Assistant, People, Places and Corporate Services, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Margaret Jacqueline Postgate. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Sedgefield, County Durham.\n* Craig Powell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Christopher John Pratt, Cutter Commander, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Malcolm Norman Pratt. For services to the community in Winchelsea and to Heritage in East Sussex.\n* Edith Margaret Price. For charitable services.\n* Dr. Sandy Primrose, Research Programme Adviser. For services to the Food Standards Agency and to Science.\n* Margaret Edna Pritchard. For services to Brookside Residents' Council and to the community in Northampton.\n* Professor Edwin John Pugh, Consultant in Palliative Medicine, [North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/North_Tees_and_Hartlepool_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Fiona Jennie Rawes, Director, Heart of the City. For services to Corporate Social Responsibility.\n* Amanda Read, Child Welfare Issues Manager, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Bridget Redmond, lately Caretaker, Mount St. Mary's High School, Leeds. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Stephen James Reeves. For services to [Independent Monitoring Boards](/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Board \"Independent Monitoring Board\") and to the Voluntary Sector.\n* [Anne Reid](/wiki/Anne_Reid \"Anne Reid\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Elma Anne Rendall, Customer Service Officer, [Royal Bank of Scotland](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland \"Royal Bank of Scotland\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Marlissa Soraya Beryl Richards, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Yvonne Ann Richards. For services to Mental Healthcare in Worcestershire.\n* Beryl Ann Riches. For services to Selwyn Primary School, [London Borough of Newham](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham \"London Borough of Newham\"), London.\n* Sheila Rigg. For services to the community in Conisbrough, Doncaster.\n* John William Ritter. For services to the community in Newport, South Wales.\n* Elizabeth Robb, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield \"HM Prison Wakefield\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Anthony Charles Roberts. For voluntary service to Lewis\\-Manning Hospice, Poole, Dorset.\n* Carole Anne Roberts. For services to North Wales Police.\n* Alistair Raeburn Robertson. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Inverness\\-shire.\n* Ann Robertson. For services to the community in North Ayrshire.\n* Eleanor Robertson. For services to Community Healthcare.\n* Thomas James Robertson. For voluntary service to Queensferry Lifeboat, West Lothian.\n* Evelyn Ivy Janet Robins, Principal, Eve Trew School of Dancing and Gateshead Children's Arts and Theatre School. For services to the Arts in the North East.\n* Hill Robinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Cancer Research UK in Strabane, Northern Ireland.\n* Professor Iain Clive Andrew Franklyn Robinson, lately Head of Neurosciences Group, Medical Research Council, [National Institute for Medical Research](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Medical_Research \"National Institute for Medical Research\"). For services to Science.\n* Janet Mary Roe, Police Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary \"Lancashire Constabulary\"). For services to the Police.\n* William Kenneth Rollinson, Director, Care and Repair Leeds. For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Major Robert David Roper, Salvation Army Chaplain, [HM Prison Grendon](/wiki/HM_Prison_Grendon \"HM Prison Grendon\"), Buckinghamshire. For services to Offenders.\n* Brenda Roscoe, Chief Inspector, [Special Constabulary](/wiki/Special_Constabulary \"Special Constabulary\"), [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police \"Greater Manchester Police\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* John William Rose, Dental Adviser, NHS Western Cheshire. For services to the NHS.\n* Sylvia Elizabeth Rose. For voluntary service to the Market Garden Veterans' Association.\n* Samuel William John Rusk. For services to Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Professor Guy Nathan Rutty, Home Office Pathologist, Leicester. For services to the Police.\n* Sam Sagar, Police Community Support Officer, Bradford. For services to West Yorkshire Police.\n* Harry Samuel. For voluntary service to Ex\\-Miners in Glynneath, Neath Port Talbot.\n* Mary Sanders. For services to Young People in Cambridgeshire.\n* Jean Saunderson. For voluntary service to Police Welfare in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Edwin Sawacha. For services to Social Housing and to the community in North West London.\n* Marzia Sayani, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Kirsty Schneeberger, Co\\-ordinator, [UK Youth Climate Coalition](/wiki/UK_Youth_Climate_Coalition \"UK Youth Climate Coalition\"). For services to Environmental Conservation.\n* Henrietta Scott. For services to Nursing in Glasgow.\n* Steven Scott, Chairman, Dwarf Athletic Association UK. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Anne Scovell, Regional Manager, Liverpool Office, [Identity and Passport Service](/wiki/Identity_and_Passport_Service \"Identity and Passport Service\"), Home Office.\n* Marjorie Rose Seal. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Kent.\n* Ann Sevier, Special Constable, [Hampshire Constabulary](/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary \"Hampshire Constabulary\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Christopher Shannon, Head Porter, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Philip Charles Shannon. For voluntary service to Sennen Cove Lifeboat, Cornwall.\n* Cyril Raymond Shaw. For services to the Tribunals Service.\n* Major Geoffrey George Simpson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For voluntary service to the community in Leicester.\n* Roy Sinar. For services to Young People in the West Midlands.\n* Catherine Skinner. For services to the community in Fearn, Ross\\-shire.\n* Gillian Slinn. For voluntary service to Girlguiding and to the community in Anglesey.\n* Helen Vivien Sloan. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Stuart Edward Smalley, lately Head of International Developments, Department of Health.\n* Councillor Stella Marie Smedley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Member, [Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council \"Nottinghamshire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Elizabeth Ann Smith, Police Community Support Officer, Bridlington. For services to Humberside Police.\n* Julie Smith. For services to the Scouts and to the community in Cardiff.\n* Julie Smith, Front Line Manager, Customer Operations, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Maureen Elizabeth Smith. For services to the community in Whitstable, Kent.\n* Terence John Smith. For services to the community in Woking, Surrey.\n* Valerie Elaine Smith. For services to the community in Wilsden, West Yorkshire.\n* Major John Douglas Sneesby, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Balvinder Singh Sokhi. For services to the community in Nottingham.\n* Margaret Ann Southren, Deputy Headteacher, Durham Trinity School. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* [Gary Andrew Speed](/wiki/Gary_Andrew_Speed \"Gary Andrew Speed\"). For services to Football.\n* Raymond Spencer, Executive Director, Customs House, South Shields. For services to the Arts in the North East.\n* Arthur George Spirling, Director of ICT, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London \"Imperial College London\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Loris Mercia Squirrell. For services to Inter\\-faith Relations in East Anglia.\n* Yvonne Stanyer, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Telford, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Dr. John Chester Stevens, lately Consultant Clinical Scientist, Audiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Michael David Stevens, Chairman of Governors, [Oakwood Park Grammar School](/wiki/Oakwood_Park_Grammar_School \"Oakwood Park Grammar School\"), Maidstone, Kent. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Emma Stewart, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises.\n* Jonathan Stewart, Country Manager Iraq, [KBR](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 \"KBR (company)\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Margaret Allison Stewart. For services to the Scottish Red Meat Industry.\n* Diana Caulfeild\\-Stoker, Chief Operating Officer, Community Services, Wandsworth Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Kathleen Anne Stratton. For services to the community in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire.\n* Ruby Stuckey. For services to the community in Grantham, Lincolnshire.\n* Edith Audrey Swindells. For services to [Bath Postal Museum](/wiki/Bath_Postal_Museum \"Bath Postal Museum\").\n* Delia Sykes, Mathematics Teacher, [King Edward VI School, Morpeth](/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School%2C_Morpeth \"King Edward VI School, Morpeth\"), Northumberland. For services to Education.\n* Jean Sykes, Chief Information Officer, [London School of Economics and Political Science](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science \"London School of Economics and Political Science\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Doreen Sheila Symonds. For voluntary services to Save the Children in Weymouth and Portland.\n* David Tait. For voluntary services to the NSPCC.\n* Dr. John Stuart Talbot, Medical Adviser and Associate Medical Director, Salford Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Souad Talsi. For services to the British Moroccan community in London.\n* Glenda Taylor, lately Governor, [De Aston School](/wiki/De_Aston_School \"De Aston School\"), Market Rasen, Lincolnshire. For service to Education.\n* Lesley Taylor. For services to the community in County Durham.\n* Molly Ann Taylor. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity.\n* William John Taylor, Chief Executive, [West Lancashire District Council](/wiki/West_Lancashire_District_Council \"West Lancashire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Lady Harriot Tennant of Balfluig, lately Chairman, [Chelsea Physic Garden](/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden \"Chelsea Physic Garden\"). For services to Gardening.\n* Glenys Thomas. For services to Older People in Carmarthenshire.\n* Councillor John Thomas. For services to Local Government in South West Cornwall.\n* Anne Elizabeth Thompson, Staff Nurse, [Musgrave Park Hospital](/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital \"Musgrave Park Hospital\"). For services to Healthcare in Northern Ireland.\n* Susan Thompson, Technical Team Expert, Customer Operations, Newcastle upon Tyne, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Alan Thomson, Director, Orchardville Society. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Northern Ireland.\n* Jennifer Elizabeth Thorpe. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Dr. John Graham Tillett, Chairman of Governors, [Colchester Royal Grammar School](/wiki/Colchester_Royal_Grammar_School \"Colchester Royal Grammar School\"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Florence Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Keith Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Janet Ann Townsend, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to Music and to the community in Port Isaac, Cornwall.\n* Michael Tracey, Managing Director, William Tracey Group. For services to the Waste Industry.\n* Keith Leslie Tucker, lately Head of Estates Management Group, Medical Research Council. For services to Science.\n* Michelle Turner, Founder and Proprietor, Little Venice Cake Company. For services to the Catering Industry.\n* [Nicola Jayne Tustain](/wiki/Nicola_Tustain \"Nicola Tustain\"). For services to Disability Sport, particularly Equestrian.\n* Peter Tyrie, Managing Director, [The Eton Collection](/wiki/The_Eton_Collection \"The Eton Collection\"). For services to the Hotel Industry.\n* Doreen Marion Underhill. For voluntary service to the Army Attaché Wives' Committee.\n* Sophia Emma van den Arend. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society \"British Red Cross Society\") in Suffolk.\n* Marion Vidler. For services to Civil Registration in the [London Borough of Sutton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton \"London Borough of Sutton\").\n* Doreen Walcott. For services to the community in Bellingham, South East London.\n* Dr. Ann Wales, Director, Knowledge Management NHS Education for Scotland. For services to the NHS.\n* Anne Walker, Founder and Partner, International Dance Supplies. For services to Business.\n* Dr. Eric Walker, Consultant Physician and Epidemiologist. For services to Travel Medicine.\n* Philip Walters. For services to Educational Publishing.\n* Anthony Barry Warburton. For services to Owl Conservation.\n* Anne Cameron Ward. For services to the community in Peterlee, County Durham.\n* Susan Waring, Policy Adviser, Railway Pensions, Business Performance and Secretariat, Department for Transport.\n* Hazel Elizabeth Waters, Workforce Information Assistant, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Ethna Patricia Watterson. For voluntary service to the Parkinson's Disease Society in Northern Ireland.\n* John Weightman. For services to the Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Castington](/wiki/HM_Prison_Castington \"HM Prison Castington\"), Northumberland.\n* The Reverend William Derek Weir, Chaplain, [RAF Aldergrove](/wiki/RAF_Aldergrove \"RAF Aldergrove\"). For services to the Armed Forces.\n* Irene Weller. For services to the Dorothy House Hospice in Bath, Somerset.\n* [Christine Ann Wellington](/wiki/Chrissie_Wellington \"Chrissie Wellington\"). For services to [Ironman Triathlons](/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon \"Ironman Triathlon\").\n* Barbara Ann Westcott. For voluntary service to the Scouts in North East London.\n* Joan Westerman, Manager, Logik Centre, [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds \"University of Leeds\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Douglas Harold Michael Western. For services to the community in Devizes, Wiltshire.\n* Richard Allen Westlake, lately Train Driver, [First Great Western](/wiki/First_Great_Western \"First Great Western\"). For services to Public Transport and to the community in Devon.\n* Juliet Deirdre Jean Westoll. For services to the community in Cumbria.\n* Michael Wharton, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Jean Veta White, Founder Member, Leeds Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations.\n* John Harry White. For voluntary service to the Prison Service Charity Fund.\n* Paul White. For voluntary service to Hastings Coastguard Rescue Team, East Sussex.\n* Graham Whitehurst, Plant Manager, Michelin Ballymena. For services to Business.\n* Brenda Whitmore, Deputy Head, Hillfields Children's Centre, Coventry. For services to Children and Families.\n* [Amy Williams](/wiki/Amy_Williams \"Amy Williams\"), British [Skeleton Racer](/wiki/Skeleton_%28sport%29 \"Skeleton (sport)\"). For services to Sport.\n* [Bert Frederick Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1920%29 \"Bert Williams (footballer, born 1920)\"). For services to Football and to Charity.\n* David Glyn Williams. For services to the community in Calverley, West Yorkshire.\n* Councillor Hazel Williams. For services to the community in East Cambridgeshire.\n* Barbara Ann Wilson, International Trade Adviser. For services to Export.\n* Stuart Wilson, Firefighter, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\n* Paul Winter, Business Design Expert, Modernising Pay As You Earn Processes for Customers, Sunderland, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Aileen Teresa Wiswell. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* James Witham, Porter and Driver, Harrogate Health Care NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Josephine Mary Sykes\\-Wood, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Merseyside.\n* Brenda Jean Woodings. For services to Local Government in Duffield, Derbyshire.\n* Professor Peter Alfred Woodsford. For services to the Geographic Information Industry.\n* Cora Woolcock. For services to Healthcare for Black and Minority Ethnic People in East London.\n* Maxine Worsfold, Acting Sergeant, [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police \"City of London Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Dorothy Joan Wren. For services to the community in North London.\n* Kay Denise Wright. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People in Northern Ireland.\n* Margaret Wright, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Shipley, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Neill Wright. For voluntary service to the Samaritans in Macclesfield, Cheshire.\n* Vivienne Linda Yandell. For services to Business and to Charity in Saltash, Cornwall.\n* Christine, Lady Yapp, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the community in Birmingham.\n* Alison Yearley, Personal Secretary, Department for Culture, Media and Sport.\n* Margaret June Young. For services to Older People in Burnley, Lancashire.", "Honorary appointment to be made Substantive\n* Dr. Kranti Rajesh Hiremath, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. (To be dated 25 March 2010\\).", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Judith Helen Claire Acheson, Youth Training Consultant. For services to young people in the Democratic Republic of Congo.\n* Richard James Aspin, Communications and Projects Officer, Governor's Office, Montserrat.\n* Graham John Bell, Group Scout Leader, 1st Bougival Scout Group. For services to UK Scouting and the British community in France.\n* Patrick Herbert Bimson. For services to British interests in Uruguay.\n* Michael Anthony Bindloss Boddington, Founder, COPE (Co\\-operative Orthotic and Prosthetic Enterprise). For services to the victims of unexploded ordnance in Laos.\n* Dorothy Guyver, Lady Bouchier, Author and Translator. For services to UK/Japanese cultural relations.\n* Dr. Peter Brian Ramsay Carey, Co\\-Founder, Cambodia Trust. For services to the rehabilitation of the disabled in South East Asia.\n* Joseph Louis Caruana, Voluntary social worker. For services to drug rehabilitation in Gibraltar.\n* Simon Chapman, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Derek Cheung Yu Keung, Manager, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission \"Commonwealth War Graves Commission\"), Hong Kong. For services to the War Cemeteries in Hong Kong.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/article/717703/manager\\-war\\-graves\\-honoured\\-crown \\|title\\=Manager of war graves honoured by crown \\|first\\=Vivian \\|last\\=Li \\|date\\=21 June 2010 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South China Morning Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2016}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Lest we forget: meet the former British soldier who has taken care of Hong Kong’s war cemeteries for two decades \\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/video/hong\\-kong/2051607/lest\\-we\\-forget\\-meet\\-former\\-british\\-soldier\\-who\\-has\\-taken\\-care\\-hong\\-kongs\\-war \\|first\\=Thomas \\|last\\=Yau \\|newspaper\\=South China Morning Post \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2016}}\n* Gary Clement. Chairman, South Atlantic Medal Association, Falkland Islands. For services to Military Veterans in the Falkland Islands.\n* Angela Louise Crompton, Attaché, British Consulate\\-General, Jerusalem.\n* Alison Devine, British Council Deputy Director United Arab Emirates and Director, Dubai.\n* Sharon Diaz (Miss Sharon Gordon), Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Clare Bat Dimyon](/wiki/Clare_Dimyon \"Clare Dimyon\"). For services to promoting the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Central and Eastern Europe.\n* Irene Mary Ellis, Founder President, Javea Cancer Care Centre. For services to Cancer sufferers and their families and friends in Alicante, Spain.\n* Gerard Leo Flynn, Headteacher, [Maadi British International School](/wiki/Maadi_British_International_School \"Maadi British International School\"), Egypt. For services to education and charitable activities in Egypt.\n* Benjamin John Freeth. For services to the farming community in Zimbabwe.\n* Conrad Jack Glass. For services to the community in Tristan da Cunha.\n* Andrew John Goodwin, lately First Secretary, Office of the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the EU, Brussels, Belgium.\n* Robert Henry Hawkins, British Honorary Consul, Penang. For services to the British community in Malaysia.\n* Kevin Howard, Chairman, British American Business Council, Houston. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Houston, USA.\n* Michelle Dawn Hughes, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Stuart Iain Hurst, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Dr. Alison Sarah Landon, [Hospice of Hope](/wiki/Hospices_of_Hope \"Hospices of Hope\") in Brasov, Casa Sperantei. For services to palliative care in Romania.\n* Ann McCue, Founder Director, Yayasan Harapan Sumba. For services to the Sumbanese community in Indonesia.\n* Paul McEvoy, General Manager, Lloyds TSB Ecuador. For services to the British community in Ecuador.\n* Shona McKay McGrahan, Director, Action for Russia's Children. For services to disadvantaged children in Russia.\n* Lynne Alison McGregor, Visits and Political Officer, British Embassy, Italy.\n* Alden McNee McLaughlin Jr., {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Member of the Legislative Assembly, Cayman Islands. For services to constitutional reform.\n* Andrew Mead. For philanthropic activities in Saudi Arabia.\n* Victor Harry Moon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, lately Security Project Manager, British Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan.\n* Richard Hugh Morton, Tri\\-Service Financial Administrator, British High Commission, Australia. For services to British interests and to Volunteer Firefighting in Australia.\n* Julia Helen Moss. For services to classical music in Kenya.\n* Richard William Moss, For services to classical music in Kenya.\n* Caroline Mulcahy, Second Secretary, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Helmand, Afghanistan.\n* Donald Eric Peters. For services to the Overseas Territories.\n* Ulric Scatliffe, Chief Scouting Commissioner, Scout Movement. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.\n* Linda Jane Stevens, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* David George Taylor, Executive Principal, International School in Brunei. For services to environmental education in South East Asia.\n* Paul Taylor, Chairman, Blantyre Branch of the Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi. For services to wildlife and environmental conservation in Malawi.\n* Susan Lesley Whistler, lately Chair, British Women's Association, Jakarta. For services to the British community in Indonesia.\n* David Keith Young, Conductor, Dublin Welsh Male Choir. For services to Welsh Music and Culture overseas.\n* Calvert Alfred Zuill, Program Director, Bermuda Broadcasting Radio Station. For services to the community in Bermuda.", "### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)", "England and Wales\n* David Andrew Crompton, Deputy Chief Constable, [West Yorkshire Police](/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Police \"West Yorkshire Police\").\n* John Patrick Donlon, lately Assistant Chief Constable, [Thames Valley Police](/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police \"Thames Valley Police\").\n* Phillip Ernest John Harper, Superintendent, [Derbyshire Police](/wiki/Derbyshire_Police \"Derbyshire Police\").\n* David Holmes, Detective Inspector, [Kent Police](/wiki/Kent_Police \"Kent Police\").\n* Jane Elizabeth Horwood, Chief Superintendent, [West Mercia Police](/wiki/West_Mercia_Police \"West Mercia Police\").\n* Lesley Anne Ingram, Detective Constable, [Hertfordshire Police](/wiki/Hertfordshire_Police \"Hertfordshire Police\").\n* David Marshall, Detective Chief Inspector, [Metropolitan Police Service](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service \"Metropolitan Police Service\").\n* John Patrick Edward McDowall, lately Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police Service.\n* John McLuskie McFadzean, Sergeant, West Yorkshire Police.\n* Liam Joseph O'Brien, Detective Chief Superintendent, West Midlands Police.\n* Mark Andrew Polin, Chief Constable, [North Wales Police](/wiki/North_Wales_Police \"North Wales Police\").\n* Robert Pritchard, Constable, [Merseyside Police](/wiki/Merseyside_Police \"Merseyside Police\").\n* Christopher Sims, Chief Constable, West Midlands Police.\n* Ian Wynford Thomas, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QGM}}, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service.\n* Mark Toland, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service.\n* Philip Scott Trendall, Superintendent, [British Transport Police](/wiki/British_Transport_Police \"British Transport Police\").\n* Shirley Ann Tulloch, Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service.\n* Christopher James Ware, Superintendent, [Avon and Somerset Constabulary](/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary \"Avon and Somerset Constabulary\").", "Scotland\n* Frank Buchan, lately Special Constable, [Tayside Police](/wiki/Tayside_Police \"Tayside Police\").\n* Allan Lindsay Burnett, lately Assistant Chief Constable, [Fife Constabulary](/wiki/Fife_Constabulary \"Fife Constabulary\").", "Northern Ireland\n* Esmond Charles Adair, Detective Superintendent, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland \"Police Service of Northern Ireland\").\n* Deborah McMaster, Acting Detective Chief Inspector, Police Service of Northern Ireland.\n* Derek Williamson, Detective Chief Superintendent, Police Service of Northern Ireland.", "### Queen's Fire Services Medal (QFSM)", "England and Wales\n* John Brown, Assistant Chief Fire Officer of the Technical and Operational Support Department, [West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service \"West Midlands Fire Service\").\n* Neil Gibbins, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, [Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Devon_and_Somerset_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service\").\n* Sian Griffiths, Station Manager, [London Fire Brigade](/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade \"London Fire Brigade\").\n* Mark James Yates, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, [Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Hertfordshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service\").", "Scotland\n* James Allardice, Watch Manager, [Central Scotland Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Central_Scotland_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Central Scotland Fire and Rescue Service\").\n* Allan Brodie, Watch Manager, Central Scotland Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Jim Smith, Advisor, Retained Duty System, [Strathclyde Fire and Rescue](/wiki/Strathclyde_Fire_and_Rescue \"Strathclyde Fire and Rescue\").", "### Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM)", "* Major Mark Gibson, [Royal Marines Reserve](/wiki/Royal_Marines_Reserve \"Royal Marines Reserve\"), N980377V.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Andrew Bancroft, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, 24574029\\.\n* Sergeant Sharon Mary Goodall, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army, W1038275\\.\n* Major Keith Charles Greenough, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army, 535399\\.\n* Brigadier Maurice John Sheen, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, late The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army, 506613\\.\n* Squadron Leader Derek Morrison (2626701H), [Royal Auxiliary Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Auxiliary_Air_Force \"Royal Auxiliary Air Force\").", "### Colonial Police Medal (CPM)", "* Hulman Doorly McLaughlin, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, Cayman Islands Fire Service." ]
### Order of the Bath #### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) Military Division * Admiral Sir [Mark Stanhope](/wiki/Mark_Stanhope "Mark Stanhope"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=KCB, OBE, ADC}}, C020394L. #### Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (DCB) Civil Division * [Lesley Ann Strathie](/wiki/Lesley_Ann_Strathie "Lesley Ann Strathie"), Permanent Secretary, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs "HM Revenue and Customs"). #### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) Military Division * Lieutenant General [James Benjamin Dutton](/wiki/James_Benjamin_Dutton "James Benjamin Dutton"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, [Royal Marines](/wiki/Royal_Marines "Royal Marines"), N022005F. Civil Division * [Peter James Housden](/wiki/Peter_James_Housden "Peter James Housden"), Permanent Secretary, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government "Department for Communities and Local Government"). #### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) Military Division Royal Navy * Major General [Garry Stuart Robison](/wiki/Garry_Stuart_Robison "Garry Stuart Robison"), Royal Marines, N025751Q. * Vice Admiral [Peter John Wilkinson](/wiki/Peter_John_Wilkinson "Peter John Wilkinson"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CVO}}, C023859Y. Army * Lieutenant General [Richard Arthur David Applegate](/wiki/Richard_Arthur_David_Applegate "Richard Arthur David Applegate"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, late Royal Regiment of Artillery, 497361\. * Major General [Andrew Richard Gregory](/wiki/Andrew_Gregory "Andrew Gregory"), late Royal Regiment of Artillery, 514007\. * Major General [David John Rutherford\-Jones](/wiki/David_John_Rutherford-Jones "David John Rutherford-Jones"), late The Light Dragoons, 504501\. Royal Air Force * Air Vice\-Marshal [Carl William Dixon](/wiki/Carl_Dixon_%28RAF_officer%29 "Carl Dixon (RAF officer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}. * Air Vice\-Marshal [Richard Frank Garwood](/wiki/Richard_Frank_Garwood "Richard Frank Garwood"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, DFC}}. Civil Division * John Alty, Chief Executive, [Intellectual Property Office](/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)"), [Department for Business, Innovation and Skills](/wiki/Department_for_Business%2C_Innovation_and_Skills "Department for Business, Innovation and Skills"). * Sian Jarvis, Director\-General, Communications, [Department of Health](/wiki/Department_of_Health "Department of Health"). * [Bernadette Kelly](/wiki/Bernadette_Kelly "Bernadette Kelly"), lately Director, Housing Strategy, Land and Markets Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Lesley Longstone, Director\-General, Young People, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families "Department for Children, Schools and Families"). * Mark Neale, lately Managing Director, Budget, Tax and Welfare Directorate, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury"). * Susan Jane Owen, Director\-General, Welfare and Wellbeing Group, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * Peter Richard Charles Storr, International Director, Strategy and International Group, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office "Home Office").
[ "### Order of the Bath", "#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)", "Military Division\n* Admiral Sir [Mark Stanhope](/wiki/Mark_Stanhope \"Mark Stanhope\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=KCB, OBE, ADC}}, C020394L.", "#### Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (DCB)", "Civil Division\n* [Lesley Ann Strathie](/wiki/Lesley_Ann_Strathie \"Lesley Ann Strathie\"), Permanent Secretary, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs \"HM Revenue and Customs\").", "#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)", "Military Division\n* Lieutenant General [James Benjamin Dutton](/wiki/James_Benjamin_Dutton \"James Benjamin Dutton\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, [Royal Marines](/wiki/Royal_Marines \"Royal Marines\"), N022005F.", "Civil Division\n* [Peter James Housden](/wiki/Peter_James_Housden \"Peter James Housden\"), Permanent Secretary, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\").", "#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Major General [Garry Stuart Robison](/wiki/Garry_Stuart_Robison \"Garry Stuart Robison\"), Royal Marines, N025751Q.\n* Vice Admiral [Peter John Wilkinson](/wiki/Peter_John_Wilkinson \"Peter John Wilkinson\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CVO}}, C023859Y.", "Army\n* Lieutenant General [Richard Arthur David Applegate](/wiki/Richard_Arthur_David_Applegate \"Richard Arthur David Applegate\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, late Royal Regiment of Artillery, 497361\\.\n* Major General [Andrew Richard Gregory](/wiki/Andrew_Gregory \"Andrew Gregory\"), late Royal Regiment of Artillery, 514007\\.\n* Major General [David John Rutherford\\-Jones](/wiki/David_John_Rutherford-Jones \"David John Rutherford-Jones\"), late The Light Dragoons, 504501\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [Carl William Dixon](/wiki/Carl_Dixon_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Carl Dixon (RAF officer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}.\n* Air Vice\\-Marshal [Richard Frank Garwood](/wiki/Richard_Frank_Garwood \"Richard Frank Garwood\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, DFC}}.", "Civil Division\n* John Alty, Chief Executive, [Intellectual Property Office](/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)\"), [Department for Business, Innovation and Skills](/wiki/Department_for_Business%2C_Innovation_and_Skills \"Department for Business, Innovation and Skills\").\n* Sian Jarvis, Director\\-General, Communications, [Department of Health](/wiki/Department_of_Health \"Department of Health\").\n* [Bernadette Kelly](/wiki/Bernadette_Kelly \"Bernadette Kelly\"), lately Director, Housing Strategy, Land and Markets Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Lesley Longstone, Director\\-General, Young People, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families \"Department for Children, Schools and Families\").\n* Mark Neale, lately Managing Director, Budget, Tax and Welfare Directorate, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\").\n* Susan Jane Owen, Director\\-General, Welfare and Wellbeing Group, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* Peter Richard Charles Storr, International Director, Strategy and International Group, [Home Office](/wiki/Home_Office \"Home Office\")." ]
### Order of the British Empire #### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) Civil Division * Professor [Athene Margaret Donald](/wiki/Athene_Margaret_Donald "Athene Margaret Donald"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=FRS}}, Deputy Head, [Cavendish Laboratory](/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory "Cavendish Laboratory"), and Director, Women in Science, Engineering and Technology Initiative, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"). For services to Physics. * [Amelia Chilcott Fawcett](/wiki/Amelia_Fawcett "Amelia Fawcett"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Chair, Pensions First Group LLP and [Guardian Media Group](/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group "Guardian Media Group"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * [Jacqueline Fisher](/wiki/Jacqueline_Fisher "Jacqueline Fisher"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, [Principal](/wiki/Principal_%28academia%29 "Principal (academia)"), [Newcastle College](/wiki/Newcastle_College "Newcastle College"). For services to local and national Further Education. * [Janet Marion Gaymer](/wiki/Janet_Marion_Gaymer "Janet Marion Gaymer"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE, QC (Hon.)}}, [Commissioner for Public Appointments](/wiki/Commissioner_for_Public_Appointments "Commissioner for Public Appointments"). For public service. * Professor [Julia Mary Goodfellow](/wiki/Julia_Mary_Goodfellow "Julia Mary Goodfellow"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, [Vice\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor "Vice-Chancellor"), [University of Kent](/wiki/University_of_Kent "University of Kent"). For services to Science. * Professor [Barbara Monroe](/wiki/Barbara_Monroe "Barbara Monroe"), Chief Executive, [St. Christopher's Hospice](/wiki/St._Christopher%27s_Hospice "St. Christopher's Hospice"), London. For services to Palliative Care. * [Janet Paraskeva](/wiki/Janet_Paraskeva "Janet Paraskeva"), [First Civil Service Commissioner](/wiki/First_Civil_Service_Commissioner "First Civil Service Commissioner"), and Chair, [Child Maintenance Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_Enforcement_Commission "Child Maintenance Enforcement Commission"). For public service. * [Paula Figueiroa Rego](/wiki/Paula_Figueiroa_Rego "Paula Figueiroa Rego"), Artist. For services to Art. * Professor [Alison Fettes Richard](/wiki/Alison_Fettes_Richard "Alison Fettes Richard"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}, Vice\-Chancellor, University of Cambridge. For services to Higher Education. * [Naila Zaffar](/wiki/Naila_Zaffar "Naila Zaffar"), Headteacher, Copthorne Primary School, Bradford. For services to local and national Education. #### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) Civil Division * [Maurice Flanagan](/wiki/Maurice_Flanagan "Maurice Flanagan"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}, Executive Vice Chairman, [Emirates](/wiki/Emirates_%28airline%29 "Emirates (airline)") Airline and Group, UAE. For services to the British aviation industry and British exports. * Professor [Charles Kuen Kao](/wiki/Charles_Kuen_Kao "Charles Kuen Kao"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=CBE}}. For services to fibre optic communications. #### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Commodore Campbell Stuart Christie, C030984A. * Captain Michael Edward Farrage, C032384D. * Captain Richard Farrington, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, C027738H. * Rear Admiral Ian Moncrieff, C025312M. Army * Colonel Crispian Edward Ian Beattie, late The Royal Green Jackets, 497567\. * Colonel Charles Beaupré Bell Clee, late The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), 518400\. * Brigadier John Patrick Simon Donnelly, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, late The Cheshire Regiment, 514054\. * Colonel Richard Mark James Rollo\-Walker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, late The Light Infantry, 495378\. Royal Air Force * Group Captain Colin Basnett (8183726A). * Group Captain Kenneth Bruce McCann (5203279V). * Group Captain Michael Christopher Neville (5205937M). Civil Division * Dr. Mary Armitage, Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist, [Royal Bournemouth \& Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Royal_Bournemouth_%26_Christchurch_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. * [Simon Armitage](/wiki/Simon_Armitage "Simon Armitage"), Poet. For services to Literature. * Patricia Baskerville, Head of Safer Custody and Offender Policy, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service "National Offender Management Service"), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"). * William Gordon Baxter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, DL}}. For services to Business and to Charity in North East Scotland. * [George William John Benjamin](/wiki/George_William_John_Benjamin "George William John Benjamin"), Composer and Conductor. For services to Music. * Professor [Timothy John Besley](/wiki/Timothy_John_Besley "Timothy John Besley"), Kuwait Professor of Economics and Political Science, [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics "London School of Economics"). For services to Social Science. * Peter George Betts, Director of International Climate Change, [Department for Energy and Climate Change](/wiki/Department_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change "Department for Energy and Climate Change"). * Gavin McFarlane Black. For services to the community in the North East. * William George Black, Chief Executive, [Glasgow City Council](/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council "Glasgow City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Jonathan Blackie, Regional Director, Government Office for the North East, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government "Department for Communities and Local Government"). * John Brown, Director, Cross Cutting Group (Local Compliance) Glasgow, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs "HM Revenue and Customs"). * [Elizabeth Burnley](/wiki/Elizabeth_Burnley "Elizabeth Burnley"), Chief Guide, [Girlguiding UK](/wiki/Girlguiding_UK "Girlguiding UK"). For services to Young People. * Rodney Paul Carr, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chief Executive, [Royal Yachting Association](/wiki/Royal_Yachting_Association "Royal Yachting Association"). For services to Sailing. * Freda Chaloner, Director, Large Business Service, HM Revenue and Customs. * Alan Clarke, Deputy Director, Curriculum and Pupil Well Being, Schools Directorate, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families "Department for Children, Schools and Families"). * Peter Derrick Cleminson, lately National Chairman, [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion "Royal British Legion"). For voluntary service to Ex\-Servicemen and Women. * Peter Collins, Chief Executive, Salford Foundation Charity. For services to Young People. * Bryan Davis, Chief Executive, Social Security Agency Department for Social Development, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive "Northern Ireland Executive"). * [Linda Mary de Cossart](/wiki/Linda_de_Cossart "Linda de Cossart"), Consultant Vascular and General Surgeon, [Countess of Chester Hospital](/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_Hospital "Countess of Chester Hospital"). For services to Medicine. * Dr. [Stephen Deuchar](/wiki/Stephen_Deuchar "Stephen Deuchar"), lately Director [Tate Britain](/wiki/Tate_Britain "Tate Britain"). For services to Art. * Colin Dodge, Executive Vice\-President of Africa, Middle East, India, Europe Operations, [Nissan Motors](/wiki/Nissan_Motors "Nissan Motors") Ltd. For services to the Automotive Industry. * Judge [Khurshid Hassan Drabu](/wiki/Khurshid_Drabu "Khurshid Drabu"). For services to Community Relations. * Dr. Marshall Paul Elliott. For public service. * Dr. [David Stuart English](/wiki/David_English_%28cricketer%29 "David English (cricketer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to Cricket and to Charity. * Brian Etheridge, Director, Civil Service Capability Group, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office"). * Professor Andrew Finlay, lately Professor of Dermatology, Cardiff University. For services to Medicine. * Stephen James Finnigan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary "Lancashire Constabulary"). For services to the Police. * Siobhan Fitzpatrick, Chief Executive, [Early Years](/wiki/Early_Years_%E2%80%93_the_organisation_for_young_children "Early Years – the organisation for young children") Organisation. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Peter John Freeman, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC (Hon.)}}, Chairman, [Competition Commission](/wiki/Competition_Commission "Competition Commission"). For public service. * Anne Galbraith, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chair, Valuation Tribunal Service. For public service. * Professor [David Michael Gann](/wiki/David_Michael_Gann "David Michael Gann"), Chair in Technology and Innovation Management, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"). For services to Engineering. * Ann Margaret Green, Chair, Board of Trustees, [Royal Armouries](/wiki/Royal_Armouries "Royal Armouries"). For services to Museums. * Judith Louise Greensmith. For services to the [NHS](/wiki/NHS "NHS") in Merseyside. * David Gregory, Headteacher, Fosse Way Community Special School, Bath. For services to local and national Special Needs Education. * Dr. Russell Hamilton, Director of Research and Development, Department of Health. * [Nicholas Lionel Hardwick](/wiki/Nick_Hardwick_%28chairman%29 "Nick Hardwick (chairman)"), Chairman, [Independent Police Complaints Commission](/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission "Independent Police Complaints Commission"). For public service. * [Peter Robert Harrison](/wiki/Peter_Harrison_%28philanthropist%29 "Peter Harrison (philanthropist)"). For charitable services through the Peter Harrison Foundation. * [Terence Hodgkinson](/wiki/Terry_Hodgkinson "Terry Hodgkinson"), Chairman of [Yorkshire Forward](/wiki/Yorkshire_Forward "Yorkshire Forward"), Regional Development Agency. For services to Business and to Regeneration. * Eileen Rosemary Holmes, President, Industrial Tribunals and the Fair Employment Tribunal in Northern Ireland. For services to Industrial Relations. * Professor [Ann Jacqueline Hunter](/wiki/Jackie_Hunter "Jackie Hunter"), lately Senior Vice\-President and Head, Science Environment Development, [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline "GlaxoSmithKline"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry. * Richard Hugh Hunting, lately Chairman, [Geffrye Museum](/wiki/Geffrye_Museum "Geffrye Museum") Trust. For services to the Arts and to Heritage. * [Christopher Rajendran Hyman](/wiki/Christopher_Rajendran_Hyman "Christopher Rajendran Hyman"), Chief Executive Officer, [Serco](/wiki/Serco "Serco"). For services to Business and to Charity. * [Karl William Pamp Jenkins](/wiki/Karl_William_Pamp_Jenkins "Karl William Pamp Jenkins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Composer. For services to Music. * [Catherine Zeta Jones](/wiki/Catherine_Zeta_Jones "Catherine Zeta Jones"), Actor. For services to the Film Industry and to Charity. * [Barbara, Lady Judge](/wiki/Barbara_Judge "Barbara Judge"), Chair, [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority "UK Atomic Energy Authority"). For services to the Nuclear and Financial Services Industries. * Raymond Andrew Kitson, Senior Assistant Director of Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland. * Dr. Paul Langmaid, [Chief Dental Officer for Wales](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28England%29 "Chief Dental Officer (England)"), Department of Health and Social Services, Welsh Assembly Government. * Robert Laslett, Director, Private Pensions and Chief Economist, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * Professor [David Seymour Latchman](/wiki/David_Seymour_Latchman "David Seymour Latchman"), Master of [Birkbeck College, University of London](/wiki/Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London "Birkbeck, University of London"). For services to Higher Education. * [Prudence Margaret Leith](/wiki/Prudence_Margaret_Leith "Prudence Margaret Leith"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chair, [School Food Trust](/wiki/School_Food_Trust "School Food Trust"). For services to the Catering Industry. * Professor [Noel Lloyd](/wiki/Noel_Lloyd "Noel Lloyd"), [Vice\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor "Vice-Chancellor"), [Aberystwyth University](/wiki/Aberystwyth_University "Aberystwyth University"). For services to Higher Education in Wales. * Dr. [Michael Longley](/wiki/Michael_Longley "Michael Longley"), Poet. For services to Literature. * Professor Linda Maitland Luxon, Professor of Audiological Medicine, [University College London Hospitals](/wiki/University_College_London_Hospitals "University College London Hospitals") NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine. * Professor [David Whyte Macdonald](/wiki/David_Whyte_Macdonald "David Whyte Macdonald"), [Professor of Wildlife Conservation](/wiki/WildCRU "WildCRU"), [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"). For services to Natural Sciences. * Dr. Karl Joseph MacKie, Chief Executive and Mediator, Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution. For services to Mediation. * Professor Barry McCormick, Chief Economist and Chief Analyst, Department of Health. * [Robin John Christian Millar](/wiki/Robin_John_Christian_Millar "Robin John Christian Millar"), Record Producer. For services to the Music Industry. * Marlene Craigie Morley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Head of the Defence Equipment and Support Collocation Team, Ministry of Defence. * Professor Alan Shaw Murie, Emeritus Professor of Urban and Regional Studies, [University of Birmingham](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham "University of Birmingham"). For services to the Housing Sector. * [Peter Edward Murray](/wiki/Peter_Murray_%28Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park%29 "Peter Murray (Yorkshire Sculpture Park)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Founder and Executive Director, [Yorkshire Sculpture Park](/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park "Yorkshire Sculpture Park"). For services to the Arts. * John Noble. For public service. * George Carew O'Grady, Chief Executive, [Professional Golfers' Association European Tour](/wiki/PGA_European_Tour "PGA European Tour"). For services to Sport. * [Douglas Edwin Oakervee](/wiki/Douglas_Oakervee "Douglas Oakervee"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chairman, [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail "Crossrail"). For services to Civil Engineering. * John Douglas Orr, Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and lately President, [Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh "Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh"). For services to Medicine. * Jenny Owen, Executive Director, Adult, Health and Community Wellbeing, [Essex County Council](/wiki/Essex_County_Council "Essex County Council"), and President, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services. For public service. * Ruth Owen, Chief Operating Officer and Deputy Chief Executive Officer, [Jobcentre Plus](/wiki/Jobcentre_Plus "Jobcentre Plus"), Department for Work and Pensions. * [Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten](/wiki/Hilda_Elsie_Marguerite_Patten "Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Cookery Writer. For services to the Food Industry. * Stephen Phipson, President and Group Managing Director, [Smiths Detection Group Ltd](/wiki/Smiths_Group "Smiths Group"). For services to the Security Industry. * Graham Fenwick Pimlott, lately Chairman, [Export Credits Guarantee Department](/wiki/Export_Credits_Guarantee_Department "Export Credits Guarantee Department"). For services to Business. * [Hope Patricia Powell](/wiki/Hope_Patricia_Powell "Hope Patricia Powell"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, [National Coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 "Coach (sport)"), [England Women's Football Team](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team "England women's national football team"). For services to Sport. * Professor [Carol Propper](/wiki/Carol_Propper "Carol Propper"), Professor of Economics of Public Policy, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol"). For services to Social Science. * Stephen Julian Przybylski, Head of Strategy and Policy, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service"). * William Roe, Chairman, [Highlands and Islands Enterprise](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise "Highlands and Islands Enterprise"). For public service. * Susan Carroll, Lady Sainsbury. For services to the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company") and to the Arts. * John Robin Schultz, Chief Executive, [Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council](/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council "Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council"). For services to Local Government. * Professor [John Graham Shepherd](/wiki/John_Graham_Shepherd "John Graham Shepherd"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=FRS}}, Professorial Research Fellow in Earth System Science, [National Oceanography Centre, Southampton](/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre%2C_Southampton "National Oceanography Centre, Southampton"). For services to Science. * Professor Martin Shirley, Director, [Institute for Animal Health](/wiki/Institute_for_Animal_Health "Institute for Animal Health"). For services to Science. * Jo Shuter, Headteacher, Quintin Kynaston Community School, City of Westminster, London. For services to local and national Education. * Professor David Thomas Sines, Pro Vice\-Chancellor, [Buckinghamshire New University](/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University "Buckinghamshire New University"). For services to Healthcare. * Theodosia Sowa. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the UK and Overseas. * Professor [Robert Stephen John Sparks](/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks "Robert Stephen John Sparks"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=FRS}}, [Chaning Wills](/wiki/Wills_baronets "Wills baronets") Professor of Geology, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol"). For services to Environmental Science. * Mary Cecilia Spinks, Director, [Florence Nightingale Foundation](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Foundation "Florence Nightingale Foundation"). For services to Nursing. * Alyson Jane Stafford, Director of Finance, [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive "Scottish Executive"). * Dr. [Robert Scott Steedman](/wiki/Morris_and_Steedman "Morris and Steedman"), Vice\-President, [Royal Academy of Engineering](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering "Royal Academy of Engineering"). For services to Engineering. * [David Graham Stevens](/wiki/David_Stevens_%28businessman%29 "David Stevens (businessman)"), Chief Operating Officer, [Admiral Group](/wiki/Admiral_Group "Admiral Group"). For services to the Insurance Industry and to Charity. * Heather Vivienne Stevens. For charitable services. * Paul Stockton, Director, Tribunals Judicial Office, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)"). * [Norman Kelvin Stoller](/wiki/Norman_Stoller "Norman Stoller"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, DL}}. For charitable services. * David Radcliffe Stone, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chairman, [Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Sheffield_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * Dr. [Timothy John Stone](/wiki/Timothy_Stone "Timothy Stone"), Expert Chairman, Office of Nuclear Development. For services to the Energy Industry. * Dr. (Ernest) Neil Suggett, Headteacher, Hayes Park Primary School, Hillingdon, London. For services to Education. * Helen Patricia Tait, Headteacher, [Sandgate Primary School](/wiki/Sandgate_Primary_School "Sandgate Primary School") and Folkestone Primary Academy. For services to Education in Kent. * Stephen William Thomas, Chief Executive, [Welsh Local Government Association](/wiki/Welsh_Local_Government_Association "Welsh Local Government Association"). For services to Local Government. * [Harold Peter Tillman](/wiki/Harold_Peter_Tillman "Harold Peter Tillman"), Chairman, [Jaeger](/wiki/Jaeger_%28clothing%29 "Jaeger (clothing)") and [British Fashion Council](/wiki/British_Fashion_Council "British Fashion Council"). For services to the Fashion Industry. * Martin Tolhurst, Principal, [Newham College of Further Education](/wiki/Newham_College_of_Further_Education "Newham College of Further Education"). For services to Further Education in London. * Louise Wendy Tulett, Group Director of Finance and Procurement, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury"). * [Colin Jack, the Honourable Lord Tyre](/wiki/Colin_Tyre%2C_Lord_Tyre "Colin Tyre, Lord Tyre"), lately President, [Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Bars_and_Law_Societies_of_Europe "Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe"). For services to the Administration of Justice. * Professor [Veronica van Heyningen](/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen "Veronica van Heyningen"), President, [The Genetics Society](/wiki/The_Genetics_Society "The Genetics Society"). For services to Science. * Dr. [Jean Venables](/wiki/Jean_Venables "Jean Venables"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, [President](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers "List of presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers"), [Institution of Civil Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers "Institution of Civil Engineers"). For services to Civil Engineering. * Robert Vincent, Chief Executive, [Kirklees Council](/wiki/Kirklees_Council "Kirklees Council"). For services to Local Government. * [Sarah Webb](/wiki/Sarah_Webb_%28housing_professional%29 "Sarah Webb (housing professional)"), Chief Executive, [Chartered Institute of Housing](/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Housing "Chartered Institute of Housing"). For services to the Housing Sector. * Gillian Barbara Westerman, Principal and Chief Executive, [Northern College for Residential Adult Education](/wiki/Northern_College_for_Residential_and_Community_Adult_Education "Northern College for Residential and Community Adult Education"). For services to Adult Learning. * John Furness Widdowson, Principal, [New College Durham](/wiki/New_College_Durham "New College Durham"). For services to local and national Further and Higher Education. * Dr. Robert James Young, Consultant Physician, Diabetes and Endocrinology, [Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Salford_Royal_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * [Thomas Edur](/wiki/Thomas_Edur "Thomas Edur"), lately Senior Principal Dancer, [English National Ballet](/wiki/English_National_Ballet "English National Ballet"). For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations. * [Henry Thomas Marsh](/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Marsh "Henry Thomas Marsh"), Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, [St George's Hospital](/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital "St George's Hospital"), Tooting. For services to Medicine in the UK and Ukraine. * [Agnes Oaks](/wiki/Agnes_Oaks "Agnes Oaks"), Senior Principal Dancer, English National Ballet. For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations. * Dr. [Lee James Taylor White](/wiki/Lee_White_%28conservationist%29 "Lee White (conservationist)"), Head, Gabon's National Parks Agency. For services to Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in West and Central Africa. #### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Commander Matthew James Avison, C033542H. * Commander Darren Cartwright, C032255Y. * Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) Robert Graham Cundy, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Royal Marines, N028071E. * Commander Kevin Gomm, C026462M. * Captain (Acting Commodore) Steven Charles Ramm, C021825S. * Captain Ian Michael Robinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve, C983662K. * Commander Thomas Grenville Sharpe, C035842C. * Commander Paul Kenneth Shawcross, C030263U. * Commander Steven Luigi Smith, C026720Q. Army * Lieutenant Colonel Owen James Adams, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 521592\. * Colonel [Darrell Peter Amison](/wiki/Darrell_Amison "Darrell Amison"), late The Royal Logistic Corps, 536123\. * Colonel [Alastair Andrew Bernard Ribey Bruce of Crionaich](/wiki/Alastair_Bruce_of_Crionaich "Alastair Bruce of Crionaich"), late General List, Territorial Army, 509493\. * Colonel Peter Andrew Christian, Essex Army Cadet Force, 494473\. * Lieutenant Colonel Robert Lewis Gamble, Royal Tank Regiment, 539340\. * Lieutenant Colonel Andrew David Griffiths, Royal Army Medical Corps, 542939\. * Lieutenant Colonel Francis John Hollman, Corps of Royal Engineers, 543230\. * Lieutenant Colonel Anna Clare Luedicke, The Royal Logistic Corps, 538202\. * Lieutenant Colonel Michael John Purnell, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 521687\. * Lieutenant Colonel Richard Arthur Robinson, The Royal Irish Regiment, 512677\. * Colonel Charles Patrick Carnegie Sloan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, late the Royal Irish Regiment, 502912\. * Lieutenant Colonel Barry John Spiers, Royal Corps of Signals, 543680\. * Lieutenant Colonel John Robin Greenwell Stephenson, The Parachute Regiment, 526587\. * Colonel Gordon Straughan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, late The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, Territorial Army, 531176\. * Colonel David Peter Turner, late Army Air Corps, 506903\. * Lieutenant Colonel Gary Paul Wilkinson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 528966\. Royal Air Force * Wing Commander Steven Jon Chadwick (8304300B). * Wing Commander Andrew Kevin Jeffrey (8029314K). * Group Captain Mark Harry Michael Kemsley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (5206907M). * Wing Commander Richard Andrew Knight (8153035K). * Wing Commander James Edward Linter (5205609Q). * Wing Commander Ian David Sargeant (5205239Y). * Wing Commander Dominic Joseph Toriati, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (8029853B). Civil Division * Susan Marie Adams, Director, Care \& Repair England. For services to the Housing Sector for Older People. * Dr. [Husna Ahmad](/wiki/Husna_Ahmad "Husna Ahmad"), Chief Executive Officer, Faith Regeneration Foundation. For services to Disadvantaged People. * Maqsood Ahmad, lately Head of Police Equality and Diversity Policy, Home Office. * Mark Andrews, lately Chief Executive, NG Bailey. For services to Apprenticeships and Training in the Construction Industry. * Mary Archer, Chief Officer, Essex Probation Area, Ministry of Justice. * Clara Anthonyammah Arokiasamy, Chair, Greater London Authority Heritage and Diversity Task Force. For services to Heritage. * Jane Arrowsmith, Principal, Troup House School, Aberdeen. For services to Special Needs Education. * Professor Amanda Ashton, Director of Quality, NHS Leicester City. For services to Nursing. * District Judge Gordon Rayment Ashton. For services to the Administration of Justice and to Disabled People. * [William Michael Allingham Ashton](/wiki/Bill_Ashton_%28jazz_musician%29 "Bill Ashton (jazz musician)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Life President, [National Youth Jazz Orchestra](/wiki/National_Youth_Jazz_Orchestra "National Youth Jazz Orchestra"). For services to Music. * Dalwardin Babu, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * Linda Badman, Customer Services Director, Jobcentre Plus, Wales, Department for Work and Pensions. * Vivien Bailey, lately Her Majesty's Inspector, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted "Ofsted"). * Diana Barnes. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Dr. Emma Barrett, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Elizabeth Barron, lately Chair, [Firebuy Ltd.](/wiki/Firebuy "Firebuy") For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. * Jackie Bennett, Head of Policy, [Council of Mortgage Lenders](/wiki/Council_of_Mortgage_Lenders "Council of Mortgage Lenders"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Robert Edward John Bernays, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in the South West. * [Sharon Berry](/wiki/Sharon_Berry "Sharon Berry"), Chief Executive, [Storybook Dads](/wiki/Storybook_Dads "Storybook Dads"). For services to Children and Families. * Anil Kumar Bhanot. For services to the Hindu community and to Inter\-Faith Relations. * Mark Blundell, Chief Executive, Salmon Youth Centre, Bermondsey, London. For services to Young People. * Jennifer Susan Boothman, lately Headteacher, Pennington Church of England Primary School, Cumbria. For services to Education. * Susan Bradbury, lately Editor\-in\-Chief, [Folio Society](/wiki/Folio_Society "Folio Society"). For services to the Publishing Industry. * Professor Peter Brandon, lately Director of Strategic Programmes, [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford "University of Salford"). For services to the Built Environment. * Kathryn Broadhurst, Headteacher, Green Lane Infants School, Leicester. For services to Education. * Adam Vere Balfour Broke. For public service. * Neil Henry Bromley, lately Principal, [North East Worcestershire College](/wiki/North_East_Worcestershire_College "North East Worcestershire College"). For services to Further Education. * David Brown. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale "John Cale"). For services to Music and to the Arts. * Padraig Canavan, Managing Director, Singularity Ltd. For services to Business in Northern Ireland. * Thomas Canning, Headteacher, Tollgate Primary School, Newham, London. For services to local and national Education. * John Adam Carr. For services to Children Protection on the Internet. * James Rawson Carson. For services to Geography Education in Scotland. * Barbara Rose Castle. For services to Regeneration in Wales. * Janti Champaneri, lately Senior Manager, Adult and Communities Directorate, [Birmingham City Council](/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council "Birmingham City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Utheshtra Chetty, lately Senior Consultant Surgeon, Edinburgh Breast Unit. For services to Medicine. * Aileen Chilton, Senior Manager A, Reducing Re\-Offending Policy Group, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service "National Offender Management Service"), Ministry of Justice. * Edward Chorlton, lately Deputy Chief Executive, [Devon County Council](/wiki/Devon_County_Council "Devon County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Peter Thomas Claiden, lately Principal Inspector of Air Accidents, [Air Accidents Investigation Branch](/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch "Air Accidents Investigation Branch"), Department for Transport. * John Henry Cleary, Deputy Director, Housing and Growth Programmes Team, Department for Communities and Local Government. * [Brian Clemens](/wiki/Brian_Clemens "Brian Clemens"), Screenwriter. For services to Broadcasting and to Drama. * Alexander Jamieson Cluness. For services to the community in the Shetland Isles. * Patricia Mary Coleman. For services to Local Government and to the community in the East Midlands. * [Alec Coles](/wiki/Alec_Coles "Alec Coles"), lately Director, [Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums](/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Archives_and_Museums "Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums"). For services to Museums. * Laura Coletti, Manager, Violet Melchett Sure Start Children's Centre, Kensington, London. For services to Children and Families. * Professor Ian Colligan, lately Chairman, Board of Management, [Dundee College](/wiki/Dundee_College "Dundee College"). For services to Further Education. * Paul Damian Conway, Senior Vice\-President, Cargill Inc. For services to the Agricultural Industry. * [Wendy Cope](/wiki/Wendy_Cope "Wendy Cope"), Poet. For services to Literature. * James Romaine Hendry Coussey, Senior Prosecutor, Crown Prosecution Service. * Professor [Brian Edward Cox](/wiki/Brian_Edward_Cox "Brian Edward Cox"), Professor of Particle Physics and Royal Society University Research Fellow, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester"). For services to Science. * Christopher James Cox, Assistant Director Local Compliance, Individuals and Public Bodies, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs. * Catherine Lynne Crawford, Chief Executive, [Metropolitan Police Authority](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority "Metropolitan Police Authority"). For services to the Police. * Jill Crawford, For services to Midwifery and Nursing. * Fiona Cruickshank, Director, SCM Pharma Ltd. For services to Business in the North East. * [Barry Cunningham](/wiki/Barry_Cunningham_%28publisher%29 "Barry Cunningham (publisher)"), Chief Publisher and Managing Director, [Chicken House Books](/wiki/The_Chicken_House "The Chicken House"). For services to the Publishing Industry. * Suzanne Cunningham, Consultant Midwife, Southampton University Hospital Trust and Bournemouth University. For services to Midwifery. * [Dr. Judith Mary Darmady](/wiki/Judith_Darmady "Judith Darmady"). For services to Children's Well\-Being Overseas. * Angela Darnell, Headteacher, [Egglescliffe School](/wiki/Egglescliffe_School "Egglescliffe School"), Stockton\-on\-Tees. For services to Education. * Professor [Timothy Darvill](/wiki/Timothy_Darvill "Timothy Darvill"). For services to Archaeology. * Elizabeth Davidson. For services to Conservation and Architectural Heritage in Scotland. * David Arthur Stephen Davies, lately President, National Farmers' Union, Cymru. For services to the Agricultural Industry in Wales. * Beverley Jane Davies, Chief Executive, Manchester Science Parks. For services to Innovation. * Susan Elizabeth Davies, Policy and Technical Specialist, Business Tax, London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Colin Dawson, Chief Executive, British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers \& Attractions Ltd. For services to the Tourist Industry. * Jeanette Elizabeth Dawson, Principal, [Bishop Burton College](/wiki/Bishop_Burton_College "Bishop Burton College"), Beverley. For services to Land\-based Further and Higher Education. * Stephen John Rodgers Dawson. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * John Dew, Principal Construction Project Manager, Welsh Assembly Government. * Miles Dibsdall, Principal, [New College Stamford](/wiki/New_College_Stamford "New College Stamford"), Lincolnshire. For services to Further and Higher Education. * Professor Anthony George Doré, Vice\-President for Global Exploration, [Statoil](/wiki/Statoil "Statoil"). For services to Geology. * John Dunningham. For voluntary service to Tennis. * [William Robert Dunster](/wiki/William_Robert_Dunster "William Robert Dunster"). For services to Sustainable Housing Design. * [Barry George Albin\-Dyer](/wiki/Barry_Albin-Dyer "Barry Albin-Dyer"), Chairman, Kenyons Repatriation Services Ltd. For services to the Armed Forces. * Joanna Elson, Chief Executive, Money Advice Trust. For services to People in Debt. * Barry Raymond England, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance. * Margaret Macdonald Eva, Headteacher, [Bourne Community College](/wiki/Bourne_Community_College "Bourne Community College"), West Sussex. For services to Education. * Stephen Nicholas Evans. For services to the Samaritans in the UK. * Robin Anthony Eve. For services to the [City of London Corporation](/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation "City of London Corporation"). * Michael Geoffrey Shaun Farrell. For services to the Church of England. * Barry Forrester, lately Principal Recruitment Policy Adviser, [Civil Service Commissioners](/wiki/Civil_Service_Commissioners_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Civil Service Commissioners (United Kingdom)"), Cabinet Office. * Steven Hamilton Freed, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Dr. Simon Gage, Director, [Edinburgh International Science Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival "Edinburgh International Science Festival"). For services to Science Communication. * Ronald Francis Gainsford, Chief Executive, [Trading Standards Institute](/wiki/Trading_Standards_Institute "Trading Standards Institute"). For services to Consumers and to Business. * Eileen Gallagher, Chief Executive, [Shed Productions](/wiki/Shed_Productions "Shed Productions"). For services to Broadcasting. * Professor Harold Samuel Gamble, Professor of Engineering, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Science. * Olivia Giles. For charitable services particularly to Disabled People. * Margaret Gilmour, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * John Ellis Glennie, lately Chief Executive, [NHS Borders](/wiki/NHS_Borders "NHS Borders"). For services to Healthcare. * Trevor Graves, Oculoplastic Specialist Nurse, [Leicester Royal Infirmary](/wiki/Leicester_Royal_Infirmary "Leicester Royal Infirmary"), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * [Harriet Green](/wiki/Harriet_Green "Harriet Green"), Chief Executive Officer, [Premier Farnell plc](/wiki/Premier_Farnell_plc "Premier Farnell plc"). For services to the Electronics Industry. * [Bonnie Greer](/wiki/Bonnie_Greer "Bonnie Greer"), Playwright, Author and Critic. For services to the Arts. * Dr. Ruth Mary Evelyn Griffin, Lead Scientist, Forensic Science Agency of Northern Ireland. * Professor [Dorothy Seymour Griffiths](/wiki/Dorothy_Griffiths "Dorothy Griffiths"), Professor of HR Management and Deputy Principal, [Imperial College Business School](/wiki/Imperial_College_Business_School "Imperial College Business School"), London. For services to Higher Education. * Peter Lloyd Griffiths, Group Chief Executive, [Principality Building Society](/wiki/Principality_Building_Society "Principality Building Society"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Catherine, The Lady Guthrie. For voluntary service to [SSAFA Forces Help](/wiki/SSAFA_Forces_Help "SSAFA Forces Help"). * John Gale Hambly, Deputy Technical Director, [QinetiQ](/wiki/QinetiQ "QinetiQ"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Garry John Handley, Team Leader, Road Safety Unit, [Gloucestershire County Council](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council "Gloucestershire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Nicola Jane Hanna, Director, Epilepsy Bereaved. For services to Families. * Councillor Malcolm Charles Hanney. For services to the community in the South West. * [Jeremy Andrew Harris](/wiki/Drew_Harris "Drew Harris"), Assistant Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland "Police Service of Northern Ireland"). For services to the Police. * Martin Harris, Deputy Director, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office. * Gillian Anne Heaton, Executive Director of Patient Services and Chief Nurse, [Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Central_Manchester_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * David George Henderson, Managing Director, Tobermore Concrete Products Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland. * [James Herbert](/wiki/James_Herbert "James Herbert"), Author. For services to Literature. * Dr. Robin Walter Hiley, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Robert Seamus Hill, Managing Director, [Chemring Marine](/wiki/Chemring_Group "Chemring Group"). For services to the Marine Industry. * The Reverend Jean Margaret Hoggard. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire. * Vivien Hopkins, Chief Operating Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Nigel Arthur Hoskin. For services to [Dartmoor National Park](/wiki/Dartmoor_National_Park "Dartmoor National Park"). * Professor Dominic Houlihan, Vice\-Principal, [University of Aberdeen](/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen "University of Aberdeen"). For services to Science Communication. * Professor [Kenneth Howard](/wiki/Ken_Howard_%28artist%29 "Ken Howard (artist)"), Artist. For services to Art. * Dr. Elizabeth Howells, Head of Primary Care Psychology and Health Psychology. For services to Mental Healthcare in Wiltshire. * John Hudson, Senior Forestry Adviser, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development"). * Anthony John Hunter, Chief Executive, [North East Lincolnshire Council](/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council "North East Lincolnshire Council"). For services to Social Care. * Stephen Hunter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, [Tayside Fire and Rescue](/wiki/Tayside_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Tayside Fire and Rescue Service"). For services to Local Government. * Mick Hurley, lately Serious Youth Violence Adviser. For services to Young People. * Mashuq Hussain. For services to Young People and to Community Relations in Burnley and Pendle, Lancashire. * Ian Crosbie Tennant Hutcheson, Director of Security, [BAA Airports Ltd](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings "Heathrow Airport Holdings"). For services to the Aviation Industry. * Arthur Graeme Hyslop, Principal, [Langside College](/wiki/Langside_College "Langside College"), Glasgow. For services to Further Education. * Taha Mohammad Idris, Chief Executive, Swansea Bay Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations. * John Jackson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Staffordshire. * Tracy Jackson, Manager, Crescent Children's Centre, Stoke\-on\-Trent. For services to Children and Families. * Lynne James, Manager, Hartcliffe Sure Start Children's Centre, Bristol. For services to Children and Families. * Jonathan Andrew Jefferis, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * [Blair Jenkins](/wiki/Blair_Jenkins "Blair Jenkins"). For services to Broadcasting. * George Robert Jenkins, Vice\-Chairman, [NHS Blood and Transplant](/wiki/NHS_Blood_and_Transplant "NHS Blood and Transplant"), and Chairman, [South London Healthcare NHS](/wiki/South_London_Healthcare_NHS_Trust "South London Healthcare NHS Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * Dr. [Ian Dennis Jenkins](/wiki/Ian_Dennis_Jenkins "Ian Dennis Jenkins"), Senior Curator, Greek Collections, [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum"). For services to Museums. * Professor Arthur Thomas Peter Jones, Senior Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, Academic Development and Research, [Nottingham Trent University](/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University "Nottingham Trent University"). For services to Higher Education and to the Legal Profession. * Dilys Cynthia Mary Jones, lately Headteacher, Lypiatt Primary School and Early Years Centre, Wiltshire. For services to Education. * Dan Clayton\-Jones. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales. * Jean Mary Jones, Headteacher, Grace Owen Nursery School, Sheffield. For services to Early Years Education. * Mair Jones. For services to Further Education in Wales. * Sian Rees\-Jones, Headteacher, Bognor Regis Nursery School and Children's Centre, West Sussex. For services to Early Years Education. * Ursula Jones. For services to Music. * Dr. [Sukhbir Singh Kapoor](/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Kapoor "Sukhbir Singh Kapoor"), Vice\-Chancellor, World Sikh University. For services to Community Relations. * Paul Warren Kendrew, Senior Official, HM Revenue and Customs. * [Nick Knight](/wiki/Nick_Knight_%28photographer%29 "Nick Knight (photographer)"), Fashion Photographer. For services to Art. * Dr. [Kartar Singh Lalvani](/wiki/Kartar_Lalvani "Kartar Lalvani"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry and to Charity. * Deepak Lalwani, Director, India, Astaire \& Partners. For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Robin Frank Landman, Chief Executive Officer, Network for Black Professionals. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic Further Education. * Jurat Derek Le Page, lately [Jurat](/wiki/Jurat "Jurat") of the [Royal Court](/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey "Courts of Guernsey"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Guernsey. * Roger Adrian Legate, Principal and Head of Visual Impairment Service, [Linden Lodge School](/wiki/Linden_Lodge_School "Linden Lodge School"), Wandsworth, London. For services to Special Needs Education. * Sharon Patricia Lemon. For public service. * Eric James Lewis, lately Chief Executive Officer, Doncaster's Group. For services to Industry. * Marion Lewis, Chair, Neighbourhood and Homewatch Network, England and Wales. For services to Community Safety. * Sian Lockwood, Chief Executive, Community Catalysts (NAAPS UK). For services to Social Care. * Karen Logan, Nurse Consultant (Continence Services), [Aneurin Bevan Health Board](/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan_Health_Board "Aneurin Bevan Health Board"). For services to Healthcare. * Joanna Elisabeth Anne Tait\-Lovatt, lately Principal and Chief Executive, [Bishop Auckland College](/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_College "Bishop Auckland College"). For services to local and national Education. * Dr. Kailash Chand Malhotra, General Medical Practitioner, Ashton\-under\-Lyne. For services to Healthcare. * Jehangir Malik. For services to [Islamic Relief](/wiki/Islamic_Relief "Islamic Relief"). * Christine Mann, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse. * Stephen Mathews, Chief Executive, Cedar Foundation. For services to Disabled People in Northern Ireland. * Janet Erica Matthewman, Head of Culture, Media and Sport, Government Office for the North West. * Angela Jane Maxwell, Managing Director, Acuwomen. For services to Business in the West Midlands. * [Anthony Peter McCoy](/wiki/Anthony_Peter_McCoy "Anthony Peter McCoy"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Jockey. For services to Horse Racing.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/northern\_ireland/8735760\.stm \|title\=Tony McCoy and Kyle McCallan head NI sporting honours \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=11 June 2010}} * Patrick Joseph McIntyre, Chief Executive, [Northern Ireland Housing Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Housing_Executive "Northern Ireland Housing Executive"). For services to the Housing Sector. * Joseph McVey, Chairman, Volunteer Development Agency. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Northern Ireland. * Gaynor Mears. For services to Preventing Domestic and Sexual Violence. * [Tamara Mellon](/wiki/Tamara_Mellon "Tamara Mellon"), Founder and Chief Creative Officer, [Jimmy Choo Ltd](/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd "Jimmy Choo Ltd"). For services to the Fashion Industry. * Judith Ann Million, Deputy Regional Director, Government Office for the North East. * Jayne Mary Monkhouse. For services to Equal Opportunities and to Diversity. * Leslie Ann Morphy, Chief Executive, [Crisis](/wiki/Crisis_%28charity%29 "Crisis (charity)"). For services to Homeless People. * Dr. Jennifer Morris. For services to Disabled People. * Robert Mullen, Governor, [HM Prison Lindholme](/wiki/HM_Prison_Lindholme "HM Prison Lindholme"), HM Prison Service. * Barry Mussenden, Deputy Director, Policy and Strategy Directorate, Department of Health. * Catherine Myers, Executive Headteacher, [Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate Schools](/wiki/Bishop_Challoner_Catholic_Collegiate_School "Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate School"), Tower Hamlets, London. For services to Education. * Mohammad Nazir, Chairman, West Midlands Ethnic Minority Business Forum. For services to Business. * [John Vivian Drummond Nettles](/wiki/John_Vivian_Drummond_Nettles "John Vivian Drummond Nettles"), Actor. For services to Drama. * John Irwin Nevin, lately Assistant Director of Operations (Benefits Assurance), Social Security Agency, Northern Ireland Executive. * Rosalind Newlands, Course Director for Tourist Guide Training, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh"). For services to the Tourist Industry. * Angela Elizabeth O'Connor, Headteacher, Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Hastings. For services to Education. * Alache Ode. For services to Diaspora Communities in the UK and Overseas. * Dr Nelson Olawale Ogunshakin, Chief Executive, [Association for Consultancy and Engineering](/wiki/Association_for_Consultancy_and_Engineering "Association for Consultancy and Engineering"). For services to the Construction and Engineering Industries. * [Sophie Okonedo](/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo "Sophie Okonedo"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Margaret Oldfield, Chair, [Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Rotherham_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to the community in South Yorkshire. * [Kenneth Olisa](/wiki/Ken_Olisa "Ken Olisa"), Chairman, [Thames Reach](/wiki/Thames_Reach "Thames Reach"). For services to Homeless People in London. * Dr. [Keith Palmer](/wiki/Keith_Palmer_%28businessman%29 "Keith Palmer (businessman)"). For services to Economic Development Overseas. * Dr. [Cornelia Ann Parker](/wiki/Cornelia_Ann_Parker "Cornelia Ann Parker"), Sculptor and Installation Artist. For services to Art. * Bryn Parry, Co\-Founder, [Help for Heroes](/wiki/Help_for_Heroes "Help for Heroes"). For voluntary service to the Armed Forces. * Emma Parry, Co\-Founder, Help for Heroes. For voluntary service to the Armed Forces. * Dr. Rachel Elizabeth Perkins, Director of Quality Assurance and User Experience, [South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust](/wiki/South_West_London_and_St_George%27s_Mental_Health_NHS_Trust "South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust"). For services to Mental Health. * Zahara Hyde Peters, Chief Executive Officer, [British Triathlon Federation](/wiki/British_Triathlon_Federation "British Triathlon Federation"). For services to Athletics. * [Julian Pettifer](/wiki/Julian_Pettifer "Julian Pettifer"). For services to Journalism and to Wildlife Conservation. * Professor [David Andrew Phoenix](/wiki/David_Andrew_Phoenix "David Andrew Phoenix"), Deputy Vice\-Chancellor, [University of Central Lancashire](/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire "University of Central Lancashire"). For services to Science and to Higher Education. * John Hugh Pitman, Executive Chairman, JHP Group Ltd. For services to Vocational Training. * Nicholas Clive Randle, Chief Executive, [Society of Local Council Clerks](/wiki/Society_of_Local_Council_Clerks "Society of Local Council Clerks"). For services to Local Government. * André Rebello, HM Coroner for Liverpool. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Ann Helen Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society. * Bernard Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society. * Geoffrey Reed, Senior Statistician, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. * Bennett Lyle Edward Reid. For services to Business and to the community in Walsall, West Midlands. * Professor Ken Reid, lately Deputy Vice\-Chancellor, [Swansea Metropolitan University](/wiki/Swansea_Metropolitan_University "Swansea Metropolitan University"). For services to Education. * Honor Rhodes, Director of Strategic Development, [Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships](/wiki/Tavistock_Relationships "Tavistock Relationships"). For services to Children and Families. * [Andrew George Ripley](/wiki/Andrew_George_Ripley "Andrew George Ripley"). For services to Sport, particularly Rugby. (To be dated 20 May 2010\.) * Jacqueline Roberts, Chief Executive, [Care Commission](/wiki/Care_Commission "Care Commission"). For services to Social Care in Scotland. * Jacqueline Ann Robinson, President, [England Squash](/wiki/England_Squash "England Squash"). For services to Sport. * Michael Jeremy Rye, Leader, [Enfield Council](/wiki/Enfield_Council "Enfield Council"). For services to Local Government. * Inderjit Kaur Sandhu, Headteacher, Launde Primary School, Leicestershire. For services to Education. * Johanna Senior. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Dr. Prem Dutt Sharma. For services to Community Relations. * Stephen Frank Shine, Chief Operating Officer, [Thames Water](/wiki/Thames_Water "Thames Water"). For services to the Water Industry. * Angela Sibson, Chief Executive, National Academy for Parenting Practitioners. For services to Children and Families. * Beverley Francis Smart. For services to People with Special Needs. * Dr. Deborah Anita Smith, Director, [Building Research Establishment](/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment "Building Research Establishment"). For services to Fire Safety. * Professor Deborah Frances Smith, Professor of Molecular Parasitology, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York "University of York"), and Chair, Medical Research Council Infections and Immunity Board. For services to Science. * Nigel Saxby\-Soffe, lately Finance Director, Action Aid International. For services to International Development. * Thelma Olive Sorensen. For services to the Economic Regeneration of Cornwall. * Linbert Soloman Spencer. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Ruth Stanier, Deputy Director, Preventing Repossessions and Homelessness, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Christopher Stevens, lately Head of Inclusion Policy, [British Educational and Communications Technology Agency](/wiki/Becta "Becta"). For services to Special Needs Education. * Brian West Stewart, lately Chief Executive, [East of England Regional Assembly](/wiki/East_of_England_Regional_Assembly "East of England Regional Assembly"). For services to Local Government. * Dr. [Richard Malcolm Ellis Stone](/wiki/Richard_Stone_%28campaigner%29 "Richard Stone (campaigner)"). For public and voluntary service. * David George Stout, Executive Director of Finance and Communications, NHS North East Strategic Health Authority. For services to the NHS. * Professor Rodney Paul Sturges. For services to Libraries in the UK and Overseas. * [Shane Edwin Sutton](/wiki/Shane_Edwin_Sutton "Shane Edwin Sutton"), Track Performance Manager, Cycling GB. For services to Sport. * Elizabeth Taylor, Public Health Manager, Southampton City Primary Care Trust. For services to Children and Families. * Kenneth John Taylor, Leader, [Coventry City Council](/wiki/Coventry_City_Council "Coventry City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Mary Teasdale, Head, National Information and Advice Service for Families of People with Schizophrenia. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Barbara Lynne Thomas. For charitable services. * Pauline Thompson. For services to Older and Disabled People. * Tina Tietjen, Chairman, Air Transport Users' Council. For services to the Aviation Industry. * Martin John Tiplady, Director, Human Resources, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * Professor Brian Toft, Professor of Patient Safety, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, [Coventry University](/wiki/Coventry_University "Coventry University"). For services to Healthcare. * Keith Tondeur, President, Credit Action. For services to Financial Education. * Judith Anne Tunstall, Senior Private Secretary, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * Margaret Turner, Chief Executive, Diana Award. For services to Young People. * Baljit Ubhey, Chief Crown Prosecutor, Thames Valley and Group Chair, Thames and Chiltern, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service"). * [Carol Kathleen Walton](/wiki/Caz_Walton "Caz Walton"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to Disability Sport. * Elizabeth Rayner Scott Walton, Lately Principal, [William Morris Sixth Form](/wiki/William_Morris_Sixth_Form "William Morris Sixth Form"), Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Post\-16 Education. * Pauline Waterhouse, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, [Blackpool and The Fylde College](/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College "Blackpool and The Fylde College"), Lancashire. For services to Further Education. * Sylvia Beatrice Wear, Chief Executive, RCV Charity. For services to Disabled People. * Alison Joan Wenham, Chairman and Chief Executive, [Association of Independent Music](/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Music "Association of Independent Music"). For services to the Creative Industries. * Fiona Marie Wheeler, Team Leader, Early Years Parenting and Promoting Learning Team, Department for Children, Schools and Families. * John Whittaker, Deputy Director, Customer Operations PAYE and Self Assessment Strategic North, Nottingham, HM Revenue and Customs. * John Mills Whyte, lately Director Central Region, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency "UK Border Agency"), Home Office. * [Ann Wild](/wiki/Ann_Wild "Ann Wild"). For services to Wheelchair Basketball. * Desmond Williamson, Principal, Castlederg High School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * John Bryan Wybrew, lately Chairman, [Energy and Utility Skills](/wiki/Energy_and_Utility_Skills "Energy and Utility Skills"). For services to Training. * Nicola Yates, Chief Executive, [Hull City Council](/wiki/Hull_City_Council "Hull City Council"). For services to Local Government. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * Philip King Alcock, Prosecutor, War Crimes Department, Prosecutor's Office, Bosnia and Herzegovina. For services to the protection of human rights and the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina. * [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali "Mockbul Ali"), Islamic Issues Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Rodney Keith Bain, lately Chairman, British Chamber of Commerce Thailand. For services to UK/Thailand commercial interests. * [Nigel Marcus Baker](/wiki/Nigel_Marcus_Baker "Nigel Marcus Baker"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO}}, [HM Ambassador to Bolivia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Bolivia "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia"). * Dr. Maha Taysir Barakat, Co\-Founder, Imperial College Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi. For services to medical research, training and public health in the United Arab Emirates. * Gideon David Beale, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Michael Edward Billett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Director of the North American Office, [Mountbatten Institute](/wiki/Mountbatten_Institute "Mountbatten Institute"). For services to Education, particularly Student Exchange and International Study between the UK and USA. * Dr. Vernon Edward Hartley Booth, Chairman, Uzbek\-British Trade and Investment Council and Chairman of the British\-Uzbek Society. For services to UK\-Uzbek commercial interests. * Professor [Stephen Chan](/wiki/Stephen_Chan_%28academic%29 "Stephen Chan (academic)"), Professor of International Relations, [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies "School of Oriental and African Studies"). For services to Africa and Higher Education. * Richard John Cheney, Chairman, Commonwealth Society and Director, Chile British Chamber of Commerce. For services to the community in Chile and UK/Chile commercial interests. * Professor [James Chadwick Dunkerley](/wiki/James_Chadwick_Dunkerley "James Chadwick Dunkerley"), Professor of Latin American Politics and Modern History, [Institute for the Study of the Americas](/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Americas "Institute for the Study of the Americas") (ISA). For services to Latin American studies and UK/Latin American relations. * Alexander Ian Arthur Evans, lately First Secretary Political, British High Commission, Pakistan. * Rupert John Addison Gaskin, Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Jeremy Stuart Jacobson, Director, British Council, Algeria. * Malcolm Alun Richard Llewellyn, Chair, British Chamber of Commerce Indonesia. For services to UK/Indonesian commercial interests and to the community in Indonesia. * Barry Peter Marsh, lately President, British Chamber of Commerce and Founder Member, the Moroccan British Business Council. For services to UK/Moroccan business interests. * Stuart McCarthy, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Nicholas McGegan](/wiki/Nicholas_McGegan "Nicholas McGegan"), Conductor and Musicologist. For services to Music overseas. * Kevin McGurgan, lately Deputy Head, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah. * Dr. Jane Elizabeth Miller, Director, Maternal and Child Health Programmes and Initiatives, [Population Services International](/wiki/Population_Services_International "Population Services International"). For services to controlling and helping to eliminate Malaria in Tanzania. * Conchita Consuelo Ming, For services to the community and the Arts, Bermuda. * [Graham William Nash](/wiki/Graham_William_Nash "Graham William Nash"), Co\-Founder of [Crosby, Stills and Nash](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills_and_Nash "Crosby, Stills and Nash"). For services to Music and for charitable activities. * Terence Donald O'Connor, President, British Chamber of Commerce, Singapore and CEO, Courts (Singapore) Ltd. For services to UK/Singapore commercial interests. * Dr. John Ben Oswald Palmer, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * David Sim Paterson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Director, [Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh "Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh"). For services to Sino\-British co\-operation on biodiversity. * Dr. Adam Keith Prewett, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Nicholas John Pyle, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Chief Political Adviser, UN Political Office for Somalia. * Ian Ralfini, lately General Manager and Vice President, [EMI Manhattan Records](/wiki/EMI_Manhattan_Records "EMI Manhattan Records"), USA. For services to the Music Industry and charitable activities in the UK and USA. * Colin Reeves, Consultant Technical Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Keith Thomas Richards, Managing Director, Promasidor Nigeria Ltd. For services to UK/Nigerian business interests and charitable activities in Nigeria. * Alan Paul Smart, Director, British Council, Burma. * Peter Alan Stephenson, Director Trade and Investment, British High Commission, Nigeria. * The Honourable [Darwin Kurt Tibbetts](/wiki/Darwin_Kurt_Tibbetts "Darwin Kurt Tibbetts"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Leader of the Opposition, Cayman Islands. For services to the community. #### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Lieutenant Jeffrey Richard Bevan, C038321S. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Andrew Neil Collings, D170235C. * Major Nicholas Alan Griffiths, Royal Marines, N029148E. * Chaplain John Hill, C037507X. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering Submarines) Kevin Alan Keenan, D199951T. * Lieutenant Commander Brian Stuart Leyshon, C020520L. * Major Christopher Sydney Middleton, Royal Marines, N029221Y. * Warrant Officer Class 1 (Master at Arms) Susan Morgan, W133839N. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Gavin O'Connell, Royal Marines, P047878J. * Corporal (Acting Sergeant) Stephen Kenton Perry, Royal Marines, P046386G. * Lieutenant Commander Richard Michael John Sutton, C035070Y. * Leading Logistician (Catering Services) Rachael Talton, W143392G. * Lieutenant Commander Dain Jason Thorne, C037370T. * Warrant Officer Class 1 (Communication Information Systems Specialist) Timothy Mark Trevarthen, D180919H. Army * Staff Sergeant Kenneth Barnett, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 24440483\. * Major Jonathan David Billings, Royal Tank Regiment, 533318\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert David Birkenhead, The Parachute Regiment, 24697934\. * Major Douglas Arthur Black, Corps of Royal Engineers, 549743\. * Major Phillip Nowell Blanchfield, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 560053\. * Lieutenant Colonel Ranald Alasdair Blue, The Rifles, 498953\. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Mark Philip Bragg, The Royal Logistic Corps, 25022417\. * The Reverend Colin Sydney Butler, Chaplain to the Forces 3rd Class, Royal Army Chaplains' Department, 541891\. * Staff Sergeant Paul John Butler, Intelligence Corps, 24844236\. * Staff Sergeant Annabel Jo Byles, Army Physical Training Corps, W0813206\. * Major Shaun Anthony Casey, The Mercian Regiment, 539546\. * Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Allen Clarke, {{post\-nominals\|list\=GM, QGM}}, Royal Corps of Signals 543446\. * Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Charles Clee, Corps of Royal Engineers, 533547\. * Lieutenant Colonel [Charles Seymour Collins](/wiki/Charles_Collins_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Charles Collins (British Army officer)"), The Rifles, 542143\. * Captain Benjamin Beaupré Creed, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 556344\. * Major Clare Marie Dutton, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, 548420\. * Major Kevin David Fitchett, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 559899\. * Lieutenant Colonel Colin John Francis, The Royal Logistic Corps, 540034\. * Major Christopher Ham, Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 547684\. * Major Donald Andrew Hodgson, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 548668\. * Corporal Lee Martin Innes, Corps of Royal Engineers, 24792698\. * Major Michael David Jeavons, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 537441\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert King, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 24587695\. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Duncan Sinclair Lamb, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 24327836\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen Michael Magloire, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24592523\. * Lieutenant Colonel Toni Jane Heather Martin, The Royal Logistic Corps, 543314\. * Captain Robert Bruce Mather, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563784\. * Major Michael McCarthy, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, 553235\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Lesa McInnes, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), W0815828\. * Major Bruce McKay, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), 535793\. * Major Geoffrey Edward Minton, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, 536695\. * Major Gordon Muirhead, The Parachute Regiment, 559793\. * Major Nicole Marie Nicholls (née Record), Intelligence Corps, 544249\. * Captain Simon Oats, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563729\. * Major Abigail Ross Pack, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 554379\. * Major Philip Michael Packer, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police), 547982\. * Lieutenant Colonel Francis Alexander James Piggott, The Royal Dragoon Guards, 536705\. * Major Julian Michael Pott, The Parachute Regiment, 559794\. * Major Mark Pullan, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 546021\. * Major Andrew Robert Redding, The Parachute Regiment, 544976\. * Colour Sergeant Graham Clive Richards, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 24891983\. * Major Simon Andrew Ridgway, Royal Tank Regiment, 550797\. * Captain Keith Richard Roberts, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army, 566166\. * Major Leon James Roberts, Royal Army Medical Corps, 548616\. * Major Barry James Skinner, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army, 552191\. * Captain Colin Alfred William Smith, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, 539750\. * Lieutenant Colonel Michael Vince, Buckinghamshire Army Cadet Force, 479913\. * Major Raymond Walter Wells, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 536151\. * Captain Huw Gruffydd Williams, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24648991\. * Major Christopher John Willis, The Rifles, Territorial Army, 546976\. * Captain Robert James Wilmont, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 565165\. * Major Mark Christian Peter Wilson, The Rifles, 546065\. * Major Alan Young, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 547234\. Royal Air Force * Warrant Officer Stephen Roy Bell (J8171383\). * Warrant Officer Adrian Charles Betts (H8177182\). * Sergeant Alan David Bowman (T8225049\). * Squadron Leader Alan John Dawson (2640321G). * Flight Sergeant William Draper (F8261022\). * Chief Technician Andrew Michael Fry (H8204864\). * Flight Lieutenant Andrew David Glover (8029281D). * Squadron Leader Ross Goldsworthy (0209959T), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve_%28Training_Branch%29 "Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch)"). * Warrant Officer Grahame Douglas Grimshaw (Q8290606\). * Sergeant Steven Leslie Heywood (A8285804\). * Squadron Leader David Alan Hood (8246023K). * Warrant Officer Leslie George Hotson (D8112001\). * Squadron Leader James Patrick Lennie (8136789T). * Warrant Officer Lyndsay Hugh Morgan (K8102295\). * First Officer Richard Lavender, [Royal Fleet Auxiliary](/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary "Royal Fleet Auxiliary") (700187D) Civil Division * Andrew Abberley. For public service. * Reginald Adams, lately Coach, Grangemouth Amateur Swimming Club. For services to Sport. * Saima Afzal. For services to the Police and to Community Relations in Lancashire. * Daljit Singh Ahluwalia. For voluntary service to Community and Inter\-faith Relations in Derbyshire. * Zaheer Ahmad, Constable, [British Transport Police](/wiki/British_Transport_Police "British Transport Police"). For services to the Police. * Basheer Ahmed, Honorary Life Vice\-President, Race Equality Council of Lincolnshire. For services to Community Relations. * Shanaz Ahmed. For services to the Asian community in the East End of London. * Craig Leon Ainge, Premises Development Manager, NHS Bedfordshire. For services to Healthcare. * Cathlyn Ainsworth, Chairman, Abbeyfield Southport Society. For voluntary service to Older People. * James Aitken, Director, Centre of Sport and Exercise, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh"). For services to Student Sport. * Lynda Heather Allan, Executive Officer, Inspectorate Team Support, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Malcolm Allen, Psychiatric Nurse and Ward Manager, [Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Tees%2C_Esk_and_Wear_Valleys_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Mental Healthcare. * Ronika Amin, Grade D, Ministry of Defence. * Leonard Andrews. For voluntary service to Brass Band Music in Warrington, Cheshire. * Gitty Ankers. For services to the Recycling and Waste Industries in Cornwall. * Norah Lillian Appleby. For services to the community in Mickleover, Derby. * Mary Julia Archer. For services to the community in Halesowen, West Midlands. * [Sally Arkley](/wiki/Sally_Arkley "Sally Arkley"), Director, Women's Business Development Agency. For services to Women's Enterprise. * Hilda Armstrong, lately Senior Physiotherapy and Orthotic Assistant. For services to the NHS and to the community in Chester\-le\-Street, County Durham. * Harry Arnold. For services to Inland Waterways. * Moira Elizabeth Arthur, lately Managing Director, [Peters Bookselling Services](/wiki/Peters_Bookselling_Services "Peters Bookselling Services"). For services to Children's Libraries. * Marjorie Mavis Atkinson. For services to Older People in East and West Harptree, Bristol. * Miranda Avanzi, Exchequer Funds Manager, Exchequer Funds and Accounts Team, HM Treasury. * Charles William Back. For services to the community in Taunton, Somerset. * Deborah Baddoo. For services to British Dance. * Dr. Michael Bailey. For services to Industrial Archaeology. * Robert James Mundell Baillie. For services to the Boys' Brigade in Scotland. (Deceased. To be dated 4 May 2010\.) * Robert John Baird. For services to Youth Justice in Leeds. * Peter Gore De\-Vaux Balbirnie. For services to the community in Essex. * Stephen Barkby. For charitable services. * Sandra Elizabeth Barnes, Leader, [South Northamptonshire District Council](/wiki/South_Northamptonshire_District_Council "South Northamptonshire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * June Barnett. For voluntary service to the [Leukaemia Research Fund](/wiki/Leukaemia_Research_Fund "Leukaemia Research Fund") and Cancer Leukaemia in Children. * Michael Anthony Tudor Trevor\-Barnston, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Cheshire. * Derek William Barr, lately Chief Executive, [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls "Fairfield Halls"), Croydon. For services to Music and to the Arts. * Ann Marie Barrett. For services to the community in Tullycarnet and Castlereagh, Northern Ireland. * Christopher John Barrows, Chairman of Governors, Coombes Church of England Primary School, Wokingham, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education. * William Noel Barton, Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to the Police. * Dr. Robert Harold Bateman, Technical Consultant, Microssmass UK. For services to Science. * Councillor Graham Baxter, Leader, [North East Derbyshire District Council](/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire_District_Council "North East Derbyshire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Rhoda Ardill Baxter. For services to People with Disabilities in Northern Ireland. * Robin Spencer Baynes. For services to the community in Liverpool. * Professor Stephen Roger Bazire, Chief Pharmacist, Norfolk and Waveney Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Pharmacy. * Lorna Harriett Isobelle Beacom. For voluntary service to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Northern Ireland. * Peter Beaty. For services to the community in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham. * Anne Beer, Senior Adviser, Staffordshire Trading Standards. For services to Consumers. * Sally Bell, Associate Director of Emergency Preparedness, NHS Yorkshire and the Humber. For services to Nursing. * Andrew Richard Bennett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Grade C1, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"). * Martin Bennett, Joint Chairman and Managing Director, Associated Chemists (Wicker) Ltd. For services to Pharmacy in Sheffield. * Alan Bernstein. For services to Young People in Kent. * Francis Arthur Betteridge. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Sandwell, West Midlands. * Ellis Aubrey John Bevan. For services to the community in Stoke\-on\-Trent, Staffordshire. * Anita Suzanne Bew. For services to the communities in Marlborough, Wiltshire and in Gunjar, The Gambia. * Gwenda Binks, Trade Union Representative, [Valuation Office Agency](/wiki/Valuation_Office_Agency "Valuation Office Agency") London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Gerald Blackburn. For voluntary service to the {{HMS\|Dorsetshire\|40\|6}} Association. * Alison Blackshaw, lately Head of Administration, Communications Department, Prime Minister's Office. * Agnes Glass Blair. For services to Healthcare and to Respiratory Services in Northern Ireland. * Rosemary Elizabeth Blakesley. For services to the community in Ashover, Derbyshire. * Virginia Blakey, Head of Tobacco Policy Branch, Welsh Assembly Government. * Councillor Keith Bland. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. * Donald Blue. For services to Health and Safety. * Judith Boardman, Chair of Governors, [City of Westminster College](/wiki/City_of_Westminster_College "City of Westminster College"), London. For voluntary service to Further Education. * Norman James Bone. Senior Vice\-President, [SELEX Galileo](/wiki/SELEX_Galileo "SELEX Galileo"), [Finmeccanica Group](/wiki/Finmeccanica_Group "Finmeccanica Group"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Janet Booth, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence. * John Bosworth. For services to Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. * Marie Boyd, Deputy Principal, Finance and European Division, Department for Employment and Learning, Northern Ireland Executive. * David Wilson Braddock, Governor, [Ferndown Upper School](/wiki/Ferndown_Upper_School "Ferndown Upper School"), Dorset. For voluntary service to Education. * Lorraine Terry Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families. * Ralph Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families. * Joan Maureen Brier, Chair of Corporation, [Rotherham College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Rotherham_College_of_Arts_and_Technology "Rotherham College of Arts and Technology"). For voluntary service to Further Education. * David Rankin Briggs, Director, Corporate Services, [Lisburn City Council](/wiki/Lisburn_City_Council "Lisburn City Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Councillor Loraine Morgan\-Brinkhurst. For services to the community in Bath and North East Somerset. * Kathleen Bromilow, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. For services to the Police. * Michael Brooker. For services to the Hotel Industry. * Alick Brown. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Hampshire. * David John Mcgregor Brown, Chairman, Safety Letterbox Company Ltd, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Business. * Mary Brown. For public service. * Norman Arthur Brown. For services to the community in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire. * Stephen Royston Brown. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Manchester. * Angela Bruno. For voluntary service to the White Lily Fund Cancer Charity in the West of Scotland. * Margaret Paradine Bull. For voluntary service to [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children") in Whitby, North Yorkshire. * Dr. John Francis Burke. For voluntary service to Cancer Patients and their Families in Wales. * Elizabeth June Butler. For services to Electoral Services in Northern Ireland. * Mary Cains, Housekeeper, Prime Minister's Office. * Elizabeth Campbell. For charitable services in Northern Ireland. * Joan Campbell. For services to Skills Development in the Tourist Industry in Scotland. * Rosalind Campbell. For voluntary service to the [War Widows' Association](/wiki/War_Widows_Association_of_Great_Britain "War Widows Association of Great Britain"). * Vanne Campbell. For voluntary service to Iveagh Branch Pony Club in Northern Ireland. * Elizabeth Carlisle. For services to Women in Northern Ireland. * Bryan Charles Carnes, Chief Executive, North Staffordshire Chamber of Commerce and Industry. For services to Business. * Alan Michael Carr. For charitable services. * [Anthony Carr](/wiki/Tony_Carr "Tony Carr"), [Academy Director, West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy "West Ham United F.C. Under-21s and Academy"). For services to Football. * Denise Ann Carroll. For voluntary service to the Milli's Child Contact Centre in Jersey. * Joyce Carroll. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in the North East. * Gloria Atkinson\-Carter, Administrator, [University of Winchester](/wiki/University_of_Winchester "University of Winchester"). For services to Higher Education. * Peter Morton Carter. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire. * Margretta Cartwright. For services to the community in Talybont, Gwynedd. * Raymond Case, lately Reprographics Operator, [Tribunals Service](/wiki/Tribunals_Service "Tribunals Service"), Ministry of Justice. * Councillor David Murray Caunt. For services to Local Government in Dudley, West Midlands. * Roy James Cavanagh, Labour and Training Manager, G. \& J. Seddon Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry. * Donald Scott Charlton. For voluntary service to the Scouts in the North East. * Lisa Charlton. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Tyne and Wear. * Peter Chesher. For voluntary service to [Green Road station](/wiki/Green_Road_railway_station "Green Road railway station"), Cumbria. * Janice Childs. For services to Elderly People in Irthingborough, Northamptonshire. * Eva Mair Jean Chinnery. For services to the community in Brecon, Powys. * Raymonde Chintoh, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Jack Chippendale. For services to the Boat Building Industry. * Susan Jane Clapham. For public service. * Muriel Clarke. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Pamela Arundel Clarke. For services to the community in West Yorkshire. * Ruth Clarke, Community Learning Manager London, National Trust. For services to Heritage and to the Arts. * Terence Alan Clarke, Assistant Headteacher and Arts Co\-ordinator, [Langley School, Solihull](/wiki/Langley_School%2C_Solihull "Langley School, Solihull"). For services to Education. * William Gordon Clarke. For voluntary service to Haemophiliac Patients in Northern Ireland. * Joan Louisa Coates. For services to the community in Alresford, Colchester, Essex. * Pauline Cocker, lately Chair of the Corporation, [Birkenhead Sixth Form College](/wiki/Birkenhead_Sixth_Form_College "Birkenhead Sixth Form College"), Wirral. For voluntary service to Education. * Diane Coggings, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist for Paediatrics, Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * William Patrick Colquhoun, Director, Medical Support in Romania. For services to Healthcare Overseas. * Terence James Connell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Pamela Florence Connock. For services to the community in Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire. * Simon Henry Cooke, Governor, [Newport Free Grammar School](/wiki/Newport_Free_Grammar_School "Newport Free Grammar School"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education. * Roger John Cooper. For services to Forestry. * [David Coulthard](/wiki/David_Coulthard "David Coulthard"). For services to Motor Racing. * Robin Courage. For services to Disability Sport. * Jeremy Robert Cowhig, Managing Director, Institute of Physics Publishing. For services to Science. * Robert Cowley. For services to the community in Dorset. * Jeffrey Robert Cowton, Curator, [Wordsworth Trust](/wiki/Wordsworth_Trust "Wordsworth Trust"). For services to Museums. * Anne Veronica Craig. For services to the Knowledge Transfer Sector. * Mary Elizabeth Crook. For services to Young People in Cornwall. * Thomas Patrick Cunningham, Harbourmaster, [Carlingford Lough](/wiki/Carlingford_Lough "Carlingford Lough") Commission. For services to the Maritime Industry in Northern Ireland. * Carlton Leroy Darrell. For services to the community in Thurrock, Essex. * Prakash Daswani, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, [Cultural Co\-operation](/wiki/Cultural_Co-operation "Cultural Co-operation"). For services to the Arts. * Roy Frederick Davidson, Deputy Chief Commissioner, Scotland. For voluntary service to the Scouts. * Dorothy Ursula Cleaton Davies, District Nurse. For services to Healthcare in Llandrindod Wells, Powys. * Glyndŵr David George Davies, Director of International Affairs, [Economic and Social Research Council](/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council "Economic and Social Research Council"). For services to Social Science. * Paul Davies. For services to Music in Oxfordshire. * Jenifer Margaret Dawes. For services to St. Katherine and Shadwell Trust, East London. * Richard Best De La Rue. For services to Music and to the community in Guernsey. * Sir [John Humphrey de Trafford](/wiki/John_de_Trafford "John de Trafford"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=Bt.}} For public service. * Dr. Cedric Walter Benedict De Voil, General Medical Practitioner. For services to the community in Tayside. * Elizabeth Jane Dearden, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in St. Helens, Merseyside. * Bernard Delaney, Director, [National Express Coventry](/wiki/National_Express_Coventry "National Express Coventry"). For services to Public Transport. * Anthony Hugh Dent, Diversity and Human Rights Officer, [National Policing Improvement Agency](/wiki/National_Policing_Improvement_Agency "National Policing Improvement Agency"). For services to the Police. * [Eileen Derbyshire](/wiki/Eileen_Derbyshire "Eileen Derbyshire"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Maria Desmond, Deputy Chair, Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Kirkham](/wiki/HM_Prison_Kirkham "HM Prison Kirkham"). For services to the community in Lancashire. * Danusia Donata, Lady Trotman\-Dickenson, Chair, Welsh Heritage Schools Initiative. For services to Education. * [Fred Dinenage](/wiki/Fred_Dinenage "Fred Dinenage"), Television Presenter. For services to Broadcasting. * Ursula Dingle. For services to Disabled People in Jersey. * John Divall, Corporate Affairs Director, South Central Ambulance Services. For services to the Ambulance Service in England. * Sandra Mary Docking, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Elizabeth Margaret Douglas. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross](/wiki/British_Red_Cross "British Red Cross") and to the community in Dumfries and Galloway. * Patricia Anne Douglas. For services to Dance in Edinburgh. * Dr. [Frank Carter Duckworth](/wiki/Frank_Carter_Duckworth "Frank Carter Duckworth"). For services to the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society "Royal Statistical Society") and to [Cricket](/wiki/Cricket "Cricket"). * John Edward Duggan, Activities Organiser, Huddersfield [University of the Third Age](/wiki/University_of_the_Third_Age "University of the Third Age"). For voluntary service to Adult Education. * David John Dumbleton. For services to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") and to Charity in Coventry, West Midlands. * Dennis Dunn, Dean and Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, [Manchester Metropolitan University](/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University "Manchester Metropolitan University") Cheshire. For services to Higher Education. * Norman Dunn, lately Chief Executive, [Newtownabbey Borough Council](/wiki/Newtownabbey_Borough_Council "Newtownabbey Borough Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Yvette Marguerite Therese Dutton, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Shirley Ann Dyer, Caretaker, College Park Infant School, Portsmouth. For services to Education. * Peter James Eaglesfield, lately Non\-Executive Director, NHS Wirral. For services to Healthcare. * Alan Edwards, Senior Executive Officer, Homelessness Legislation, Housing Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Maxine Patricia Edwards. For services to Women's Rugby. * Stuart Edwards, Deputy Head of Security, [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency](/wiki/Driver_and_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency "Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency"), Swansea. * William Ioan Edwards, Chairman of Governors, Glyncoed Comprehensive School, Ebbw Vale. For voluntary service to Education in Wales. * [Oku Anwan Ekpenyon](/wiki/Oku_Ekpenyon "Oku Ekpenyon"). For voluntary service to the History of Black British People. * Dr. Salah El\-Sharkawi, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, South West Wales Cancer Centre, Swansea. For services to Medicine. * Alyson Grace Ellis. For charitable services in South East London. * Marie Erwood, Assistant Headteacher, [Stewards School](/wiki/Stewards_School "Stewards School"), Harlow, Essex. For services to Education. * Avril Everett. For services to [Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Cornwall_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service") and to the Firefighters' Charity. * Irene Elizabeth Falloon. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Angela May Farr, Agriculture Accounts Manager, Finance Department, Welsh Assembly Government. * Peter Farr, Chairman, Bristol Community Housing Foundation. For services to Social Housing. * Margaret Farrar, lately Service Manager, Vine, Leeds. For services to Adult Education for Young People with Disabilities. * John Patrick Farrell, Pharmacy Services Manager, Camden and Islington Pharmacy Service. For services to Healthcare. * Alan Farrer, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Haverigg](/wiki/HM_Prison_Haverigg "HM Prison Haverigg"), Cumbria, HM Prison Service. * Susan Maria Farrington (Mrs. Doble). For services to British Heritage in Pakistan. * Charles Richard Ferens, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in Lincolnshire. * Pamela Filer. For voluntary service to Victim Support in Hertfordshire. * Stuart William Fisher. For voluntary service to the West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service Road Casualty Reduction Team. * Vanessa Fison. For services to the community in Richmond, Surrey. * James Henry Fitchie. For services to Ploughing in Northern Ireland. * Margaret Elizabeth Flint, Senior Administrative Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Board. For services to Offenders. * Peter Flukes. For services to the community in Wolseley, Plymouth. * Maurice John Ford. For services to the community in Northamptonshire. * Margaret Ann Forisky, Development Officer, [West Lothian College](/wiki/West_Lothian_College "West Lothian College"). For services to Further Education. * Carol Foster, ICT Teacher, [Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford](/wiki/Lakeside_School%2C_Chandler%27s_Ford "Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford"), Hampshire. For services to Special Needs Education. * [Michelle Vicki Fowler](/wiki/Michelle_Vicki_Fowler "Michelle Vicki Fowler") (Vicki Michelle). For charitable services. * William Andrew Francey, Director, Health and Environmental Services, [Belfast City Council](/wiki/Belfast_City_Council "Belfast City Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * William Terence Francis, Head, School of Business Innovation and Development, [South Eastern Regional College](/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College "South Eastern Regional College"). For services to Further Education in Northern Ireland. * George Edwards Fraser. For voluntary service to the [Burma Star Association](/wiki/Burma_Star_Association "Burma Star Association") in Aberdeen. * Hugh Wilson Fraser. For services to the community in Dumfries. * Janice Patricia Fraser, Carers Planning and Development Officer, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council "Leicestershire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Diana Mary Freeman. For services to Geography Education in Hertfordshire. * Dennis George Frost. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales. * Rita Pauline Fryer. For services to the community in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. * Fay Fullerton, Head, Production Costume, [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House"). For services to Dance and to Opera. * [John Alexander Fullerton](/wiki/Jackie_Fullerton "Jackie Fullerton"). For services to Sports Journalism and to the community in Northern Ireland. * Dr. Mahvash Hussain\-Gambles, Founder and Chief Executive, Saaf International Ltd. For services to the Beauty Industry and to International Trade. * Councillor Derek Davies Games. For services to Local Government and to the community in Merthyr Tydfil. * Halina Gammie. For services to Study Support and Playing for Success. * Richard David Gammon. For services to the community in Bristol. * Irene Dorothy Garrard. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity. * [Michael Garrick](/wiki/Michael_Garrick "Michael Garrick"), Jazz Pianist and Composer. For services to Music. * The Reverend Vernon Frederick George. For services to the community in the London Borough of Barnet and Sri Lanka. * Susan Gibbs, Station Announcer, c2c Rail Ltd, [London Fenchurch Street](/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station "Fenchurch Street railway station"). For services to Public Transport. * Andrew Gibson. For services to Young People in Scotswood, Newcastle upon Tyne. * Pamela Gibson, Executive Officer, Employment Group, Sheffield, Department for Work and Pensions. * Bakhtiar Ahmad Gilani. For services to the community in Greater Manchester. * Robert Charles Gilliat, Chairman, Crime Prevention Panel, Devon and Cornwall. For voluntary service to the Police. * Judith Gillow, Director of Nursing and Infection Prevention and Control, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Linda Joy Christine Ginn. For services to Health and Community Caring in Westleton, Suffolk. * Edana Gledhill. For services to the community in Blackpool, Lancashire. * Councillor Alan Frederick Gloak, Member, [Somerset County Council](/wiki/Somerset_County_Council "Somerset County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Michael Peter Glogg. For voluntary service to Rugby. * Karen Elizabeth Goldstone, Head, East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service. For services to Healthcare. * Nora Theresa Goodman. For services to the community in Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Dr. [Rigby Graham](/wiki/Rigby_Graham "Rigby Graham"), Mural Painter and Illustrator. For services to the Arts. * Angela Helen Grandfield, lately PE Teacher and Pastoral Manager, [Shire Oak School](/wiki/Shire_Oak_School "Shire Oak School"), Walsall. For services to Education. * Victor William Gray. For services to Archivists. * John Curtis Green. For voluntary service to the Helford River Children's Sailing Trust. * Captain John William Green. For services to the community in Cumbria. * Mary Constance Elizabeth Green. For services to Children and Families in Hastings, East Sussex. * Margaret Greenway, lately Commissioning Services Resource Manager, Kent Probation Area. For services to Offenders. * Keith Grimshaw. For services to National Savings and Investments and to the Magistracy. * Christine Gubbins, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Elsie Doreen Gunning. For voluntary service to Deaf People in South Wales. * Councillor Adrian John Gunson, Member, [Norfolk County Council](/wiki/Norfolk_County_Council "Norfolk County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Maria Elisabeth Haddow. For services to the community in Shilbottle, Northumberland. * Samuel Haire. For services to the community in Clabby, Northern Ireland. * Anne Elizabeth Sylvia Hale. For services to the community in Stamford, Lincolnshire. * Alfred Hales, For charitable services in Bolton, Lancashire. * Stephen Halloran, Clinical Biochemist, [Royal Surrey County Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Surrey_County_Hospital "Royal Surrey County Hospital"), Guildford and Director, Bowel Cancer Screen Hub, South of England. For services to Healthcare. * Michael Hamilton. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Lewis Gustav Hammond, Evesham Town Partnership Manager, [Wychavon District Council](/wiki/Wychavon_District_Council "Wychavon District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Barbara Mary Hamzawi, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Personal Assistant, [University for Industry](/wiki/University_for_Industry "University for Industry"). For services to Further Education. * Anne Hanley, lately Senior Probation Officer, [HM Prison Buckley Hall](/wiki/HM_Prison_Buckley_Hall "HM Prison Buckley Hall"), Rochdale. For services to Offenders. * Jo Hansford. For services to the Hairdressing Industry. * [Karen Hanton](/wiki/Karen_Hanton "Karen Hanton"), Founder of [toptable.com](/wiki/Toptable "Toptable"). For services to the Restaurant Industry. * Pauline Mary Frost\-Hardwick. For services to the community in Burnley, Lancashire. * David Ralph Hardy. For services to the Construction Industry. * Susan Harmsworth, Chief Executive, ESPA. For services to the Spa and Beauty Industry. * Elizabeth Jane Harries. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales and to International Peacework. * Jacqueline Harrison, head of public relations, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police. * Loveday Annie Harrison. For services to the community in Altarnum, Cornwall. * June Marian Hart. For services to the British Group of the [Inter\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union "Inter-Parliamentary Union"). * Lynn Georgina Hart, Chief Superintendent, Bournemouth and Poole Divisional Commander, [Dorset Police](/wiki/Dorset_Police "Dorset Police"). For services to the Police. * Irene Grace Hartley. For services to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. * Peter Hartshorne, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police. * Sajid Hashmi. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Stoke\-on\-Trent, Staffordshire. * The Reverend David Haslam. For services to Community Relations and to the Methodist Church. * Daryl Hayler, Integration and Systems Validation Engineer, [MBDA UK Ltd](/wiki/MBDA "MBDA"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Dr. Peter John Hayward, Chairman, Friends of [Dronfield Station](/wiki/Dronfield_railway_station "Dronfield railway station"). For services to the community in Dronfield, Derbyshire. * Richard Lenfestey Heaume. For voluntary service to the Occupation Museum and Society in Guernsey. * Catherine Hegarty, Nursery Nurse, Knotty Ash Primary School, Liverpool. For services to Special Needs Education. * Alexandra Mary Henderson, lately Chair of the Corporation, Hull Group of Colleges. For voluntary service to Further Education. * Councillor Michael John Henderson, Member, [Castlereagh Borough Council](/wiki/Castlereagh_Borough_Council "Castlereagh Borough Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Robert Hetherington, District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Norfolk, Department for Work and Pensions. * John Geraint Hicks. For voluntary service to Disabled People. * Patricia Ellen Hickson. For voluntary service to the community in South Bermondsey, London. * Jane Thornton Higgs. For services to the Heritage of Eden Valley in Kent. * Joan Gladys Hill, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, [Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_and_Enforcement_Commission "Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission"), Department for Work and Pensions. * Michael Roderick Hill. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance in Bath. * Professor [Lubaina Himid](/wiki/Lubaina_Himid "Lubaina Himid"), Artist. For services to Black Women's Art. * Pauline Hitt, lately Head of Department, [Isle of Wight College](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_College "Isle of Wight College"). For services to Further Education. * Sheelagh Teresa O'Flaherty\-Hobbs. For voluntary service in [RAF Odiham](/wiki/RAF_Odiham "RAF Odiham"), Hampshire. * Peter Lionel Leon Hodge. For voluntary service to the [Normandy Veterans' Association](/wiki/Normandy_Veterans%27_Association "Normandy Veterans' Association"). * Michael Hoeg. For services to Music in Cardiff. * Patricia Ann Holdsworth, Assistant Chief Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary "Metropolitan Special Constabulary"). For voluntary service to the Police. * [Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt](/wiki/Geoffrey_Trevor_Marden_Holt "Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt"). For services to Disability Sailing. * Ian Mackinnell Hope. For services to the community in West Cornwall. * Alan John Hopgood, Ticket Office Manager, South West Trains, [Teddington station](/wiki/Teddington_station "Teddington station"). For services to Public Transport. * William Guy Shubra Hordern. For services to Community Relations in Birmingham. * Jonathan Kenneth Horne. For services to Medieval Ceramics. * Judith Ish\-Horowicz, Headteacher, Synagogue Religion School, Wandsworth, London. For services to Early Years Education. * Julian Hoskins, Apprentice Training Co\-ordinator, [Science and Technology Facilities Council](/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council "Science and Technology Facilities Council"). For services to Engineering. * Veronica Daphne Hoskins. For services to the community in Bath. * Margaret Elizabeth Houghton. For voluntary service to Choral Music in Cambridgeshire. * Mary Audrey Hoy. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Eltham, London. * [John Percival Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28ceramicist%29 "John Hughes (ceramicist)"), Founder and Proprietor, [Grogg](/wiki/Grogg "Grogg") Shop, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff. For services to the Ceramics Industry in Wales. * Christine Hulse. For services to the community in Greater Manchester. * David Thomas McMillan Hunter. For services to Scottish Heritage and to Young People. * [Marcia Ann Hutchinson](/wiki/Marcia_Hutchinson "Marcia Hutchinson"), Director, Primary Colours Ltd, Huddersfield. For services to Cultural Diversity. * Stephen Huxley, Search and Rescue Communications Manager, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard "HM Coastguard"), Maritime and Coastguard Agency. * David Hymers, Managing Director, Totalpost Services plc. For services to Business and to International Trade. * Hanan Ally Ibrahim, Founder, Somali Family Support Group. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People. * John Sidney Idiens. For voluntary service to the National Trust in Norfolk. * [Mike Ingham](/wiki/Mike_Ingham "Mike Ingham"), Chief Football Correspondent, [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live "BBC Radio 5 Live"). For services to Sports Broadcasting. * Abida Iqbal. For services to the community in [London Borough of Redbridge](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge "London Borough of Redbridge"). * Dawn Jackson. For services to Young People in Norwich. * Morgan Pringle Gardner Jamieson, lately National Clinical Lead for Children's and Young People's Health in Scotland. For services to Healthcare. * Derek Jenkins, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions. * Pamela Mary Jennings. For services to the community in Aston\-on\-Clun, Shropshire. * Kevin Johns, Broadcaster and Entertainer. For charitable services in Wales. * David Austin Johnston. For public service. * The Reverend Andrew John Jolly, Chaplain. For services to the UK Oil and Gas Industries in Scotland. * Bethan Jones, Project Manager, True Food Marketing. For services to the Food and Drink Industry in Wales. * Christina Rowland\-Jones. For services to Mental Healthcare in Cambridgeshire. * Claire Jones. For charitable services in Hertfordshire. * Daphne Georgina Jones. For services to Young People with Disabilities and their Families in Croydon. * Karen Jones. For services to Women's and Girls' Football in Wales. * Kenneth Jones. For services to the [Ironbridge Gorge](/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge "Ironbridge Gorge") World Heritage Site, Shropshire. * Margaret Ann Jones, Head, YMCA Wales Community College. For services to Further Education. * Martin Jones, lately Manager, Motor Services Unit, Scottish Executive. * Neil Roger Jones. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in North Wales. * Vernon Jones. For voluntary service to Education in Newport, South Wales. * Preihdath Joyram. For voluntary service to Cruse Bereavement in Lancashire. * Dennis Jubb. For services to People with Dementia in Doncaster. * Mary Judd. For services to the community in High Pittington, County Durham. * Jennifer Kartupelis, Director, East of England Faiths Council. For services to Inter\-faith Relations. * Raymond George Kasey. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Sutton, Surrey. * Frederick Rockley Kaye. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion Scotland. * [Donna Victoria Kellogg](/wiki/Donna_Victoria_Kellogg "Donna Victoria Kellogg"). For services to Badminton. * Doreen Kelly. For services to the community in Didsbury, Manchester. * Philip Julian Kelsall, Resident Organist, [Tower Ballroom, Blackpool](/wiki/Tower_Ballroom%2C_Blackpool "Tower Ballroom, Blackpool"). For services to Music. * John Richard Kemish. For services to the community in Worthing, West Sussex. * Jennifer Kent, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Gymnastics in Bexleyheath, Kent. * Elizabeth Kerr, Chair, Powderham Castle Riding for the Disabled Group. For voluntary service to Disabled Children in Exeter. * Michael Peter King, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Valerie King. For services to the community in Derbyshire. * Barbara Ann Kinsella. For services to the community in Cemaes Bay, Anglesey. * Jean Kirkwood. For voluntary service to Visually Impaired People in Swansea. * Suzanne Kitching, Manager, Families First Service, Middlesbrough. For services to Children and Families. * Frank Knapton. For services to the community in Mexborough, South Yorkshire. * Patricia Knowles, Senior Social Worker, HIV Services, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast "Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast"). For services to Healthcare. * [Barbara Knox](/wiki/Barbara_Knox "Barbara Knox"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Mario Franz Kreft, Chief Executive, Care Forum Wales. For services to Social Care. * Councillor Joy Hazvirehwi Laguda. For services to the community in the London Borough of Newham. * Peter Lake. For voluntary service to Surf Life Saving. * Susan Langford. For services to the Magic Me charity. * Councillor Palma Laughton, Chairman, Stanhope Parish Council. For services to the community in Stanhope, Ashford, Kent. * Charles Spencer Leader. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in St. Annes\-on\-Sea, Lancashire. * Joyce Ledgard. For voluntary service to the [Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Girls%27_Brigade "Girls' Brigade") in Wrexham. * Christopher Wilson Lee. For services to Young People in Romford, Essex. * Dr. [Anthony John Lewis](/wiki/Tony_Lewis_%28mathematician%29 "Tony Lewis (mathematician)"). For services to Mathematics and to Cricket. * David Lewis, Chairman of Governors, [Whitefield School](/wiki/Whitefield_School "Whitefield School"), Barnet, London. For services to Education. * David Gethin Lewis. For services to the community in South West Wales. * Essie Nell Lewis. For voluntary service to Older African and Caribbean People in Wolverhampton. * Frances Lewis, Founder and Executive Director, SPLITZ. For services to Single Parents and to Victims of Domestic Abuse. * Patricia Lewis, Youth Leader, Banstead Youth Centre, Surrey. For services to Young People. * Geraldine Ling, Artistic Director, Lawnmowers Theatre Group. For services to People with Special Needs in Tyne and Wear. * Robert Ian Lipscomb, Senior Aviation Security Policy Adviser, Transport Security and Contingencies Directorate, Department for Transport. * David John Lister. For voluntary service to Young People. * John Thomas Lister. For services to Athletics. * William George Little. For services to the community in Dartington, Devon. * John Frank Lloyd. For services to Cycling in Mid and North Wales. * John Howson Lloyd. For voluntary service to [Liverpool Cathedral](/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral "Liverpool Cathedral"). * Lieutenant Colonel Peter John Lockyer, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Sara Locock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Hampshire. * Diane Lofthouse. For services to the Prevention of Disability Hate Crime. * Edyth Lovell. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Robert Loynes, Firearms Medical Adviser, Staffordshire. For voluntary service to the Police. * Elizabeth Anne MacDermott, Grade D, Ministry of Defence. * Hugh James MacKay, Group Technical Director, [Stewart Milne Group](/wiki/Stewart_Milne_Group "Stewart Milne Group"). For services to the Timber Industry. * Iain Archibald MacLeod. For services to Stornoway Port Authority and to the community in Stornoway. * Dionis Maisie MacNair, [Verderer](/wiki/Verderer_%28New_Forest%29 "Verderer (New Forest)"). For services to the New Forest, Hampshire. * Nancy Magrath, Principal, Edenderry Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Councillor Ernest Mallett, Member, [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council "Surrey County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Vithaldas Jeram Mamtora. For voluntary service to Older Asian People in Greater Manchester. * Paul Marsh, lately Principal Officer, [HM Prison Canterbury](/wiki/HM_Prison_Canterbury "HM Prison Canterbury"), HM Prison Service. * Catherine Mary Marshall, Assistant Headteacher, Wyvern School, Ashford, Kent. For services to Special Needs Education. * Pieter Marteau. For services to Oxfam. * Amanda Martin, Director and General Manager, Park Avenue Hotel. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland. * Janet Frances Martin. For services to the Examinations Officer Association. * Julia Carol Mason, Customer Services Manager, Customer Services Group, Southampton, Valuation Office Agency. * Samuel Vernon Mather. For services to the community in Beeley and Edensor, Derbyshire. * Karen Mattison, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises. * David Maurice, Chairman of Governors, Kenmore Park First School and Kenmore Park Middle School, Harrow, London. For voluntary service to Education. * The Reverend Thomas Veitch Mawhinney. For voluntary service to Education in Limavady, Northern Ireland. * Anthony John Maxse. For charitable services in Hampshire. * Clive May, Grade E2, Ministry of Defence. * Mary Elizabeth McAdam. For services to Agriculture in Northern Ireland. * David McAdam. For services to the community in Dumfries and Galloway. * Angus McCall. For services to Tenant Farming in Scotland. * [William Kyle McCallan](/wiki/William_Kyle_McCallan "William Kyle McCallan"). For services to Cricket in Northern Ireland. * Mary Kathleen McCarthy. For voluntary service to Charlie's Angels Youth Fund\-raising Group, Eton\-Wick\-Windsor, Berkshire. * Alison Anne McCaughan. For public service. * Janet McCheyne. For services to the community in Bulphan, Essex. * John McCormick. For services to Young People in Northern Ireland. * Jennifer Ann McDonald. For services to Humanitarian Aid in Bosnia. * Michelle McDowell, Structural Engineering Director, [Building Design Partnership](/wiki/Building_Design_Partnership "Building Design Partnership"). For services to the Construction Industry. * Peter Geoffrey McEwen, Secretary, [National Union of Maritime, Aviation and Shipping Transport](/wiki/NUMAST "NUMAST") Welfare Funds. For services to the Maritime Industry. * David Anthony McGuigan, Manager, Longbenton Youth Project, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Young People. * Jacqueline McKenna, Director of Nursing and Strategic Planning, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Baron McLean, Executive Officer, Staff Support Network, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Dr. Alexina Mary McWhinnie. For services to Adoption, Fostering and Assisted Reproduction. * Audrey Elizabeth Mealins. For voluntary service to Sufferers of Coeliac Disease in East Wales. * Sylvia Medland. For services to the General Dental Council. * Edwin Thomas Menday, Governor, Longford Community School, Hounslow, London. For voluntary service to Education. * Carol Metters. For services to Disadvantaged Women and Children in Bristol. * Neil Duncan Middleton, Chairman of Governors, [City of Bristol College](/wiki/City_of_Bristol_College "City of Bristol College"). For voluntary service to Further Education. * Eric Milburn. For voluntary service to the Methodist Association of Youth Clubs. * Thomas Millen, Mentor and Adviser, Learning Disabilities Team, Northumberland Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Margaret Mills. For voluntary service to Lancashire Police and to Charity. * Margaret Mather Mineham, Curriculum Manager, [Cleveland College of Art and Design](/wiki/Cleveland_College_of_Art_and_Design "Cleveland College of Art and Design"). For services to Further Education. * Stephen Mitchell, Assistant Headteacher, Shelthorpe Community Primary School, Loughborough. For services to Education. * Robert Edward Mizon, National Co\-ordinator, [Campaign for Dark Skies](/wiki/Campaign_for_Dark_Skies "Campaign for Dark Skies"). For voluntary service to Astronomy and to the Environment. * Veena Kumari Mohindra, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Gillian Fennings\-Monkman. For services to Women's Enterprise. * Michael Moran, lately Chairman, Herefordshire and Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce and Chief Executive Officer, J. \& J. Investments Ltd. For services to Commerce. * Thomas Joseph Moran. For voluntary service to Older People in Wales. * Dr. Constance Ada Mary Llewellyn\-Morgan, Chair of Trustees, Ty Bryngwyn Hospice, Llanelli. For services to Palliative Care in Carmarthenshire. * Susan Morgan, Macmillan Clinical Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in Wales. * Pamela Morris, Secretary, Minerva Sports and Social Association, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. * Nora Morrison. For services to Dance and to Charity in Nottingham. * Ronald Michael Moss. For services to the community in East Surrey. * Thirza Mullins, Deputy Justices Clerk, Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court, Her Majesty's Courts Service. * James Bone Murray. For services to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Scotland. * Robert Martin Neville. For services to the [National Air Traffic Services](/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Services "National Air Traffic Services") Trade Union. * Mary Ann Nightingale, Chair, Lunt Tenants' and Residents' Association. For services to the community in Bilston, Wolverhampton. * Moira Niven, Head of Education Development, [West Lothian Council](/wiki/West_Lothian_Council "West Lothian Council"). For services to Education. * Christina Campbell Noble. For services to Community Development in Argyll. * Pamela Margaret Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families. * Robert Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families. * Michael John Wright Norfolk. For services to Healthcare and to Fencing in Chester and Wrexham. * Marie Nunn. For services to the community in Wiltshire. * Dr. Martin Thomas O'Brien, lately Employment and Support Allowance Lead, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * James Francis Patrick O'Neill, Criminal Investigation Officer, Risk and Intelligence Service, London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Richard Ogden. For services to the Construction Industry. * George Ozenbrook, Accommodation Officer, Facilities Management, Department for Children, Schools and Families. * Stephen Timothy John Pack. For voluntary service to Lulworth Coastguard Rescue Station and Lulworth Responder Group, Dorset. * Kathleen Mary Page. For services to Social Care in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. * Richard Pain, Assistant Traffic Manager (Special Events). For services to the City of London Corporation. * Mary Patricia Paisey. For services to the community in Salisbury, Wiltshire. * Sharon Palmer, Chief Executive, Regional Action West Midlands. For services to the Third Sector. * Nicola Louise Pasek, Operations Manager, Trading Standards Service, [Cambridgeshire County Council](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Council "Cambridgeshire County Council"). For services to Consumers. * Mukesh Patel, Administrative Officer, Customer Operations, Leicester, HM Revenue and Customs. * Gary Frederick Payne. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in London. * Brian Peacock, lately Headteacher, Sunnyhurst Primary Pupil Referral Unit, Blackburn with Darwen. For services to Education. * Elsie May Pearson. For services to the community in Martham, Norfolk. * Elizabeth Jayne Peck, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Margaret Elizabeth Penny. For services to Hockey in Northern Ireland and to the [British Parachute Association](/wiki/British_Parachute_Association "British Parachute Association"). * Melvyn Trevor Perkins. For services to Cycle Speedway and to Football. * Benjamin Perl. For services to Jewish Education in the London Borough of Barnet. * Cara Perrett. For services to Community Relations in Scotland. * Alex Pettifer, Director, Estates and Facilities, [Sheffield Hallam University](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University "Sheffield Hallam University"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Sheffield. * Tony Clifford Phillips. For services to Youth Sport in Northern Ireland. * Ann\-Marie Pickup. For services to the community in Salford, Greater Manchester. * Peter Kenneth Pinnell, lately Chairman, [Groundwork Coventry and Warwickshire](/wiki/Groundwork_UK "Groundwork UK"). For services to Regeneration. * The Reverend Canon Suzanne Jane Pinnington. For services to the community in Cottingley, West Yorkshire. * Michael Anthony Polledri, Chairman, Lee Valley Estates. For services to Enterprise and to Regeneration in North London. * Derek Alan Pollock. For charitable services. * Carys Eluned Marslene Portelli, Senior Executive Assistant, People, Places and Corporate Services, Welsh Assembly Government. * Margaret Jacqueline Postgate. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Sedgefield, County Durham. * Craig Powell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Christopher John Pratt, Cutter Commander, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Malcolm Norman Pratt. For services to the community in Winchelsea and to Heritage in East Sussex. * Edith Margaret Price. For charitable services. * Dr. Sandy Primrose, Research Programme Adviser. For services to the Food Standards Agency and to Science. * Margaret Edna Pritchard. For services to Brookside Residents' Council and to the community in Northampton. * Professor Edwin John Pugh, Consultant in Palliative Medicine, [North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/North_Tees_and_Hartlepool_NHS_Foundation_Trust "North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. * Fiona Jennie Rawes, Director, Heart of the City. For services to Corporate Social Responsibility. * Amanda Read, Child Welfare Issues Manager, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Bridget Redmond, lately Caretaker, Mount St. Mary's High School, Leeds. For voluntary service to Education. * Stephen James Reeves. For services to [Independent Monitoring Boards](/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Board "Independent Monitoring Board") and to the Voluntary Sector. * [Anne Reid](/wiki/Anne_Reid "Anne Reid"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Elma Anne Rendall, Customer Service Officer, [Royal Bank of Scotland](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland "Royal Bank of Scotland"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Marlissa Soraya Beryl Richards, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions. * Yvonne Ann Richards. For services to Mental Healthcare in Worcestershire. * Beryl Ann Riches. For services to Selwyn Primary School, [London Borough of Newham](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham "London Borough of Newham"), London. * Sheila Rigg. For services to the community in Conisbrough, Doncaster. * John William Ritter. For services to the community in Newport, South Wales. * Elizabeth Robb, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield "HM Prison Wakefield"), HM Prison Service. * Anthony Charles Roberts. For voluntary service to Lewis\-Manning Hospice, Poole, Dorset. * Carole Anne Roberts. For services to North Wales Police. * Alistair Raeburn Robertson. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Inverness\-shire. * Ann Robertson. For services to the community in North Ayrshire. * Eleanor Robertson. For services to Community Healthcare. * Thomas James Robertson. For voluntary service to Queensferry Lifeboat, West Lothian. * Evelyn Ivy Janet Robins, Principal, Eve Trew School of Dancing and Gateshead Children's Arts and Theatre School. For services to the Arts in the North East. * Hill Robinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Cancer Research UK in Strabane, Northern Ireland. * Professor Iain Clive Andrew Franklyn Robinson, lately Head of Neurosciences Group, Medical Research Council, [National Institute for Medical Research](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Medical_Research "National Institute for Medical Research"). For services to Science. * Janet Mary Roe, Police Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary "Lancashire Constabulary"). For services to the Police. * William Kenneth Rollinson, Director, Care and Repair Leeds. For services to the Housing Sector. * Major Robert David Roper, Salvation Army Chaplain, [HM Prison Grendon](/wiki/HM_Prison_Grendon "HM Prison Grendon"), Buckinghamshire. For services to Offenders. * Brenda Roscoe, Chief Inspector, [Special Constabulary](/wiki/Special_Constabulary "Special Constabulary"), [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police "Greater Manchester Police"). For voluntary service to the Police. * John William Rose, Dental Adviser, NHS Western Cheshire. For services to the NHS. * Sylvia Elizabeth Rose. For voluntary service to the Market Garden Veterans' Association. * Samuel William John Rusk. For services to Industry in Northern Ireland. * Professor Guy Nathan Rutty, Home Office Pathologist, Leicester. For services to the Police. * Sam Sagar, Police Community Support Officer, Bradford. For services to West Yorkshire Police. * Harry Samuel. For voluntary service to Ex\-Miners in Glynneath, Neath Port Talbot. * Mary Sanders. For services to Young People in Cambridgeshire. * Jean Saunderson. For voluntary service to Police Welfare in Northern Ireland. * Dr. Edwin Sawacha. For services to Social Housing and to the community in North West London. * Marzia Sayani, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Kirsty Schneeberger, Co\-ordinator, [UK Youth Climate Coalition](/wiki/UK_Youth_Climate_Coalition "UK Youth Climate Coalition"). For services to Environmental Conservation. * Henrietta Scott. For services to Nursing in Glasgow. * Steven Scott, Chairman, Dwarf Athletic Association UK. For services to Disability Sport. * Anne Scovell, Regional Manager, Liverpool Office, [Identity and Passport Service](/wiki/Identity_and_Passport_Service "Identity and Passport Service"), Home Office. * Marjorie Rose Seal. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Kent. * Ann Sevier, Special Constable, [Hampshire Constabulary](/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary "Hampshire Constabulary"). For voluntary service to the Police. * Christopher Shannon, Head Porter, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Higher Education. * Philip Charles Shannon. For voluntary service to Sennen Cove Lifeboat, Cornwall. * Cyril Raymond Shaw. For services to the Tribunals Service. * Major Geoffrey George Simpson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For voluntary service to the community in Leicester. * Roy Sinar. For services to Young People in the West Midlands. * Catherine Skinner. For services to the community in Fearn, Ross\-shire. * Gillian Slinn. For voluntary service to Girlguiding and to the community in Anglesey. * Helen Vivien Sloan. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Stuart Edward Smalley, lately Head of International Developments, Department of Health. * Councillor Stella Marie Smedley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Member, [Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council "Nottinghamshire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Elizabeth Ann Smith, Police Community Support Officer, Bridlington. For services to Humberside Police. * Julie Smith. For services to the Scouts and to the community in Cardiff. * Julie Smith, Front Line Manager, Customer Operations, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs. * Maureen Elizabeth Smith. For services to the community in Whitstable, Kent. * Terence John Smith. For services to the community in Woking, Surrey. * Valerie Elaine Smith. For services to the community in Wilsden, West Yorkshire. * Major John Douglas Sneesby, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence. * Balvinder Singh Sokhi. For services to the community in Nottingham. * Margaret Ann Southren, Deputy Headteacher, Durham Trinity School. For services to Special Needs Education. * [Gary Andrew Speed](/wiki/Gary_Andrew_Speed "Gary Andrew Speed"). For services to Football. * Raymond Spencer, Executive Director, Customs House, South Shields. For services to the Arts in the North East. * Arthur George Spirling, Director of ICT, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"). For services to Higher Education. * Loris Mercia Squirrell. For services to Inter\-faith Relations in East Anglia. * Yvonne Stanyer, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Telford, HM Revenue and Customs. * Dr. John Chester Stevens, lately Consultant Clinical Scientist, Audiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Michael David Stevens, Chairman of Governors, [Oakwood Park Grammar School](/wiki/Oakwood_Park_Grammar_School "Oakwood Park Grammar School"), Maidstone, Kent. For voluntary service to Education. * Emma Stewart, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises. * Jonathan Stewart, Country Manager Iraq, [KBR](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 "KBR (company)"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Margaret Allison Stewart. For services to the Scottish Red Meat Industry. * Diana Caulfeild\-Stoker, Chief Operating Officer, Community Services, Wandsworth Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Kathleen Anne Stratton. For services to the community in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire. * Ruby Stuckey. For services to the community in Grantham, Lincolnshire. * Edith Audrey Swindells. For services to [Bath Postal Museum](/wiki/Bath_Postal_Museum "Bath Postal Museum"). * Delia Sykes, Mathematics Teacher, [King Edward VI School, Morpeth](/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School%2C_Morpeth "King Edward VI School, Morpeth"), Northumberland. For services to Education. * Jean Sykes, Chief Information Officer, [London School of Economics and Political Science](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science "London School of Economics and Political Science"). For services to Higher Education. * Doreen Sheila Symonds. For voluntary services to Save the Children in Weymouth and Portland. * David Tait. For voluntary services to the NSPCC. * Dr. John Stuart Talbot, Medical Adviser and Associate Medical Director, Salford Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Souad Talsi. For services to the British Moroccan community in London. * Glenda Taylor, lately Governor, [De Aston School](/wiki/De_Aston_School "De Aston School"), Market Rasen, Lincolnshire. For service to Education. * Lesley Taylor. For services to the community in County Durham. * Molly Ann Taylor. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity. * William John Taylor, Chief Executive, [West Lancashire District Council](/wiki/West_Lancashire_District_Council "West Lancashire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Lady Harriot Tennant of Balfluig, lately Chairman, [Chelsea Physic Garden](/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden "Chelsea Physic Garden"). For services to Gardening. * Glenys Thomas. For services to Older People in Carmarthenshire. * Councillor John Thomas. For services to Local Government in South West Cornwall. * Anne Elizabeth Thompson, Staff Nurse, [Musgrave Park Hospital](/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital "Musgrave Park Hospital"). For services to Healthcare in Northern Ireland. * Susan Thompson, Technical Team Expert, Customer Operations, Newcastle upon Tyne, HM Revenue and Customs. * Alan Thomson, Director, Orchardville Society. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Northern Ireland. * Jennifer Elizabeth Thorpe. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. * Dr. John Graham Tillett, Chairman of Governors, [Colchester Royal Grammar School](/wiki/Colchester_Royal_Grammar_School "Colchester Royal Grammar School"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education. * Florence Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire. * Keith Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire. * Janet Ann Townsend, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to Music and to the community in Port Isaac, Cornwall. * Michael Tracey, Managing Director, William Tracey Group. For services to the Waste Industry. * Keith Leslie Tucker, lately Head of Estates Management Group, Medical Research Council. For services to Science. * Michelle Turner, Founder and Proprietor, Little Venice Cake Company. For services to the Catering Industry. * [Nicola Jayne Tustain](/wiki/Nicola_Tustain "Nicola Tustain"). For services to Disability Sport, particularly Equestrian. * Peter Tyrie, Managing Director, [The Eton Collection](/wiki/The_Eton_Collection "The Eton Collection"). For services to the Hotel Industry. * Doreen Marion Underhill. For voluntary service to the Army Attaché Wives' Committee. * Sophia Emma van den Arend. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society "British Red Cross Society") in Suffolk. * Marion Vidler. For services to Civil Registration in the [London Borough of Sutton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton "London Borough of Sutton"). * Doreen Walcott. For services to the community in Bellingham, South East London. * Dr. Ann Wales, Director, Knowledge Management NHS Education for Scotland. For services to the NHS. * Anne Walker, Founder and Partner, International Dance Supplies. For services to Business. * Dr. Eric Walker, Consultant Physician and Epidemiologist. For services to Travel Medicine. * Philip Walters. For services to Educational Publishing. * Anthony Barry Warburton. For services to Owl Conservation. * Anne Cameron Ward. For services to the community in Peterlee, County Durham. * Susan Waring, Policy Adviser, Railway Pensions, Business Performance and Secretariat, Department for Transport. * Hazel Elizabeth Waters, Workforce Information Assistant, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS. * Ethna Patricia Watterson. For voluntary service to the Parkinson's Disease Society in Northern Ireland. * John Weightman. For services to the Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Castington](/wiki/HM_Prison_Castington "HM Prison Castington"), Northumberland. * The Reverend William Derek Weir, Chaplain, [RAF Aldergrove](/wiki/RAF_Aldergrove "RAF Aldergrove"). For services to the Armed Forces. * Irene Weller. For services to the Dorothy House Hospice in Bath, Somerset. * [Christine Ann Wellington](/wiki/Chrissie_Wellington "Chrissie Wellington"). For services to [Ironman Triathlons](/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon "Ironman Triathlon"). * Barbara Ann Westcott. For voluntary service to the Scouts in North East London. * Joan Westerman, Manager, Logik Centre, [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds "University of Leeds"). For services to Higher Education. * Douglas Harold Michael Western. For services to the community in Devizes, Wiltshire. * Richard Allen Westlake, lately Train Driver, [First Great Western](/wiki/First_Great_Western "First Great Western"). For services to Public Transport and to the community in Devon. * Juliet Deirdre Jean Westoll. For services to the community in Cumbria. * Michael Wharton, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Jean Veta White, Founder Member, Leeds Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations. * John Harry White. For voluntary service to the Prison Service Charity Fund. * Paul White. For voluntary service to Hastings Coastguard Rescue Team, East Sussex. * Graham Whitehurst, Plant Manager, Michelin Ballymena. For services to Business. * Brenda Whitmore, Deputy Head, Hillfields Children's Centre, Coventry. For services to Children and Families. * [Amy Williams](/wiki/Amy_Williams "Amy Williams"), British [Skeleton Racer](/wiki/Skeleton_%28sport%29 "Skeleton (sport)"). For services to Sport. * [Bert Frederick Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1920%29 "Bert Williams (footballer, born 1920)"). For services to Football and to Charity. * David Glyn Williams. For services to the community in Calverley, West Yorkshire. * Councillor Hazel Williams. For services to the community in East Cambridgeshire. * Barbara Ann Wilson, International Trade Adviser. For services to Export. * Stuart Wilson, Firefighter, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government. * Paul Winter, Business Design Expert, Modernising Pay As You Earn Processes for Customers, Sunderland, HM Revenue and Customs. * Aileen Teresa Wiswell. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. * James Witham, Porter and Driver, Harrogate Health Care NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS. * Josephine Mary Sykes\-Wood, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Merseyside. * Brenda Jean Woodings. For services to Local Government in Duffield, Derbyshire. * Professor Peter Alfred Woodsford. For services to the Geographic Information Industry. * Cora Woolcock. For services to Healthcare for Black and Minority Ethnic People in East London. * Maxine Worsfold, Acting Sergeant, [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police "City of London Police"). For services to the Police. * Dorothy Joan Wren. For services to the community in North London. * Kay Denise Wright. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People in Northern Ireland. * Margaret Wright, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Shipley, HM Revenue and Customs. * Neill Wright. For voluntary service to the Samaritans in Macclesfield, Cheshire. * Vivienne Linda Yandell. For services to Business and to Charity in Saltash, Cornwall. * Christine, Lady Yapp, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the community in Birmingham. * Alison Yearley, Personal Secretary, Department for Culture, Media and Sport. * Margaret June Young. For services to Older People in Burnley, Lancashire. Honorary appointment to be made Substantive * Dr. Kranti Rajesh Hiremath, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. (To be dated 25 March 2010\). Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * Judith Helen Claire Acheson, Youth Training Consultant. For services to young people in the Democratic Republic of Congo. * Richard James Aspin, Communications and Projects Officer, Governor's Office, Montserrat. * Graham John Bell, Group Scout Leader, 1st Bougival Scout Group. For services to UK Scouting and the British community in France. * Patrick Herbert Bimson. For services to British interests in Uruguay. * Michael Anthony Bindloss Boddington, Founder, COPE (Co\-operative Orthotic and Prosthetic Enterprise). For services to the victims of unexploded ordnance in Laos. * Dorothy Guyver, Lady Bouchier, Author and Translator. For services to UK/Japanese cultural relations. * Dr. Peter Brian Ramsay Carey, Co\-Founder, Cambodia Trust. For services to the rehabilitation of the disabled in South East Asia. * Joseph Louis Caruana, Voluntary social worker. For services to drug rehabilitation in Gibraltar. * Simon Chapman, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Derek Cheung Yu Keung, Manager, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission "Commonwealth War Graves Commission"), Hong Kong. For services to the War Cemeteries in Hong Kong.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.scmp.com/article/717703/manager\-war\-graves\-honoured\-crown \|title\=Manager of war graves honoured by crown \|first\=Vivian \|last\=Li \|date\=21 June 2010 \|newspaper\=\[\[South China Morning Post]] \|access\-date\=7 December 2016}}{{cite news \|title\=Lest we forget: meet the former British soldier who has taken care of Hong Kong’s war cemeteries for two decades \|url\=http://www.scmp.com/video/hong\-kong/2051607/lest\-we\-forget\-meet\-former\-british\-soldier\-who\-has\-taken\-care\-hong\-kongs\-war \|first\=Thomas \|last\=Yau \|newspaper\=South China Morning Post \|access\-date\=7 December 2016}} * Gary Clement. Chairman, South Atlantic Medal Association, Falkland Islands. For services to Military Veterans in the Falkland Islands. * Angela Louise Crompton, Attaché, British Consulate\-General, Jerusalem. * Alison Devine, British Council Deputy Director United Arab Emirates and Director, Dubai. * Sharon Diaz (Miss Sharon Gordon), Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Clare Bat Dimyon](/wiki/Clare_Dimyon "Clare Dimyon"). For services to promoting the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Central and Eastern Europe. * Irene Mary Ellis, Founder President, Javea Cancer Care Centre. For services to Cancer sufferers and their families and friends in Alicante, Spain. * Gerard Leo Flynn, Headteacher, [Maadi British International School](/wiki/Maadi_British_International_School "Maadi British International School"), Egypt. For services to education and charitable activities in Egypt. * Benjamin John Freeth. For services to the farming community in Zimbabwe. * Conrad Jack Glass. For services to the community in Tristan da Cunha. * Andrew John Goodwin, lately First Secretary, Office of the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the EU, Brussels, Belgium. * Robert Henry Hawkins, British Honorary Consul, Penang. For services to the British community in Malaysia. * Kevin Howard, Chairman, British American Business Council, Houston. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Houston, USA. * Michelle Dawn Hughes, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Stuart Iain Hurst, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Dr. Alison Sarah Landon, [Hospice of Hope](/wiki/Hospices_of_Hope "Hospices of Hope") in Brasov, Casa Sperantei. For services to palliative care in Romania. * Ann McCue, Founder Director, Yayasan Harapan Sumba. For services to the Sumbanese community in Indonesia. * Paul McEvoy, General Manager, Lloyds TSB Ecuador. For services to the British community in Ecuador. * Shona McKay McGrahan, Director, Action for Russia's Children. For services to disadvantaged children in Russia. * Lynne Alison McGregor, Visits and Political Officer, British Embassy, Italy. * Alden McNee McLaughlin Jr., {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Member of the Legislative Assembly, Cayman Islands. For services to constitutional reform. * Andrew Mead. For philanthropic activities in Saudi Arabia. * Victor Harry Moon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, lately Security Project Manager, British Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan. * Richard Hugh Morton, Tri\-Service Financial Administrator, British High Commission, Australia. For services to British interests and to Volunteer Firefighting in Australia. * Julia Helen Moss. For services to classical music in Kenya. * Richard William Moss, For services to classical music in Kenya. * Caroline Mulcahy, Second Secretary, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Helmand, Afghanistan. * Donald Eric Peters. For services to the Overseas Territories. * Ulric Scatliffe, Chief Scouting Commissioner, Scout Movement. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands. * Linda Jane Stevens, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * David George Taylor, Executive Principal, International School in Brunei. For services to environmental education in South East Asia. * Paul Taylor, Chairman, Blantyre Branch of the Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi. For services to wildlife and environmental conservation in Malawi. * Susan Lesley Whistler, lately Chair, British Women's Association, Jakarta. For services to the British community in Indonesia. * David Keith Young, Conductor, Dublin Welsh Male Choir. For services to Welsh Music and Culture overseas. * Calvert Alfred Zuill, Program Director, Bermuda Broadcasting Radio Station. For services to the community in Bermuda.
[ "### Order of the British Empire", "#### Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)", "Civil Division\n* Professor [Athene Margaret Donald](/wiki/Athene_Margaret_Donald \"Athene Margaret Donald\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=FRS}}, Deputy Head, [Cavendish Laboratory](/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory \"Cavendish Laboratory\"), and Director, Women in Science, Engineering and Technology Initiative, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"). For services to Physics.\n* [Amelia Chilcott Fawcett](/wiki/Amelia_Fawcett \"Amelia Fawcett\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Chair, Pensions First Group LLP and [Guardian Media Group](/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group \"Guardian Media Group\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* [Jacqueline Fisher](/wiki/Jacqueline_Fisher \"Jacqueline Fisher\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, [Principal](/wiki/Principal_%28academia%29 \"Principal (academia)\"), [Newcastle College](/wiki/Newcastle_College \"Newcastle College\"). For services to local and national Further Education.\n* [Janet Marion Gaymer](/wiki/Janet_Marion_Gaymer \"Janet Marion Gaymer\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE, QC (Hon.)}}, [Commissioner for Public Appointments](/wiki/Commissioner_for_Public_Appointments \"Commissioner for Public Appointments\"). For public service.\n* Professor [Julia Mary Goodfellow](/wiki/Julia_Mary_Goodfellow \"Julia Mary Goodfellow\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, [Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor \"Vice-Chancellor\"), [University of Kent](/wiki/University_of_Kent \"University of Kent\"). For services to Science.\n* Professor [Barbara Monroe](/wiki/Barbara_Monroe \"Barbara Monroe\"), Chief Executive, [St. Christopher's Hospice](/wiki/St._Christopher%27s_Hospice \"St. Christopher's Hospice\"), London. For services to Palliative Care.\n* [Janet Paraskeva](/wiki/Janet_Paraskeva \"Janet Paraskeva\"), [First Civil Service Commissioner](/wiki/First_Civil_Service_Commissioner \"First Civil Service Commissioner\"), and Chair, [Child Maintenance Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_Enforcement_Commission \"Child Maintenance Enforcement Commission\"). For public service.\n* [Paula Figueiroa Rego](/wiki/Paula_Figueiroa_Rego \"Paula Figueiroa Rego\"), Artist. For services to Art.\n* Professor [Alison Fettes Richard](/wiki/Alison_Fettes_Richard \"Alison Fettes Richard\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}, Vice\\-Chancellor, University of Cambridge. For services to Higher Education.\n* [Naila Zaffar](/wiki/Naila_Zaffar \"Naila Zaffar\"), Headteacher, Copthorne Primary School, Bradford. For services to local and national Education.", "#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)", "Civil Division\n* [Maurice Flanagan](/wiki/Maurice_Flanagan \"Maurice Flanagan\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}, Executive Vice Chairman, [Emirates](/wiki/Emirates_%28airline%29 \"Emirates (airline)\") Airline and Group, UAE. For services to the British aviation industry and British exports.\n* Professor [Charles Kuen Kao](/wiki/Charles_Kuen_Kao \"Charles Kuen Kao\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CBE}}. For services to fibre optic communications.", "#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commodore Campbell Stuart Christie, C030984A.\n* Captain Michael Edward Farrage, C032384D.\n* Captain Richard Farrington, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, C027738H.\n* Rear Admiral Ian Moncrieff, C025312M.", "Army\n* Colonel Crispian Edward Ian Beattie, late The Royal Green Jackets, 497567\\.\n* Colonel Charles Beaupré Bell Clee, late The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), 518400\\.\n* Brigadier John Patrick Simon Donnelly, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, late The Cheshire Regiment, 514054\\.\n* Colonel Richard Mark James Rollo\\-Walker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, late The Light Infantry, 495378\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Group Captain Colin Basnett (8183726A).\n* Group Captain Kenneth Bruce McCann (5203279V).\n* Group Captain Michael Christopher Neville (5205937M).", "Civil Division\n* Dr. Mary Armitage, Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist, [Royal Bournemouth \\& Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Royal_Bournemouth_%26_Christchurch_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.\n* [Simon Armitage](/wiki/Simon_Armitage \"Simon Armitage\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* Patricia Baskerville, Head of Safer Custody and Offender Policy, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service \"National Offender Management Service\"), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* William Gordon Baxter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, DL}}. For services to Business and to Charity in North East Scotland.\n* [George William John Benjamin](/wiki/George_William_John_Benjamin \"George William John Benjamin\"), Composer and Conductor. For services to Music.\n* Professor [Timothy John Besley](/wiki/Timothy_John_Besley \"Timothy John Besley\"), Kuwait Professor of Economics and Political Science, [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Peter George Betts, Director of International Climate Change, [Department for Energy and Climate Change](/wiki/Department_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change \"Department for Energy and Climate Change\").\n* Gavin McFarlane Black. For services to the community in the North East.\n* William George Black, Chief Executive, [Glasgow City Council](/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council \"Glasgow City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Jonathan Blackie, Regional Director, Government Office for the North East, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\").\n* John Brown, Director, Cross Cutting Group (Local Compliance) Glasgow, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs \"HM Revenue and Customs\").\n* [Elizabeth Burnley](/wiki/Elizabeth_Burnley \"Elizabeth Burnley\"), Chief Guide, [Girlguiding UK](/wiki/Girlguiding_UK \"Girlguiding UK\"). For services to Young People.\n* Rodney Paul Carr, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chief Executive, [Royal Yachting Association](/wiki/Royal_Yachting_Association \"Royal Yachting Association\"). For services to Sailing.\n* Freda Chaloner, Director, Large Business Service, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Alan Clarke, Deputy Director, Curriculum and Pupil Well Being, Schools Directorate, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families \"Department for Children, Schools and Families\").\n* Peter Derrick Cleminson, lately National Chairman, [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion \"Royal British Legion\"). For voluntary service to Ex\\-Servicemen and Women.\n* Peter Collins, Chief Executive, Salford Foundation Charity. For services to Young People.\n* Bryan Davis, Chief Executive, Social Security Agency Department for Social Development, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive \"Northern Ireland Executive\").\n* [Linda Mary de Cossart](/wiki/Linda_de_Cossart \"Linda de Cossart\"), Consultant Vascular and General Surgeon, [Countess of Chester Hospital](/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_Hospital \"Countess of Chester Hospital\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Dr. [Stephen Deuchar](/wiki/Stephen_Deuchar \"Stephen Deuchar\"), lately Director [Tate Britain](/wiki/Tate_Britain \"Tate Britain\"). For services to Art.\n* Colin Dodge, Executive Vice\\-President of Africa, Middle East, India, Europe Operations, [Nissan Motors](/wiki/Nissan_Motors \"Nissan Motors\") Ltd. For services to the Automotive Industry.\n* Judge [Khurshid Hassan Drabu](/wiki/Khurshid_Drabu \"Khurshid Drabu\"). For services to Community Relations.\n* Dr. Marshall Paul Elliott. For public service.\n* Dr. [David Stuart English](/wiki/David_English_%28cricketer%29 \"David English (cricketer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to Cricket and to Charity.\n* Brian Etheridge, Director, Civil Service Capability Group, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\").\n* Professor Andrew Finlay, lately Professor of Dermatology, Cardiff University. For services to Medicine.\n* Stephen James Finnigan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary \"Lancashire Constabulary\"). For services to the Police.\n* Siobhan Fitzpatrick, Chief Executive, [Early Years](/wiki/Early_Years_%E2%80%93_the_organisation_for_young_children \"Early Years – the organisation for young children\") Organisation. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Peter John Freeman, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC (Hon.)}}, Chairman, [Competition Commission](/wiki/Competition_Commission \"Competition Commission\"). For public service.\n* Anne Galbraith, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chair, Valuation Tribunal Service. For public service.\n* Professor [David Michael Gann](/wiki/David_Michael_Gann \"David Michael Gann\"), Chair in Technology and Innovation Management, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London \"Imperial College London\"). For services to Engineering.\n* Ann Margaret Green, Chair, Board of Trustees, [Royal Armouries](/wiki/Royal_Armouries \"Royal Armouries\"). For services to Museums.\n* Judith Louise Greensmith. For services to the [NHS](/wiki/NHS \"NHS\") in Merseyside.\n* David Gregory, Headteacher, Fosse Way Community Special School, Bath. For services to local and national Special Needs Education.\n* Dr. Russell Hamilton, Director of Research and Development, Department of Health.\n* [Nicholas Lionel Hardwick](/wiki/Nick_Hardwick_%28chairman%29 \"Nick Hardwick (chairman)\"), Chairman, [Independent Police Complaints Commission](/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission \"Independent Police Complaints Commission\"). For public service.\n* [Peter Robert Harrison](/wiki/Peter_Harrison_%28philanthropist%29 \"Peter Harrison (philanthropist)\"). For charitable services through the Peter Harrison Foundation.\n* [Terence Hodgkinson](/wiki/Terry_Hodgkinson \"Terry Hodgkinson\"), Chairman of [Yorkshire Forward](/wiki/Yorkshire_Forward \"Yorkshire Forward\"), Regional Development Agency. For services to Business and to Regeneration.\n* Eileen Rosemary Holmes, President, Industrial Tribunals and the Fair Employment Tribunal in Northern Ireland. For services to Industrial Relations.\n* Professor [Ann Jacqueline Hunter](/wiki/Jackie_Hunter \"Jackie Hunter\"), lately Senior Vice\\-President and Head, Science Environment Development, [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline \"GlaxoSmithKline\"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry.\n* Richard Hugh Hunting, lately Chairman, [Geffrye Museum](/wiki/Geffrye_Museum \"Geffrye Museum\") Trust. For services to the Arts and to Heritage.\n* [Christopher Rajendran Hyman](/wiki/Christopher_Rajendran_Hyman \"Christopher Rajendran Hyman\"), Chief Executive Officer, [Serco](/wiki/Serco \"Serco\"). For services to Business and to Charity.\n* [Karl William Pamp Jenkins](/wiki/Karl_William_Pamp_Jenkins \"Karl William Pamp Jenkins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Composer. For services to Music.\n* [Catherine Zeta Jones](/wiki/Catherine_Zeta_Jones \"Catherine Zeta Jones\"), Actor. For services to the Film Industry and to Charity.\n* [Barbara, Lady Judge](/wiki/Barbara_Judge \"Barbara Judge\"), Chair, [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority \"UK Atomic Energy Authority\"). For services to the Nuclear and Financial Services Industries.\n* Raymond Andrew Kitson, Senior Assistant Director of Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Paul Langmaid, [Chief Dental Officer for Wales](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28England%29 \"Chief Dental Officer (England)\"), Department of Health and Social Services, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Robert Laslett, Director, Private Pensions and Chief Economist, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* Professor [David Seymour Latchman](/wiki/David_Seymour_Latchman \"David Seymour Latchman\"), Master of [Birkbeck College, University of London](/wiki/Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London \"Birkbeck, University of London\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* [Prudence Margaret Leith](/wiki/Prudence_Margaret_Leith \"Prudence Margaret Leith\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chair, [School Food Trust](/wiki/School_Food_Trust \"School Food Trust\"). For services to the Catering Industry.\n* Professor [Noel Lloyd](/wiki/Noel_Lloyd \"Noel Lloyd\"), [Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor \"Vice-Chancellor\"), [Aberystwyth University](/wiki/Aberystwyth_University \"Aberystwyth University\"). For services to Higher Education in Wales.\n* Dr. [Michael Longley](/wiki/Michael_Longley \"Michael Longley\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* Professor Linda Maitland Luxon, Professor of Audiological Medicine, [University College London Hospitals](/wiki/University_College_London_Hospitals \"University College London Hospitals\") NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine.\n* Professor [David Whyte Macdonald](/wiki/David_Whyte_Macdonald \"David Whyte Macdonald\"), [Professor of Wildlife Conservation](/wiki/WildCRU \"WildCRU\"), [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\"). For services to Natural Sciences.\n* Dr. Karl Joseph MacKie, Chief Executive and Mediator, Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution. For services to Mediation.\n* Professor Barry McCormick, Chief Economist and Chief Analyst, Department of Health.\n* [Robin John Christian Millar](/wiki/Robin_John_Christian_Millar \"Robin John Christian Millar\"), Record Producer. For services to the Music Industry.\n* Marlene Craigie Morley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Head of the Defence Equipment and Support Collocation Team, Ministry of Defence.\n* Professor Alan Shaw Murie, Emeritus Professor of Urban and Regional Studies, [University of Birmingham](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham \"University of Birmingham\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* [Peter Edward Murray](/wiki/Peter_Murray_%28Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park%29 \"Peter Murray (Yorkshire Sculpture Park)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Founder and Executive Director, [Yorkshire Sculpture Park](/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park \"Yorkshire Sculpture Park\"). For services to the Arts.\n* John Noble. For public service.\n* George Carew O'Grady, Chief Executive, [Professional Golfers' Association European Tour](/wiki/PGA_European_Tour \"PGA European Tour\"). For services to Sport.\n* [Douglas Edwin Oakervee](/wiki/Douglas_Oakervee \"Douglas Oakervee\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chairman, [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail \"Crossrail\"). For services to Civil Engineering.\n* John Douglas Orr, Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and lately President, [Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh \"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Jenny Owen, Executive Director, Adult, Health and Community Wellbeing, [Essex County Council](/wiki/Essex_County_Council \"Essex County Council\"), and President, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services. For public service.\n* Ruth Owen, Chief Operating Officer and Deputy Chief Executive Officer, [Jobcentre Plus](/wiki/Jobcentre_Plus \"Jobcentre Plus\"), Department for Work and Pensions.\n* [Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten](/wiki/Hilda_Elsie_Marguerite_Patten \"Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Cookery Writer. For services to the Food Industry.\n* Stephen Phipson, President and Group Managing Director, [Smiths Detection Group Ltd](/wiki/Smiths_Group \"Smiths Group\"). For services to the Security Industry.\n* Graham Fenwick Pimlott, lately Chairman, [Export Credits Guarantee Department](/wiki/Export_Credits_Guarantee_Department \"Export Credits Guarantee Department\"). For services to Business.\n* [Hope Patricia Powell](/wiki/Hope_Patricia_Powell \"Hope Patricia Powell\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, [National Coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 \"Coach (sport)\"), [England Women's Football Team](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team \"England women's national football team\"). For services to Sport.\n* Professor [Carol Propper](/wiki/Carol_Propper \"Carol Propper\"), Professor of Economics of Public Policy, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol \"University of Bristol\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Stephen Julian Przybylski, Head of Strategy and Policy, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\").\n* William Roe, Chairman, [Highlands and Islands Enterprise](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise \"Highlands and Islands Enterprise\"). For public service.\n* Susan Carroll, Lady Sainsbury. For services to the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\") and to the Arts.\n* John Robin Schultz, Chief Executive, [Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council](/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council \"Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [John Graham Shepherd](/wiki/John_Graham_Shepherd \"John Graham Shepherd\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=FRS}}, Professorial Research Fellow in Earth System Science, [National Oceanography Centre, Southampton](/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre%2C_Southampton \"National Oceanography Centre, Southampton\"). For services to Science.\n* Professor Martin Shirley, Director, [Institute for Animal Health](/wiki/Institute_for_Animal_Health \"Institute for Animal Health\"). For services to Science.\n* Jo Shuter, Headteacher, Quintin Kynaston Community School, City of Westminster, London. For services to local and national Education.\n* Professor David Thomas Sines, Pro Vice\\-Chancellor, [Buckinghamshire New University](/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University \"Buckinghamshire New University\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Theodosia Sowa. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the UK and Overseas.\n* Professor [Robert Stephen John Sparks](/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks \"Robert Stephen John Sparks\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=FRS}}, [Chaning Wills](/wiki/Wills_baronets \"Wills baronets\") Professor of Geology, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol \"University of Bristol\"). For services to Environmental Science.\n* Mary Cecilia Spinks, Director, [Florence Nightingale Foundation](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Foundation \"Florence Nightingale Foundation\"). For services to Nursing.\n* Alyson Jane Stafford, Director of Finance, [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive \"Scottish Executive\").\n* Dr. [Robert Scott Steedman](/wiki/Morris_and_Steedman \"Morris and Steedman\"), Vice\\-President, [Royal Academy of Engineering](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering \"Royal Academy of Engineering\"). For services to Engineering.\n* [David Graham Stevens](/wiki/David_Stevens_%28businessman%29 \"David Stevens (businessman)\"), Chief Operating Officer, [Admiral Group](/wiki/Admiral_Group \"Admiral Group\"). For services to the Insurance Industry and to Charity.\n* Heather Vivienne Stevens. For charitable services.\n* Paul Stockton, Director, Tribunals Judicial Office, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)\").\n* [Norman Kelvin Stoller](/wiki/Norman_Stoller \"Norman Stoller\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, DL}}. For charitable services.\n* David Radcliffe Stone, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chairman, [Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Sheffield_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Timothy John Stone](/wiki/Timothy_Stone \"Timothy Stone\"), Expert Chairman, Office of Nuclear Development. For services to the Energy Industry.\n* Dr. (Ernest) Neil Suggett, Headteacher, Hayes Park Primary School, Hillingdon, London. For services to Education.\n* Helen Patricia Tait, Headteacher, [Sandgate Primary School](/wiki/Sandgate_Primary_School \"Sandgate Primary School\") and Folkestone Primary Academy. For services to Education in Kent.\n* Stephen William Thomas, Chief Executive, [Welsh Local Government Association](/wiki/Welsh_Local_Government_Association \"Welsh Local Government Association\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Harold Peter Tillman](/wiki/Harold_Peter_Tillman \"Harold Peter Tillman\"), Chairman, [Jaeger](/wiki/Jaeger_%28clothing%29 \"Jaeger (clothing)\") and [British Fashion Council](/wiki/British_Fashion_Council \"British Fashion Council\"). For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Martin Tolhurst, Principal, [Newham College of Further Education](/wiki/Newham_College_of_Further_Education \"Newham College of Further Education\"). For services to Further Education in London.\n* Louise Wendy Tulett, Group Director of Finance and Procurement, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\").\n* [Colin Jack, the Honourable Lord Tyre](/wiki/Colin_Tyre%2C_Lord_Tyre \"Colin Tyre, Lord Tyre\"), lately President, [Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Bars_and_Law_Societies_of_Europe \"Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe\"). For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Professor [Veronica van Heyningen](/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen \"Veronica van Heyningen\"), President, [The Genetics Society](/wiki/The_Genetics_Society \"The Genetics Society\"). For services to Science.\n* Dr. [Jean Venables](/wiki/Jean_Venables \"Jean Venables\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, [President](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers \"List of presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers\"), [Institution of Civil Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers \"Institution of Civil Engineers\"). For services to Civil Engineering.\n* Robert Vincent, Chief Executive, [Kirklees Council](/wiki/Kirklees_Council \"Kirklees Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Sarah Webb](/wiki/Sarah_Webb_%28housing_professional%29 \"Sarah Webb (housing professional)\"), Chief Executive, [Chartered Institute of Housing](/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Housing \"Chartered Institute of Housing\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Gillian Barbara Westerman, Principal and Chief Executive, [Northern College for Residential Adult Education](/wiki/Northern_College_for_Residential_and_Community_Adult_Education \"Northern College for Residential and Community Adult Education\"). For services to Adult Learning.\n* John Furness Widdowson, Principal, [New College Durham](/wiki/New_College_Durham \"New College Durham\"). For services to local and national Further and Higher Education.\n* Dr. Robert James Young, Consultant Physician, Diabetes and Endocrinology, [Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Salford_Royal_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* [Thomas Edur](/wiki/Thomas_Edur \"Thomas Edur\"), lately Senior Principal Dancer, [English National Ballet](/wiki/English_National_Ballet \"English National Ballet\"). For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations.\n* [Henry Thomas Marsh](/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Marsh \"Henry Thomas Marsh\"), Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, [St George's Hospital](/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital \"St George's Hospital\"), Tooting. For services to Medicine in the UK and Ukraine.\n* [Agnes Oaks](/wiki/Agnes_Oaks \"Agnes Oaks\"), Senior Principal Dancer, English National Ballet. For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations.\n* Dr. [Lee James Taylor White](/wiki/Lee_White_%28conservationist%29 \"Lee White (conservationist)\"), Head, Gabon's National Parks Agency. For services to Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in West and Central Africa.", "#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commander Matthew James Avison, C033542H.\n* Commander Darren Cartwright, C032255Y.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) Robert Graham Cundy, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Royal Marines, N028071E.\n* Commander Kevin Gomm, C026462M.\n* Captain (Acting Commodore) Steven Charles Ramm, C021825S.\n* Captain Ian Michael Robinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve, C983662K.\n* Commander Thomas Grenville Sharpe, C035842C.\n* Commander Paul Kenneth Shawcross, C030263U.\n* Commander Steven Luigi Smith, C026720Q.", "Army\n* Lieutenant Colonel Owen James Adams, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 521592\\.\n* Colonel [Darrell Peter Amison](/wiki/Darrell_Amison \"Darrell Amison\"), late The Royal Logistic Corps, 536123\\.\n* Colonel [Alastair Andrew Bernard Ribey Bruce of Crionaich](/wiki/Alastair_Bruce_of_Crionaich \"Alastair Bruce of Crionaich\"), late General List, Territorial Army, 509493\\.\n* Colonel Peter Andrew Christian, Essex Army Cadet Force, 494473\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Robert Lewis Gamble, Royal Tank Regiment, 539340\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Andrew David Griffiths, Royal Army Medical Corps, 542939\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis John Hollman, Corps of Royal Engineers, 543230\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Anna Clare Luedicke, The Royal Logistic Corps, 538202\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Michael John Purnell, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 521687\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Richard Arthur Robinson, The Royal Irish Regiment, 512677\\.\n* Colonel Charles Patrick Carnegie Sloan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, late the Royal Irish Regiment, 502912\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Barry John Spiers, Royal Corps of Signals, 543680\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Robin Greenwell Stephenson, The Parachute Regiment, 526587\\.\n* Colonel Gordon Straughan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, late The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, Territorial Army, 531176\\.\n* Colonel David Peter Turner, late Army Air Corps, 506903\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Gary Paul Wilkinson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 528966\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Wing Commander Steven Jon Chadwick (8304300B).\n* Wing Commander Andrew Kevin Jeffrey (8029314K).\n* Group Captain Mark Harry Michael Kemsley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (5206907M).\n* Wing Commander Richard Andrew Knight (8153035K).\n* Wing Commander James Edward Linter (5205609Q).\n* Wing Commander Ian David Sargeant (5205239Y).\n* Wing Commander Dominic Joseph Toriati, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (8029853B).", "Civil Division\n* Susan Marie Adams, Director, Care \\& Repair England. For services to the Housing Sector for Older People.\n* Dr. [Husna Ahmad](/wiki/Husna_Ahmad \"Husna Ahmad\"), Chief Executive Officer, Faith Regeneration Foundation. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Maqsood Ahmad, lately Head of Police Equality and Diversity Policy, Home Office.\n* Mark Andrews, lately Chief Executive, NG Bailey. For services to Apprenticeships and Training in the Construction Industry.\n* Mary Archer, Chief Officer, Essex Probation Area, Ministry of Justice.\n* Clara Anthonyammah Arokiasamy, Chair, Greater London Authority Heritage and Diversity Task Force. For services to Heritage.\n* Jane Arrowsmith, Principal, Troup House School, Aberdeen. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Professor Amanda Ashton, Director of Quality, NHS Leicester City. For services to Nursing.\n* District Judge Gordon Rayment Ashton. For services to the Administration of Justice and to Disabled People.\n* [William Michael Allingham Ashton](/wiki/Bill_Ashton_%28jazz_musician%29 \"Bill Ashton (jazz musician)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Life President, [National Youth Jazz Orchestra](/wiki/National_Youth_Jazz_Orchestra \"National Youth Jazz Orchestra\"). For services to Music.\n* Dalwardin Babu, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* Linda Badman, Customer Services Director, Jobcentre Plus, Wales, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Vivien Bailey, lately Her Majesty's Inspector, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted \"Ofsted\").\n* Diana Barnes. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Dr. Emma Barrett, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Elizabeth Barron, lately Chair, [Firebuy Ltd.](/wiki/Firebuy \"Firebuy\") For services to the Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Jackie Bennett, Head of Policy, [Council of Mortgage Lenders](/wiki/Council_of_Mortgage_Lenders \"Council of Mortgage Lenders\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Robert Edward John Bernays, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in the South West.\n* [Sharon Berry](/wiki/Sharon_Berry \"Sharon Berry\"), Chief Executive, [Storybook Dads](/wiki/Storybook_Dads \"Storybook Dads\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* Anil Kumar Bhanot. For services to the Hindu community and to Inter\\-Faith Relations.\n* Mark Blundell, Chief Executive, Salmon Youth Centre, Bermondsey, London. For services to Young People.\n* Jennifer Susan Boothman, lately Headteacher, Pennington Church of England Primary School, Cumbria. For services to Education.\n* Susan Bradbury, lately Editor\\-in\\-Chief, [Folio Society](/wiki/Folio_Society \"Folio Society\"). For services to the Publishing Industry.\n* Professor Peter Brandon, lately Director of Strategic Programmes, [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford \"University of Salford\"). For services to the Built Environment.\n* Kathryn Broadhurst, Headteacher, Green Lane Infants School, Leicester. For services to Education.\n* Adam Vere Balfour Broke. For public service.\n* Neil Henry Bromley, lately Principal, [North East Worcestershire College](/wiki/North_East_Worcestershire_College \"North East Worcestershire College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* David Brown. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale \"John Cale\"). For services to Music and to the Arts.\n* Padraig Canavan, Managing Director, Singularity Ltd. For services to Business in Northern Ireland.\n* Thomas Canning, Headteacher, Tollgate Primary School, Newham, London. For services to local and national Education.\n* John Adam Carr. For services to Children Protection on the Internet.\n* James Rawson Carson. For services to Geography Education in Scotland.\n* Barbara Rose Castle. For services to Regeneration in Wales.\n* Janti Champaneri, lately Senior Manager, Adult and Communities Directorate, [Birmingham City Council](/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council \"Birmingham City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Utheshtra Chetty, lately Senior Consultant Surgeon, Edinburgh Breast Unit. For services to Medicine.\n* Aileen Chilton, Senior Manager A, Reducing Re\\-Offending Policy Group, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service \"National Offender Management Service\"), Ministry of Justice.\n* Edward Chorlton, lately Deputy Chief Executive, [Devon County Council](/wiki/Devon_County_Council \"Devon County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Peter Thomas Claiden, lately Principal Inspector of Air Accidents, [Air Accidents Investigation Branch](/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch \"Air Accidents Investigation Branch\"), Department for Transport.\n* John Henry Cleary, Deputy Director, Housing and Growth Programmes Team, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* [Brian Clemens](/wiki/Brian_Clemens \"Brian Clemens\"), Screenwriter. For services to Broadcasting and to Drama.\n* Alexander Jamieson Cluness. For services to the community in the Shetland Isles.\n* Patricia Mary Coleman. For services to Local Government and to the community in the East Midlands.\n* [Alec Coles](/wiki/Alec_Coles \"Alec Coles\"), lately Director, [Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums](/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Archives_and_Museums \"Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums\"). For services to Museums.\n* Laura Coletti, Manager, Violet Melchett Sure Start Children's Centre, Kensington, London. For services to Children and Families.\n* Professor Ian Colligan, lately Chairman, Board of Management, [Dundee College](/wiki/Dundee_College \"Dundee College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Paul Damian Conway, Senior Vice\\-President, Cargill Inc. For services to the Agricultural Industry.\n* [Wendy Cope](/wiki/Wendy_Cope \"Wendy Cope\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* James Romaine Hendry Coussey, Senior Prosecutor, Crown Prosecution Service.\n* Professor [Brian Edward Cox](/wiki/Brian_Edward_Cox \"Brian Edward Cox\"), Professor of Particle Physics and Royal Society University Research Fellow, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\"). For services to Science.\n* Christopher James Cox, Assistant Director Local Compliance, Individuals and Public Bodies, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Catherine Lynne Crawford, Chief Executive, [Metropolitan Police Authority](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority \"Metropolitan Police Authority\"). For services to the Police.\n* Jill Crawford, For services to Midwifery and Nursing.\n* Fiona Cruickshank, Director, SCM Pharma Ltd. For services to Business in the North East.\n* [Barry Cunningham](/wiki/Barry_Cunningham_%28publisher%29 \"Barry Cunningham (publisher)\"), Chief Publisher and Managing Director, [Chicken House Books](/wiki/The_Chicken_House \"The Chicken House\"). For services to the Publishing Industry.\n* Suzanne Cunningham, Consultant Midwife, Southampton University Hospital Trust and Bournemouth University. For services to Midwifery.\n* [Dr. Judith Mary Darmady](/wiki/Judith_Darmady \"Judith Darmady\"). For services to Children's Well\\-Being Overseas.\n* Angela Darnell, Headteacher, [Egglescliffe School](/wiki/Egglescliffe_School \"Egglescliffe School\"), Stockton\\-on\\-Tees. For services to Education.\n* Professor [Timothy Darvill](/wiki/Timothy_Darvill \"Timothy Darvill\"). For services to Archaeology.\n* Elizabeth Davidson. For services to Conservation and Architectural Heritage in Scotland.\n* David Arthur Stephen Davies, lately President, National Farmers' Union, Cymru. For services to the Agricultural Industry in Wales.\n* Beverley Jane Davies, Chief Executive, Manchester Science Parks. For services to Innovation.\n* Susan Elizabeth Davies, Policy and Technical Specialist, Business Tax, London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Colin Dawson, Chief Executive, British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers \\& Attractions Ltd. For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Jeanette Elizabeth Dawson, Principal, [Bishop Burton College](/wiki/Bishop_Burton_College \"Bishop Burton College\"), Beverley. For services to Land\\-based Further and Higher Education.\n* Stephen John Rodgers Dawson. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* John Dew, Principal Construction Project Manager, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Miles Dibsdall, Principal, [New College Stamford](/wiki/New_College_Stamford \"New College Stamford\"), Lincolnshire. For services to Further and Higher Education.\n* Professor Anthony George Doré, Vice\\-President for Global Exploration, [Statoil](/wiki/Statoil \"Statoil\"). For services to Geology.\n* John Dunningham. For voluntary service to Tennis.\n* [William Robert Dunster](/wiki/William_Robert_Dunster \"William Robert Dunster\"). For services to Sustainable Housing Design.\n* [Barry George Albin\\-Dyer](/wiki/Barry_Albin-Dyer \"Barry Albin-Dyer\"), Chairman, Kenyons Repatriation Services Ltd. For services to the Armed Forces.\n* Joanna Elson, Chief Executive, Money Advice Trust. For services to People in Debt.\n* Barry Raymond England, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance.\n* Margaret Macdonald Eva, Headteacher, [Bourne Community College](/wiki/Bourne_Community_College \"Bourne Community College\"), West Sussex. For services to Education.\n* Stephen Nicholas Evans. For services to the Samaritans in the UK.\n* Robin Anthony Eve. For services to the [City of London Corporation](/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation \"City of London Corporation\").\n* Michael Geoffrey Shaun Farrell. For services to the Church of England.\n* Barry Forrester, lately Principal Recruitment Policy Adviser, [Civil Service Commissioners](/wiki/Civil_Service_Commissioners_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Civil Service Commissioners (United Kingdom)\"), Cabinet Office.\n* Steven Hamilton Freed, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Dr. Simon Gage, Director, [Edinburgh International Science Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival \"Edinburgh International Science Festival\"). For services to Science Communication.\n* Ronald Francis Gainsford, Chief Executive, [Trading Standards Institute](/wiki/Trading_Standards_Institute \"Trading Standards Institute\"). For services to Consumers and to Business.\n* Eileen Gallagher, Chief Executive, [Shed Productions](/wiki/Shed_Productions \"Shed Productions\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* Professor Harold Samuel Gamble, Professor of Engineering, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Science.\n* Olivia Giles. For charitable services particularly to Disabled People.\n* Margaret Gilmour, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Ellis Glennie, lately Chief Executive, [NHS Borders](/wiki/NHS_Borders \"NHS Borders\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Trevor Graves, Oculoplastic Specialist Nurse, [Leicester Royal Infirmary](/wiki/Leicester_Royal_Infirmary \"Leicester Royal Infirmary\"), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* [Harriet Green](/wiki/Harriet_Green \"Harriet Green\"), Chief Executive Officer, [Premier Farnell plc](/wiki/Premier_Farnell_plc \"Premier Farnell plc\"). For services to the Electronics Industry.\n* [Bonnie Greer](/wiki/Bonnie_Greer \"Bonnie Greer\"), Playwright, Author and Critic. For services to the Arts.\n* Dr. Ruth Mary Evelyn Griffin, Lead Scientist, Forensic Science Agency of Northern Ireland.\n* Professor [Dorothy Seymour Griffiths](/wiki/Dorothy_Griffiths \"Dorothy Griffiths\"), Professor of HR Management and Deputy Principal, [Imperial College Business School](/wiki/Imperial_College_Business_School \"Imperial College Business School\"), London. For services to Higher Education.\n* Peter Lloyd Griffiths, Group Chief Executive, [Principality Building Society](/wiki/Principality_Building_Society \"Principality Building Society\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Catherine, The Lady Guthrie. For voluntary service to [SSAFA Forces Help](/wiki/SSAFA_Forces_Help \"SSAFA Forces Help\").\n* John Gale Hambly, Deputy Technical Director, [QinetiQ](/wiki/QinetiQ \"QinetiQ\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Garry John Handley, Team Leader, Road Safety Unit, [Gloucestershire County Council](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council \"Gloucestershire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Nicola Jane Hanna, Director, Epilepsy Bereaved. For services to Families.\n* Councillor Malcolm Charles Hanney. For services to the community in the South West.\n* [Jeremy Andrew Harris](/wiki/Drew_Harris \"Drew Harris\"), Assistant Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland \"Police Service of Northern Ireland\"). For services to the Police.\n* Martin Harris, Deputy Director, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office.\n* Gillian Anne Heaton, Executive Director of Patient Services and Chief Nurse, [Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Central_Manchester_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* David George Henderson, Managing Director, Tobermore Concrete Products Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* [James Herbert](/wiki/James_Herbert \"James Herbert\"), Author. For services to Literature.\n* Dr. Robin Walter Hiley, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Robert Seamus Hill, Managing Director, [Chemring Marine](/wiki/Chemring_Group \"Chemring Group\"). For services to the Marine Industry.\n* The Reverend Jean Margaret Hoggard. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire.\n* Vivien Hopkins, Chief Operating Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Nigel Arthur Hoskin. For services to [Dartmoor National Park](/wiki/Dartmoor_National_Park \"Dartmoor National Park\").\n* Professor Dominic Houlihan, Vice\\-Principal, [University of Aberdeen](/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen \"University of Aberdeen\"). For services to Science Communication.\n* Professor [Kenneth Howard](/wiki/Ken_Howard_%28artist%29 \"Ken Howard (artist)\"), Artist. For services to Art.\n* Dr. Elizabeth Howells, Head of Primary Care Psychology and Health Psychology. For services to Mental Healthcare in Wiltshire.\n* John Hudson, Senior Forestry Adviser, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development \"Department for International Development\").\n* Anthony John Hunter, Chief Executive, [North East Lincolnshire Council](/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council \"North East Lincolnshire Council\"). For services to Social Care.\n* Stephen Hunter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, [Tayside Fire and Rescue](/wiki/Tayside_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Tayside Fire and Rescue Service\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Mick Hurley, lately Serious Youth Violence Adviser. For services to Young People.\n* Mashuq Hussain. For services to Young People and to Community Relations in Burnley and Pendle, Lancashire.\n* Ian Crosbie Tennant Hutcheson, Director of Security, [BAA Airports Ltd](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings \"Heathrow Airport Holdings\"). For services to the Aviation Industry.\n* Arthur Graeme Hyslop, Principal, [Langside College](/wiki/Langside_College \"Langside College\"), Glasgow. For services to Further Education.\n* Taha Mohammad Idris, Chief Executive, Swansea Bay Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations.\n* John Jackson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Staffordshire.\n* Tracy Jackson, Manager, Crescent Children's Centre, Stoke\\-on\\-Trent. For services to Children and Families.\n* Lynne James, Manager, Hartcliffe Sure Start Children's Centre, Bristol. For services to Children and Families.\n* Jonathan Andrew Jefferis, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* [Blair Jenkins](/wiki/Blair_Jenkins \"Blair Jenkins\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* George Robert Jenkins, Vice\\-Chairman, [NHS Blood and Transplant](/wiki/NHS_Blood_and_Transplant \"NHS Blood and Transplant\"), and Chairman, [South London Healthcare NHS](/wiki/South_London_Healthcare_NHS_Trust \"South London Healthcare NHS Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Ian Dennis Jenkins](/wiki/Ian_Dennis_Jenkins \"Ian Dennis Jenkins\"), Senior Curator, Greek Collections, [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\"). For services to Museums.\n* Professor Arthur Thomas Peter Jones, Senior Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, Academic Development and Research, [Nottingham Trent University](/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University \"Nottingham Trent University\"). For services to Higher Education and to the Legal Profession.\n* Dilys Cynthia Mary Jones, lately Headteacher, Lypiatt Primary School and Early Years Centre, Wiltshire. For services to Education.\n* Dan Clayton\\-Jones. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales.\n* Jean Mary Jones, Headteacher, Grace Owen Nursery School, Sheffield. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Mair Jones. For services to Further Education in Wales.\n* Sian Rees\\-Jones, Headteacher, Bognor Regis Nursery School and Children's Centre, West Sussex. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Ursula Jones. For services to Music.\n* Dr. [Sukhbir Singh Kapoor](/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Kapoor \"Sukhbir Singh Kapoor\"), Vice\\-Chancellor, World Sikh University. For services to Community Relations.\n* Paul Warren Kendrew, Senior Official, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* [Nick Knight](/wiki/Nick_Knight_%28photographer%29 \"Nick Knight (photographer)\"), Fashion Photographer. For services to Art.\n* Dr. [Kartar Singh Lalvani](/wiki/Kartar_Lalvani \"Kartar Lalvani\"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry and to Charity.\n* Deepak Lalwani, Director, India, Astaire \\& Partners. For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Robin Frank Landman, Chief Executive Officer, Network for Black Professionals. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic Further Education.\n* Jurat Derek Le Page, lately [Jurat](/wiki/Jurat \"Jurat\") of the [Royal Court](/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey \"Courts of Guernsey\"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Guernsey.\n* Roger Adrian Legate, Principal and Head of Visual Impairment Service, [Linden Lodge School](/wiki/Linden_Lodge_School \"Linden Lodge School\"), Wandsworth, London. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Sharon Patricia Lemon. For public service.\n* Eric James Lewis, lately Chief Executive Officer, Doncaster's Group. For services to Industry.\n* Marion Lewis, Chair, Neighbourhood and Homewatch Network, England and Wales. For services to Community Safety.\n* Sian Lockwood, Chief Executive, Community Catalysts (NAAPS UK). For services to Social Care.\n* Karen Logan, Nurse Consultant (Continence Services), [Aneurin Bevan Health Board](/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan_Health_Board \"Aneurin Bevan Health Board\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Joanna Elisabeth Anne Tait\\-Lovatt, lately Principal and Chief Executive, [Bishop Auckland College](/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_College \"Bishop Auckland College\"). For services to local and national Education.\n* Dr. Kailash Chand Malhotra, General Medical Practitioner, Ashton\\-under\\-Lyne. For services to Healthcare.\n* Jehangir Malik. For services to [Islamic Relief](/wiki/Islamic_Relief \"Islamic Relief\").\n* Christine Mann, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse.\n* Stephen Mathews, Chief Executive, Cedar Foundation. For services to Disabled People in Northern Ireland.\n* Janet Erica Matthewman, Head of Culture, Media and Sport, Government Office for the North West.\n* Angela Jane Maxwell, Managing Director, Acuwomen. For services to Business in the West Midlands.\n* [Anthony Peter McCoy](/wiki/Anthony_Peter_McCoy \"Anthony Peter McCoy\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Jockey. For services to Horse Racing.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/northern\\_ireland/8735760\\.stm \\|title\\=Tony McCoy and Kyle McCallan head NI sporting honours \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=11 June 2010}}\n* Patrick Joseph McIntyre, Chief Executive, [Northern Ireland Housing Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Housing_Executive \"Northern Ireland Housing Executive\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Joseph McVey, Chairman, Volunteer Development Agency. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Northern Ireland.\n* Gaynor Mears. For services to Preventing Domestic and Sexual Violence.\n* [Tamara Mellon](/wiki/Tamara_Mellon \"Tamara Mellon\"), Founder and Chief Creative Officer, [Jimmy Choo Ltd](/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd \"Jimmy Choo Ltd\"). For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Judith Ann Million, Deputy Regional Director, Government Office for the North East.\n* Jayne Mary Monkhouse. For services to Equal Opportunities and to Diversity.\n* Leslie Ann Morphy, Chief Executive, [Crisis](/wiki/Crisis_%28charity%29 \"Crisis (charity)\"). For services to Homeless People.\n* Dr. Jennifer Morris. For services to Disabled People.\n* Robert Mullen, Governor, [HM Prison Lindholme](/wiki/HM_Prison_Lindholme \"HM Prison Lindholme\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Barry Mussenden, Deputy Director, Policy and Strategy Directorate, Department of Health.\n* Catherine Myers, Executive Headteacher, [Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate Schools](/wiki/Bishop_Challoner_Catholic_Collegiate_School \"Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate School\"), Tower Hamlets, London. For services to Education.\n* Mohammad Nazir, Chairman, West Midlands Ethnic Minority Business Forum. For services to Business.\n* [John Vivian Drummond Nettles](/wiki/John_Vivian_Drummond_Nettles \"John Vivian Drummond Nettles\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* John Irwin Nevin, lately Assistant Director of Operations (Benefits Assurance), Social Security Agency, Northern Ireland Executive.\n* Rosalind Newlands, Course Director for Tourist Guide Training, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Angela Elizabeth O'Connor, Headteacher, Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Hastings. For services to Education.\n* Alache Ode. For services to Diaspora Communities in the UK and Overseas.\n* Dr Nelson Olawale Ogunshakin, Chief Executive, [Association for Consultancy and Engineering](/wiki/Association_for_Consultancy_and_Engineering \"Association for Consultancy and Engineering\"). For services to the Construction and Engineering Industries.\n* [Sophie Okonedo](/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo \"Sophie Okonedo\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Margaret Oldfield, Chair, [Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Rotherham_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to the community in South Yorkshire.\n* [Kenneth Olisa](/wiki/Ken_Olisa \"Ken Olisa\"), Chairman, [Thames Reach](/wiki/Thames_Reach \"Thames Reach\"). For services to Homeless People in London.\n* Dr. [Keith Palmer](/wiki/Keith_Palmer_%28businessman%29 \"Keith Palmer (businessman)\"). For services to Economic Development Overseas.\n* Dr. [Cornelia Ann Parker](/wiki/Cornelia_Ann_Parker \"Cornelia Ann Parker\"), Sculptor and Installation Artist. For services to Art.\n* Bryn Parry, Co\\-Founder, [Help for Heroes](/wiki/Help_for_Heroes \"Help for Heroes\"). For voluntary service to the Armed Forces.\n* Emma Parry, Co\\-Founder, Help for Heroes. For voluntary service to the Armed Forces.\n* Dr. Rachel Elizabeth Perkins, Director of Quality Assurance and User Experience, [South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust](/wiki/South_West_London_and_St_George%27s_Mental_Health_NHS_Trust \"South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust\"). For services to Mental Health.\n* Zahara Hyde Peters, Chief Executive Officer, [British Triathlon Federation](/wiki/British_Triathlon_Federation \"British Triathlon Federation\"). For services to Athletics.\n* [Julian Pettifer](/wiki/Julian_Pettifer \"Julian Pettifer\"). For services to Journalism and to Wildlife Conservation.\n* Professor [David Andrew Phoenix](/wiki/David_Andrew_Phoenix \"David Andrew Phoenix\"), Deputy Vice\\-Chancellor, [University of Central Lancashire](/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire \"University of Central Lancashire\"). For services to Science and to Higher Education.\n* John Hugh Pitman, Executive Chairman, JHP Group Ltd. For services to Vocational Training.\n* Nicholas Clive Randle, Chief Executive, [Society of Local Council Clerks](/wiki/Society_of_Local_Council_Clerks \"Society of Local Council Clerks\"). For services to Local Government.\n* André Rebello, HM Coroner for Liverpool. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Ann Helen Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society.\n* Bernard Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society.\n* Geoffrey Reed, Senior Statistician, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.\n* Bennett Lyle Edward Reid. For services to Business and to the community in Walsall, West Midlands.\n* Professor Ken Reid, lately Deputy Vice\\-Chancellor, [Swansea Metropolitan University](/wiki/Swansea_Metropolitan_University \"Swansea Metropolitan University\"). For services to Education.\n* Honor Rhodes, Director of Strategic Development, [Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships](/wiki/Tavistock_Relationships \"Tavistock Relationships\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* [Andrew George Ripley](/wiki/Andrew_George_Ripley \"Andrew George Ripley\"). For services to Sport, particularly Rugby. (To be dated 20 May 2010\\.)\n* Jacqueline Roberts, Chief Executive, [Care Commission](/wiki/Care_Commission \"Care Commission\"). For services to Social Care in Scotland.\n* Jacqueline Ann Robinson, President, [England Squash](/wiki/England_Squash \"England Squash\"). For services to Sport.\n* Michael Jeremy Rye, Leader, [Enfield Council](/wiki/Enfield_Council \"Enfield Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Inderjit Kaur Sandhu, Headteacher, Launde Primary School, Leicestershire. For services to Education.\n* Johanna Senior. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Dr. Prem Dutt Sharma. For services to Community Relations.\n* Stephen Frank Shine, Chief Operating Officer, [Thames Water](/wiki/Thames_Water \"Thames Water\"). For services to the Water Industry.\n* Angela Sibson, Chief Executive, National Academy for Parenting Practitioners. For services to Children and Families.\n* Beverley Francis Smart. For services to People with Special Needs.\n* Dr. Deborah Anita Smith, Director, [Building Research Establishment](/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment \"Building Research Establishment\"). For services to Fire Safety.\n* Professor Deborah Frances Smith, Professor of Molecular Parasitology, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York \"University of York\"), and Chair, Medical Research Council Infections and Immunity Board. For services to Science.\n* Nigel Saxby\\-Soffe, lately Finance Director, Action Aid International. For services to International Development.\n* Thelma Olive Sorensen. For services to the Economic Regeneration of Cornwall.\n* Linbert Soloman Spencer. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Ruth Stanier, Deputy Director, Preventing Repossessions and Homelessness, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Christopher Stevens, lately Head of Inclusion Policy, [British Educational and Communications Technology Agency](/wiki/Becta \"Becta\"). For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Brian West Stewart, lately Chief Executive, [East of England Regional Assembly](/wiki/East_of_England_Regional_Assembly \"East of England Regional Assembly\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Dr. [Richard Malcolm Ellis Stone](/wiki/Richard_Stone_%28campaigner%29 \"Richard Stone (campaigner)\"). For public and voluntary service.\n* David George Stout, Executive Director of Finance and Communications, NHS North East Strategic Health Authority. For services to the NHS.\n* Professor Rodney Paul Sturges. For services to Libraries in the UK and Overseas.\n* [Shane Edwin Sutton](/wiki/Shane_Edwin_Sutton \"Shane Edwin Sutton\"), Track Performance Manager, Cycling GB. For services to Sport.\n* Elizabeth Taylor, Public Health Manager, Southampton City Primary Care Trust. For services to Children and Families.\n* Kenneth John Taylor, Leader, [Coventry City Council](/wiki/Coventry_City_Council \"Coventry City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Mary Teasdale, Head, National Information and Advice Service for Families of People with Schizophrenia. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Barbara Lynne Thomas. For charitable services.\n* Pauline Thompson. For services to Older and Disabled People.\n* Tina Tietjen, Chairman, Air Transport Users' Council. For services to the Aviation Industry.\n* Martin John Tiplady, Director, Human Resources, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* Professor Brian Toft, Professor of Patient Safety, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, [Coventry University](/wiki/Coventry_University \"Coventry University\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Keith Tondeur, President, Credit Action. For services to Financial Education.\n* Judith Anne Tunstall, Senior Private Secretary, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* Margaret Turner, Chief Executive, Diana Award. For services to Young People.\n* Baljit Ubhey, Chief Crown Prosecutor, Thames Valley and Group Chair, Thames and Chiltern, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\").\n* [Carol Kathleen Walton](/wiki/Caz_Walton \"Caz Walton\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Elizabeth Rayner Scott Walton, Lately Principal, [William Morris Sixth Form](/wiki/William_Morris_Sixth_Form \"William Morris Sixth Form\"), Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Post\\-16 Education.\n* Pauline Waterhouse, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, [Blackpool and The Fylde College](/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College \"Blackpool and The Fylde College\"), Lancashire. For services to Further Education.\n* Sylvia Beatrice Wear, Chief Executive, RCV Charity. For services to Disabled People.\n* Alison Joan Wenham, Chairman and Chief Executive, [Association of Independent Music](/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Music \"Association of Independent Music\"). For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Fiona Marie Wheeler, Team Leader, Early Years Parenting and Promoting Learning Team, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n* John Whittaker, Deputy Director, Customer Operations PAYE and Self Assessment Strategic North, Nottingham, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* John Mills Whyte, lately Director Central Region, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency \"UK Border Agency\"), Home Office.\n* [Ann Wild](/wiki/Ann_Wild \"Ann Wild\"). For services to Wheelchair Basketball.\n* Desmond Williamson, Principal, Castlederg High School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* John Bryan Wybrew, lately Chairman, [Energy and Utility Skills](/wiki/Energy_and_Utility_Skills \"Energy and Utility Skills\"). For services to Training.\n* Nicola Yates, Chief Executive, [Hull City Council](/wiki/Hull_City_Council \"Hull City Council\"). For services to Local Government.", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Philip King Alcock, Prosecutor, War Crimes Department, Prosecutor's Office, Bosnia and Herzegovina. For services to the protection of human rights and the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n* [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali \"Mockbul Ali\"), Islamic Issues Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Rodney Keith Bain, lately Chairman, British Chamber of Commerce Thailand. For services to UK/Thailand commercial interests.\n* [Nigel Marcus Baker](/wiki/Nigel_Marcus_Baker \"Nigel Marcus Baker\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO}}, [HM Ambassador to Bolivia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Bolivia \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia\").\n* Dr. Maha Taysir Barakat, Co\\-Founder, Imperial College Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi. For services to medical research, training and public health in the United Arab Emirates.\n* Gideon David Beale, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Michael Edward Billett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Director of the North American Office, [Mountbatten Institute](/wiki/Mountbatten_Institute \"Mountbatten Institute\"). For services to Education, particularly Student Exchange and International Study between the UK and USA.\n* Dr. Vernon Edward Hartley Booth, Chairman, Uzbek\\-British Trade and Investment Council and Chairman of the British\\-Uzbek Society. For services to UK\\-Uzbek commercial interests.\n* Professor [Stephen Chan](/wiki/Stephen_Chan_%28academic%29 \"Stephen Chan (academic)\"), Professor of International Relations, [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies \"School of Oriental and African Studies\"). For services to Africa and Higher Education.\n* Richard John Cheney, Chairman, Commonwealth Society and Director, Chile British Chamber of Commerce. For services to the community in Chile and UK/Chile commercial interests.\n* Professor [James Chadwick Dunkerley](/wiki/James_Chadwick_Dunkerley \"James Chadwick Dunkerley\"), Professor of Latin American Politics and Modern History, [Institute for the Study of the Americas](/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Americas \"Institute for the Study of the Americas\") (ISA). For services to Latin American studies and UK/Latin American relations.\n* Alexander Ian Arthur Evans, lately First Secretary Political, British High Commission, Pakistan.\n* Rupert John Addison Gaskin, Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Jeremy Stuart Jacobson, Director, British Council, Algeria.\n* Malcolm Alun Richard Llewellyn, Chair, British Chamber of Commerce Indonesia. For services to UK/Indonesian commercial interests and to the community in Indonesia.\n* Barry Peter Marsh, lately President, British Chamber of Commerce and Founder Member, the Moroccan British Business Council. For services to UK/Moroccan business interests.\n* Stuart McCarthy, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Nicholas McGegan](/wiki/Nicholas_McGegan \"Nicholas McGegan\"), Conductor and Musicologist. For services to Music overseas.\n* Kevin McGurgan, lately Deputy Head, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah.\n* Dr. Jane Elizabeth Miller, Director, Maternal and Child Health Programmes and Initiatives, [Population Services International](/wiki/Population_Services_International \"Population Services International\"). For services to controlling and helping to eliminate Malaria in Tanzania.\n* Conchita Consuelo Ming, For services to the community and the Arts, Bermuda.\n* [Graham William Nash](/wiki/Graham_William_Nash \"Graham William Nash\"), Co\\-Founder of [Crosby, Stills and Nash](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills_and_Nash \"Crosby, Stills and Nash\"). For services to Music and for charitable activities.\n* Terence Donald O'Connor, President, British Chamber of Commerce, Singapore and CEO, Courts (Singapore) Ltd. For services to UK/Singapore commercial interests.\n* Dr. John Ben Oswald Palmer, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* David Sim Paterson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Director, [Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh \"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh\"). For services to Sino\\-British co\\-operation on biodiversity.\n* Dr. Adam Keith Prewett, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Nicholas John Pyle, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Chief Political Adviser, UN Political Office for Somalia.\n* Ian Ralfini, lately General Manager and Vice President, [EMI Manhattan Records](/wiki/EMI_Manhattan_Records \"EMI Manhattan Records\"), USA. For services to the Music Industry and charitable activities in the UK and USA.\n* Colin Reeves, Consultant Technical Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Keith Thomas Richards, Managing Director, Promasidor Nigeria Ltd. For services to UK/Nigerian business interests and charitable activities in Nigeria.\n* Alan Paul Smart, Director, British Council, Burma.\n* Peter Alan Stephenson, Director Trade and Investment, British High Commission, Nigeria.\n* The Honourable [Darwin Kurt Tibbetts](/wiki/Darwin_Kurt_Tibbetts \"Darwin Kurt Tibbetts\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Leader of the Opposition, Cayman Islands. For services to the community.", "#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Lieutenant Jeffrey Richard Bevan, C038321S.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Andrew Neil Collings, D170235C.\n* Major Nicholas Alan Griffiths, Royal Marines, N029148E.\n* Chaplain John Hill, C037507X.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering Submarines) Kevin Alan Keenan, D199951T.\n* Lieutenant Commander Brian Stuart Leyshon, C020520L.\n* Major Christopher Sydney Middleton, Royal Marines, N029221Y.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 (Master at Arms) Susan Morgan, W133839N.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Gavin O'Connell, Royal Marines, P047878J.\n* Corporal (Acting Sergeant) Stephen Kenton Perry, Royal Marines, P046386G.\n* Lieutenant Commander Richard Michael John Sutton, C035070Y.\n* Leading Logistician (Catering Services) Rachael Talton, W143392G.\n* Lieutenant Commander Dain Jason Thorne, C037370T.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 (Communication Information Systems Specialist) Timothy Mark Trevarthen, D180919H.", "Army\n* Staff Sergeant Kenneth Barnett, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 24440483\\.\n* Major Jonathan David Billings, Royal Tank Regiment, 533318\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert David Birkenhead, The Parachute Regiment, 24697934\\.\n* Major Douglas Arthur Black, Corps of Royal Engineers, 549743\\.\n* Major Phillip Nowell Blanchfield, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 560053\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Ranald Alasdair Blue, The Rifles, 498953\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Mark Philip Bragg, The Royal Logistic Corps, 25022417\\.\n* The Reverend Colin Sydney Butler, Chaplain to the Forces 3rd Class, Royal Army Chaplains' Department, 541891\\.\n* Staff Sergeant Paul John Butler, Intelligence Corps, 24844236\\.\n* Staff Sergeant Annabel Jo Byles, Army Physical Training Corps, W0813206\\.\n* Major Shaun Anthony Casey, The Mercian Regiment, 539546\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Allen Clarke, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=GM, QGM}}, Royal Corps of Signals 543446\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Charles Clee, Corps of Royal Engineers, 533547\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel [Charles Seymour Collins](/wiki/Charles_Collins_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Charles Collins (British Army officer)\"), The Rifles, 542143\\.\n* Captain Benjamin Beaupré Creed, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 556344\\.\n* Major Clare Marie Dutton, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, 548420\\.\n* Major Kevin David Fitchett, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 559899\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Colin John Francis, The Royal Logistic Corps, 540034\\.\n* Major Christopher Ham, Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 547684\\.\n* Major Donald Andrew Hodgson, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 548668\\.\n* Corporal Lee Martin Innes, Corps of Royal Engineers, 24792698\\.\n* Major Michael David Jeavons, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 537441\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert King, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 24587695\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Duncan Sinclair Lamb, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 24327836\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen Michael Magloire, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24592523\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Toni Jane Heather Martin, The Royal Logistic Corps, 543314\\.\n* Captain Robert Bruce Mather, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563784\\.\n* Major Michael McCarthy, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, 553235\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Lesa McInnes, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), W0815828\\.\n* Major Bruce McKay, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), 535793\\.\n* Major Geoffrey Edward Minton, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, 536695\\.\n* Major Gordon Muirhead, The Parachute Regiment, 559793\\.\n* Major Nicole Marie Nicholls (née Record), Intelligence Corps, 544249\\.\n* Captain Simon Oats, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563729\\.\n* Major Abigail Ross Pack, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 554379\\.\n* Major Philip Michael Packer, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police), 547982\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Alexander James Piggott, The Royal Dragoon Guards, 536705\\.\n* Major Julian Michael Pott, The Parachute Regiment, 559794\\.\n* Major Mark Pullan, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 546021\\.\n* Major Andrew Robert Redding, The Parachute Regiment, 544976\\.\n* Colour Sergeant Graham Clive Richards, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 24891983\\.\n* Major Simon Andrew Ridgway, Royal Tank Regiment, 550797\\.\n* Captain Keith Richard Roberts, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army, 566166\\.\n* Major Leon James Roberts, Royal Army Medical Corps, 548616\\.\n* Major Barry James Skinner, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army, 552191\\.\n* Captain Colin Alfred William Smith, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, 539750\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Michael Vince, Buckinghamshire Army Cadet Force, 479913\\.\n* Major Raymond Walter Wells, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 536151\\.\n* Captain Huw Gruffydd Williams, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24648991\\.\n* Major Christopher John Willis, The Rifles, Territorial Army, 546976\\.\n* Captain Robert James Wilmont, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 565165\\.\n* Major Mark Christian Peter Wilson, The Rifles, 546065\\.\n* Major Alan Young, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 547234\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Warrant Officer Stephen Roy Bell (J8171383\\).\n* Warrant Officer Adrian Charles Betts (H8177182\\).\n* Sergeant Alan David Bowman (T8225049\\).\n* Squadron Leader Alan John Dawson (2640321G).\n* Flight Sergeant William Draper (F8261022\\).\n* Chief Technician Andrew Michael Fry (H8204864\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Andrew David Glover (8029281D).\n* Squadron Leader Ross Goldsworthy (0209959T), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve_%28Training_Branch%29 \"Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch)\").\n* Warrant Officer Grahame Douglas Grimshaw (Q8290606\\).\n* Sergeant Steven Leslie Heywood (A8285804\\).\n* Squadron Leader David Alan Hood (8246023K).\n* Warrant Officer Leslie George Hotson (D8112001\\).\n* Squadron Leader James Patrick Lennie (8136789T).\n* Warrant Officer Lyndsay Hugh Morgan (K8102295\\).\n* First Officer Richard Lavender, [Royal Fleet Auxiliary](/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary \"Royal Fleet Auxiliary\") (700187D)", "", "Civil Division\n* Andrew Abberley. For public service.\n* Reginald Adams, lately Coach, Grangemouth Amateur Swimming Club. For services to Sport.\n* Saima Afzal. For services to the Police and to Community Relations in Lancashire.\n* Daljit Singh Ahluwalia. For voluntary service to Community and Inter\\-faith Relations in Derbyshire.\n* Zaheer Ahmad, Constable, [British Transport Police](/wiki/British_Transport_Police \"British Transport Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Basheer Ahmed, Honorary Life Vice\\-President, Race Equality Council of Lincolnshire. For services to Community Relations.\n* Shanaz Ahmed. For services to the Asian community in the East End of London.\n* Craig Leon Ainge, Premises Development Manager, NHS Bedfordshire. For services to Healthcare.\n* Cathlyn Ainsworth, Chairman, Abbeyfield Southport Society. For voluntary service to Older People.\n* James Aitken, Director, Centre of Sport and Exercise, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). For services to Student Sport.\n* Lynda Heather Allan, Executive Officer, Inspectorate Team Support, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Malcolm Allen, Psychiatric Nurse and Ward Manager, [Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Tees%2C_Esk_and_Wear_Valleys_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Ronika Amin, Grade D, Ministry of Defence.\n* Leonard Andrews. For voluntary service to Brass Band Music in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Gitty Ankers. For services to the Recycling and Waste Industries in Cornwall.\n* Norah Lillian Appleby. For services to the community in Mickleover, Derby.\n* Mary Julia Archer. For services to the community in Halesowen, West Midlands.\n* [Sally Arkley](/wiki/Sally_Arkley \"Sally Arkley\"), Director, Women's Business Development Agency. For services to Women's Enterprise.\n* Hilda Armstrong, lately Senior Physiotherapy and Orthotic Assistant. For services to the NHS and to the community in Chester\\-le\\-Street, County Durham.\n* Harry Arnold. For services to Inland Waterways.\n* Moira Elizabeth Arthur, lately Managing Director, [Peters Bookselling Services](/wiki/Peters_Bookselling_Services \"Peters Bookselling Services\"). For services to Children's Libraries.\n* Marjorie Mavis Atkinson. For services to Older People in East and West Harptree, Bristol.\n* Miranda Avanzi, Exchequer Funds Manager, Exchequer Funds and Accounts Team, HM Treasury.\n* Charles William Back. For services to the community in Taunton, Somerset.\n* Deborah Baddoo. For services to British Dance.\n* Dr. Michael Bailey. For services to Industrial Archaeology.\n* Robert James Mundell Baillie. For services to the Boys' Brigade in Scotland. (Deceased. To be dated 4 May 2010\\.)\n* Robert John Baird. For services to Youth Justice in Leeds.\n* Peter Gore De\\-Vaux Balbirnie. For services to the community in Essex.\n* Stephen Barkby. For charitable services.\n* Sandra Elizabeth Barnes, Leader, [South Northamptonshire District Council](/wiki/South_Northamptonshire_District_Council \"South Northamptonshire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* June Barnett. For voluntary service to the [Leukaemia Research Fund](/wiki/Leukaemia_Research_Fund \"Leukaemia Research Fund\") and Cancer Leukaemia in Children.\n* Michael Anthony Tudor Trevor\\-Barnston, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Cheshire.\n* Derek William Barr, lately Chief Executive, [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls \"Fairfield Halls\"), Croydon. For services to Music and to the Arts.\n* Ann Marie Barrett. For services to the community in Tullycarnet and Castlereagh, Northern Ireland.\n* Christopher John Barrows, Chairman of Governors, Coombes Church of England Primary School, Wokingham, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education.\n* William Noel Barton, Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to the Police.\n* Dr. Robert Harold Bateman, Technical Consultant, Microssmass UK. For services to Science.\n* Councillor Graham Baxter, Leader, [North East Derbyshire District Council](/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire_District_Council \"North East Derbyshire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Rhoda Ardill Baxter. For services to People with Disabilities in Northern Ireland.\n* Robin Spencer Baynes. For services to the community in Liverpool.\n* Professor Stephen Roger Bazire, Chief Pharmacist, Norfolk and Waveney Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Pharmacy.\n* Lorna Harriett Isobelle Beacom. For voluntary service to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Northern Ireland.\n* Peter Beaty. For services to the community in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham.\n* Anne Beer, Senior Adviser, Staffordshire Trading Standards. For services to Consumers.\n* Sally Bell, Associate Director of Emergency Preparedness, NHS Yorkshire and the Humber. For services to Nursing.\n* Andrew Richard Bennett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Grade C1, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* Martin Bennett, Joint Chairman and Managing Director, Associated Chemists (Wicker) Ltd. For services to Pharmacy in Sheffield.\n* Alan Bernstein. For services to Young People in Kent.\n* Francis Arthur Betteridge. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Sandwell, West Midlands.\n* Ellis Aubrey John Bevan. For services to the community in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, Staffordshire.\n* Anita Suzanne Bew. For services to the communities in Marlborough, Wiltshire and in Gunjar, The Gambia.\n* Gwenda Binks, Trade Union Representative, [Valuation Office Agency](/wiki/Valuation_Office_Agency \"Valuation Office Agency\") London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Gerald Blackburn. For voluntary service to the {{HMS\\|Dorsetshire\\|40\\|6}} Association.\n* Alison Blackshaw, lately Head of Administration, Communications Department, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Agnes Glass Blair. For services to Healthcare and to Respiratory Services in Northern Ireland.\n* Rosemary Elizabeth Blakesley. For services to the community in Ashover, Derbyshire.\n* Virginia Blakey, Head of Tobacco Policy Branch, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Councillor Keith Bland. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Donald Blue. For services to Health and Safety.\n* Judith Boardman, Chair of Governors, [City of Westminster College](/wiki/City_of_Westminster_College \"City of Westminster College\"), London. For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Norman James Bone. Senior Vice\\-President, [SELEX Galileo](/wiki/SELEX_Galileo \"SELEX Galileo\"), [Finmeccanica Group](/wiki/Finmeccanica_Group \"Finmeccanica Group\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Janet Booth, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Bosworth. For services to Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.\n* Marie Boyd, Deputy Principal, Finance and European Division, Department for Employment and Learning, Northern Ireland Executive.\n* David Wilson Braddock, Governor, [Ferndown Upper School](/wiki/Ferndown_Upper_School \"Ferndown Upper School\"), Dorset. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Lorraine Terry Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ralph Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Joan Maureen Brier, Chair of Corporation, [Rotherham College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Rotherham_College_of_Arts_and_Technology \"Rotherham College of Arts and Technology\"). For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* David Rankin Briggs, Director, Corporate Services, [Lisburn City Council](/wiki/Lisburn_City_Council \"Lisburn City Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Councillor Loraine Morgan\\-Brinkhurst. For services to the community in Bath and North East Somerset.\n* Kathleen Bromilow, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. For services to the Police.\n* Michael Brooker. For services to the Hotel Industry.\n* Alick Brown. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Hampshire.\n* David John Mcgregor Brown, Chairman, Safety Letterbox Company Ltd, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Business.\n* Mary Brown. For public service.\n* Norman Arthur Brown. For services to the community in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire.\n* Stephen Royston Brown. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Manchester.\n* Angela Bruno. For voluntary service to the White Lily Fund Cancer Charity in the West of Scotland.\n* Margaret Paradine Bull. For voluntary service to [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\") in Whitby, North Yorkshire.\n* Dr. John Francis Burke. For voluntary service to Cancer Patients and their Families in Wales.\n* Elizabeth June Butler. For services to Electoral Services in Northern Ireland.\n* Mary Cains, Housekeeper, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Elizabeth Campbell. For charitable services in Northern Ireland.\n* Joan Campbell. For services to Skills Development in the Tourist Industry in Scotland.\n* Rosalind Campbell. For voluntary service to the [War Widows' Association](/wiki/War_Widows_Association_of_Great_Britain \"War Widows Association of Great Britain\").\n* Vanne Campbell. For voluntary service to Iveagh Branch Pony Club in Northern Ireland.\n* Elizabeth Carlisle. For services to Women in Northern Ireland.\n* Bryan Charles Carnes, Chief Executive, North Staffordshire Chamber of Commerce and Industry. For services to Business.\n* Alan Michael Carr. For charitable services.\n* [Anthony Carr](/wiki/Tony_Carr \"Tony Carr\"), [Academy Director, West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy \"West Ham United F.C. Under-21s and Academy\"). For services to Football.\n* Denise Ann Carroll. For voluntary service to the Milli's Child Contact Centre in Jersey.\n* Joyce Carroll. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in the North East.\n* Gloria Atkinson\\-Carter, Administrator, [University of Winchester](/wiki/University_of_Winchester \"University of Winchester\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Peter Morton Carter. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire.\n* Margretta Cartwright. For services to the community in Talybont, Gwynedd.\n* Raymond Case, lately Reprographics Operator, [Tribunals Service](/wiki/Tribunals_Service \"Tribunals Service\"), Ministry of Justice.\n* Councillor David Murray Caunt. For services to Local Government in Dudley, West Midlands.\n* Roy James Cavanagh, Labour and Training Manager, G. \\& J. Seddon Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Donald Scott Charlton. For voluntary service to the Scouts in the North East.\n* Lisa Charlton. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Tyne and Wear.\n* Peter Chesher. For voluntary service to [Green Road station](/wiki/Green_Road_railway_station \"Green Road railway station\"), Cumbria.\n* Janice Childs. For services to Elderly People in Irthingborough, Northamptonshire.\n* Eva Mair Jean Chinnery. For services to the community in Brecon, Powys.\n* Raymonde Chintoh, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Jack Chippendale. For services to the Boat Building Industry.\n* Susan Jane Clapham. For public service.\n* Muriel Clarke. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Pamela Arundel Clarke. For services to the community in West Yorkshire.\n* Ruth Clarke, Community Learning Manager London, National Trust. For services to Heritage and to the Arts.\n* Terence Alan Clarke, Assistant Headteacher and Arts Co\\-ordinator, [Langley School, Solihull](/wiki/Langley_School%2C_Solihull \"Langley School, Solihull\"). For services to Education.\n* William Gordon Clarke. For voluntary service to Haemophiliac Patients in Northern Ireland.\n* Joan Louisa Coates. For services to the community in Alresford, Colchester, Essex.\n* Pauline Cocker, lately Chair of the Corporation, [Birkenhead Sixth Form College](/wiki/Birkenhead_Sixth_Form_College \"Birkenhead Sixth Form College\"), Wirral. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Diane Coggings, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist for Paediatrics, Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* William Patrick Colquhoun, Director, Medical Support in Romania. For services to Healthcare Overseas.\n* Terence James Connell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Pamela Florence Connock. For services to the community in Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire.\n* Simon Henry Cooke, Governor, [Newport Free Grammar School](/wiki/Newport_Free_Grammar_School \"Newport Free Grammar School\"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Roger John Cooper. For services to Forestry.\n* [David Coulthard](/wiki/David_Coulthard \"David Coulthard\"). For services to Motor Racing.\n* Robin Courage. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Jeremy Robert Cowhig, Managing Director, Institute of Physics Publishing. For services to Science.\n* Robert Cowley. For services to the community in Dorset.\n* Jeffrey Robert Cowton, Curator, [Wordsworth Trust](/wiki/Wordsworth_Trust \"Wordsworth Trust\"). For services to Museums.\n* Anne Veronica Craig. For services to the Knowledge Transfer Sector.\n* Mary Elizabeth Crook. For services to Young People in Cornwall.\n* Thomas Patrick Cunningham, Harbourmaster, [Carlingford Lough](/wiki/Carlingford_Lough \"Carlingford Lough\") Commission. For services to the Maritime Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Carlton Leroy Darrell. For services to the community in Thurrock, Essex.\n* Prakash Daswani, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, [Cultural Co\\-operation](/wiki/Cultural_Co-operation \"Cultural Co-operation\"). For services to the Arts.\n* Roy Frederick Davidson, Deputy Chief Commissioner, Scotland. For voluntary service to the Scouts.\n* Dorothy Ursula Cleaton Davies, District Nurse. For services to Healthcare in Llandrindod Wells, Powys.\n* Glyndŵr David George Davies, Director of International Affairs, [Economic and Social Research Council](/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council \"Economic and Social Research Council\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Paul Davies. For services to Music in Oxfordshire.\n* Jenifer Margaret Dawes. For services to St. Katherine and Shadwell Trust, East London.\n* Richard Best De La Rue. For services to Music and to the community in Guernsey.\n* Sir [John Humphrey de Trafford](/wiki/John_de_Trafford \"John de Trafford\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=Bt.}} For public service.\n* Dr. Cedric Walter Benedict De Voil, General Medical Practitioner. For services to the community in Tayside.\n* Elizabeth Jane Dearden, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in St. Helens, Merseyside.\n* Bernard Delaney, Director, [National Express Coventry](/wiki/National_Express_Coventry \"National Express Coventry\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* Anthony Hugh Dent, Diversity and Human Rights Officer, [National Policing Improvement Agency](/wiki/National_Policing_Improvement_Agency \"National Policing Improvement Agency\"). For services to the Police.\n* [Eileen Derbyshire](/wiki/Eileen_Derbyshire \"Eileen Derbyshire\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Maria Desmond, Deputy Chair, Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Kirkham](/wiki/HM_Prison_Kirkham \"HM Prison Kirkham\"). For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Danusia Donata, Lady Trotman\\-Dickenson, Chair, Welsh Heritage Schools Initiative. For services to Education.\n* [Fred Dinenage](/wiki/Fred_Dinenage \"Fred Dinenage\"), Television Presenter. For services to Broadcasting.\n* Ursula Dingle. For services to Disabled People in Jersey.\n* John Divall, Corporate Affairs Director, South Central Ambulance Services. For services to the Ambulance Service in England.\n* Sandra Mary Docking, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Elizabeth Margaret Douglas. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross](/wiki/British_Red_Cross \"British Red Cross\") and to the community in Dumfries and Galloway.\n* Patricia Anne Douglas. For services to Dance in Edinburgh.\n* Dr. [Frank Carter Duckworth](/wiki/Frank_Carter_Duckworth \"Frank Carter Duckworth\"). For services to the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society \"Royal Statistical Society\") and to [Cricket](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\").\n* John Edward Duggan, Activities Organiser, Huddersfield [University of the Third Age](/wiki/University_of_the_Third_Age \"University of the Third Age\"). For voluntary service to Adult Education.\n* David John Dumbleton. For services to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\") and to Charity in Coventry, West Midlands.\n* Dennis Dunn, Dean and Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, [Manchester Metropolitan University](/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University \"Manchester Metropolitan University\") Cheshire. For services to Higher Education.\n* Norman Dunn, lately Chief Executive, [Newtownabbey Borough Council](/wiki/Newtownabbey_Borough_Council \"Newtownabbey Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Yvette Marguerite Therese Dutton, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Shirley Ann Dyer, Caretaker, College Park Infant School, Portsmouth. For services to Education.\n* Peter James Eaglesfield, lately Non\\-Executive Director, NHS Wirral. For services to Healthcare.\n* Alan Edwards, Senior Executive Officer, Homelessness Legislation, Housing Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Maxine Patricia Edwards. For services to Women's Rugby.\n* Stuart Edwards, Deputy Head of Security, [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency](/wiki/Driver_and_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency \"Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency\"), Swansea.\n* William Ioan Edwards, Chairman of Governors, Glyncoed Comprehensive School, Ebbw Vale. For voluntary service to Education in Wales.\n* [Oku Anwan Ekpenyon](/wiki/Oku_Ekpenyon \"Oku Ekpenyon\"). For voluntary service to the History of Black British People.\n* Dr. Salah El\\-Sharkawi, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, South West Wales Cancer Centre, Swansea. For services to Medicine.\n* Alyson Grace Ellis. For charitable services in South East London.\n* Marie Erwood, Assistant Headteacher, [Stewards School](/wiki/Stewards_School \"Stewards School\"), Harlow, Essex. For services to Education.\n* Avril Everett. For services to [Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Cornwall_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service\") and to the Firefighters' Charity.\n* Irene Elizabeth Falloon. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Angela May Farr, Agriculture Accounts Manager, Finance Department, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Peter Farr, Chairman, Bristol Community Housing Foundation. For services to Social Housing.\n* Margaret Farrar, lately Service Manager, Vine, Leeds. For services to Adult Education for Young People with Disabilities.\n* John Patrick Farrell, Pharmacy Services Manager, Camden and Islington Pharmacy Service. For services to Healthcare.\n* Alan Farrer, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Haverigg](/wiki/HM_Prison_Haverigg \"HM Prison Haverigg\"), Cumbria, HM Prison Service.\n* Susan Maria Farrington (Mrs. Doble). For services to British Heritage in Pakistan.\n* Charles Richard Ferens, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Pamela Filer. For voluntary service to Victim Support in Hertfordshire.\n* Stuart William Fisher. For voluntary service to the West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service Road Casualty Reduction Team.\n* Vanessa Fison. For services to the community in Richmond, Surrey.\n* James Henry Fitchie. For services to Ploughing in Northern Ireland.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Flint, Senior Administrative Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Board. For services to Offenders.\n* Peter Flukes. For services to the community in Wolseley, Plymouth.\n* Maurice John Ford. For services to the community in Northamptonshire.\n* Margaret Ann Forisky, Development Officer, [West Lothian College](/wiki/West_Lothian_College \"West Lothian College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Carol Foster, ICT Teacher, [Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford](/wiki/Lakeside_School%2C_Chandler%27s_Ford \"Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford\"), Hampshire. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* [Michelle Vicki Fowler](/wiki/Michelle_Vicki_Fowler \"Michelle Vicki Fowler\") (Vicki Michelle). For charitable services.\n* William Andrew Francey, Director, Health and Environmental Services, [Belfast City Council](/wiki/Belfast_City_Council \"Belfast City Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* William Terence Francis, Head, School of Business Innovation and Development, [South Eastern Regional College](/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College \"South Eastern Regional College\"). For services to Further Education in Northern Ireland.\n* George Edwards Fraser. For voluntary service to the [Burma Star Association](/wiki/Burma_Star_Association \"Burma Star Association\") in Aberdeen.\n* Hugh Wilson Fraser. For services to the community in Dumfries.\n* Janice Patricia Fraser, Carers Planning and Development Officer, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council \"Leicestershire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Diana Mary Freeman. For services to Geography Education in Hertfordshire.\n* Dennis George Frost. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales.\n* Rita Pauline Fryer. For services to the community in Aldeburgh, Suffolk.\n* Fay Fullerton, Head, Production Costume, [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\"). For services to Dance and to Opera.\n* [John Alexander Fullerton](/wiki/Jackie_Fullerton \"Jackie Fullerton\"). For services to Sports Journalism and to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Mahvash Hussain\\-Gambles, Founder and Chief Executive, Saaf International Ltd. For services to the Beauty Industry and to International Trade.\n* Councillor Derek Davies Games. For services to Local Government and to the community in Merthyr Tydfil.\n* Halina Gammie. For services to Study Support and Playing for Success.\n* Richard David Gammon. For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Irene Dorothy Garrard. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity.\n* [Michael Garrick](/wiki/Michael_Garrick \"Michael Garrick\"), Jazz Pianist and Composer. For services to Music.\n* The Reverend Vernon Frederick George. For services to the community in the London Borough of Barnet and Sri Lanka.\n* Susan Gibbs, Station Announcer, c2c Rail Ltd, [London Fenchurch Street](/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station \"Fenchurch Street railway station\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* Andrew Gibson. For services to Young People in Scotswood, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Pamela Gibson, Executive Officer, Employment Group, Sheffield, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Bakhtiar Ahmad Gilani. For services to the community in Greater Manchester.\n* Robert Charles Gilliat, Chairman, Crime Prevention Panel, Devon and Cornwall. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Judith Gillow, Director of Nursing and Infection Prevention and Control, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Linda Joy Christine Ginn. For services to Health and Community Caring in Westleton, Suffolk.\n* Edana Gledhill. For services to the community in Blackpool, Lancashire.\n* Councillor Alan Frederick Gloak, Member, [Somerset County Council](/wiki/Somerset_County_Council \"Somerset County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Michael Peter Glogg. For voluntary service to Rugby.\n* Karen Elizabeth Goldstone, Head, East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service. For services to Healthcare.\n* Nora Theresa Goodman. For services to the community in Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Dr. [Rigby Graham](/wiki/Rigby_Graham \"Rigby Graham\"), Mural Painter and Illustrator. For services to the Arts.\n* Angela Helen Grandfield, lately PE Teacher and Pastoral Manager, [Shire Oak School](/wiki/Shire_Oak_School \"Shire Oak School\"), Walsall. For services to Education.\n* Victor William Gray. For services to Archivists.\n* John Curtis Green. For voluntary service to the Helford River Children's Sailing Trust.\n* Captain John William Green. For services to the community in Cumbria.\n* Mary Constance Elizabeth Green. For services to Children and Families in Hastings, East Sussex.\n* Margaret Greenway, lately Commissioning Services Resource Manager, Kent Probation Area. For services to Offenders.\n* Keith Grimshaw. For services to National Savings and Investments and to the Magistracy.\n* Christine Gubbins, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Elsie Doreen Gunning. For voluntary service to Deaf People in South Wales.\n* Councillor Adrian John Gunson, Member, [Norfolk County Council](/wiki/Norfolk_County_Council \"Norfolk County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Maria Elisabeth Haddow. For services to the community in Shilbottle, Northumberland.\n* Samuel Haire. For services to the community in Clabby, Northern Ireland.\n* Anne Elizabeth Sylvia Hale. For services to the community in Stamford, Lincolnshire.\n* Alfred Hales, For charitable services in Bolton, Lancashire.\n* Stephen Halloran, Clinical Biochemist, [Royal Surrey County Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Surrey_County_Hospital \"Royal Surrey County Hospital\"), Guildford and Director, Bowel Cancer Screen Hub, South of England. For services to Healthcare.\n* Michael Hamilton. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Lewis Gustav Hammond, Evesham Town Partnership Manager, [Wychavon District Council](/wiki/Wychavon_District_Council \"Wychavon District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Barbara Mary Hamzawi, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Personal Assistant, [University for Industry](/wiki/University_for_Industry \"University for Industry\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Anne Hanley, lately Senior Probation Officer, [HM Prison Buckley Hall](/wiki/HM_Prison_Buckley_Hall \"HM Prison Buckley Hall\"), Rochdale. For services to Offenders.\n* Jo Hansford. For services to the Hairdressing Industry.\n* [Karen Hanton](/wiki/Karen_Hanton \"Karen Hanton\"), Founder of [toptable.com](/wiki/Toptable \"Toptable\"). For services to the Restaurant Industry.\n* Pauline Mary Frost\\-Hardwick. For services to the community in Burnley, Lancashire.\n* David Ralph Hardy. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Susan Harmsworth, Chief Executive, ESPA. For services to the Spa and Beauty Industry.\n* Elizabeth Jane Harries. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales and to International Peacework.\n* Jacqueline Harrison, head of public relations, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police.\n* Loveday Annie Harrison. For services to the community in Altarnum, Cornwall.\n* June Marian Hart. For services to the British Group of the [Inter\\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union \"Inter-Parliamentary Union\").\n* Lynn Georgina Hart, Chief Superintendent, Bournemouth and Poole Divisional Commander, [Dorset Police](/wiki/Dorset_Police \"Dorset Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Irene Grace Hartley. For services to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.\n* Peter Hartshorne, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police.\n* Sajid Hashmi. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, Staffordshire.\n* The Reverend David Haslam. For services to Community Relations and to the Methodist Church.\n* Daryl Hayler, Integration and Systems Validation Engineer, [MBDA UK Ltd](/wiki/MBDA \"MBDA\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Dr. Peter John Hayward, Chairman, Friends of [Dronfield Station](/wiki/Dronfield_railway_station \"Dronfield railway station\"). For services to the community in Dronfield, Derbyshire.\n* Richard Lenfestey Heaume. For voluntary service to the Occupation Museum and Society in Guernsey.\n* Catherine Hegarty, Nursery Nurse, Knotty Ash Primary School, Liverpool. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Alexandra Mary Henderson, lately Chair of the Corporation, Hull Group of Colleges. For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Councillor Michael John Henderson, Member, [Castlereagh Borough Council](/wiki/Castlereagh_Borough_Council \"Castlereagh Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Robert Hetherington, District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Norfolk, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* John Geraint Hicks. For voluntary service to Disabled People.\n* Patricia Ellen Hickson. For voluntary service to the community in South Bermondsey, London.\n* Jane Thornton Higgs. For services to the Heritage of Eden Valley in Kent.\n* Joan Gladys Hill, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, [Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_and_Enforcement_Commission \"Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission\"), Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Michael Roderick Hill. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance in Bath.\n* Professor [Lubaina Himid](/wiki/Lubaina_Himid \"Lubaina Himid\"), Artist. For services to Black Women's Art.\n* Pauline Hitt, lately Head of Department, [Isle of Wight College](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_College \"Isle of Wight College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Sheelagh Teresa O'Flaherty\\-Hobbs. For voluntary service in [RAF Odiham](/wiki/RAF_Odiham \"RAF Odiham\"), Hampshire.\n* Peter Lionel Leon Hodge. For voluntary service to the [Normandy Veterans' Association](/wiki/Normandy_Veterans%27_Association \"Normandy Veterans' Association\").\n* Michael Hoeg. For services to Music in Cardiff.\n* Patricia Ann Holdsworth, Assistant Chief Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary \"Metropolitan Special Constabulary\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* [Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt](/wiki/Geoffrey_Trevor_Marden_Holt \"Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt\"). For services to Disability Sailing.\n* Ian Mackinnell Hope. For services to the community in West Cornwall.\n* Alan John Hopgood, Ticket Office Manager, South West Trains, [Teddington station](/wiki/Teddington_station \"Teddington station\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* William Guy Shubra Hordern. For services to Community Relations in Birmingham.\n* Jonathan Kenneth Horne. For services to Medieval Ceramics.\n* Judith Ish\\-Horowicz, Headteacher, Synagogue Religion School, Wandsworth, London. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Julian Hoskins, Apprentice Training Co\\-ordinator, [Science and Technology Facilities Council](/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council \"Science and Technology Facilities Council\"). For services to Engineering.\n* Veronica Daphne Hoskins. For services to the community in Bath.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Houghton. For voluntary service to Choral Music in Cambridgeshire.\n* Mary Audrey Hoy. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Eltham, London.\n* [John Percival Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28ceramicist%29 \"John Hughes (ceramicist)\"), Founder and Proprietor, [Grogg](/wiki/Grogg \"Grogg\") Shop, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff. For services to the Ceramics Industry in Wales.\n* Christine Hulse. For services to the community in Greater Manchester.\n* David Thomas McMillan Hunter. For services to Scottish Heritage and to Young People.\n* [Marcia Ann Hutchinson](/wiki/Marcia_Hutchinson \"Marcia Hutchinson\"), Director, Primary Colours Ltd, Huddersfield. For services to Cultural Diversity.\n* Stephen Huxley, Search and Rescue Communications Manager, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard \"HM Coastguard\"), Maritime and Coastguard Agency.\n* David Hymers, Managing Director, Totalpost Services plc. For services to Business and to International Trade.\n* Hanan Ally Ibrahim, Founder, Somali Family Support Group. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People.\n* John Sidney Idiens. For voluntary service to the National Trust in Norfolk.\n* [Mike Ingham](/wiki/Mike_Ingham \"Mike Ingham\"), Chief Football Correspondent, [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live \"BBC Radio 5 Live\"). For services to Sports Broadcasting.\n* Abida Iqbal. For services to the community in [London Borough of Redbridge](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge \"London Borough of Redbridge\").\n* Dawn Jackson. For services to Young People in Norwich.\n* Morgan Pringle Gardner Jamieson, lately National Clinical Lead for Children's and Young People's Health in Scotland. For services to Healthcare.\n* Derek Jenkins, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Pamela Mary Jennings. For services to the community in Aston\\-on\\-Clun, Shropshire.\n* Kevin Johns, Broadcaster and Entertainer. For charitable services in Wales.\n* David Austin Johnston. For public service.\n* The Reverend Andrew John Jolly, Chaplain. For services to the UK Oil and Gas Industries in Scotland.\n* Bethan Jones, Project Manager, True Food Marketing. For services to the Food and Drink Industry in Wales.\n* Christina Rowland\\-Jones. For services to Mental Healthcare in Cambridgeshire.\n* Claire Jones. For charitable services in Hertfordshire.\n* Daphne Georgina Jones. For services to Young People with Disabilities and their Families in Croydon.\n* Karen Jones. For services to Women's and Girls' Football in Wales.\n* Kenneth Jones. For services to the [Ironbridge Gorge](/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge \"Ironbridge Gorge\") World Heritage Site, Shropshire.\n* Margaret Ann Jones, Head, YMCA Wales Community College. For services to Further Education.\n* Martin Jones, lately Manager, Motor Services Unit, Scottish Executive.\n* Neil Roger Jones. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in North Wales.\n* Vernon Jones. For voluntary service to Education in Newport, South Wales.\n* Preihdath Joyram. For voluntary service to Cruse Bereavement in Lancashire.\n* Dennis Jubb. For services to People with Dementia in Doncaster.\n* Mary Judd. For services to the community in High Pittington, County Durham.\n* Jennifer Kartupelis, Director, East of England Faiths Council. For services to Inter\\-faith Relations.\n* Raymond George Kasey. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Sutton, Surrey.\n* Frederick Rockley Kaye. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion Scotland.\n* [Donna Victoria Kellogg](/wiki/Donna_Victoria_Kellogg \"Donna Victoria Kellogg\"). For services to Badminton.\n* Doreen Kelly. For services to the community in Didsbury, Manchester.\n* Philip Julian Kelsall, Resident Organist, [Tower Ballroom, Blackpool](/wiki/Tower_Ballroom%2C_Blackpool \"Tower Ballroom, Blackpool\"). For services to Music.\n* John Richard Kemish. For services to the community in Worthing, West Sussex.\n* Jennifer Kent, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Gymnastics in Bexleyheath, Kent.\n* Elizabeth Kerr, Chair, Powderham Castle Riding for the Disabled Group. For voluntary service to Disabled Children in Exeter.\n* Michael Peter King, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Valerie King. For services to the community in Derbyshire.\n* Barbara Ann Kinsella. For services to the community in Cemaes Bay, Anglesey.\n* Jean Kirkwood. For voluntary service to Visually Impaired People in Swansea.\n* Suzanne Kitching, Manager, Families First Service, Middlesbrough. For services to Children and Families.\n* Frank Knapton. For services to the community in Mexborough, South Yorkshire.\n* Patricia Knowles, Senior Social Worker, HIV Services, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast \"Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Barbara Knox](/wiki/Barbara_Knox \"Barbara Knox\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Mario Franz Kreft, Chief Executive, Care Forum Wales. For services to Social Care.\n* Councillor Joy Hazvirehwi Laguda. For services to the community in the London Borough of Newham.\n* Peter Lake. For voluntary service to Surf Life Saving.\n* Susan Langford. For services to the Magic Me charity.\n* Councillor Palma Laughton, Chairman, Stanhope Parish Council. For services to the community in Stanhope, Ashford, Kent.\n* Charles Spencer Leader. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in St. Annes\\-on\\-Sea, Lancashire.\n* Joyce Ledgard. For voluntary service to the [Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Girls%27_Brigade \"Girls' Brigade\") in Wrexham.\n* Christopher Wilson Lee. For services to Young People in Romford, Essex.\n* Dr. [Anthony John Lewis](/wiki/Tony_Lewis_%28mathematician%29 \"Tony Lewis (mathematician)\"). For services to Mathematics and to Cricket.\n* David Lewis, Chairman of Governors, [Whitefield School](/wiki/Whitefield_School \"Whitefield School\"), Barnet, London. For services to Education.\n* David Gethin Lewis. For services to the community in South West Wales.\n* Essie Nell Lewis. For voluntary service to Older African and Caribbean People in Wolverhampton.\n* Frances Lewis, Founder and Executive Director, SPLITZ. For services to Single Parents and to Victims of Domestic Abuse.\n* Patricia Lewis, Youth Leader, Banstead Youth Centre, Surrey. For services to Young People.\n* Geraldine Ling, Artistic Director, Lawnmowers Theatre Group. For services to People with Special Needs in Tyne and Wear.\n* Robert Ian Lipscomb, Senior Aviation Security Policy Adviser, Transport Security and Contingencies Directorate, Department for Transport.\n* David John Lister. For voluntary service to Young People.\n* John Thomas Lister. For services to Athletics.\n* William George Little. For services to the community in Dartington, Devon.\n* John Frank Lloyd. For services to Cycling in Mid and North Wales.\n* John Howson Lloyd. For voluntary service to [Liverpool Cathedral](/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral \"Liverpool Cathedral\").\n* Lieutenant Colonel Peter John Lockyer, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Sara Locock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Hampshire.\n* Diane Lofthouse. For services to the Prevention of Disability Hate Crime.\n* Edyth Lovell. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Robert Loynes, Firearms Medical Adviser, Staffordshire. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Elizabeth Anne MacDermott, Grade D, Ministry of Defence.\n* Hugh James MacKay, Group Technical Director, [Stewart Milne Group](/wiki/Stewart_Milne_Group \"Stewart Milne Group\"). For services to the Timber Industry.\n* Iain Archibald MacLeod. For services to Stornoway Port Authority and to the community in Stornoway.\n* Dionis Maisie MacNair, [Verderer](/wiki/Verderer_%28New_Forest%29 \"Verderer (New Forest)\"). For services to the New Forest, Hampshire.\n* Nancy Magrath, Principal, Edenderry Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Councillor Ernest Mallett, Member, [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council \"Surrey County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Vithaldas Jeram Mamtora. For voluntary service to Older Asian People in Greater Manchester.\n* Paul Marsh, lately Principal Officer, [HM Prison Canterbury](/wiki/HM_Prison_Canterbury \"HM Prison Canterbury\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Catherine Mary Marshall, Assistant Headteacher, Wyvern School, Ashford, Kent. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Pieter Marteau. For services to Oxfam.\n* Amanda Martin, Director and General Manager, Park Avenue Hotel. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Janet Frances Martin. For services to the Examinations Officer Association.\n* Julia Carol Mason, Customer Services Manager, Customer Services Group, Southampton, Valuation Office Agency.\n* Samuel Vernon Mather. For services to the community in Beeley and Edensor, Derbyshire.\n* Karen Mattison, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises.\n* David Maurice, Chairman of Governors, Kenmore Park First School and Kenmore Park Middle School, Harrow, London. For voluntary service to Education.\n* The Reverend Thomas Veitch Mawhinney. For voluntary service to Education in Limavady, Northern Ireland.\n* Anthony John Maxse. For charitable services in Hampshire.\n* Clive May, Grade E2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Mary Elizabeth McAdam. For services to Agriculture in Northern Ireland.\n* David McAdam. For services to the community in Dumfries and Galloway.\n* Angus McCall. For services to Tenant Farming in Scotland.\n* [William Kyle McCallan](/wiki/William_Kyle_McCallan \"William Kyle McCallan\"). For services to Cricket in Northern Ireland.\n* Mary Kathleen McCarthy. For voluntary service to Charlie's Angels Youth Fund\\-raising Group, Eton\\-Wick\\-Windsor, Berkshire.\n* Alison Anne McCaughan. For public service.\n* Janet McCheyne. For services to the community in Bulphan, Essex.\n* John McCormick. For services to Young People in Northern Ireland.\n* Jennifer Ann McDonald. For services to Humanitarian Aid in Bosnia.\n* Michelle McDowell, Structural Engineering Director, [Building Design Partnership](/wiki/Building_Design_Partnership \"Building Design Partnership\"). For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Peter Geoffrey McEwen, Secretary, [National Union of Maritime, Aviation and Shipping Transport](/wiki/NUMAST \"NUMAST\") Welfare Funds. For services to the Maritime Industry.\n* David Anthony McGuigan, Manager, Longbenton Youth Project, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Young People.\n* Jacqueline McKenna, Director of Nursing and Strategic Planning, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Baron McLean, Executive Officer, Staff Support Network, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Dr. Alexina Mary McWhinnie. For services to Adoption, Fostering and Assisted Reproduction.\n* Audrey Elizabeth Mealins. For voluntary service to Sufferers of Coeliac Disease in East Wales.\n* Sylvia Medland. For services to the General Dental Council.\n* Edwin Thomas Menday, Governor, Longford Community School, Hounslow, London. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Carol Metters. For services to Disadvantaged Women and Children in Bristol.\n* Neil Duncan Middleton, Chairman of Governors, [City of Bristol College](/wiki/City_of_Bristol_College \"City of Bristol College\"). For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Eric Milburn. For voluntary service to the Methodist Association of Youth Clubs.\n* Thomas Millen, Mentor and Adviser, Learning Disabilities Team, Northumberland Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Margaret Mills. For voluntary service to Lancashire Police and to Charity.\n* Margaret Mather Mineham, Curriculum Manager, [Cleveland College of Art and Design](/wiki/Cleveland_College_of_Art_and_Design \"Cleveland College of Art and Design\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Stephen Mitchell, Assistant Headteacher, Shelthorpe Community Primary School, Loughborough. For services to Education.\n* Robert Edward Mizon, National Co\\-ordinator, [Campaign for Dark Skies](/wiki/Campaign_for_Dark_Skies \"Campaign for Dark Skies\"). For voluntary service to Astronomy and to the Environment.\n* Veena Kumari Mohindra, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Gillian Fennings\\-Monkman. For services to Women's Enterprise.\n* Michael Moran, lately Chairman, Herefordshire and Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce and Chief Executive Officer, J. \\& J. Investments Ltd. For services to Commerce.\n* Thomas Joseph Moran. For voluntary service to Older People in Wales.\n* Dr. Constance Ada Mary Llewellyn\\-Morgan, Chair of Trustees, Ty Bryngwyn Hospice, Llanelli. For services to Palliative Care in Carmarthenshire.\n* Susan Morgan, Macmillan Clinical Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in Wales.\n* Pamela Morris, Secretary, Minerva Sports and Social Association, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.\n* Nora Morrison. For services to Dance and to Charity in Nottingham.\n* Ronald Michael Moss. For services to the community in East Surrey.\n* Thirza Mullins, Deputy Justices Clerk, Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court, Her Majesty's Courts Service.\n* James Bone Murray. For services to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Scotland.\n* Robert Martin Neville. For services to the [National Air Traffic Services](/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Services \"National Air Traffic Services\") Trade Union.\n* Mary Ann Nightingale, Chair, Lunt Tenants' and Residents' Association. For services to the community in Bilston, Wolverhampton.\n* Moira Niven, Head of Education Development, [West Lothian Council](/wiki/West_Lothian_Council \"West Lothian Council\"). For services to Education.\n* Christina Campbell Noble. For services to Community Development in Argyll.\n* Pamela Margaret Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families.\n* Robert Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families.\n* Michael John Wright Norfolk. For services to Healthcare and to Fencing in Chester and Wrexham.\n* Marie Nunn. For services to the community in Wiltshire.\n* Dr. Martin Thomas O'Brien, lately Employment and Support Allowance Lead, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* James Francis Patrick O'Neill, Criminal Investigation Officer, Risk and Intelligence Service, London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Richard Ogden. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* George Ozenbrook, Accommodation Officer, Facilities Management, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n* Stephen Timothy John Pack. For voluntary service to Lulworth Coastguard Rescue Station and Lulworth Responder Group, Dorset.\n* Kathleen Mary Page. For services to Social Care in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.\n* Richard Pain, Assistant Traffic Manager (Special Events). For services to the City of London Corporation.\n* Mary Patricia Paisey. For services to the community in Salisbury, Wiltshire.\n* Sharon Palmer, Chief Executive, Regional Action West Midlands. For services to the Third Sector.\n* Nicola Louise Pasek, Operations Manager, Trading Standards Service, [Cambridgeshire County Council](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Council \"Cambridgeshire County Council\"). For services to Consumers.\n* Mukesh Patel, Administrative Officer, Customer Operations, Leicester, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Gary Frederick Payne. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in London.\n* Brian Peacock, lately Headteacher, Sunnyhurst Primary Pupil Referral Unit, Blackburn with Darwen. For services to Education.\n* Elsie May Pearson. For services to the community in Martham, Norfolk.\n* Elizabeth Jayne Peck, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Penny. For services to Hockey in Northern Ireland and to the [British Parachute Association](/wiki/British_Parachute_Association \"British Parachute Association\").\n* Melvyn Trevor Perkins. For services to Cycle Speedway and to Football.\n* Benjamin Perl. For services to Jewish Education in the London Borough of Barnet.\n* Cara Perrett. For services to Community Relations in Scotland.\n* Alex Pettifer, Director, Estates and Facilities, [Sheffield Hallam University](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University \"Sheffield Hallam University\"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Sheffield.\n* Tony Clifford Phillips. For services to Youth Sport in Northern Ireland.\n* Ann\\-Marie Pickup. For services to the community in Salford, Greater Manchester.\n* Peter Kenneth Pinnell, lately Chairman, [Groundwork Coventry and Warwickshire](/wiki/Groundwork_UK \"Groundwork UK\"). For services to Regeneration.\n* The Reverend Canon Suzanne Jane Pinnington. For services to the community in Cottingley, West Yorkshire.\n* Michael Anthony Polledri, Chairman, Lee Valley Estates. For services to Enterprise and to Regeneration in North London.\n* Derek Alan Pollock. For charitable services.\n* Carys Eluned Marslene Portelli, Senior Executive Assistant, People, Places and Corporate Services, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Margaret Jacqueline Postgate. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Sedgefield, County Durham.\n* Craig Powell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Christopher John Pratt, Cutter Commander, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Malcolm Norman Pratt. For services to the community in Winchelsea and to Heritage in East Sussex.\n* Edith Margaret Price. For charitable services.\n* Dr. Sandy Primrose, Research Programme Adviser. For services to the Food Standards Agency and to Science.\n* Margaret Edna Pritchard. For services to Brookside Residents' Council and to the community in Northampton.\n* Professor Edwin John Pugh, Consultant in Palliative Medicine, [North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/North_Tees_and_Hartlepool_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Fiona Jennie Rawes, Director, Heart of the City. For services to Corporate Social Responsibility.\n* Amanda Read, Child Welfare Issues Manager, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Bridget Redmond, lately Caretaker, Mount St. Mary's High School, Leeds. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Stephen James Reeves. For services to [Independent Monitoring Boards](/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Board \"Independent Monitoring Board\") and to the Voluntary Sector.\n* [Anne Reid](/wiki/Anne_Reid \"Anne Reid\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Elma Anne Rendall, Customer Service Officer, [Royal Bank of Scotland](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland \"Royal Bank of Scotland\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Marlissa Soraya Beryl Richards, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Yvonne Ann Richards. For services to Mental Healthcare in Worcestershire.\n* Beryl Ann Riches. For services to Selwyn Primary School, [London Borough of Newham](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham \"London Borough of Newham\"), London.\n* Sheila Rigg. For services to the community in Conisbrough, Doncaster.\n* John William Ritter. For services to the community in Newport, South Wales.\n* Elizabeth Robb, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield \"HM Prison Wakefield\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Anthony Charles Roberts. For voluntary service to Lewis\\-Manning Hospice, Poole, Dorset.\n* Carole Anne Roberts. For services to North Wales Police.\n* Alistair Raeburn Robertson. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Inverness\\-shire.\n* Ann Robertson. For services to the community in North Ayrshire.\n* Eleanor Robertson. For services to Community Healthcare.\n* Thomas James Robertson. For voluntary service to Queensferry Lifeboat, West Lothian.\n* Evelyn Ivy Janet Robins, Principal, Eve Trew School of Dancing and Gateshead Children's Arts and Theatre School. For services to the Arts in the North East.\n* Hill Robinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Cancer Research UK in Strabane, Northern Ireland.\n* Professor Iain Clive Andrew Franklyn Robinson, lately Head of Neurosciences Group, Medical Research Council, [National Institute for Medical Research](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Medical_Research \"National Institute for Medical Research\"). For services to Science.\n* Janet Mary Roe, Police Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary \"Lancashire Constabulary\"). For services to the Police.\n* William Kenneth Rollinson, Director, Care and Repair Leeds. For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Major Robert David Roper, Salvation Army Chaplain, [HM Prison Grendon](/wiki/HM_Prison_Grendon \"HM Prison Grendon\"), Buckinghamshire. For services to Offenders.\n* Brenda Roscoe, Chief Inspector, [Special Constabulary](/wiki/Special_Constabulary \"Special Constabulary\"), [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police \"Greater Manchester Police\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* John William Rose, Dental Adviser, NHS Western Cheshire. For services to the NHS.\n* Sylvia Elizabeth Rose. For voluntary service to the Market Garden Veterans' Association.\n* Samuel William John Rusk. For services to Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Professor Guy Nathan Rutty, Home Office Pathologist, Leicester. For services to the Police.\n* Sam Sagar, Police Community Support Officer, Bradford. For services to West Yorkshire Police.\n* Harry Samuel. For voluntary service to Ex\\-Miners in Glynneath, Neath Port Talbot.\n* Mary Sanders. For services to Young People in Cambridgeshire.\n* Jean Saunderson. For voluntary service to Police Welfare in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Edwin Sawacha. For services to Social Housing and to the community in North West London.\n* Marzia Sayani, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Kirsty Schneeberger, Co\\-ordinator, [UK Youth Climate Coalition](/wiki/UK_Youth_Climate_Coalition \"UK Youth Climate Coalition\"). For services to Environmental Conservation.\n* Henrietta Scott. For services to Nursing in Glasgow.\n* Steven Scott, Chairman, Dwarf Athletic Association UK. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Anne Scovell, Regional Manager, Liverpool Office, [Identity and Passport Service](/wiki/Identity_and_Passport_Service \"Identity and Passport Service\"), Home Office.\n* Marjorie Rose Seal. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Kent.\n* Ann Sevier, Special Constable, [Hampshire Constabulary](/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary \"Hampshire Constabulary\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Christopher Shannon, Head Porter, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Philip Charles Shannon. For voluntary service to Sennen Cove Lifeboat, Cornwall.\n* Cyril Raymond Shaw. For services to the Tribunals Service.\n* Major Geoffrey George Simpson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For voluntary service to the community in Leicester.\n* Roy Sinar. For services to Young People in the West Midlands.\n* Catherine Skinner. For services to the community in Fearn, Ross\\-shire.\n* Gillian Slinn. For voluntary service to Girlguiding and to the community in Anglesey.\n* Helen Vivien Sloan. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Stuart Edward Smalley, lately Head of International Developments, Department of Health.\n* Councillor Stella Marie Smedley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Member, [Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council \"Nottinghamshire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Elizabeth Ann Smith, Police Community Support Officer, Bridlington. For services to Humberside Police.\n* Julie Smith. For services to the Scouts and to the community in Cardiff.\n* Julie Smith, Front Line Manager, Customer Operations, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Maureen Elizabeth Smith. For services to the community in Whitstable, Kent.\n* Terence John Smith. For services to the community in Woking, Surrey.\n* Valerie Elaine Smith. For services to the community in Wilsden, West Yorkshire.\n* Major John Douglas Sneesby, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Balvinder Singh Sokhi. For services to the community in Nottingham.\n* Margaret Ann Southren, Deputy Headteacher, Durham Trinity School. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* [Gary Andrew Speed](/wiki/Gary_Andrew_Speed \"Gary Andrew Speed\"). For services to Football.\n* Raymond Spencer, Executive Director, Customs House, South Shields. For services to the Arts in the North East.\n* Arthur George Spirling, Director of ICT, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London \"Imperial College London\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Loris Mercia Squirrell. For services to Inter\\-faith Relations in East Anglia.\n* Yvonne Stanyer, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Telford, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Dr. John Chester Stevens, lately Consultant Clinical Scientist, Audiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Michael David Stevens, Chairman of Governors, [Oakwood Park Grammar School](/wiki/Oakwood_Park_Grammar_School \"Oakwood Park Grammar School\"), Maidstone, Kent. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Emma Stewart, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises.\n* Jonathan Stewart, Country Manager Iraq, [KBR](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 \"KBR (company)\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Margaret Allison Stewart. For services to the Scottish Red Meat Industry.\n* Diana Caulfeild\\-Stoker, Chief Operating Officer, Community Services, Wandsworth Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Kathleen Anne Stratton. For services to the community in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire.\n* Ruby Stuckey. For services to the community in Grantham, Lincolnshire.\n* Edith Audrey Swindells. For services to [Bath Postal Museum](/wiki/Bath_Postal_Museum \"Bath Postal Museum\").\n* Delia Sykes, Mathematics Teacher, [King Edward VI School, Morpeth](/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School%2C_Morpeth \"King Edward VI School, Morpeth\"), Northumberland. For services to Education.\n* Jean Sykes, Chief Information Officer, [London School of Economics and Political Science](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science \"London School of Economics and Political Science\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Doreen Sheila Symonds. For voluntary services to Save the Children in Weymouth and Portland.\n* David Tait. For voluntary services to the NSPCC.\n* Dr. John Stuart Talbot, Medical Adviser and Associate Medical Director, Salford Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Souad Talsi. For services to the British Moroccan community in London.\n* Glenda Taylor, lately Governor, [De Aston School](/wiki/De_Aston_School \"De Aston School\"), Market Rasen, Lincolnshire. For service to Education.\n* Lesley Taylor. For services to the community in County Durham.\n* Molly Ann Taylor. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity.\n* William John Taylor, Chief Executive, [West Lancashire District Council](/wiki/West_Lancashire_District_Council \"West Lancashire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Lady Harriot Tennant of Balfluig, lately Chairman, [Chelsea Physic Garden](/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden \"Chelsea Physic Garden\"). For services to Gardening.\n* Glenys Thomas. For services to Older People in Carmarthenshire.\n* Councillor John Thomas. For services to Local Government in South West Cornwall.\n* Anne Elizabeth Thompson, Staff Nurse, [Musgrave Park Hospital](/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital \"Musgrave Park Hospital\"). For services to Healthcare in Northern Ireland.\n* Susan Thompson, Technical Team Expert, Customer Operations, Newcastle upon Tyne, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Alan Thomson, Director, Orchardville Society. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Northern Ireland.\n* Jennifer Elizabeth Thorpe. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Dr. John Graham Tillett, Chairman of Governors, [Colchester Royal Grammar School](/wiki/Colchester_Royal_Grammar_School \"Colchester Royal Grammar School\"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Florence Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Keith Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Janet Ann Townsend, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to Music and to the community in Port Isaac, Cornwall.\n* Michael Tracey, Managing Director, William Tracey Group. For services to the Waste Industry.\n* Keith Leslie Tucker, lately Head of Estates Management Group, Medical Research Council. For services to Science.\n* Michelle Turner, Founder and Proprietor, Little Venice Cake Company. For services to the Catering Industry.\n* [Nicola Jayne Tustain](/wiki/Nicola_Tustain \"Nicola Tustain\"). For services to Disability Sport, particularly Equestrian.\n* Peter Tyrie, Managing Director, [The Eton Collection](/wiki/The_Eton_Collection \"The Eton Collection\"). For services to the Hotel Industry.\n* Doreen Marion Underhill. For voluntary service to the Army Attaché Wives' Committee.\n* Sophia Emma van den Arend. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society \"British Red Cross Society\") in Suffolk.\n* Marion Vidler. For services to Civil Registration in the [London Borough of Sutton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton \"London Borough of Sutton\").\n* Doreen Walcott. For services to the community in Bellingham, South East London.\n* Dr. Ann Wales, Director, Knowledge Management NHS Education for Scotland. For services to the NHS.\n* Anne Walker, Founder and Partner, International Dance Supplies. For services to Business.\n* Dr. Eric Walker, Consultant Physician and Epidemiologist. For services to Travel Medicine.\n* Philip Walters. For services to Educational Publishing.\n* Anthony Barry Warburton. For services to Owl Conservation.\n* Anne Cameron Ward. For services to the community in Peterlee, County Durham.\n* Susan Waring, Policy Adviser, Railway Pensions, Business Performance and Secretariat, Department for Transport.\n* Hazel Elizabeth Waters, Workforce Information Assistant, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Ethna Patricia Watterson. For voluntary service to the Parkinson's Disease Society in Northern Ireland.\n* John Weightman. For services to the Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Castington](/wiki/HM_Prison_Castington \"HM Prison Castington\"), Northumberland.\n* The Reverend William Derek Weir, Chaplain, [RAF Aldergrove](/wiki/RAF_Aldergrove \"RAF Aldergrove\"). For services to the Armed Forces.\n* Irene Weller. For services to the Dorothy House Hospice in Bath, Somerset.\n* [Christine Ann Wellington](/wiki/Chrissie_Wellington \"Chrissie Wellington\"). For services to [Ironman Triathlons](/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon \"Ironman Triathlon\").\n* Barbara Ann Westcott. For voluntary service to the Scouts in North East London.\n* Joan Westerman, Manager, Logik Centre, [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds \"University of Leeds\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Douglas Harold Michael Western. For services to the community in Devizes, Wiltshire.\n* Richard Allen Westlake, lately Train Driver, [First Great Western](/wiki/First_Great_Western \"First Great Western\"). For services to Public Transport and to the community in Devon.\n* Juliet Deirdre Jean Westoll. For services to the community in Cumbria.\n* Michael Wharton, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Jean Veta White, Founder Member, Leeds Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations.\n* John Harry White. For voluntary service to the Prison Service Charity Fund.\n* Paul White. For voluntary service to Hastings Coastguard Rescue Team, East Sussex.\n* Graham Whitehurst, Plant Manager, Michelin Ballymena. For services to Business.\n* Brenda Whitmore, Deputy Head, Hillfields Children's Centre, Coventry. For services to Children and Families.\n* [Amy Williams](/wiki/Amy_Williams \"Amy Williams\"), British [Skeleton Racer](/wiki/Skeleton_%28sport%29 \"Skeleton (sport)\"). For services to Sport.\n* [Bert Frederick Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1920%29 \"Bert Williams (footballer, born 1920)\"). For services to Football and to Charity.\n* David Glyn Williams. For services to the community in Calverley, West Yorkshire.\n* Councillor Hazel Williams. For services to the community in East Cambridgeshire.\n* Barbara Ann Wilson, International Trade Adviser. For services to Export.\n* Stuart Wilson, Firefighter, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\n* Paul Winter, Business Design Expert, Modernising Pay As You Earn Processes for Customers, Sunderland, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Aileen Teresa Wiswell. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* James Witham, Porter and Driver, Harrogate Health Care NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Josephine Mary Sykes\\-Wood, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Merseyside.\n* Brenda Jean Woodings. For services to Local Government in Duffield, Derbyshire.\n* Professor Peter Alfred Woodsford. For services to the Geographic Information Industry.\n* Cora Woolcock. For services to Healthcare for Black and Minority Ethnic People in East London.\n* Maxine Worsfold, Acting Sergeant, [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police \"City of London Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Dorothy Joan Wren. For services to the community in North London.\n* Kay Denise Wright. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People in Northern Ireland.\n* Margaret Wright, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Shipley, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Neill Wright. For voluntary service to the Samaritans in Macclesfield, Cheshire.\n* Vivienne Linda Yandell. For services to Business and to Charity in Saltash, Cornwall.\n* Christine, Lady Yapp, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the community in Birmingham.\n* Alison Yearley, Personal Secretary, Department for Culture, Media and Sport.\n* Margaret June Young. For services to Older People in Burnley, Lancashire.", "Honorary appointment to be made Substantive\n* Dr. Kranti Rajesh Hiremath, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. (To be dated 25 March 2010\\).", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Judith Helen Claire Acheson, Youth Training Consultant. For services to young people in the Democratic Republic of Congo.\n* Richard James Aspin, Communications and Projects Officer, Governor's Office, Montserrat.\n* Graham John Bell, Group Scout Leader, 1st Bougival Scout Group. For services to UK Scouting and the British community in France.\n* Patrick Herbert Bimson. For services to British interests in Uruguay.\n* Michael Anthony Bindloss Boddington, Founder, COPE (Co\\-operative Orthotic and Prosthetic Enterprise). For services to the victims of unexploded ordnance in Laos.\n* Dorothy Guyver, Lady Bouchier, Author and Translator. For services to UK/Japanese cultural relations.\n* Dr. Peter Brian Ramsay Carey, Co\\-Founder, Cambodia Trust. For services to the rehabilitation of the disabled in South East Asia.\n* Joseph Louis Caruana, Voluntary social worker. For services to drug rehabilitation in Gibraltar.\n* Simon Chapman, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Derek Cheung Yu Keung, Manager, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission \"Commonwealth War Graves Commission\"), Hong Kong. For services to the War Cemeteries in Hong Kong.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/article/717703/manager\\-war\\-graves\\-honoured\\-crown \\|title\\=Manager of war graves honoured by crown \\|first\\=Vivian \\|last\\=Li \\|date\\=21 June 2010 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South China Morning Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2016}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Lest we forget: meet the former British soldier who has taken care of Hong Kong’s war cemeteries for two decades \\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/video/hong\\-kong/2051607/lest\\-we\\-forget\\-meet\\-former\\-british\\-soldier\\-who\\-has\\-taken\\-care\\-hong\\-kongs\\-war \\|first\\=Thomas \\|last\\=Yau \\|newspaper\\=South China Morning Post \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2016}}\n* Gary Clement. Chairman, South Atlantic Medal Association, Falkland Islands. For services to Military Veterans in the Falkland Islands.\n* Angela Louise Crompton, Attaché, British Consulate\\-General, Jerusalem.\n* Alison Devine, British Council Deputy Director United Arab Emirates and Director, Dubai.\n* Sharon Diaz (Miss Sharon Gordon), Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Clare Bat Dimyon](/wiki/Clare_Dimyon \"Clare Dimyon\"). For services to promoting the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Central and Eastern Europe.\n* Irene Mary Ellis, Founder President, Javea Cancer Care Centre. For services to Cancer sufferers and their families and friends in Alicante, Spain.\n* Gerard Leo Flynn, Headteacher, [Maadi British International School](/wiki/Maadi_British_International_School \"Maadi British International School\"), Egypt. For services to education and charitable activities in Egypt.\n* Benjamin John Freeth. For services to the farming community in Zimbabwe.\n* Conrad Jack Glass. For services to the community in Tristan da Cunha.\n* Andrew John Goodwin, lately First Secretary, Office of the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the EU, Brussels, Belgium.\n* Robert Henry Hawkins, British Honorary Consul, Penang. For services to the British community in Malaysia.\n* Kevin Howard, Chairman, British American Business Council, Houston. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Houston, USA.\n* Michelle Dawn Hughes, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Stuart Iain Hurst, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Dr. Alison Sarah Landon, [Hospice of Hope](/wiki/Hospices_of_Hope \"Hospices of Hope\") in Brasov, Casa Sperantei. For services to palliative care in Romania.\n* Ann McCue, Founder Director, Yayasan Harapan Sumba. For services to the Sumbanese community in Indonesia.\n* Paul McEvoy, General Manager, Lloyds TSB Ecuador. For services to the British community in Ecuador.\n* Shona McKay McGrahan, Director, Action for Russia's Children. For services to disadvantaged children in Russia.\n* Lynne Alison McGregor, Visits and Political Officer, British Embassy, Italy.\n* Alden McNee McLaughlin Jr., {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Member of the Legislative Assembly, Cayman Islands. For services to constitutional reform.\n* Andrew Mead. For philanthropic activities in Saudi Arabia.\n* Victor Harry Moon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, lately Security Project Manager, British Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan.\n* Richard Hugh Morton, Tri\\-Service Financial Administrator, British High Commission, Australia. For services to British interests and to Volunteer Firefighting in Australia.\n* Julia Helen Moss. For services to classical music in Kenya.\n* Richard William Moss, For services to classical music in Kenya.\n* Caroline Mulcahy, Second Secretary, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Helmand, Afghanistan.\n* Donald Eric Peters. For services to the Overseas Territories.\n* Ulric Scatliffe, Chief Scouting Commissioner, Scout Movement. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.\n* Linda Jane Stevens, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* David George Taylor, Executive Principal, International School in Brunei. For services to environmental education in South East Asia.\n* Paul Taylor, Chairman, Blantyre Branch of the Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi. For services to wildlife and environmental conservation in Malawi.\n* Susan Lesley Whistler, lately Chair, British Women's Association, Jakarta. For services to the British community in Indonesia.\n* David Keith Young, Conductor, Dublin Welsh Male Choir. For services to Welsh Music and Culture overseas.\n* Calvert Alfred Zuill, Program Director, Bermuda Broadcasting Radio Station. For services to the community in Bermuda." ]
#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Commodore Campbell Stuart Christie, C030984A. * Captain Michael Edward Farrage, C032384D. * Captain Richard Farrington, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, C027738H. * Rear Admiral Ian Moncrieff, C025312M. Army * Colonel Crispian Edward Ian Beattie, late The Royal Green Jackets, 497567\. * Colonel Charles Beaupré Bell Clee, late The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), 518400\. * Brigadier John Patrick Simon Donnelly, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, late The Cheshire Regiment, 514054\. * Colonel Richard Mark James Rollo\-Walker, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, late The Light Infantry, 495378\. Royal Air Force * Group Captain Colin Basnett (8183726A). * Group Captain Kenneth Bruce McCann (5203279V). * Group Captain Michael Christopher Neville (5205937M). Civil Division * Dr. Mary Armitage, Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist, [Royal Bournemouth \& Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Royal_Bournemouth_%26_Christchurch_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. * [Simon Armitage](/wiki/Simon_Armitage "Simon Armitage"), Poet. For services to Literature. * Patricia Baskerville, Head of Safer Custody and Offender Policy, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service "National Offender Management Service"), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"). * William Gordon Baxter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, DL}}. For services to Business and to Charity in North East Scotland. * [George William John Benjamin](/wiki/George_William_John_Benjamin "George William John Benjamin"), Composer and Conductor. For services to Music. * Professor [Timothy John Besley](/wiki/Timothy_John_Besley "Timothy John Besley"), Kuwait Professor of Economics and Political Science, [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics "London School of Economics"). For services to Social Science. * Peter George Betts, Director of International Climate Change, [Department for Energy and Climate Change](/wiki/Department_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change "Department for Energy and Climate Change"). * Gavin McFarlane Black. For services to the community in the North East. * William George Black, Chief Executive, [Glasgow City Council](/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council "Glasgow City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Jonathan Blackie, Regional Director, Government Office for the North East, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government "Department for Communities and Local Government"). * John Brown, Director, Cross Cutting Group (Local Compliance) Glasgow, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs "HM Revenue and Customs"). * [Elizabeth Burnley](/wiki/Elizabeth_Burnley "Elizabeth Burnley"), Chief Guide, [Girlguiding UK](/wiki/Girlguiding_UK "Girlguiding UK"). For services to Young People. * Rodney Paul Carr, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chief Executive, [Royal Yachting Association](/wiki/Royal_Yachting_Association "Royal Yachting Association"). For services to Sailing. * Freda Chaloner, Director, Large Business Service, HM Revenue and Customs. * Alan Clarke, Deputy Director, Curriculum and Pupil Well Being, Schools Directorate, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families "Department for Children, Schools and Families"). * Peter Derrick Cleminson, lately National Chairman, [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion "Royal British Legion"). For voluntary service to Ex\-Servicemen and Women. * Peter Collins, Chief Executive, Salford Foundation Charity. For services to Young People. * Bryan Davis, Chief Executive, Social Security Agency Department for Social Development, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive "Northern Ireland Executive"). * [Linda Mary de Cossart](/wiki/Linda_de_Cossart "Linda de Cossart"), Consultant Vascular and General Surgeon, [Countess of Chester Hospital](/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_Hospital "Countess of Chester Hospital"). For services to Medicine. * Dr. [Stephen Deuchar](/wiki/Stephen_Deuchar "Stephen Deuchar"), lately Director [Tate Britain](/wiki/Tate_Britain "Tate Britain"). For services to Art. * Colin Dodge, Executive Vice\-President of Africa, Middle East, India, Europe Operations, [Nissan Motors](/wiki/Nissan_Motors "Nissan Motors") Ltd. For services to the Automotive Industry. * Judge [Khurshid Hassan Drabu](/wiki/Khurshid_Drabu "Khurshid Drabu"). For services to Community Relations. * Dr. Marshall Paul Elliott. For public service. * Dr. [David Stuart English](/wiki/David_English_%28cricketer%29 "David English (cricketer)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to Cricket and to Charity. * Brian Etheridge, Director, Civil Service Capability Group, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office"). * Professor Andrew Finlay, lately Professor of Dermatology, Cardiff University. For services to Medicine. * Stephen James Finnigan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary "Lancashire Constabulary"). For services to the Police. * Siobhan Fitzpatrick, Chief Executive, [Early Years](/wiki/Early_Years_%E2%80%93_the_organisation_for_young_children "Early Years – the organisation for young children") Organisation. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Peter John Freeman, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QC (Hon.)}}, Chairman, [Competition Commission](/wiki/Competition_Commission "Competition Commission"). For public service. * Anne Galbraith, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chair, Valuation Tribunal Service. For public service. * Professor [David Michael Gann](/wiki/David_Michael_Gann "David Michael Gann"), Chair in Technology and Innovation Management, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"). For services to Engineering. * Ann Margaret Green, Chair, Board of Trustees, [Royal Armouries](/wiki/Royal_Armouries "Royal Armouries"). For services to Museums. * Judith Louise Greensmith. For services to the [NHS](/wiki/NHS "NHS") in Merseyside. * David Gregory, Headteacher, Fosse Way Community Special School, Bath. For services to local and national Special Needs Education. * Dr. Russell Hamilton, Director of Research and Development, Department of Health. * [Nicholas Lionel Hardwick](/wiki/Nick_Hardwick_%28chairman%29 "Nick Hardwick (chairman)"), Chairman, [Independent Police Complaints Commission](/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission "Independent Police Complaints Commission"). For public service. * [Peter Robert Harrison](/wiki/Peter_Harrison_%28philanthropist%29 "Peter Harrison (philanthropist)"). For charitable services through the Peter Harrison Foundation. * [Terence Hodgkinson](/wiki/Terry_Hodgkinson "Terry Hodgkinson"), Chairman of [Yorkshire Forward](/wiki/Yorkshire_Forward "Yorkshire Forward"), Regional Development Agency. For services to Business and to Regeneration. * Eileen Rosemary Holmes, President, Industrial Tribunals and the Fair Employment Tribunal in Northern Ireland. For services to Industrial Relations. * Professor [Ann Jacqueline Hunter](/wiki/Jackie_Hunter "Jackie Hunter"), lately Senior Vice\-President and Head, Science Environment Development, [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline "GlaxoSmithKline"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry. * Richard Hugh Hunting, lately Chairman, [Geffrye Museum](/wiki/Geffrye_Museum "Geffrye Museum") Trust. For services to the Arts and to Heritage. * [Christopher Rajendran Hyman](/wiki/Christopher_Rajendran_Hyman "Christopher Rajendran Hyman"), Chief Executive Officer, [Serco](/wiki/Serco "Serco"). For services to Business and to Charity. * [Karl William Pamp Jenkins](/wiki/Karl_William_Pamp_Jenkins "Karl William Pamp Jenkins"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Composer. For services to Music. * [Catherine Zeta Jones](/wiki/Catherine_Zeta_Jones "Catherine Zeta Jones"), Actor. For services to the Film Industry and to Charity. * [Barbara, Lady Judge](/wiki/Barbara_Judge "Barbara Judge"), Chair, [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority "UK Atomic Energy Authority"). For services to the Nuclear and Financial Services Industries. * Raymond Andrew Kitson, Senior Assistant Director of Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland. * Dr. Paul Langmaid, [Chief Dental Officer for Wales](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28England%29 "Chief Dental Officer (England)"), Department of Health and Social Services, Welsh Assembly Government. * Robert Laslett, Director, Private Pensions and Chief Economist, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * Professor [David Seymour Latchman](/wiki/David_Seymour_Latchman "David Seymour Latchman"), Master of [Birkbeck College, University of London](/wiki/Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London "Birkbeck, University of London"). For services to Higher Education. * [Prudence Margaret Leith](/wiki/Prudence_Margaret_Leith "Prudence Margaret Leith"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chair, [School Food Trust](/wiki/School_Food_Trust "School Food Trust"). For services to the Catering Industry. * Professor [Noel Lloyd](/wiki/Noel_Lloyd "Noel Lloyd"), [Vice\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor "Vice-Chancellor"), [Aberystwyth University](/wiki/Aberystwyth_University "Aberystwyth University"). For services to Higher Education in Wales. * Dr. [Michael Longley](/wiki/Michael_Longley "Michael Longley"), Poet. For services to Literature. * Professor Linda Maitland Luxon, Professor of Audiological Medicine, [University College London Hospitals](/wiki/University_College_London_Hospitals "University College London Hospitals") NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine. * Professor [David Whyte Macdonald](/wiki/David_Whyte_Macdonald "David Whyte Macdonald"), [Professor of Wildlife Conservation](/wiki/WildCRU "WildCRU"), [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"). For services to Natural Sciences. * Dr. Karl Joseph MacKie, Chief Executive and Mediator, Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution. For services to Mediation. * Professor Barry McCormick, Chief Economist and Chief Analyst, Department of Health. * [Robin John Christian Millar](/wiki/Robin_John_Christian_Millar "Robin John Christian Millar"), Record Producer. For services to the Music Industry. * Marlene Craigie Morley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Head of the Defence Equipment and Support Collocation Team, Ministry of Defence. * Professor Alan Shaw Murie, Emeritus Professor of Urban and Regional Studies, [University of Birmingham](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham "University of Birmingham"). For services to the Housing Sector. * [Peter Edward Murray](/wiki/Peter_Murray_%28Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park%29 "Peter Murray (Yorkshire Sculpture Park)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Founder and Executive Director, [Yorkshire Sculpture Park](/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park "Yorkshire Sculpture Park"). For services to the Arts. * John Noble. For public service. * George Carew O'Grady, Chief Executive, [Professional Golfers' Association European Tour](/wiki/PGA_European_Tour "PGA European Tour"). For services to Sport. * [Douglas Edwin Oakervee](/wiki/Douglas_Oakervee "Douglas Oakervee"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, lately Chairman, [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail "Crossrail"). For services to Civil Engineering. * John Douglas Orr, Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and lately President, [Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh "Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh"). For services to Medicine. * Jenny Owen, Executive Director, Adult, Health and Community Wellbeing, [Essex County Council](/wiki/Essex_County_Council "Essex County Council"), and President, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services. For public service. * Ruth Owen, Chief Operating Officer and Deputy Chief Executive Officer, [Jobcentre Plus](/wiki/Jobcentre_Plus "Jobcentre Plus"), Department for Work and Pensions. * [Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten](/wiki/Hilda_Elsie_Marguerite_Patten "Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Cookery Writer. For services to the Food Industry. * Stephen Phipson, President and Group Managing Director, [Smiths Detection Group Ltd](/wiki/Smiths_Group "Smiths Group"). For services to the Security Industry. * Graham Fenwick Pimlott, lately Chairman, [Export Credits Guarantee Department](/wiki/Export_Credits_Guarantee_Department "Export Credits Guarantee Department"). For services to Business. * [Hope Patricia Powell](/wiki/Hope_Patricia_Powell "Hope Patricia Powell"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, [National Coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 "Coach (sport)"), [England Women's Football Team](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team "England women's national football team"). For services to Sport. * Professor [Carol Propper](/wiki/Carol_Propper "Carol Propper"), Professor of Economics of Public Policy, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol"). For services to Social Science. * Stephen Julian Przybylski, Head of Strategy and Policy, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service"). * William Roe, Chairman, [Highlands and Islands Enterprise](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise "Highlands and Islands Enterprise"). For public service. * Susan Carroll, Lady Sainsbury. For services to the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company") and to the Arts. * John Robin Schultz, Chief Executive, [Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council](/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council "Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council"). For services to Local Government. * Professor [John Graham Shepherd](/wiki/John_Graham_Shepherd "John Graham Shepherd"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=FRS}}, Professorial Research Fellow in Earth System Science, [National Oceanography Centre, Southampton](/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre%2C_Southampton "National Oceanography Centre, Southampton"). For services to Science. * Professor Martin Shirley, Director, [Institute for Animal Health](/wiki/Institute_for_Animal_Health "Institute for Animal Health"). For services to Science. * Jo Shuter, Headteacher, Quintin Kynaston Community School, City of Westminster, London. For services to local and national Education. * Professor David Thomas Sines, Pro Vice\-Chancellor, [Buckinghamshire New University](/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University "Buckinghamshire New University"). For services to Healthcare. * Theodosia Sowa. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the UK and Overseas. * Professor [Robert Stephen John Sparks](/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks "Robert Stephen John Sparks"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=FRS}}, [Chaning Wills](/wiki/Wills_baronets "Wills baronets") Professor of Geology, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol"). For services to Environmental Science. * Mary Cecilia Spinks, Director, [Florence Nightingale Foundation](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Foundation "Florence Nightingale Foundation"). For services to Nursing. * Alyson Jane Stafford, Director of Finance, [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive "Scottish Executive"). * Dr. [Robert Scott Steedman](/wiki/Morris_and_Steedman "Morris and Steedman"), Vice\-President, [Royal Academy of Engineering](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering "Royal Academy of Engineering"). For services to Engineering. * [David Graham Stevens](/wiki/David_Stevens_%28businessman%29 "David Stevens (businessman)"), Chief Operating Officer, [Admiral Group](/wiki/Admiral_Group "Admiral Group"). For services to the Insurance Industry and to Charity. * Heather Vivienne Stevens. For charitable services. * Paul Stockton, Director, Tribunals Judicial Office, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)"). * [Norman Kelvin Stoller](/wiki/Norman_Stoller "Norman Stoller"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE, DL}}. For charitable services. * David Radcliffe Stone, {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, Chairman, [Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Sheffield_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * Dr. [Timothy John Stone](/wiki/Timothy_Stone "Timothy Stone"), Expert Chairman, Office of Nuclear Development. For services to the Energy Industry. * Dr. (Ernest) Neil Suggett, Headteacher, Hayes Park Primary School, Hillingdon, London. For services to Education. * Helen Patricia Tait, Headteacher, [Sandgate Primary School](/wiki/Sandgate_Primary_School "Sandgate Primary School") and Folkestone Primary Academy. For services to Education in Kent. * Stephen William Thomas, Chief Executive, [Welsh Local Government Association](/wiki/Welsh_Local_Government_Association "Welsh Local Government Association"). For services to Local Government. * [Harold Peter Tillman](/wiki/Harold_Peter_Tillman "Harold Peter Tillman"), Chairman, [Jaeger](/wiki/Jaeger_%28clothing%29 "Jaeger (clothing)") and [British Fashion Council](/wiki/British_Fashion_Council "British Fashion Council"). For services to the Fashion Industry. * Martin Tolhurst, Principal, [Newham College of Further Education](/wiki/Newham_College_of_Further_Education "Newham College of Further Education"). For services to Further Education in London. * Louise Wendy Tulett, Group Director of Finance and Procurement, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury"). * [Colin Jack, the Honourable Lord Tyre](/wiki/Colin_Tyre%2C_Lord_Tyre "Colin Tyre, Lord Tyre"), lately President, [Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Bars_and_Law_Societies_of_Europe "Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe"). For services to the Administration of Justice. * Professor [Veronica van Heyningen](/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen "Veronica van Heyningen"), President, [The Genetics Society](/wiki/The_Genetics_Society "The Genetics Society"). For services to Science. * Dr. [Jean Venables](/wiki/Jean_Venables "Jean Venables"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=OBE}}, [President](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers "List of presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers"), [Institution of Civil Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers "Institution of Civil Engineers"). For services to Civil Engineering. * Robert Vincent, Chief Executive, [Kirklees Council](/wiki/Kirklees_Council "Kirklees Council"). For services to Local Government. * [Sarah Webb](/wiki/Sarah_Webb_%28housing_professional%29 "Sarah Webb (housing professional)"), Chief Executive, [Chartered Institute of Housing](/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Housing "Chartered Institute of Housing"). For services to the Housing Sector. * Gillian Barbara Westerman, Principal and Chief Executive, [Northern College for Residential Adult Education](/wiki/Northern_College_for_Residential_and_Community_Adult_Education "Northern College for Residential and Community Adult Education"). For services to Adult Learning. * John Furness Widdowson, Principal, [New College Durham](/wiki/New_College_Durham "New College Durham"). For services to local and national Further and Higher Education. * Dr. Robert James Young, Consultant Physician, Diabetes and Endocrinology, [Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Salford_Royal_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * [Thomas Edur](/wiki/Thomas_Edur "Thomas Edur"), lately Senior Principal Dancer, [English National Ballet](/wiki/English_National_Ballet "English National Ballet"). For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations. * [Henry Thomas Marsh](/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Marsh "Henry Thomas Marsh"), Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, [St George's Hospital](/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital "St George's Hospital"), Tooting. For services to Medicine in the UK and Ukraine. * [Agnes Oaks](/wiki/Agnes_Oaks "Agnes Oaks"), Senior Principal Dancer, English National Ballet. For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations. * Dr. [Lee James Taylor White](/wiki/Lee_White_%28conservationist%29 "Lee White (conservationist)"), Head, Gabon's National Parks Agency. For services to Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in West and Central Africa.
[ "#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commodore Campbell Stuart Christie, C030984A.\n* Captain Michael Edward Farrage, C032384D.\n* Captain Richard Farrington, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, C027738H.\n* Rear Admiral Ian Moncrieff, C025312M.", "Army\n* Colonel Crispian Edward Ian Beattie, late The Royal Green Jackets, 497567\\.\n* Colonel Charles Beaupré Bell Clee, late The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), 518400\\.\n* Brigadier John Patrick Simon Donnelly, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, late The Cheshire Regiment, 514054\\.\n* Colonel Richard Mark James Rollo\\-Walker, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, late The Light Infantry, 495378\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Group Captain Colin Basnett (8183726A).\n* Group Captain Kenneth Bruce McCann (5203279V).\n* Group Captain Michael Christopher Neville (5205937M).", "Civil Division\n* Dr. Mary Armitage, Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist, [Royal Bournemouth \\& Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Royal_Bournemouth_%26_Christchurch_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.\n* [Simon Armitage](/wiki/Simon_Armitage \"Simon Armitage\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* Patricia Baskerville, Head of Safer Custody and Offender Policy, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service \"National Offender Management Service\"), [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* William Gordon Baxter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, DL}}. For services to Business and to Charity in North East Scotland.\n* [George William John Benjamin](/wiki/George_William_John_Benjamin \"George William John Benjamin\"), Composer and Conductor. For services to Music.\n* Professor [Timothy John Besley](/wiki/Timothy_John_Besley \"Timothy John Besley\"), Kuwait Professor of Economics and Political Science, [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Peter George Betts, Director of International Climate Change, [Department for Energy and Climate Change](/wiki/Department_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change \"Department for Energy and Climate Change\").\n* Gavin McFarlane Black. For services to the community in the North East.\n* William George Black, Chief Executive, [Glasgow City Council](/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council \"Glasgow City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Jonathan Blackie, Regional Director, Government Office for the North East, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\").\n* John Brown, Director, Cross Cutting Group (Local Compliance) Glasgow, [HM Revenue and Customs](/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs \"HM Revenue and Customs\").\n* [Elizabeth Burnley](/wiki/Elizabeth_Burnley \"Elizabeth Burnley\"), Chief Guide, [Girlguiding UK](/wiki/Girlguiding_UK \"Girlguiding UK\"). For services to Young People.\n* Rodney Paul Carr, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chief Executive, [Royal Yachting Association](/wiki/Royal_Yachting_Association \"Royal Yachting Association\"). For services to Sailing.\n* Freda Chaloner, Director, Large Business Service, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Alan Clarke, Deputy Director, Curriculum and Pupil Well Being, Schools Directorate, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families \"Department for Children, Schools and Families\").\n* Peter Derrick Cleminson, lately National Chairman, [Royal British Legion](/wiki/Royal_British_Legion \"Royal British Legion\"). For voluntary service to Ex\\-Servicemen and Women.\n* Peter Collins, Chief Executive, Salford Foundation Charity. For services to Young People.\n* Bryan Davis, Chief Executive, Social Security Agency Department for Social Development, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive \"Northern Ireland Executive\").\n* [Linda Mary de Cossart](/wiki/Linda_de_Cossart \"Linda de Cossart\"), Consultant Vascular and General Surgeon, [Countess of Chester Hospital](/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_Hospital \"Countess of Chester Hospital\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Dr. [Stephen Deuchar](/wiki/Stephen_Deuchar \"Stephen Deuchar\"), lately Director [Tate Britain](/wiki/Tate_Britain \"Tate Britain\"). For services to Art.\n* Colin Dodge, Executive Vice\\-President of Africa, Middle East, India, Europe Operations, [Nissan Motors](/wiki/Nissan_Motors \"Nissan Motors\") Ltd. For services to the Automotive Industry.\n* Judge [Khurshid Hassan Drabu](/wiki/Khurshid_Drabu \"Khurshid Drabu\"). For services to Community Relations.\n* Dr. Marshall Paul Elliott. For public service.\n* Dr. [David Stuart English](/wiki/David_English_%28cricketer%29 \"David English (cricketer)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to Cricket and to Charity.\n* Brian Etheridge, Director, Civil Service Capability Group, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\").\n* Professor Andrew Finlay, lately Professor of Dermatology, Cardiff University. For services to Medicine.\n* Stephen James Finnigan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}, Chief Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary \"Lancashire Constabulary\"). For services to the Police.\n* Siobhan Fitzpatrick, Chief Executive, [Early Years](/wiki/Early_Years_%E2%80%93_the_organisation_for_young_children \"Early Years – the organisation for young children\") Organisation. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Peter John Freeman, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QC (Hon.)}}, Chairman, [Competition Commission](/wiki/Competition_Commission \"Competition Commission\"). For public service.\n* Anne Galbraith, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chair, Valuation Tribunal Service. For public service.\n* Professor [David Michael Gann](/wiki/David_Michael_Gann \"David Michael Gann\"), Chair in Technology and Innovation Management, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London \"Imperial College London\"). For services to Engineering.\n* Ann Margaret Green, Chair, Board of Trustees, [Royal Armouries](/wiki/Royal_Armouries \"Royal Armouries\"). For services to Museums.\n* Judith Louise Greensmith. For services to the [NHS](/wiki/NHS \"NHS\") in Merseyside.\n* David Gregory, Headteacher, Fosse Way Community Special School, Bath. For services to local and national Special Needs Education.\n* Dr. Russell Hamilton, Director of Research and Development, Department of Health.\n* [Nicholas Lionel Hardwick](/wiki/Nick_Hardwick_%28chairman%29 \"Nick Hardwick (chairman)\"), Chairman, [Independent Police Complaints Commission](/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission \"Independent Police Complaints Commission\"). For public service.\n* [Peter Robert Harrison](/wiki/Peter_Harrison_%28philanthropist%29 \"Peter Harrison (philanthropist)\"). For charitable services through the Peter Harrison Foundation.\n* [Terence Hodgkinson](/wiki/Terry_Hodgkinson \"Terry Hodgkinson\"), Chairman of [Yorkshire Forward](/wiki/Yorkshire_Forward \"Yorkshire Forward\"), Regional Development Agency. For services to Business and to Regeneration.\n* Eileen Rosemary Holmes, President, Industrial Tribunals and the Fair Employment Tribunal in Northern Ireland. For services to Industrial Relations.\n* Professor [Ann Jacqueline Hunter](/wiki/Jackie_Hunter \"Jackie Hunter\"), lately Senior Vice\\-President and Head, Science Environment Development, [GlaxoSmithKline](/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline \"GlaxoSmithKline\"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry.\n* Richard Hugh Hunting, lately Chairman, [Geffrye Museum](/wiki/Geffrye_Museum \"Geffrye Museum\") Trust. For services to the Arts and to Heritage.\n* [Christopher Rajendran Hyman](/wiki/Christopher_Rajendran_Hyman \"Christopher Rajendran Hyman\"), Chief Executive Officer, [Serco](/wiki/Serco \"Serco\"). For services to Business and to Charity.\n* [Karl William Pamp Jenkins](/wiki/Karl_William_Pamp_Jenkins \"Karl William Pamp Jenkins\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Composer. For services to Music.\n* [Catherine Zeta Jones](/wiki/Catherine_Zeta_Jones \"Catherine Zeta Jones\"), Actor. For services to the Film Industry and to Charity.\n* [Barbara, Lady Judge](/wiki/Barbara_Judge \"Barbara Judge\"), Chair, [UK Atomic Energy Authority](/wiki/UK_Atomic_Energy_Authority \"UK Atomic Energy Authority\"). For services to the Nuclear and Financial Services Industries.\n* Raymond Andrew Kitson, Senior Assistant Director of Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Paul Langmaid, [Chief Dental Officer for Wales](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28England%29 \"Chief Dental Officer (England)\"), Department of Health and Social Services, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Robert Laslett, Director, Private Pensions and Chief Economist, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* Professor [David Seymour Latchman](/wiki/David_Seymour_Latchman \"David Seymour Latchman\"), Master of [Birkbeck College, University of London](/wiki/Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London \"Birkbeck, University of London\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* [Prudence Margaret Leith](/wiki/Prudence_Margaret_Leith \"Prudence Margaret Leith\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chair, [School Food Trust](/wiki/School_Food_Trust \"School Food Trust\"). For services to the Catering Industry.\n* Professor [Noel Lloyd](/wiki/Noel_Lloyd \"Noel Lloyd\"), [Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor \"Vice-Chancellor\"), [Aberystwyth University](/wiki/Aberystwyth_University \"Aberystwyth University\"). For services to Higher Education in Wales.\n* Dr. [Michael Longley](/wiki/Michael_Longley \"Michael Longley\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* Professor Linda Maitland Luxon, Professor of Audiological Medicine, [University College London Hospitals](/wiki/University_College_London_Hospitals \"University College London Hospitals\") NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine.\n* Professor [David Whyte Macdonald](/wiki/David_Whyte_Macdonald \"David Whyte Macdonald\"), [Professor of Wildlife Conservation](/wiki/WildCRU \"WildCRU\"), [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\"). For services to Natural Sciences.\n* Dr. Karl Joseph MacKie, Chief Executive and Mediator, Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution. For services to Mediation.\n* Professor Barry McCormick, Chief Economist and Chief Analyst, Department of Health.\n* [Robin John Christian Millar](/wiki/Robin_John_Christian_Millar \"Robin John Christian Millar\"), Record Producer. For services to the Music Industry.\n* Marlene Craigie Morley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Head of the Defence Equipment and Support Collocation Team, Ministry of Defence.\n* Professor Alan Shaw Murie, Emeritus Professor of Urban and Regional Studies, [University of Birmingham](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham \"University of Birmingham\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* [Peter Edward Murray](/wiki/Peter_Murray_%28Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park%29 \"Peter Murray (Yorkshire Sculpture Park)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Founder and Executive Director, [Yorkshire Sculpture Park](/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park \"Yorkshire Sculpture Park\"). For services to the Arts.\n* John Noble. For public service.\n* George Carew O'Grady, Chief Executive, [Professional Golfers' Association European Tour](/wiki/PGA_European_Tour \"PGA European Tour\"). For services to Sport.\n* [Douglas Edwin Oakervee](/wiki/Douglas_Oakervee \"Douglas Oakervee\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, lately Chairman, [Crossrail](/wiki/Crossrail \"Crossrail\"). For services to Civil Engineering.\n* John Douglas Orr, Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and lately President, [Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh \"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Jenny Owen, Executive Director, Adult, Health and Community Wellbeing, [Essex County Council](/wiki/Essex_County_Council \"Essex County Council\"), and President, Association of Directors of Adult Social Services. For public service.\n* Ruth Owen, Chief Operating Officer and Deputy Chief Executive Officer, [Jobcentre Plus](/wiki/Jobcentre_Plus \"Jobcentre Plus\"), Department for Work and Pensions.\n* [Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten](/wiki/Hilda_Elsie_Marguerite_Patten \"Hilda Elsie Marguerite Patten\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Cookery Writer. For services to the Food Industry.\n* Stephen Phipson, President and Group Managing Director, [Smiths Detection Group Ltd](/wiki/Smiths_Group \"Smiths Group\"). For services to the Security Industry.\n* Graham Fenwick Pimlott, lately Chairman, [Export Credits Guarantee Department](/wiki/Export_Credits_Guarantee_Department \"Export Credits Guarantee Department\"). For services to Business.\n* [Hope Patricia Powell](/wiki/Hope_Patricia_Powell \"Hope Patricia Powell\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, [National Coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 \"Coach (sport)\"), [England Women's Football Team](/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team \"England women's national football team\"). For services to Sport.\n* Professor [Carol Propper](/wiki/Carol_Propper \"Carol Propper\"), Professor of Economics of Public Policy, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol \"University of Bristol\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Stephen Julian Przybylski, Head of Strategy and Policy, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\").\n* William Roe, Chairman, [Highlands and Islands Enterprise](/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise \"Highlands and Islands Enterprise\"). For public service.\n* Susan Carroll, Lady Sainsbury. For services to the [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\") and to the Arts.\n* John Robin Schultz, Chief Executive, [Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council](/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council \"Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [John Graham Shepherd](/wiki/John_Graham_Shepherd \"John Graham Shepherd\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=FRS}}, Professorial Research Fellow in Earth System Science, [National Oceanography Centre, Southampton](/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre%2C_Southampton \"National Oceanography Centre, Southampton\"). For services to Science.\n* Professor Martin Shirley, Director, [Institute for Animal Health](/wiki/Institute_for_Animal_Health \"Institute for Animal Health\"). For services to Science.\n* Jo Shuter, Headteacher, Quintin Kynaston Community School, City of Westminster, London. For services to local and national Education.\n* Professor David Thomas Sines, Pro Vice\\-Chancellor, [Buckinghamshire New University](/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University \"Buckinghamshire New University\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Theodosia Sowa. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the UK and Overseas.\n* Professor [Robert Stephen John Sparks](/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks \"Robert Stephen John Sparks\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=FRS}}, [Chaning Wills](/wiki/Wills_baronets \"Wills baronets\") Professor of Geology, [University of Bristol](/wiki/University_of_Bristol \"University of Bristol\"). For services to Environmental Science.\n* Mary Cecilia Spinks, Director, [Florence Nightingale Foundation](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Foundation \"Florence Nightingale Foundation\"). For services to Nursing.\n* Alyson Jane Stafford, Director of Finance, [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive \"Scottish Executive\").\n* Dr. [Robert Scott Steedman](/wiki/Morris_and_Steedman \"Morris and Steedman\"), Vice\\-President, [Royal Academy of Engineering](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering \"Royal Academy of Engineering\"). For services to Engineering.\n* [David Graham Stevens](/wiki/David_Stevens_%28businessman%29 \"David Stevens (businessman)\"), Chief Operating Officer, [Admiral Group](/wiki/Admiral_Group \"Admiral Group\"). For services to the Insurance Industry and to Charity.\n* Heather Vivienne Stevens. For charitable services.\n* Paul Stockton, Director, Tribunals Judicial Office, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)\").\n* [Norman Kelvin Stoller](/wiki/Norman_Stoller \"Norman Stoller\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE, DL}}. For charitable services.\n* David Radcliffe Stone, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, Chairman, [Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Sheffield_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Timothy John Stone](/wiki/Timothy_Stone \"Timothy Stone\"), Expert Chairman, Office of Nuclear Development. For services to the Energy Industry.\n* Dr. (Ernest) Neil Suggett, Headteacher, Hayes Park Primary School, Hillingdon, London. For services to Education.\n* Helen Patricia Tait, Headteacher, [Sandgate Primary School](/wiki/Sandgate_Primary_School \"Sandgate Primary School\") and Folkestone Primary Academy. For services to Education in Kent.\n* Stephen William Thomas, Chief Executive, [Welsh Local Government Association](/wiki/Welsh_Local_Government_Association \"Welsh Local Government Association\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Harold Peter Tillman](/wiki/Harold_Peter_Tillman \"Harold Peter Tillman\"), Chairman, [Jaeger](/wiki/Jaeger_%28clothing%29 \"Jaeger (clothing)\") and [British Fashion Council](/wiki/British_Fashion_Council \"British Fashion Council\"). For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Martin Tolhurst, Principal, [Newham College of Further Education](/wiki/Newham_College_of_Further_Education \"Newham College of Further Education\"). For services to Further Education in London.\n* Louise Wendy Tulett, Group Director of Finance and Procurement, [HM Treasury](/wiki/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\").\n* [Colin Jack, the Honourable Lord Tyre](/wiki/Colin_Tyre%2C_Lord_Tyre \"Colin Tyre, Lord Tyre\"), lately President, [Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Bars_and_Law_Societies_of_Europe \"Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe\"). For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Professor [Veronica van Heyningen](/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen \"Veronica van Heyningen\"), President, [The Genetics Society](/wiki/The_Genetics_Society \"The Genetics Society\"). For services to Science.\n* Dr. [Jean Venables](/wiki/Jean_Venables \"Jean Venables\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=OBE}}, [President](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers \"List of presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers\"), [Institution of Civil Engineers](/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers \"Institution of Civil Engineers\"). For services to Civil Engineering.\n* Robert Vincent, Chief Executive, [Kirklees Council](/wiki/Kirklees_Council \"Kirklees Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Sarah Webb](/wiki/Sarah_Webb_%28housing_professional%29 \"Sarah Webb (housing professional)\"), Chief Executive, [Chartered Institute of Housing](/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Housing \"Chartered Institute of Housing\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Gillian Barbara Westerman, Principal and Chief Executive, [Northern College for Residential Adult Education](/wiki/Northern_College_for_Residential_and_Community_Adult_Education \"Northern College for Residential and Community Adult Education\"). For services to Adult Learning.\n* John Furness Widdowson, Principal, [New College Durham](/wiki/New_College_Durham \"New College Durham\"). For services to local and national Further and Higher Education.\n* Dr. Robert James Young, Consultant Physician, Diabetes and Endocrinology, [Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Salford_Royal_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* [Thomas Edur](/wiki/Thomas_Edur \"Thomas Edur\"), lately Senior Principal Dancer, [English National Ballet](/wiki/English_National_Ballet \"English National Ballet\"). For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations.\n* [Henry Thomas Marsh](/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Marsh \"Henry Thomas Marsh\"), Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, [St George's Hospital](/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital \"St George's Hospital\"), Tooting. For services to Medicine in the UK and Ukraine.\n* [Agnes Oaks](/wiki/Agnes_Oaks \"Agnes Oaks\"), Senior Principal Dancer, English National Ballet. For services to the Arts and to UK/Estonian cultural relations.\n* Dr. [Lee James Taylor White](/wiki/Lee_White_%28conservationist%29 \"Lee White (conservationist)\"), Head, Gabon's National Parks Agency. For services to Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in West and Central Africa." ]
#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Commander Matthew James Avison, C033542H. * Commander Darren Cartwright, C032255Y. * Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) Robert Graham Cundy, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Royal Marines, N028071E. * Commander Kevin Gomm, C026462M. * Captain (Acting Commodore) Steven Charles Ramm, C021825S. * Captain Ian Michael Robinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve, C983662K. * Commander Thomas Grenville Sharpe, C035842C. * Commander Paul Kenneth Shawcross, C030263U. * Commander Steven Luigi Smith, C026720Q. Army * Lieutenant Colonel Owen James Adams, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 521592\. * Colonel [Darrell Peter Amison](/wiki/Darrell_Amison "Darrell Amison"), late The Royal Logistic Corps, 536123\. * Colonel [Alastair Andrew Bernard Ribey Bruce of Crionaich](/wiki/Alastair_Bruce_of_Crionaich "Alastair Bruce of Crionaich"), late General List, Territorial Army, 509493\. * Colonel Peter Andrew Christian, Essex Army Cadet Force, 494473\. * Lieutenant Colonel Robert Lewis Gamble, Royal Tank Regiment, 539340\. * Lieutenant Colonel Andrew David Griffiths, Royal Army Medical Corps, 542939\. * Lieutenant Colonel Francis John Hollman, Corps of Royal Engineers, 543230\. * Lieutenant Colonel Anna Clare Luedicke, The Royal Logistic Corps, 538202\. * Lieutenant Colonel Michael John Purnell, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 521687\. * Lieutenant Colonel Richard Arthur Robinson, The Royal Irish Regiment, 512677\. * Colonel Charles Patrick Carnegie Sloan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, late the Royal Irish Regiment, 502912\. * Lieutenant Colonel Barry John Spiers, Royal Corps of Signals, 543680\. * Lieutenant Colonel John Robin Greenwell Stephenson, The Parachute Regiment, 526587\. * Colonel Gordon Straughan, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, late The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, Territorial Army, 531176\. * Colonel David Peter Turner, late Army Air Corps, 506903\. * Lieutenant Colonel Gary Paul Wilkinson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 528966\. Royal Air Force * Wing Commander Steven Jon Chadwick (8304300B). * Wing Commander Andrew Kevin Jeffrey (8029314K). * Group Captain Mark Harry Michael Kemsley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (5206907M). * Wing Commander Richard Andrew Knight (8153035K). * Wing Commander James Edward Linter (5205609Q). * Wing Commander Ian David Sargeant (5205239Y). * Wing Commander Dominic Joseph Toriati, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, (8029853B). Civil Division * Susan Marie Adams, Director, Care \& Repair England. For services to the Housing Sector for Older People. * Dr. [Husna Ahmad](/wiki/Husna_Ahmad "Husna Ahmad"), Chief Executive Officer, Faith Regeneration Foundation. For services to Disadvantaged People. * Maqsood Ahmad, lately Head of Police Equality and Diversity Policy, Home Office. * Mark Andrews, lately Chief Executive, NG Bailey. For services to Apprenticeships and Training in the Construction Industry. * Mary Archer, Chief Officer, Essex Probation Area, Ministry of Justice. * Clara Anthonyammah Arokiasamy, Chair, Greater London Authority Heritage and Diversity Task Force. For services to Heritage. * Jane Arrowsmith, Principal, Troup House School, Aberdeen. For services to Special Needs Education. * Professor Amanda Ashton, Director of Quality, NHS Leicester City. For services to Nursing. * District Judge Gordon Rayment Ashton. For services to the Administration of Justice and to Disabled People. * [William Michael Allingham Ashton](/wiki/Bill_Ashton_%28jazz_musician%29 "Bill Ashton (jazz musician)"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Life President, [National Youth Jazz Orchestra](/wiki/National_Youth_Jazz_Orchestra "National Youth Jazz Orchestra"). For services to Music. * Dalwardin Babu, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * Linda Badman, Customer Services Director, Jobcentre Plus, Wales, Department for Work and Pensions. * Vivien Bailey, lately Her Majesty's Inspector, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted "Ofsted"). * Diana Barnes. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Dr. Emma Barrett, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Elizabeth Barron, lately Chair, [Firebuy Ltd.](/wiki/Firebuy "Firebuy") For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. * Jackie Bennett, Head of Policy, [Council of Mortgage Lenders](/wiki/Council_of_Mortgage_Lenders "Council of Mortgage Lenders"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Robert Edward John Bernays, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in the South West. * [Sharon Berry](/wiki/Sharon_Berry "Sharon Berry"), Chief Executive, [Storybook Dads](/wiki/Storybook_Dads "Storybook Dads"). For services to Children and Families. * Anil Kumar Bhanot. For services to the Hindu community and to Inter\-Faith Relations. * Mark Blundell, Chief Executive, Salmon Youth Centre, Bermondsey, London. For services to Young People. * Jennifer Susan Boothman, lately Headteacher, Pennington Church of England Primary School, Cumbria. For services to Education. * Susan Bradbury, lately Editor\-in\-Chief, [Folio Society](/wiki/Folio_Society "Folio Society"). For services to the Publishing Industry. * Professor Peter Brandon, lately Director of Strategic Programmes, [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford "University of Salford"). For services to the Built Environment. * Kathryn Broadhurst, Headteacher, Green Lane Infants School, Leicester. For services to Education. * Adam Vere Balfour Broke. For public service. * Neil Henry Bromley, lately Principal, [North East Worcestershire College](/wiki/North_East_Worcestershire_College "North East Worcestershire College"). For services to Further Education. * David Brown. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale "John Cale"). For services to Music and to the Arts. * Padraig Canavan, Managing Director, Singularity Ltd. For services to Business in Northern Ireland. * Thomas Canning, Headteacher, Tollgate Primary School, Newham, London. For services to local and national Education. * John Adam Carr. For services to Children Protection on the Internet. * James Rawson Carson. For services to Geography Education in Scotland. * Barbara Rose Castle. For services to Regeneration in Wales. * Janti Champaneri, lately Senior Manager, Adult and Communities Directorate, [Birmingham City Council](/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council "Birmingham City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Utheshtra Chetty, lately Senior Consultant Surgeon, Edinburgh Breast Unit. For services to Medicine. * Aileen Chilton, Senior Manager A, Reducing Re\-Offending Policy Group, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service "National Offender Management Service"), Ministry of Justice. * Edward Chorlton, lately Deputy Chief Executive, [Devon County Council](/wiki/Devon_County_Council "Devon County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Peter Thomas Claiden, lately Principal Inspector of Air Accidents, [Air Accidents Investigation Branch](/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch "Air Accidents Investigation Branch"), Department for Transport. * John Henry Cleary, Deputy Director, Housing and Growth Programmes Team, Department for Communities and Local Government. * [Brian Clemens](/wiki/Brian_Clemens "Brian Clemens"), Screenwriter. For services to Broadcasting and to Drama. * Alexander Jamieson Cluness. For services to the community in the Shetland Isles. * Patricia Mary Coleman. For services to Local Government and to the community in the East Midlands. * [Alec Coles](/wiki/Alec_Coles "Alec Coles"), lately Director, [Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums](/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Archives_and_Museums "Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums"). For services to Museums. * Laura Coletti, Manager, Violet Melchett Sure Start Children's Centre, Kensington, London. For services to Children and Families. * Professor Ian Colligan, lately Chairman, Board of Management, [Dundee College](/wiki/Dundee_College "Dundee College"). For services to Further Education. * Paul Damian Conway, Senior Vice\-President, Cargill Inc. For services to the Agricultural Industry. * [Wendy Cope](/wiki/Wendy_Cope "Wendy Cope"), Poet. For services to Literature. * James Romaine Hendry Coussey, Senior Prosecutor, Crown Prosecution Service. * Professor [Brian Edward Cox](/wiki/Brian_Edward_Cox "Brian Edward Cox"), Professor of Particle Physics and Royal Society University Research Fellow, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester"). For services to Science. * Christopher James Cox, Assistant Director Local Compliance, Individuals and Public Bodies, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs. * Catherine Lynne Crawford, Chief Executive, [Metropolitan Police Authority](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority "Metropolitan Police Authority"). For services to the Police. * Jill Crawford, For services to Midwifery and Nursing. * Fiona Cruickshank, Director, SCM Pharma Ltd. For services to Business in the North East. * [Barry Cunningham](/wiki/Barry_Cunningham_%28publisher%29 "Barry Cunningham (publisher)"), Chief Publisher and Managing Director, [Chicken House Books](/wiki/The_Chicken_House "The Chicken House"). For services to the Publishing Industry. * Suzanne Cunningham, Consultant Midwife, Southampton University Hospital Trust and Bournemouth University. For services to Midwifery. * [Dr. Judith Mary Darmady](/wiki/Judith_Darmady "Judith Darmady"). For services to Children's Well\-Being Overseas. * Angela Darnell, Headteacher, [Egglescliffe School](/wiki/Egglescliffe_School "Egglescliffe School"), Stockton\-on\-Tees. For services to Education. * Professor [Timothy Darvill](/wiki/Timothy_Darvill "Timothy Darvill"). For services to Archaeology. * Elizabeth Davidson. For services to Conservation and Architectural Heritage in Scotland. * David Arthur Stephen Davies, lately President, National Farmers' Union, Cymru. For services to the Agricultural Industry in Wales. * Beverley Jane Davies, Chief Executive, Manchester Science Parks. For services to Innovation. * Susan Elizabeth Davies, Policy and Technical Specialist, Business Tax, London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Colin Dawson, Chief Executive, British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers \& Attractions Ltd. For services to the Tourist Industry. * Jeanette Elizabeth Dawson, Principal, [Bishop Burton College](/wiki/Bishop_Burton_College "Bishop Burton College"), Beverley. For services to Land\-based Further and Higher Education. * Stephen John Rodgers Dawson. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * John Dew, Principal Construction Project Manager, Welsh Assembly Government. * Miles Dibsdall, Principal, [New College Stamford](/wiki/New_College_Stamford "New College Stamford"), Lincolnshire. For services to Further and Higher Education. * Professor Anthony George Doré, Vice\-President for Global Exploration, [Statoil](/wiki/Statoil "Statoil"). For services to Geology. * John Dunningham. For voluntary service to Tennis. * [William Robert Dunster](/wiki/William_Robert_Dunster "William Robert Dunster"). For services to Sustainable Housing Design. * [Barry George Albin\-Dyer](/wiki/Barry_Albin-Dyer "Barry Albin-Dyer"), Chairman, Kenyons Repatriation Services Ltd. For services to the Armed Forces. * Joanna Elson, Chief Executive, Money Advice Trust. For services to People in Debt. * Barry Raymond England, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance. * Margaret Macdonald Eva, Headteacher, [Bourne Community College](/wiki/Bourne_Community_College "Bourne Community College"), West Sussex. For services to Education. * Stephen Nicholas Evans. For services to the Samaritans in the UK. * Robin Anthony Eve. For services to the [City of London Corporation](/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation "City of London Corporation"). * Michael Geoffrey Shaun Farrell. For services to the Church of England. * Barry Forrester, lately Principal Recruitment Policy Adviser, [Civil Service Commissioners](/wiki/Civil_Service_Commissioners_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Civil Service Commissioners (United Kingdom)"), Cabinet Office. * Steven Hamilton Freed, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Dr. Simon Gage, Director, [Edinburgh International Science Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival "Edinburgh International Science Festival"). For services to Science Communication. * Ronald Francis Gainsford, Chief Executive, [Trading Standards Institute](/wiki/Trading_Standards_Institute "Trading Standards Institute"). For services to Consumers and to Business. * Eileen Gallagher, Chief Executive, [Shed Productions](/wiki/Shed_Productions "Shed Productions"). For services to Broadcasting. * Professor Harold Samuel Gamble, Professor of Engineering, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Science. * Olivia Giles. For charitable services particularly to Disabled People. * Margaret Gilmour, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * John Ellis Glennie, lately Chief Executive, [NHS Borders](/wiki/NHS_Borders "NHS Borders"). For services to Healthcare. * Trevor Graves, Oculoplastic Specialist Nurse, [Leicester Royal Infirmary](/wiki/Leicester_Royal_Infirmary "Leicester Royal Infirmary"), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * [Harriet Green](/wiki/Harriet_Green "Harriet Green"), Chief Executive Officer, [Premier Farnell plc](/wiki/Premier_Farnell_plc "Premier Farnell plc"). For services to the Electronics Industry. * [Bonnie Greer](/wiki/Bonnie_Greer "Bonnie Greer"), Playwright, Author and Critic. For services to the Arts. * Dr. Ruth Mary Evelyn Griffin, Lead Scientist, Forensic Science Agency of Northern Ireland. * Professor [Dorothy Seymour Griffiths](/wiki/Dorothy_Griffiths "Dorothy Griffiths"), Professor of HR Management and Deputy Principal, [Imperial College Business School](/wiki/Imperial_College_Business_School "Imperial College Business School"), London. For services to Higher Education. * Peter Lloyd Griffiths, Group Chief Executive, [Principality Building Society](/wiki/Principality_Building_Society "Principality Building Society"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Catherine, The Lady Guthrie. For voluntary service to [SSAFA Forces Help](/wiki/SSAFA_Forces_Help "SSAFA Forces Help"). * John Gale Hambly, Deputy Technical Director, [QinetiQ](/wiki/QinetiQ "QinetiQ"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Garry John Handley, Team Leader, Road Safety Unit, [Gloucestershire County Council](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council "Gloucestershire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Nicola Jane Hanna, Director, Epilepsy Bereaved. For services to Families. * Councillor Malcolm Charles Hanney. For services to the community in the South West. * [Jeremy Andrew Harris](/wiki/Drew_Harris "Drew Harris"), Assistant Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland "Police Service of Northern Ireland"). For services to the Police. * Martin Harris, Deputy Director, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office. * Gillian Anne Heaton, Executive Director of Patient Services and Chief Nurse, [Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Central_Manchester_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * David George Henderson, Managing Director, Tobermore Concrete Products Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland. * [James Herbert](/wiki/James_Herbert "James Herbert"), Author. For services to Literature. * Dr. Robin Walter Hiley, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Robert Seamus Hill, Managing Director, [Chemring Marine](/wiki/Chemring_Group "Chemring Group"). For services to the Marine Industry. * The Reverend Jean Margaret Hoggard. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire. * Vivien Hopkins, Chief Operating Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Nigel Arthur Hoskin. For services to [Dartmoor National Park](/wiki/Dartmoor_National_Park "Dartmoor National Park"). * Professor Dominic Houlihan, Vice\-Principal, [University of Aberdeen](/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen "University of Aberdeen"). For services to Science Communication. * Professor [Kenneth Howard](/wiki/Ken_Howard_%28artist%29 "Ken Howard (artist)"), Artist. For services to Art. * Dr. Elizabeth Howells, Head of Primary Care Psychology and Health Psychology. For services to Mental Healthcare in Wiltshire. * John Hudson, Senior Forestry Adviser, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development"). * Anthony John Hunter, Chief Executive, [North East Lincolnshire Council](/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council "North East Lincolnshire Council"). For services to Social Care. * Stephen Hunter, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, [Tayside Fire and Rescue](/wiki/Tayside_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Tayside Fire and Rescue Service"). For services to Local Government. * Mick Hurley, lately Serious Youth Violence Adviser. For services to Young People. * Mashuq Hussain. For services to Young People and to Community Relations in Burnley and Pendle, Lancashire. * Ian Crosbie Tennant Hutcheson, Director of Security, [BAA Airports Ltd](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings "Heathrow Airport Holdings"). For services to the Aviation Industry. * Arthur Graeme Hyslop, Principal, [Langside College](/wiki/Langside_College "Langside College"), Glasgow. For services to Further Education. * Taha Mohammad Idris, Chief Executive, Swansea Bay Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations. * John Jackson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Staffordshire. * Tracy Jackson, Manager, Crescent Children's Centre, Stoke\-on\-Trent. For services to Children and Families. * Lynne James, Manager, Hartcliffe Sure Start Children's Centre, Bristol. For services to Children and Families. * Jonathan Andrew Jefferis, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * [Blair Jenkins](/wiki/Blair_Jenkins "Blair Jenkins"). For services to Broadcasting. * George Robert Jenkins, Vice\-Chairman, [NHS Blood and Transplant](/wiki/NHS_Blood_and_Transplant "NHS Blood and Transplant"), and Chairman, [South London Healthcare NHS](/wiki/South_London_Healthcare_NHS_Trust "South London Healthcare NHS Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * Dr. [Ian Dennis Jenkins](/wiki/Ian_Dennis_Jenkins "Ian Dennis Jenkins"), Senior Curator, Greek Collections, [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum"). For services to Museums. * Professor Arthur Thomas Peter Jones, Senior Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, Academic Development and Research, [Nottingham Trent University](/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University "Nottingham Trent University"). For services to Higher Education and to the Legal Profession. * Dilys Cynthia Mary Jones, lately Headteacher, Lypiatt Primary School and Early Years Centre, Wiltshire. For services to Education. * Dan Clayton\-Jones. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales. * Jean Mary Jones, Headteacher, Grace Owen Nursery School, Sheffield. For services to Early Years Education. * Mair Jones. For services to Further Education in Wales. * Sian Rees\-Jones, Headteacher, Bognor Regis Nursery School and Children's Centre, West Sussex. For services to Early Years Education. * Ursula Jones. For services to Music. * Dr. [Sukhbir Singh Kapoor](/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Kapoor "Sukhbir Singh Kapoor"), Vice\-Chancellor, World Sikh University. For services to Community Relations. * Paul Warren Kendrew, Senior Official, HM Revenue and Customs. * [Nick Knight](/wiki/Nick_Knight_%28photographer%29 "Nick Knight (photographer)"), Fashion Photographer. For services to Art. * Dr. [Kartar Singh Lalvani](/wiki/Kartar_Lalvani "Kartar Lalvani"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry and to Charity. * Deepak Lalwani, Director, India, Astaire \& Partners. For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Robin Frank Landman, Chief Executive Officer, Network for Black Professionals. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic Further Education. * Jurat Derek Le Page, lately [Jurat](/wiki/Jurat "Jurat") of the [Royal Court](/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey "Courts of Guernsey"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Guernsey. * Roger Adrian Legate, Principal and Head of Visual Impairment Service, [Linden Lodge School](/wiki/Linden_Lodge_School "Linden Lodge School"), Wandsworth, London. For services to Special Needs Education. * Sharon Patricia Lemon. For public service. * Eric James Lewis, lately Chief Executive Officer, Doncaster's Group. For services to Industry. * Marion Lewis, Chair, Neighbourhood and Homewatch Network, England and Wales. For services to Community Safety. * Sian Lockwood, Chief Executive, Community Catalysts (NAAPS UK). For services to Social Care. * Karen Logan, Nurse Consultant (Continence Services), [Aneurin Bevan Health Board](/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan_Health_Board "Aneurin Bevan Health Board"). For services to Healthcare. * Joanna Elisabeth Anne Tait\-Lovatt, lately Principal and Chief Executive, [Bishop Auckland College](/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_College "Bishop Auckland College"). For services to local and national Education. * Dr. Kailash Chand Malhotra, General Medical Practitioner, Ashton\-under\-Lyne. For services to Healthcare. * Jehangir Malik. For services to [Islamic Relief](/wiki/Islamic_Relief "Islamic Relief"). * Christine Mann, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse. * Stephen Mathews, Chief Executive, Cedar Foundation. For services to Disabled People in Northern Ireland. * Janet Erica Matthewman, Head of Culture, Media and Sport, Government Office for the North West. * Angela Jane Maxwell, Managing Director, Acuwomen. For services to Business in the West Midlands. * [Anthony Peter McCoy](/wiki/Anthony_Peter_McCoy "Anthony Peter McCoy"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Jockey. For services to Horse Racing.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/northern\_ireland/8735760\.stm \|title\=Tony McCoy and Kyle McCallan head NI sporting honours \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=11 June 2010}} * Patrick Joseph McIntyre, Chief Executive, [Northern Ireland Housing Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Housing_Executive "Northern Ireland Housing Executive"). For services to the Housing Sector. * Joseph McVey, Chairman, Volunteer Development Agency. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Northern Ireland. * Gaynor Mears. For services to Preventing Domestic and Sexual Violence. * [Tamara Mellon](/wiki/Tamara_Mellon "Tamara Mellon"), Founder and Chief Creative Officer, [Jimmy Choo Ltd](/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd "Jimmy Choo Ltd"). For services to the Fashion Industry. * Judith Ann Million, Deputy Regional Director, Government Office for the North East. * Jayne Mary Monkhouse. For services to Equal Opportunities and to Diversity. * Leslie Ann Morphy, Chief Executive, [Crisis](/wiki/Crisis_%28charity%29 "Crisis (charity)"). For services to Homeless People. * Dr. Jennifer Morris. For services to Disabled People. * Robert Mullen, Governor, [HM Prison Lindholme](/wiki/HM_Prison_Lindholme "HM Prison Lindholme"), HM Prison Service. * Barry Mussenden, Deputy Director, Policy and Strategy Directorate, Department of Health. * Catherine Myers, Executive Headteacher, [Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate Schools](/wiki/Bishop_Challoner_Catholic_Collegiate_School "Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate School"), Tower Hamlets, London. For services to Education. * Mohammad Nazir, Chairman, West Midlands Ethnic Minority Business Forum. For services to Business. * [John Vivian Drummond Nettles](/wiki/John_Vivian_Drummond_Nettles "John Vivian Drummond Nettles"), Actor. For services to Drama. * John Irwin Nevin, lately Assistant Director of Operations (Benefits Assurance), Social Security Agency, Northern Ireland Executive. * Rosalind Newlands, Course Director for Tourist Guide Training, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh"). For services to the Tourist Industry. * Angela Elizabeth O'Connor, Headteacher, Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Hastings. For services to Education. * Alache Ode. For services to Diaspora Communities in the UK and Overseas. * Dr Nelson Olawale Ogunshakin, Chief Executive, [Association for Consultancy and Engineering](/wiki/Association_for_Consultancy_and_Engineering "Association for Consultancy and Engineering"). For services to the Construction and Engineering Industries. * [Sophie Okonedo](/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo "Sophie Okonedo"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Margaret Oldfield, Chair, [Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Rotherham_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to the community in South Yorkshire. * [Kenneth Olisa](/wiki/Ken_Olisa "Ken Olisa"), Chairman, [Thames Reach](/wiki/Thames_Reach "Thames Reach"). For services to Homeless People in London. * Dr. [Keith Palmer](/wiki/Keith_Palmer_%28businessman%29 "Keith Palmer (businessman)"). For services to Economic Development Overseas. * Dr. [Cornelia Ann Parker](/wiki/Cornelia_Ann_Parker "Cornelia Ann Parker"), Sculptor and Installation Artist. For services to Art. * Bryn Parry, Co\-Founder, [Help for Heroes](/wiki/Help_for_Heroes "Help for Heroes"). For voluntary service to the Armed Forces. * Emma Parry, Co\-Founder, Help for Heroes. For voluntary service to the Armed Forces. * Dr. Rachel Elizabeth Perkins, Director of Quality Assurance and User Experience, [South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust](/wiki/South_West_London_and_St_George%27s_Mental_Health_NHS_Trust "South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust"). For services to Mental Health. * Zahara Hyde Peters, Chief Executive Officer, [British Triathlon Federation](/wiki/British_Triathlon_Federation "British Triathlon Federation"). For services to Athletics. * [Julian Pettifer](/wiki/Julian_Pettifer "Julian Pettifer"). For services to Journalism and to Wildlife Conservation. * Professor [David Andrew Phoenix](/wiki/David_Andrew_Phoenix "David Andrew Phoenix"), Deputy Vice\-Chancellor, [University of Central Lancashire](/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire "University of Central Lancashire"). For services to Science and to Higher Education. * John Hugh Pitman, Executive Chairman, JHP Group Ltd. For services to Vocational Training. * Nicholas Clive Randle, Chief Executive, [Society of Local Council Clerks](/wiki/Society_of_Local_Council_Clerks "Society of Local Council Clerks"). For services to Local Government. * André Rebello, HM Coroner for Liverpool. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Ann Helen Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society. * Bernard Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society. * Geoffrey Reed, Senior Statistician, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. * Bennett Lyle Edward Reid. For services to Business and to the community in Walsall, West Midlands. * Professor Ken Reid, lately Deputy Vice\-Chancellor, [Swansea Metropolitan University](/wiki/Swansea_Metropolitan_University "Swansea Metropolitan University"). For services to Education. * Honor Rhodes, Director of Strategic Development, [Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships](/wiki/Tavistock_Relationships "Tavistock Relationships"). For services to Children and Families. * [Andrew George Ripley](/wiki/Andrew_George_Ripley "Andrew George Ripley"). For services to Sport, particularly Rugby. (To be dated 20 May 2010\.) * Jacqueline Roberts, Chief Executive, [Care Commission](/wiki/Care_Commission "Care Commission"). For services to Social Care in Scotland. * Jacqueline Ann Robinson, President, [England Squash](/wiki/England_Squash "England Squash"). For services to Sport. * Michael Jeremy Rye, Leader, [Enfield Council](/wiki/Enfield_Council "Enfield Council"). For services to Local Government. * Inderjit Kaur Sandhu, Headteacher, Launde Primary School, Leicestershire. For services to Education. * Johanna Senior. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Dr. Prem Dutt Sharma. For services to Community Relations. * Stephen Frank Shine, Chief Operating Officer, [Thames Water](/wiki/Thames_Water "Thames Water"). For services to the Water Industry. * Angela Sibson, Chief Executive, National Academy for Parenting Practitioners. For services to Children and Families. * Beverley Francis Smart. For services to People with Special Needs. * Dr. Deborah Anita Smith, Director, [Building Research Establishment](/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment "Building Research Establishment"). For services to Fire Safety. * Professor Deborah Frances Smith, Professor of Molecular Parasitology, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York "University of York"), and Chair, Medical Research Council Infections and Immunity Board. For services to Science. * Nigel Saxby\-Soffe, lately Finance Director, Action Aid International. For services to International Development. * Thelma Olive Sorensen. For services to the Economic Regeneration of Cornwall. * Linbert Soloman Spencer. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Ruth Stanier, Deputy Director, Preventing Repossessions and Homelessness, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Christopher Stevens, lately Head of Inclusion Policy, [British Educational and Communications Technology Agency](/wiki/Becta "Becta"). For services to Special Needs Education. * Brian West Stewart, lately Chief Executive, [East of England Regional Assembly](/wiki/East_of_England_Regional_Assembly "East of England Regional Assembly"). For services to Local Government. * Dr. [Richard Malcolm Ellis Stone](/wiki/Richard_Stone_%28campaigner%29 "Richard Stone (campaigner)"). For public and voluntary service. * David George Stout, Executive Director of Finance and Communications, NHS North East Strategic Health Authority. For services to the NHS. * Professor Rodney Paul Sturges. For services to Libraries in the UK and Overseas. * [Shane Edwin Sutton](/wiki/Shane_Edwin_Sutton "Shane Edwin Sutton"), Track Performance Manager, Cycling GB. For services to Sport. * Elizabeth Taylor, Public Health Manager, Southampton City Primary Care Trust. For services to Children and Families. * Kenneth John Taylor, Leader, [Coventry City Council](/wiki/Coventry_City_Council "Coventry City Council"). For services to Local Government. * Mary Teasdale, Head, National Information and Advice Service for Families of People with Schizophrenia. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Barbara Lynne Thomas. For charitable services. * Pauline Thompson. For services to Older and Disabled People. * Tina Tietjen, Chairman, Air Transport Users' Council. For services to the Aviation Industry. * Martin John Tiplady, Director, Human Resources, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * Professor Brian Toft, Professor of Patient Safety, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, [Coventry University](/wiki/Coventry_University "Coventry University"). For services to Healthcare. * Keith Tondeur, President, Credit Action. For services to Financial Education. * Judith Anne Tunstall, Senior Private Secretary, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * Margaret Turner, Chief Executive, Diana Award. For services to Young People. * Baljit Ubhey, Chief Crown Prosecutor, Thames Valley and Group Chair, Thames and Chiltern, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service"). * [Carol Kathleen Walton](/wiki/Caz_Walton "Caz Walton"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to Disability Sport. * Elizabeth Rayner Scott Walton, Lately Principal, [William Morris Sixth Form](/wiki/William_Morris_Sixth_Form "William Morris Sixth Form"), Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Post\-16 Education. * Pauline Waterhouse, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, [Blackpool and The Fylde College](/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College "Blackpool and The Fylde College"), Lancashire. For services to Further Education. * Sylvia Beatrice Wear, Chief Executive, RCV Charity. For services to Disabled People. * Alison Joan Wenham, Chairman and Chief Executive, [Association of Independent Music](/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Music "Association of Independent Music"). For services to the Creative Industries. * Fiona Marie Wheeler, Team Leader, Early Years Parenting and Promoting Learning Team, Department for Children, Schools and Families. * John Whittaker, Deputy Director, Customer Operations PAYE and Self Assessment Strategic North, Nottingham, HM Revenue and Customs. * John Mills Whyte, lately Director Central Region, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency "UK Border Agency"), Home Office. * [Ann Wild](/wiki/Ann_Wild "Ann Wild"). For services to Wheelchair Basketball. * Desmond Williamson, Principal, Castlederg High School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * John Bryan Wybrew, lately Chairman, [Energy and Utility Skills](/wiki/Energy_and_Utility_Skills "Energy and Utility Skills"). For services to Training. * Nicola Yates, Chief Executive, [Hull City Council](/wiki/Hull_City_Council "Hull City Council"). For services to Local Government. Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * Philip King Alcock, Prosecutor, War Crimes Department, Prosecutor's Office, Bosnia and Herzegovina. For services to the protection of human rights and the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina. * [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali "Mockbul Ali"), Islamic Issues Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Rodney Keith Bain, lately Chairman, British Chamber of Commerce Thailand. For services to UK/Thailand commercial interests. * [Nigel Marcus Baker](/wiki/Nigel_Marcus_Baker "Nigel Marcus Baker"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MVO}}, [HM Ambassador to Bolivia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Bolivia "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia"). * Dr. Maha Taysir Barakat, Co\-Founder, Imperial College Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi. For services to medical research, training and public health in the United Arab Emirates. * Gideon David Beale, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Michael Edward Billett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, Director of the North American Office, [Mountbatten Institute](/wiki/Mountbatten_Institute "Mountbatten Institute"). For services to Education, particularly Student Exchange and International Study between the UK and USA. * Dr. Vernon Edward Hartley Booth, Chairman, Uzbek\-British Trade and Investment Council and Chairman of the British\-Uzbek Society. For services to UK\-Uzbek commercial interests. * Professor [Stephen Chan](/wiki/Stephen_Chan_%28academic%29 "Stephen Chan (academic)"), Professor of International Relations, [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies "School of Oriental and African Studies"). For services to Africa and Higher Education. * Richard John Cheney, Chairman, Commonwealth Society and Director, Chile British Chamber of Commerce. For services to the community in Chile and UK/Chile commercial interests. * Professor [James Chadwick Dunkerley](/wiki/James_Chadwick_Dunkerley "James Chadwick Dunkerley"), Professor of Latin American Politics and Modern History, [Institute for the Study of the Americas](/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Americas "Institute for the Study of the Americas") (ISA). For services to Latin American studies and UK/Latin American relations. * Alexander Ian Arthur Evans, lately First Secretary Political, British High Commission, Pakistan. * Rupert John Addison Gaskin, Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Jeremy Stuart Jacobson, Director, British Council, Algeria. * Malcolm Alun Richard Llewellyn, Chair, British Chamber of Commerce Indonesia. For services to UK/Indonesian commercial interests and to the community in Indonesia. * Barry Peter Marsh, lately President, British Chamber of Commerce and Founder Member, the Moroccan British Business Council. For services to UK/Moroccan business interests. * Stuart McCarthy, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Nicholas McGegan](/wiki/Nicholas_McGegan "Nicholas McGegan"), Conductor and Musicologist. For services to Music overseas. * Kevin McGurgan, lately Deputy Head, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah. * Dr. Jane Elizabeth Miller, Director, Maternal and Child Health Programmes and Initiatives, [Population Services International](/wiki/Population_Services_International "Population Services International"). For services to controlling and helping to eliminate Malaria in Tanzania. * Conchita Consuelo Ming, For services to the community and the Arts, Bermuda. * [Graham William Nash](/wiki/Graham_William_Nash "Graham William Nash"), Co\-Founder of [Crosby, Stills and Nash](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills_and_Nash "Crosby, Stills and Nash"). For services to Music and for charitable activities. * Terence Donald O'Connor, President, British Chamber of Commerce, Singapore and CEO, Courts (Singapore) Ltd. For services to UK/Singapore commercial interests. * Dr. John Ben Oswald Palmer, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * David Sim Paterson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Director, [Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh "Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh"). For services to Sino\-British co\-operation on biodiversity. * Dr. Adam Keith Prewett, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Nicholas John Pyle, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}, lately Chief Political Adviser, UN Political Office for Somalia. * Ian Ralfini, lately General Manager and Vice President, [EMI Manhattan Records](/wiki/EMI_Manhattan_Records "EMI Manhattan Records"), USA. For services to the Music Industry and charitable activities in the UK and USA. * Colin Reeves, Consultant Technical Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Keith Thomas Richards, Managing Director, Promasidor Nigeria Ltd. For services to UK/Nigerian business interests and charitable activities in Nigeria. * Alan Paul Smart, Director, British Council, Burma. * Peter Alan Stephenson, Director Trade and Investment, British High Commission, Nigeria. * The Honourable [Darwin Kurt Tibbetts](/wiki/Darwin_Kurt_Tibbetts "Darwin Kurt Tibbetts"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Leader of the Opposition, Cayman Islands. For services to the community.
[ "#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Commander Matthew James Avison, C033542H.\n* Commander Darren Cartwright, C032255Y.\n* Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) Robert Graham Cundy, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Royal Marines, N028071E.\n* Commander Kevin Gomm, C026462M.\n* Captain (Acting Commodore) Steven Charles Ramm, C021825S.\n* Captain Ian Michael Robinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=RD}}, Royal Naval Reserve, C983662K.\n* Commander Thomas Grenville Sharpe, C035842C.\n* Commander Paul Kenneth Shawcross, C030263U.\n* Commander Steven Luigi Smith, C026720Q.", "Army\n* Lieutenant Colonel Owen James Adams, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 521592\\.\n* Colonel [Darrell Peter Amison](/wiki/Darrell_Amison \"Darrell Amison\"), late The Royal Logistic Corps, 536123\\.\n* Colonel [Alastair Andrew Bernard Ribey Bruce of Crionaich](/wiki/Alastair_Bruce_of_Crionaich \"Alastair Bruce of Crionaich\"), late General List, Territorial Army, 509493\\.\n* Colonel Peter Andrew Christian, Essex Army Cadet Force, 494473\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Robert Lewis Gamble, Royal Tank Regiment, 539340\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Andrew David Griffiths, Royal Army Medical Corps, 542939\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis John Hollman, Corps of Royal Engineers, 543230\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Anna Clare Luedicke, The Royal Logistic Corps, 538202\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Michael John Purnell, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 521687\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Richard Arthur Robinson, The Royal Irish Regiment, 512677\\.\n* Colonel Charles Patrick Carnegie Sloan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, late the Royal Irish Regiment, 502912\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Barry John Spiers, Royal Corps of Signals, 543680\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Robin Greenwell Stephenson, The Parachute Regiment, 526587\\.\n* Colonel Gordon Straughan, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, late The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, Territorial Army, 531176\\.\n* Colonel David Peter Turner, late Army Air Corps, 506903\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Gary Paul Wilkinson, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 528966\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Wing Commander Steven Jon Chadwick (8304300B).\n* Wing Commander Andrew Kevin Jeffrey (8029314K).\n* Group Captain Mark Harry Michael Kemsley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (5206907M).\n* Wing Commander Richard Andrew Knight (8153035K).\n* Wing Commander James Edward Linter (5205609Q).\n* Wing Commander Ian David Sargeant (5205239Y).\n* Wing Commander Dominic Joseph Toriati, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, (8029853B).", "Civil Division\n* Susan Marie Adams, Director, Care \\& Repair England. For services to the Housing Sector for Older People.\n* Dr. [Husna Ahmad](/wiki/Husna_Ahmad \"Husna Ahmad\"), Chief Executive Officer, Faith Regeneration Foundation. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Maqsood Ahmad, lately Head of Police Equality and Diversity Policy, Home Office.\n* Mark Andrews, lately Chief Executive, NG Bailey. For services to Apprenticeships and Training in the Construction Industry.\n* Mary Archer, Chief Officer, Essex Probation Area, Ministry of Justice.\n* Clara Anthonyammah Arokiasamy, Chair, Greater London Authority Heritage and Diversity Task Force. For services to Heritage.\n* Jane Arrowsmith, Principal, Troup House School, Aberdeen. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Professor Amanda Ashton, Director of Quality, NHS Leicester City. For services to Nursing.\n* District Judge Gordon Rayment Ashton. For services to the Administration of Justice and to Disabled People.\n* [William Michael Allingham Ashton](/wiki/Bill_Ashton_%28jazz_musician%29 \"Bill Ashton (jazz musician)\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Life President, [National Youth Jazz Orchestra](/wiki/National_Youth_Jazz_Orchestra \"National Youth Jazz Orchestra\"). For services to Music.\n* Dalwardin Babu, Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* Linda Badman, Customer Services Director, Jobcentre Plus, Wales, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Vivien Bailey, lately Her Majesty's Inspector, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted \"Ofsted\").\n* Diana Barnes. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Dr. Emma Barrett, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Elizabeth Barron, lately Chair, [Firebuy Ltd.](/wiki/Firebuy \"Firebuy\") For services to the Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Jackie Bennett, Head of Policy, [Council of Mortgage Lenders](/wiki/Council_of_Mortgage_Lenders \"Council of Mortgage Lenders\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Robert Edward John Bernays, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in the South West.\n* [Sharon Berry](/wiki/Sharon_Berry \"Sharon Berry\"), Chief Executive, [Storybook Dads](/wiki/Storybook_Dads \"Storybook Dads\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* Anil Kumar Bhanot. For services to the Hindu community and to Inter\\-Faith Relations.\n* Mark Blundell, Chief Executive, Salmon Youth Centre, Bermondsey, London. For services to Young People.\n* Jennifer Susan Boothman, lately Headteacher, Pennington Church of England Primary School, Cumbria. For services to Education.\n* Susan Bradbury, lately Editor\\-in\\-Chief, [Folio Society](/wiki/Folio_Society \"Folio Society\"). For services to the Publishing Industry.\n* Professor Peter Brandon, lately Director of Strategic Programmes, [University of Salford](/wiki/University_of_Salford \"University of Salford\"). For services to the Built Environment.\n* Kathryn Broadhurst, Headteacher, Green Lane Infants School, Leicester. For services to Education.\n* Adam Vere Balfour Broke. For public service.\n* Neil Henry Bromley, lately Principal, [North East Worcestershire College](/wiki/North_East_Worcestershire_College \"North East Worcestershire College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* David Brown. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale \"John Cale\"). For services to Music and to the Arts.\n* Padraig Canavan, Managing Director, Singularity Ltd. For services to Business in Northern Ireland.\n* Thomas Canning, Headteacher, Tollgate Primary School, Newham, London. For services to local and national Education.\n* John Adam Carr. For services to Children Protection on the Internet.\n* James Rawson Carson. For services to Geography Education in Scotland.\n* Barbara Rose Castle. For services to Regeneration in Wales.\n* Janti Champaneri, lately Senior Manager, Adult and Communities Directorate, [Birmingham City Council](/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council \"Birmingham City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Utheshtra Chetty, lately Senior Consultant Surgeon, Edinburgh Breast Unit. For services to Medicine.\n* Aileen Chilton, Senior Manager A, Reducing Re\\-Offending Policy Group, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service \"National Offender Management Service\"), Ministry of Justice.\n* Edward Chorlton, lately Deputy Chief Executive, [Devon County Council](/wiki/Devon_County_Council \"Devon County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Peter Thomas Claiden, lately Principal Inspector of Air Accidents, [Air Accidents Investigation Branch](/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch \"Air Accidents Investigation Branch\"), Department for Transport.\n* John Henry Cleary, Deputy Director, Housing and Growth Programmes Team, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* [Brian Clemens](/wiki/Brian_Clemens \"Brian Clemens\"), Screenwriter. For services to Broadcasting and to Drama.\n* Alexander Jamieson Cluness. For services to the community in the Shetland Isles.\n* Patricia Mary Coleman. For services to Local Government and to the community in the East Midlands.\n* [Alec Coles](/wiki/Alec_Coles \"Alec Coles\"), lately Director, [Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums](/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Archives_and_Museums \"Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums\"). For services to Museums.\n* Laura Coletti, Manager, Violet Melchett Sure Start Children's Centre, Kensington, London. For services to Children and Families.\n* Professor Ian Colligan, lately Chairman, Board of Management, [Dundee College](/wiki/Dundee_College \"Dundee College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Paul Damian Conway, Senior Vice\\-President, Cargill Inc. For services to the Agricultural Industry.\n* [Wendy Cope](/wiki/Wendy_Cope \"Wendy Cope\"), Poet. For services to Literature.\n* James Romaine Hendry Coussey, Senior Prosecutor, Crown Prosecution Service.\n* Professor [Brian Edward Cox](/wiki/Brian_Edward_Cox \"Brian Edward Cox\"), Professor of Particle Physics and Royal Society University Research Fellow, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\"). For services to Science.\n* Christopher James Cox, Assistant Director Local Compliance, Individuals and Public Bodies, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Catherine Lynne Crawford, Chief Executive, [Metropolitan Police Authority](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority \"Metropolitan Police Authority\"). For services to the Police.\n* Jill Crawford, For services to Midwifery and Nursing.\n* Fiona Cruickshank, Director, SCM Pharma Ltd. For services to Business in the North East.\n* [Barry Cunningham](/wiki/Barry_Cunningham_%28publisher%29 \"Barry Cunningham (publisher)\"), Chief Publisher and Managing Director, [Chicken House Books](/wiki/The_Chicken_House \"The Chicken House\"). For services to the Publishing Industry.\n* Suzanne Cunningham, Consultant Midwife, Southampton University Hospital Trust and Bournemouth University. For services to Midwifery.\n* [Dr. Judith Mary Darmady](/wiki/Judith_Darmady \"Judith Darmady\"). For services to Children's Well\\-Being Overseas.\n* Angela Darnell, Headteacher, [Egglescliffe School](/wiki/Egglescliffe_School \"Egglescliffe School\"), Stockton\\-on\\-Tees. For services to Education.\n* Professor [Timothy Darvill](/wiki/Timothy_Darvill \"Timothy Darvill\"). For services to Archaeology.\n* Elizabeth Davidson. For services to Conservation and Architectural Heritage in Scotland.\n* David Arthur Stephen Davies, lately President, National Farmers' Union, Cymru. For services to the Agricultural Industry in Wales.\n* Beverley Jane Davies, Chief Executive, Manchester Science Parks. For services to Innovation.\n* Susan Elizabeth Davies, Policy and Technical Specialist, Business Tax, London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Colin Dawson, Chief Executive, British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers \\& Attractions Ltd. For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Jeanette Elizabeth Dawson, Principal, [Bishop Burton College](/wiki/Bishop_Burton_College \"Bishop Burton College\"), Beverley. For services to Land\\-based Further and Higher Education.\n* Stephen John Rodgers Dawson. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* John Dew, Principal Construction Project Manager, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Miles Dibsdall, Principal, [New College Stamford](/wiki/New_College_Stamford \"New College Stamford\"), Lincolnshire. For services to Further and Higher Education.\n* Professor Anthony George Doré, Vice\\-President for Global Exploration, [Statoil](/wiki/Statoil \"Statoil\"). For services to Geology.\n* John Dunningham. For voluntary service to Tennis.\n* [William Robert Dunster](/wiki/William_Robert_Dunster \"William Robert Dunster\"). For services to Sustainable Housing Design.\n* [Barry George Albin\\-Dyer](/wiki/Barry_Albin-Dyer \"Barry Albin-Dyer\"), Chairman, Kenyons Repatriation Services Ltd. For services to the Armed Forces.\n* Joanna Elson, Chief Executive, Money Advice Trust. For services to People in Debt.\n* Barry Raymond England, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance.\n* Margaret Macdonald Eva, Headteacher, [Bourne Community College](/wiki/Bourne_Community_College \"Bourne Community College\"), West Sussex. For services to Education.\n* Stephen Nicholas Evans. For services to the Samaritans in the UK.\n* Robin Anthony Eve. For services to the [City of London Corporation](/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation \"City of London Corporation\").\n* Michael Geoffrey Shaun Farrell. For services to the Church of England.\n* Barry Forrester, lately Principal Recruitment Policy Adviser, [Civil Service Commissioners](/wiki/Civil_Service_Commissioners_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Civil Service Commissioners (United Kingdom)\"), Cabinet Office.\n* Steven Hamilton Freed, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Dr. Simon Gage, Director, [Edinburgh International Science Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival \"Edinburgh International Science Festival\"). For services to Science Communication.\n* Ronald Francis Gainsford, Chief Executive, [Trading Standards Institute](/wiki/Trading_Standards_Institute \"Trading Standards Institute\"). For services to Consumers and to Business.\n* Eileen Gallagher, Chief Executive, [Shed Productions](/wiki/Shed_Productions \"Shed Productions\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* Professor Harold Samuel Gamble, Professor of Engineering, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Science.\n* Olivia Giles. For charitable services particularly to Disabled People.\n* Margaret Gilmour, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Ellis Glennie, lately Chief Executive, [NHS Borders](/wiki/NHS_Borders \"NHS Borders\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Trevor Graves, Oculoplastic Specialist Nurse, [Leicester Royal Infirmary](/wiki/Leicester_Royal_Infirmary \"Leicester Royal Infirmary\"), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* [Harriet Green](/wiki/Harriet_Green \"Harriet Green\"), Chief Executive Officer, [Premier Farnell plc](/wiki/Premier_Farnell_plc \"Premier Farnell plc\"). For services to the Electronics Industry.\n* [Bonnie Greer](/wiki/Bonnie_Greer \"Bonnie Greer\"), Playwright, Author and Critic. For services to the Arts.\n* Dr. Ruth Mary Evelyn Griffin, Lead Scientist, Forensic Science Agency of Northern Ireland.\n* Professor [Dorothy Seymour Griffiths](/wiki/Dorothy_Griffiths \"Dorothy Griffiths\"), Professor of HR Management and Deputy Principal, [Imperial College Business School](/wiki/Imperial_College_Business_School \"Imperial College Business School\"), London. For services to Higher Education.\n* Peter Lloyd Griffiths, Group Chief Executive, [Principality Building Society](/wiki/Principality_Building_Society \"Principality Building Society\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Catherine, The Lady Guthrie. For voluntary service to [SSAFA Forces Help](/wiki/SSAFA_Forces_Help \"SSAFA Forces Help\").\n* John Gale Hambly, Deputy Technical Director, [QinetiQ](/wiki/QinetiQ \"QinetiQ\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Garry John Handley, Team Leader, Road Safety Unit, [Gloucestershire County Council](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council \"Gloucestershire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Nicola Jane Hanna, Director, Epilepsy Bereaved. For services to Families.\n* Councillor Malcolm Charles Hanney. For services to the community in the South West.\n* [Jeremy Andrew Harris](/wiki/Drew_Harris \"Drew Harris\"), Assistant Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland \"Police Service of Northern Ireland\"). For services to the Police.\n* Martin Harris, Deputy Director, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office.\n* Gillian Anne Heaton, Executive Director of Patient Services and Chief Nurse, [Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Central_Manchester_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* David George Henderson, Managing Director, Tobermore Concrete Products Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* [James Herbert](/wiki/James_Herbert \"James Herbert\"), Author. For services to Literature.\n* Dr. Robin Walter Hiley, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Robert Seamus Hill, Managing Director, [Chemring Marine](/wiki/Chemring_Group \"Chemring Group\"). For services to the Marine Industry.\n* The Reverend Jean Margaret Hoggard. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire.\n* Vivien Hopkins, Chief Operating Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Nigel Arthur Hoskin. For services to [Dartmoor National Park](/wiki/Dartmoor_National_Park \"Dartmoor National Park\").\n* Professor Dominic Houlihan, Vice\\-Principal, [University of Aberdeen](/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen \"University of Aberdeen\"). For services to Science Communication.\n* Professor [Kenneth Howard](/wiki/Ken_Howard_%28artist%29 \"Ken Howard (artist)\"), Artist. For services to Art.\n* Dr. Elizabeth Howells, Head of Primary Care Psychology and Health Psychology. For services to Mental Healthcare in Wiltshire.\n* John Hudson, Senior Forestry Adviser, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development \"Department for International Development\").\n* Anthony John Hunter, Chief Executive, [North East Lincolnshire Council](/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council \"North East Lincolnshire Council\"). For services to Social Care.\n* Stephen Hunter, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QFSM}}, Chief Officer, [Tayside Fire and Rescue](/wiki/Tayside_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Tayside Fire and Rescue Service\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Mick Hurley, lately Serious Youth Violence Adviser. For services to Young People.\n* Mashuq Hussain. For services to Young People and to Community Relations in Burnley and Pendle, Lancashire.\n* Ian Crosbie Tennant Hutcheson, Director of Security, [BAA Airports Ltd](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings \"Heathrow Airport Holdings\"). For services to the Aviation Industry.\n* Arthur Graeme Hyslop, Principal, [Langside College](/wiki/Langside_College \"Langside College\"), Glasgow. For services to Further Education.\n* Taha Mohammad Idris, Chief Executive, Swansea Bay Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations.\n* John Jackson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Staffordshire.\n* Tracy Jackson, Manager, Crescent Children's Centre, Stoke\\-on\\-Trent. For services to Children and Families.\n* Lynne James, Manager, Hartcliffe Sure Start Children's Centre, Bristol. For services to Children and Families.\n* Jonathan Andrew Jefferis, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* [Blair Jenkins](/wiki/Blair_Jenkins \"Blair Jenkins\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* George Robert Jenkins, Vice\\-Chairman, [NHS Blood and Transplant](/wiki/NHS_Blood_and_Transplant \"NHS Blood and Transplant\"), and Chairman, [South London Healthcare NHS](/wiki/South_London_Healthcare_NHS_Trust \"South London Healthcare NHS Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Ian Dennis Jenkins](/wiki/Ian_Dennis_Jenkins \"Ian Dennis Jenkins\"), Senior Curator, Greek Collections, [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\"). For services to Museums.\n* Professor Arthur Thomas Peter Jones, Senior Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, Academic Development and Research, [Nottingham Trent University](/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University \"Nottingham Trent University\"). For services to Higher Education and to the Legal Profession.\n* Dilys Cynthia Mary Jones, lately Headteacher, Lypiatt Primary School and Early Years Centre, Wiltshire. For services to Education.\n* Dan Clayton\\-Jones. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales.\n* Jean Mary Jones, Headteacher, Grace Owen Nursery School, Sheffield. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Mair Jones. For services to Further Education in Wales.\n* Sian Rees\\-Jones, Headteacher, Bognor Regis Nursery School and Children's Centre, West Sussex. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Ursula Jones. For services to Music.\n* Dr. [Sukhbir Singh Kapoor](/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Kapoor \"Sukhbir Singh Kapoor\"), Vice\\-Chancellor, World Sikh University. For services to Community Relations.\n* Paul Warren Kendrew, Senior Official, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* [Nick Knight](/wiki/Nick_Knight_%28photographer%29 \"Nick Knight (photographer)\"), Fashion Photographer. For services to Art.\n* Dr. [Kartar Singh Lalvani](/wiki/Kartar_Lalvani \"Kartar Lalvani\"). For services to the Pharmaceutical Industry and to Charity.\n* Deepak Lalwani, Director, India, Astaire \\& Partners. For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Robin Frank Landman, Chief Executive Officer, Network for Black Professionals. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic Further Education.\n* Jurat Derek Le Page, lately [Jurat](/wiki/Jurat \"Jurat\") of the [Royal Court](/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey \"Courts of Guernsey\"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Guernsey.\n* Roger Adrian Legate, Principal and Head of Visual Impairment Service, [Linden Lodge School](/wiki/Linden_Lodge_School \"Linden Lodge School\"), Wandsworth, London. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Sharon Patricia Lemon. For public service.\n* Eric James Lewis, lately Chief Executive Officer, Doncaster's Group. For services to Industry.\n* Marion Lewis, Chair, Neighbourhood and Homewatch Network, England and Wales. For services to Community Safety.\n* Sian Lockwood, Chief Executive, Community Catalysts (NAAPS UK). For services to Social Care.\n* Karen Logan, Nurse Consultant (Continence Services), [Aneurin Bevan Health Board](/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan_Health_Board \"Aneurin Bevan Health Board\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Joanna Elisabeth Anne Tait\\-Lovatt, lately Principal and Chief Executive, [Bishop Auckland College](/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_College \"Bishop Auckland College\"). For services to local and national Education.\n* Dr. Kailash Chand Malhotra, General Medical Practitioner, Ashton\\-under\\-Lyne. For services to Healthcare.\n* Jehangir Malik. For services to [Islamic Relief](/wiki/Islamic_Relief \"Islamic Relief\").\n* Christine Mann, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse.\n* Stephen Mathews, Chief Executive, Cedar Foundation. For services to Disabled People in Northern Ireland.\n* Janet Erica Matthewman, Head of Culture, Media and Sport, Government Office for the North West.\n* Angela Jane Maxwell, Managing Director, Acuwomen. For services to Business in the West Midlands.\n* [Anthony Peter McCoy](/wiki/Anthony_Peter_McCoy \"Anthony Peter McCoy\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Jockey. For services to Horse Racing.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/northern\\_ireland/8735760\\.stm \\|title\\=Tony McCoy and Kyle McCallan head NI sporting honours \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=11 June 2010}}\n* Patrick Joseph McIntyre, Chief Executive, [Northern Ireland Housing Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Housing_Executive \"Northern Ireland Housing Executive\"). For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Joseph McVey, Chairman, Volunteer Development Agency. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Northern Ireland.\n* Gaynor Mears. For services to Preventing Domestic and Sexual Violence.\n* [Tamara Mellon](/wiki/Tamara_Mellon \"Tamara Mellon\"), Founder and Chief Creative Officer, [Jimmy Choo Ltd](/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd \"Jimmy Choo Ltd\"). For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Judith Ann Million, Deputy Regional Director, Government Office for the North East.\n* Jayne Mary Monkhouse. For services to Equal Opportunities and to Diversity.\n* Leslie Ann Morphy, Chief Executive, [Crisis](/wiki/Crisis_%28charity%29 \"Crisis (charity)\"). For services to Homeless People.\n* Dr. Jennifer Morris. For services to Disabled People.\n* Robert Mullen, Governor, [HM Prison Lindholme](/wiki/HM_Prison_Lindholme \"HM Prison Lindholme\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Barry Mussenden, Deputy Director, Policy and Strategy Directorate, Department of Health.\n* Catherine Myers, Executive Headteacher, [Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate Schools](/wiki/Bishop_Challoner_Catholic_Collegiate_School \"Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate School\"), Tower Hamlets, London. For services to Education.\n* Mohammad Nazir, Chairman, West Midlands Ethnic Minority Business Forum. For services to Business.\n* [John Vivian Drummond Nettles](/wiki/John_Vivian_Drummond_Nettles \"John Vivian Drummond Nettles\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* John Irwin Nevin, lately Assistant Director of Operations (Benefits Assurance), Social Security Agency, Northern Ireland Executive.\n* Rosalind Newlands, Course Director for Tourist Guide Training, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Angela Elizabeth O'Connor, Headteacher, Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Hastings. For services to Education.\n* Alache Ode. For services to Diaspora Communities in the UK and Overseas.\n* Dr Nelson Olawale Ogunshakin, Chief Executive, [Association for Consultancy and Engineering](/wiki/Association_for_Consultancy_and_Engineering \"Association for Consultancy and Engineering\"). For services to the Construction and Engineering Industries.\n* [Sophie Okonedo](/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo \"Sophie Okonedo\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Margaret Oldfield, Chair, [Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Rotherham_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to the community in South Yorkshire.\n* [Kenneth Olisa](/wiki/Ken_Olisa \"Ken Olisa\"), Chairman, [Thames Reach](/wiki/Thames_Reach \"Thames Reach\"). For services to Homeless People in London.\n* Dr. [Keith Palmer](/wiki/Keith_Palmer_%28businessman%29 \"Keith Palmer (businessman)\"). For services to Economic Development Overseas.\n* Dr. [Cornelia Ann Parker](/wiki/Cornelia_Ann_Parker \"Cornelia Ann Parker\"), Sculptor and Installation Artist. For services to Art.\n* Bryn Parry, Co\\-Founder, [Help for Heroes](/wiki/Help_for_Heroes \"Help for Heroes\"). For voluntary service to the Armed Forces.\n* Emma Parry, Co\\-Founder, Help for Heroes. For voluntary service to the Armed Forces.\n* Dr. Rachel Elizabeth Perkins, Director of Quality Assurance and User Experience, [South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust](/wiki/South_West_London_and_St_George%27s_Mental_Health_NHS_Trust \"South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust\"). For services to Mental Health.\n* Zahara Hyde Peters, Chief Executive Officer, [British Triathlon Federation](/wiki/British_Triathlon_Federation \"British Triathlon Federation\"). For services to Athletics.\n* [Julian Pettifer](/wiki/Julian_Pettifer \"Julian Pettifer\"). For services to Journalism and to Wildlife Conservation.\n* Professor [David Andrew Phoenix](/wiki/David_Andrew_Phoenix \"David Andrew Phoenix\"), Deputy Vice\\-Chancellor, [University of Central Lancashire](/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire \"University of Central Lancashire\"). For services to Science and to Higher Education.\n* John Hugh Pitman, Executive Chairman, JHP Group Ltd. For services to Vocational Training.\n* Nicholas Clive Randle, Chief Executive, [Society of Local Council Clerks](/wiki/Society_of_Local_Council_Clerks \"Society of Local Council Clerks\"). For services to Local Government.\n* André Rebello, HM Coroner for Liverpool. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Ann Helen Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society.\n* Bernard Reed. For services to the Gender Identity Research and Education Society.\n* Geoffrey Reed, Senior Statistician, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.\n* Bennett Lyle Edward Reid. For services to Business and to the community in Walsall, West Midlands.\n* Professor Ken Reid, lately Deputy Vice\\-Chancellor, [Swansea Metropolitan University](/wiki/Swansea_Metropolitan_University \"Swansea Metropolitan University\"). For services to Education.\n* Honor Rhodes, Director of Strategic Development, [Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships](/wiki/Tavistock_Relationships \"Tavistock Relationships\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* [Andrew George Ripley](/wiki/Andrew_George_Ripley \"Andrew George Ripley\"). For services to Sport, particularly Rugby. (To be dated 20 May 2010\\.)\n* Jacqueline Roberts, Chief Executive, [Care Commission](/wiki/Care_Commission \"Care Commission\"). For services to Social Care in Scotland.\n* Jacqueline Ann Robinson, President, [England Squash](/wiki/England_Squash \"England Squash\"). For services to Sport.\n* Michael Jeremy Rye, Leader, [Enfield Council](/wiki/Enfield_Council \"Enfield Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Inderjit Kaur Sandhu, Headteacher, Launde Primary School, Leicestershire. For services to Education.\n* Johanna Senior. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Dr. Prem Dutt Sharma. For services to Community Relations.\n* Stephen Frank Shine, Chief Operating Officer, [Thames Water](/wiki/Thames_Water \"Thames Water\"). For services to the Water Industry.\n* Angela Sibson, Chief Executive, National Academy for Parenting Practitioners. For services to Children and Families.\n* Beverley Francis Smart. For services to People with Special Needs.\n* Dr. Deborah Anita Smith, Director, [Building Research Establishment](/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment \"Building Research Establishment\"). For services to Fire Safety.\n* Professor Deborah Frances Smith, Professor of Molecular Parasitology, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York \"University of York\"), and Chair, Medical Research Council Infections and Immunity Board. For services to Science.\n* Nigel Saxby\\-Soffe, lately Finance Director, Action Aid International. For services to International Development.\n* Thelma Olive Sorensen. For services to the Economic Regeneration of Cornwall.\n* Linbert Soloman Spencer. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Ruth Stanier, Deputy Director, Preventing Repossessions and Homelessness, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Christopher Stevens, lately Head of Inclusion Policy, [British Educational and Communications Technology Agency](/wiki/Becta \"Becta\"). For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Brian West Stewart, lately Chief Executive, [East of England Regional Assembly](/wiki/East_of_England_Regional_Assembly \"East of England Regional Assembly\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Dr. [Richard Malcolm Ellis Stone](/wiki/Richard_Stone_%28campaigner%29 \"Richard Stone (campaigner)\"). For public and voluntary service.\n* David George Stout, Executive Director of Finance and Communications, NHS North East Strategic Health Authority. For services to the NHS.\n* Professor Rodney Paul Sturges. For services to Libraries in the UK and Overseas.\n* [Shane Edwin Sutton](/wiki/Shane_Edwin_Sutton \"Shane Edwin Sutton\"), Track Performance Manager, Cycling GB. For services to Sport.\n* Elizabeth Taylor, Public Health Manager, Southampton City Primary Care Trust. For services to Children and Families.\n* Kenneth John Taylor, Leader, [Coventry City Council](/wiki/Coventry_City_Council \"Coventry City Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Mary Teasdale, Head, National Information and Advice Service for Families of People with Schizophrenia. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Barbara Lynne Thomas. For charitable services.\n* Pauline Thompson. For services to Older and Disabled People.\n* Tina Tietjen, Chairman, Air Transport Users' Council. For services to the Aviation Industry.\n* Martin John Tiplady, Director, Human Resources, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* Professor Brian Toft, Professor of Patient Safety, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, [Coventry University](/wiki/Coventry_University \"Coventry University\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Keith Tondeur, President, Credit Action. For services to Financial Education.\n* Judith Anne Tunstall, Senior Private Secretary, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* Margaret Turner, Chief Executive, Diana Award. For services to Young People.\n* Baljit Ubhey, Chief Crown Prosecutor, Thames Valley and Group Chair, Thames and Chiltern, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\").\n* [Carol Kathleen Walton](/wiki/Caz_Walton \"Caz Walton\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Elizabeth Rayner Scott Walton, Lately Principal, [William Morris Sixth Form](/wiki/William_Morris_Sixth_Form \"William Morris Sixth Form\"), Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Post\\-16 Education.\n* Pauline Waterhouse, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, [Blackpool and The Fylde College](/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College \"Blackpool and The Fylde College\"), Lancashire. For services to Further Education.\n* Sylvia Beatrice Wear, Chief Executive, RCV Charity. For services to Disabled People.\n* Alison Joan Wenham, Chairman and Chief Executive, [Association of Independent Music](/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Music \"Association of Independent Music\"). For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Fiona Marie Wheeler, Team Leader, Early Years Parenting and Promoting Learning Team, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n* John Whittaker, Deputy Director, Customer Operations PAYE and Self Assessment Strategic North, Nottingham, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* John Mills Whyte, lately Director Central Region, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency \"UK Border Agency\"), Home Office.\n* [Ann Wild](/wiki/Ann_Wild \"Ann Wild\"). For services to Wheelchair Basketball.\n* Desmond Williamson, Principal, Castlederg High School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* John Bryan Wybrew, lately Chairman, [Energy and Utility Skills](/wiki/Energy_and_Utility_Skills \"Energy and Utility Skills\"). For services to Training.\n* Nicola Yates, Chief Executive, [Hull City Council](/wiki/Hull_City_Council \"Hull City Council\"). For services to Local Government.", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Philip King Alcock, Prosecutor, War Crimes Department, Prosecutor's Office, Bosnia and Herzegovina. For services to the protection of human rights and the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n* [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali \"Mockbul Ali\"), Islamic Issues Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Rodney Keith Bain, lately Chairman, British Chamber of Commerce Thailand. For services to UK/Thailand commercial interests.\n* [Nigel Marcus Baker](/wiki/Nigel_Marcus_Baker \"Nigel Marcus Baker\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MVO}}, [HM Ambassador to Bolivia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Bolivia \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bolivia\").\n* Dr. Maha Taysir Barakat, Co\\-Founder, Imperial College Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi. For services to medical research, training and public health in the United Arab Emirates.\n* Gideon David Beale, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Michael Edward Billett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, Director of the North American Office, [Mountbatten Institute](/wiki/Mountbatten_Institute \"Mountbatten Institute\"). For services to Education, particularly Student Exchange and International Study between the UK and USA.\n* Dr. Vernon Edward Hartley Booth, Chairman, Uzbek\\-British Trade and Investment Council and Chairman of the British\\-Uzbek Society. For services to UK\\-Uzbek commercial interests.\n* Professor [Stephen Chan](/wiki/Stephen_Chan_%28academic%29 \"Stephen Chan (academic)\"), Professor of International Relations, [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies \"School of Oriental and African Studies\"). For services to Africa and Higher Education.\n* Richard John Cheney, Chairman, Commonwealth Society and Director, Chile British Chamber of Commerce. For services to the community in Chile and UK/Chile commercial interests.\n* Professor [James Chadwick Dunkerley](/wiki/James_Chadwick_Dunkerley \"James Chadwick Dunkerley\"), Professor of Latin American Politics and Modern History, [Institute for the Study of the Americas](/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Americas \"Institute for the Study of the Americas\") (ISA). For services to Latin American studies and UK/Latin American relations.\n* Alexander Ian Arthur Evans, lately First Secretary Political, British High Commission, Pakistan.\n* Rupert John Addison Gaskin, Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Jeremy Stuart Jacobson, Director, British Council, Algeria.\n* Malcolm Alun Richard Llewellyn, Chair, British Chamber of Commerce Indonesia. For services to UK/Indonesian commercial interests and to the community in Indonesia.\n* Barry Peter Marsh, lately President, British Chamber of Commerce and Founder Member, the Moroccan British Business Council. For services to UK/Moroccan business interests.\n* Stuart McCarthy, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Nicholas McGegan](/wiki/Nicholas_McGegan \"Nicholas McGegan\"), Conductor and Musicologist. For services to Music overseas.\n* Kevin McGurgan, lately Deputy Head, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah.\n* Dr. Jane Elizabeth Miller, Director, Maternal and Child Health Programmes and Initiatives, [Population Services International](/wiki/Population_Services_International \"Population Services International\"). For services to controlling and helping to eliminate Malaria in Tanzania.\n* Conchita Consuelo Ming, For services to the community and the Arts, Bermuda.\n* [Graham William Nash](/wiki/Graham_William_Nash \"Graham William Nash\"), Co\\-Founder of [Crosby, Stills and Nash](/wiki/Crosby%2C_Stills_and_Nash \"Crosby, Stills and Nash\"). For services to Music and for charitable activities.\n* Terence Donald O'Connor, President, British Chamber of Commerce, Singapore and CEO, Courts (Singapore) Ltd. For services to UK/Singapore commercial interests.\n* Dr. John Ben Oswald Palmer, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* David Sim Paterson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Director, [Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh \"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh\"). For services to Sino\\-British co\\-operation on biodiversity.\n* Dr. Adam Keith Prewett, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Nicholas John Pyle, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}, lately Chief Political Adviser, UN Political Office for Somalia.\n* Ian Ralfini, lately General Manager and Vice President, [EMI Manhattan Records](/wiki/EMI_Manhattan_Records \"EMI Manhattan Records\"), USA. For services to the Music Industry and charitable activities in the UK and USA.\n* Colin Reeves, Consultant Technical Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Keith Thomas Richards, Managing Director, Promasidor Nigeria Ltd. For services to UK/Nigerian business interests and charitable activities in Nigeria.\n* Alan Paul Smart, Director, British Council, Burma.\n* Peter Alan Stephenson, Director Trade and Investment, British High Commission, Nigeria.\n* The Honourable [Darwin Kurt Tibbetts](/wiki/Darwin_Kurt_Tibbetts \"Darwin Kurt Tibbetts\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Leader of the Opposition, Cayman Islands. For services to the community." ]
#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Lieutenant Jeffrey Richard Bevan, C038321S. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Andrew Neil Collings, D170235C. * Major Nicholas Alan Griffiths, Royal Marines, N029148E. * Chaplain John Hill, C037507X. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering Submarines) Kevin Alan Keenan, D199951T. * Lieutenant Commander Brian Stuart Leyshon, C020520L. * Major Christopher Sydney Middleton, Royal Marines, N029221Y. * Warrant Officer Class 1 (Master at Arms) Susan Morgan, W133839N. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Gavin O'Connell, Royal Marines, P047878J. * Corporal (Acting Sergeant) Stephen Kenton Perry, Royal Marines, P046386G. * Lieutenant Commander Richard Michael John Sutton, C035070Y. * Leading Logistician (Catering Services) Rachael Talton, W143392G. * Lieutenant Commander Dain Jason Thorne, C037370T. * Warrant Officer Class 1 (Communication Information Systems Specialist) Timothy Mark Trevarthen, D180919H. Army * Staff Sergeant Kenneth Barnett, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 24440483\. * Major Jonathan David Billings, Royal Tank Regiment, 533318\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert David Birkenhead, The Parachute Regiment, 24697934\. * Major Douglas Arthur Black, Corps of Royal Engineers, 549743\. * Major Phillip Nowell Blanchfield, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 560053\. * Lieutenant Colonel Ranald Alasdair Blue, The Rifles, 498953\. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Mark Philip Bragg, The Royal Logistic Corps, 25022417\. * The Reverend Colin Sydney Butler, Chaplain to the Forces 3rd Class, Royal Army Chaplains' Department, 541891\. * Staff Sergeant Paul John Butler, Intelligence Corps, 24844236\. * Staff Sergeant Annabel Jo Byles, Army Physical Training Corps, W0813206\. * Major Shaun Anthony Casey, The Mercian Regiment, 539546\. * Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Allen Clarke, {{post\-nominals\|list\=GM, QGM}}, Royal Corps of Signals 543446\. * Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Charles Clee, Corps of Royal Engineers, 533547\. * Lieutenant Colonel [Charles Seymour Collins](/wiki/Charles_Collins_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Charles Collins (British Army officer)"), The Rifles, 542143\. * Captain Benjamin Beaupré Creed, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 556344\. * Major Clare Marie Dutton, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, 548420\. * Major Kevin David Fitchett, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 559899\. * Lieutenant Colonel Colin John Francis, The Royal Logistic Corps, 540034\. * Major Christopher Ham, Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 547684\. * Major Donald Andrew Hodgson, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 548668\. * Corporal Lee Martin Innes, Corps of Royal Engineers, 24792698\. * Major Michael David Jeavons, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 537441\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert King, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 24587695\. * Warrant Officer Class 1 Duncan Sinclair Lamb, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 24327836\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen Michael Magloire, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24592523\. * Lieutenant Colonel Toni Jane Heather Martin, The Royal Logistic Corps, 543314\. * Captain Robert Bruce Mather, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563784\. * Major Michael McCarthy, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, 553235\. * Warrant Officer Class 2 Lesa McInnes, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), W0815828\. * Major Bruce McKay, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), 535793\. * Major Geoffrey Edward Minton, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, 536695\. * Major Gordon Muirhead, The Parachute Regiment, 559793\. * Major Nicole Marie Nicholls (née Record), Intelligence Corps, 544249\. * Captain Simon Oats, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563729\. * Major Abigail Ross Pack, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 554379\. * Major Philip Michael Packer, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police), 547982\. * Lieutenant Colonel Francis Alexander James Piggott, The Royal Dragoon Guards, 536705\. * Major Julian Michael Pott, The Parachute Regiment, 559794\. * Major Mark Pullan, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 546021\. * Major Andrew Robert Redding, The Parachute Regiment, 544976\. * Colour Sergeant Graham Clive Richards, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 24891983\. * Major Simon Andrew Ridgway, Royal Tank Regiment, 550797\. * Captain Keith Richard Roberts, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army, 566166\. * Major Leon James Roberts, Royal Army Medical Corps, 548616\. * Major Barry James Skinner, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army, 552191\. * Captain Colin Alfred William Smith, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, 539750\. * Lieutenant Colonel Michael Vince, Buckinghamshire Army Cadet Force, 479913\. * Major Raymond Walter Wells, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 536151\. * Captain Huw Gruffydd Williams, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24648991\. * Major Christopher John Willis, The Rifles, Territorial Army, 546976\. * Captain Robert James Wilmont, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 565165\. * Major Mark Christian Peter Wilson, The Rifles, 546065\. * Major Alan Young, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 547234\. Royal Air Force * Warrant Officer Stephen Roy Bell (J8171383\). * Warrant Officer Adrian Charles Betts (H8177182\). * Sergeant Alan David Bowman (T8225049\). * Squadron Leader Alan John Dawson (2640321G). * Flight Sergeant William Draper (F8261022\). * Chief Technician Andrew Michael Fry (H8204864\). * Flight Lieutenant Andrew David Glover (8029281D). * Squadron Leader Ross Goldsworthy (0209959T), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve_%28Training_Branch%29 "Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch)"). * Warrant Officer Grahame Douglas Grimshaw (Q8290606\). * Sergeant Steven Leslie Heywood (A8285804\). * Squadron Leader David Alan Hood (8246023K). * Warrant Officer Leslie George Hotson (D8112001\). * Squadron Leader James Patrick Lennie (8136789T). * Warrant Officer Lyndsay Hugh Morgan (K8102295\). * First Officer Richard Lavender, [Royal Fleet Auxiliary](/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary "Royal Fleet Auxiliary") (700187D) Civil Division * Andrew Abberley. For public service. * Reginald Adams, lately Coach, Grangemouth Amateur Swimming Club. For services to Sport. * Saima Afzal. For services to the Police and to Community Relations in Lancashire. * Daljit Singh Ahluwalia. For voluntary service to Community and Inter\-faith Relations in Derbyshire. * Zaheer Ahmad, Constable, [British Transport Police](/wiki/British_Transport_Police "British Transport Police"). For services to the Police. * Basheer Ahmed, Honorary Life Vice\-President, Race Equality Council of Lincolnshire. For services to Community Relations. * Shanaz Ahmed. For services to the Asian community in the East End of London. * Craig Leon Ainge, Premises Development Manager, NHS Bedfordshire. For services to Healthcare. * Cathlyn Ainsworth, Chairman, Abbeyfield Southport Society. For voluntary service to Older People. * James Aitken, Director, Centre of Sport and Exercise, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh"). For services to Student Sport. * Lynda Heather Allan, Executive Officer, Inspectorate Team Support, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Malcolm Allen, Psychiatric Nurse and Ward Manager, [Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Tees%2C_Esk_and_Wear_Valleys_NHS_Foundation_Trust "Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Mental Healthcare. * Ronika Amin, Grade D, Ministry of Defence. * Leonard Andrews. For voluntary service to Brass Band Music in Warrington, Cheshire. * Gitty Ankers. For services to the Recycling and Waste Industries in Cornwall. * Norah Lillian Appleby. For services to the community in Mickleover, Derby. * Mary Julia Archer. For services to the community in Halesowen, West Midlands. * [Sally Arkley](/wiki/Sally_Arkley "Sally Arkley"), Director, Women's Business Development Agency. For services to Women's Enterprise. * Hilda Armstrong, lately Senior Physiotherapy and Orthotic Assistant. For services to the NHS and to the community in Chester\-le\-Street, County Durham. * Harry Arnold. For services to Inland Waterways. * Moira Elizabeth Arthur, lately Managing Director, [Peters Bookselling Services](/wiki/Peters_Bookselling_Services "Peters Bookselling Services"). For services to Children's Libraries. * Marjorie Mavis Atkinson. For services to Older People in East and West Harptree, Bristol. * Miranda Avanzi, Exchequer Funds Manager, Exchequer Funds and Accounts Team, HM Treasury. * Charles William Back. For services to the community in Taunton, Somerset. * Deborah Baddoo. For services to British Dance. * Dr. Michael Bailey. For services to Industrial Archaeology. * Robert James Mundell Baillie. For services to the Boys' Brigade in Scotland. (Deceased. To be dated 4 May 2010\.) * Robert John Baird. For services to Youth Justice in Leeds. * Peter Gore De\-Vaux Balbirnie. For services to the community in Essex. * Stephen Barkby. For charitable services. * Sandra Elizabeth Barnes, Leader, [South Northamptonshire District Council](/wiki/South_Northamptonshire_District_Council "South Northamptonshire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * June Barnett. For voluntary service to the [Leukaemia Research Fund](/wiki/Leukaemia_Research_Fund "Leukaemia Research Fund") and Cancer Leukaemia in Children. * Michael Anthony Tudor Trevor\-Barnston, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Cheshire. * Derek William Barr, lately Chief Executive, [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls "Fairfield Halls"), Croydon. For services to Music and to the Arts. * Ann Marie Barrett. For services to the community in Tullycarnet and Castlereagh, Northern Ireland. * Christopher John Barrows, Chairman of Governors, Coombes Church of England Primary School, Wokingham, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education. * William Noel Barton, Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to the Police. * Dr. Robert Harold Bateman, Technical Consultant, Microssmass UK. For services to Science. * Councillor Graham Baxter, Leader, [North East Derbyshire District Council](/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire_District_Council "North East Derbyshire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Rhoda Ardill Baxter. For services to People with Disabilities in Northern Ireland. * Robin Spencer Baynes. For services to the community in Liverpool. * Professor Stephen Roger Bazire, Chief Pharmacist, Norfolk and Waveney Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Pharmacy. * Lorna Harriett Isobelle Beacom. For voluntary service to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Northern Ireland. * Peter Beaty. For services to the community in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham. * Anne Beer, Senior Adviser, Staffordshire Trading Standards. For services to Consumers. * Sally Bell, Associate Director of Emergency Preparedness, NHS Yorkshire and the Humber. For services to Nursing. * Andrew Richard Bennett, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD}}, Grade C1, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"). * Martin Bennett, Joint Chairman and Managing Director, Associated Chemists (Wicker) Ltd. For services to Pharmacy in Sheffield. * Alan Bernstein. For services to Young People in Kent. * Francis Arthur Betteridge. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Sandwell, West Midlands. * Ellis Aubrey John Bevan. For services to the community in Stoke\-on\-Trent, Staffordshire. * Anita Suzanne Bew. For services to the communities in Marlborough, Wiltshire and in Gunjar, The Gambia. * Gwenda Binks, Trade Union Representative, [Valuation Office Agency](/wiki/Valuation_Office_Agency "Valuation Office Agency") London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Gerald Blackburn. For voluntary service to the {{HMS\|Dorsetshire\|40\|6}} Association. * Alison Blackshaw, lately Head of Administration, Communications Department, Prime Minister's Office. * Agnes Glass Blair. For services to Healthcare and to Respiratory Services in Northern Ireland. * Rosemary Elizabeth Blakesley. For services to the community in Ashover, Derbyshire. * Virginia Blakey, Head of Tobacco Policy Branch, Welsh Assembly Government. * Councillor Keith Bland. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. * Donald Blue. For services to Health and Safety. * Judith Boardman, Chair of Governors, [City of Westminster College](/wiki/City_of_Westminster_College "City of Westminster College"), London. For voluntary service to Further Education. * Norman James Bone. Senior Vice\-President, [SELEX Galileo](/wiki/SELEX_Galileo "SELEX Galileo"), [Finmeccanica Group](/wiki/Finmeccanica_Group "Finmeccanica Group"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Janet Booth, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence. * John Bosworth. For services to Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. * Marie Boyd, Deputy Principal, Finance and European Division, Department for Employment and Learning, Northern Ireland Executive. * David Wilson Braddock, Governor, [Ferndown Upper School](/wiki/Ferndown_Upper_School "Ferndown Upper School"), Dorset. For voluntary service to Education. * Lorraine Terry Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families. * Ralph Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families. * Joan Maureen Brier, Chair of Corporation, [Rotherham College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Rotherham_College_of_Arts_and_Technology "Rotherham College of Arts and Technology"). For voluntary service to Further Education. * David Rankin Briggs, Director, Corporate Services, [Lisburn City Council](/wiki/Lisburn_City_Council "Lisburn City Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Councillor Loraine Morgan\-Brinkhurst. For services to the community in Bath and North East Somerset. * Kathleen Bromilow, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. For services to the Police. * Michael Brooker. For services to the Hotel Industry. * Alick Brown. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Hampshire. * David John Mcgregor Brown, Chairman, Safety Letterbox Company Ltd, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Business. * Mary Brown. For public service. * Norman Arthur Brown. For services to the community in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire. * Stephen Royston Brown. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Manchester. * Angela Bruno. For voluntary service to the White Lily Fund Cancer Charity in the West of Scotland. * Margaret Paradine Bull. For voluntary service to [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children "Save the Children") in Whitby, North Yorkshire. * Dr. John Francis Burke. For voluntary service to Cancer Patients and their Families in Wales. * Elizabeth June Butler. For services to Electoral Services in Northern Ireland. * Mary Cains, Housekeeper, Prime Minister's Office. * Elizabeth Campbell. For charitable services in Northern Ireland. * Joan Campbell. For services to Skills Development in the Tourist Industry in Scotland. * Rosalind Campbell. For voluntary service to the [War Widows' Association](/wiki/War_Widows_Association_of_Great_Britain "War Widows Association of Great Britain"). * Vanne Campbell. For voluntary service to Iveagh Branch Pony Club in Northern Ireland. * Elizabeth Carlisle. For services to Women in Northern Ireland. * Bryan Charles Carnes, Chief Executive, North Staffordshire Chamber of Commerce and Industry. For services to Business. * Alan Michael Carr. For charitable services. * [Anthony Carr](/wiki/Tony_Carr "Tony Carr"), [Academy Director, West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy "West Ham United F.C. Under-21s and Academy"). For services to Football. * Denise Ann Carroll. For voluntary service to the Milli's Child Contact Centre in Jersey. * Joyce Carroll. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in the North East. * Gloria Atkinson\-Carter, Administrator, [University of Winchester](/wiki/University_of_Winchester "University of Winchester"). For services to Higher Education. * Peter Morton Carter. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire. * Margretta Cartwright. For services to the community in Talybont, Gwynedd. * Raymond Case, lately Reprographics Operator, [Tribunals Service](/wiki/Tribunals_Service "Tribunals Service"), Ministry of Justice. * Councillor David Murray Caunt. For services to Local Government in Dudley, West Midlands. * Roy James Cavanagh, Labour and Training Manager, G. \& J. Seddon Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry. * Donald Scott Charlton. For voluntary service to the Scouts in the North East. * Lisa Charlton. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Tyne and Wear. * Peter Chesher. For voluntary service to [Green Road station](/wiki/Green_Road_railway_station "Green Road railway station"), Cumbria. * Janice Childs. For services to Elderly People in Irthingborough, Northamptonshire. * Eva Mair Jean Chinnery. For services to the community in Brecon, Powys. * Raymonde Chintoh, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Jack Chippendale. For services to the Boat Building Industry. * Susan Jane Clapham. For public service. * Muriel Clarke. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Pamela Arundel Clarke. For services to the community in West Yorkshire. * Ruth Clarke, Community Learning Manager London, National Trust. For services to Heritage and to the Arts. * Terence Alan Clarke, Assistant Headteacher and Arts Co\-ordinator, [Langley School, Solihull](/wiki/Langley_School%2C_Solihull "Langley School, Solihull"). For services to Education. * William Gordon Clarke. For voluntary service to Haemophiliac Patients in Northern Ireland. * Joan Louisa Coates. For services to the community in Alresford, Colchester, Essex. * Pauline Cocker, lately Chair of the Corporation, [Birkenhead Sixth Form College](/wiki/Birkenhead_Sixth_Form_College "Birkenhead Sixth Form College"), Wirral. For voluntary service to Education. * Diane Coggings, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist for Paediatrics, Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * William Patrick Colquhoun, Director, Medical Support in Romania. For services to Healthcare Overseas. * Terence James Connell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Pamela Florence Connock. For services to the community in Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire. * Simon Henry Cooke, Governor, [Newport Free Grammar School](/wiki/Newport_Free_Grammar_School "Newport Free Grammar School"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education. * Roger John Cooper. For services to Forestry. * [David Coulthard](/wiki/David_Coulthard "David Coulthard"). For services to Motor Racing. * Robin Courage. For services to Disability Sport. * Jeremy Robert Cowhig, Managing Director, Institute of Physics Publishing. For services to Science. * Robert Cowley. For services to the community in Dorset. * Jeffrey Robert Cowton, Curator, [Wordsworth Trust](/wiki/Wordsworth_Trust "Wordsworth Trust"). For services to Museums. * Anne Veronica Craig. For services to the Knowledge Transfer Sector. * Mary Elizabeth Crook. For services to Young People in Cornwall. * Thomas Patrick Cunningham, Harbourmaster, [Carlingford Lough](/wiki/Carlingford_Lough "Carlingford Lough") Commission. For services to the Maritime Industry in Northern Ireland. * Carlton Leroy Darrell. For services to the community in Thurrock, Essex. * Prakash Daswani, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, [Cultural Co\-operation](/wiki/Cultural_Co-operation "Cultural Co-operation"). For services to the Arts. * Roy Frederick Davidson, Deputy Chief Commissioner, Scotland. For voluntary service to the Scouts. * Dorothy Ursula Cleaton Davies, District Nurse. For services to Healthcare in Llandrindod Wells, Powys. * Glyndŵr David George Davies, Director of International Affairs, [Economic and Social Research Council](/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council "Economic and Social Research Council"). For services to Social Science. * Paul Davies. For services to Music in Oxfordshire. * Jenifer Margaret Dawes. For services to St. Katherine and Shadwell Trust, East London. * Richard Best De La Rue. For services to Music and to the community in Guernsey. * Sir [John Humphrey de Trafford](/wiki/John_de_Trafford "John de Trafford"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=Bt.}} For public service. * Dr. Cedric Walter Benedict De Voil, General Medical Practitioner. For services to the community in Tayside. * Elizabeth Jane Dearden, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in St. Helens, Merseyside. * Bernard Delaney, Director, [National Express Coventry](/wiki/National_Express_Coventry "National Express Coventry"). For services to Public Transport. * Anthony Hugh Dent, Diversity and Human Rights Officer, [National Policing Improvement Agency](/wiki/National_Policing_Improvement_Agency "National Policing Improvement Agency"). For services to the Police. * [Eileen Derbyshire](/wiki/Eileen_Derbyshire "Eileen Derbyshire"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Maria Desmond, Deputy Chair, Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Kirkham](/wiki/HM_Prison_Kirkham "HM Prison Kirkham"). For services to the community in Lancashire. * Danusia Donata, Lady Trotman\-Dickenson, Chair, Welsh Heritage Schools Initiative. For services to Education. * [Fred Dinenage](/wiki/Fred_Dinenage "Fred Dinenage"), Television Presenter. For services to Broadcasting. * Ursula Dingle. For services to Disabled People in Jersey. * John Divall, Corporate Affairs Director, South Central Ambulance Services. For services to the Ambulance Service in England. * Sandra Mary Docking, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Elizabeth Margaret Douglas. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross](/wiki/British_Red_Cross "British Red Cross") and to the community in Dumfries and Galloway. * Patricia Anne Douglas. For services to Dance in Edinburgh. * Dr. [Frank Carter Duckworth](/wiki/Frank_Carter_Duckworth "Frank Carter Duckworth"). For services to the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society "Royal Statistical Society") and to [Cricket](/wiki/Cricket "Cricket"). * John Edward Duggan, Activities Organiser, Huddersfield [University of the Third Age](/wiki/University_of_the_Third_Age "University of the Third Age"). For voluntary service to Adult Education. * David John Dumbleton. For services to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") and to Charity in Coventry, West Midlands. * Dennis Dunn, Dean and Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, [Manchester Metropolitan University](/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University "Manchester Metropolitan University") Cheshire. For services to Higher Education. * Norman Dunn, lately Chief Executive, [Newtownabbey Borough Council](/wiki/Newtownabbey_Borough_Council "Newtownabbey Borough Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Yvette Marguerite Therese Dutton, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Shirley Ann Dyer, Caretaker, College Park Infant School, Portsmouth. For services to Education. * Peter James Eaglesfield, lately Non\-Executive Director, NHS Wirral. For services to Healthcare. * Alan Edwards, Senior Executive Officer, Homelessness Legislation, Housing Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Maxine Patricia Edwards. For services to Women's Rugby. * Stuart Edwards, Deputy Head of Security, [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency](/wiki/Driver_and_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency "Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency"), Swansea. * William Ioan Edwards, Chairman of Governors, Glyncoed Comprehensive School, Ebbw Vale. For voluntary service to Education in Wales. * [Oku Anwan Ekpenyon](/wiki/Oku_Ekpenyon "Oku Ekpenyon"). For voluntary service to the History of Black British People. * Dr. Salah El\-Sharkawi, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, South West Wales Cancer Centre, Swansea. For services to Medicine. * Alyson Grace Ellis. For charitable services in South East London. * Marie Erwood, Assistant Headteacher, [Stewards School](/wiki/Stewards_School "Stewards School"), Harlow, Essex. For services to Education. * Avril Everett. For services to [Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Cornwall_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service") and to the Firefighters' Charity. * Irene Elizabeth Falloon. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Angela May Farr, Agriculture Accounts Manager, Finance Department, Welsh Assembly Government. * Peter Farr, Chairman, Bristol Community Housing Foundation. For services to Social Housing. * Margaret Farrar, lately Service Manager, Vine, Leeds. For services to Adult Education for Young People with Disabilities. * John Patrick Farrell, Pharmacy Services Manager, Camden and Islington Pharmacy Service. For services to Healthcare. * Alan Farrer, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Haverigg](/wiki/HM_Prison_Haverigg "HM Prison Haverigg"), Cumbria, HM Prison Service. * Susan Maria Farrington (Mrs. Doble). For services to British Heritage in Pakistan. * Charles Richard Ferens, {{post\-nominals\|list\=DL}}. For services to the community in Lincolnshire. * Pamela Filer. For voluntary service to Victim Support in Hertfordshire. * Stuart William Fisher. For voluntary service to the West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service Road Casualty Reduction Team. * Vanessa Fison. For services to the community in Richmond, Surrey. * James Henry Fitchie. For services to Ploughing in Northern Ireland. * Margaret Elizabeth Flint, Senior Administrative Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Board. For services to Offenders. * Peter Flukes. For services to the community in Wolseley, Plymouth. * Maurice John Ford. For services to the community in Northamptonshire. * Margaret Ann Forisky, Development Officer, [West Lothian College](/wiki/West_Lothian_College "West Lothian College"). For services to Further Education. * Carol Foster, ICT Teacher, [Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford](/wiki/Lakeside_School%2C_Chandler%27s_Ford "Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford"), Hampshire. For services to Special Needs Education. * [Michelle Vicki Fowler](/wiki/Michelle_Vicki_Fowler "Michelle Vicki Fowler") (Vicki Michelle). For charitable services. * William Andrew Francey, Director, Health and Environmental Services, [Belfast City Council](/wiki/Belfast_City_Council "Belfast City Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * William Terence Francis, Head, School of Business Innovation and Development, [South Eastern Regional College](/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College "South Eastern Regional College"). For services to Further Education in Northern Ireland. * George Edwards Fraser. For voluntary service to the [Burma Star Association](/wiki/Burma_Star_Association "Burma Star Association") in Aberdeen. * Hugh Wilson Fraser. For services to the community in Dumfries. * Janice Patricia Fraser, Carers Planning and Development Officer, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council "Leicestershire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Diana Mary Freeman. For services to Geography Education in Hertfordshire. * Dennis George Frost. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales. * Rita Pauline Fryer. For services to the community in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. * Fay Fullerton, Head, Production Costume, [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House"). For services to Dance and to Opera. * [John Alexander Fullerton](/wiki/Jackie_Fullerton "Jackie Fullerton"). For services to Sports Journalism and to the community in Northern Ireland. * Dr. Mahvash Hussain\-Gambles, Founder and Chief Executive, Saaf International Ltd. For services to the Beauty Industry and to International Trade. * Councillor Derek Davies Games. For services to Local Government and to the community in Merthyr Tydfil. * Halina Gammie. For services to Study Support and Playing for Success. * Richard David Gammon. For services to the community in Bristol. * Irene Dorothy Garrard. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity. * [Michael Garrick](/wiki/Michael_Garrick "Michael Garrick"), Jazz Pianist and Composer. For services to Music. * The Reverend Vernon Frederick George. For services to the community in the London Borough of Barnet and Sri Lanka. * Susan Gibbs, Station Announcer, c2c Rail Ltd, [London Fenchurch Street](/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station "Fenchurch Street railway station"). For services to Public Transport. * Andrew Gibson. For services to Young People in Scotswood, Newcastle upon Tyne. * Pamela Gibson, Executive Officer, Employment Group, Sheffield, Department for Work and Pensions. * Bakhtiar Ahmad Gilani. For services to the community in Greater Manchester. * Robert Charles Gilliat, Chairman, Crime Prevention Panel, Devon and Cornwall. For voluntary service to the Police. * Judith Gillow, Director of Nursing and Infection Prevention and Control, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Linda Joy Christine Ginn. For services to Health and Community Caring in Westleton, Suffolk. * Edana Gledhill. For services to the community in Blackpool, Lancashire. * Councillor Alan Frederick Gloak, Member, [Somerset County Council](/wiki/Somerset_County_Council "Somerset County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Michael Peter Glogg. For voluntary service to Rugby. * Karen Elizabeth Goldstone, Head, East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service. For services to Healthcare. * Nora Theresa Goodman. For services to the community in Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Dr. [Rigby Graham](/wiki/Rigby_Graham "Rigby Graham"), Mural Painter and Illustrator. For services to the Arts. * Angela Helen Grandfield, lately PE Teacher and Pastoral Manager, [Shire Oak School](/wiki/Shire_Oak_School "Shire Oak School"), Walsall. For services to Education. * Victor William Gray. For services to Archivists. * John Curtis Green. For voluntary service to the Helford River Children's Sailing Trust. * Captain John William Green. For services to the community in Cumbria. * Mary Constance Elizabeth Green. For services to Children and Families in Hastings, East Sussex. * Margaret Greenway, lately Commissioning Services Resource Manager, Kent Probation Area. For services to Offenders. * Keith Grimshaw. For services to National Savings and Investments and to the Magistracy. * Christine Gubbins, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Elsie Doreen Gunning. For voluntary service to Deaf People in South Wales. * Councillor Adrian John Gunson, Member, [Norfolk County Council](/wiki/Norfolk_County_Council "Norfolk County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Maria Elisabeth Haddow. For services to the community in Shilbottle, Northumberland. * Samuel Haire. For services to the community in Clabby, Northern Ireland. * Anne Elizabeth Sylvia Hale. For services to the community in Stamford, Lincolnshire. * Alfred Hales, For charitable services in Bolton, Lancashire. * Stephen Halloran, Clinical Biochemist, [Royal Surrey County Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Surrey_County_Hospital "Royal Surrey County Hospital"), Guildford and Director, Bowel Cancer Screen Hub, South of England. For services to Healthcare. * Michael Hamilton. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Lewis Gustav Hammond, Evesham Town Partnership Manager, [Wychavon District Council](/wiki/Wychavon_District_Council "Wychavon District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Barbara Mary Hamzawi, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Personal Assistant, [University for Industry](/wiki/University_for_Industry "University for Industry"). For services to Further Education. * Anne Hanley, lately Senior Probation Officer, [HM Prison Buckley Hall](/wiki/HM_Prison_Buckley_Hall "HM Prison Buckley Hall"), Rochdale. For services to Offenders. * Jo Hansford. For services to the Hairdressing Industry. * [Karen Hanton](/wiki/Karen_Hanton "Karen Hanton"), Founder of [toptable.com](/wiki/Toptable "Toptable"). For services to the Restaurant Industry. * Pauline Mary Frost\-Hardwick. For services to the community in Burnley, Lancashire. * David Ralph Hardy. For services to the Construction Industry. * Susan Harmsworth, Chief Executive, ESPA. For services to the Spa and Beauty Industry. * Elizabeth Jane Harries. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales and to International Peacework. * Jacqueline Harrison, head of public relations, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police. * Loveday Annie Harrison. For services to the community in Altarnum, Cornwall. * June Marian Hart. For services to the British Group of the [Inter\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union "Inter-Parliamentary Union"). * Lynn Georgina Hart, Chief Superintendent, Bournemouth and Poole Divisional Commander, [Dorset Police](/wiki/Dorset_Police "Dorset Police"). For services to the Police. * Irene Grace Hartley. For services to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. * Peter Hartshorne, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police. * Sajid Hashmi. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Stoke\-on\-Trent, Staffordshire. * The Reverend David Haslam. For services to Community Relations and to the Methodist Church. * Daryl Hayler, Integration and Systems Validation Engineer, [MBDA UK Ltd](/wiki/MBDA "MBDA"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Dr. Peter John Hayward, Chairman, Friends of [Dronfield Station](/wiki/Dronfield_railway_station "Dronfield railway station"). For services to the community in Dronfield, Derbyshire. * Richard Lenfestey Heaume. For voluntary service to the Occupation Museum and Society in Guernsey. * Catherine Hegarty, Nursery Nurse, Knotty Ash Primary School, Liverpool. For services to Special Needs Education. * Alexandra Mary Henderson, lately Chair of the Corporation, Hull Group of Colleges. For voluntary service to Further Education. * Councillor Michael John Henderson, Member, [Castlereagh Borough Council](/wiki/Castlereagh_Borough_Council "Castlereagh Borough Council"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland. * Robert Hetherington, District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Norfolk, Department for Work and Pensions. * John Geraint Hicks. For voluntary service to Disabled People. * Patricia Ellen Hickson. For voluntary service to the community in South Bermondsey, London. * Jane Thornton Higgs. For services to the Heritage of Eden Valley in Kent. * Joan Gladys Hill, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, [Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_and_Enforcement_Commission "Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission"), Department for Work and Pensions. * Michael Roderick Hill. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance in Bath. * Professor [Lubaina Himid](/wiki/Lubaina_Himid "Lubaina Himid"), Artist. For services to Black Women's Art. * Pauline Hitt, lately Head of Department, [Isle of Wight College](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_College "Isle of Wight College"). For services to Further Education. * Sheelagh Teresa O'Flaherty\-Hobbs. For voluntary service in [RAF Odiham](/wiki/RAF_Odiham "RAF Odiham"), Hampshire. * Peter Lionel Leon Hodge. For voluntary service to the [Normandy Veterans' Association](/wiki/Normandy_Veterans%27_Association "Normandy Veterans' Association"). * Michael Hoeg. For services to Music in Cardiff. * Patricia Ann Holdsworth, Assistant Chief Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary "Metropolitan Special Constabulary"). For voluntary service to the Police. * [Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt](/wiki/Geoffrey_Trevor_Marden_Holt "Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt"). For services to Disability Sailing. * Ian Mackinnell Hope. For services to the community in West Cornwall. * Alan John Hopgood, Ticket Office Manager, South West Trains, [Teddington station](/wiki/Teddington_station "Teddington station"). For services to Public Transport. * William Guy Shubra Hordern. For services to Community Relations in Birmingham. * Jonathan Kenneth Horne. For services to Medieval Ceramics. * Judith Ish\-Horowicz, Headteacher, Synagogue Religion School, Wandsworth, London. For services to Early Years Education. * Julian Hoskins, Apprentice Training Co\-ordinator, [Science and Technology Facilities Council](/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council "Science and Technology Facilities Council"). For services to Engineering. * Veronica Daphne Hoskins. For services to the community in Bath. * Margaret Elizabeth Houghton. For voluntary service to Choral Music in Cambridgeshire. * Mary Audrey Hoy. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Eltham, London. * [John Percival Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28ceramicist%29 "John Hughes (ceramicist)"), Founder and Proprietor, [Grogg](/wiki/Grogg "Grogg") Shop, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff. For services to the Ceramics Industry in Wales. * Christine Hulse. For services to the community in Greater Manchester. * David Thomas McMillan Hunter. For services to Scottish Heritage and to Young People. * [Marcia Ann Hutchinson](/wiki/Marcia_Hutchinson "Marcia Hutchinson"), Director, Primary Colours Ltd, Huddersfield. For services to Cultural Diversity. * Stephen Huxley, Search and Rescue Communications Manager, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard "HM Coastguard"), Maritime and Coastguard Agency. * David Hymers, Managing Director, Totalpost Services plc. For services to Business and to International Trade. * Hanan Ally Ibrahim, Founder, Somali Family Support Group. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People. * John Sidney Idiens. For voluntary service to the National Trust in Norfolk. * [Mike Ingham](/wiki/Mike_Ingham "Mike Ingham"), Chief Football Correspondent, [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live "BBC Radio 5 Live"). For services to Sports Broadcasting. * Abida Iqbal. For services to the community in [London Borough of Redbridge](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge "London Borough of Redbridge"). * Dawn Jackson. For services to Young People in Norwich. * Morgan Pringle Gardner Jamieson, lately National Clinical Lead for Children's and Young People's Health in Scotland. For services to Healthcare. * Derek Jenkins, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions. * Pamela Mary Jennings. For services to the community in Aston\-on\-Clun, Shropshire. * Kevin Johns, Broadcaster and Entertainer. For charitable services in Wales. * David Austin Johnston. For public service. * The Reverend Andrew John Jolly, Chaplain. For services to the UK Oil and Gas Industries in Scotland. * Bethan Jones, Project Manager, True Food Marketing. For services to the Food and Drink Industry in Wales. * Christina Rowland\-Jones. For services to Mental Healthcare in Cambridgeshire. * Claire Jones. For charitable services in Hertfordshire. * Daphne Georgina Jones. For services to Young People with Disabilities and their Families in Croydon. * Karen Jones. For services to Women's and Girls' Football in Wales. * Kenneth Jones. For services to the [Ironbridge Gorge](/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge "Ironbridge Gorge") World Heritage Site, Shropshire. * Margaret Ann Jones, Head, YMCA Wales Community College. For services to Further Education. * Martin Jones, lately Manager, Motor Services Unit, Scottish Executive. * Neil Roger Jones. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in North Wales. * Vernon Jones. For voluntary service to Education in Newport, South Wales. * Preihdath Joyram. For voluntary service to Cruse Bereavement in Lancashire. * Dennis Jubb. For services to People with Dementia in Doncaster. * Mary Judd. For services to the community in High Pittington, County Durham. * Jennifer Kartupelis, Director, East of England Faiths Council. For services to Inter\-faith Relations. * Raymond George Kasey. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Sutton, Surrey. * Frederick Rockley Kaye. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion Scotland. * [Donna Victoria Kellogg](/wiki/Donna_Victoria_Kellogg "Donna Victoria Kellogg"). For services to Badminton. * Doreen Kelly. For services to the community in Didsbury, Manchester. * Philip Julian Kelsall, Resident Organist, [Tower Ballroom, Blackpool](/wiki/Tower_Ballroom%2C_Blackpool "Tower Ballroom, Blackpool"). For services to Music. * John Richard Kemish. For services to the community in Worthing, West Sussex. * Jennifer Kent, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Gymnastics in Bexleyheath, Kent. * Elizabeth Kerr, Chair, Powderham Castle Riding for the Disabled Group. For voluntary service to Disabled Children in Exeter. * Michael Peter King, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Valerie King. For services to the community in Derbyshire. * Barbara Ann Kinsella. For services to the community in Cemaes Bay, Anglesey. * Jean Kirkwood. For voluntary service to Visually Impaired People in Swansea. * Suzanne Kitching, Manager, Families First Service, Middlesbrough. For services to Children and Families. * Frank Knapton. For services to the community in Mexborough, South Yorkshire. * Patricia Knowles, Senior Social Worker, HIV Services, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast "Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast"). For services to Healthcare. * [Barbara Knox](/wiki/Barbara_Knox "Barbara Knox"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Mario Franz Kreft, Chief Executive, Care Forum Wales. For services to Social Care. * Councillor Joy Hazvirehwi Laguda. For services to the community in the London Borough of Newham. * Peter Lake. For voluntary service to Surf Life Saving. * Susan Langford. For services to the Magic Me charity. * Councillor Palma Laughton, Chairman, Stanhope Parish Council. For services to the community in Stanhope, Ashford, Kent. * Charles Spencer Leader. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in St. Annes\-on\-Sea, Lancashire. * Joyce Ledgard. For voluntary service to the [Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Girls%27_Brigade "Girls' Brigade") in Wrexham. * Christopher Wilson Lee. For services to Young People in Romford, Essex. * Dr. [Anthony John Lewis](/wiki/Tony_Lewis_%28mathematician%29 "Tony Lewis (mathematician)"). For services to Mathematics and to Cricket. * David Lewis, Chairman of Governors, [Whitefield School](/wiki/Whitefield_School "Whitefield School"), Barnet, London. For services to Education. * David Gethin Lewis. For services to the community in South West Wales. * Essie Nell Lewis. For voluntary service to Older African and Caribbean People in Wolverhampton. * Frances Lewis, Founder and Executive Director, SPLITZ. For services to Single Parents and to Victims of Domestic Abuse. * Patricia Lewis, Youth Leader, Banstead Youth Centre, Surrey. For services to Young People. * Geraldine Ling, Artistic Director, Lawnmowers Theatre Group. For services to People with Special Needs in Tyne and Wear. * Robert Ian Lipscomb, Senior Aviation Security Policy Adviser, Transport Security and Contingencies Directorate, Department for Transport. * David John Lister. For voluntary service to Young People. * John Thomas Lister. For services to Athletics. * William George Little. For services to the community in Dartington, Devon. * John Frank Lloyd. For services to Cycling in Mid and North Wales. * John Howson Lloyd. For voluntary service to [Liverpool Cathedral](/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral "Liverpool Cathedral"). * Lieutenant Colonel Peter John Lockyer, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Sara Locock, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Hampshire. * Diane Lofthouse. For services to the Prevention of Disability Hate Crime. * Edyth Lovell. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Robert Loynes, Firearms Medical Adviser, Staffordshire. For voluntary service to the Police. * Elizabeth Anne MacDermott, Grade D, Ministry of Defence. * Hugh James MacKay, Group Technical Director, [Stewart Milne Group](/wiki/Stewart_Milne_Group "Stewart Milne Group"). For services to the Timber Industry. * Iain Archibald MacLeod. For services to Stornoway Port Authority and to the community in Stornoway. * Dionis Maisie MacNair, [Verderer](/wiki/Verderer_%28New_Forest%29 "Verderer (New Forest)"). For services to the New Forest, Hampshire. * Nancy Magrath, Principal, Edenderry Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Councillor Ernest Mallett, Member, [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council "Surrey County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Vithaldas Jeram Mamtora. For voluntary service to Older Asian People in Greater Manchester. * Paul Marsh, lately Principal Officer, [HM Prison Canterbury](/wiki/HM_Prison_Canterbury "HM Prison Canterbury"), HM Prison Service. * Catherine Mary Marshall, Assistant Headteacher, Wyvern School, Ashford, Kent. For services to Special Needs Education. * Pieter Marteau. For services to Oxfam. * Amanda Martin, Director and General Manager, Park Avenue Hotel. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland. * Janet Frances Martin. For services to the Examinations Officer Association. * Julia Carol Mason, Customer Services Manager, Customer Services Group, Southampton, Valuation Office Agency. * Samuel Vernon Mather. For services to the community in Beeley and Edensor, Derbyshire. * Karen Mattison, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises. * David Maurice, Chairman of Governors, Kenmore Park First School and Kenmore Park Middle School, Harrow, London. For voluntary service to Education. * The Reverend Thomas Veitch Mawhinney. For voluntary service to Education in Limavady, Northern Ireland. * Anthony John Maxse. For charitable services in Hampshire. * Clive May, Grade E2, Ministry of Defence. * Mary Elizabeth McAdam. For services to Agriculture in Northern Ireland. * David McAdam. For services to the community in Dumfries and Galloway. * Angus McCall. For services to Tenant Farming in Scotland. * [William Kyle McCallan](/wiki/William_Kyle_McCallan "William Kyle McCallan"). For services to Cricket in Northern Ireland. * Mary Kathleen McCarthy. For voluntary service to Charlie's Angels Youth Fund\-raising Group, Eton\-Wick\-Windsor, Berkshire. * Alison Anne McCaughan. For public service. * Janet McCheyne. For services to the community in Bulphan, Essex. * John McCormick. For services to Young People in Northern Ireland. * Jennifer Ann McDonald. For services to Humanitarian Aid in Bosnia. * Michelle McDowell, Structural Engineering Director, [Building Design Partnership](/wiki/Building_Design_Partnership "Building Design Partnership"). For services to the Construction Industry. * Peter Geoffrey McEwen, Secretary, [National Union of Maritime, Aviation and Shipping Transport](/wiki/NUMAST "NUMAST") Welfare Funds. For services to the Maritime Industry. * David Anthony McGuigan, Manager, Longbenton Youth Project, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Young People. * Jacqueline McKenna, Director of Nursing and Strategic Planning, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Baron McLean, Executive Officer, Staff Support Network, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Dr. Alexina Mary McWhinnie. For services to Adoption, Fostering and Assisted Reproduction. * Audrey Elizabeth Mealins. For voluntary service to Sufferers of Coeliac Disease in East Wales. * Sylvia Medland. For services to the General Dental Council. * Edwin Thomas Menday, Governor, Longford Community School, Hounslow, London. For voluntary service to Education. * Carol Metters. For services to Disadvantaged Women and Children in Bristol. * Neil Duncan Middleton, Chairman of Governors, [City of Bristol College](/wiki/City_of_Bristol_College "City of Bristol College"). For voluntary service to Further Education. * Eric Milburn. For voluntary service to the Methodist Association of Youth Clubs. * Thomas Millen, Mentor and Adviser, Learning Disabilities Team, Northumberland Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Margaret Mills. For voluntary service to Lancashire Police and to Charity. * Margaret Mather Mineham, Curriculum Manager, [Cleveland College of Art and Design](/wiki/Cleveland_College_of_Art_and_Design "Cleveland College of Art and Design"). For services to Further Education. * Stephen Mitchell, Assistant Headteacher, Shelthorpe Community Primary School, Loughborough. For services to Education. * Robert Edward Mizon, National Co\-ordinator, [Campaign for Dark Skies](/wiki/Campaign_for_Dark_Skies "Campaign for Dark Skies"). For voluntary service to Astronomy and to the Environment. * Veena Kumari Mohindra, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Gillian Fennings\-Monkman. For services to Women's Enterprise. * Michael Moran, lately Chairman, Herefordshire and Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce and Chief Executive Officer, J. \& J. Investments Ltd. For services to Commerce. * Thomas Joseph Moran. For voluntary service to Older People in Wales. * Dr. Constance Ada Mary Llewellyn\-Morgan, Chair of Trustees, Ty Bryngwyn Hospice, Llanelli. For services to Palliative Care in Carmarthenshire. * Susan Morgan, Macmillan Clinical Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in Wales. * Pamela Morris, Secretary, Minerva Sports and Social Association, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. * Nora Morrison. For services to Dance and to Charity in Nottingham. * Ronald Michael Moss. For services to the community in East Surrey. * Thirza Mullins, Deputy Justices Clerk, Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court, Her Majesty's Courts Service. * James Bone Murray. For services to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Scotland. * Robert Martin Neville. For services to the [National Air Traffic Services](/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Services "National Air Traffic Services") Trade Union. * Mary Ann Nightingale, Chair, Lunt Tenants' and Residents' Association. For services to the community in Bilston, Wolverhampton. * Moira Niven, Head of Education Development, [West Lothian Council](/wiki/West_Lothian_Council "West Lothian Council"). For services to Education. * Christina Campbell Noble. For services to Community Development in Argyll. * Pamela Margaret Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families. * Robert Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families. * Michael John Wright Norfolk. For services to Healthcare and to Fencing in Chester and Wrexham. * Marie Nunn. For services to the community in Wiltshire. * Dr. Martin Thomas O'Brien, lately Employment and Support Allowance Lead, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * James Francis Patrick O'Neill, Criminal Investigation Officer, Risk and Intelligence Service, London, HM Revenue and Customs. * Richard Ogden. For services to the Construction Industry. * George Ozenbrook, Accommodation Officer, Facilities Management, Department for Children, Schools and Families. * Stephen Timothy John Pack. For voluntary service to Lulworth Coastguard Rescue Station and Lulworth Responder Group, Dorset. * Kathleen Mary Page. For services to Social Care in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. * Richard Pain, Assistant Traffic Manager (Special Events). For services to the City of London Corporation. * Mary Patricia Paisey. For services to the community in Salisbury, Wiltshire. * Sharon Palmer, Chief Executive, Regional Action West Midlands. For services to the Third Sector. * Nicola Louise Pasek, Operations Manager, Trading Standards Service, [Cambridgeshire County Council](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Council "Cambridgeshire County Council"). For services to Consumers. * Mukesh Patel, Administrative Officer, Customer Operations, Leicester, HM Revenue and Customs. * Gary Frederick Payne. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in London. * Brian Peacock, lately Headteacher, Sunnyhurst Primary Pupil Referral Unit, Blackburn with Darwen. For services to Education. * Elsie May Pearson. For services to the community in Martham, Norfolk. * Elizabeth Jayne Peck, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Margaret Elizabeth Penny. For services to Hockey in Northern Ireland and to the [British Parachute Association](/wiki/British_Parachute_Association "British Parachute Association"). * Melvyn Trevor Perkins. For services to Cycle Speedway and to Football. * Benjamin Perl. For services to Jewish Education in the London Borough of Barnet. * Cara Perrett. For services to Community Relations in Scotland. * Alex Pettifer, Director, Estates and Facilities, [Sheffield Hallam University](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University "Sheffield Hallam University"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Sheffield. * Tony Clifford Phillips. For services to Youth Sport in Northern Ireland. * Ann\-Marie Pickup. For services to the community in Salford, Greater Manchester. * Peter Kenneth Pinnell, lately Chairman, [Groundwork Coventry and Warwickshire](/wiki/Groundwork_UK "Groundwork UK"). For services to Regeneration. * The Reverend Canon Suzanne Jane Pinnington. For services to the community in Cottingley, West Yorkshire. * Michael Anthony Polledri, Chairman, Lee Valley Estates. For services to Enterprise and to Regeneration in North London. * Derek Alan Pollock. For charitable services. * Carys Eluned Marslene Portelli, Senior Executive Assistant, People, Places and Corporate Services, Welsh Assembly Government. * Margaret Jacqueline Postgate. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Sedgefield, County Durham. * Craig Powell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Christopher John Pratt, Cutter Commander, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Malcolm Norman Pratt. For services to the community in Winchelsea and to Heritage in East Sussex. * Edith Margaret Price. For charitable services. * Dr. Sandy Primrose, Research Programme Adviser. For services to the Food Standards Agency and to Science. * Margaret Edna Pritchard. For services to Brookside Residents' Council and to the community in Northampton. * Professor Edwin John Pugh, Consultant in Palliative Medicine, [North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/North_Tees_and_Hartlepool_NHS_Foundation_Trust "North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust"). For services to Medicine. * Fiona Jennie Rawes, Director, Heart of the City. For services to Corporate Social Responsibility. * Amanda Read, Child Welfare Issues Manager, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Bridget Redmond, lately Caretaker, Mount St. Mary's High School, Leeds. For voluntary service to Education. * Stephen James Reeves. For services to [Independent Monitoring Boards](/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Board "Independent Monitoring Board") and to the Voluntary Sector. * [Anne Reid](/wiki/Anne_Reid "Anne Reid"), Actor. For services to Drama. * Elma Anne Rendall, Customer Service Officer, [Royal Bank of Scotland](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland "Royal Bank of Scotland"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Marlissa Soraya Beryl Richards, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions. * Yvonne Ann Richards. For services to Mental Healthcare in Worcestershire. * Beryl Ann Riches. For services to Selwyn Primary School, [London Borough of Newham](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham "London Borough of Newham"), London. * Sheila Rigg. For services to the community in Conisbrough, Doncaster. * John William Ritter. For services to the community in Newport, South Wales. * Elizabeth Robb, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield "HM Prison Wakefield"), HM Prison Service. * Anthony Charles Roberts. For voluntary service to Lewis\-Manning Hospice, Poole, Dorset. * Carole Anne Roberts. For services to North Wales Police. * Alistair Raeburn Robertson. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Inverness\-shire. * Ann Robertson. For services to the community in North Ayrshire. * Eleanor Robertson. For services to Community Healthcare. * Thomas James Robertson. For voluntary service to Queensferry Lifeboat, West Lothian. * Evelyn Ivy Janet Robins, Principal, Eve Trew School of Dancing and Gateshead Children's Arts and Theatre School. For services to the Arts in the North East. * Hill Robinson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Cancer Research UK in Strabane, Northern Ireland. * Professor Iain Clive Andrew Franklyn Robinson, lately Head of Neurosciences Group, Medical Research Council, [National Institute for Medical Research](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Medical_Research "National Institute for Medical Research"). For services to Science. * Janet Mary Roe, Police Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary "Lancashire Constabulary"). For services to the Police. * William Kenneth Rollinson, Director, Care and Repair Leeds. For services to the Housing Sector. * Major Robert David Roper, Salvation Army Chaplain, [HM Prison Grendon](/wiki/HM_Prison_Grendon "HM Prison Grendon"), Buckinghamshire. For services to Offenders. * Brenda Roscoe, Chief Inspector, [Special Constabulary](/wiki/Special_Constabulary "Special Constabulary"), [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police "Greater Manchester Police"). For voluntary service to the Police. * John William Rose, Dental Adviser, NHS Western Cheshire. For services to the NHS. * Sylvia Elizabeth Rose. For voluntary service to the Market Garden Veterans' Association. * Samuel William John Rusk. For services to Industry in Northern Ireland. * Professor Guy Nathan Rutty, Home Office Pathologist, Leicester. For services to the Police. * Sam Sagar, Police Community Support Officer, Bradford. For services to West Yorkshire Police. * Harry Samuel. For voluntary service to Ex\-Miners in Glynneath, Neath Port Talbot. * Mary Sanders. For services to Young People in Cambridgeshire. * Jean Saunderson. For voluntary service to Police Welfare in Northern Ireland. * Dr. Edwin Sawacha. For services to Social Housing and to the community in North West London. * Marzia Sayani, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Kirsty Schneeberger, Co\-ordinator, [UK Youth Climate Coalition](/wiki/UK_Youth_Climate_Coalition "UK Youth Climate Coalition"). For services to Environmental Conservation. * Henrietta Scott. For services to Nursing in Glasgow. * Steven Scott, Chairman, Dwarf Athletic Association UK. For services to Disability Sport. * Anne Scovell, Regional Manager, Liverpool Office, [Identity and Passport Service](/wiki/Identity_and_Passport_Service "Identity and Passport Service"), Home Office. * Marjorie Rose Seal. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Kent. * Ann Sevier, Special Constable, [Hampshire Constabulary](/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary "Hampshire Constabulary"). For voluntary service to the Police. * Christopher Shannon, Head Porter, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Higher Education. * Philip Charles Shannon. For voluntary service to Sennen Cove Lifeboat, Cornwall. * Cyril Raymond Shaw. For services to the Tribunals Service. * Major Geoffrey George Simpson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=TD, DL}}. For voluntary service to the community in Leicester. * Roy Sinar. For services to Young People in the West Midlands. * Catherine Skinner. For services to the community in Fearn, Ross\-shire. * Gillian Slinn. For voluntary service to Girlguiding and to the community in Anglesey. * Helen Vivien Sloan. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Stuart Edward Smalley, lately Head of International Developments, Department of Health. * Councillor Stella Marie Smedley, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Member, [Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council "Nottinghamshire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Elizabeth Ann Smith, Police Community Support Officer, Bridlington. For services to Humberside Police. * Julie Smith. For services to the Scouts and to the community in Cardiff. * Julie Smith, Front Line Manager, Customer Operations, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs. * Maureen Elizabeth Smith. For services to the community in Whitstable, Kent. * Terence John Smith. For services to the community in Woking, Surrey. * Valerie Elaine Smith. For services to the community in Wilsden, West Yorkshire. * Major John Douglas Sneesby, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence. * Balvinder Singh Sokhi. For services to the community in Nottingham. * Margaret Ann Southren, Deputy Headteacher, Durham Trinity School. For services to Special Needs Education. * [Gary Andrew Speed](/wiki/Gary_Andrew_Speed "Gary Andrew Speed"). For services to Football. * Raymond Spencer, Executive Director, Customs House, South Shields. For services to the Arts in the North East. * Arthur George Spirling, Director of ICT, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"). For services to Higher Education. * Loris Mercia Squirrell. For services to Inter\-faith Relations in East Anglia. * Yvonne Stanyer, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Telford, HM Revenue and Customs. * Dr. John Chester Stevens, lately Consultant Clinical Scientist, Audiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Michael David Stevens, Chairman of Governors, [Oakwood Park Grammar School](/wiki/Oakwood_Park_Grammar_School "Oakwood Park Grammar School"), Maidstone, Kent. For voluntary service to Education. * Emma Stewart, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises. * Jonathan Stewart, Country Manager Iraq, [KBR](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 "KBR (company)"). For services to the Defence Industry. * Margaret Allison Stewart. For services to the Scottish Red Meat Industry. * Diana Caulfeild\-Stoker, Chief Operating Officer, Community Services, Wandsworth Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Kathleen Anne Stratton. For services to the community in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire. * Ruby Stuckey. For services to the community in Grantham, Lincolnshire. * Edith Audrey Swindells. For services to [Bath Postal Museum](/wiki/Bath_Postal_Museum "Bath Postal Museum"). * Delia Sykes, Mathematics Teacher, [King Edward VI School, Morpeth](/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School%2C_Morpeth "King Edward VI School, Morpeth"), Northumberland. For services to Education. * Jean Sykes, Chief Information Officer, [London School of Economics and Political Science](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science "London School of Economics and Political Science"). For services to Higher Education. * Doreen Sheila Symonds. For voluntary services to Save the Children in Weymouth and Portland. * David Tait. For voluntary services to the NSPCC. * Dr. John Stuart Talbot, Medical Adviser and Associate Medical Director, Salford Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Souad Talsi. For services to the British Moroccan community in London. * Glenda Taylor, lately Governor, [De Aston School](/wiki/De_Aston_School "De Aston School"), Market Rasen, Lincolnshire. For service to Education. * Lesley Taylor. For services to the community in County Durham. * Molly Ann Taylor. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity. * William John Taylor, Chief Executive, [West Lancashire District Council](/wiki/West_Lancashire_District_Council "West Lancashire District Council"). For services to Local Government. * Lady Harriot Tennant of Balfluig, lately Chairman, [Chelsea Physic Garden](/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden "Chelsea Physic Garden"). For services to Gardening. * Glenys Thomas. For services to Older People in Carmarthenshire. * Councillor John Thomas. For services to Local Government in South West Cornwall. * Anne Elizabeth Thompson, Staff Nurse, [Musgrave Park Hospital](/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital "Musgrave Park Hospital"). For services to Healthcare in Northern Ireland. * Susan Thompson, Technical Team Expert, Customer Operations, Newcastle upon Tyne, HM Revenue and Customs. * Alan Thomson, Director, Orchardville Society. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Northern Ireland. * Jennifer Elizabeth Thorpe. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. * Dr. John Graham Tillett, Chairman of Governors, [Colchester Royal Grammar School](/wiki/Colchester_Royal_Grammar_School "Colchester Royal Grammar School"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education. * Florence Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire. * Keith Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire. * Janet Ann Townsend, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to Music and to the community in Port Isaac, Cornwall. * Michael Tracey, Managing Director, William Tracey Group. For services to the Waste Industry. * Keith Leslie Tucker, lately Head of Estates Management Group, Medical Research Council. For services to Science. * Michelle Turner, Founder and Proprietor, Little Venice Cake Company. For services to the Catering Industry. * [Nicola Jayne Tustain](/wiki/Nicola_Tustain "Nicola Tustain"). For services to Disability Sport, particularly Equestrian. * Peter Tyrie, Managing Director, [The Eton Collection](/wiki/The_Eton_Collection "The Eton Collection"). For services to the Hotel Industry. * Doreen Marion Underhill. For voluntary service to the Army Attaché Wives' Committee. * Sophia Emma van den Arend. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society "British Red Cross Society") in Suffolk. * Marion Vidler. For services to Civil Registration in the [London Borough of Sutton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton "London Borough of Sutton"). * Doreen Walcott. For services to the community in Bellingham, South East London. * Dr. Ann Wales, Director, Knowledge Management NHS Education for Scotland. For services to the NHS. * Anne Walker, Founder and Partner, International Dance Supplies. For services to Business. * Dr. Eric Walker, Consultant Physician and Epidemiologist. For services to Travel Medicine. * Philip Walters. For services to Educational Publishing. * Anthony Barry Warburton. For services to Owl Conservation. * Anne Cameron Ward. For services to the community in Peterlee, County Durham. * Susan Waring, Policy Adviser, Railway Pensions, Business Performance and Secretariat, Department for Transport. * Hazel Elizabeth Waters, Workforce Information Assistant, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS. * Ethna Patricia Watterson. For voluntary service to the Parkinson's Disease Society in Northern Ireland. * John Weightman. For services to the Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Castington](/wiki/HM_Prison_Castington "HM Prison Castington"), Northumberland. * The Reverend William Derek Weir, Chaplain, [RAF Aldergrove](/wiki/RAF_Aldergrove "RAF Aldergrove"). For services to the Armed Forces. * Irene Weller. For services to the Dorothy House Hospice in Bath, Somerset. * [Christine Ann Wellington](/wiki/Chrissie_Wellington "Chrissie Wellington"). For services to [Ironman Triathlons](/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon "Ironman Triathlon"). * Barbara Ann Westcott. For voluntary service to the Scouts in North East London. * Joan Westerman, Manager, Logik Centre, [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds "University of Leeds"). For services to Higher Education. * Douglas Harold Michael Western. For services to the community in Devizes, Wiltshire. * Richard Allen Westlake, lately Train Driver, [First Great Western](/wiki/First_Great_Western "First Great Western"). For services to Public Transport and to the community in Devon. * Juliet Deirdre Jean Westoll. For services to the community in Cumbria. * Michael Wharton, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Jean Veta White, Founder Member, Leeds Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations. * John Harry White. For voluntary service to the Prison Service Charity Fund. * Paul White. For voluntary service to Hastings Coastguard Rescue Team, East Sussex. * Graham Whitehurst, Plant Manager, Michelin Ballymena. For services to Business. * Brenda Whitmore, Deputy Head, Hillfields Children's Centre, Coventry. For services to Children and Families. * [Amy Williams](/wiki/Amy_Williams "Amy Williams"), British [Skeleton Racer](/wiki/Skeleton_%28sport%29 "Skeleton (sport)"). For services to Sport. * [Bert Frederick Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1920%29 "Bert Williams (footballer, born 1920)"). For services to Football and to Charity. * David Glyn Williams. For services to the community in Calverley, West Yorkshire. * Councillor Hazel Williams. For services to the community in East Cambridgeshire. * Barbara Ann Wilson, International Trade Adviser. For services to Export. * Stuart Wilson, Firefighter, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government. * Paul Winter, Business Design Expert, Modernising Pay As You Earn Processes for Customers, Sunderland, HM Revenue and Customs. * Aileen Teresa Wiswell. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. * James Witham, Porter and Driver, Harrogate Health Care NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS. * Josephine Mary Sykes\-Wood, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Merseyside. * Brenda Jean Woodings. For services to Local Government in Duffield, Derbyshire. * Professor Peter Alfred Woodsford. For services to the Geographic Information Industry. * Cora Woolcock. For services to Healthcare for Black and Minority Ethnic People in East London. * Maxine Worsfold, Acting Sergeant, [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police "City of London Police"). For services to the Police. * Dorothy Joan Wren. For services to the community in North London. * Kay Denise Wright. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People in Northern Ireland. * Margaret Wright, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Shipley, HM Revenue and Customs. * Neill Wright. For voluntary service to the Samaritans in Macclesfield, Cheshire. * Vivienne Linda Yandell. For services to Business and to Charity in Saltash, Cornwall. * Christine, Lady Yapp, {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}. For services to the community in Birmingham. * Alison Yearley, Personal Secretary, Department for Culture, Media and Sport. * Margaret June Young. For services to Older People in Burnley, Lancashire. Honorary appointment to be made Substantive * Dr. Kranti Rajesh Hiremath, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. (To be dated 25 March 2010\). Diplomatic Service and Overseas List * Judith Helen Claire Acheson, Youth Training Consultant. For services to young people in the Democratic Republic of Congo. * Richard James Aspin, Communications and Projects Officer, Governor's Office, Montserrat. * Graham John Bell, Group Scout Leader, 1st Bougival Scout Group. For services to UK Scouting and the British community in France. * Patrick Herbert Bimson. For services to British interests in Uruguay. * Michael Anthony Bindloss Boddington, Founder, COPE (Co\-operative Orthotic and Prosthetic Enterprise). For services to the victims of unexploded ordnance in Laos. * Dorothy Guyver, Lady Bouchier, Author and Translator. For services to UK/Japanese cultural relations. * Dr. Peter Brian Ramsay Carey, Co\-Founder, Cambodia Trust. For services to the rehabilitation of the disabled in South East Asia. * Joseph Louis Caruana, Voluntary social worker. For services to drug rehabilitation in Gibraltar. * Simon Chapman, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Derek Cheung Yu Keung, Manager, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission "Commonwealth War Graves Commission"), Hong Kong. For services to the War Cemeteries in Hong Kong.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.scmp.com/article/717703/manager\-war\-graves\-honoured\-crown \|title\=Manager of war graves honoured by crown \|first\=Vivian \|last\=Li \|date\=21 June 2010 \|newspaper\=\[\[South China Morning Post]] \|access\-date\=7 December 2016}}{{cite news \|title\=Lest we forget: meet the former British soldier who has taken care of Hong Kong’s war cemeteries for two decades \|url\=http://www.scmp.com/video/hong\-kong/2051607/lest\-we\-forget\-meet\-former\-british\-soldier\-who\-has\-taken\-care\-hong\-kongs\-war \|first\=Thomas \|last\=Yau \|newspaper\=South China Morning Post \|access\-date\=7 December 2016}} * Gary Clement. Chairman, South Atlantic Medal Association, Falkland Islands. For services to Military Veterans in the Falkland Islands. * Angela Louise Crompton, Attaché, British Consulate\-General, Jerusalem. * Alison Devine, British Council Deputy Director United Arab Emirates and Director, Dubai. * Sharon Diaz (Miss Sharon Gordon), Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Clare Bat Dimyon](/wiki/Clare_Dimyon "Clare Dimyon"). For services to promoting the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Central and Eastern Europe. * Irene Mary Ellis, Founder President, Javea Cancer Care Centre. For services to Cancer sufferers and their families and friends in Alicante, Spain. * Gerard Leo Flynn, Headteacher, [Maadi British International School](/wiki/Maadi_British_International_School "Maadi British International School"), Egypt. For services to education and charitable activities in Egypt. * Benjamin John Freeth. For services to the farming community in Zimbabwe. * Conrad Jack Glass. For services to the community in Tristan da Cunha. * Andrew John Goodwin, lately First Secretary, Office of the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the EU, Brussels, Belgium. * Robert Henry Hawkins, British Honorary Consul, Penang. For services to the British community in Malaysia. * Kevin Howard, Chairman, British American Business Council, Houston. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Houston, USA. * Michelle Dawn Hughes, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Stuart Iain Hurst, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Dr. Alison Sarah Landon, [Hospice of Hope](/wiki/Hospices_of_Hope "Hospices of Hope") in Brasov, Casa Sperantei. For services to palliative care in Romania. * Ann McCue, Founder Director, Yayasan Harapan Sumba. For services to the Sumbanese community in Indonesia. * Paul McEvoy, General Manager, Lloyds TSB Ecuador. For services to the British community in Ecuador. * Shona McKay McGrahan, Director, Action for Russia's Children. For services to disadvantaged children in Russia. * Lynne Alison McGregor, Visits and Political Officer, British Embassy, Italy. * Alden McNee McLaughlin Jr., {{post\-nominals\|list\=JP}}, Member of the Legislative Assembly, Cayman Islands. For services to constitutional reform. * Andrew Mead. For philanthropic activities in Saudi Arabia. * Victor Harry Moon, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM}}, lately Security Project Manager, British Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan. * Richard Hugh Morton, Tri\-Service Financial Administrator, British High Commission, Australia. For services to British interests and to Volunteer Firefighting in Australia. * Julia Helen Moss. For services to classical music in Kenya. * Richard William Moss, For services to classical music in Kenya. * Caroline Mulcahy, Second Secretary, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Helmand, Afghanistan. * Donald Eric Peters. For services to the Overseas Territories. * Ulric Scatliffe, Chief Scouting Commissioner, Scout Movement. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands. * Linda Jane Stevens, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * David George Taylor, Executive Principal, International School in Brunei. For services to environmental education in South East Asia. * Paul Taylor, Chairman, Blantyre Branch of the Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi. For services to wildlife and environmental conservation in Malawi. * Susan Lesley Whistler, lately Chair, British Women's Association, Jakarta. For services to the British community in Indonesia. * David Keith Young, Conductor, Dublin Welsh Male Choir. For services to Welsh Music and Culture overseas. * Calvert Alfred Zuill, Program Director, Bermuda Broadcasting Radio Station. For services to the community in Bermuda.
[ "#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)", "Military Division\nRoyal Navy\n* Lieutenant Jeffrey Richard Bevan, C038321S.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Andrew Neil Collings, D170235C.\n* Major Nicholas Alan Griffiths, Royal Marines, N029148E.\n* Chaplain John Hill, C037507X.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering Submarines) Kevin Alan Keenan, D199951T.\n* Lieutenant Commander Brian Stuart Leyshon, C020520L.\n* Major Christopher Sydney Middleton, Royal Marines, N029221Y.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 (Master at Arms) Susan Morgan, W133839N.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Gavin O'Connell, Royal Marines, P047878J.\n* Corporal (Acting Sergeant) Stephen Kenton Perry, Royal Marines, P046386G.\n* Lieutenant Commander Richard Michael John Sutton, C035070Y.\n* Leading Logistician (Catering Services) Rachael Talton, W143392G.\n* Lieutenant Commander Dain Jason Thorne, C037370T.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 (Communication Information Systems Specialist) Timothy Mark Trevarthen, D180919H.", "Army\n* Staff Sergeant Kenneth Barnett, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 24440483\\.\n* Major Jonathan David Billings, Royal Tank Regiment, 533318\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert David Birkenhead, The Parachute Regiment, 24697934\\.\n* Major Douglas Arthur Black, Corps of Royal Engineers, 549743\\.\n* Major Phillip Nowell Blanchfield, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 560053\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Ranald Alasdair Blue, The Rifles, 498953\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Mark Philip Bragg, The Royal Logistic Corps, 25022417\\.\n* The Reverend Colin Sydney Butler, Chaplain to the Forces 3rd Class, Royal Army Chaplains' Department, 541891\\.\n* Staff Sergeant Paul John Butler, Intelligence Corps, 24844236\\.\n* Staff Sergeant Annabel Jo Byles, Army Physical Training Corps, W0813206\\.\n* Major Shaun Anthony Casey, The Mercian Regiment, 539546\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Allen Clarke, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=GM, QGM}}, Royal Corps of Signals 543446\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Charles Clee, Corps of Royal Engineers, 533547\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel [Charles Seymour Collins](/wiki/Charles_Collins_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Charles Collins (British Army officer)\"), The Rifles, 542143\\.\n* Captain Benjamin Beaupré Creed, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 556344\\.\n* Major Clare Marie Dutton, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, 548420\\.\n* Major Kevin David Fitchett, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 559899\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Colin John Francis, The Royal Logistic Corps, 540034\\.\n* Major Christopher Ham, Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 547684\\.\n* Major Donald Andrew Hodgson, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 548668\\.\n* Corporal Lee Martin Innes, Corps of Royal Engineers, 24792698\\.\n* Major Michael David Jeavons, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 537441\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert King, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 24587695\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 1 Duncan Sinclair Lamb, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 24327836\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen Michael Magloire, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24592523\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Toni Jane Heather Martin, The Royal Logistic Corps, 543314\\.\n* Captain Robert Bruce Mather, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563784\\.\n* Major Michael McCarthy, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, 553235\\.\n* Warrant Officer Class 2 Lesa McInnes, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), W0815828\\.\n* Major Bruce McKay, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), 535793\\.\n* Major Geoffrey Edward Minton, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, 536695\\.\n* Major Gordon Muirhead, The Parachute Regiment, 559793\\.\n* Major Nicole Marie Nicholls (née Record), Intelligence Corps, 544249\\.\n* Captain Simon Oats, Corps of Royal Engineers, 563729\\.\n* Major Abigail Ross Pack, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 554379\\.\n* Major Philip Michael Packer, Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police), 547982\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Francis Alexander James Piggott, The Royal Dragoon Guards, 536705\\.\n* Major Julian Michael Pott, The Parachute Regiment, 559794\\.\n* Major Mark Pullan, Royal Regiment of Artillery, 546021\\.\n* Major Andrew Robert Redding, The Parachute Regiment, 544976\\.\n* Colour Sergeant Graham Clive Richards, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 24891983\\.\n* Major Simon Andrew Ridgway, Royal Tank Regiment, 550797\\.\n* Captain Keith Richard Roberts, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army, 566166\\.\n* Major Leon James Roberts, Royal Army Medical Corps, 548616\\.\n* Major Barry James Skinner, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army, 552191\\.\n* Captain Colin Alfred William Smith, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, 539750\\.\n* Lieutenant Colonel Michael Vince, Buckinghamshire Army Cadet Force, 479913\\.\n* Major Raymond Walter Wells, Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch), Territorial Army, 536151\\.\n* Captain Huw Gruffydd Williams, The Royal Logistic Corps, 24648991\\.\n* Major Christopher John Willis, The Rifles, Territorial Army, 546976\\.\n* Captain Robert James Wilmont, Royal Regiment of Artillery, Territorial Army, 565165\\.\n* Major Mark Christian Peter Wilson, The Rifles, 546065\\.\n* Major Alan Young, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, 547234\\.", "Royal Air Force\n* Warrant Officer Stephen Roy Bell (J8171383\\).\n* Warrant Officer Adrian Charles Betts (H8177182\\).\n* Sergeant Alan David Bowman (T8225049\\).\n* Squadron Leader Alan John Dawson (2640321G).\n* Flight Sergeant William Draper (F8261022\\).\n* Chief Technician Andrew Michael Fry (H8204864\\).\n* Flight Lieutenant Andrew David Glover (8029281D).\n* Squadron Leader Ross Goldsworthy (0209959T), [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training)](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve_%28Training_Branch%29 \"Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch)\").\n* Warrant Officer Grahame Douglas Grimshaw (Q8290606\\).\n* Sergeant Steven Leslie Heywood (A8285804\\).\n* Squadron Leader David Alan Hood (8246023K).\n* Warrant Officer Leslie George Hotson (D8112001\\).\n* Squadron Leader James Patrick Lennie (8136789T).\n* Warrant Officer Lyndsay Hugh Morgan (K8102295\\).\n* First Officer Richard Lavender, [Royal Fleet Auxiliary](/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary \"Royal Fleet Auxiliary\") (700187D)", "", "Civil Division\n* Andrew Abberley. For public service.\n* Reginald Adams, lately Coach, Grangemouth Amateur Swimming Club. For services to Sport.\n* Saima Afzal. For services to the Police and to Community Relations in Lancashire.\n* Daljit Singh Ahluwalia. For voluntary service to Community and Inter\\-faith Relations in Derbyshire.\n* Zaheer Ahmad, Constable, [British Transport Police](/wiki/British_Transport_Police \"British Transport Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Basheer Ahmed, Honorary Life Vice\\-President, Race Equality Council of Lincolnshire. For services to Community Relations.\n* Shanaz Ahmed. For services to the Asian community in the East End of London.\n* Craig Leon Ainge, Premises Development Manager, NHS Bedfordshire. For services to Healthcare.\n* Cathlyn Ainsworth, Chairman, Abbeyfield Southport Society. For voluntary service to Older People.\n* James Aitken, Director, Centre of Sport and Exercise, [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). For services to Student Sport.\n* Lynda Heather Allan, Executive Officer, Inspectorate Team Support, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Malcolm Allen, Psychiatric Nurse and Ward Manager, [Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/Tees%2C_Esk_and_Wear_Valleys_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Ronika Amin, Grade D, Ministry of Defence.\n* Leonard Andrews. For voluntary service to Brass Band Music in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Gitty Ankers. For services to the Recycling and Waste Industries in Cornwall.\n* Norah Lillian Appleby. For services to the community in Mickleover, Derby.\n* Mary Julia Archer. For services to the community in Halesowen, West Midlands.\n* [Sally Arkley](/wiki/Sally_Arkley \"Sally Arkley\"), Director, Women's Business Development Agency. For services to Women's Enterprise.\n* Hilda Armstrong, lately Senior Physiotherapy and Orthotic Assistant. For services to the NHS and to the community in Chester\\-le\\-Street, County Durham.\n* Harry Arnold. For services to Inland Waterways.\n* Moira Elizabeth Arthur, lately Managing Director, [Peters Bookselling Services](/wiki/Peters_Bookselling_Services \"Peters Bookselling Services\"). For services to Children's Libraries.\n* Marjorie Mavis Atkinson. For services to Older People in East and West Harptree, Bristol.\n* Miranda Avanzi, Exchequer Funds Manager, Exchequer Funds and Accounts Team, HM Treasury.\n* Charles William Back. For services to the community in Taunton, Somerset.\n* Deborah Baddoo. For services to British Dance.\n* Dr. Michael Bailey. For services to Industrial Archaeology.\n* Robert James Mundell Baillie. For services to the Boys' Brigade in Scotland. (Deceased. To be dated 4 May 2010\\.)\n* Robert John Baird. For services to Youth Justice in Leeds.\n* Peter Gore De\\-Vaux Balbirnie. For services to the community in Essex.\n* Stephen Barkby. For charitable services.\n* Sandra Elizabeth Barnes, Leader, [South Northamptonshire District Council](/wiki/South_Northamptonshire_District_Council \"South Northamptonshire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* June Barnett. For voluntary service to the [Leukaemia Research Fund](/wiki/Leukaemia_Research_Fund \"Leukaemia Research Fund\") and Cancer Leukaemia in Children.\n* Michael Anthony Tudor Trevor\\-Barnston, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Cheshire.\n* Derek William Barr, lately Chief Executive, [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls \"Fairfield Halls\"), Croydon. For services to Music and to the Arts.\n* Ann Marie Barrett. For services to the community in Tullycarnet and Castlereagh, Northern Ireland.\n* Christopher John Barrows, Chairman of Governors, Coombes Church of England Primary School, Wokingham, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education.\n* William Noel Barton, Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to the Police.\n* Dr. Robert Harold Bateman, Technical Consultant, Microssmass UK. For services to Science.\n* Councillor Graham Baxter, Leader, [North East Derbyshire District Council](/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire_District_Council \"North East Derbyshire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Rhoda Ardill Baxter. For services to People with Disabilities in Northern Ireland.\n* Robin Spencer Baynes. For services to the community in Liverpool.\n* Professor Stephen Roger Bazire, Chief Pharmacist, Norfolk and Waveney Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Pharmacy.\n* Lorna Harriett Isobelle Beacom. For voluntary service to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Northern Ireland.\n* Peter Beaty. For services to the community in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham.\n* Anne Beer, Senior Adviser, Staffordshire Trading Standards. For services to Consumers.\n* Sally Bell, Associate Director of Emergency Preparedness, NHS Yorkshire and the Humber. For services to Nursing.\n* Andrew Richard Bennett, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD}}, Grade C1, [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\").\n* Martin Bennett, Joint Chairman and Managing Director, Associated Chemists (Wicker) Ltd. For services to Pharmacy in Sheffield.\n* Alan Bernstein. For services to Young People in Kent.\n* Francis Arthur Betteridge. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Sandwell, West Midlands.\n* Ellis Aubrey John Bevan. For services to the community in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, Staffordshire.\n* Anita Suzanne Bew. For services to the communities in Marlborough, Wiltshire and in Gunjar, The Gambia.\n* Gwenda Binks, Trade Union Representative, [Valuation Office Agency](/wiki/Valuation_Office_Agency \"Valuation Office Agency\") London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Gerald Blackburn. For voluntary service to the {{HMS\\|Dorsetshire\\|40\\|6}} Association.\n* Alison Blackshaw, lately Head of Administration, Communications Department, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Agnes Glass Blair. For services to Healthcare and to Respiratory Services in Northern Ireland.\n* Rosemary Elizabeth Blakesley. For services to the community in Ashover, Derbyshire.\n* Virginia Blakey, Head of Tobacco Policy Branch, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Councillor Keith Bland. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Donald Blue. For services to Health and Safety.\n* Judith Boardman, Chair of Governors, [City of Westminster College](/wiki/City_of_Westminster_College \"City of Westminster College\"), London. For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Norman James Bone. Senior Vice\\-President, [SELEX Galileo](/wiki/SELEX_Galileo \"SELEX Galileo\"), [Finmeccanica Group](/wiki/Finmeccanica_Group \"Finmeccanica Group\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Janet Booth, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence.\n* John Bosworth. For services to Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.\n* Marie Boyd, Deputy Principal, Finance and European Division, Department for Employment and Learning, Northern Ireland Executive.\n* David Wilson Braddock, Governor, [Ferndown Upper School](/wiki/Ferndown_Upper_School \"Ferndown Upper School\"), Dorset. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Lorraine Terry Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ralph Brett, Foster Carer, Lancashire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Joan Maureen Brier, Chair of Corporation, [Rotherham College of Arts and Technology](/wiki/Rotherham_College_of_Arts_and_Technology \"Rotherham College of Arts and Technology\"). For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* David Rankin Briggs, Director, Corporate Services, [Lisburn City Council](/wiki/Lisburn_City_Council \"Lisburn City Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Councillor Loraine Morgan\\-Brinkhurst. For services to the community in Bath and North East Somerset.\n* Kathleen Bromilow, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. For services to the Police.\n* Michael Brooker. For services to the Hotel Industry.\n* Alick Brown. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Hampshire.\n* David John Mcgregor Brown, Chairman, Safety Letterbox Company Ltd, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Business.\n* Mary Brown. For public service.\n* Norman Arthur Brown. For services to the community in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire.\n* Stephen Royston Brown. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Manchester.\n* Angela Bruno. For voluntary service to the White Lily Fund Cancer Charity in the West of Scotland.\n* Margaret Paradine Bull. For voluntary service to [Save the Children](/wiki/Save_the_Children \"Save the Children\") in Whitby, North Yorkshire.\n* Dr. John Francis Burke. For voluntary service to Cancer Patients and their Families in Wales.\n* Elizabeth June Butler. For services to Electoral Services in Northern Ireland.\n* Mary Cains, Housekeeper, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Elizabeth Campbell. For charitable services in Northern Ireland.\n* Joan Campbell. For services to Skills Development in the Tourist Industry in Scotland.\n* Rosalind Campbell. For voluntary service to the [War Widows' Association](/wiki/War_Widows_Association_of_Great_Britain \"War Widows Association of Great Britain\").\n* Vanne Campbell. For voluntary service to Iveagh Branch Pony Club in Northern Ireland.\n* Elizabeth Carlisle. For services to Women in Northern Ireland.\n* Bryan Charles Carnes, Chief Executive, North Staffordshire Chamber of Commerce and Industry. For services to Business.\n* Alan Michael Carr. For charitable services.\n* [Anthony Carr](/wiki/Tony_Carr \"Tony Carr\"), [Academy Director, West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy \"West Ham United F.C. Under-21s and Academy\"). For services to Football.\n* Denise Ann Carroll. For voluntary service to the Milli's Child Contact Centre in Jersey.\n* Joyce Carroll. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in the North East.\n* Gloria Atkinson\\-Carter, Administrator, [University of Winchester](/wiki/University_of_Winchester \"University of Winchester\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Peter Morton Carter. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire.\n* Margretta Cartwright. For services to the community in Talybont, Gwynedd.\n* Raymond Case, lately Reprographics Operator, [Tribunals Service](/wiki/Tribunals_Service \"Tribunals Service\"), Ministry of Justice.\n* Councillor David Murray Caunt. For services to Local Government in Dudley, West Midlands.\n* Roy James Cavanagh, Labour and Training Manager, G. \\& J. Seddon Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Donald Scott Charlton. For voluntary service to the Scouts in the North East.\n* Lisa Charlton. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Tyne and Wear.\n* Peter Chesher. For voluntary service to [Green Road station](/wiki/Green_Road_railway_station \"Green Road railway station\"), Cumbria.\n* Janice Childs. For services to Elderly People in Irthingborough, Northamptonshire.\n* Eva Mair Jean Chinnery. For services to the community in Brecon, Powys.\n* Raymonde Chintoh, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Jack Chippendale. For services to the Boat Building Industry.\n* Susan Jane Clapham. For public service.\n* Muriel Clarke. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Pamela Arundel Clarke. For services to the community in West Yorkshire.\n* Ruth Clarke, Community Learning Manager London, National Trust. For services to Heritage and to the Arts.\n* Terence Alan Clarke, Assistant Headteacher and Arts Co\\-ordinator, [Langley School, Solihull](/wiki/Langley_School%2C_Solihull \"Langley School, Solihull\"). For services to Education.\n* William Gordon Clarke. For voluntary service to Haemophiliac Patients in Northern Ireland.\n* Joan Louisa Coates. For services to the community in Alresford, Colchester, Essex.\n* Pauline Cocker, lately Chair of the Corporation, [Birkenhead Sixth Form College](/wiki/Birkenhead_Sixth_Form_College \"Birkenhead Sixth Form College\"), Wirral. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Diane Coggings, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist for Paediatrics, Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* William Patrick Colquhoun, Director, Medical Support in Romania. For services to Healthcare Overseas.\n* Terence James Connell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Pamela Florence Connock. For services to the community in Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire.\n* Simon Henry Cooke, Governor, [Newport Free Grammar School](/wiki/Newport_Free_Grammar_School \"Newport Free Grammar School\"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Roger John Cooper. For services to Forestry.\n* [David Coulthard](/wiki/David_Coulthard \"David Coulthard\"). For services to Motor Racing.\n* Robin Courage. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Jeremy Robert Cowhig, Managing Director, Institute of Physics Publishing. For services to Science.\n* Robert Cowley. For services to the community in Dorset.\n* Jeffrey Robert Cowton, Curator, [Wordsworth Trust](/wiki/Wordsworth_Trust \"Wordsworth Trust\"). For services to Museums.\n* Anne Veronica Craig. For services to the Knowledge Transfer Sector.\n* Mary Elizabeth Crook. For services to Young People in Cornwall.\n* Thomas Patrick Cunningham, Harbourmaster, [Carlingford Lough](/wiki/Carlingford_Lough \"Carlingford Lough\") Commission. For services to the Maritime Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Carlton Leroy Darrell. For services to the community in Thurrock, Essex.\n* Prakash Daswani, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, [Cultural Co\\-operation](/wiki/Cultural_Co-operation \"Cultural Co-operation\"). For services to the Arts.\n* Roy Frederick Davidson, Deputy Chief Commissioner, Scotland. For voluntary service to the Scouts.\n* Dorothy Ursula Cleaton Davies, District Nurse. For services to Healthcare in Llandrindod Wells, Powys.\n* Glyndŵr David George Davies, Director of International Affairs, [Economic and Social Research Council](/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council \"Economic and Social Research Council\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Paul Davies. For services to Music in Oxfordshire.\n* Jenifer Margaret Dawes. For services to St. Katherine and Shadwell Trust, East London.\n* Richard Best De La Rue. For services to Music and to the community in Guernsey.\n* Sir [John Humphrey de Trafford](/wiki/John_de_Trafford \"John de Trafford\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=Bt.}} For public service.\n* Dr. Cedric Walter Benedict De Voil, General Medical Practitioner. For services to the community in Tayside.\n* Elizabeth Jane Dearden, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in St. Helens, Merseyside.\n* Bernard Delaney, Director, [National Express Coventry](/wiki/National_Express_Coventry \"National Express Coventry\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* Anthony Hugh Dent, Diversity and Human Rights Officer, [National Policing Improvement Agency](/wiki/National_Policing_Improvement_Agency \"National Policing Improvement Agency\"). For services to the Police.\n* [Eileen Derbyshire](/wiki/Eileen_Derbyshire \"Eileen Derbyshire\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Maria Desmond, Deputy Chair, Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Kirkham](/wiki/HM_Prison_Kirkham \"HM Prison Kirkham\"). For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Danusia Donata, Lady Trotman\\-Dickenson, Chair, Welsh Heritage Schools Initiative. For services to Education.\n* [Fred Dinenage](/wiki/Fred_Dinenage \"Fred Dinenage\"), Television Presenter. For services to Broadcasting.\n* Ursula Dingle. For services to Disabled People in Jersey.\n* John Divall, Corporate Affairs Director, South Central Ambulance Services. For services to the Ambulance Service in England.\n* Sandra Mary Docking, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Elizabeth Margaret Douglas. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross](/wiki/British_Red_Cross \"British Red Cross\") and to the community in Dumfries and Galloway.\n* Patricia Anne Douglas. For services to Dance in Edinburgh.\n* Dr. [Frank Carter Duckworth](/wiki/Frank_Carter_Duckworth \"Frank Carter Duckworth\"). For services to the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society \"Royal Statistical Society\") and to [Cricket](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\").\n* John Edward Duggan, Activities Organiser, Huddersfield [University of the Third Age](/wiki/University_of_the_Third_Age \"University of the Third Age\"). For voluntary service to Adult Education.\n* David John Dumbleton. For services to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\") and to Charity in Coventry, West Midlands.\n* Dennis Dunn, Dean and Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, [Manchester Metropolitan University](/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University \"Manchester Metropolitan University\") Cheshire. For services to Higher Education.\n* Norman Dunn, lately Chief Executive, [Newtownabbey Borough Council](/wiki/Newtownabbey_Borough_Council \"Newtownabbey Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Yvette Marguerite Therese Dutton, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Shirley Ann Dyer, Caretaker, College Park Infant School, Portsmouth. For services to Education.\n* Peter James Eaglesfield, lately Non\\-Executive Director, NHS Wirral. For services to Healthcare.\n* Alan Edwards, Senior Executive Officer, Homelessness Legislation, Housing Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Maxine Patricia Edwards. For services to Women's Rugby.\n* Stuart Edwards, Deputy Head of Security, [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency](/wiki/Driver_and_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency \"Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency\"), Swansea.\n* William Ioan Edwards, Chairman of Governors, Glyncoed Comprehensive School, Ebbw Vale. For voluntary service to Education in Wales.\n* [Oku Anwan Ekpenyon](/wiki/Oku_Ekpenyon \"Oku Ekpenyon\"). For voluntary service to the History of Black British People.\n* Dr. Salah El\\-Sharkawi, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, South West Wales Cancer Centre, Swansea. For services to Medicine.\n* Alyson Grace Ellis. For charitable services in South East London.\n* Marie Erwood, Assistant Headteacher, [Stewards School](/wiki/Stewards_School \"Stewards School\"), Harlow, Essex. For services to Education.\n* Avril Everett. For services to [Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Cornwall_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service\") and to the Firefighters' Charity.\n* Irene Elizabeth Falloon. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Angela May Farr, Agriculture Accounts Manager, Finance Department, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Peter Farr, Chairman, Bristol Community Housing Foundation. For services to Social Housing.\n* Margaret Farrar, lately Service Manager, Vine, Leeds. For services to Adult Education for Young People with Disabilities.\n* John Patrick Farrell, Pharmacy Services Manager, Camden and Islington Pharmacy Service. For services to Healthcare.\n* Alan Farrer, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Haverigg](/wiki/HM_Prison_Haverigg \"HM Prison Haverigg\"), Cumbria, HM Prison Service.\n* Susan Maria Farrington (Mrs. Doble). For services to British Heritage in Pakistan.\n* Charles Richard Ferens, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=DL}}. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Pamela Filer. For voluntary service to Victim Support in Hertfordshire.\n* Stuart William Fisher. For voluntary service to the West Midlands Fire and Rescue Service Road Casualty Reduction Team.\n* Vanessa Fison. For services to the community in Richmond, Surrey.\n* James Henry Fitchie. For services to Ploughing in Northern Ireland.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Flint, Senior Administrative Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Board. For services to Offenders.\n* Peter Flukes. For services to the community in Wolseley, Plymouth.\n* Maurice John Ford. For services to the community in Northamptonshire.\n* Margaret Ann Forisky, Development Officer, [West Lothian College](/wiki/West_Lothian_College \"West Lothian College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Carol Foster, ICT Teacher, [Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford](/wiki/Lakeside_School%2C_Chandler%27s_Ford \"Lakeside School, Chandler's Ford\"), Hampshire. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* [Michelle Vicki Fowler](/wiki/Michelle_Vicki_Fowler \"Michelle Vicki Fowler\") (Vicki Michelle). For charitable services.\n* William Andrew Francey, Director, Health and Environmental Services, [Belfast City Council](/wiki/Belfast_City_Council \"Belfast City Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* William Terence Francis, Head, School of Business Innovation and Development, [South Eastern Regional College](/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College \"South Eastern Regional College\"). For services to Further Education in Northern Ireland.\n* George Edwards Fraser. For voluntary service to the [Burma Star Association](/wiki/Burma_Star_Association \"Burma Star Association\") in Aberdeen.\n* Hugh Wilson Fraser. For services to the community in Dumfries.\n* Janice Patricia Fraser, Carers Planning and Development Officer, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council \"Leicestershire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Diana Mary Freeman. For services to Geography Education in Hertfordshire.\n* Dennis George Frost. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales.\n* Rita Pauline Fryer. For services to the community in Aldeburgh, Suffolk.\n* Fay Fullerton, Head, Production Costume, [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\"). For services to Dance and to Opera.\n* [John Alexander Fullerton](/wiki/Jackie_Fullerton \"Jackie Fullerton\"). For services to Sports Journalism and to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Mahvash Hussain\\-Gambles, Founder and Chief Executive, Saaf International Ltd. For services to the Beauty Industry and to International Trade.\n* Councillor Derek Davies Games. For services to Local Government and to the community in Merthyr Tydfil.\n* Halina Gammie. For services to Study Support and Playing for Success.\n* Richard David Gammon. For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Irene Dorothy Garrard. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity.\n* [Michael Garrick](/wiki/Michael_Garrick \"Michael Garrick\"), Jazz Pianist and Composer. For services to Music.\n* The Reverend Vernon Frederick George. For services to the community in the London Borough of Barnet and Sri Lanka.\n* Susan Gibbs, Station Announcer, c2c Rail Ltd, [London Fenchurch Street](/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station \"Fenchurch Street railway station\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* Andrew Gibson. For services to Young People in Scotswood, Newcastle upon Tyne.\n* Pamela Gibson, Executive Officer, Employment Group, Sheffield, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Bakhtiar Ahmad Gilani. For services to the community in Greater Manchester.\n* Robert Charles Gilliat, Chairman, Crime Prevention Panel, Devon and Cornwall. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Judith Gillow, Director of Nursing and Infection Prevention and Control, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Linda Joy Christine Ginn. For services to Health and Community Caring in Westleton, Suffolk.\n* Edana Gledhill. For services to the community in Blackpool, Lancashire.\n* Councillor Alan Frederick Gloak, Member, [Somerset County Council](/wiki/Somerset_County_Council \"Somerset County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Michael Peter Glogg. For voluntary service to Rugby.\n* Karen Elizabeth Goldstone, Head, East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service. For services to Healthcare.\n* Nora Theresa Goodman. For services to the community in Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Dr. [Rigby Graham](/wiki/Rigby_Graham \"Rigby Graham\"), Mural Painter and Illustrator. For services to the Arts.\n* Angela Helen Grandfield, lately PE Teacher and Pastoral Manager, [Shire Oak School](/wiki/Shire_Oak_School \"Shire Oak School\"), Walsall. For services to Education.\n* Victor William Gray. For services to Archivists.\n* John Curtis Green. For voluntary service to the Helford River Children's Sailing Trust.\n* Captain John William Green. For services to the community in Cumbria.\n* Mary Constance Elizabeth Green. For services to Children and Families in Hastings, East Sussex.\n* Margaret Greenway, lately Commissioning Services Resource Manager, Kent Probation Area. For services to Offenders.\n* Keith Grimshaw. For services to National Savings and Investments and to the Magistracy.\n* Christine Gubbins, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Elsie Doreen Gunning. For voluntary service to Deaf People in South Wales.\n* Councillor Adrian John Gunson, Member, [Norfolk County Council](/wiki/Norfolk_County_Council \"Norfolk County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Maria Elisabeth Haddow. For services to the community in Shilbottle, Northumberland.\n* Samuel Haire. For services to the community in Clabby, Northern Ireland.\n* Anne Elizabeth Sylvia Hale. For services to the community in Stamford, Lincolnshire.\n* Alfred Hales, For charitable services in Bolton, Lancashire.\n* Stephen Halloran, Clinical Biochemist, [Royal Surrey County Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Surrey_County_Hospital \"Royal Surrey County Hospital\"), Guildford and Director, Bowel Cancer Screen Hub, South of England. For services to Healthcare.\n* Michael Hamilton. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Lewis Gustav Hammond, Evesham Town Partnership Manager, [Wychavon District Council](/wiki/Wychavon_District_Council \"Wychavon District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Barbara Mary Hamzawi, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Personal Assistant, [University for Industry](/wiki/University_for_Industry \"University for Industry\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Anne Hanley, lately Senior Probation Officer, [HM Prison Buckley Hall](/wiki/HM_Prison_Buckley_Hall \"HM Prison Buckley Hall\"), Rochdale. For services to Offenders.\n* Jo Hansford. For services to the Hairdressing Industry.\n* [Karen Hanton](/wiki/Karen_Hanton \"Karen Hanton\"), Founder of [toptable.com](/wiki/Toptable \"Toptable\"). For services to the Restaurant Industry.\n* Pauline Mary Frost\\-Hardwick. For services to the community in Burnley, Lancashire.\n* David Ralph Hardy. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Susan Harmsworth, Chief Executive, ESPA. For services to the Spa and Beauty Industry.\n* Elizabeth Jane Harries. For voluntary service to Young People in Wales and to International Peacework.\n* Jacqueline Harrison, head of public relations, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police.\n* Loveday Annie Harrison. For services to the community in Altarnum, Cornwall.\n* June Marian Hart. For services to the British Group of the [Inter\\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union \"Inter-Parliamentary Union\").\n* Lynn Georgina Hart, Chief Superintendent, Bournemouth and Poole Divisional Commander, [Dorset Police](/wiki/Dorset_Police \"Dorset Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Irene Grace Hartley. For services to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.\n* Peter Hartshorne, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police.\n* Sajid Hashmi. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, Staffordshire.\n* The Reverend David Haslam. For services to Community Relations and to the Methodist Church.\n* Daryl Hayler, Integration and Systems Validation Engineer, [MBDA UK Ltd](/wiki/MBDA \"MBDA\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Dr. Peter John Hayward, Chairman, Friends of [Dronfield Station](/wiki/Dronfield_railway_station \"Dronfield railway station\"). For services to the community in Dronfield, Derbyshire.\n* Richard Lenfestey Heaume. For voluntary service to the Occupation Museum and Society in Guernsey.\n* Catherine Hegarty, Nursery Nurse, Knotty Ash Primary School, Liverpool. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Alexandra Mary Henderson, lately Chair of the Corporation, Hull Group of Colleges. For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Councillor Michael John Henderson, Member, [Castlereagh Borough Council](/wiki/Castlereagh_Borough_Council \"Castlereagh Borough Council\"). For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n* Robert Hetherington, District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Norfolk, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* John Geraint Hicks. For voluntary service to Disabled People.\n* Patricia Ellen Hickson. For voluntary service to the community in South Bermondsey, London.\n* Jane Thornton Higgs. For services to the Heritage of Eden Valley in Kent.\n* Joan Gladys Hill, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, [Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission](/wiki/Child_Maintenance_and_Enforcement_Commission \"Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission\"), Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Michael Roderick Hill. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance in Bath.\n* Professor [Lubaina Himid](/wiki/Lubaina_Himid \"Lubaina Himid\"), Artist. For services to Black Women's Art.\n* Pauline Hitt, lately Head of Department, [Isle of Wight College](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_College \"Isle of Wight College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Sheelagh Teresa O'Flaherty\\-Hobbs. For voluntary service in [RAF Odiham](/wiki/RAF_Odiham \"RAF Odiham\"), Hampshire.\n* Peter Lionel Leon Hodge. For voluntary service to the [Normandy Veterans' Association](/wiki/Normandy_Veterans%27_Association \"Normandy Veterans' Association\").\n* Michael Hoeg. For services to Music in Cardiff.\n* Patricia Ann Holdsworth, Assistant Chief Officer, [Metropolitan Special Constabulary](/wiki/Metropolitan_Special_Constabulary \"Metropolitan Special Constabulary\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* [Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt](/wiki/Geoffrey_Trevor_Marden_Holt \"Geoffrey Trevor Marden Holt\"). For services to Disability Sailing.\n* Ian Mackinnell Hope. For services to the community in West Cornwall.\n* Alan John Hopgood, Ticket Office Manager, South West Trains, [Teddington station](/wiki/Teddington_station \"Teddington station\"). For services to Public Transport.\n* William Guy Shubra Hordern. For services to Community Relations in Birmingham.\n* Jonathan Kenneth Horne. For services to Medieval Ceramics.\n* Judith Ish\\-Horowicz, Headteacher, Synagogue Religion School, Wandsworth, London. For services to Early Years Education.\n* Julian Hoskins, Apprentice Training Co\\-ordinator, [Science and Technology Facilities Council](/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council \"Science and Technology Facilities Council\"). For services to Engineering.\n* Veronica Daphne Hoskins. For services to the community in Bath.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Houghton. For voluntary service to Choral Music in Cambridgeshire.\n* Mary Audrey Hoy. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Eltham, London.\n* [John Percival Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28ceramicist%29 \"John Hughes (ceramicist)\"), Founder and Proprietor, [Grogg](/wiki/Grogg \"Grogg\") Shop, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff. For services to the Ceramics Industry in Wales.\n* Christine Hulse. For services to the community in Greater Manchester.\n* David Thomas McMillan Hunter. For services to Scottish Heritage and to Young People.\n* [Marcia Ann Hutchinson](/wiki/Marcia_Hutchinson \"Marcia Hutchinson\"), Director, Primary Colours Ltd, Huddersfield. For services to Cultural Diversity.\n* Stephen Huxley, Search and Rescue Communications Manager, [HM Coastguard](/wiki/HM_Coastguard \"HM Coastguard\"), Maritime and Coastguard Agency.\n* David Hymers, Managing Director, Totalpost Services plc. For services to Business and to International Trade.\n* Hanan Ally Ibrahim, Founder, Somali Family Support Group. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People.\n* John Sidney Idiens. For voluntary service to the National Trust in Norfolk.\n* [Mike Ingham](/wiki/Mike_Ingham \"Mike Ingham\"), Chief Football Correspondent, [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live \"BBC Radio 5 Live\"). For services to Sports Broadcasting.\n* Abida Iqbal. For services to the community in [London Borough of Redbridge](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge \"London Borough of Redbridge\").\n* Dawn Jackson. For services to Young People in Norwich.\n* Morgan Pringle Gardner Jamieson, lately National Clinical Lead for Children's and Young People's Health in Scotland. For services to Healthcare.\n* Derek Jenkins, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Pamela Mary Jennings. For services to the community in Aston\\-on\\-Clun, Shropshire.\n* Kevin Johns, Broadcaster and Entertainer. For charitable services in Wales.\n* David Austin Johnston. For public service.\n* The Reverend Andrew John Jolly, Chaplain. For services to the UK Oil and Gas Industries in Scotland.\n* Bethan Jones, Project Manager, True Food Marketing. For services to the Food and Drink Industry in Wales.\n* Christina Rowland\\-Jones. For services to Mental Healthcare in Cambridgeshire.\n* Claire Jones. For charitable services in Hertfordshire.\n* Daphne Georgina Jones. For services to Young People with Disabilities and their Families in Croydon.\n* Karen Jones. For services to Women's and Girls' Football in Wales.\n* Kenneth Jones. For services to the [Ironbridge Gorge](/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge \"Ironbridge Gorge\") World Heritage Site, Shropshire.\n* Margaret Ann Jones, Head, YMCA Wales Community College. For services to Further Education.\n* Martin Jones, lately Manager, Motor Services Unit, Scottish Executive.\n* Neil Roger Jones. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in North Wales.\n* Vernon Jones. For voluntary service to Education in Newport, South Wales.\n* Preihdath Joyram. For voluntary service to Cruse Bereavement in Lancashire.\n* Dennis Jubb. For services to People with Dementia in Doncaster.\n* Mary Judd. For services to the community in High Pittington, County Durham.\n* Jennifer Kartupelis, Director, East of England Faiths Council. For services to Inter\\-faith Relations.\n* Raymond George Kasey. For voluntary service to Save the Children in Sutton, Surrey.\n* Frederick Rockley Kaye. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion Scotland.\n* [Donna Victoria Kellogg](/wiki/Donna_Victoria_Kellogg \"Donna Victoria Kellogg\"). For services to Badminton.\n* Doreen Kelly. For services to the community in Didsbury, Manchester.\n* Philip Julian Kelsall, Resident Organist, [Tower Ballroom, Blackpool](/wiki/Tower_Ballroom%2C_Blackpool \"Tower Ballroom, Blackpool\"). For services to Music.\n* John Richard Kemish. For services to the community in Worthing, West Sussex.\n* Jennifer Kent, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Gymnastics in Bexleyheath, Kent.\n* Elizabeth Kerr, Chair, Powderham Castle Riding for the Disabled Group. For voluntary service to Disabled Children in Exeter.\n* Michael Peter King, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Valerie King. For services to the community in Derbyshire.\n* Barbara Ann Kinsella. For services to the community in Cemaes Bay, Anglesey.\n* Jean Kirkwood. For voluntary service to Visually Impaired People in Swansea.\n* Suzanne Kitching, Manager, Families First Service, Middlesbrough. For services to Children and Families.\n* Frank Knapton. For services to the community in Mexborough, South Yorkshire.\n* Patricia Knowles, Senior Social Worker, HIV Services, [Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital%2C_Belfast \"Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Barbara Knox](/wiki/Barbara_Knox \"Barbara Knox\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Mario Franz Kreft, Chief Executive, Care Forum Wales. For services to Social Care.\n* Councillor Joy Hazvirehwi Laguda. For services to the community in the London Borough of Newham.\n* Peter Lake. For voluntary service to Surf Life Saving.\n* Susan Langford. For services to the Magic Me charity.\n* Councillor Palma Laughton, Chairman, Stanhope Parish Council. For services to the community in Stanhope, Ashford, Kent.\n* Charles Spencer Leader. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in St. Annes\\-on\\-Sea, Lancashire.\n* Joyce Ledgard. For voluntary service to the [Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Girls%27_Brigade \"Girls' Brigade\") in Wrexham.\n* Christopher Wilson Lee. For services to Young People in Romford, Essex.\n* Dr. [Anthony John Lewis](/wiki/Tony_Lewis_%28mathematician%29 \"Tony Lewis (mathematician)\"). For services to Mathematics and to Cricket.\n* David Lewis, Chairman of Governors, [Whitefield School](/wiki/Whitefield_School \"Whitefield School\"), Barnet, London. For services to Education.\n* David Gethin Lewis. For services to the community in South West Wales.\n* Essie Nell Lewis. For voluntary service to Older African and Caribbean People in Wolverhampton.\n* Frances Lewis, Founder and Executive Director, SPLITZ. For services to Single Parents and to Victims of Domestic Abuse.\n* Patricia Lewis, Youth Leader, Banstead Youth Centre, Surrey. For services to Young People.\n* Geraldine Ling, Artistic Director, Lawnmowers Theatre Group. For services to People with Special Needs in Tyne and Wear.\n* Robert Ian Lipscomb, Senior Aviation Security Policy Adviser, Transport Security and Contingencies Directorate, Department for Transport.\n* David John Lister. For voluntary service to Young People.\n* John Thomas Lister. For services to Athletics.\n* William George Little. For services to the community in Dartington, Devon.\n* John Frank Lloyd. For services to Cycling in Mid and North Wales.\n* John Howson Lloyd. For voluntary service to [Liverpool Cathedral](/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral \"Liverpool Cathedral\").\n* Lieutenant Colonel Peter John Lockyer, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Sara Locock, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP, DL}}. For services to the community in Hampshire.\n* Diane Lofthouse. For services to the Prevention of Disability Hate Crime.\n* Edyth Lovell. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Robert Loynes, Firearms Medical Adviser, Staffordshire. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Elizabeth Anne MacDermott, Grade D, Ministry of Defence.\n* Hugh James MacKay, Group Technical Director, [Stewart Milne Group](/wiki/Stewart_Milne_Group \"Stewart Milne Group\"). For services to the Timber Industry.\n* Iain Archibald MacLeod. For services to Stornoway Port Authority and to the community in Stornoway.\n* Dionis Maisie MacNair, [Verderer](/wiki/Verderer_%28New_Forest%29 \"Verderer (New Forest)\"). For services to the New Forest, Hampshire.\n* Nancy Magrath, Principal, Edenderry Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Councillor Ernest Mallett, Member, [Surrey County Council](/wiki/Surrey_County_Council \"Surrey County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Vithaldas Jeram Mamtora. For voluntary service to Older Asian People in Greater Manchester.\n* Paul Marsh, lately Principal Officer, [HM Prison Canterbury](/wiki/HM_Prison_Canterbury \"HM Prison Canterbury\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Catherine Mary Marshall, Assistant Headteacher, Wyvern School, Ashford, Kent. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Pieter Marteau. For services to Oxfam.\n* Amanda Martin, Director and General Manager, Park Avenue Hotel. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Janet Frances Martin. For services to the Examinations Officer Association.\n* Julia Carol Mason, Customer Services Manager, Customer Services Group, Southampton, Valuation Office Agency.\n* Samuel Vernon Mather. For services to the community in Beeley and Edensor, Derbyshire.\n* Karen Mattison, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises.\n* David Maurice, Chairman of Governors, Kenmore Park First School and Kenmore Park Middle School, Harrow, London. For voluntary service to Education.\n* The Reverend Thomas Veitch Mawhinney. For voluntary service to Education in Limavady, Northern Ireland.\n* Anthony John Maxse. For charitable services in Hampshire.\n* Clive May, Grade E2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Mary Elizabeth McAdam. For services to Agriculture in Northern Ireland.\n* David McAdam. For services to the community in Dumfries and Galloway.\n* Angus McCall. For services to Tenant Farming in Scotland.\n* [William Kyle McCallan](/wiki/William_Kyle_McCallan \"William Kyle McCallan\"). For services to Cricket in Northern Ireland.\n* Mary Kathleen McCarthy. For voluntary service to Charlie's Angels Youth Fund\\-raising Group, Eton\\-Wick\\-Windsor, Berkshire.\n* Alison Anne McCaughan. For public service.\n* Janet McCheyne. For services to the community in Bulphan, Essex.\n* John McCormick. For services to Young People in Northern Ireland.\n* Jennifer Ann McDonald. For services to Humanitarian Aid in Bosnia.\n* Michelle McDowell, Structural Engineering Director, [Building Design Partnership](/wiki/Building_Design_Partnership \"Building Design Partnership\"). For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Peter Geoffrey McEwen, Secretary, [National Union of Maritime, Aviation and Shipping Transport](/wiki/NUMAST \"NUMAST\") Welfare Funds. For services to the Maritime Industry.\n* David Anthony McGuigan, Manager, Longbenton Youth Project, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Young People.\n* Jacqueline McKenna, Director of Nursing and Strategic Planning, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Baron McLean, Executive Officer, Staff Support Network, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Dr. Alexina Mary McWhinnie. For services to Adoption, Fostering and Assisted Reproduction.\n* Audrey Elizabeth Mealins. For voluntary service to Sufferers of Coeliac Disease in East Wales.\n* Sylvia Medland. For services to the General Dental Council.\n* Edwin Thomas Menday, Governor, Longford Community School, Hounslow, London. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Carol Metters. For services to Disadvantaged Women and Children in Bristol.\n* Neil Duncan Middleton, Chairman of Governors, [City of Bristol College](/wiki/City_of_Bristol_College \"City of Bristol College\"). For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Eric Milburn. For voluntary service to the Methodist Association of Youth Clubs.\n* Thomas Millen, Mentor and Adviser, Learning Disabilities Team, Northumberland Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Margaret Mills. For voluntary service to Lancashire Police and to Charity.\n* Margaret Mather Mineham, Curriculum Manager, [Cleveland College of Art and Design](/wiki/Cleveland_College_of_Art_and_Design \"Cleveland College of Art and Design\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Stephen Mitchell, Assistant Headteacher, Shelthorpe Community Primary School, Loughborough. For services to Education.\n* Robert Edward Mizon, National Co\\-ordinator, [Campaign for Dark Skies](/wiki/Campaign_for_Dark_Skies \"Campaign for Dark Skies\"). For voluntary service to Astronomy and to the Environment.\n* Veena Kumari Mohindra, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Gillian Fennings\\-Monkman. For services to Women's Enterprise.\n* Michael Moran, lately Chairman, Herefordshire and Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce and Chief Executive Officer, J. \\& J. Investments Ltd. For services to Commerce.\n* Thomas Joseph Moran. For voluntary service to Older People in Wales.\n* Dr. Constance Ada Mary Llewellyn\\-Morgan, Chair of Trustees, Ty Bryngwyn Hospice, Llanelli. For services to Palliative Care in Carmarthenshire.\n* Susan Morgan, Macmillan Clinical Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in Wales.\n* Pamela Morris, Secretary, Minerva Sports and Social Association, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.\n* Nora Morrison. For services to Dance and to Charity in Nottingham.\n* Ronald Michael Moss. For services to the community in East Surrey.\n* Thirza Mullins, Deputy Justices Clerk, Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court, Her Majesty's Courts Service.\n* James Bone Murray. For services to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Scotland.\n* Robert Martin Neville. For services to the [National Air Traffic Services](/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Services \"National Air Traffic Services\") Trade Union.\n* Mary Ann Nightingale, Chair, Lunt Tenants' and Residents' Association. For services to the community in Bilston, Wolverhampton.\n* Moira Niven, Head of Education Development, [West Lothian Council](/wiki/West_Lothian_Council \"West Lothian Council\"). For services to Education.\n* Christina Campbell Noble. For services to Community Development in Argyll.\n* Pamela Margaret Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families.\n* Robert Noden, Foster Carer, Bradford. For services to Children and Families.\n* Michael John Wright Norfolk. For services to Healthcare and to Fencing in Chester and Wrexham.\n* Marie Nunn. For services to the community in Wiltshire.\n* Dr. Martin Thomas O'Brien, lately Employment and Support Allowance Lead, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* James Francis Patrick O'Neill, Criminal Investigation Officer, Risk and Intelligence Service, London, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Richard Ogden. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* George Ozenbrook, Accommodation Officer, Facilities Management, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n* Stephen Timothy John Pack. For voluntary service to Lulworth Coastguard Rescue Station and Lulworth Responder Group, Dorset.\n* Kathleen Mary Page. For services to Social Care in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.\n* Richard Pain, Assistant Traffic Manager (Special Events). For services to the City of London Corporation.\n* Mary Patricia Paisey. For services to the community in Salisbury, Wiltshire.\n* Sharon Palmer, Chief Executive, Regional Action West Midlands. For services to the Third Sector.\n* Nicola Louise Pasek, Operations Manager, Trading Standards Service, [Cambridgeshire County Council](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Council \"Cambridgeshire County Council\"). For services to Consumers.\n* Mukesh Patel, Administrative Officer, Customer Operations, Leicester, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Gary Frederick Payne. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in London.\n* Brian Peacock, lately Headteacher, Sunnyhurst Primary Pupil Referral Unit, Blackburn with Darwen. For services to Education.\n* Elsie May Pearson. For services to the community in Martham, Norfolk.\n* Elizabeth Jayne Peck, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Margaret Elizabeth Penny. For services to Hockey in Northern Ireland and to the [British Parachute Association](/wiki/British_Parachute_Association \"British Parachute Association\").\n* Melvyn Trevor Perkins. For services to Cycle Speedway and to Football.\n* Benjamin Perl. For services to Jewish Education in the London Borough of Barnet.\n* Cara Perrett. For services to Community Relations in Scotland.\n* Alex Pettifer, Director, Estates and Facilities, [Sheffield Hallam University](/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University \"Sheffield Hallam University\"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Sheffield.\n* Tony Clifford Phillips. For services to Youth Sport in Northern Ireland.\n* Ann\\-Marie Pickup. For services to the community in Salford, Greater Manchester.\n* Peter Kenneth Pinnell, lately Chairman, [Groundwork Coventry and Warwickshire](/wiki/Groundwork_UK \"Groundwork UK\"). For services to Regeneration.\n* The Reverend Canon Suzanne Jane Pinnington. For services to the community in Cottingley, West Yorkshire.\n* Michael Anthony Polledri, Chairman, Lee Valley Estates. For services to Enterprise and to Regeneration in North London.\n* Derek Alan Pollock. For charitable services.\n* Carys Eluned Marslene Portelli, Senior Executive Assistant, People, Places and Corporate Services, Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Margaret Jacqueline Postgate. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Sedgefield, County Durham.\n* Craig Powell, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Christopher John Pratt, Cutter Commander, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Malcolm Norman Pratt. For services to the community in Winchelsea and to Heritage in East Sussex.\n* Edith Margaret Price. For charitable services.\n* Dr. Sandy Primrose, Research Programme Adviser. For services to the Food Standards Agency and to Science.\n* Margaret Edna Pritchard. For services to Brookside Residents' Council and to the community in Northampton.\n* Professor Edwin John Pugh, Consultant in Palliative Medicine, [North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust](/wiki/North_Tees_and_Hartlepool_NHS_Foundation_Trust \"North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Fiona Jennie Rawes, Director, Heart of the City. For services to Corporate Social Responsibility.\n* Amanda Read, Child Welfare Issues Manager, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Bridget Redmond, lately Caretaker, Mount St. Mary's High School, Leeds. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Stephen James Reeves. For services to [Independent Monitoring Boards](/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Board \"Independent Monitoring Board\") and to the Voluntary Sector.\n* [Anne Reid](/wiki/Anne_Reid \"Anne Reid\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* Elma Anne Rendall, Customer Service Officer, [Royal Bank of Scotland](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland \"Royal Bank of Scotland\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Marlissa Soraya Beryl Richards, Higher Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Yvonne Ann Richards. For services to Mental Healthcare in Worcestershire.\n* Beryl Ann Riches. For services to Selwyn Primary School, [London Borough of Newham](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham \"London Borough of Newham\"), London.\n* Sheila Rigg. For services to the community in Conisbrough, Doncaster.\n* John William Ritter. For services to the community in Newport, South Wales.\n* Elizabeth Robb, Principal Officer, [HM Prison Wakefield](/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield \"HM Prison Wakefield\"), HM Prison Service.\n* Anthony Charles Roberts. For voluntary service to Lewis\\-Manning Hospice, Poole, Dorset.\n* Carole Anne Roberts. For services to North Wales Police.\n* Alistair Raeburn Robertson. For voluntary service to SSAFA Forces Help in Inverness\\-shire.\n* Ann Robertson. For services to the community in North Ayrshire.\n* Eleanor Robertson. For services to Community Healthcare.\n* Thomas James Robertson. For voluntary service to Queensferry Lifeboat, West Lothian.\n* Evelyn Ivy Janet Robins, Principal, Eve Trew School of Dancing and Gateshead Children's Arts and Theatre School. For services to the Arts in the North East.\n* Hill Robinson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For voluntary service to Cancer Research UK in Strabane, Northern Ireland.\n* Professor Iain Clive Andrew Franklyn Robinson, lately Head of Neurosciences Group, Medical Research Council, [National Institute for Medical Research](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Medical_Research \"National Institute for Medical Research\"). For services to Science.\n* Janet Mary Roe, Police Constable, [Lancashire Constabulary](/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary \"Lancashire Constabulary\"). For services to the Police.\n* William Kenneth Rollinson, Director, Care and Repair Leeds. For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Major Robert David Roper, Salvation Army Chaplain, [HM Prison Grendon](/wiki/HM_Prison_Grendon \"HM Prison Grendon\"), Buckinghamshire. For services to Offenders.\n* Brenda Roscoe, Chief Inspector, [Special Constabulary](/wiki/Special_Constabulary \"Special Constabulary\"), [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police \"Greater Manchester Police\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* John William Rose, Dental Adviser, NHS Western Cheshire. For services to the NHS.\n* Sylvia Elizabeth Rose. For voluntary service to the Market Garden Veterans' Association.\n* Samuel William John Rusk. For services to Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Professor Guy Nathan Rutty, Home Office Pathologist, Leicester. For services to the Police.\n* Sam Sagar, Police Community Support Officer, Bradford. For services to West Yorkshire Police.\n* Harry Samuel. For voluntary service to Ex\\-Miners in Glynneath, Neath Port Talbot.\n* Mary Sanders. For services to Young People in Cambridgeshire.\n* Jean Saunderson. For voluntary service to Police Welfare in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Edwin Sawacha. For services to Social Housing and to the community in North West London.\n* Marzia Sayani, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Kirsty Schneeberger, Co\\-ordinator, [UK Youth Climate Coalition](/wiki/UK_Youth_Climate_Coalition \"UK Youth Climate Coalition\"). For services to Environmental Conservation.\n* Henrietta Scott. For services to Nursing in Glasgow.\n* Steven Scott, Chairman, Dwarf Athletic Association UK. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Anne Scovell, Regional Manager, Liverpool Office, [Identity and Passport Service](/wiki/Identity_and_Passport_Service \"Identity and Passport Service\"), Home Office.\n* Marjorie Rose Seal. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in Kent.\n* Ann Sevier, Special Constable, [Hampshire Constabulary](/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary \"Hampshire Constabulary\"). For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Christopher Shannon, Head Porter, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Philip Charles Shannon. For voluntary service to Sennen Cove Lifeboat, Cornwall.\n* Cyril Raymond Shaw. For services to the Tribunals Service.\n* Major Geoffrey George Simpson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=TD, DL}}. For voluntary service to the community in Leicester.\n* Roy Sinar. For services to Young People in the West Midlands.\n* Catherine Skinner. For services to the community in Fearn, Ross\\-shire.\n* Gillian Slinn. For voluntary service to Girlguiding and to the community in Anglesey.\n* Helen Vivien Sloan. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Stuart Edward Smalley, lately Head of International Developments, Department of Health.\n* Councillor Stella Marie Smedley, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Member, [Nottinghamshire County Council](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council \"Nottinghamshire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Elizabeth Ann Smith, Police Community Support Officer, Bridlington. For services to Humberside Police.\n* Julie Smith. For services to the Scouts and to the community in Cardiff.\n* Julie Smith, Front Line Manager, Customer Operations, Cardiff, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Maureen Elizabeth Smith. For services to the community in Whitstable, Kent.\n* Terence John Smith. For services to the community in Woking, Surrey.\n* Valerie Elaine Smith. For services to the community in Wilsden, West Yorkshire.\n* Major John Douglas Sneesby, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Balvinder Singh Sokhi. For services to the community in Nottingham.\n* Margaret Ann Southren, Deputy Headteacher, Durham Trinity School. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* [Gary Andrew Speed](/wiki/Gary_Andrew_Speed \"Gary Andrew Speed\"). For services to Football.\n* Raymond Spencer, Executive Director, Customs House, South Shields. For services to the Arts in the North East.\n* Arthur George Spirling, Director of ICT, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London \"Imperial College London\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Loris Mercia Squirrell. For services to Inter\\-faith Relations in East Anglia.\n* Yvonne Stanyer, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Telford, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Dr. John Chester Stevens, lately Consultant Clinical Scientist, Audiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Michael David Stevens, Chairman of Governors, [Oakwood Park Grammar School](/wiki/Oakwood_Park_Grammar_School \"Oakwood Park Grammar School\"), Maidstone, Kent. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Emma Stewart, Director, Women Like Us. For services to Social Enterprises.\n* Jonathan Stewart, Country Manager Iraq, [KBR](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 \"KBR (company)\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Margaret Allison Stewart. For services to the Scottish Red Meat Industry.\n* Diana Caulfeild\\-Stoker, Chief Operating Officer, Community Services, Wandsworth Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Kathleen Anne Stratton. For services to the community in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire.\n* Ruby Stuckey. For services to the community in Grantham, Lincolnshire.\n* Edith Audrey Swindells. For services to [Bath Postal Museum](/wiki/Bath_Postal_Museum \"Bath Postal Museum\").\n* Delia Sykes, Mathematics Teacher, [King Edward VI School, Morpeth](/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School%2C_Morpeth \"King Edward VI School, Morpeth\"), Northumberland. For services to Education.\n* Jean Sykes, Chief Information Officer, [London School of Economics and Political Science](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science \"London School of Economics and Political Science\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Doreen Sheila Symonds. For voluntary services to Save the Children in Weymouth and Portland.\n* David Tait. For voluntary services to the NSPCC.\n* Dr. John Stuart Talbot, Medical Adviser and Associate Medical Director, Salford Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Souad Talsi. For services to the British Moroccan community in London.\n* Glenda Taylor, lately Governor, [De Aston School](/wiki/De_Aston_School \"De Aston School\"), Market Rasen, Lincolnshire. For service to Education.\n* Lesley Taylor. For services to the community in County Durham.\n* Molly Ann Taylor. For voluntary service to Bedford Hospital Charity.\n* William John Taylor, Chief Executive, [West Lancashire District Council](/wiki/West_Lancashire_District_Council \"West Lancashire District Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Lady Harriot Tennant of Balfluig, lately Chairman, [Chelsea Physic Garden](/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden \"Chelsea Physic Garden\"). For services to Gardening.\n* Glenys Thomas. For services to Older People in Carmarthenshire.\n* Councillor John Thomas. For services to Local Government in South West Cornwall.\n* Anne Elizabeth Thompson, Staff Nurse, [Musgrave Park Hospital](/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital \"Musgrave Park Hospital\"). For services to Healthcare in Northern Ireland.\n* Susan Thompson, Technical Team Expert, Customer Operations, Newcastle upon Tyne, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Alan Thomson, Director, Orchardville Society. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Northern Ireland.\n* Jennifer Elizabeth Thorpe. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Dr. John Graham Tillett, Chairman of Governors, [Colchester Royal Grammar School](/wiki/Colchester_Royal_Grammar_School \"Colchester Royal Grammar School\"), Essex. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Florence Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Keith Tomlinson. For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Janet Ann Townsend, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to Music and to the community in Port Isaac, Cornwall.\n* Michael Tracey, Managing Director, William Tracey Group. For services to the Waste Industry.\n* Keith Leslie Tucker, lately Head of Estates Management Group, Medical Research Council. For services to Science.\n* Michelle Turner, Founder and Proprietor, Little Venice Cake Company. For services to the Catering Industry.\n* [Nicola Jayne Tustain](/wiki/Nicola_Tustain \"Nicola Tustain\"). For services to Disability Sport, particularly Equestrian.\n* Peter Tyrie, Managing Director, [The Eton Collection](/wiki/The_Eton_Collection \"The Eton Collection\"). For services to the Hotel Industry.\n* Doreen Marion Underhill. For voluntary service to the Army Attaché Wives' Committee.\n* Sophia Emma van den Arend. For voluntary service to the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society \"British Red Cross Society\") in Suffolk.\n* Marion Vidler. For services to Civil Registration in the [London Borough of Sutton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton \"London Borough of Sutton\").\n* Doreen Walcott. For services to the community in Bellingham, South East London.\n* Dr. Ann Wales, Director, Knowledge Management NHS Education for Scotland. For services to the NHS.\n* Anne Walker, Founder and Partner, International Dance Supplies. For services to Business.\n* Dr. Eric Walker, Consultant Physician and Epidemiologist. For services to Travel Medicine.\n* Philip Walters. For services to Educational Publishing.\n* Anthony Barry Warburton. For services to Owl Conservation.\n* Anne Cameron Ward. For services to the community in Peterlee, County Durham.\n* Susan Waring, Policy Adviser, Railway Pensions, Business Performance and Secretariat, Department for Transport.\n* Hazel Elizabeth Waters, Workforce Information Assistant, Medway NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Ethna Patricia Watterson. For voluntary service to the Parkinson's Disease Society in Northern Ireland.\n* John Weightman. For services to the Independent Monitoring Board, [HM Prison Castington](/wiki/HM_Prison_Castington \"HM Prison Castington\"), Northumberland.\n* The Reverend William Derek Weir, Chaplain, [RAF Aldergrove](/wiki/RAF_Aldergrove \"RAF Aldergrove\"). For services to the Armed Forces.\n* Irene Weller. For services to the Dorothy House Hospice in Bath, Somerset.\n* [Christine Ann Wellington](/wiki/Chrissie_Wellington \"Chrissie Wellington\"). For services to [Ironman Triathlons](/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon \"Ironman Triathlon\").\n* Barbara Ann Westcott. For voluntary service to the Scouts in North East London.\n* Joan Westerman, Manager, Logik Centre, [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds \"University of Leeds\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Douglas Harold Michael Western. For services to the community in Devizes, Wiltshire.\n* Richard Allen Westlake, lately Train Driver, [First Great Western](/wiki/First_Great_Western \"First Great Western\"). For services to Public Transport and to the community in Devon.\n* Juliet Deirdre Jean Westoll. For services to the community in Cumbria.\n* Michael Wharton, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Jean Veta White, Founder Member, Leeds Race Equality Council. For services to Community Relations.\n* John Harry White. For voluntary service to the Prison Service Charity Fund.\n* Paul White. For voluntary service to Hastings Coastguard Rescue Team, East Sussex.\n* Graham Whitehurst, Plant Manager, Michelin Ballymena. For services to Business.\n* Brenda Whitmore, Deputy Head, Hillfields Children's Centre, Coventry. For services to Children and Families.\n* [Amy Williams](/wiki/Amy_Williams \"Amy Williams\"), British [Skeleton Racer](/wiki/Skeleton_%28sport%29 \"Skeleton (sport)\"). For services to Sport.\n* [Bert Frederick Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams_%28footballer%2C_born_1920%29 \"Bert Williams (footballer, born 1920)\"). For services to Football and to Charity.\n* David Glyn Williams. For services to the community in Calverley, West Yorkshire.\n* Councillor Hazel Williams. For services to the community in East Cambridgeshire.\n* Barbara Ann Wilson, International Trade Adviser. For services to Export.\n* Stuart Wilson, Firefighter, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\n* Paul Winter, Business Design Expert, Modernising Pay As You Earn Processes for Customers, Sunderland, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Aileen Teresa Wiswell. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* James Witham, Porter and Driver, Harrogate Health Care NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Josephine Mary Sykes\\-Wood, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the Prevention of Domestic Abuse in Merseyside.\n* Brenda Jean Woodings. For services to Local Government in Duffield, Derbyshire.\n* Professor Peter Alfred Woodsford. For services to the Geographic Information Industry.\n* Cora Woolcock. For services to Healthcare for Black and Minority Ethnic People in East London.\n* Maxine Worsfold, Acting Sergeant, [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police \"City of London Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* Dorothy Joan Wren. For services to the community in North London.\n* Kay Denise Wright. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People in Northern Ireland.\n* Margaret Wright, Team Leader, Debt Management and Banking, Shipley, HM Revenue and Customs.\n* Neill Wright. For voluntary service to the Samaritans in Macclesfield, Cheshire.\n* Vivienne Linda Yandell. For services to Business and to Charity in Saltash, Cornwall.\n* Christine, Lady Yapp, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}. For services to the community in Birmingham.\n* Alison Yearley, Personal Secretary, Department for Culture, Media and Sport.\n* Margaret June Young. For services to Older People in Burnley, Lancashire.", "Honorary appointment to be made Substantive\n* Dr. Kranti Rajesh Hiremath, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. (To be dated 25 March 2010\\).", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n* Judith Helen Claire Acheson, Youth Training Consultant. For services to young people in the Democratic Republic of Congo.\n* Richard James Aspin, Communications and Projects Officer, Governor's Office, Montserrat.\n* Graham John Bell, Group Scout Leader, 1st Bougival Scout Group. For services to UK Scouting and the British community in France.\n* Patrick Herbert Bimson. For services to British interests in Uruguay.\n* Michael Anthony Bindloss Boddington, Founder, COPE (Co\\-operative Orthotic and Prosthetic Enterprise). For services to the victims of unexploded ordnance in Laos.\n* Dorothy Guyver, Lady Bouchier, Author and Translator. For services to UK/Japanese cultural relations.\n* Dr. Peter Brian Ramsay Carey, Co\\-Founder, Cambodia Trust. For services to the rehabilitation of the disabled in South East Asia.\n* Joseph Louis Caruana, Voluntary social worker. For services to drug rehabilitation in Gibraltar.\n* Simon Chapman, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Derek Cheung Yu Keung, Manager, [Commonwealth War Graves Commission](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission \"Commonwealth War Graves Commission\"), Hong Kong. For services to the War Cemeteries in Hong Kong.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/article/717703/manager\\-war\\-graves\\-honoured\\-crown \\|title\\=Manager of war graves honoured by crown \\|first\\=Vivian \\|last\\=Li \\|date\\=21 June 2010 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South China Morning Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2016}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Lest we forget: meet the former British soldier who has taken care of Hong Kong’s war cemeteries for two decades \\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/video/hong\\-kong/2051607/lest\\-we\\-forget\\-meet\\-former\\-british\\-soldier\\-who\\-has\\-taken\\-care\\-hong\\-kongs\\-war \\|first\\=Thomas \\|last\\=Yau \\|newspaper\\=South China Morning Post \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2016}}\n* Gary Clement. Chairman, South Atlantic Medal Association, Falkland Islands. For services to Military Veterans in the Falkland Islands.\n* Angela Louise Crompton, Attaché, British Consulate\\-General, Jerusalem.\n* Alison Devine, British Council Deputy Director United Arab Emirates and Director, Dubai.\n* Sharon Diaz (Miss Sharon Gordon), Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Clare Bat Dimyon](/wiki/Clare_Dimyon \"Clare Dimyon\"). For services to promoting the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Central and Eastern Europe.\n* Irene Mary Ellis, Founder President, Javea Cancer Care Centre. For services to Cancer sufferers and their families and friends in Alicante, Spain.\n* Gerard Leo Flynn, Headteacher, [Maadi British International School](/wiki/Maadi_British_International_School \"Maadi British International School\"), Egypt. For services to education and charitable activities in Egypt.\n* Benjamin John Freeth. For services to the farming community in Zimbabwe.\n* Conrad Jack Glass. For services to the community in Tristan da Cunha.\n* Andrew John Goodwin, lately First Secretary, Office of the United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the EU, Brussels, Belgium.\n* Robert Henry Hawkins, British Honorary Consul, Penang. For services to the British community in Malaysia.\n* Kevin Howard, Chairman, British American Business Council, Houston. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Houston, USA.\n* Michelle Dawn Hughes, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Stuart Iain Hurst, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Dr. Alison Sarah Landon, [Hospice of Hope](/wiki/Hospices_of_Hope \"Hospices of Hope\") in Brasov, Casa Sperantei. For services to palliative care in Romania.\n* Ann McCue, Founder Director, Yayasan Harapan Sumba. For services to the Sumbanese community in Indonesia.\n* Paul McEvoy, General Manager, Lloyds TSB Ecuador. For services to the British community in Ecuador.\n* Shona McKay McGrahan, Director, Action for Russia's Children. For services to disadvantaged children in Russia.\n* Lynne Alison McGregor, Visits and Political Officer, British Embassy, Italy.\n* Alden McNee McLaughlin Jr., {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=JP}}, Member of the Legislative Assembly, Cayman Islands. For services to constitutional reform.\n* Andrew Mead. For philanthropic activities in Saudi Arabia.\n* Victor Harry Moon, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM}}, lately Security Project Manager, British Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan.\n* Richard Hugh Morton, Tri\\-Service Financial Administrator, British High Commission, Australia. For services to British interests and to Volunteer Firefighting in Australia.\n* Julia Helen Moss. For services to classical music in Kenya.\n* Richard William Moss, For services to classical music in Kenya.\n* Caroline Mulcahy, Second Secretary, Provincial Reconstruction Team, Helmand, Afghanistan.\n* Donald Eric Peters. For services to the Overseas Territories.\n* Ulric Scatliffe, Chief Scouting Commissioner, Scout Movement. For services to the community in the British Virgin Islands.\n* Linda Jane Stevens, Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* David George Taylor, Executive Principal, International School in Brunei. For services to environmental education in South East Asia.\n* Paul Taylor, Chairman, Blantyre Branch of the Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi. For services to wildlife and environmental conservation in Malawi.\n* Susan Lesley Whistler, lately Chair, British Women's Association, Jakarta. For services to the British community in Indonesia.\n* David Keith Young, Conductor, Dublin Welsh Male Choir. For services to Welsh Music and Culture overseas.\n* Calvert Alfred Zuill, Program Director, Bermuda Broadcasting Radio Station. For services to the community in Bermuda." ]
Papua New Guinea ---------------- ### Knight Bachelor * Bernard Paul Songo, {{post\-nominals\|list\=CMG, OBE}}. For public service as Departmental Head, Diplomatic Representative, and more recently as a leader in public sector reform and management. * Mahuru Dadi Toka, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For service to the Motu Koita community, the city of Port Moresby, and for his significant contribution to sport, particularly Rugby League. ### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George #### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) * The Honourable [Jeffrey Nape](/wiki/Jeffrey_Nape "Jeffrey Nape"), {{post\-nominals\|list\=MP}}. For service to the community and politics in his capacity as a Member for Sinasina\-Yonggamugl, and Speaker of the National Parliament. ### Order of the British Empire #### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) Civil Division * The Right Reverend Samson Lowa. For services to education, the community and the United Church as the Bishop and Moderator of the Church in Papua New Guinea. #### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Civil Division * John Jeffery. For services to manufacturing and to the wider community, including as President of the Employers' Federation and Chairman of [NASFUND](/wiki/NASFUND "NASFUND"). * Dr. John Edwin Moxon. For services to agriculture and to the National Agricultural Research Institute in particular. * Dr. Timothy Pyakalya. For services to public health policy and administration. * Dr. Philip Yembi Siaguru, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to forestry and education, particularly as Vice Chancellor of the [University of Vudal](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_University_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment "Papua New Guinea University of Natural Resources and Environment"). #### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division * 87104 Colonel Jethro Tokam Kanene. For distinguished service to the [Papua New Guinea Defence Force](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force "Papua New Guinea Defence Force"). Civil Division * George Arua. For services to education and to the National Training Council. * Mark Edward Bennett. For services to commerce and agriculture and to the community through supporting the campaign to reduce the spread of HIV AIDS. * Boio Bess Daro. For services to education, particularly in early training and childcare. * Damien Dominic Gamiandu. For services to the Diplomatic Service of Papua New Guinea. * The Reverend Father Paul Bernard Jennings, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MSC}}. For services to the Catholic Church and to education in the Milne Bay Province. * Bill Sharp Kua, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For public service in senior management positions, including leadership in the public sector reform. * Iammo Gapi Launa, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE, BEM}}. For public service and services to the community as a sport competitor and administrator. * Glen Raymond Murphy. For services to commerce in the tourism and hospitality sector. * The Reverend Ranyeta Kalyakail Nepo. For services to the community and to the Gutnius Lutheran Church. * Tony Paliak. For services to East Sepik Provincial Government and to the Wosera community. * Sister Annette Parker. For services to the Catholic Church and to education, particularly the training of women. * Ivan Pomaleu. For public service in the National Planning Office and the Investment Promotion Authority. * Theresa Williams. For public service in the Papua New Guinea High Commission in Australia. #### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division * 87228 Commander Thomas Raivet. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. * 812486 Major Aloxcy Angela Manjor. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. * 88649 Lieutenant Colonel Otto Pandum. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. Civil Division * Francis Bandi. For services to public health and to football. * Nerrie Birao. For services to education. * Lawrence Baptist D'Cruz. For services to Papua New Guinea's Diplomatic Mission to Australia. * Gabriel Endiken. For services to education and to the community. * Simon Kauba. For services to the [Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Papua_New_Guinea_Constabulary "Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary"). * Douglas James Kelson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MES}}. For services to business and to the Ambulance Service. * Pup Laki. For services to healthcare, business and the community. * Joab W. Mangae. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary. * Emmanuel Nars Maso. For service to healthcare and to the Hela community. * Edward Cleland Matane. For service to air transport and to [Air Niugini](/wiki/Air_Niugini "Air Niugini"). * Ruby Mirinka. For services to health education and administration. * Peter John Neville. For services to business and to the community of Milne Bay Province. * Ian Ini Onaga. For services to agriculture and livestock. * Thomas Kutakari Pulao. For services to education and to the community. * Brother Thomas Andrew Simpson. For services to education and to Rugby League. * Joshua Sipo. For services to agriculture and to the Anglican Church. * Samuel Aigeri Tauno. For services to the Anglican Church and to the community. * Opa Hobart Taureka. For public service and services to local government. * Maria Tokala. For services to education and to development for women. * Francis Nekemki Tokura, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary. * The Reverend Joseph Sifihuia Walters. For services to the community and to the [Assemblies of God Church](/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Church "Assemblies of God Church"). * Elizabeth Wells. For services to sport, particularly swimming. * The Reverend Yunumi Yungi. For services to the community and to the Papua New Guinea Bible Church. ### Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO) * Taria Keleilagi. For public service. * Mildred Rave. For public service. ### British Empire Medal (BEM) Military Division * 87661 Chief Warrant Officer George Ando. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. * 89982 Chief Warrant Officer Steven Avel. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. * 88771 Chief Warrant Officer Steven Jacob. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. * 88241 Sergeant Newa Sokam. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. * 88438 Warrant Officer Edward Susuve. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. Civil Division * Norbet Nou A'O. For services to agriculture extension services. * Aron Namatu Aima. For services to the community. * Nora Changei. For services to nursing. * Bob Coleman. For services to the community and to charities. * Michael Eakali. For services to healthcare. * Dianne Gideon. For public service. * Konio Havea. For services to education. * Tau Helai. For services to the National Judicial Staff Services. * Charles Hitolo. For services to the community and to the United Church. * Levi Kaila. For public service. * Nako Kating. For services to agriculture and livestock. * William Kenwai. For services to public works in the Simbu province. * William Liam. For services to education. * Alphonse Jambik Magim. For public service, and services to football. * Benny Makuai. For services to rural healthcare. * Pius Mataio. For services to the Catholic Church and to the community. * Fidelis Minei. For services to education and to the community. * Rimbe Molang. For services to the Correctional Service. * Lua Oru. For services to the community. * Mathew Umin Oruki. For services to healthcare. * Francis Pius. For services to the Correctional Service. * Ngunts Poko. For services to the Police Force and to the community. * Wairu Salee. For public service. * The Reverend Aimos Sarikisik. For services to the Assemblies of God Church. * Maino Bami Sorekicne. For services to the Morobe Provincial Government. * Rami Ekai Tende. For services to the community and to religion. * Mary Tigil. For services to the Police Force and to Government House. * Rop Timbai. For services to the community. * The Reverend Mumure Topoqogo. For services to Garasa Bible School. * Jill R. Tulo. For services to the Correctional Service. * Samoa Waea. For services to sport, particularly netball and lawn bowls. * Alua Wakia. For services to the community. * Brigitte Wangi. For services to nursing and healthcare. * Kepikiye Waringi. For services to village court and to the community. * Joe Wija. For public service. * Betty Wilson. For services to the Police Force and to Government House. ### Queen's Police Medal (QPM) * Superintendent Anthon Billie, Papua New Guinea Constabulary. * Chief Superintendent Mark Kanawi, {{post\-nominals\|list\=BEM, DPS}}, Papua New Guinea Constabulary.
[ "Papua New Guinea\n----------------", "### Knight Bachelor", "* Bernard Paul Songo, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=CMG, OBE}}. For public service as Departmental Head, Diplomatic Representative, and more recently as a leader in public sector reform and management.\n* Mahuru Dadi Toka, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For service to the Motu Koita community, the city of Port Moresby, and for his significant contribution to sport, particularly Rugby League.", "### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George", "#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)", "* The Honourable [Jeffrey Nape](/wiki/Jeffrey_Nape \"Jeffrey Nape\"), {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MP}}. For service to the community and politics in his capacity as a Member for Sinasina\\-Yonggamugl, and Speaker of the National Parliament.", "### Order of the British Empire", "#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)", "Civil Division\n* The Right Reverend Samson Lowa. For services to education, the community and the United Church as the Bishop and Moderator of the Church in Papua New Guinea.", "#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)", "Civil Division\n* John Jeffery. For services to manufacturing and to the wider community, including as President of the Employers' Federation and Chairman of [NASFUND](/wiki/NASFUND \"NASFUND\").\n* Dr. John Edwin Moxon. For services to agriculture and to the National Agricultural Research Institute in particular.\n* Dr. Timothy Pyakalya. For services to public health policy and administration.\n* Dr. Philip Yembi Siaguru, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to forestry and education, particularly as Vice Chancellor of the [University of Vudal](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_University_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment \"Papua New Guinea University of Natural Resources and Environment\").", "#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)", "Military Division\n* 87104 Colonel Jethro Tokam Kanene. For distinguished service to the [Papua New Guinea Defence Force](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force \"Papua New Guinea Defence Force\").", "Civil Division\n* George Arua. For services to education and to the National Training Council.\n* Mark Edward Bennett. For services to commerce and agriculture and to the community through supporting the campaign to reduce the spread of HIV AIDS.\n* Boio Bess Daro. For services to education, particularly in early training and childcare.\n* Damien Dominic Gamiandu. For services to the Diplomatic Service of Papua New Guinea.\n* The Reverend Father Paul Bernard Jennings, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MSC}}. For services to the Catholic Church and to education in the Milne Bay Province.\n* Bill Sharp Kua, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For public service in senior management positions, including leadership in the public sector reform.\n* Iammo Gapi Launa, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE, BEM}}. For public service and services to the community as a sport competitor and administrator.\n* Glen Raymond Murphy. For services to commerce in the tourism and hospitality sector.\n* The Reverend Ranyeta Kalyakail Nepo. For services to the community and to the Gutnius Lutheran Church.\n* Tony Paliak. For services to East Sepik Provincial Government and to the Wosera community.\n* Sister Annette Parker. For services to the Catholic Church and to education, particularly the training of women.\n* Ivan Pomaleu. For public service in the National Planning Office and the Investment Promotion Authority.\n* Theresa Williams. For public service in the Papua New Guinea High Commission in Australia.", "#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)", "Military Division\n* 87228 Commander Thomas Raivet. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* 812486 Major Aloxcy Angela Manjor. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* 88649 Lieutenant Colonel Otto Pandum. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.", "Civil Division\n* Francis Bandi. For services to public health and to football.\n* Nerrie Birao. For services to education.\n* Lawrence Baptist D'Cruz. For services to Papua New Guinea's Diplomatic Mission to Australia.\n* Gabriel Endiken. For services to education and to the community.\n* Simon Kauba. For services to the [Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Papua_New_Guinea_Constabulary \"Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary\").\n* Douglas James Kelson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MES}}. For services to business and to the Ambulance Service.\n* Pup Laki. For services to healthcare, business and the community.\n* Joab W. Mangae. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* Emmanuel Nars Maso. For service to healthcare and to the Hela community.\n* Edward Cleland Matane. For service to air transport and to [Air Niugini](/wiki/Air_Niugini \"Air Niugini\").\n* Ruby Mirinka. For services to health education and administration.\n* Peter John Neville. For services to business and to the community of Milne Bay Province.\n* Ian Ini Onaga. For services to agriculture and livestock.\n* Thomas Kutakari Pulao. For services to education and to the community.\n* Brother Thomas Andrew Simpson. For services to education and to Rugby League.\n* Joshua Sipo. For services to agriculture and to the Anglican Church.\n* Samuel Aigeri Tauno. For services to the Anglican Church and to the community.\n* Opa Hobart Taureka. For public service and services to local government.\n* Maria Tokala. For services to education and to development for women.\n* Francis Nekemki Tokura, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* The Reverend Joseph Sifihuia Walters. For services to the community and to the [Assemblies of God Church](/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Church \"Assemblies of God Church\").\n* Elizabeth Wells. For services to sport, particularly swimming.\n* The Reverend Yunumi Yungi. For services to the community and to the Papua New Guinea Bible Church.", "### Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)", "* Taria Keleilagi. For public service.\n* Mildred Rave. For public service.", "### British Empire Medal (BEM)", "Military Division\n* 87661 Chief Warrant Officer George Ando. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* 89982 Chief Warrant Officer Steven Avel. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* 88771 Chief Warrant Officer Steven Jacob. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* 88241 Sergeant Newa Sokam. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* 88438 Warrant Officer Edward Susuve. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.", "Civil Division\n* Norbet Nou A'O. For services to agriculture extension services.\n* Aron Namatu Aima. For services to the community.\n* Nora Changei. For services to nursing.\n* Bob Coleman. For services to the community and to charities.\n* Michael Eakali. For services to healthcare.\n* Dianne Gideon. For public service.\n* Konio Havea. For services to education.\n* Tau Helai. For services to the National Judicial Staff Services.\n* Charles Hitolo. For services to the community and to the United Church.\n* Levi Kaila. For public service.\n* Nako Kating. For services to agriculture and livestock.\n* William Kenwai. For services to public works in the Simbu province.\n* William Liam. For services to education.\n* Alphonse Jambik Magim. For public service, and services to football.\n* Benny Makuai. For services to rural healthcare.\n* Pius Mataio. For services to the Catholic Church and to the community.\n* Fidelis Minei. For services to education and to the community.\n* Rimbe Molang. For services to the Correctional Service.\n* Lua Oru. For services to the community.\n* Mathew Umin Oruki. For services to healthcare.\n* Francis Pius. For services to the Correctional Service.\n* Ngunts Poko. For services to the Police Force and to the community.\n* Wairu Salee. For public service.\n* The Reverend Aimos Sarikisik. For services to the Assemblies of God Church.\n* Maino Bami Sorekicne. For services to the Morobe Provincial Government.\n* Rami Ekai Tende. For services to the community and to religion.\n* Mary Tigil. For services to the Police Force and to Government House.\n* Rop Timbai. For services to the community.\n* The Reverend Mumure Topoqogo. For services to Garasa Bible School.\n* Jill R. Tulo. For services to the Correctional Service.\n* Samoa Waea. For services to sport, particularly netball and lawn bowls.\n* Alua Wakia. For services to the community.\n* Brigitte Wangi. For services to nursing and healthcare.\n* Kepikiye Waringi. For services to village court and to the community.\n* Joe Wija. For public service.\n* Betty Wilson. For services to the Police Force and to Government House.", "### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)", "* Superintendent Anthon Billie, Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* Chief Superintendent Mark Kanawi, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=BEM, DPS}}, Papua New Guinea Constabulary." ]
### Order of the British Empire #### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) Civil Division * The Right Reverend Samson Lowa. For services to education, the community and the United Church as the Bishop and Moderator of the Church in Papua New Guinea. #### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Civil Division * John Jeffery. For services to manufacturing and to the wider community, including as President of the Employers' Federation and Chairman of [NASFUND](/wiki/NASFUND "NASFUND"). * Dr. John Edwin Moxon. For services to agriculture and to the National Agricultural Research Institute in particular. * Dr. Timothy Pyakalya. For services to public health policy and administration. * Dr. Philip Yembi Siaguru, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For services to forestry and education, particularly as Vice Chancellor of the [University of Vudal](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_University_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment "Papua New Guinea University of Natural Resources and Environment"). #### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division * 87104 Colonel Jethro Tokam Kanene. For distinguished service to the [Papua New Guinea Defence Force](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force "Papua New Guinea Defence Force"). Civil Division * George Arua. For services to education and to the National Training Council. * Mark Edward Bennett. For services to commerce and agriculture and to the community through supporting the campaign to reduce the spread of HIV AIDS. * Boio Bess Daro. For services to education, particularly in early training and childcare. * Damien Dominic Gamiandu. For services to the Diplomatic Service of Papua New Guinea. * The Reverend Father Paul Bernard Jennings, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MSC}}. For services to the Catholic Church and to education in the Milne Bay Province. * Bill Sharp Kua, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE}}. For public service in senior management positions, including leadership in the public sector reform. * Iammo Gapi Launa, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MBE, BEM}}. For public service and services to the community as a sport competitor and administrator. * Glen Raymond Murphy. For services to commerce in the tourism and hospitality sector. * The Reverend Ranyeta Kalyakail Nepo. For services to the community and to the Gutnius Lutheran Church. * Tony Paliak. For services to East Sepik Provincial Government and to the Wosera community. * Sister Annette Parker. For services to the Catholic Church and to education, particularly the training of women. * Ivan Pomaleu. For public service in the National Planning Office and the Investment Promotion Authority. * Theresa Williams. For public service in the Papua New Guinea High Commission in Australia. #### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division * 87228 Commander Thomas Raivet. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. * 812486 Major Aloxcy Angela Manjor. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. * 88649 Lieutenant Colonel Otto Pandum. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. Civil Division * Francis Bandi. For services to public health and to football. * Nerrie Birao. For services to education. * Lawrence Baptist D'Cruz. For services to Papua New Guinea's Diplomatic Mission to Australia. * Gabriel Endiken. For services to education and to the community. * Simon Kauba. For services to the [Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Papua_New_Guinea_Constabulary "Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary"). * Douglas James Kelson, {{post\-nominals\|list\=MES}}. For services to business and to the Ambulance Service. * Pup Laki. For services to healthcare, business and the community. * Joab W. Mangae. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary. * Emmanuel Nars Maso. For service to healthcare and to the Hela community. * Edward Cleland Matane. For service to air transport and to [Air Niugini](/wiki/Air_Niugini "Air Niugini"). * Ruby Mirinka. For services to health education and administration. * Peter John Neville. For services to business and to the community of Milne Bay Province. * Ian Ini Onaga. For services to agriculture and livestock. * Thomas Kutakari Pulao. For services to education and to the community. * Brother Thomas Andrew Simpson. For services to education and to Rugby League. * Joshua Sipo. For services to agriculture and to the Anglican Church. * Samuel Aigeri Tauno. For services to the Anglican Church and to the community. * Opa Hobart Taureka. For public service and services to local government. * Maria Tokala. For services to education and to development for women. * Francis Nekemki Tokura, {{post\-nominals\|list\=QPM}}. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary. * The Reverend Joseph Sifihuia Walters. For services to the community and to the [Assemblies of God Church](/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Church "Assemblies of God Church"). * Elizabeth Wells. For services to sport, particularly swimming. * The Reverend Yunumi Yungi. For services to the community and to the Papua New Guinea Bible Church.
[ "### Order of the British Empire", "#### Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)", "Civil Division\n* The Right Reverend Samson Lowa. For services to education, the community and the United Church as the Bishop and Moderator of the Church in Papua New Guinea.", "#### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)", "Civil Division\n* John Jeffery. For services to manufacturing and to the wider community, including as President of the Employers' Federation and Chairman of [NASFUND](/wiki/NASFUND \"NASFUND\").\n* Dr. John Edwin Moxon. For services to agriculture and to the National Agricultural Research Institute in particular.\n* Dr. Timothy Pyakalya. For services to public health policy and administration.\n* Dr. Philip Yembi Siaguru, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For services to forestry and education, particularly as Vice Chancellor of the [University of Vudal](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_University_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment \"Papua New Guinea University of Natural Resources and Environment\").", "#### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)", "Military Division\n* 87104 Colonel Jethro Tokam Kanene. For distinguished service to the [Papua New Guinea Defence Force](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force \"Papua New Guinea Defence Force\").", "Civil Division\n* George Arua. For services to education and to the National Training Council.\n* Mark Edward Bennett. For services to commerce and agriculture and to the community through supporting the campaign to reduce the spread of HIV AIDS.\n* Boio Bess Daro. For services to education, particularly in early training and childcare.\n* Damien Dominic Gamiandu. For services to the Diplomatic Service of Papua New Guinea.\n* The Reverend Father Paul Bernard Jennings, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MSC}}. For services to the Catholic Church and to education in the Milne Bay Province.\n* Bill Sharp Kua, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE}}. For public service in senior management positions, including leadership in the public sector reform.\n* Iammo Gapi Launa, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MBE, BEM}}. For public service and services to the community as a sport competitor and administrator.\n* Glen Raymond Murphy. For services to commerce in the tourism and hospitality sector.\n* The Reverend Ranyeta Kalyakail Nepo. For services to the community and to the Gutnius Lutheran Church.\n* Tony Paliak. For services to East Sepik Provincial Government and to the Wosera community.\n* Sister Annette Parker. For services to the Catholic Church and to education, particularly the training of women.\n* Ivan Pomaleu. For public service in the National Planning Office and the Investment Promotion Authority.\n* Theresa Williams. For public service in the Papua New Guinea High Commission in Australia.", "#### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)", "Military Division\n* 87228 Commander Thomas Raivet. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* 812486 Major Aloxcy Angela Manjor. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.\n* 88649 Lieutenant Colonel Otto Pandum. For loyal service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.", "Civil Division\n* Francis Bandi. For services to public health and to football.\n* Nerrie Birao. For services to education.\n* Lawrence Baptist D'Cruz. For services to Papua New Guinea's Diplomatic Mission to Australia.\n* Gabriel Endiken. For services to education and to the community.\n* Simon Kauba. For services to the [Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Papua_New_Guinea_Constabulary \"Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary\").\n* Douglas James Kelson, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=MES}}. For services to business and to the Ambulance Service.\n* Pup Laki. For services to healthcare, business and the community.\n* Joab W. Mangae. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* Emmanuel Nars Maso. For service to healthcare and to the Hela community.\n* Edward Cleland Matane. For service to air transport and to [Air Niugini](/wiki/Air_Niugini \"Air Niugini\").\n* Ruby Mirinka. For services to health education and administration.\n* Peter John Neville. For services to business and to the community of Milne Bay Province.\n* Ian Ini Onaga. For services to agriculture and livestock.\n* Thomas Kutakari Pulao. For services to education and to the community.\n* Brother Thomas Andrew Simpson. For services to education and to Rugby League.\n* Joshua Sipo. For services to agriculture and to the Anglican Church.\n* Samuel Aigeri Tauno. For services to the Anglican Church and to the community.\n* Opa Hobart Taureka. For public service and services to local government.\n* Maria Tokala. For services to education and to development for women.\n* Francis Nekemki Tokura, {{post\\-nominals\\|list\\=QPM}}. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary.\n* The Reverend Joseph Sifihuia Walters. For services to the community and to the [Assemblies of God Church](/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Church \"Assemblies of God Church\").\n* Elizabeth Wells. For services to sport, particularly swimming.\n* The Reverend Yunumi Yungi. For services to the community and to the Papua New Guinea Bible Church." ]
Career ------ Jacobs began his career as a writer and an actor. As an actor, he toured with the New Jersey Shakespeare Festival, appeared in a Los Angeles production of Godspell, and made an appearance on the soap\-opera *[Days of Our Lives](/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives "Days of Our Lives")*. His play, *Cheaters*, had its premiere in South Florida in 1977, winning the Carbonell Award for "Best New Play." It opened in 1978 at the [Biltmore Theatre](/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre "Samuel J. Friedman Theatre") in New York, starring [Doris Roberts](/wiki/Doris_Roberts "Doris Roberts"), Jack Weston, Lou Jacobi and Rosemary Murphy, when he was twenty\-two years old, making him one of the youngest playwrights in Broadway history.{{cite web\|title\=Cheaters\|url\=http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/1543/Cheaters\|website\=Playbill Vault\|accessdate\=12 September 2015\|ref\=Playbill Vault, Cheaters Main}} His next play, *Getting Along Famously* was produced off\-Broadway in 1984, at the [Hudson Guild](/wiki/Hudson_Guild "Hudson Guild") Theatre. His play, *[Impressionism](/wiki/Impressionism_%28play%29 "Impressionism (play)")* opened on Broadway in 2009 at the [Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre](/wiki/Gerald_Schoenfeld_Theatre "Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre"), starring [Jeremy Irons](/wiki/Jeremy_Irons "Jeremy Irons") and [Joan Allen](/wiki/Joan_Allen "Joan Allen"). He was nominated for the [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award"), [Golden Globe](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award "Golden Globe Award"), [National Board of Review](/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_of_Motion_Pictures "National Board of Review of Motion Pictures") and [BAFTA Award for Best Film](/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film "BAFTA Award for Best Film") for producing the 1994 motion picture, *[Quiz Show](/wiki/Quiz_Show_%28film%29 "Quiz Show (film)")*, which also won the [New York Film Critics Circle Award](/wiki/1994_New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards "1994 New York Film Critics Circle Awards").{{citation needed\|date\=February 2017}} He won the [People's Choice Award](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Award "People's Choice Award") (Best New Comedy) for *[My Two Dads](/wiki/My_Two_Dads "My Two Dads")* and was nominated for the [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award "Emmy Award") (Outstanding Children's Program) for *[Girl Meets World](/wiki/Girl_Meets_World "Girl Meets World")* in 2015 and again in 2016, and once again in 2017, which was also nominated for the [Humanitas Prize](/wiki/Humanitas_Prize "Humanitas Prize"), the [WGA Award](/wiki/WGA_Award "WGA Award"), the [PGA Award](/wiki/PGA_Award "PGA Award"), as well as the [Kids' Choice Award](/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award "Kids' Choice Award") and [Teen Choice Award](/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award "Teen Choice Award").{{cite web\|title\=Girl Meets World \- Awards \& Nominations\|url\=http://www.emmys.com/shows/girl\-meets\-world\|website\=emmys.com\|publisher\=Academy of Television Arts \& Sciences\|accessdate\=17 July 2016}} He wrote and directed *[Maybe I Do](/wiki/Maybe_I_Do "Maybe I Do")*,{{Cite web \|last\=Thomas \|first\=Carly \|date\=2022\-12\-21 \|title\=Emma Roberts and Luke Bracey Question the Value of Marriage in 'Maybe I Do' Trailer \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie\-news/maybe\-i\-do\-trailer\-emma\-roberts\-diane\-keaton\-1235285883/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-24 \|website\=The Hollywood Reporter \|language\=en\-US}} starring [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton "Diane Keaton"), [Richard Gere](/wiki/Richard_Gere "Richard Gere"), [Susan Sarandon](/wiki/Susan_Sarandon "Susan Sarandon"), [William H. Macy](/wiki/William_H._Macy "William H. Macy"), [Emma Roberts](/wiki/Emma_Roberts "Emma Roberts"), and [Luke Bracey](/wiki/Luke_Bracey "Luke Bracey").{{Citation \|last\=Jacobs \|first\=Michael \|title\=Maybe I Do \|date\=2023\-01\-27 \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt20879602/ \|type\=Comedy, Romance \|publisher\=Endeavor Content, Vincent Newman Entertainment \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-24}} It opened in theaters on January 27, 2023, and will begin streaming on [Amazon Prime](/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video"), [Apple TV\+](/wiki/Apple_TV%2B "Apple TV+"), [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube_Premium "YouTube Premium") and other premium channels on [Valentine's Day](/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day "Valentine's Day"). ### Television His production company, Michael Jacobs Productions, has been in long\-term development partnerships with [NBCUniversal Television Distribution](/wiki/NBCUniversal_Television_Distribution "NBCUniversal Television Distribution"), [Columbia TriStar Television](/wiki/Columbia_TriStar_Television "Columbia TriStar Television"), and [Buena Vista Television](/wiki/Buena_Vista_Television "Buena Vista Television"){{Citation needed\|date\=August 2023}}. His television shows have appeared on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"), [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"), [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company"), [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel") and [The WB](/wiki/The_WB "The WB") television networks{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2023}}. #### Boy Meets World In 2023, *[Boy Meets World](/wiki/Boy_Meets_World "Boy Meets World")* celebrated its 30th anniversary on television, having been broadcast continuously since 1993 on ABC, Disney Channel, and currently on TeenNick and MTV2\. Michael and the cast were reunited in June 2013, as the featured panel at the second annual [ATX Television Festival](/wiki/ATX_Television_Festival "ATX Television Festival") in Austin, Texas. He was quoted there as saying, "I don't see anything on television right now that is speaking to the audience I have always spoken to and care very much about." *[Girl Meets World](/wiki/Girl_Meets_World "Girl Meets World")* premiered on June 27, 2014, running for three seasons to substantial success{{cite web\|title\=Sabrina Carpenter goes to high school in "Girl Meets World" new season\|url\=http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/tv\-watchers/mc\-sabrina\-carpenter\-goes\-to\-high\-school\-in\-girl\-meets\-world\-new\-season\-20160502\-story.html\|website\=mcall.com\|publisher\=The Morning Call\|accessdate\=17 July 2016}} before Disney Channel ended the show, allegedly out of concerns the show's characters were aging out of the channel's target audience.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies\-tv/news/a44333/girl\-meets\-world\-fans\-think\-netflix\-is\-the\-last\-hope\-to\-save\-the\-show/\|title\=Heartbroken ''Girl Meets World'' Fans Are Begging Netflix to Save the Show\|work\=\[\[Seventeen (American magazine)\|Seventeen]]\|author\=Noelle Devoe\|date\=January 6, 2017\|access\-date\=January 8, 2017}} In 2018, all episodes of *[Boy Meets World](/wiki/Boy_Meets_World "Boy Meets World")* along with *[Dinosaurs](/wiki/Dinosaurs_%28TV_series%29 "Dinosaurs (TV series)")* began their run on the streaming service, [Hulu](/wiki/Hulu "Hulu").{{Cite news\|url\=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/hulu\-home\-improvement\-boy\-meets\-world\-dinosaurs\-1202576295/\|title\=Hulu Lands 'Home Improvement,' 'Boy Meets World,' 'Dinosaurs' Exclusive Streaming Rights\|last\=Spangler\|first\=Todd\|date\=2017\-09\-29\|work\=Variety\|access\-date\=2018\-07\-11\|language\=en\-US}} Both *Boy Meets World* and *Girl Meets World* have since moved to [Disney Plus](/wiki/Disney%2B "Disney+").{{Cite web\|url\=https://collider.com/disney\-plus\-movies\-tv\-shows\-originals/\|title\=Every Movie and TV Show Confirmed to Stream on Disney\+ So Far\|last\=Foutch\|first\=Haleigh\|date\=2019\-10\-14\|website\=Collider\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-31}} Michael is also the writer or co\-writer of the theme songs for *[Charles in Charge](/wiki/Charles_in_Charge "Charles in Charge")*, *[My Two Dads](/wiki/My_Two_Dads "My Two Dads")*, *[The Torkelsons](/wiki/The_Torkelsons "The Torkelsons")* and *[Lost at Home](/wiki/Lost_at_Home "Lost at Home")*{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2023}}. He co\-wrote Always You, the theme for *[Maybe I Do](/wiki/Maybe_I_Do "Maybe I Do")* with Ruth B. It was released as a single along with the opening of the movie on January 27{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2023}}.
[ "Career\n------", "Jacobs began his career as a writer and an actor. As an actor, he toured with the New Jersey Shakespeare Festival, appeared in a Los Angeles production of Godspell, and made an appearance on the soap\\-opera *[Days of Our Lives](/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives \"Days of Our Lives\")*.", "His play, *Cheaters*, had its premiere in South Florida in 1977, winning the Carbonell Award for \"Best New Play.\" It opened in 1978 at the [Biltmore Theatre](/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre \"Samuel J. Friedman Theatre\") in New York, starring [Doris Roberts](/wiki/Doris_Roberts \"Doris Roberts\"), Jack Weston, Lou Jacobi and Rosemary Murphy, when he was twenty\\-two years old, making him one of the youngest playwrights in Broadway history.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cheaters\\|url\\=http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/1543/Cheaters\\|website\\=Playbill Vault\\|accessdate\\=12 September 2015\\|ref\\=Playbill Vault, Cheaters Main}} His next play, *Getting Along Famously* was produced off\\-Broadway in 1984, at the [Hudson Guild](/wiki/Hudson_Guild \"Hudson Guild\") Theatre. His play, *[Impressionism](/wiki/Impressionism_%28play%29 \"Impressionism (play)\")* opened on Broadway in 2009 at the [Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre](/wiki/Gerald_Schoenfeld_Theatre \"Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre\"), starring [Jeremy Irons](/wiki/Jeremy_Irons \"Jeremy Irons\") and [Joan Allen](/wiki/Joan_Allen \"Joan Allen\").", "He was nominated for the [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\"), [Golden Globe](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award \"Golden Globe Award\"), [National Board of Review](/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_of_Motion_Pictures \"National Board of Review of Motion Pictures\") and [BAFTA Award for Best Film](/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film \"BAFTA Award for Best Film\") for producing the 1994 motion picture, *[Quiz Show](/wiki/Quiz_Show_%28film%29 \"Quiz Show (film)\")*, which also won the [New York Film Critics Circle Award](/wiki/1994_New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards \"1994 New York Film Critics Circle Awards\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2017}} He won the [People's Choice Award](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Award \"People's Choice Award\") (Best New Comedy) for *[My Two Dads](/wiki/My_Two_Dads \"My Two Dads\")* and was nominated for the [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award \"Emmy Award\") (Outstanding Children's Program) for *[Girl Meets World](/wiki/Girl_Meets_World \"Girl Meets World\")* in 2015 and again in 2016, and once again in 2017, which was also nominated for the [Humanitas Prize](/wiki/Humanitas_Prize \"Humanitas Prize\"), the [WGA Award](/wiki/WGA_Award \"WGA Award\"), the [PGA Award](/wiki/PGA_Award \"PGA Award\"), as well as the [Kids' Choice Award](/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award \"Kids' Choice Award\") and [Teen Choice Award](/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award \"Teen Choice Award\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Girl Meets World \\- Awards \\& Nominations\\|url\\=http://www.emmys.com/shows/girl\\-meets\\-world\\|website\\=emmys.com\\|publisher\\=Academy of Television Arts \\& Sciences\\|accessdate\\=17 July 2016}}", "He wrote and directed *[Maybe I Do](/wiki/Maybe_I_Do \"Maybe I Do\")*,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Thomas \\|first\\=Carly \\|date\\=2022\\-12\\-21 \\|title\\=Emma Roberts and Luke Bracey Question the Value of Marriage in 'Maybe I Do' Trailer \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie\\-news/maybe\\-i\\-do\\-trailer\\-emma\\-roberts\\-diane\\-keaton\\-1235285883/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-24 \\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|language\\=en\\-US}} starring [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton \"Diane Keaton\"), [Richard Gere](/wiki/Richard_Gere \"Richard Gere\"), [Susan Sarandon](/wiki/Susan_Sarandon \"Susan Sarandon\"), [William H. Macy](/wiki/William_H._Macy \"William H. Macy\"), [Emma Roberts](/wiki/Emma_Roberts \"Emma Roberts\"), and [Luke Bracey](/wiki/Luke_Bracey \"Luke Bracey\").{{Citation \\|last\\=Jacobs \\|first\\=Michael \\|title\\=Maybe I Do \\|date\\=2023\\-01\\-27 \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt20879602/ \\|type\\=Comedy, Romance \\|publisher\\=Endeavor Content, Vincent Newman Entertainment \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-24}} It opened in theaters on January 27, 2023, and will begin streaming on [Amazon Prime](/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\"), [Apple TV\\+](/wiki/Apple_TV%2B \"Apple TV+\"), [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube_Premium \"YouTube Premium\") and other premium channels on [Valentine's Day](/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day \"Valentine's Day\").", "### Television", "His production company, Michael Jacobs Productions, has been in long\\-term development partnerships with [NBCUniversal Television Distribution](/wiki/NBCUniversal_Television_Distribution \"NBCUniversal Television Distribution\"), [Columbia TriStar Television](/wiki/Columbia_TriStar_Television \"Columbia TriStar Television\"), and [Buena Vista Television](/wiki/Buena_Vista_Television \"Buena Vista Television\"){{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2023}}. His television shows have appeared on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"), [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"), [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\"), [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\") and [The WB](/wiki/The_WB \"The WB\") television networks{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2023}}.", "#### Boy Meets World", "In 2023, *[Boy Meets World](/wiki/Boy_Meets_World \"Boy Meets World\")* celebrated its 30th anniversary on television, having been broadcast continuously since 1993 on ABC, Disney Channel, and currently on TeenNick and MTV2\\. Michael and the cast were reunited in June 2013, as the featured panel at the second annual [ATX Television Festival](/wiki/ATX_Television_Festival \"ATX Television Festival\") in Austin, Texas. He was quoted there as saying, \"I don't see anything on television right now that is speaking to the audience I have always spoken to and care very much about.\" *[Girl Meets World](/wiki/Girl_Meets_World \"Girl Meets World\")* premiered on June 27, 2014, running for three seasons to substantial success{{cite web\\|title\\=Sabrina Carpenter goes to high school in \"Girl Meets World\" new season\\|url\\=http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/tv\\-watchers/mc\\-sabrina\\-carpenter\\-goes\\-to\\-high\\-school\\-in\\-girl\\-meets\\-world\\-new\\-season\\-20160502\\-story.html\\|website\\=mcall.com\\|publisher\\=The Morning Call\\|accessdate\\=17 July 2016}} before Disney Channel ended the show, allegedly out of concerns the show's characters were aging out of the channel's target audience.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies\\-tv/news/a44333/girl\\-meets\\-world\\-fans\\-think\\-netflix\\-is\\-the\\-last\\-hope\\-to\\-save\\-the\\-show/\\|title\\=Heartbroken ''Girl Meets World'' Fans Are Begging Netflix to Save the Show\\|work\\=\\[\\[Seventeen (American magazine)\\|Seventeen]]\\|author\\=Noelle Devoe\\|date\\=January 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2017}}", "In 2018, all episodes of *[Boy Meets World](/wiki/Boy_Meets_World \"Boy Meets World\")* along with *[Dinosaurs](/wiki/Dinosaurs_%28TV_series%29 \"Dinosaurs (TV series)\")* began their run on the streaming service, [Hulu](/wiki/Hulu \"Hulu\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/hulu\\-home\\-improvement\\-boy\\-meets\\-world\\-dinosaurs\\-1202576295/\\|title\\=Hulu Lands 'Home Improvement,' 'Boy Meets World,' 'Dinosaurs' Exclusive Streaming Rights\\|last\\=Spangler\\|first\\=Todd\\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-29\\|work\\=Variety\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-07\\-11\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Both *Boy Meets World* and *Girl Meets World* have since moved to [Disney Plus](/wiki/Disney%2B \"Disney+\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://collider.com/disney\\-plus\\-movies\\-tv\\-shows\\-originals/\\|title\\=Every Movie and TV Show Confirmed to Stream on Disney\\+ So Far\\|last\\=Foutch\\|first\\=Haleigh\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-14\\|website\\=Collider\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-31}}", "Michael is also the writer or co\\-writer of the theme songs for *[Charles in Charge](/wiki/Charles_in_Charge \"Charles in Charge\")*, *[My Two Dads](/wiki/My_Two_Dads \"My Two Dads\")*, *[The Torkelsons](/wiki/The_Torkelsons \"The Torkelsons\")* and *[Lost at Home](/wiki/Lost_at_Home \"Lost at Home\")*{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2023}}. He co\\-wrote Always You, the theme for *[Maybe I Do](/wiki/Maybe_I_Do \"Maybe I Do\")* with Ruth B. It was released as a single along with the opening of the movie on January 27{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2023}}.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- His early professional boxing years, between 1890 and 1896, were focused in the areas of Boston and [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). One of his more noteworthy bouts included a 15\-round draw with [Mysterious Billy Smith](/wiki/Mysterious_Billy_Smith "Mysterious Billy Smith") and a 15\-round loss to George "[Kid Lavigne](/wiki/Kid_Lavigne "Kid Lavigne")" in March and December 1895, respectively. He lost to [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_people "Welsh people")\-born [middleweight](/wiki/Middleweight "Middleweight") Tommy West in 1894 and 1897\. West acted as a sparring partner for Walcott in late October 1904\. ### First attempts at the world lightweight and welterweight championships Walcott first challenged for the [lightweight](/wiki/Lightweight "Lightweight") championship on October 29, 1897, at the [Lennox Athletic Club](/wiki/Lennox_Athletic_Club "Lennox Athletic Club") in New York City, but he was [TKO](/wiki/TKO "TKO")'ed by the champion George "Kid" Lavigne in the 12th round. He was also unsuccessful in his first attempt to win the world [welterweight](/wiki/Welterweight "Welterweight") championship when Mysterious Billy Smith [outpointed](/wiki/Professional_boxing%23Scoring "Professional boxing#Scoring") him on December 6, 1898\. Walcott fought Smith, likely his most frequent opponent, six times in his career.{{cite web\|title\=Joe Walcott\|url\=http://boxrec.com/en/boxer/21091\|publisher\=BoxRec\|accessdate\=25 November 2016}} On February 23, 1900, Walcott met the Jewish [light heavyweight](/wiki/Light_heavyweight "Light heavyweight") [Joe Choynski](/wiki/Joe_Choynski "Joe Choynski"), winning in a surprising seventh\-round TKO, though outweighed by 16 pounds and conceding his opponent a full foot advantage in height. Likely sensing the need for a quick start against his opponent, Walcott sent Choynski to the mat five times in the first round and was the aggressor throughout the bout. Choynski, a 3\-1 betting favorite before the bout, suddenly became a 2\-1 underdog after the bell ending the first round."Joe Walcott Beats Choynski," *Argus\-Leader*, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, pg. 2, 24 February 1900 Walcott seemed to have a slight advantage in the second, though Choynski landed a solid blow. By the third round, Walcott pressed his advantage with a superior defense and landed blows nearly at will before the sound of the bell. The fourth seemed even and the fifth entirely in Walcott's favor, but in the sixth Walcott cut Choynski's right eye. Walcott sent Choynski to the floor again in the seventh, battering his clearly exhausted opponent. Stopping the final round 38 seconds in, the [referee](/wiki/Referee_%28boxing%29 "Referee (boxing)") said later that he "felt another blow to Choynski would have put him out."Choynski sent to the mat five times in the first in "Walcott a Surprise," *The Brooklyn Daily Eagle*, Brooklyn, New York, pg. 13, 24 February 1900 On September 27, 1901, Walcott impressively defeated Irish boxer [George Gardner](/wiki/George_Gardiner_%28boxer%29 "George Gardiner (boxer)") in a twenty\-round points decision at the [Mechanic's Pavilion](/wiki/Mechanic%27s_Pavilion "Mechanic's Pavilion") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), California. The pre\-fight betting was light before the match with Gardner a 10\-8 favorite."Old Joe Walcott Wins Against Gardner," *The Missoulian*, Missoula, Montana, pg. 1, 28 September 1901 Gardner, at just under six feet, and holding a serious reach advantage over Walcott, would briefly hold the light heavyweight championship of the world from July through November 1903\. Walcott was the aggressor throughout the bout, landing more clean blows, though there was a great deal of clinching and wrestling throughout the furious bout, likely a result of the mismatch in reach between the two opponents. In the first round, Walcott brought Gardner to his knees from a left and right to the head for a nine count, though Gardner returned to the fighting unfazed."Boxer Joe Walcott Gains Decision," *San Francisco Call*, San Francisco, California, pg. 4, 28 September 1901 ### Taking the world welterweight championship from Rube Ferns, 1901 Walcott won the world welterweight title on December 18, 1901, in [Buffalo, New York](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York"), from reigning champion [James "Rube" Ferns](/wiki/Rube_Ferns "Rube Ferns") achieving a [technical knockout](/wiki/Technical_knockout "Technical knockout") in the fifth round. Ferns, from the reaction of the Buffalo crowd as he entered the ring, appeared to be the favorite. Walcott sent Ferns to the floor twice in the fifth round, the first a solid blow to the jaw. Rube took the count both times. At the end, the referee stopped the bout to prevent a knockout. Ferns began to weaken as early as the third round, and in the fourth Walcott sent Ferns through the ropes."Rube Ferns is Beaten," *Courier Journal*, Louisville, Kentucky, pg. 3, 19 December 1901 The bout featured a clinch in the fourth round that brought both boxers to the mat, possibly a result of a tiring Walcott attempting to counter Fern's six\-inch height advantage and superior reach. The match brought roughly 2,000 spectators to the clubhouse, and tickets ranged from a respectable $2 to $5\."Sporting News of the Day," *The Buffalo Enquirer*, Buffalo, New York, pg. 4, 19 December 1901 The [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star") wrote "Walcott battered down Ferns with terrific body blows, and right and left swings to the head. To save Ferns from being completely knocked out, Referee McBride stopped the bout." After the fight, Rube Ferns stated "Well, he won, and I have nothing to say against it. I don't know anybody at the weight \- no, nor a good deal above it \- that can beat him." On June 23, 1902, Walcott faced Tommy West in a title defense of his world welterweight title, facing off against West for the sixth time. In their previous encounter in August 1900, the fight had gone as such according to a newspaper called the Durango Democrat: "The bout had gone eleven rounds very much in Wolcott's favor, as he had punished West very badly about the body and head and had him in a very weakened condition. When the bell rang for the twelfth round, to the surprise of everybody, Wolcott refused to go on, claiming he had injured his left arm. Referee Charlie White, suspecting crookedness, insisted upon Wolcott continuing, but \[Wolcott] refused to do so, which left White no alternative other than to declare West the winner. There was quite a large sum of money wagered, with West as favorite and the referee is very outspoken in reference to Wolcott's peculiar actions. Manager Kennedy, on behalf of the club, announced that Wolcott's share of the money would not be given to him, but would be donated to some charitable institution."{{Cite web\|url\=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/21091\|title\=Please login}} With their first 5 fights having been in America, they fought their final battle, for the world welterweight championship, at the [National Sporting Club, Covent Garden](/wiki/National_Sporting_Club "National Sporting Club") in [London](/wiki/London "London"), England. Walcott clearly outpointed the Welsh fighter and retained his championship with a 15 round points decision victory overseas. On June 18, 1903, Walcott fought [Young Peter Jackson](/wiki/Young_Peter_Jackson_%28boxer%2C_born_1877%29 "Young Peter Jackson (boxer, born 1877)"), an exceptional black contender to a twenty\-round draw, in [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), Oregon, in a match billed as a world welterweight championship. The title did not change hands due to the draw decision. Walcott would later lose to Jackson on June 10, 1904, in a fourth\-round knockout during a non\-title fight in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), after receiving a punch to the stomach. Up until the time of the knockout, Walcott was considered to have a slight lead over Jackson, as his blows to the head and neck of his opponent were not landing with much force."Joe Walcott Put Out," *The Indianapolis News*, Indianapolis, Indiana, pg. 8, 11 June 1904 Walcott had previously fought Jackson twice in the winter of 1902 to a win and a draw. ### Controversy vs. Dixie Kid in title match, 1904 On April 29, 1904, Walcott defended his title against black contender, [Dixie Kid](/wiki/Dixie_Kid "Dixie Kid"). He was winning the fight handily when the referee disqualified Walcott for no apparent reason in the final seconds of the 20th round. Dick "Duck" Sullivan," the referee, was a last\-minute replacement, and Walcott protested the choice before the bout began. Walcott had appeared to have a clear advantage in all but the seventh round. Many in the crowd were shocked with the decision, and Walcott himself was immediately angered at Sullivan, who made the call."Decision Goes to Dixie Kid," *San Francisco Chronicle*, San Francisco, California, pg. 8, 30 April 1984 The match was disregarded as a title bout when it was discovered that Sullivan had bet on Dixie Kid to win the match. ### Mid\-career, and loss of the world welterweight championship to Honey Mellody, 1906 #### Historic draw with [Sam Langford](/wiki/Sam_Langford "Sam Langford"), 1904 [150 px\|left\|thumb\|Sam Langford, circa 1910](/wiki/File:Sam_Langford_LOC.jpg "Sam Langford LOC.jpg") Walcott fought the exceptional black boxer [Sam Langford](/wiki/Sam_Langford "Sam Langford") in a non\-title fight before a modest crowd of 1,200 in [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire "Manchester, New Hampshire") on September 5, 1904, with the fight ending in a fifteen\-round draw. Langford had the better of the bout for the first seven rounds and staged an excellent defence, but in the remaining eight rounds, Walcott fought furiously in a close battle where the crowd could not anticipate the outcome until the referee's decision."Langford Outboxed Walcott," *Minneapolis Journal*, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pg.12, 6 September 1904 In the third round, Langford brought Walcott to one knee with a blow to the jaw."Walcott in Draw," *The Evening World*, New York, New York, pg. 11, 6 September 1904 #### Historic draw with lightweight champion Joe Gans, 1904 [298px\|right\|thumb\|Walcott (left) with [Joe Gans](/wiki/Joe_Gans "Joe Gans") in 1904](/wiki/File:Joe_Walcott_vs._Joe_Gans.jpg "Joe Walcott vs. Joe Gans.jpg") Walcott met world lightweight champion [Joe Gans](/wiki/Joe_Gans "Joe Gans") in a non\-title fight at [Woodward's Pavilion](/wiki/Woodward%27s_Pavilion "Woodward's Pavilion") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") on September 30, 1904, and scored a draw after 20 rounds. Many in the crowd believed Gans should have received the decision. The lightweight champion gained a lead from the second till the tenth, using his right almost exclusively on the body of Walcott. Walcott, however, put tremendous force behind his blows, weakening the lightweight Gans in several points in the bout. After the tenth, Gans became the superior boxer, avoiding the blows of Walcott and connecting with solid rights and lefts to the face. In the nineteenth round, Gans landed a solid blow to Walcott's jaw that might have ended the fight. In the final round, Gans showed dominance in the in\-fighting, though neither fighter took a clear lead. An examination after the fight showed that Walcott had broken his right elbow in the fourth round, though he continued to fight.Walcott broke his elbow in "Fought Walcott to a Standstill," *Buffalo Evening News*, Buffalo, New York, pg. 8, 1 October 1904 After the Gans fight, on October 18, 1904, Walcott accidentally shot himself in the hand, losing several fingers. Walcott took a year off of boxing to recover from the injury, but it may have effectively limited his remaining years as a world class prizefighter. Walcott, however, continued to box until 1911\. #### Loss of the world welterweight title to Honey Mellody, 1906 [150 px\|right\|thumb\|Honey Mellody, 1910s](/wiki/File:BillyHoneyMellody.jpg "BillyHoneyMellody.jpg") Before a crowd of 3,000, Walcott officially lost the world welterweight championship on October 16, 1906, against [William "Honey" Mellody](/wiki/William_%22Honey%22_Mellody "William ") at the [Lincoln Athletic Club](/wiki/Lincoln_Athletic_Club "Lincoln Athletic Club") in [Chelsea, Massachusetts](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_Massachusetts "Chelsea, Massachusetts"). Falling to a twelfth\-round technical knockout, Walcott quit the bout, claiming his left arm had been injured in the ninth round. In the first round Walcott scored a knockdown. Melody, fighting cautiously against the reigning champion, landed mostly body blows throughout the remainder of the fight, but scored enough to appear to dominate."Honey Mellody Gets Decision Over Walcott," *The Montana Standard*, Butte, Montana, pg. 8, 7 October 1906 In the sixth round, Mellody landed a strong right to the jaw which backed Walcott against the ropes. In the eleventh, Mellody landed punches at will, and in the final round he landed a flurry of rights to the stomach before Walcott retreated to his corner before the bell ending the bout."Mellody Beat Walcott," *Ontario Journal*, Ontario, Canada, pg. 2, 30 November 1906 Returning to the ring on January 15, 1907, Walcott lost a fifteen\-round decision on points to [Mike Donavan](/wiki/Professor_Mike_Donovan "Professor Mike Donovan") in [Providence, Rhode Island](/wiki/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"). Though winning only a few of his remaining bouts, Walcott succeeded in twice beating George Cole, a competent hard hitting middleweight from [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), in December 1907 and January 1908\. In fact, of their December meeting in Philadelphia, one source noted that "with the exception of the third round when Cole sent over some very hard punches, the "battle was Walcott's all the way.""Joe Walcott Whipped Coal in a Fast Fight," *The Pittsburgh Press*, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pg. 16, 27 December 1907 On January 7, 1908, Walcott lost to a noteworthy opponent, [Jimmy Gardner](/wiki/Jimmy_Gardner_%28boxer%29 "Jimmy Gardner (boxer)"), in twelve rounds at the Armory in Boston. Gardner would become a world welterweight contender against [Mike "Twin" Sullivan](/wiki/Mike_%22Twin%22_Sullivan "Mike ") in April of that year. New York's *[Evening World](/wiki/Evening_World "Evening World")* stated that Walcott's performance "did not come up to expectations" and that Gardner's win "was one of the easiest victories he ever earned.""Joe Walcott Due For the Scrapheap," *The Evening News*, New York, New York, pg. 10, 8 January 1908 On November 2, 1911, Walcott fought his last reported bout against Tom Sawyer in [Lowell, Massachusetts](/wiki/Lowell%2C_Massachusetts "Lowell, Massachusetts"). He walked out of the ring before the bell at the end of the one\-sided 12\-round technical knockout, and said to the crowd, "I'm 40 years old and I guess I'm done with this game."
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "His early professional boxing years, between 1890 and 1896, were focused in the areas of Boston and [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). One of his more noteworthy bouts included a 15\\-round draw with [Mysterious Billy Smith](/wiki/Mysterious_Billy_Smith \"Mysterious Billy Smith\") and a 15\\-round loss to George \"[Kid Lavigne](/wiki/Kid_Lavigne \"Kid Lavigne\")\" in March and December 1895, respectively. He lost to [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_people \"Welsh people\")\\-born [middleweight](/wiki/Middleweight \"Middleweight\") Tommy West in 1894 and 1897\\. West acted as a sparring partner for Walcott in late October 1904\\.", "### First attempts at the world lightweight and welterweight championships", "Walcott first challenged for the [lightweight](/wiki/Lightweight \"Lightweight\") championship on October 29, 1897, at the [Lennox Athletic Club](/wiki/Lennox_Athletic_Club \"Lennox Athletic Club\") in New York City, but he was [TKO](/wiki/TKO \"TKO\")'ed by the champion George \"Kid\" Lavigne in the 12th round. He was also unsuccessful in his first attempt to win the world [welterweight](/wiki/Welterweight \"Welterweight\") championship when Mysterious Billy Smith [outpointed](/wiki/Professional_boxing%23Scoring \"Professional boxing#Scoring\") him on December 6, 1898\\. Walcott fought Smith, likely his most frequent opponent, six times in his career.{{cite web\\|title\\=Joe Walcott\\|url\\=http://boxrec.com/en/boxer/21091\\|publisher\\=BoxRec\\|accessdate\\=25 November 2016}}", "On February 23, 1900, Walcott met the Jewish [light heavyweight](/wiki/Light_heavyweight \"Light heavyweight\") [Joe Choynski](/wiki/Joe_Choynski \"Joe Choynski\"), winning in a surprising seventh\\-round TKO, though outweighed by 16 pounds and conceding his opponent a full foot advantage in height. Likely sensing the need for a quick start against his opponent, Walcott sent Choynski to the mat five times in the first round and was the aggressor throughout the bout. Choynski, a 3\\-1 betting favorite before the bout, suddenly became a 2\\-1 underdog after the bell ending the first round.\"Joe Walcott Beats Choynski,\" *Argus\\-Leader*, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, pg. 2, 24 February 1900 Walcott seemed to have a slight advantage in the second, though Choynski landed a solid blow. By the third round, Walcott pressed his advantage with a superior defense and landed blows nearly at will before the sound of the bell. The fourth seemed even and the fifth entirely in Walcott's favor, but in the sixth Walcott cut Choynski's right eye. Walcott sent Choynski to the floor again in the seventh, battering his clearly exhausted opponent. Stopping the final round 38 seconds in, the [referee](/wiki/Referee_%28boxing%29 \"Referee (boxing)\") said later that he \"felt another blow to Choynski would have put him out.\"Choynski sent to the mat five times in the first in \"Walcott a Surprise,\" *The Brooklyn Daily Eagle*, Brooklyn, New York, pg. 13, 24 February 1900", "On September 27, 1901, Walcott impressively defeated Irish boxer [George Gardner](/wiki/George_Gardiner_%28boxer%29 \"George Gardiner (boxer)\") in a twenty\\-round points decision at the [Mechanic's Pavilion](/wiki/Mechanic%27s_Pavilion \"Mechanic's Pavilion\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), California. The pre\\-fight betting was light before the match with Gardner a 10\\-8 favorite.\"Old Joe Walcott Wins Against Gardner,\" *The Missoulian*, Missoula, Montana, pg. 1, 28 September 1901 Gardner, at just under six feet, and holding a serious reach advantage over Walcott, would briefly hold the light heavyweight championship of the world from July through November 1903\\. Walcott was the aggressor throughout the bout, landing more clean blows, though there was a great deal of clinching and wrestling throughout the furious bout, likely a result of the mismatch in reach between the two opponents. In the first round, Walcott brought Gardner to his knees from a left and right to the head for a nine count, though Gardner returned to the fighting unfazed.\"Boxer Joe Walcott Gains Decision,\" *San Francisco Call*, San Francisco, California, pg. 4, 28 September 1901", "### Taking the world welterweight championship from Rube Ferns, 1901", "Walcott won the world welterweight title on December 18, 1901, in [Buffalo, New York](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\"), from reigning champion [James \"Rube\" Ferns](/wiki/Rube_Ferns \"Rube Ferns\") achieving a [technical knockout](/wiki/Technical_knockout \"Technical knockout\") in the fifth round. Ferns, from the reaction of the Buffalo crowd as he entered the ring, appeared to be the favorite. Walcott sent Ferns to the floor twice in the fifth round, the first a solid blow to the jaw. Rube took the count both times. At the end, the referee stopped the bout to prevent a knockout. Ferns began to weaken as early as the third round, and in the fourth Walcott sent Ferns through the ropes.\"Rube Ferns is Beaten,\" *Courier Journal*, Louisville, Kentucky, pg. 3, 19 December 1901 The bout featured a clinch in the fourth round that brought both boxers to the mat, possibly a result of a tiring Walcott attempting to counter Fern's six\\-inch height advantage and superior reach. The match brought roughly 2,000 spectators to the clubhouse, and tickets ranged from a respectable $2 to $5\\.\"Sporting News of the Day,\" *The Buffalo Enquirer*, Buffalo, New York, pg. 4, 19 December 1901 The [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\") wrote \"Walcott battered down Ferns with terrific body blows, and right and left swings to the head. To save Ferns from being completely knocked out, Referee McBride stopped the bout.\"", "After the fight, Rube Ferns stated \"Well, he won, and I have nothing to say against it. I don't know anybody at the weight \\- no, nor a good deal above it \\- that can beat him.\"", "On June 23, 1902, Walcott faced Tommy West in a title defense of his world welterweight title, facing off against West for the sixth time. In their previous encounter in August 1900, the fight had gone as such according to a newspaper called the Durango Democrat: \"The bout had gone eleven rounds very much in Wolcott's favor, as he had punished West very badly about the body and head and had him in a very weakened condition. When the bell rang for the twelfth round, to the surprise of everybody, Wolcott refused to go on, claiming he had injured his left arm. Referee Charlie White, suspecting crookedness, insisted upon Wolcott continuing, but \\[Wolcott] refused to do so, which left White no alternative other than to declare West the winner. There was quite a large sum of money wagered, with West as favorite and the referee is very outspoken in reference to Wolcott's peculiar actions. Manager Kennedy, on behalf of the club, announced that Wolcott's share of the money would not be given to him, but would be donated to some charitable institution.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/21091\\|title\\=Please login}} With their first 5 fights having been in America, they fought their final battle, for the world welterweight championship, at the [National Sporting Club, Covent Garden](/wiki/National_Sporting_Club \"National Sporting Club\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), England. Walcott clearly outpointed the Welsh fighter and retained his championship with a 15 round points decision victory overseas.", "On June 18, 1903, Walcott fought [Young Peter Jackson](/wiki/Young_Peter_Jackson_%28boxer%2C_born_1877%29 \"Young Peter Jackson (boxer, born 1877)\"), an exceptional black contender to a twenty\\-round draw, in [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), Oregon, in a match billed as a world welterweight championship. The title did not change hands due to the draw decision. Walcott would later lose to Jackson on June 10, 1904, in a fourth\\-round knockout during a non\\-title fight in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"), after receiving a punch to the stomach. Up until the time of the knockout, Walcott was considered to have a slight lead over Jackson, as his blows to the head and neck of his opponent were not landing with much force.\"Joe Walcott Put Out,\" *The Indianapolis News*, Indianapolis, Indiana, pg. 8, 11 June 1904 Walcott had previously fought Jackson twice in the winter of 1902 to a win and a draw.", "### Controversy vs. Dixie Kid in title match, 1904", "On April 29, 1904, Walcott defended his title against black contender, [Dixie Kid](/wiki/Dixie_Kid \"Dixie Kid\"). He was winning the fight handily when the referee disqualified Walcott for no apparent reason in the final seconds of the 20th round. Dick \"Duck\" Sullivan,\" the referee, was a last\\-minute replacement, and Walcott protested the choice before the bout began. Walcott had appeared to have a clear advantage in all but the seventh round. Many in the crowd were shocked with the decision, and Walcott himself was immediately angered at Sullivan, who made the call.\"Decision Goes to Dixie Kid,\" *San Francisco Chronicle*, San Francisco, California, pg. 8, 30 April 1984 The match was disregarded as a title bout when it was discovered that Sullivan had bet on Dixie Kid to win the match.", "### Mid\\-career, and loss of the world welterweight championship to Honey Mellody, 1906", "#### Historic draw with [Sam Langford](/wiki/Sam_Langford \"Sam Langford\"), 1904", "[150 px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Sam Langford, circa 1910](/wiki/File:Sam_Langford_LOC.jpg \"Sam Langford LOC.jpg\")\nWalcott fought the exceptional black boxer [Sam Langford](/wiki/Sam_Langford \"Sam Langford\") in a non\\-title fight before a modest crowd of 1,200 in [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire \"Manchester, New Hampshire\") on September 5, 1904, with the fight ending in a fifteen\\-round draw.", "Langford had the better of the bout for the first seven rounds and staged an excellent defence, but in the remaining eight rounds, Walcott fought furiously in a close battle where the crowd could not anticipate the outcome until the referee's decision.\"Langford Outboxed Walcott,\" *Minneapolis Journal*, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pg.12, 6 September 1904 In the third round, Langford brought Walcott to one knee with a blow to the jaw.\"Walcott in Draw,\" *The Evening World*, New York, New York, pg. 11, 6 September 1904", "#### Historic draw with lightweight champion Joe Gans, 1904", "[298px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Walcott (left) with [Joe Gans](/wiki/Joe_Gans \"Joe Gans\") in 1904](/wiki/File:Joe_Walcott_vs._Joe_Gans.jpg \"Joe Walcott vs. Joe Gans.jpg\")\nWalcott met world lightweight champion [Joe Gans](/wiki/Joe_Gans \"Joe Gans\") in a non\\-title fight at [Woodward's Pavilion](/wiki/Woodward%27s_Pavilion \"Woodward's Pavilion\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") on September 30, 1904, and scored a draw after 20 rounds. Many in the crowd believed Gans should have received the decision. The lightweight champion gained a lead from the second till the tenth, using his right almost exclusively on the body of Walcott. Walcott, however, put tremendous force behind his blows, weakening the lightweight Gans in several points in the bout.", "After the tenth, Gans became the superior boxer, avoiding the blows of Walcott and connecting with solid rights and lefts to the face. In the nineteenth round, Gans landed a solid blow to Walcott's jaw that might have ended the fight. In the final round, Gans showed dominance in the in\\-fighting, though neither fighter took a clear lead. An examination after the fight showed that Walcott had broken his right elbow in the fourth round, though he continued to fight.Walcott broke his elbow in \"Fought Walcott to a Standstill,\" *Buffalo Evening News*, Buffalo, New York, pg. 8, 1 October 1904", "After the Gans fight, on October 18, 1904, Walcott accidentally shot himself in the hand, losing several fingers. Walcott took a year off of boxing to recover from the injury, but it may have effectively limited his remaining years as a world class prizefighter. Walcott, however, continued to box until 1911\\.", "#### Loss of the world welterweight title to Honey Mellody, 1906", "[150 px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Honey Mellody, 1910s](/wiki/File:BillyHoneyMellody.jpg \"BillyHoneyMellody.jpg\")\nBefore a crowd of 3,000, Walcott officially lost the world welterweight championship on October 16, 1906, against [William \"Honey\" Mellody](/wiki/William_%22Honey%22_Mellody \"William \") at the [Lincoln Athletic Club](/wiki/Lincoln_Athletic_Club \"Lincoln Athletic Club\") in [Chelsea, Massachusetts](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_Massachusetts \"Chelsea, Massachusetts\"). Falling to a twelfth\\-round technical knockout, Walcott quit the bout, claiming his left arm had been injured in the ninth round. In the first round Walcott scored a knockdown. Melody, fighting cautiously against the reigning champion, landed mostly body blows throughout the remainder of the fight, but scored enough to appear to dominate.\"Honey Mellody Gets Decision Over Walcott,\" *The Montana Standard*, Butte, Montana, pg. 8, 7 October 1906 In the sixth round, Mellody landed a strong right to the jaw which backed Walcott against the ropes. In the eleventh, Mellody landed punches at will, and in the final round he landed a flurry of rights to the stomach before Walcott retreated to his corner before the bell ending the bout.\"Mellody Beat Walcott,\" *Ontario Journal*, Ontario, Canada, pg. 2, 30 November 1906", "Returning to the ring on January 15, 1907, Walcott lost a fifteen\\-round decision on points to [Mike Donavan](/wiki/Professor_Mike_Donovan \"Professor Mike Donovan\") in [Providence, Rhode Island](/wiki/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island \"Providence, Rhode Island\"). Though winning only a few of his remaining bouts, Walcott succeeded in twice beating George Cole, a competent hard hitting middleweight from [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), in December 1907 and January 1908\\. In fact, of their December meeting in Philadelphia, one source noted that \"with the exception of the third round when Cole sent over some very hard punches, the \"battle was Walcott's all the way.\"\"Joe Walcott Whipped Coal in a Fast Fight,\" *The Pittsburgh Press*, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pg. 16, 27 December 1907", "On January 7, 1908, Walcott lost to a noteworthy opponent, [Jimmy Gardner](/wiki/Jimmy_Gardner_%28boxer%29 \"Jimmy Gardner (boxer)\"), in twelve rounds at the Armory in Boston. Gardner would become a world welterweight contender against [Mike \"Twin\" Sullivan](/wiki/Mike_%22Twin%22_Sullivan \"Mike \") in April of that year. New York's *[Evening World](/wiki/Evening_World \"Evening World\")* stated that Walcott's performance \"did not come up to expectations\" and that Gardner's win \"was one of the easiest victories he ever earned.\"\"Joe Walcott Due For the Scrapheap,\" *The Evening News*, New York, New York, pg. 10, 8 January 1908 On November 2, 1911, Walcott fought his last reported bout against Tom Sawyer in [Lowell, Massachusetts](/wiki/Lowell%2C_Massachusetts \"Lowell, Massachusetts\"). He walked out of the ring before the bell at the end of the one\\-sided 12\\-round technical knockout, and said to the crowd, \"I'm 40 years old and I guess I'm done with this game.\"", "" ]
Imagery and themes ------------------ ### Narrative *The Mystery of the Yeti* is the musical score to a [short story](/wiki/Short_story "Short story") written by Raja Ram and trance DJ Chicago (both of whom were later among the members of 1200 Micrograms).{{cite AV media notes \|title\=The Mystery of the Yeti \|year\=1996 \|chapter\=Who or What Is the 'Yeti'? \|url\=http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release\=90964 \|accessdate\=3 January 2013 \|first\=Raja \|last\=Ram \|author\-link\=Raja Ram (musician) \|author2\=Chicago \|publisher\=TIP Records \|type\=album notes}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.beat.com.au/content/shpongle \|title\=Shpongle \|last\=Welby \|first\=Augustus \|date\=2013 \|website\=Beat \|publisher\=Furst Media \|accessdate\=28 December 2013}} The story, called "Who or What Is the 'Yeti'?", is printed in the [liner notes](/wiki/Liner_notes "Liner notes") of the album. Each of the album's four tracks conveys a part of the story.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/bands/Mystery\-of\-the\-Yeti/32028/ \|title\=Mystery of the Yeti \|author\= \|website\=Sputnik Music \|accessdate\=25 November 2013}} #### Summary of "Who or What Is the 'Yeti'?" In twelve Himalayan villages, twelve "elder mystics" each dream that there is a connection between the [yeti](/wiki/Yeti "Yeti") and [extraterrestrial life](/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life "Extraterrestrial life"). With visions to guide them, the elders lead 2000 people from their upland villages higher into the mountains by starlight. At dawn, they sound bejeweled *[dungchen](/wiki/Dungchen "Dungchen")* (long trumpets) to accompany the chants of *[om](/wiki/Om "Om")* by the monks who remain in the villages below. When the echoes recede, the elders sound a [gong](/wiki/Gong "Gong") and merrily continue their journey. The travelers make music as they go. They cross a swiftly\-flowing river in canoes, and pass through "the tunnel of Dead Spirits", where they hear strange voices and other curious sounds. After braving a fierce thunderstorm, they smoke a sacrament, resume their rhythmic music\-making, and enter a trance. The music has a mysterious effect on them. The crowd of 2000 simultaneously shouts in joy. Carrying torches, they arrange themselves into a giant [mandala](/wiki/Mandala "Mandala"). Their focused attention summons a [shaman](/wiki/Shaman "Shaman") who levitates above them. The shaman, radiating multicolored light, performs an ecstatic dance. Beams and discs of light pass through the people, who suddenly understand the yeti. The light fills their minds with poetry and music. Spontaneously, they awaken to the [cosmic consciousness](/wiki/Cosmic_consciousness "Cosmic consciousness"). The shaman shows them the yeti, who is a wise and compassionate extraterrestrial being. The yeti's form changes to an elaborate geometric pattern, and merges with the shaman. In a flash they disappear, replaced with a vessel that can travel through other dimensions of cosmic consciousness. ### Album art The [album cover](/wiki/Album_cover "Album cover") illustrates a scene from the climax of the story "Who or What Is the 'Yeti'?", and uses various interconnected symbols concerning [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva"), the [chakras](/wiki/Chakra "Chakra"), and the mind. The paintings are by [visionary artists](/wiki/Visionary_artist "Visionary artist") Brahma Templeman and Lahiri. The computer graphics were designed by Barnaby Gorton. On the album cover, a yeti hovers in the [lotus position](/wiki/Lotus_position "Lotus position"). Glowing emblems in front of his body represent five of the [chakra](/wiki/Chakra "Chakra") (centers of vital energy): The [root chakra](/wiki/Root_chakra "Root chakra"), the [sacral chakra](/wiki/Sacral_chakra "Sacral chakra"), the [solar plexus chakra](/wiki/Solar_plexus_chakra "Solar plexus chakra"), the [heart chakra](/wiki/Heart_chakra "Heart chakra"), and the [brow chakra](/wiki/Brow_chakra "Brow chakra") (or third eye). His multicolored hair suggests activation of the [crown chakra](/wiki/Crown_chakra "Crown chakra"), which symbolizes the [higher consciousness](/wiki/Higher_consciousness "Higher consciousness") that comes with freedom from illusion, or *[maya](/wiki/Maya_%28illusion%29 "Maya (illusion)")*. In his right hand he holds a [lingam](/wiki/Lingam "Lingam"), a stone symbol of Shiva; in his left is a [trishula](/wiki/Trishula "Trishula"), a symbolic [trident](/wiki/Trident "Trident") with numerous meanings. It represents Shiva's power over the "three worlds" ([trailokya](/wiki/Trailokya "Trailokya")), the "three times", and the "three evils". Shiva wields the trishula to destroy trailokya, replacing it with [satcitananda](/wiki/Satcitananda "Satcitananda"), the blissful experience of the [universal mind](/wiki/Universal_mind "Universal mind"). This triumph occurs in a person's own [bodymind](/wiki/Bodymind "Bodymind") through great attainment. Insofar as it pertains to the human body, the trishula refers to the brow chakra as the junction of the three main [nāḍi](/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%B8%8Di "Nāḍi") (subtle energy channels). The center prong extends higher because it represents *shushmana*, an energy channel that continues to the [crown chakra](/wiki/Crown_chakra "Crown chakra"). In the album's title, the letter *Y* in *Yeti* is actually the Greek capital letter *[psi](/wiki/Psi_%28letter%29 "Psi (letter)")* (Ψ), which resembles a trishula. The symbol on the monolithic lingam at the base of the mountain is a [tripundra](/wiki/Tripundra "Tripundra"), a mark warn on the forehead to indicate a belief that Shiva is the [Ishvara](/wiki/Ishvara "Ishvara"), or [Supreme Being](/wiki/King_of_the_gods "King of the gods"). The three horizontal lines represent the soul's three bonds: [maya](/wiki/Maya_%28illusion%29 "Maya (illusion)"), [karma](/wiki/Karma "Karma"), and [anava](/wiki/Anava "Anava"). The lines are drawn with a paste mixed from water and [vibhuti](/wiki/Vibhuti "Vibhuti") (consecrated ash from burnt cow dung), as a reminder that merging with the divine is urgent since the physical body is impermanent. The dot in the center is a [bindu](/wiki/Bindu_%28symbol%29 "Bindu (symbol)"). When placed on the forehead, it indicates the third eye. It also symbolizes the unmanifest, from which the [cosmos](/wiki/Cosmos "Cosmos") emerges, as well as the point at which the many becomes one.
[ "Imagery and themes\n------------------", "### Narrative", "*The Mystery of the Yeti* is the musical score to a [short story](/wiki/Short_story \"Short story\") written by Raja Ram and trance DJ Chicago (both of whom were later among the members of 1200 Micrograms).{{cite AV media notes \\|title\\=The Mystery of the Yeti \\|year\\=1996 \\|chapter\\=Who or What Is the 'Yeti'? \\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release\\=90964 \\|accessdate\\=3 January 2013 \\|first\\=Raja \\|last\\=Ram \\|author\\-link\\=Raja Ram (musician) \\|author2\\=Chicago \\|publisher\\=TIP Records \\|type\\=album notes}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.beat.com.au/content/shpongle \\|title\\=Shpongle \\|last\\=Welby \\|first\\=Augustus \\|date\\=2013 \\|website\\=Beat \\|publisher\\=Furst Media \\|accessdate\\=28 December 2013}} The story, called \"Who or What Is the 'Yeti'?\", is printed in the [liner notes](/wiki/Liner_notes \"Liner notes\") of the album. Each of the album's four tracks conveys a part of the story.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/bands/Mystery\\-of\\-the\\-Yeti/32028/ \\|title\\=Mystery of the Yeti \\|author\\= \\|website\\=Sputnik Music \\|accessdate\\=25 November 2013}}", "#### Summary of \"Who or What Is the 'Yeti'?\"", "In twelve Himalayan villages, twelve \"elder mystics\" each dream that there is a connection between the [yeti](/wiki/Yeti \"Yeti\") and [extraterrestrial life](/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life \"Extraterrestrial life\"). With visions to guide them, the elders lead 2000 people from their upland villages higher into the mountains by starlight. At dawn, they sound bejeweled *[dungchen](/wiki/Dungchen \"Dungchen\")* (long trumpets) to accompany the chants of *[om](/wiki/Om \"Om\")* by the monks who remain in the villages below. When the echoes recede, the elders sound a [gong](/wiki/Gong \"Gong\") and merrily continue their journey.", "The travelers make music as they go. They cross a swiftly\\-flowing river in canoes, and pass through \"the tunnel of Dead Spirits\", where they hear strange voices and other curious sounds. After braving a fierce thunderstorm, they smoke a sacrament, resume their rhythmic music\\-making, and enter a trance. The music has a mysterious effect on them. The crowd of 2000 simultaneously shouts in joy. Carrying torches, they arrange themselves into a giant [mandala](/wiki/Mandala \"Mandala\").", "Their focused attention summons a [shaman](/wiki/Shaman \"Shaman\") who levitates above them. The shaman, radiating multicolored light, performs an ecstatic dance. Beams and discs of light pass through the people, who suddenly understand the yeti. The light fills their minds with poetry and music. Spontaneously, they awaken to the [cosmic consciousness](/wiki/Cosmic_consciousness \"Cosmic consciousness\"). The shaman shows them the yeti, who is a wise and compassionate extraterrestrial being. The yeti's form changes to an elaborate geometric pattern, and merges with the shaman. In a flash they disappear, replaced with a vessel that can travel through other dimensions of cosmic consciousness.", "### Album art", "The [album cover](/wiki/Album_cover \"Album cover\") illustrates a scene from the climax of the story \"Who or What Is the 'Yeti'?\", and uses various interconnected symbols concerning [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\"), the [chakras](/wiki/Chakra \"Chakra\"), and the mind. The paintings are by [visionary artists](/wiki/Visionary_artist \"Visionary artist\") Brahma Templeman and Lahiri. The computer graphics were designed by Barnaby Gorton.", "On the album cover, a yeti hovers in the [lotus position](/wiki/Lotus_position \"Lotus position\"). Glowing emblems in front of his body represent five of the [chakra](/wiki/Chakra \"Chakra\") (centers of vital energy): The [root chakra](/wiki/Root_chakra \"Root chakra\"), the [sacral chakra](/wiki/Sacral_chakra \"Sacral chakra\"), the [solar plexus chakra](/wiki/Solar_plexus_chakra \"Solar plexus chakra\"), the [heart chakra](/wiki/Heart_chakra \"Heart chakra\"), and the [brow chakra](/wiki/Brow_chakra \"Brow chakra\") (or third eye). His multicolored hair suggests activation of the [crown chakra](/wiki/Crown_chakra \"Crown chakra\"), which symbolizes the [higher consciousness](/wiki/Higher_consciousness \"Higher consciousness\") that comes with freedom from illusion, or *[maya](/wiki/Maya_%28illusion%29 \"Maya (illusion)\")*.", "In his right hand he holds a [lingam](/wiki/Lingam \"Lingam\"), a stone symbol of Shiva; in his left is a [trishula](/wiki/Trishula \"Trishula\"), a symbolic [trident](/wiki/Trident \"Trident\") with numerous meanings. It represents Shiva's power over the \"three worlds\" ([trailokya](/wiki/Trailokya \"Trailokya\")), the \"three times\", and the \"three evils\". Shiva wields the trishula to destroy trailokya, replacing it with [satcitananda](/wiki/Satcitananda \"Satcitananda\"), the blissful experience of the [universal mind](/wiki/Universal_mind \"Universal mind\"). This triumph occurs in a person's own [bodymind](/wiki/Bodymind \"Bodymind\") through great attainment.", "Insofar as it pertains to the human body, the trishula refers to the brow chakra as the junction of the three main [nāḍi](/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%B8%8Di \"Nāḍi\") (subtle energy channels). The center prong extends higher because it represents *shushmana*, an energy channel that continues to the [crown chakra](/wiki/Crown_chakra \"Crown chakra\"). In the album's title, the letter *Y* in *Yeti* is actually the Greek capital letter *[psi](/wiki/Psi_%28letter%29 \"Psi (letter)\")* (Ψ), which resembles a trishula.", "The symbol on the monolithic lingam at the base of the mountain is a [tripundra](/wiki/Tripundra \"Tripundra\"), a mark warn on the forehead to indicate a belief that Shiva is the [Ishvara](/wiki/Ishvara \"Ishvara\"), or [Supreme Being](/wiki/King_of_the_gods \"King of the gods\"). The three horizontal lines represent the soul's three bonds: [maya](/wiki/Maya_%28illusion%29 \"Maya (illusion)\"), [karma](/wiki/Karma \"Karma\"), and [anava](/wiki/Anava \"Anava\"). The lines are drawn with a paste mixed from water and [vibhuti](/wiki/Vibhuti \"Vibhuti\") (consecrated ash from burnt cow dung), as a reminder that merging with the divine is urgent since the physical body is impermanent. The dot in the center is a [bindu](/wiki/Bindu_%28symbol%29 \"Bindu (symbol)\"). When placed on the forehead, it indicates the third eye. It also symbolizes the unmanifest, from which the [cosmos](/wiki/Cosmos \"Cosmos\") emerges, as well as the point at which the many becomes one.", "" ]
### Album art The [album cover](/wiki/Album_cover "Album cover") illustrates a scene from the climax of the story "Who or What Is the 'Yeti'?", and uses various interconnected symbols concerning [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva"), the [chakras](/wiki/Chakra "Chakra"), and the mind. The paintings are by [visionary artists](/wiki/Visionary_artist "Visionary artist") Brahma Templeman and Lahiri. The computer graphics were designed by Barnaby Gorton. On the album cover, a yeti hovers in the [lotus position](/wiki/Lotus_position "Lotus position"). Glowing emblems in front of his body represent five of the [chakra](/wiki/Chakra "Chakra") (centers of vital energy): The [root chakra](/wiki/Root_chakra "Root chakra"), the [sacral chakra](/wiki/Sacral_chakra "Sacral chakra"), the [solar plexus chakra](/wiki/Solar_plexus_chakra "Solar plexus chakra"), the [heart chakra](/wiki/Heart_chakra "Heart chakra"), and the [brow chakra](/wiki/Brow_chakra "Brow chakra") (or third eye). His multicolored hair suggests activation of the [crown chakra](/wiki/Crown_chakra "Crown chakra"), which symbolizes the [higher consciousness](/wiki/Higher_consciousness "Higher consciousness") that comes with freedom from illusion, or *[maya](/wiki/Maya_%28illusion%29 "Maya (illusion)")*. In his right hand he holds a [lingam](/wiki/Lingam "Lingam"), a stone symbol of Shiva; in his left is a [trishula](/wiki/Trishula "Trishula"), a symbolic [trident](/wiki/Trident "Trident") with numerous meanings. It represents Shiva's power over the "three worlds" ([trailokya](/wiki/Trailokya "Trailokya")), the "three times", and the "three evils". Shiva wields the trishula to destroy trailokya, replacing it with [satcitananda](/wiki/Satcitananda "Satcitananda"), the blissful experience of the [universal mind](/wiki/Universal_mind "Universal mind"). This triumph occurs in a person's own [bodymind](/wiki/Bodymind "Bodymind") through great attainment. Insofar as it pertains to the human body, the trishula refers to the brow chakra as the junction of the three main [nāḍi](/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%B8%8Di "Nāḍi") (subtle energy channels). The center prong extends higher because it represents *shushmana*, an energy channel that continues to the [crown chakra](/wiki/Crown_chakra "Crown chakra"). In the album's title, the letter *Y* in *Yeti* is actually the Greek capital letter *[psi](/wiki/Psi_%28letter%29 "Psi (letter)")* (Ψ), which resembles a trishula. The symbol on the monolithic lingam at the base of the mountain is a [tripundra](/wiki/Tripundra "Tripundra"), a mark warn on the forehead to indicate a belief that Shiva is the [Ishvara](/wiki/Ishvara "Ishvara"), or [Supreme Being](/wiki/King_of_the_gods "King of the gods"). The three horizontal lines represent the soul's three bonds: [maya](/wiki/Maya_%28illusion%29 "Maya (illusion)"), [karma](/wiki/Karma "Karma"), and [anava](/wiki/Anava "Anava"). The lines are drawn with a paste mixed from water and [vibhuti](/wiki/Vibhuti "Vibhuti") (consecrated ash from burnt cow dung), as a reminder that merging with the divine is urgent since the physical body is impermanent. The dot in the center is a [bindu](/wiki/Bindu_%28symbol%29 "Bindu (symbol)"). When placed on the forehead, it indicates the third eye. It also symbolizes the unmanifest, from which the [cosmos](/wiki/Cosmos "Cosmos") emerges, as well as the point at which the many becomes one.
[ "### Album art", "The [album cover](/wiki/Album_cover \"Album cover\") illustrates a scene from the climax of the story \"Who or What Is the 'Yeti'?\", and uses various interconnected symbols concerning [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\"), the [chakras](/wiki/Chakra \"Chakra\"), and the mind. The paintings are by [visionary artists](/wiki/Visionary_artist \"Visionary artist\") Brahma Templeman and Lahiri. The computer graphics were designed by Barnaby Gorton.", "On the album cover, a yeti hovers in the [lotus position](/wiki/Lotus_position \"Lotus position\"). Glowing emblems in front of his body represent five of the [chakra](/wiki/Chakra \"Chakra\") (centers of vital energy): The [root chakra](/wiki/Root_chakra \"Root chakra\"), the [sacral chakra](/wiki/Sacral_chakra \"Sacral chakra\"), the [solar plexus chakra](/wiki/Solar_plexus_chakra \"Solar plexus chakra\"), the [heart chakra](/wiki/Heart_chakra \"Heart chakra\"), and the [brow chakra](/wiki/Brow_chakra \"Brow chakra\") (or third eye). His multicolored hair suggests activation of the [crown chakra](/wiki/Crown_chakra \"Crown chakra\"), which symbolizes the [higher consciousness](/wiki/Higher_consciousness \"Higher consciousness\") that comes with freedom from illusion, or *[maya](/wiki/Maya_%28illusion%29 \"Maya (illusion)\")*.", "In his right hand he holds a [lingam](/wiki/Lingam \"Lingam\"), a stone symbol of Shiva; in his left is a [trishula](/wiki/Trishula \"Trishula\"), a symbolic [trident](/wiki/Trident \"Trident\") with numerous meanings. It represents Shiva's power over the \"three worlds\" ([trailokya](/wiki/Trailokya \"Trailokya\")), the \"three times\", and the \"three evils\". Shiva wields the trishula to destroy trailokya, replacing it with [satcitananda](/wiki/Satcitananda \"Satcitananda\"), the blissful experience of the [universal mind](/wiki/Universal_mind \"Universal mind\"). This triumph occurs in a person's own [bodymind](/wiki/Bodymind \"Bodymind\") through great attainment.", "Insofar as it pertains to the human body, the trishula refers to the brow chakra as the junction of the three main [nāḍi](/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%B8%8Di \"Nāḍi\") (subtle energy channels). The center prong extends higher because it represents *shushmana*, an energy channel that continues to the [crown chakra](/wiki/Crown_chakra \"Crown chakra\"). In the album's title, the letter *Y* in *Yeti* is actually the Greek capital letter *[psi](/wiki/Psi_%28letter%29 \"Psi (letter)\")* (Ψ), which resembles a trishula.", "The symbol on the monolithic lingam at the base of the mountain is a [tripundra](/wiki/Tripundra \"Tripundra\"), a mark warn on the forehead to indicate a belief that Shiva is the [Ishvara](/wiki/Ishvara \"Ishvara\"), or [Supreme Being](/wiki/King_of_the_gods \"King of the gods\"). The three horizontal lines represent the soul's three bonds: [maya](/wiki/Maya_%28illusion%29 \"Maya (illusion)\"), [karma](/wiki/Karma \"Karma\"), and [anava](/wiki/Anava \"Anava\"). The lines are drawn with a paste mixed from water and [vibhuti](/wiki/Vibhuti \"Vibhuti\") (consecrated ash from burnt cow dung), as a reminder that merging with the divine is urgent since the physical body is impermanent. The dot in the center is a [bindu](/wiki/Bindu_%28symbol%29 \"Bindu (symbol)\"). When placed on the forehead, it indicates the third eye. It also symbolizes the unmanifest, from which the [cosmos](/wiki/Cosmos \"Cosmos\") emerges, as well as the point at which the many becomes one.", "" ]
Development ----------- *Ring of Fates* was developed and published by *Final Fantasy* franchise developers [Square Enix](/wiki/Square_Enix "Square Enix"). The concept emerged following the release of the DS, with the production team feeling it was "perfect" for the *Crystal Chronicles* series, focusing on using the platform's capabilities to create a title that would be better than the original. Production of *Ring of Fates* began in the spring of 2006\. Series creator [Akitoshi Kawazu](/wiki/Akitoshi_Kawazu "Akitoshi Kawazu") acted as executive producer and executive director for the game. Mitsuru Kamiyama, the main programmer for *Crystal Chronicles*, made his debut as game director, while also acting as lead programmer. The scenario was written by Hiroyuki Saegusa, who also acted as lead designer. The game was produced by Kiyoko Maeda. Production ran parallel with another *Crystal Chronicles* title, *[The Crystal Bearers](/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Crystal_Chronicles:The_Crystal_Bearers "The Crystal Bearers")* for [Wii](/wiki/Wii "Wii"). While *The Crystal Bearers* focused on a single\-player experience, *Ring of Fates* continued the overall focus on multiplayer and party\-based gameplay. As with the original *Crystal Chronicles* for GameCube, the title both focused on multiplayer, and allow accessibility for both experienced and new players. When designing the campaigns, the team made the single\-player narrative story\-oriented, and the multiplayer narrative quest\-oriented. In the single\-player section, originally only one character was shown alongside the player character. As it was "more fun" for the protagonist to be fighting with friends, all present party members were included on screen, which needed an extensive and hurried restructure of the game programming. The game design drew from both internal and external feedback from the first game. Menu design for the touchscreen controls were tricky, as they needed to work within the potential fast pace of action gameplay. Kamiyama stated that he did not want to force players into using the stylus, so allowed them to instead use their thumbs by making the command icons a suitable size. The ability to paint the player's Moogle companion, a feature included hurriedly into the first game, was incorporated into *Ring of Fates* with touchscreen functions due to the original's positive reception. The multiplayer was limited to ad\-hoc only as the developers wanted players to be close to each other, communicating about strategy while being able to freely move their character around each area. Online multiplayer was present in an early prototype, but the option was scrapped. A single\-player narrative was one of the earliest concepts for the game. When creating the scenario, the first idea was the protagonists facing a malicious crystal. Part of the production challenge was creating two separate scripts for the single\-player and multiplayer storylines, a task made more difficult by including voice acting in the single\-playing script. Full voice acting was impossible due to limited storage capacity, but key scenes were voiced. The story focused on themes of family and fraternal love, in addition to the recurring *Final Fantasy* motif of powerful crystals being included in a lesser capacity. In an effort to break away from series traditions, the wicked Red Crystal was introduced, and the ambiguous morality of the crystals overall was referenced. The game's subtitle referred to the concept of a [wheel of fate](/wiki/Rota_Fortunae "Rota Fortunae"), acting as a key plot point. The logo's red design, uncommon within the franchise, referenced the Red Crystal's influence. The art director and lead character designer was Toshiyuki Itahana, who had worked in that capacity on the first *Crystal Chronicles*. His work on *Ring of Fates* ran parallel to his job as director for *The Crystal Bearers*. In addition, artist Yasuhisa Izumisawa designed a large number of weapons and armour sets for the characters. While he was unable to include much emotion or personality in his designs for the first *Crystal Chronicles* due to its gameplay style, Itahana was able to draw characters such as Yuri with far more expression and movement. His design for the antagonist Cu Chaspel, his favourite for the game, was inspired by a wooden mask brought back by a co\-worker from holiday. The more cartoon\-like style was partially born from the DS's hardware limitations, with the team creating large\-headed chibi\-style characters who could emote to players on the small screen. The 3D graphic design drew partial inspiration from the DS remake of *[Final Fantasy III](/wiki/Final_Fantasy_III "Final Fantasy III")*. The cutscene design was approached in the same way as a home console release despite the portable platform. Creating the character models was a "constant struggle" with the hardware limitations and necessity for low resolution textures. The CGI opening was created by Image Corporation. ### Music {{Main\|Music of the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles series}} The music was composed by [Kumi Tanioka](/wiki/Kumi_Tanioka "Kumi Tanioka"), who had worked as composer for the first *Crystal Chronicles*. As with her work on the original *Crystal Chronicles*, Tanioka used period instruments for the score. Production of the music began once the design and narrative were settled on, allowing Tanioka to read through the materials for inspiration and guidance. When composing the score, she kept in mind the narrative focus of the single\-player campaign, together with its sombre tone. Writing the score took approximately a year. The score was created through much trial and error, with Tanioka becoming emotionally invested in the world and characters through her music. The soundtrack was arranged by Tanioka and Yasuhiro Yamanaka. Tanioka attributed Yamanaka with helping get the variety of sounds they achieved on the DS's limited sound hardware. While sharing a musical style with the first game, Tanioka aimed to create a distinct musical identity. While she created a theme for the Great Crystal, she did not reuse the series's recurring crystal\-themed music, instead writing an original piece that had the older music "hidden" within it. There were several times during production where she had to redo a piece because the production team wanted something different for a particular scene. One track arranged the original *Final Fantasy* victory theme composed by [Nobuo Uematsu](/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsu "Nobuo Uematsu"). The game made use of a licensed theme song for the ending credits. The song, "Hoshi no Nai Sekai",{{efn\|{{nihongo\|"A World with No Stars"\|星のない世界\|}}}} was written and performed by Japanese singer [Aiko](/wiki/Aiko_%28Japanese_singer%29 "Aiko (Japanese singer)") based on the themes and world of *Ring of Fates*. An official soundtrack album was released on September 17, 2007\. The album featured a cover illustration by Itahana. A book of piano sheet music arrangements was published in January 2008\. "Hoshi no Nai Sekai" was released as a single under the [Pony Canyon](/wiki/Pony_Canyon "Pony Canyon") label on August 22, 2007\.
[ "Development\n-----------", "*Ring of Fates* was developed and published by *Final Fantasy* franchise developers [Square Enix](/wiki/Square_Enix \"Square Enix\"). The concept emerged following the release of the DS, with the production team feeling it was \"perfect\" for the *Crystal Chronicles* series, focusing on using the platform's capabilities to create a title that would be better than the original. Production of *Ring of Fates* began in the spring of 2006\\. Series creator [Akitoshi Kawazu](/wiki/Akitoshi_Kawazu \"Akitoshi Kawazu\") acted as executive producer and executive director for the game. Mitsuru Kamiyama, the main programmer for *Crystal Chronicles*, made his debut as game director, while also acting as lead programmer. The scenario was written by Hiroyuki Saegusa, who also acted as lead designer. The game was produced by Kiyoko Maeda. Production ran parallel with another *Crystal Chronicles* title, *[The Crystal Bearers](/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Crystal_Chronicles:The_Crystal_Bearers \"The Crystal Bearers\")* for [Wii](/wiki/Wii \"Wii\"). While *The Crystal Bearers* focused on a single\\-player experience, *Ring of Fates* continued the overall focus on multiplayer and party\\-based gameplay.", "As with the original *Crystal Chronicles* for GameCube, the title both focused on multiplayer, and allow accessibility for both experienced and new players. When designing the campaigns, the team made the single\\-player narrative story\\-oriented, and the multiplayer narrative quest\\-oriented. In the single\\-player section, originally only one character was shown alongside the player character. As it was \"more fun\" for the protagonist to be fighting with friends, all present party members were included on screen, which needed an extensive and hurried restructure of the game programming. The game design drew from both internal and external feedback from the first game. Menu design for the touchscreen controls were tricky, as they needed to work within the potential fast pace of action gameplay. Kamiyama stated that he did not want to force players into using the stylus, so allowed them to instead use their thumbs by making the command icons a suitable size. The ability to paint the player's Moogle companion, a feature included hurriedly into the first game, was incorporated into *Ring of Fates* with touchscreen functions due to the original's positive reception. The multiplayer was limited to ad\\-hoc only as the developers wanted players to be close to each other, communicating about strategy while being able to freely move their character around each area. Online multiplayer was present in an early prototype, but the option was scrapped.", "A single\\-player narrative was one of the earliest concepts for the game. When creating the scenario, the first idea was the protagonists facing a malicious crystal. Part of the production challenge was creating two separate scripts for the single\\-player and multiplayer storylines, a task made more difficult by including voice acting in the single\\-playing script. Full voice acting was impossible due to limited storage capacity, but key scenes were voiced. The story focused on themes of family and fraternal love, in addition to the recurring *Final Fantasy* motif of powerful crystals being included in a lesser capacity. In an effort to break away from series traditions, the wicked Red Crystal was introduced, and the ambiguous morality of the crystals overall was referenced. The game's subtitle referred to the concept of a [wheel of fate](/wiki/Rota_Fortunae \"Rota Fortunae\"), acting as a key plot point. The logo's red design, uncommon within the franchise, referenced the Red Crystal's influence.", "The art director and lead character designer was Toshiyuki Itahana, who had worked in that capacity on the first *Crystal Chronicles*. His work on *Ring of Fates* ran parallel to his job as director for *The Crystal Bearers*. In addition, artist Yasuhisa Izumisawa designed a large number of weapons and armour sets for the characters. While he was unable to include much emotion or personality in his designs for the first *Crystal Chronicles* due to its gameplay style, Itahana was able to draw characters such as Yuri with far more expression and movement. His design for the antagonist Cu Chaspel, his favourite for the game, was inspired by a wooden mask brought back by a co\\-worker from holiday. The more cartoon\\-like style was partially born from the DS's hardware limitations, with the team creating large\\-headed chibi\\-style characters who could emote to players on the small screen. The 3D graphic design drew partial inspiration from the DS remake of *[Final Fantasy III](/wiki/Final_Fantasy_III \"Final Fantasy III\")*. The cutscene design was approached in the same way as a home console release despite the portable platform. Creating the character models was a \"constant struggle\" with the hardware limitations and necessity for low resolution textures. The CGI opening was created by Image Corporation.", "### Music", "{{Main\\|Music of the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles series}}\nThe music was composed by [Kumi Tanioka](/wiki/Kumi_Tanioka \"Kumi Tanioka\"), who had worked as composer for the first *Crystal Chronicles*. As with her work on the original *Crystal Chronicles*, Tanioka used period instruments for the score. Production of the music began once the design and narrative were settled on, allowing Tanioka to read through the materials for inspiration and guidance. When composing the score, she kept in mind the narrative focus of the single\\-player campaign, together with its sombre tone. Writing the score took approximately a year. The score was created through much trial and error, with Tanioka becoming emotionally invested in the world and characters through her music.", "The soundtrack was arranged by Tanioka and Yasuhiro Yamanaka. Tanioka attributed Yamanaka with helping get the variety of sounds they achieved on the DS's limited sound hardware. While sharing a musical style with the first game, Tanioka aimed to create a distinct musical identity. While she created a theme for the Great Crystal, she did not reuse the series's recurring crystal\\-themed music, instead writing an original piece that had the older music \"hidden\" within it. There were several times during production where she had to redo a piece because the production team wanted something different for a particular scene. One track arranged the original *Final Fantasy* victory theme composed by [Nobuo Uematsu](/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsu \"Nobuo Uematsu\").", "The game made use of a licensed theme song for the ending credits. The song, \"Hoshi no Nai Sekai\",{{efn\\|{{nihongo\\|\"A World with No Stars\"\\|星のない世界\\|}}}} was written and performed by Japanese singer [Aiko](/wiki/Aiko_%28Japanese_singer%29 \"Aiko (Japanese singer)\") based on the themes and world of *Ring of Fates*. An official soundtrack album was released on September 17, 2007\\. The album featured a cover illustration by Itahana. A book of piano sheet music arrangements was published in January 2008\\. \"Hoshi no Nai Sekai\" was released as a single under the [Pony Canyon](/wiki/Pony_Canyon \"Pony Canyon\") label on August 22, 2007\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### World War II [thumb\|left\|424th Bombardment Squadron B\-24, "Frenisi" at Wakde AirfieldAircraft is Consolidated B\-24D\-50\-CO, serial 42\-40323\. This plane flew 104 combat missions in the Pacific. Photo taken 8 September 1944\.](/wiki/File:424th_Bombardment_Squadron_-_B-24_Liberator.jpg "424th Bombardment Squadron - B-24 Liberator.jpg") Activated on 15 April 1942\. Trained and flew patrols off the West Coast, first in [Boeing B\-17 Flying Fortresses](/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress "Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress") and later in [Consolidated B\-24 Liberators](/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator "Consolidated B-24 Liberator"). Moved to Hawaii, October–November 1942, and assigned to [Seventh Air Force](/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force "Seventh Air Force"). Trained and flew patrol and search missions. Attacked [Wake Island](/wiki/Wake_Island "Wake Island"), December 1942 – January 1943, by staging through [Midway Island](/wiki/Midway_Island "Midway Island"). Moved to [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal "Guadalcanal") in February 1943 and assigned to [Thirteenth Air Force](/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force "Thirteenth Air Force"). Served in combat, primarily in the South and Southwest Pacific, until the war ended. Attacked Japanese airfields, installations, and shipping in the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands "Solomon Islands") and [Bismarck Islands](/wiki/Bismarck_Islands "Bismarck Islands"). Helped to neutralize enemy bases on [Yap](/wiki/Yap "Yap") and in the [Truk](/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon "Chuuk Lagoon") and [Palau Islands](/wiki/Palau_Islands "Palau Islands"). Received a [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation "Distinguished Unit Citation") for an unescorted, daylight attack on heavily defended airfields in the Truk Islands on 29 March 1944\. Supported operations in the Philippines by striking Japanese shipping in the southern Philippines and by bombing airfields on [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte "Leyte"), [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon"), [Negros](/wiki/Negros_%28island%29 "Negros (island)"), [Ceram](/wiki/Seram_Island "Seram Island"), and [Halmahera](/wiki/Halmahera "Halmahera"). Also took part in Allied air operations against the Netherlands East Indies by hitting airfields, shipping, and installations. Received a [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation "Distinguished Unit Citation") for an unescorted mission against vital oil refineries at [Balikpapan](/wiki/Balikpapan "Balikpapan"), Borneo, on 3 October 1944\. Supported Australian forces on Borneo and bombed targets in French Indochina during the last three months of the war. Two Presidential Unit Citations were awarded to the Group during World War II, one for action in the bombing of the Island of Truk, the most heavily defended and strongly fortified Japanese base in the Pacific. During withdrawal. gunners of the Group destroyed 31 of the 75 attacking aircraft, probably destroyed 12 more and damaged 10 in an air battle that lasted 43 minutes. This daring raid, made on 29 March 1944, neutralized the Japanese airfields, making possible long range flights without fighter protection, The other Presidential Unit Citation was awarded for the successful strike at the Baltkapapan Oil Refineries in [Borneo](/wiki/Borneo "Borneo") on 30 September 1944\. The 307th had to fly their B\-24 Liberator bombers 17 1/2 hours for a round trip of 2,610 miles, the longest mass daylight mission ever flown by this type aircraft. Flew patrol missions along the Asiatic mainland and ferried liberated prisoners from [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island") to [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") after [V\-J Day](/wiki/V-J_Day "V-J Day"). Returned to the US, December 1945 – January 1946\. Inactivated on 18 January 1946\. ### Strategic Air Command {{Main\|307th Bomb Wing}} [thumb\|left\|307th B\-29 during the [Berlin Airlift](/wiki/Berlin_Airlift "Berlin Airlift")Aircraft is Boeing B\-29A\-75\-BN Superfortress, serial 44\-62328 at RAF Lakenheath in 1948\.](/wiki/File:307th_Bombardment_Group_Boeing_B-29A-75-BN_Superfortress_44-62328_1948.jpg "307th Bombardment Group Boeing B-29A-75-BN Superfortress 44-62328 1948.jpg") [thumb\|A 307th Bomb Group B\-29 bombing a target in Korea, c. 1951\.](/wiki/File:B-29_307th_BG_bombing_target_in_Korea_c1951.jpg "B-29 307th BG bombing target in Korea c1951.jpg") Redesignated 307th Bombardment Group (Very Heavy). Activated on 4 August 1946 from the personnel and equipment of the [498th Bombardment Group](/wiki/498th_Bombardment_Group "498th Bombardment Group"). Assigned to [Strategic Air Command](/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command "Strategic Air Command") at [MacDill Air Force Base](/wiki/MacDill_Air_Force_Base "MacDill Air Force Base"), Florida. Equipped with [Boeing B\-29 Superfortresses](/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress "Boeing B-29 Superfortress"). Trained and developed antisubmarine tactics. Redesignated 307th Bombardment Group, Medium in May 1948\. It deployed from MacDill on 1 August 1950 to [Kadena Air Base](/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base "Kadena Air Base") on Okinawa for combat during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). The 307th was the third [Strategic Air Command](/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command "Strategic Air Command") B\-29 Superfortress group deployed, and was attached to [Far East Air Forces](/wiki/Far_East_Air_Forces "Far East Air Forces"). Attacked strategic objectives in North Korea, August–September 1950\. After that, struck interdictory targets, including communications and supply centers, and supported UN ground forces by hitting gun emplacements and troop concentrations. During its combat deployment, the group had flown over 5800 sorties. Twenty\-two planes were reported lost. Became non\-operational when parent wing adopted Dual Deputate organization, 10 February 1951 and all assigned squadrons were attached directly to the wing. Inactivated 16 June 1952 Reactivated in 1977 as a [Boeing KC\-135 Stratotanker](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker") air refueling group at [Travis Air Force Base](/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base "Travis Air Force Base"), California. Inactivated in 1983 due to a SAC reorganization.
[ "History\n-------", "### World War II", "[thumb\\|left\\|424th Bombardment Squadron B\\-24, \"Frenisi\" at Wakde AirfieldAircraft is Consolidated B\\-24D\\-50\\-CO, serial 42\\-40323\\. This plane flew 104 combat missions in the Pacific. Photo taken 8 September 1944\\.](/wiki/File:424th_Bombardment_Squadron_-_B-24_Liberator.jpg \"424th Bombardment Squadron - B-24 Liberator.jpg\")\nActivated on 15 April 1942\\. Trained and flew patrols off the West Coast, first in [Boeing B\\-17 Flying Fortresses](/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress \"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress\") and later in [Consolidated B\\-24 Liberators](/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator \"Consolidated B-24 Liberator\"). Moved to Hawaii, October–November 1942, and assigned to [Seventh Air Force](/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force \"Seventh Air Force\"). Trained and flew patrol and search missions. Attacked [Wake Island](/wiki/Wake_Island \"Wake Island\"), December 1942 – January 1943, by staging through [Midway Island](/wiki/Midway_Island \"Midway Island\").", "Moved to [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal \"Guadalcanal\") in February 1943 and assigned to [Thirteenth Air Force](/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force \"Thirteenth Air Force\"). Served in combat, primarily in the South and Southwest Pacific, until the war ended. Attacked Japanese airfields, installations, and shipping in the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands \"Solomon Islands\") and [Bismarck Islands](/wiki/Bismarck_Islands \"Bismarck Islands\"). Helped to neutralize enemy bases on [Yap](/wiki/Yap \"Yap\") and in the [Truk](/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon \"Chuuk Lagoon\") and [Palau Islands](/wiki/Palau_Islands \"Palau Islands\"). Received a [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation \"Distinguished Unit Citation\") for an unescorted, daylight attack on heavily defended airfields in the Truk Islands on 29 March 1944\\. Supported operations in the Philippines by striking Japanese shipping in the southern Philippines and by bombing airfields on [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte \"Leyte\"), [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\"), [Negros](/wiki/Negros_%28island%29 \"Negros (island)\"), [Ceram](/wiki/Seram_Island \"Seram Island\"), and [Halmahera](/wiki/Halmahera \"Halmahera\"). Also took part in Allied air operations against the Netherlands East Indies by hitting airfields, shipping, and installations.", "Received a [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation \"Distinguished Unit Citation\") for an unescorted mission against vital oil refineries at [Balikpapan](/wiki/Balikpapan \"Balikpapan\"), Borneo, on 3 October 1944\\. Supported Australian forces on Borneo and bombed targets in French Indochina during the last three months of the war.", "Two Presidential Unit Citations were awarded to the Group during World War II, one for action in the bombing of the Island of Truk, the most heavily defended and strongly fortified Japanese base in the Pacific. During withdrawal. gunners of the Group destroyed 31 of the 75 attacking aircraft, probably destroyed 12 more and damaged 10 in an air battle that lasted 43 minutes. This daring raid, made on 29 March 1944, neutralized the Japanese airfields, making possible long range flights without fighter protection, The other Presidential Unit Citation was awarded for the successful strike at the Baltkapapan Oil Refineries in [Borneo](/wiki/Borneo \"Borneo\") on 30 September 1944\\. The 307th had to fly their B\\-24 Liberator bombers 17 1/2 hours for a round trip of 2,610 miles, the longest mass daylight mission ever flown by this type aircraft.", "Flew patrol missions along the Asiatic mainland and ferried liberated prisoners from [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\") to [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") after [V\\-J Day](/wiki/V-J_Day \"V-J Day\"). Returned to the US, December 1945 – January 1946\\. Inactivated on 18 January 1946\\.", "### Strategic Air Command", "{{Main\\|307th Bomb Wing}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|307th B\\-29 during the [Berlin Airlift](/wiki/Berlin_Airlift \"Berlin Airlift\")Aircraft is Boeing B\\-29A\\-75\\-BN Superfortress, serial 44\\-62328 at RAF Lakenheath in 1948\\.](/wiki/File:307th_Bombardment_Group_Boeing_B-29A-75-BN_Superfortress_44-62328_1948.jpg \"307th Bombardment Group Boeing B-29A-75-BN Superfortress 44-62328 1948.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A 307th Bomb Group B\\-29 bombing a target in Korea, c. 1951\\.](/wiki/File:B-29_307th_BG_bombing_target_in_Korea_c1951.jpg \"B-29 307th BG bombing target in Korea c1951.jpg\")\nRedesignated 307th Bombardment Group (Very Heavy). Activated on 4 August 1946 from the personnel and equipment of the [498th Bombardment Group](/wiki/498th_Bombardment_Group \"498th Bombardment Group\"). Assigned to [Strategic Air Command](/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command \"Strategic Air Command\") at [MacDill Air Force Base](/wiki/MacDill_Air_Force_Base \"MacDill Air Force Base\"), Florida. Equipped with [Boeing B\\-29 Superfortresses](/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress \"Boeing B-29 Superfortress\"). Trained and developed antisubmarine tactics. Redesignated 307th Bombardment Group, Medium in May 1948\\.", "It deployed from MacDill on 1 August 1950 to [Kadena Air Base](/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base \"Kadena Air Base\") on Okinawa for combat during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"). The 307th was the third [Strategic Air Command](/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command \"Strategic Air Command\") B\\-29 Superfortress group deployed, and was attached to [Far East Air Forces](/wiki/Far_East_Air_Forces \"Far East Air Forces\"). Attacked strategic objectives in North Korea, August–September 1950\\. After that, struck interdictory targets, including communications and supply centers, and supported UN ground forces by hitting gun emplacements and troop concentrations. During its combat deployment, the group had flown over 5800 sorties. Twenty\\-two planes were reported lost.", "Became non\\-operational when parent wing adopted Dual Deputate organization, 10 February 1951 and all assigned squadrons were attached directly to the wing. Inactivated 16 June 1952", "Reactivated in 1977 as a [Boeing KC\\-135 Stratotanker](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker \"Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker\") air refueling group at [Travis Air Force Base](/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base \"Travis Air Force Base\"), California. Inactivated in 1983 due to a SAC reorganization.", "" ]
Mishnah ------- Mishnah Sukkah contains five chapters. Chapter one begins with a discussion in the first mishnah of the maximum and minimum height of a Sukkah, the required number of walls to make it [kosher](/wiki/Kosher "Kosher"), and the amount of shade required in relation to sunlight. Other mishnayot (mishnayot 2\-11\) in chapter one discusses the time when the sukkah should appropriately be made for the holiday and the intentionality in building the sukkah, and the materials that may be used for the [s'chach](/wiki/S%27chach "S'chach"), or shade covering on the roof of the sukkah. Chapter two discusses the obligation to reside in the sukkah and how one fulfills this obligation and who is exempt from the obligation. Included in the discussion of the mishnah are such subjects as sleeping in the sukkah(mishna 1\), eating in the sukkah, and the extent to which inclement weather affects the mitzvah of residing in a sukkah. The mishna (5\-7\) notes that women, children, and slaves are exempt from the mitzvah of residing in the sukkah. Chapter three begins with a discussion of the [lulav](/wiki/Lulav "Lulav") or closed frond of the date palm tree. Mishnayot 1\-3 of chapter three discuss the minimum requirements for the myrtle branch and the willow to fulfill the mitzvah of lulav. This is followed by a discussion of the laws of the kosher [etrog](/wiki/Etrog "Etrog"), the laws of binding the lulav, and the prayers that were said in the Temple in the ceremonies surrounding the lulav on Sukkot. Chapter four begins with the first mishnah on the number of days on which the rituals of sukkot were to be performed; i.e.,whether the mitzvah of lulav and/ or [aravah](/wiki/Aravah_%28Sukkot%29 "Aravah (Sukkot)") should be performed also on the Sabbath day during the seven day holiday of Sukkot. The mishnah proceeds to discuss the manner in which the lulav mitzvah was performed in the Temple and then similarly discusses the aravah ceremony. [right\|thumb\|250px\|The two *aravot* branches of the [Four Species](/wiki/Four_Species "Four Species") (rear), along with the [lulav](/wiki/Lulav "Lulav") (center) and [hadassim](/wiki/Hadass "Hadass") branches (fore).](/wiki/Image:Aravos.JPG "Aravos.JPG") The fourth chapter concludes with a discussion of the water libation ceremony. Chapter five continues to describe the water libation ceremony in the first mishna and discusses the prohibition to play the flute on the Sabbath and on the Yom Tov or festival day. The second mishnah of the fifth chapter emphasizes the great joy of the water libation ceremony. The subsequent mishnayot deal with the shofar blasts and then the sacrifices in the Temple on Sukkot.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14102\-sukkah\|title\=SUKKAH \- JewishEncyclopedia.com\|website\=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}} Included in its scope are the topics of: * The [Sukkah](/wiki/Sukkah "Sukkah"), or hut, which is lived in during [Sukkot](/wiki/Sukkot "Sukkot") * Laws concerning each of the [four species](/wiki/Four_Species "Four Species") of vegetation which are waved during prayers over the holiday * [The Celebration of the Water\-Drawing](/wiki/Simchat_Beit_HaShoeivah "Simchat Beit HaShoeivah") ({{lang\-he\|שמחת בית השואבה}}, {{lang\|he\-Latn\|Simhat Beit Ha\-Sho'evah}}) which took place at the [Temple in Jerusalem](/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem "Temple in Jerusalem") on the nights of Sukkot.
[ "Mishnah\n-------", "Mishnah Sukkah contains five chapters.", "Chapter one begins with a discussion in the first mishnah of the maximum and minimum height of a Sukkah, the required number of walls to make it [kosher](/wiki/Kosher \"Kosher\"), and the amount of shade required in relation to sunlight. Other mishnayot (mishnayot 2\\-11\\) in chapter one discusses the time when the sukkah should appropriately be made for the holiday and the intentionality in building the sukkah, and the materials that may be used for the [s'chach](/wiki/S%27chach \"S'chach\"), or shade covering on the roof of the sukkah.", "Chapter two discusses the obligation to reside in the sukkah and how one fulfills this obligation and who is exempt from the obligation. Included in the discussion of the mishnah are such subjects as sleeping in the sukkah(mishna 1\\), eating in the sukkah, and the extent to which inclement weather affects the mitzvah of residing in a sukkah. The mishna (5\\-7\\) notes that women, children, and slaves are exempt from the mitzvah of residing in the sukkah.", "Chapter three begins with a discussion of the [lulav](/wiki/Lulav \"Lulav\") or closed frond of the date palm tree. Mishnayot 1\\-3 of chapter three discuss the minimum requirements for the myrtle branch and the willow to fulfill the mitzvah of lulav. This is followed by a discussion of the laws of the kosher [etrog](/wiki/Etrog \"Etrog\"), the laws of binding the lulav, and the prayers that were said in the Temple in the ceremonies surrounding the lulav on Sukkot.", "Chapter four begins with the first mishnah on the number of days on which the rituals of sukkot were to be performed; i.e.,whether the mitzvah of lulav and/ or [aravah](/wiki/Aravah_%28Sukkot%29 \"Aravah (Sukkot)\") should be performed also on the Sabbath day during the seven day holiday of Sukkot. The mishnah proceeds to discuss the manner in which the lulav mitzvah was performed in the Temple and then similarly discusses the aravah ceremony. [right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|The two *aravot* branches of the [Four Species](/wiki/Four_Species \"Four Species\") (rear), along with the [lulav](/wiki/Lulav \"Lulav\") (center) and [hadassim](/wiki/Hadass \"Hadass\") branches (fore).](/wiki/Image:Aravos.JPG \"Aravos.JPG\") The fourth chapter concludes with a discussion of the water libation ceremony.", "Chapter five continues to describe the water libation ceremony in the first mishna and discusses the prohibition to play the flute on the Sabbath and on the Yom Tov or festival day. The second mishnah of the fifth chapter emphasizes the great joy of the water libation ceremony. The subsequent mishnayot deal with the shofar blasts and then the sacrifices in the Temple on Sukkot.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14102\\-sukkah\\|title\\=SUKKAH \\- JewishEncyclopedia.com\\|website\\=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}", "Included in its scope are the topics of:\n* The [Sukkah](/wiki/Sukkah \"Sukkah\"), or hut, which is lived in during [Sukkot](/wiki/Sukkot \"Sukkot\")\n* Laws concerning each of the [four species](/wiki/Four_Species \"Four Species\") of vegetation which are waved during prayers over the holiday\n* [The Celebration of the Water\\-Drawing](/wiki/Simchat_Beit_HaShoeivah \"Simchat Beit HaShoeivah\") ({{lang\\-he\\|שמחת בית השואבה}}, {{lang\\|he\\-Latn\\|Simhat Beit Ha\\-Sho'evah}}) which took place at the [Temple in Jerusalem](/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem \"Temple in Jerusalem\") on the nights of Sukkot.", "" ]
Life and work ------------- He was the son of Friedrich Wolters, a businessman, and received his primary education in [Rheydt](/wiki/Rheydt "Rheydt") and graduated from a [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 "Gymnasium (school)") in Munich. In 1891, he began studying history, linguistics and philosophy at the [University of Freiburg](/wiki/University_of_Freiburg "University of Freiburg") but, after one semester, returned to Munich. From 1899, he studied history and economics at [Friedrich Wilhelm University](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin "Humboldt University of Berlin") in Berlin, with {{ill\|Kurt Breysig\|de}} and [Gustav von Schmoller](/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller "Gustav von Schmoller"). In 1900, he spent some time in Paris, attending lectures at the [Sorbonne](/wiki/University_of_Paris "University of Paris").Fritz Wolters, *Studien über Agrarzustände und Agrarprobleme in Frankreich 1700–1790*, Duncker \& Humblot, Berlin 1905 He received his Doctorate in 1903\. Two years later, he published an expanded version of his dissertation. From 1907 to 1908, he served as one of the private instructors to [Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia](/wiki/Prince_August_Wilhelm_of_Prussia "Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia"), who was struggling to complete his Doctorate. It is believed that Wolters wrote the Prince's dissertation himself. It was accepted "[summa cum laude](/wiki/Summa_cum_laude "Summa cum laude")". Wolters received a few hundred [Reichsmarks](/wiki/Reichsmark "Reichsmark") and was awarded the [Order of the Crown](/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_%28Prussia%29 "Order of the Crown (Prussia)"), 4th class.[Lothar Machtan](/wiki/Lothar_Machtan "Lothar Machtan"), *[Einen Doktor für den Prinzen](http://www.zeit.de/2009/44/C-Kaisers-Doktor?page=1)*, in: *[Die Zeit](/wiki/Die_Zeit "Die Zeit")*, \#44, 2009 After that, he earned his living as a teacher; primarily at girls' schools. In 1909, after many years of trying to meet the poet [Stefan George](/wiki/Stefan_George "Stefan George"), whom he greatly admired, he finally attracted his attention with a pamphlet called *Herrschaft und Dienst* (Leadership and Service). Excerpts were published in George's magazine, *{{ill\|Blätter für die Kunst\|de}}*. Wolters description of an ideal ruler and his society was specifically designed to flatter George.Friedrich Wolters, *Herrschaft und Dienst*, Verlag der Blätter für die Kunst, Berlin 1909, In: Georg Peter Landmann (Ed.), *Der George\-Kreis. Eine Auswahl aus seinen Schriften*, Klett\-Cotta, Stuttgart 1980, pp.82–86 Shortly after, they spent a few weeks together in Berlin. The following year, he was accepted into George's inner circle, as someone who could broaden his image among German youth. [thumb\|left\|165px\|Stefan George in 1910](/wiki/File:Stefan_George_1910_Foto_Jacob_Hilsdorf_bw.jpeg "Stefan George 1910 Foto Jacob Hilsdorf bw.jpeg") For this purpose, he published a new journal, the *{{ill\|Jahrbuch für die geistige Bewegung\|de}}* (Yearbook for the Spiritual Movement), edited by [Friedrich Gundolf](/wiki/Friedrich_Gundolf "Friedrich Gundolf"). It included several major contributions by Wolters. For the first volume, he proposed dividing the human mind into "creative" and "ordering" forces, which are in opposition.0Friedrich Wolters, "Richtlinien", in: *Jahrbuch für die geistige Bewegung*, Vol.1, Berlin 1910, pp.128–145 In the next volume, he expanded on the concept of "[gestalt](/wiki/Principles_of_grouping "Principles of grouping")" and its relationship to [holism](/wiki/Holism "Holism").Friedrich Wolters, "Gestalt", in: *Jahrbuch für die geistige Bewegung*, Vol.2, Berlin 1911, pp.137–158 In volume three, he extended his concepts to their external state, calling upon youth to take responsibility for the renewal of society. His proposals rejected the idea of equality, in favor of a natural hierarchy, under the benevolent control of a charismatic leader.Friedrich Wolters, "Mensch und Gattung", in: *Jahrbuch für die geistige Bewegung*, Vol.3, Berlin 1912, pp.138–154 Wolters commitment to George was unconditional, and he would beg permission from "The Master" before undertaking any action, however simple. His reverence reached the point where other members of the Circle referred to him as "St. Paul", and friends from his earlier days were appalled by what they considered to be a "hideous transformation".Edgar Salin, *Um Stefan George. Erinnerung und Zeugnis*, 2nd ed., 1954, pg.105, and "Paulinische von Wolters", in: Robert Boehringer, *Mein Bild von Stefan George. Textband*, 1967, pg.140 Although George greatly appreciated Wolter's contributions to his movement, these strong feelings were not returned. In fact, many of George's followers were uncomfortable with this degree of adoration, so Wolters essentially ended by creating his own "Circle".Rudolf Fahrner, "Rudolf Fahrner über Wolters", in: [Robert Boehringer](/wiki/Robert_Boehringer "Robert Boehringer"), *Mein Bild von Stefan George*, 1967, pp.252–254 In 1914, after a year of studying, he passed the [habilitation](/wiki/Habilitation "Habilitation") exam and became a private lecturer at the University. Shortly after, [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") broke out. He served as a driver and courier in several places, on both fronts, but never saw combat, although he did witness some events of the [Serbian campaign](/wiki/Serbian_campaign "Serbian campaign"). In his letters, he glorified the conflict and spoke of the spiritual feelings aroused by the [war of attrition](/wiki/War_of_attrition "War of attrition").Michael Philipp (Ed.): *Stefan George, Friedrich Wolters: Briefwechsel 1904–1930*, Castrum Peregrini Presse, Amsterdam 1998, {{ISBN\|978\-90\-603\-4101\-8}} In 1915, while on leave, he married Erika Schwartzkopff, who he had met at the home of his former instructor, Breysig; also a member of the Circle. ### Professor of History [thumb\|250px\|A rally against the French occupation of the [Ruhr Valley](/wiki/Ruhr_Valley "Ruhr Valley") ("The Black Disgrace")](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00022%2C_Berlin%2C_Kundgebung_gegen_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00022, Berlin, Kundgebung gegen Ruhrbesetzung.jpg") In 1920, he was appointed Professor of History at the [University of Marburg](/wiki/University_of_Marburg "University of Marburg"), where he sought talented young men to join the Circle; making a significant impression on many. Some admired him, but rejected George. His students included [Hans\-Georg Gadamer](/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer "Hans-Georg Gadamer"), [Herman Schmalenbach](/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach "Herman Schmalenbach"), [Roland Hampe](/wiki/Roland_Hampe "Roland Hampe") and [Adolf Reichwein](/wiki/Adolf_Reichwein "Adolf Reichwein"). George stayed with Wolters for several weeks every year. In 1924, he received another professorship, at the [University of Kiel](/wiki/University_of_Kiel "University of Kiel"). He owed that appointment to [Carl Heinrich Becker](/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Becker "Carl Heinrich Becker"), State Secretary at the Ministry of Education, who used his influence to promote members of the Circle. Once again, George was a regular visitor. His wife, Erika, died in 1925\. By this time, he had virtually abandoned history for nationalist propaganda. He also became involved in issues of [racial purity](/wiki/Racial_purity "Racial purity"), and was a major contributor to encouraging belief in what was called "[Die schwarze Schmach](/wiki/Black_Horror_on_the_Rhine "Black Horror on the Rhine")" (The Black Disgrace).Friedrich Wolters, *Vier Reden über das Vaterland*, Breslau 1927, pp.99–170 His position was somewhere between the [German National People's Party](/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party "German National People's Party") (DNVP) and the [German People's Party](/wiki/German_People%27s_Party "German People's Party") (DVP). He once took part in a [völkisch](/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch "Völkisch") memorial service for the right\-wing martyr, [Albert Leo Schlageter](/wiki/Albert_Leo_Schlageter "Albert Leo Schlageter"). George, who disliked common politics, became increasingly skeptical of Wolters' ideas and motives.Georg Peter Landmann, "Anmerkungen eines Augenzeugen", in: Hans\-Joachim Zimmermann (Ed.), *Die Wirkung Stefan Georges auf die Wissenschaft. Ein Symposium*, Carl Winter University, Heidelberg 1985, pg. 95\. In 1927 he remarried, to Gemma Thiersch (1907\-1994\), daughter of the architect [Paul Thiersch](/wiki/Paul_Thiersch "Paul Thiersch"). Two years later, he published what he considered to be his "[magnum opus](/wiki/Magnum_opus "Magnum opus")": *Stefan George und die Blätter für die Kunst. Deutsche Geistesgeschichte seit 1890* (Stefan George and the Leaves of Art: German intellectual history since 1890\). The critical reception was mixed. Even Friedrich Gundolf, one of George's early followers, thought it was a " hopelessly bad, thoroughly mendacious book". There were also [anti\-Semitic](/wiki/Anti-Semitic "Anti-Semitic") undertones that led Jewish members of the Circle, such as [Karl Wolfskehl](/wiki/Karl_Wolfskehl "Karl Wolfskehl"), to express their resentment.Gert Mattenklott, Michael Philipp, Julius H. Schoeps (Eds.), *„Verkannte brüder“? Stefan George und das deutsch\-jüdische Bürgertum zwischen Jahrhundertwende und Emigration*, Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York 2001, pp.31–53 {{ISBN\|978\-3\-487\-11468\-2}} He had suffered from heart problems since being hospitalized for severe [rheumatism](/wiki/Rheumatism "Rheumatism") in 1917, during the war. While visiting Munich in 1930, he became ill and was diagnosed with an [arterial thrombosis](/wiki/Arterial_thrombosis "Arterial thrombosis"). After showing some improvement, he died suddenly, a month later, and was interred at the [Waldfriedhof](/wiki/Waldfriedhof_%28Munich%29 "Waldfriedhof (Munich)"). His friends, {{ill\|Julius Landmann\|de}} and {{ill\|Carl Petersen (historian)\|de\|Carl Petersen (Historiker)\|lt\=Carl Petersen}} created the Friedrich Wolters Foundation; supported with funds from the University of Kiel. After Landmann's death, the Foundation became associated with the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") and his widow, {{ill\|Edith Landmann\|de\|lt\=Edith}}, called for its dissolution. It continued to operate until 1937, when its funding was withdrawn.
[ "Life and work\n-------------", "He was the son of Friedrich Wolters, a businessman, and received his primary education in [Rheydt](/wiki/Rheydt \"Rheydt\") and graduated from a [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 \"Gymnasium (school)\") in Munich. In 1891, he began studying history, linguistics and philosophy at the [University of Freiburg](/wiki/University_of_Freiburg \"University of Freiburg\") but, after one semester, returned to Munich. From 1899, he studied history and economics at [Friedrich Wilhelm University](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin \"Humboldt University of Berlin\") in Berlin, with {{ill\\|Kurt Breysig\\|de}} and [Gustav von Schmoller](/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller \"Gustav von Schmoller\"). In 1900, he spent some time in Paris, attending lectures at the [Sorbonne](/wiki/University_of_Paris \"University of Paris\").Fritz Wolters, *Studien über Agrarzustände und Agrarprobleme in Frankreich 1700–1790*, Duncker \\& Humblot, Berlin 1905 He received his Doctorate in 1903\\. Two years later, he published an expanded version of his dissertation.", "From 1907 to 1908, he served as one of the private instructors to [Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia](/wiki/Prince_August_Wilhelm_of_Prussia \"Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia\"), who was struggling to complete his Doctorate. It is believed that Wolters wrote the Prince's dissertation himself. It was accepted \"[summa cum laude](/wiki/Summa_cum_laude \"Summa cum laude\")\". Wolters received a few hundred [Reichsmarks](/wiki/Reichsmark \"Reichsmark\") and was awarded the [Order of the Crown](/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_%28Prussia%29 \"Order of the Crown (Prussia)\"), 4th class.[Lothar Machtan](/wiki/Lothar_Machtan \"Lothar Machtan\"), *[Einen Doktor für den Prinzen](http://www.zeit.de/2009/44/C-Kaisers-Doktor?page=1)*, in: *[Die Zeit](/wiki/Die_Zeit \"Die Zeit\")*, \\#44, 2009 After that, he earned his living as a teacher; primarily at girls' schools.", "In 1909, after many years of trying to meet the poet [Stefan George](/wiki/Stefan_George \"Stefan George\"), whom he greatly admired, he finally attracted his attention with a pamphlet called *Herrschaft und Dienst* (Leadership and Service). Excerpts were published in George's magazine, *{{ill\\|Blätter für die Kunst\\|de}}*. Wolters description of an ideal ruler and his society was specifically designed to flatter George.Friedrich Wolters, *Herrschaft und Dienst*, Verlag der Blätter für die Kunst, Berlin 1909, In: Georg Peter Landmann (Ed.), *Der George\\-Kreis. Eine Auswahl aus seinen Schriften*, Klett\\-Cotta, Stuttgart 1980, pp.82–86 Shortly after, they spent a few weeks together in Berlin. The following year, he was accepted into George's inner circle, as someone who could broaden his image among German youth. \n[thumb\\|left\\|165px\\|Stefan George in 1910](/wiki/File:Stefan_George_1910_Foto_Jacob_Hilsdorf_bw.jpeg \"Stefan George 1910 Foto Jacob Hilsdorf bw.jpeg\")\nFor this purpose, he published a new journal, the *{{ill\\|Jahrbuch für die geistige Bewegung\\|de}}* (Yearbook for the Spiritual Movement), edited by [Friedrich Gundolf](/wiki/Friedrich_Gundolf \"Friedrich Gundolf\"). It included several major contributions by Wolters. For the first volume, he proposed dividing the human mind into \"creative\" and \"ordering\" forces, which are in opposition.0Friedrich Wolters, \"Richtlinien\", in: *Jahrbuch für die geistige Bewegung*, Vol.1, Berlin 1910, pp.128–145 In the next volume, he expanded on the concept of \"[gestalt](/wiki/Principles_of_grouping \"Principles of grouping\")\" and its relationship to [holism](/wiki/Holism \"Holism\").Friedrich Wolters, \"Gestalt\", in: *Jahrbuch für die geistige Bewegung*, Vol.2, Berlin 1911, pp.137–158 In volume three, he extended his concepts to their external state, calling upon youth to take responsibility for the renewal of society. His proposals rejected the idea of equality, in favor of a natural hierarchy, under the benevolent control of a charismatic leader.Friedrich Wolters, \"Mensch und Gattung\", in: *Jahrbuch für die geistige Bewegung*, Vol.3, Berlin 1912, pp.138–154", "Wolters commitment to George was unconditional, and he would beg permission from \"The Master\" before undertaking any action, however simple. His reverence reached the point where other members of the Circle referred to him as \"St. Paul\", and friends from his earlier days were appalled by what they considered to be a \"hideous transformation\".Edgar Salin, *Um Stefan George. Erinnerung und Zeugnis*, 2nd ed., 1954, pg.105, and \"Paulinische von Wolters\", in: Robert Boehringer, *Mein Bild von Stefan George. Textband*, 1967, pg.140 Although George greatly appreciated Wolter's contributions to his movement, these strong feelings were not returned. In fact, many of George's followers were uncomfortable with this degree of adoration, so Wolters essentially ended by creating his own \"Circle\".Rudolf Fahrner, \"Rudolf Fahrner über Wolters\", in: [Robert Boehringer](/wiki/Robert_Boehringer \"Robert Boehringer\"), *Mein Bild von Stefan George*, 1967, pp.252–254", "In 1914, after a year of studying, he passed the [habilitation](/wiki/Habilitation \"Habilitation\") exam and became a private lecturer at the University. Shortly after, [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") broke out. He served as a driver and courier in several places, on both fronts, but never saw combat, although he did witness some events of the [Serbian campaign](/wiki/Serbian_campaign \"Serbian campaign\"). In his letters, he glorified the conflict and spoke of the spiritual feelings aroused by the [war of attrition](/wiki/War_of_attrition \"War of attrition\").Michael Philipp (Ed.): *Stefan George, Friedrich Wolters: Briefwechsel 1904–1930*, Castrum Peregrini Presse, Amsterdam 1998, {{ISBN\\|978\\-90\\-603\\-4101\\-8}} In 1915, while on leave, he married Erika Schwartzkopff, who he had met at the home of his former instructor, Breysig; also a member of the Circle.", "### Professor of History", "[thumb\\|250px\\|A rally against the French occupation of the [Ruhr Valley](/wiki/Ruhr_Valley \"Ruhr Valley\") (\"The Black Disgrace\")](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00022%2C_Berlin%2C_Kundgebung_gegen_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00022, Berlin, Kundgebung gegen Ruhrbesetzung.jpg\")\nIn 1920, he was appointed Professor of History at the [University of Marburg](/wiki/University_of_Marburg \"University of Marburg\"), where he sought talented young men to join the Circle; making a significant impression on many. Some admired him, but rejected George. His students included [Hans\\-Georg Gadamer](/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer \"Hans-Georg Gadamer\"), [Herman Schmalenbach](/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach \"Herman Schmalenbach\"), [Roland Hampe](/wiki/Roland_Hampe \"Roland Hampe\") and [Adolf Reichwein](/wiki/Adolf_Reichwein \"Adolf Reichwein\"). George stayed with Wolters for several weeks every year. In 1924, he received another professorship, at the [University of Kiel](/wiki/University_of_Kiel \"University of Kiel\"). He owed that appointment to [Carl Heinrich Becker](/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Becker \"Carl Heinrich Becker\"), State Secretary at the Ministry of Education, who used his influence to promote members of the Circle. Once again, George was a regular visitor.", "His wife, Erika, died in 1925\\. By this time, he had virtually abandoned history for nationalist propaganda. He also became involved in issues of [racial purity](/wiki/Racial_purity \"Racial purity\"), and was a major contributor to encouraging belief in what was called \"[Die schwarze Schmach](/wiki/Black_Horror_on_the_Rhine \"Black Horror on the Rhine\")\" (The Black Disgrace).Friedrich Wolters, *Vier Reden über das Vaterland*, Breslau 1927, pp.99–170 His position was somewhere between the [German National People's Party](/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party \"German National People's Party\") (DNVP) and the [German People's Party](/wiki/German_People%27s_Party \"German People's Party\") (DVP). He once took part in a [völkisch](/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch \"Völkisch\") memorial service for the right\\-wing martyr, [Albert Leo Schlageter](/wiki/Albert_Leo_Schlageter \"Albert Leo Schlageter\"). George, who disliked common politics, became increasingly skeptical of Wolters' ideas and motives.Georg Peter Landmann, \"Anmerkungen eines Augenzeugen\", in: Hans\\-Joachim Zimmermann (Ed.), *Die Wirkung Stefan Georges auf die Wissenschaft. Ein Symposium*, Carl Winter University, Heidelberg 1985, pg. 95\\.", "In 1927 he remarried, to Gemma Thiersch (1907\\-1994\\), daughter of the architect [Paul Thiersch](/wiki/Paul_Thiersch \"Paul Thiersch\"). Two years later, he published what he considered to be his \"[magnum opus](/wiki/Magnum_opus \"Magnum opus\")\": *Stefan George und die Blätter für die Kunst. Deutsche Geistesgeschichte seit 1890* (Stefan George and the Leaves of Art: German intellectual history since 1890\\). The critical reception was mixed. Even Friedrich Gundolf, one of George's early followers, thought it was a \" hopelessly bad, thoroughly mendacious book\". There were also [anti\\-Semitic](/wiki/Anti-Semitic \"Anti-Semitic\") undertones that led Jewish members of the Circle, such as [Karl Wolfskehl](/wiki/Karl_Wolfskehl \"Karl Wolfskehl\"), to express their resentment.Gert Mattenklott, Michael Philipp, Julius H. Schoeps (Eds.), *„Verkannte brüder“? Stefan George und das deutsch\\-jüdische Bürgertum zwischen Jahrhundertwende und Emigration*, Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York 2001, pp.31–53 {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-487\\-11468\\-2}}", "He had suffered from heart problems since being hospitalized for severe [rheumatism](/wiki/Rheumatism \"Rheumatism\") in 1917, during the war. While visiting Munich in 1930, he became ill and was diagnosed with an [arterial thrombosis](/wiki/Arterial_thrombosis \"Arterial thrombosis\"). After showing some improvement, he died suddenly, a month later, and was interred at the [Waldfriedhof](/wiki/Waldfriedhof_%28Munich%29 \"Waldfriedhof (Munich)\"). His friends, {{ill\\|Julius Landmann\\|de}} and {{ill\\|Carl Petersen (historian)\\|de\\|Carl Petersen (Historiker)\\|lt\\=Carl Petersen}} created the Friedrich Wolters Foundation; supported with funds from the University of Kiel. After Landmann's death, the Foundation became associated with the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") and his widow, {{ill\\|Edith Landmann\\|de\\|lt\\=Edith}}, called for its dissolution. It continued to operate until 1937, when its funding was withdrawn.", "" ]
Synopsis -------- The Kraghammer story arc (16 episodes, 1–16\) starts *[in medias res](/wiki/In_medias_res "In medias res")* at the point in Vox Machina's story where the cast's original home game left off. It takes place primarily in the subterranean depths of the [Underdark](/wiki/Underdark "Underdark"), and culminates in a battle between Vox Machina and a dangerous [beholder](/wiki/Beholder_%28Dungeons_%26_Dragons%29 "Beholder (Dungeons & Dragons)") by the name of K'varn, who is controlling an entire city of [Illithid](/wiki/Illithid "Illithid"). The Vasselheim story arc (7 episodes, 17–23\) splits the party into two groups, who seek to prove their worth to the "Slayer's Take", a local adventurer's guild in the ancient city of Vasselheim, by taking on dangerous missions. This arc features multi\-episode [guest appearances](/wiki/Guest_appearance "Guest appearance") by [Felicia Day](/wiki/Felicia_Day "Felicia Day") (Lyra), [Mary Elizabeth McGlynn](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_McGlynn "Mary Elizabeth McGlynn") (Zahra), [Wil Wheaton](/wiki/Wil_Wheaton "Wil Wheaton") (Thorbir), and [Will Friedle](/wiki/Will_Friedle "Will Friedle") (Kashaw), adding a new twist to the now\-divided adventuring band. This arc also includes the first episode (episode 22\) that touches on a character's backstory, as Keyleth visits another druid tribe to continue her Aramenté, a journey to become the leader of her people. The Briarwood story arc (15 episodes, 24–38\) leads Vox Machina to Percy's ancestral home, the city of Whitestone, which was once ruled by his family. The party have to fight for control over Whitestone against Lord and Lady Briarwood, who are responsible for the demise of most of the de Rolo family and have taken the city as their own. The Briarwood's ties into necromancy and a secret cult make things even more dangerous, and Vox Machina must stop them from completing a ritual that threatens to endanger the entire kingdom. During the early stages of this arc, Tiberius leaves Vox Machina for good. The Chroma Conclave story arc (46 episodes, 39–84\) begins with the attack of four ancient [chromatic dragons](/wiki/Chromatic_dragon "Chromatic dragon") on Emon, the capital of Tal'Dorei, with the Sovereign and other important political figures falling in the onslaught. The dragons take control over and divide the kingdom, and in order to defeat them, Vox Machina needs more power than they currently have. They search for the "Vestiges of Divergence", famed and extremely powerful magical items from ages passed, which are scattered throughout the world. During the ongoing battles against the powerful dragons of the Chroma Conclave, the backstories of some characters are also further explored. Smaller arcs focus on Grog's herd that once exiled him, the last figure from Percy's traumatic past, as well as a strained family reunion for the twins, Vex and Vax. Episodes in this arc are broken up into 3 parts (39\-56, 57–69, 70–84\) based on Geek \& Sundry's change of colour in [thumbnails](/wiki/Thumbnail "Thumbnail") on YouTube.{{Cite web\|title\=Campaign 1: Vox Machina \- YouTube\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list\=PL1tiwbzkOjQz7D0l\_eLJGAISVtcL7oRu\_\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-22\|website\=www.youtube.com\|archive\-date\=March 7, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307194621/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list\=PL1tiwbzkOjQz7D0l\_eLJGAISVtcL7oRu\_\|url\-status\=live}} The Taryon Darrington story arc (15 episodes, 85–99\) begins with the departure of Scanlan from the group, whose use of "spice" (an in\-campaign illicit drug) and disagreements with the group culminate in an argument that shakes the party. While traveling to Ank'Harel on the continent of Marquet, Vox Machina meet Taryon Darrington, an inexperienced aspiring author and adventurer. Adventuring together with Taryon, some smaller story arcs see Vox Machina helping Keyleth (who seeks to complete her Aramenté), traveling to hell, as well as dealing with Taryon's family, who reside in the Dwendalian Empire on the continent of Wildemount. It also features Taryon's [coming out](/wiki/Coming_out "Coming out") story.{{Cite book\|last\=Jones\|first\=Shelly\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1267420585\|title\=Watch Us Roll: Essays on Actual Play and Performance in Tabletop Role\-Playing Games\|year\=2021\|isbn\=978\-1\-4766\-4343\-4\|location\=Jefferson, North Carolina\|pages\=136–157\|chapter\=Actual Play Audience as Archive: Analyzing the Critical Role Fandom\|oclc\=1267420585\|access\-date\=October 1, 2021\|archive\-date\=May 4, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504202056/https://www.worldcat.org/title/watch\-us\-roll\-essays\-on\-actual\-play\-and\-performance\-in\-tabletop\-role\-playing\-games/oclc/1267420585\|url\-status\=live}} During this arc, which is loosely defined by Scanlan's absence and Taryon's presence in the party, Pike's family also makes an appearance and her relationship with them is explored. The arc includes a one\-year time skip between episodes 94 and 95\. The Cult of [Vecna](/wiki/Vecna "Vecna") story arc (16 episodes, 100–115\) revisits the mysterious and dangerous artifact that was activated beneath Whitestone Castle during the Briarwood story arc. Scanlan finally rejoins Vox Machina, while the party now has to fight a cult which tries to summon the evil [lich](/wiki/Lich "Lich") demigod Vecna, who seeks to ascend to true godhood and rule Exandria. His ascension actually succeeds and he becomes the only god on this side of the Divine Gate, which keeps the other gods from directly interfering in the world they created. With the indirect help of some of the prime deities who aid them with special powers, Vox Machina are the only group of heroes who can possibly stop the "Whispered One" in one gigantic final battle. After the conclusion of the primary campaign, several [one\-shots](/wiki/List_of_Critical_Role_episodes%23One-shots "List of Critical Role episodes#One-shots") have taken place using Vox Machina. These include "The Search for Grog" and "The Search for Bob", which portray an adventure on the plane of Pandemonium which was only briefly summarized toward the end of the final episode. Additionally, the "Dalen's Closet" one\-shot portrayed the [wedding vow renewal](/wiki/Wedding_vow_renewal_ceremony "Wedding vow renewal ceremony") of Vex'ahlia and Percy one year later.
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "The Kraghammer story arc (16 episodes, 1–16\\) starts *[in medias res](/wiki/In_medias_res \"In medias res\")* at the point in Vox Machina's story where the cast's original home game left off. It takes place primarily in the subterranean depths of the [Underdark](/wiki/Underdark \"Underdark\"), and culminates in a battle between Vox Machina and a dangerous [beholder](/wiki/Beholder_%28Dungeons_%26_Dragons%29 \"Beholder (Dungeons & Dragons)\") by the name of K'varn, who is controlling an entire city of [Illithid](/wiki/Illithid \"Illithid\").", "The Vasselheim story arc (7 episodes, 17–23\\) splits the party into two groups, who seek to prove their worth to the \"Slayer's Take\", a local adventurer's guild in the ancient city of Vasselheim, by taking on dangerous missions. This arc features multi\\-episode [guest appearances](/wiki/Guest_appearance \"Guest appearance\") by [Felicia Day](/wiki/Felicia_Day \"Felicia Day\") (Lyra), [Mary Elizabeth McGlynn](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_McGlynn \"Mary Elizabeth McGlynn\") (Zahra), [Wil Wheaton](/wiki/Wil_Wheaton \"Wil Wheaton\") (Thorbir), and [Will Friedle](/wiki/Will_Friedle \"Will Friedle\") (Kashaw), adding a new twist to the now\\-divided adventuring band. This arc also includes the first episode (episode 22\\) that touches on a character's backstory, as Keyleth visits another druid tribe to continue her Aramenté, a journey to become the leader of her people.", "The Briarwood story arc (15 episodes, 24–38\\) leads Vox Machina to Percy's ancestral home, the city of Whitestone, which was once ruled by his family. The party have to fight for control over Whitestone against Lord and Lady Briarwood, who are responsible for the demise of most of the de Rolo family and have taken the city as their own. The Briarwood's ties into necromancy and a secret cult make things even more dangerous, and Vox Machina must stop them from completing a ritual that threatens to endanger the entire kingdom. During the early stages of this arc, Tiberius leaves Vox Machina for good.", "The Chroma Conclave story arc (46 episodes, 39–84\\) begins with the attack of four ancient [chromatic dragons](/wiki/Chromatic_dragon \"Chromatic dragon\") on Emon, the capital of Tal'Dorei, with the Sovereign and other important political figures falling in the onslaught. The dragons take control over and divide the kingdom, and in order to defeat them, Vox Machina needs more power than they currently have. They search for the \"Vestiges of Divergence\", famed and extremely powerful magical items from ages passed, which are scattered throughout the world. During the ongoing battles against the powerful dragons of the Chroma Conclave, the backstories of some characters are also further explored. Smaller arcs focus on Grog's herd that once exiled him, the last figure from Percy's traumatic past, as well as a strained family reunion for the twins, Vex and Vax. Episodes in this arc are broken up into 3 parts (39\\-56, 57–69, 70–84\\) based on Geek \\& Sundry's change of colour in [thumbnails](/wiki/Thumbnail \"Thumbnail\") on YouTube.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Campaign 1: Vox Machina \\- YouTube\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list\\=PL1tiwbzkOjQz7D0l\\_eLJGAISVtcL7oRu\\_\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-22\\|website\\=www.youtube.com\\|archive\\-date\\=March 7, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307194621/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list\\=PL1tiwbzkOjQz7D0l\\_eLJGAISVtcL7oRu\\_\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The Taryon Darrington story arc (15 episodes, 85–99\\) begins with the departure of Scanlan from the group, whose use of \"spice\" (an in\\-campaign illicit drug) and disagreements with the group culminate in an argument that shakes the party. While traveling to Ank'Harel on the continent of Marquet, Vox Machina meet Taryon Darrington, an inexperienced aspiring author and adventurer. Adventuring together with Taryon, some smaller story arcs see Vox Machina helping Keyleth (who seeks to complete her Aramenté), traveling to hell, as well as dealing with Taryon's family, who reside in the Dwendalian Empire on the continent of Wildemount. It also features Taryon's [coming out](/wiki/Coming_out \"Coming out\") story.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Jones\\|first\\=Shelly\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1267420585\\|title\\=Watch Us Roll: Essays on Actual Play and Performance in Tabletop Role\\-Playing Games\\|year\\=2021\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4766\\-4343\\-4\\|location\\=Jefferson, North Carolina\\|pages\\=136–157\\|chapter\\=Actual Play Audience as Archive: Analyzing the Critical Role Fandom\\|oclc\\=1267420585\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504202056/https://www.worldcat.org/title/watch\\-us\\-roll\\-essays\\-on\\-actual\\-play\\-and\\-performance\\-in\\-tabletop\\-role\\-playing\\-games/oclc/1267420585\\|url\\-status\\=live}} During this arc, which is loosely defined by Scanlan's absence and Taryon's presence in the party, Pike's family also makes an appearance and her relationship with them is explored. The arc includes a one\\-year time skip between episodes 94 and 95\\.", "The Cult of [Vecna](/wiki/Vecna \"Vecna\") story arc (16 episodes, 100–115\\) revisits the mysterious and dangerous artifact that was activated beneath Whitestone Castle during the Briarwood story arc. Scanlan finally rejoins Vox Machina, while the party now has to fight a cult which tries to summon the evil [lich](/wiki/Lich \"Lich\") demigod Vecna, who seeks to ascend to true godhood and rule Exandria. His ascension actually succeeds and he becomes the only god on this side of the Divine Gate, which keeps the other gods from directly interfering in the world they created. With the indirect help of some of the prime deities who aid them with special powers, Vox Machina are the only group of heroes who can possibly stop the \"Whispered One\" in one gigantic final battle.", "After the conclusion of the primary campaign, several [one\\-shots](/wiki/List_of_Critical_Role_episodes%23One-shots \"List of Critical Role episodes#One-shots\") have taken place using Vox Machina. These include \"The Search for Grog\" and \"The Search for Bob\", which portray an adventure on the plane of Pandemonium which was only briefly summarized toward the end of the final episode. Additionally, the \"Dalen's Closet\" one\\-shot portrayed the [wedding vow renewal](/wiki/Wedding_vow_renewal_ceremony \"Wedding vow renewal ceremony\") of Vex'ahlia and Percy one year later.", "" ]
History ------- In 2005, [Melih Abdulhayoglu](/wiki/Melih_Abdulhayoglu "Melih Abdulhayoglu") of the [Comodo Group](/wiki/Comodo_Group "Comodo Group") organized{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/How\-Can\-We\-Improve\-Code\-Signing/\|title\=How Can We Improve Code Signing?\|date\=9 May 2008 }} the first meeting of CA/Browser Forum. The first meeting was held in New York City. This was followed by a meeting in November 2005 in [Kanata](/wiki/Kanata%2C_Ontario "Kanata, Ontario"), Ontario, and a meeting in December, 2005, in [Scottsdale](/wiki/Scottsdale%2C_Arizona "Scottsdale, Arizona"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona") with the main objective to enable secure connections between users and websites. In addition to CA/Browser Forum members, representatives of the [Information Security](/wiki/Information_Security "Information Security") Committee of the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association "American Bar Association") Section of Science \& Technology, Law and the [Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants](/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants "Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants") participated in developing the standards for issuing and managing Extended Validation SSL/TLS certificates. Version 1\.0 of the EV Guidelines was adopted on 7 June 2007\.{{cite web\|title\=GUIDELINES FOR THE ISSUANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF EXTENDED VALIDATION CERTIFICATES v1\.0\|url\=https://cabforum.org/wp\-content/uploads/EV\_Certificate\_Guidelines.pdf\|publisher\=The CA/Browser Forum}} In November 2011, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 1\.0 of the "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly\-Trusted Certificates" intended to provide minimum security standards for all browser\-trusted SSL/TLS certificates. Subsequent versions expanded the Baseline Requirements to directly incorporate requirements from browser root store policy programs such as those of Mozilla and Microsoft. In January 2013 the CA/Browser Forum's first "Network and Certificate System Security Requirements" took effect defining best practices for the general protection of CA networks and supporting systems. In February 2013 a new industry group, the [Certificate Authority Security Council](/wiki/Certificate_Authority_Security_Council "Certificate Authority Security Council") (CASC), was formed with a mission that includes promoting CA/Browser Forum standards. Membership requires adherence to CA/Browser Forum standards.{{cite web\|url\=https://casecurity.org/casc/\|title\=About the CA Security Council\|date\=27 January 2013\|access\-date\=20 February 2014\|archive\-date\=14 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714183658/https://casecurity.org/casc/\|url\-status\=dead}} The CASC's founding members consisted Comodo CA (now Sectigo), [Symantec](/wiki/NortonLifeLock "NortonLifeLock") (now DigiCert),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/let\-s\-build\-more\-secure\-future\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082728/http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/let\-s\-build\-more\-secure\-future\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 17, 2013\|title\=Let's Build a More Secure Future}} [Trend Micro](/wiki/Trend_Micro "Trend Micro") (now Entrust), [DigiCert](/wiki/DigiCert "DigiCert"), [Entrust](/wiki/Entrust "Entrust"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.entrust.com/news/2013\-02\-14\-Entrust\-Joins\-Worlds\-Leading\-CAs\-to\-Form\-Certificate\-Authority\-Security\-Council\-Advance\-Internet\-Security\-and\-Trusted\-SSL\-Ecosystem\|title\=Entrust Joins World's Leading Certificate Authority}} [GlobalSign](/wiki/GlobalSign "GlobalSign"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.thepaypers.com/news/e\-identity\-security\-online\-fraud/globalsign\-joins\-the\-certificate\-authority\-security\-council\-to\-upgrade\-internet\-security/750211\-26\|title\=GlobalSign joins the Certificate Authority Security Council to upgrade internet security\|access\-date\=2013\-04\-02\|archive\-date\=2015\-07\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702184430/http://www.thepaypers.com/news/e\-identity\-security\-online\-fraud/globalsign\-joins\-the\-certificate\-authority\-security\-council\-to\-upgrade\-internet\-security/750211\-26\|url\-status\=dead}} and [GoDaddy](/wiki/GoDaddy "GoDaddy").{{cite web\|url\=http://inside.godaddy.com/announcing\-certificate\-authority\-security\-council/\|title\=Get more done with Microsoft Office 365 from GoDaddy\|access\-date\=2013\-04\-02\|archive\-date\=2013\-11\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111090725/http://inside.godaddy.com/announcing\-certificate\-authority\-security\-council/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.darkreading.com/authentication/167901072/security/news/240148546/major\-certificate\-authorities\-unite\-in\-the\-name\-of\-ssl\-security.html\|title\=Authentication Security News, Analysis, Discussion, \& Community\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130410174711/http://www.darkreading.com/authentication/167901072/security/news/240148546/major\-certificate\-authorities\-unite\-in\-the\-name\-of\-ssl\-security.html\|archive\-date\=2013\-04\-10}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/021413\-council\-digital\-certificate\-266728\.html \|title\=Multivendor power council formed to address digital certificate issues \- Network World \|access\-date\=2013\-04\-02 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728114851/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/021413\-council\-digital\-certificate\-266728\.html \|archive\-date\=2013\-07\-28 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cmswire.com/cms/customer\-experience/website\-certificate\-authorities\-set\-up\-security\-council\-for\-advocacy\-research\-019619\.php\|title\=Website Certificate Authorities Set Up Security Council for Advocacy, Research}}{{cite web \|url\=http://electronicstaff.com/2013/ssl\-certificate\-authority\-security\-council\-takes\-root \|title\=SSL Certificate Authority Security Council Takes Root \| Electronic Staff \|access\-date\=2013\-04\-02 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155147/http://electronicstaff.com/2013/ssl\-certificate\-authority\-security\-council\-takes\-root \|archive\-date\=2014\-07\-14 }} In August 2020, the [S/MIME](/wiki/S/MIME "S/MIME") Certificate Working GroupCA/Browser Forum S/MIME Certificate Working Group [https://cabforum.org/working\-groups/smime\-certificate\-wg/](https://cabforum.org/working-groups/smime-certificate-wg/) was chartered to create a baseline requirement applicable to CAs that issue S/MIME certificates used to sign, verify, encrypt, and decrypt email. In September 2020, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 2\.0 of the "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly\-Trusted Code Signing Certificates", which had previously been maintained outside the group. In January 2023, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 1\.0 of the "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly\-Trusted S/MIME Certificates", It defined four types of S/MIME certificate standards. Mailbox\-validated, Organization\-validated, Sponsor\-validated and Individual\-validated.{{cite web \|title\=CA/Browser Forum S/MIME Baseline Requirements \|url\=https://cabforum.org/wp\-content/uploads/CA\-Browser\-Forum\-SMIMEBR\-1\.0\.0\.pdf \|access\-date\=4 April 2023 \|website\=CA/Browser Forum}}
[ "History\n-------", "In 2005, [Melih Abdulhayoglu](/wiki/Melih_Abdulhayoglu \"Melih Abdulhayoglu\") of the [Comodo Group](/wiki/Comodo_Group \"Comodo Group\") organized{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/How\\-Can\\-We\\-Improve\\-Code\\-Signing/\\|title\\=How Can We Improve Code Signing?\\|date\\=9 May 2008 }} the first meeting of CA/Browser Forum. The first meeting was held in New York City. This was followed by a meeting in November 2005 in [Kanata](/wiki/Kanata%2C_Ontario \"Kanata, Ontario\"), Ontario, and a meeting in December, 2005, in [Scottsdale](/wiki/Scottsdale%2C_Arizona \"Scottsdale, Arizona\"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\") with the main objective to enable secure connections between users and websites.", "In addition to CA/Browser Forum members, representatives of the [Information Security](/wiki/Information_Security \"Information Security\") Committee of the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association \"American Bar Association\") Section of Science \\& Technology, Law and the [Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants](/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants \"Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants\") participated in developing the standards for issuing and managing Extended Validation SSL/TLS certificates. Version 1\\.0 of the EV Guidelines was adopted on 7 June 2007\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=GUIDELINES FOR THE ISSUANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF EXTENDED VALIDATION CERTIFICATES v1\\.0\\|url\\=https://cabforum.org/wp\\-content/uploads/EV\\_Certificate\\_Guidelines.pdf\\|publisher\\=The CA/Browser Forum}}", "In November 2011, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 1\\.0 of the \"Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly\\-Trusted Certificates\" intended to provide minimum security standards for all browser\\-trusted SSL/TLS certificates. Subsequent versions expanded the Baseline Requirements to directly incorporate requirements from browser root store policy programs such as those of Mozilla and Microsoft.", "In January 2013 the CA/Browser Forum's first \"Network and Certificate System Security Requirements\" took effect defining best practices for the general protection of CA networks and supporting systems.", "In February 2013 a new industry group, the [Certificate Authority Security Council](/wiki/Certificate_Authority_Security_Council \"Certificate Authority Security Council\") (CASC), was formed with a mission that includes promoting CA/Browser Forum standards. Membership requires adherence to CA/Browser Forum standards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://casecurity.org/casc/\\|title\\=About the CA Security Council\\|date\\=27 January 2013\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714183658/https://casecurity.org/casc/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The CASC's founding members consisted Comodo CA (now Sectigo), [Symantec](/wiki/NortonLifeLock \"NortonLifeLock\") (now DigiCert),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/let\\-s\\-build\\-more\\-secure\\-future\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082728/http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/let\\-s\\-build\\-more\\-secure\\-future\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 17, 2013\\|title\\=Let's Build a More Secure Future}} [Trend Micro](/wiki/Trend_Micro \"Trend Micro\") (now Entrust), [DigiCert](/wiki/DigiCert \"DigiCert\"), [Entrust](/wiki/Entrust \"Entrust\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.entrust.com/news/2013\\-02\\-14\\-Entrust\\-Joins\\-Worlds\\-Leading\\-CAs\\-to\\-Form\\-Certificate\\-Authority\\-Security\\-Council\\-Advance\\-Internet\\-Security\\-and\\-Trusted\\-SSL\\-Ecosystem\\|title\\=Entrust Joins World's Leading Certificate Authority}} [GlobalSign](/wiki/GlobalSign \"GlobalSign\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thepaypers.com/news/e\\-identity\\-security\\-online\\-fraud/globalsign\\-joins\\-the\\-certificate\\-authority\\-security\\-council\\-to\\-upgrade\\-internet\\-security/750211\\-26\\|title\\=GlobalSign joins the Certificate Authority Security Council to upgrade internet security\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-02\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702184430/http://www.thepaypers.com/news/e\\-identity\\-security\\-online\\-fraud/globalsign\\-joins\\-the\\-certificate\\-authority\\-security\\-council\\-to\\-upgrade\\-internet\\-security/750211\\-26\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and [GoDaddy](/wiki/GoDaddy \"GoDaddy\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://inside.godaddy.com/announcing\\-certificate\\-authority\\-security\\-council/\\|title\\=Get more done with Microsoft Office 365 from GoDaddy\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-02\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111090725/http://inside.godaddy.com/announcing\\-certificate\\-authority\\-security\\-council/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.darkreading.com/authentication/167901072/security/news/240148546/major\\-certificate\\-authorities\\-unite\\-in\\-the\\-name\\-of\\-ssl\\-security.html\\|title\\=Authentication Security News, Analysis, Discussion, \\& Community\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130410174711/http://www.darkreading.com/authentication/167901072/security/news/240148546/major\\-certificate\\-authorities\\-unite\\-in\\-the\\-name\\-of\\-ssl\\-security.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-10}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/021413\\-council\\-digital\\-certificate\\-266728\\.html \\|title\\=Multivendor power council formed to address digital certificate issues \\- Network World \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728114851/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/021413\\-council\\-digital\\-certificate\\-266728\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-28 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cmswire.com/cms/customer\\-experience/website\\-certificate\\-authorities\\-set\\-up\\-security\\-council\\-for\\-advocacy\\-research\\-019619\\.php\\|title\\=Website Certificate Authorities Set Up Security Council for Advocacy, Research}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://electronicstaff.com/2013/ssl\\-certificate\\-authority\\-security\\-council\\-takes\\-root \\|title\\=SSL Certificate Authority Security Council Takes Root \\| Electronic Staff \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155147/http://electronicstaff.com/2013/ssl\\-certificate\\-authority\\-security\\-council\\-takes\\-root \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-14 }}", "In August 2020, the [S/MIME](/wiki/S/MIME \"S/MIME\") Certificate Working GroupCA/Browser Forum S/MIME Certificate Working Group [https://cabforum.org/working\\-groups/smime\\-certificate\\-wg/](https://cabforum.org/working-groups/smime-certificate-wg/) was chartered to create a baseline requirement applicable to CAs that issue S/MIME certificates used to sign, verify, encrypt, and decrypt email.", "In September 2020, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 2\\.0 of the \"Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly\\-Trusted Code Signing Certificates\", which had previously been maintained outside the group.", "In January 2023, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 1\\.0 of the \"Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly\\-Trusted S/MIME Certificates\", It defined four types of S/MIME certificate standards. Mailbox\\-validated, Organization\\-validated, Sponsor\\-validated and Individual\\-validated.{{cite web \\|title\\=CA/Browser Forum S/MIME Baseline Requirements \\|url\\=https://cabforum.org/wp\\-content/uploads/CA\\-Browser\\-Forum\\-SMIMEBR\\-1\\.0\\.0\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2023 \\|website\\=CA/Browser Forum}}", "" ]
Television ---------- His first television appearance was in 1956 in a production of *[The Adventures of Robin Hood](/wiki/List_of_The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_episodes%23Series_2_%281956%E2%80%9357%29 "List of The Adventures of Robin Hood episodes#Series 2 (1956–57)")* (Episode "The Imposters"). He was a guest panelist in 1958, and again in 1963, on the [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") television game show *[What's My Line?](/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F "What's My Line?")*[What's My Line? – Xavier Cugat \& Abbe Lane; Edward Mulhare (panel) (26 January 1958\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1OHqjM4BS8) By 1965, he was back in Hollywood appearing in films and television shows for [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox "20th Century Fox"). He earned roles in the films *[Von Ryan's Express](/wiki/Von_Ryan%27s_Express "Von Ryan's Express")* in 1965, *[Our Man Flint](/wiki/Our_Man_Flint "Our Man Flint")* in 1966, and *[Caprice](/wiki/Caprice_%281967_film%29 "Caprice (1967 film)")* in 1967\. He guest\-starred in television programmes, including *[Daniel Boone](/wiki/Daniel_Boone_%281964_TV_series%29 "Daniel Boone (1964 TV series)")* and the *[Twelve O'Clock High](/wiki/12_O%27Clock_High_%28TV_series%29%23Season_2_%281965%E2%80%9366%29 "12 O'Clock High (TV series)#Season 2 (1965–66)")* episode "Siren Voices" as Luftwaffe Colonel Kurt Halland. In *[The Ghost \& Mrs. Muir](/wiki/The_Ghost_%26_Mrs._Muir_%28TV_series%29 "The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)")*, a supernatural sitcom that ran from 1968 to 1970, he starred as Captain Daniel Gregg, and again was something of a successor to Rex Harrison, who had originated the role of Captain Gregg in the [original 1947 film](/wiki/The_Ghost_and_Mrs._Muir "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir"). In 1969 Mulhare starred in *[Gidget Grows Up](/wiki/Gidget_Grows_Up "Gidget Grows Up")*, an American made\-for\-television comedy film with Karen Valentine in the title role. He played Alex MacLaughlin, a love interest for Gidget. Harlan Carraher, who played Jonathan Muir in *The Ghost and Mrs Muir* with Mulhare, had a small part as well. He also guest\-starred in "Experiment In Terra", an episode of the original *[Battlestar Galactica](/wiki/List_of_Battlestar_Galactica_%281978_TV_series%29_and_Galactica_1980_episodes%23Battlestar_Galactica_%281978%E2%80%9379%29 "List of Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series) and Galactica 1980 episodes#Battlestar Galactica (1978–79)")*. Mulhare co\-starred as Devon Miles, director of the Foundation for Law and Government, on *[Knight Rider](/wiki/Knight_Rider_%281982_TV_series%29 "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)")* (1982–1986\) alongside [David Hasselhoff](/wiki/David_Hasselhoff "David Hasselhoff")'s Michael Knight. In the mid\-1980s, Mulhare hosted the television series *[Secrets \& Mysteries](/wiki/Secrets_%26_Mysteries "Secrets & Mysteries"),* also called *Secrets of the Unknown,* a magazine show that examined historical mysteries and the paranormal.
[ "Television\n----------", "His first television appearance was in 1956 in a production of *[The Adventures of Robin Hood](/wiki/List_of_The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_episodes%23Series_2_%281956%E2%80%9357%29 \"List of The Adventures of Robin Hood episodes#Series 2 (1956–57)\")* (Episode \"The Imposters\"). He was a guest panelist in 1958, and again in 1963, on the [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") television game show *[What's My Line?](/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F \"What's My Line?\")*[What's My Line? – Xavier Cugat \\& Abbe Lane; Edward Mulhare (panel) (26 January 1958\\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1OHqjM4BS8)", "By 1965, he was back in Hollywood appearing in films and television shows for [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox \"20th Century Fox\"). He earned roles in the films *[Von Ryan's Express](/wiki/Von_Ryan%27s_Express \"Von Ryan's Express\")* in 1965, *[Our Man Flint](/wiki/Our_Man_Flint \"Our Man Flint\")* in 1966, and *[Caprice](/wiki/Caprice_%281967_film%29 \"Caprice (1967 film)\")* in 1967\\. He guest\\-starred in television programmes, including *[Daniel Boone](/wiki/Daniel_Boone_%281964_TV_series%29 \"Daniel Boone (1964 TV series)\")* and the *[Twelve O'Clock High](/wiki/12_O%27Clock_High_%28TV_series%29%23Season_2_%281965%E2%80%9366%29 \"12 O'Clock High (TV series)#Season 2 (1965–66)\")* episode \"Siren Voices\" as Luftwaffe Colonel Kurt Halland. In *[The Ghost \\& Mrs. Muir](/wiki/The_Ghost_%26_Mrs._Muir_%28TV_series%29 \"The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)\")*, a supernatural sitcom that ran from 1968 to 1970, he starred as Captain Daniel Gregg, and again was something of a successor to Rex Harrison, who had originated the role of Captain Gregg in the [original 1947 film](/wiki/The_Ghost_and_Mrs._Muir \"The Ghost and Mrs. Muir\").", "In 1969 Mulhare starred in *[Gidget Grows Up](/wiki/Gidget_Grows_Up \"Gidget Grows Up\")*, an American made\\-for\\-television comedy film with Karen Valentine in the title role. He played Alex MacLaughlin, a love interest for Gidget. Harlan Carraher, who played Jonathan Muir in *The Ghost and Mrs Muir* with Mulhare, had a small part as well.", "He also guest\\-starred in \"Experiment In Terra\", an episode of the original *[Battlestar Galactica](/wiki/List_of_Battlestar_Galactica_%281978_TV_series%29_and_Galactica_1980_episodes%23Battlestar_Galactica_%281978%E2%80%9379%29 \"List of Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series) and Galactica 1980 episodes#Battlestar Galactica (1978–79)\")*.", "Mulhare co\\-starred as Devon Miles, director of the Foundation for Law and Government, on *[Knight Rider](/wiki/Knight_Rider_%281982_TV_series%29 \"Knight Rider (1982 TV series)\")* (1982–1986\\) alongside [David Hasselhoff](/wiki/David_Hasselhoff \"David Hasselhoff\")'s Michael Knight.", "In the mid\\-1980s, Mulhare hosted the television series *[Secrets \\& Mysteries](/wiki/Secrets_%26_Mysteries \"Secrets & Mysteries\"),* also called *Secrets of the Unknown,* a magazine show that examined historical mysteries and the paranormal.", "" ]
Example of a subspace of a linearly ordered space whose topology is not an order topology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Though the subspace topology of *Y* \= {−1} ∪ {1/*n*\&hairsp;}*n*∈**N** in the section above is shown not to be generated by the induced order on *Y*, it is nonetheless an order topology on *Y*; indeed, in the subspace topology every point is isolated (i.e., singleton {*y*} is open in *Y* for every *y* in *Y*), so the subspace topology is the [discrete topology](/wiki/Discrete_topology "Discrete topology") on *Y* (the topology in which every subset of *Y* is open), and the discrete topology on any set is an order topology. To define a total order on *Y* that generates the discrete topology on *Y*, simply modify the induced order on *Y* by defining −1 to be the greatest element of *Y* and otherwise keeping the same order for the other points, so that in this new order (call it say \<1) we have 1/*n* \<1 −1 for all *n* ∈ **N**. Then, in the order topology on *Y* generated by \<1, every point of *Y* is isolated in *Y*. We wish to define here a subset *Z* of a linearly ordered topological space *X* such that no total order on *Z* generates the subspace topology on *Z*, so that the subspace topology will not be an order topology even though it is the subspace topology of a space whose topology is an order topology. Let Z \= \\{\-1\\} \\cup (0,1\) in the [real line](/wiki/Real_line "Real line"). The same argument as before shows that the subspace topology on *Z* is not equal to the induced order topology on *Z*, but one can show that the subspace topology on *Z* cannot be equal to any order topology on *Z*. An argument follows. Suppose by way of contradiction that there is some [strict total order](/wiki/Totally_ordered_set%23Strict_total_order "Totally ordered set#Strict total order") \< on *Z* such that the order topology generated by \< is equal to the subspace topology on *Z* (note that we are not assuming that \< is the induced order on *Z*, but rather an arbitrarily given total order on *Z* that generates the subspace topology). Let *M* \= *Z* \\ {−1} \= (0,1\), then *M* is [connected](/wiki/Connected_space "Connected space"), so *M* is dense on itself and has no gaps, in regards to \<. If −1 is not the smallest or the largest element of *Z*, then (\-\\infty,\-1\) and (\-1,\\infty) separate *M*, a contradiction. Assume without loss of generality that −1 is the smallest element of *Z*. Since {−1} is open in *Z*, there is some point *p* in *M* such that the interval (−1,*p*) is [empty](/wiki/Empty_set "Empty set"), so *p* is the minimum of *M*. Then *M* \\ {*p*} \= (0,*p*) ∪ (*p*,1\) is not connected with respect to the subspace topology inherited from {{math\|'''R'''}}. On the other hand, the subspace topology of *M* \\ {*p*} inherited from the order topology of *Z* coincides with the order topology of *M* \\ {*p*} induced by \<, which is connected since there are no gaps in *M* \\ {*p*} and it is dense. This is a contradiction.
[ "Example of a subspace of a linearly ordered space whose topology is not an order topology\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "Though the subspace topology of *Y* \\= {−1} ∪ {1/*n*\\&hairsp;}*n*∈**N** in the section above is shown not to be generated by the induced order on *Y*, it is nonetheless an order topology on *Y*; indeed, in the subspace topology every point is isolated (i.e., singleton {*y*} is open in *Y* for every *y* in *Y*), so the subspace topology is the [discrete topology](/wiki/Discrete_topology \"Discrete topology\") on *Y* (the topology in which every subset of *Y* is open), and the discrete topology on any set is an order topology. To define a total order on *Y* that generates the discrete topology on *Y*, simply modify the induced order on *Y* by defining −1 to be the greatest element of *Y* and otherwise keeping the same order for the other points, so that in this new order (call it say \\<1) we have 1/*n* \\<1 −1 for all *n* ∈ **N**. Then, in the order topology on *Y* generated by \\<1, every point of *Y* is isolated in *Y*.", "We wish to define here a subset *Z* of a linearly ordered topological space *X* such that no total order on *Z* generates the subspace topology on *Z*, so that the subspace topology will not be an order topology even though it is the subspace topology of a space whose topology is an order topology.", "Let Z \\= \\\\{\\-1\\\\} \\\\cup (0,1\\) in the [real line](/wiki/Real_line \"Real line\"). The same argument as before shows that the subspace topology on *Z* is not equal to the induced order topology on *Z*, but one can show that the subspace topology on *Z* cannot be equal to any order topology on *Z*.", "An argument follows. Suppose by way of contradiction that there is some [strict total order](/wiki/Totally_ordered_set%23Strict_total_order \"Totally ordered set#Strict total order\") \\< on *Z* such that the order topology generated by \\< is equal to the subspace topology on *Z* (note that we are not assuming that \\< is the induced order on *Z*, but rather an arbitrarily given total order on *Z* that generates the subspace topology).", "Let *M* \\= *Z* \\\\ {−1} \\= (0,1\\), then *M* is [connected](/wiki/Connected_space \"Connected space\"), so *M* is dense on itself and has no gaps, in regards to \\<. If −1 is not the smallest or the largest element of *Z*, then (\\-\\\\infty,\\-1\\) and (\\-1,\\\\infty) separate *M*, a contradiction. Assume without loss of generality that −1 is the smallest element of *Z*. Since {−1} is open in *Z*, there is some point *p* in *M* such that the interval (−1,*p*) is [empty](/wiki/Empty_set \"Empty set\"), so *p* is the minimum of *M*. Then *M* \\\\ {*p*} \\= (0,*p*) ∪ (*p*,1\\) is not connected with respect to the subspace topology inherited from {{math\\|'''R'''}}. On the other hand, the subspace topology of *M* \\\\ {*p*} inherited from the order topology of *Z* coincides with the order topology of *M* \\\\ {*p*} induced by \\<, which is connected since there are no gaps in *M* \\\\ {*p*} and it is dense. This is a contradiction.", "" ]
Topology and ordinals --------------------- ### Ordinals as topological spaces Any [ordinal number](/wiki/Ordinal_number "Ordinal number") can be viewed as a topological space by endowing it with the order topology (indeed, ordinals are [well\-ordered](/wiki/Well-order "Well-order"), so in particular [totally ordered](/wiki/Totally_ordered "Totally ordered")). Unless otherwise specified, this is the usual topology given to ordinals. Moreover, if we are willing to accept a [proper class](/wiki/Proper_class "Proper class") as a topological space, then we may similarly view the class of all ordinals as a topological space with the order topology. The set of [limit points](/wiki/Limit_point "Limit point") of an ordinal *α* is precisely the set of [limit ordinals](/wiki/Limit_ordinal "Limit ordinal") less than *α*. [Successor ordinals](/wiki/Successor_ordinal "Successor ordinal") (and zero) less than *α* are [isolated points](/wiki/Isolated_point "Isolated point") in *α*. In particular, the finite ordinals and ω are [discrete](/wiki/Discrete_space "Discrete space") topological spaces, and no ordinal beyond that is discrete. The ordinal *α* is [compact](/wiki/Compact_space "Compact space") as a topological space if and only if *α* is either a [successor ordinal](/wiki/Successor_ordinal "Successor ordinal") or zero. The [closed sets](/wiki/Closed_set "Closed set") of a limit ordinal *α* are just the closed sets in the sense that we have already defined, namely, those that contain a limit ordinal whenever they contain all sufficiently large ordinals below it. Any ordinal is, of course, an open subset of any larger ordinal. We can also define the topology on the ordinals in the following [inductive](/wiki/Recursion "Recursion") way: 0 is the empty topological space, *α*\+1 is obtained by taking the [one\-point compactification](/wiki/Compactification_%28mathematics%29 "Compactification (mathematics)") of *α*, and for *δ* a limit ordinal, *δ* is equipped with the [inductive limit](/wiki/Direct_limit "Direct limit") topology. Note that if *α* is a successor ordinal, then *α* is compact, in which case its one\-point compactification *α*\+1 is the [disjoint union](/wiki/Disjoint_union "Disjoint union") of *α* and a point. As topological spaces, all the ordinals are [Hausdorff](/wiki/Hausdorff_space "Hausdorff space") and even [normal](/wiki/Normal_space "Normal space"). They are also [totally disconnected](/wiki/Totally_disconnected "Totally disconnected") (connected components are points), [scattered](/wiki/Scattered_space "Scattered space") (every non\-empty subspace has an isolated point; in this case, just take the smallest element), [zero\-dimensional](/wiki/Zero-dimensional_space "Zero-dimensional space") (the topology has a [clopen](/wiki/Clopen "Clopen") [basis](/wiki/Basis_%28topology%29 "Basis (topology)"): here, write an open interval (*β*,*γ*) as the union of the clopen intervals (*β*,*γ*'\+1\) \= \[*β*\+1,*γ*'] for *γ*'\<*γ*). However, they are not [extremally disconnected](/wiki/Extremally_disconnected "Extremally disconnected") in general (there are open sets, for example the even numbers from ω, whose [closure](/wiki/Closure_%28mathematics%29 "Closure (mathematics)") is not open). The topological spaces ω1 and its successor ω1\+1 are frequently used as textbook examples of uncountable topological spaces. For example, in the topological space ω1\+1, the element ω1 is in the closure of the subset ω1 even though no sequence of elements in ω1 has the element ω1 as its limit: an element in ω1 is a countable set; for any sequence of such sets, the union of these sets is the union of countably many countable sets, so still countable; this union is an upper bound of the elements of the sequence, and therefore of the limit of the sequence, if it has one. The space ω1 is [first\-countable](/wiki/First-countable_space "First-countable space") but not [second\-countable](/wiki/Second-countable_space "Second-countable space"), and ω1\+1 has neither of these two properties, despite being [compact](/wiki/Compact_space "Compact space"). It is also worthy of note that any [continuous function](/wiki/Continuous_function "Continuous function") from ω1 to **R** (the [real line](/wiki/Real_line "Real line")) is eventually constant: so the [Stone–Čech compactification](/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93%C4%8Cech_compactification "Stone–Čech compactification") of ω1 is ω1\+1, just as its one\-point compactification (in sharp contrast to ω, whose Stone–Čech compactification is much *larger* than ω). ### Ordinal\-indexed sequences If *α* is a limit ordinal and *X* is a set, an *α*\-indexed sequence of elements of *X* merely means a function from *α* to *X*. This concept, a **transfinite sequence** or **ordinal\-indexed sequence**, is a generalization of the concept of a [sequence](/wiki/Sequence "Sequence"). An ordinary sequence corresponds to the case *α* \= ω. If *X* is a topological space, we say that an *α*\-indexed sequence of elements of *X* *converges* to a limit *x* when it converges as a [net](/wiki/Net_%28mathematics%29 "Net (mathematics)"), in other words, when given any [neighborhood](/wiki/Neighborhood_%28mathematics%29 "Neighborhood (mathematics)") *U* of *x* there is an ordinal *β* \< *α* such that *x**ι* is in *U* for all *ι* ≥ *β*. Ordinal\-indexed sequences are more powerful than ordinary (ω\-indexed) sequences to determine limits in topology: for example, ω1 is a limit point of ω1\+1 (because it is a limit ordinal), and, indeed, it is the limit of the ω1\-indexed sequence which maps any ordinal less than ω1 to itself: however, it is not the limit of any ordinary (ω\-indexed) sequence in ω1, since any such limit is less than or equal to the union of its elements, which is a countable union of countable sets, hence itself countable. However, ordinal\-indexed sequences are not powerful enough to replace nets (or [filters](/wiki/Filter_%28mathematics%29 "Filter (mathematics)")) in general: for example, on the [Tychonoff plank](/wiki/Tychonoff_plank "Tychonoff plank") (the product space (\\omega\_1\+1\)\\times(\\omega\+1\)), the corner point (\\omega\_1,\\omega) is a limit point (it is in the closure) of the open subset \\omega\_1\\times\\omega, but it is not the limit of an ordinal\-indexed sequence.
[ "Topology and ordinals\n---------------------", "### Ordinals as topological spaces", "Any [ordinal number](/wiki/Ordinal_number \"Ordinal number\") can be viewed as a topological space by endowing it with the order topology (indeed, ordinals are [well\\-ordered](/wiki/Well-order \"Well-order\"), so in particular [totally ordered](/wiki/Totally_ordered \"Totally ordered\")). Unless otherwise specified, this is the usual topology given to ordinals. Moreover, if we are willing to accept a [proper class](/wiki/Proper_class \"Proper class\") as a topological space, then we may similarly view the class of all ordinals as a topological space with the order topology.", "The set of [limit points](/wiki/Limit_point \"Limit point\") of an ordinal *α* is precisely the set of [limit ordinals](/wiki/Limit_ordinal \"Limit ordinal\") less than *α*. [Successor ordinals](/wiki/Successor_ordinal \"Successor ordinal\") (and zero) less than *α* are [isolated points](/wiki/Isolated_point \"Isolated point\") in *α*. In particular, the finite ordinals and ω are [discrete](/wiki/Discrete_space \"Discrete space\") topological spaces, and no ordinal beyond that is discrete. The ordinal *α* is [compact](/wiki/Compact_space \"Compact space\") as a topological space if and only if *α* is either a [successor ordinal](/wiki/Successor_ordinal \"Successor ordinal\") or zero.", "The [closed sets](/wiki/Closed_set \"Closed set\") of a limit ordinal *α* are just the closed sets in the sense that we have already defined, namely, those that contain a limit ordinal whenever they contain all sufficiently large ordinals below it.", "Any ordinal is, of course, an open subset of any larger ordinal. We can also define the topology on the ordinals in the following [inductive](/wiki/Recursion \"Recursion\") way: 0 is the empty topological space, *α*\\+1 is obtained by taking the [one\\-point compactification](/wiki/Compactification_%28mathematics%29 \"Compactification (mathematics)\") of *α*, and for *δ* a limit ordinal, *δ* is equipped with the [inductive limit](/wiki/Direct_limit \"Direct limit\") topology. Note that if *α* is a successor ordinal, then *α* is compact, in which case its one\\-point compactification *α*\\+1 is the [disjoint union](/wiki/Disjoint_union \"Disjoint union\") of *α* and a point.", "As topological spaces, all the ordinals are [Hausdorff](/wiki/Hausdorff_space \"Hausdorff space\") and even [normal](/wiki/Normal_space \"Normal space\"). They are also [totally disconnected](/wiki/Totally_disconnected \"Totally disconnected\") (connected components are points), [scattered](/wiki/Scattered_space \"Scattered space\") (every non\\-empty subspace has an isolated point; in this case, just take the smallest element), [zero\\-dimensional](/wiki/Zero-dimensional_space \"Zero-dimensional space\") (the topology has a [clopen](/wiki/Clopen \"Clopen\") [basis](/wiki/Basis_%28topology%29 \"Basis (topology)\"): here, write an open interval (*β*,*γ*) as the union of the clopen intervals (*β*,*γ*'\\+1\\) \\= \\[*β*\\+1,*γ*'] for *γ*'\\<*γ*). However, they are not [extremally disconnected](/wiki/Extremally_disconnected \"Extremally disconnected\") in general (there are open sets, for example the even numbers from ω, whose [closure](/wiki/Closure_%28mathematics%29 \"Closure (mathematics)\") is not open).", "The topological spaces ω1 and its successor ω1\\+1 are frequently used as textbook examples of uncountable topological spaces. For example, in the topological space ω1\\+1, the element ω1 is in the closure of the subset ω1 even though no sequence of elements in ω1 has the element ω1 as its limit: an element in ω1 is a countable set; for any sequence of such sets, the union of these sets is the union of countably many countable sets, so still countable; this union is an upper bound of the elements of the sequence, and therefore of the limit of the sequence, if it has one.", "The space ω1 is [first\\-countable](/wiki/First-countable_space \"First-countable space\") but not [second\\-countable](/wiki/Second-countable_space \"Second-countable space\"), and ω1\\+1 has neither of these two properties, despite being [compact](/wiki/Compact_space \"Compact space\"). It is also worthy of note that any [continuous function](/wiki/Continuous_function \"Continuous function\") from ω1 to **R** (the [real line](/wiki/Real_line \"Real line\")) is eventually constant: so the [Stone–Čech compactification](/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93%C4%8Cech_compactification \"Stone–Čech compactification\") of ω1 is ω1\\+1, just as its one\\-point compactification (in sharp contrast to ω, whose Stone–Čech compactification is much *larger* than ω).", "### Ordinal\\-indexed sequences", "If *α* is a limit ordinal and *X* is a set, an *α*\\-indexed sequence of elements of *X* merely means a function from *α* to *X*. This concept, a **transfinite sequence** or **ordinal\\-indexed sequence**, is a generalization of the concept of a [sequence](/wiki/Sequence \"Sequence\"). An ordinary sequence corresponds to the case *α* \\= ω.", "If *X* is a topological space, we say that an *α*\\-indexed sequence of elements of *X* *converges* to a limit *x* when it converges as a [net](/wiki/Net_%28mathematics%29 \"Net (mathematics)\"), in other words, when given any [neighborhood](/wiki/Neighborhood_%28mathematics%29 \"Neighborhood (mathematics)\") *U* of *x* there is an ordinal *β* \\< *α* such that *x**ι* is in *U* for all *ι* ≥ *β*.", "Ordinal\\-indexed sequences are more powerful than ordinary (ω\\-indexed) sequences to determine limits in topology: for example, ω1 is a limit point of ω1\\+1 (because it is a limit ordinal), and, indeed, it is the limit of the ω1\\-indexed sequence which maps any ordinal less than ω1 to itself: however, it is not the limit of any ordinary (ω\\-indexed) sequence in ω1, since any such limit is less than or equal to the union of its elements, which is a countable union of countable sets, hence itself countable.", "However, ordinal\\-indexed sequences are not powerful enough to replace nets (or [filters](/wiki/Filter_%28mathematics%29 \"Filter (mathematics)\")) in general: for example, on the [Tychonoff plank](/wiki/Tychonoff_plank \"Tychonoff plank\") (the product space (\\\\omega\\_1\\+1\\)\\\\times(\\\\omega\\+1\\)), the corner point (\\\\omega\\_1,\\\\omega) is a limit point (it is in the closure) of the open subset \\\\omega\\_1\\\\times\\\\omega, but it is not the limit of an ordinal\\-indexed sequence.", "" ]
### Ordinals as topological spaces Any [ordinal number](/wiki/Ordinal_number "Ordinal number") can be viewed as a topological space by endowing it with the order topology (indeed, ordinals are [well\-ordered](/wiki/Well-order "Well-order"), so in particular [totally ordered](/wiki/Totally_ordered "Totally ordered")). Unless otherwise specified, this is the usual topology given to ordinals. Moreover, if we are willing to accept a [proper class](/wiki/Proper_class "Proper class") as a topological space, then we may similarly view the class of all ordinals as a topological space with the order topology. The set of [limit points](/wiki/Limit_point "Limit point") of an ordinal *α* is precisely the set of [limit ordinals](/wiki/Limit_ordinal "Limit ordinal") less than *α*. [Successor ordinals](/wiki/Successor_ordinal "Successor ordinal") (and zero) less than *α* are [isolated points](/wiki/Isolated_point "Isolated point") in *α*. In particular, the finite ordinals and ω are [discrete](/wiki/Discrete_space "Discrete space") topological spaces, and no ordinal beyond that is discrete. The ordinal *α* is [compact](/wiki/Compact_space "Compact space") as a topological space if and only if *α* is either a [successor ordinal](/wiki/Successor_ordinal "Successor ordinal") or zero. The [closed sets](/wiki/Closed_set "Closed set") of a limit ordinal *α* are just the closed sets in the sense that we have already defined, namely, those that contain a limit ordinal whenever they contain all sufficiently large ordinals below it. Any ordinal is, of course, an open subset of any larger ordinal. We can also define the topology on the ordinals in the following [inductive](/wiki/Recursion "Recursion") way: 0 is the empty topological space, *α*\+1 is obtained by taking the [one\-point compactification](/wiki/Compactification_%28mathematics%29 "Compactification (mathematics)") of *α*, and for *δ* a limit ordinal, *δ* is equipped with the [inductive limit](/wiki/Direct_limit "Direct limit") topology. Note that if *α* is a successor ordinal, then *α* is compact, in which case its one\-point compactification *α*\+1 is the [disjoint union](/wiki/Disjoint_union "Disjoint union") of *α* and a point. As topological spaces, all the ordinals are [Hausdorff](/wiki/Hausdorff_space "Hausdorff space") and even [normal](/wiki/Normal_space "Normal space"). They are also [totally disconnected](/wiki/Totally_disconnected "Totally disconnected") (connected components are points), [scattered](/wiki/Scattered_space "Scattered space") (every non\-empty subspace has an isolated point; in this case, just take the smallest element), [zero\-dimensional](/wiki/Zero-dimensional_space "Zero-dimensional space") (the topology has a [clopen](/wiki/Clopen "Clopen") [basis](/wiki/Basis_%28topology%29 "Basis (topology)"): here, write an open interval (*β*,*γ*) as the union of the clopen intervals (*β*,*γ*'\+1\) \= \[*β*\+1,*γ*'] for *γ*'\<*γ*). However, they are not [extremally disconnected](/wiki/Extremally_disconnected "Extremally disconnected") in general (there are open sets, for example the even numbers from ω, whose [closure](/wiki/Closure_%28mathematics%29 "Closure (mathematics)") is not open). The topological spaces ω1 and its successor ω1\+1 are frequently used as textbook examples of uncountable topological spaces. For example, in the topological space ω1\+1, the element ω1 is in the closure of the subset ω1 even though no sequence of elements in ω1 has the element ω1 as its limit: an element in ω1 is a countable set; for any sequence of such sets, the union of these sets is the union of countably many countable sets, so still countable; this union is an upper bound of the elements of the sequence, and therefore of the limit of the sequence, if it has one. The space ω1 is [first\-countable](/wiki/First-countable_space "First-countable space") but not [second\-countable](/wiki/Second-countable_space "Second-countable space"), and ω1\+1 has neither of these two properties, despite being [compact](/wiki/Compact_space "Compact space"). It is also worthy of note that any [continuous function](/wiki/Continuous_function "Continuous function") from ω1 to **R** (the [real line](/wiki/Real_line "Real line")) is eventually constant: so the [Stone–Čech compactification](/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93%C4%8Cech_compactification "Stone–Čech compactification") of ω1 is ω1\+1, just as its one\-point compactification (in sharp contrast to ω, whose Stone–Čech compactification is much *larger* than ω).
[ "### Ordinals as topological spaces", "Any [ordinal number](/wiki/Ordinal_number \"Ordinal number\") can be viewed as a topological space by endowing it with the order topology (indeed, ordinals are [well\\-ordered](/wiki/Well-order \"Well-order\"), so in particular [totally ordered](/wiki/Totally_ordered \"Totally ordered\")). Unless otherwise specified, this is the usual topology given to ordinals. Moreover, if we are willing to accept a [proper class](/wiki/Proper_class \"Proper class\") as a topological space, then we may similarly view the class of all ordinals as a topological space with the order topology.", "The set of [limit points](/wiki/Limit_point \"Limit point\") of an ordinal *α* is precisely the set of [limit ordinals](/wiki/Limit_ordinal \"Limit ordinal\") less than *α*. [Successor ordinals](/wiki/Successor_ordinal \"Successor ordinal\") (and zero) less than *α* are [isolated points](/wiki/Isolated_point \"Isolated point\") in *α*. In particular, the finite ordinals and ω are [discrete](/wiki/Discrete_space \"Discrete space\") topological spaces, and no ordinal beyond that is discrete. The ordinal *α* is [compact](/wiki/Compact_space \"Compact space\") as a topological space if and only if *α* is either a [successor ordinal](/wiki/Successor_ordinal \"Successor ordinal\") or zero.", "The [closed sets](/wiki/Closed_set \"Closed set\") of a limit ordinal *α* are just the closed sets in the sense that we have already defined, namely, those that contain a limit ordinal whenever they contain all sufficiently large ordinals below it.", "Any ordinal is, of course, an open subset of any larger ordinal. We can also define the topology on the ordinals in the following [inductive](/wiki/Recursion \"Recursion\") way: 0 is the empty topological space, *α*\\+1 is obtained by taking the [one\\-point compactification](/wiki/Compactification_%28mathematics%29 \"Compactification (mathematics)\") of *α*, and for *δ* a limit ordinal, *δ* is equipped with the [inductive limit](/wiki/Direct_limit \"Direct limit\") topology. Note that if *α* is a successor ordinal, then *α* is compact, in which case its one\\-point compactification *α*\\+1 is the [disjoint union](/wiki/Disjoint_union \"Disjoint union\") of *α* and a point.", "As topological spaces, all the ordinals are [Hausdorff](/wiki/Hausdorff_space \"Hausdorff space\") and even [normal](/wiki/Normal_space \"Normal space\"). They are also [totally disconnected](/wiki/Totally_disconnected \"Totally disconnected\") (connected components are points), [scattered](/wiki/Scattered_space \"Scattered space\") (every non\\-empty subspace has an isolated point; in this case, just take the smallest element), [zero\\-dimensional](/wiki/Zero-dimensional_space \"Zero-dimensional space\") (the topology has a [clopen](/wiki/Clopen \"Clopen\") [basis](/wiki/Basis_%28topology%29 \"Basis (topology)\"): here, write an open interval (*β*,*γ*) as the union of the clopen intervals (*β*,*γ*'\\+1\\) \\= \\[*β*\\+1,*γ*'] for *γ*'\\<*γ*). However, they are not [extremally disconnected](/wiki/Extremally_disconnected \"Extremally disconnected\") in general (there are open sets, for example the even numbers from ω, whose [closure](/wiki/Closure_%28mathematics%29 \"Closure (mathematics)\") is not open).", "The topological spaces ω1 and its successor ω1\\+1 are frequently used as textbook examples of uncountable topological spaces. For example, in the topological space ω1\\+1, the element ω1 is in the closure of the subset ω1 even though no sequence of elements in ω1 has the element ω1 as its limit: an element in ω1 is a countable set; for any sequence of such sets, the union of these sets is the union of countably many countable sets, so still countable; this union is an upper bound of the elements of the sequence, and therefore of the limit of the sequence, if it has one.", "The space ω1 is [first\\-countable](/wiki/First-countable_space \"First-countable space\") but not [second\\-countable](/wiki/Second-countable_space \"Second-countable space\"), and ω1\\+1 has neither of these two properties, despite being [compact](/wiki/Compact_space \"Compact space\"). It is also worthy of note that any [continuous function](/wiki/Continuous_function \"Continuous function\") from ω1 to **R** (the [real line](/wiki/Real_line \"Real line\")) is eventually constant: so the [Stone–Čech compactification](/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93%C4%8Cech_compactification \"Stone–Čech compactification\") of ω1 is ω1\\+1, just as its one\\-point compactification (in sharp contrast to ω, whose Stone–Čech compactification is much *larger* than ω).", "" ]
Reign ----- [thumb\|left\|200px\|Neagoe Basarab and his son Theodosie (icon from the [Dionysiou monastery](/wiki/Dionysiou_monastery "Dionysiou monastery"))](/wiki/Image:Neagoe_Basarab.jpg "Neagoe Basarab.jpg") In the 16th century, [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") was independent, but was required to pay an exorbitant [tribute](/wiki/Tribute "Tribute") to the greater force of the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"). Neagoe encouraged the development of [crafts](/wiki/Crafts "Crafts") and trade, while maintaining a good relation with Wallachia's other powerful neighbour, [Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary "Kingdom of Hungary"). His [diplomacy](/wiki/Diplomacy "Diplomacy") attempted to establish connections with the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice "Republic of Venice") and the [Papacy](/wiki/Papacy "Papacy"), even offering to [mediate](/wiki/Mediation "Mediation") the dispute between [Eastern Orthodoxy](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy "Eastern Orthodoxy") and [Roman Catholicism](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism"), with the purpose of uniting [Christendom](/wiki/Christendom "Christendom") against the Ottoman threat. He adopted the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") tradition of Church [patronage](/wiki/Patronage "Patronage"), making generous donations to the Orthodox monasteries, not only in Wallachia but throughout the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans "Balkans"). During his reign the [Curtea de Argeș Monastery](/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99_Monastery "Curtea de Argeș Monastery") was built (in 1517\) – [legend](/wiki/Legend "Legend") names [Meșterul Manole](/wiki/Me%C8%99terul_Manole "Meșterul Manole") as the chief craftsman; the account also fuses Neagoe with yet another legendary figure, Prince Radu (who would've caused Manole's death by ordering for the [scaffolding](/wiki/Scaffolding "Scaffolding") to be removed while the builders were on the roof, ensuring that nobody would use Manole's craft, and thus preserving the uniqueness of the structure). Neagoe ordered the earliest works on the old [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop "Metropolitan bishop") church in [Târgoviște](/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te "Târgoviște") (the city where the edition of the [Gospels](/wiki/Gospel "Gospel") was published in 1512\) and [St. Nicholas Church](/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church%2C_Bra%C8%99ov "St. Nicholas Church, Brașov") in [Șcheii Brașovului](/wiki/%C8%98cheii_Bra%C8%99ovului "Șcheii Brașovului"). Neagoe Basarab wrote in [Church Slavonic](/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language "Church Slavonic language") one of the earliest literary works of Wallachia, called "The teachings of Neagoe Basarab to his son Theodosie" (translated in Romanian as *Învățăturile lui Neagoe Basarab către fiul său Teodosie*), where he touches various subjects such as [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy"), diplomacy, [morals](/wiki/Morals "Morals") and [ethics](/wiki/Ethics "Ethics").
[ "Reign\n-----", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Neagoe Basarab and his son Theodosie \n(icon from the [Dionysiou monastery](/wiki/Dionysiou_monastery \"Dionysiou monastery\"))](/wiki/Image:Neagoe_Basarab.jpg \"Neagoe Basarab.jpg\")", "In the 16th century, [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia \"Wallachia\") was independent, but was required to pay an exorbitant [tribute](/wiki/Tribute \"Tribute\") to the greater force of the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"). Neagoe encouraged the development of [crafts](/wiki/Crafts \"Crafts\") and trade, while maintaining a good relation with Wallachia's other powerful neighbour, [Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary \"Kingdom of Hungary\").", "His [diplomacy](/wiki/Diplomacy \"Diplomacy\") attempted to establish connections with the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice \"Republic of Venice\") and the [Papacy](/wiki/Papacy \"Papacy\"), even offering to [mediate](/wiki/Mediation \"Mediation\") the dispute between [Eastern Orthodoxy](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy \"Eastern Orthodoxy\") and [Roman Catholicism](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism \"Roman Catholicism\"), with the purpose of uniting [Christendom](/wiki/Christendom \"Christendom\") against the Ottoman threat.", "He adopted the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") tradition of Church [patronage](/wiki/Patronage \"Patronage\"), making generous donations to the Orthodox monasteries, not only in Wallachia but throughout the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans \"Balkans\"). During his reign the [Curtea de Argeș Monastery](/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99_Monastery \"Curtea de Argeș Monastery\") was built (in 1517\\) – [legend](/wiki/Legend \"Legend\") names [Meșterul Manole](/wiki/Me%C8%99terul_Manole \"Meșterul Manole\") as the chief craftsman; the account also fuses Neagoe with yet another legendary figure, Prince Radu (who would've caused Manole's death by ordering for the [scaffolding](/wiki/Scaffolding \"Scaffolding\") to be removed while the builders were on the roof, ensuring that nobody would use Manole's craft, and thus preserving the uniqueness of the structure).", "Neagoe ordered the earliest works on the old [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop \"Metropolitan bishop\") church in [Târgoviște](/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te \"Târgoviște\") (the city where the edition of the [Gospels](/wiki/Gospel \"Gospel\") was published in 1512\\) and [St. Nicholas Church](/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church%2C_Bra%C8%99ov \"St. Nicholas Church, Brașov\") in [Șcheii Brașovului](/wiki/%C8%98cheii_Bra%C8%99ovului \"Șcheii Brașovului\").", "Neagoe Basarab wrote in [Church Slavonic](/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language \"Church Slavonic language\") one of the earliest literary works of Wallachia, called \"The teachings of Neagoe Basarab to his son Theodosie\" (translated in Romanian as *Învățăturile lui Neagoe Basarab către fiul său Teodosie*), where he touches various subjects such as [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\"), diplomacy, [morals](/wiki/Morals \"Morals\") and [ethics](/wiki/Ethics \"Ethics\").", "" ]
Collection ---------- ### Hatboxes and bandboxes Hatboxes and their smaller relation the [bandbox](/wiki/wikt:Bandbox "Bandbox") were made of thin sheets of bent wood or [pasteboard](/wiki/Pasteboard "Pasteboard") and covered with decorative printed papers. Serving as an inexpensive form of luggage for men and women, the boxes carried and stored hats, collars, cuffs, and other finery. Their use increased in the 19th century as new roads, steamboats, and steam locomotives encouraged more people to travel. Shelburne Museum's collection of over two hundred hatboxes and bandboxes is one of the largest and most comprehensive on public display in the country. The collection represents the wide variety of box sizes and forms, paper colors, and designs and is particularly rich in rare, early papers. Most hat\-and\-bandbox factories were located in larger cities such as [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), or [Hartford](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut "Hartford, Connecticut"). However, many individuals operated small companies to make and sell hatboxes to local markets. One of the best known of these craftspeople was [Hannah Davis](/wiki/Hannah_Davis_%28craftsperson%29 "Hannah Davis (craftsperson)") (1784–1863\) of [Jaffrey, New Hampshire](/wiki/Jaffrey%2C_New_Hampshire "Jaffrey, New Hampshire"), whose work is well represented in the museum's collection. Early boxes were covered with printed and handpainted paper imported from [England](/wiki/England "England") and [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). [Wallpaper](/wiki/Wallpaper "Wallpaper") from American printers became available in the 19th century and was quickly adopted by hat and bandbox makers. Patterns and colors for the papers were influenced by current decorating styles. The images of [classical architecture](/wiki/Classical_architecture "Classical architecture"), [griffins](/wiki/Griffin "Griffin"), and [chariots](/wiki/Chariot "Chariot") pulled by birds were inspired by the mid\-19th century interest in [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greece "Ancient Greece") and [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") history. Common and exotic creatures such as [cows](/wiki/Cattle "Cattle"), [beavers](/wiki/Beaver "Beaver"), [anacondas](/wiki/Anaconda "Anaconda"), and [giraffes](/wiki/Giraffe "Giraffe") were inspired by zoos, traveling animal exhibitions, illustrated [bestiaries](/wiki/Bestiary "Bestiary"), and geography books. Finally, hatbox makers often copied illustrations of American city and rural scenes, historic landmarks, new modes of transportation, or important people and events published in popular books and magazines. Popular paper designs include the New York City Deaf and Dumb Asylum, a [duck hunt](/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting "Waterfowl hunting"), a [sidewheel steamboat](/wiki/Paddle_steamer%23Sidewheeler "Paddle steamer#Sidewheeler"), [President Harrison](/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison")'s log cabin and a [balloon](/wiki/Balloon_%28aeronautics%29 "Balloon (aeronautics)") ascension. ### Quilts and bedcoverings [Embroidered](/wiki/Embroidery "Embroidery") bed\-rugs and blankets, [coverlets](/wiki/Woven_coverlet "Woven coverlet"), and [quilts](/wiki/Quilt "Quilt") were a critical necessity in poorly heated early American homes. The making of bedcovers provided women with an important creative outlet and often served as the primary source of decoration in sparsely furnished 17th\- and 18th\-century homes. As America's economy grew in the 19th century, the increase in leisure time and the availability of inexpensive factory\-woven cloth encouraged thousands of women to embroider, sew, and quilt bedcovers for their families and friends. Shelburne Museum was one of the first institutions to collect and exhibit American textiles which possess bold graphic patterns, clarity of line, intense colors, and the imaginative combinations of human figures, animals and vegetation which is often whimsical and out of scale. The still\-growing collection at the museum is remarkable in its size and quality. Over seven hundred quilts, coverlets, blankets, and bed\-rugs from the 18th and 19th century illustrate the different types of bedcovers, the diversity of designs and fabrics, and the many methods of manufacture used by creative men and women. Although the collection predominantly represents [New England](/wiki/New_England "New England") and the northern states, it also includes examples from the southern and mid\-western regions, as well as from such distinctive groups as the [Amish](/wiki/Amish "Amish"), [Pennsylvania Dutch](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch "Pennsylvania Dutch"), and [native Hawaiians](/wiki/Native_Hawaiians "Native Hawaiians"). Bed\-rugs, a traditional northern European bedcover, were brought to America from northern England and widely used until the early 19th century. Now quite rare, these thick, heavy bedcovers were embroidered with handspun and dyed yarns on wool fabric to create a dense pile surface similar to that of an [Oriental rug](/wiki/Oriental_rug "Oriental rug"). Hand\-woven blankets, treasured for their warmth and durability, often were embroidered with colorful handspun wool yarns. Women embroidered swirling vine, floral and shell patterns on plain blankets and filled squares of window\-pane\-checked blankets with stars and flowers. Single and double coverlets, hand\-woven in bold, geometric patterns from the mid\-eighteenth to mid\-19th centuries, were considered more decorative than plain or plaid blankets. While most were woven in blue and white, some weavers chose to emphasize the patterns by combining two or more colors. [Jacquard](/wiki/Jacquard_loom "Jacquard loom") coverlets, introduced in the early 19th century, became immediately popular because of their elaborate floral, mosaic, figural, and patriotic patterns. Professional [weavers](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving") advertised them as fancy coverlets to differentiate them from hand\-woven coverlets with geometric patterns. Quilts are made by joining layers of cloth – usually a decorative top, warm filling of either raw wool or cotton, and plain backing – and sewing or "[quilting](/wiki/Quilting "Quilting")" them together. The method by which the quilt top is made, pieced, [appliquéd](/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9 "Appliqué"), or plain, determines the nature of the design. The first quilts made in America followed English and European traditions. Early plain whole\-cloth quilts were made from lengths of imported, highly glazed, richly colored wool fabric. The stitches used to secure the layers followed decorative swirling vine and floral patterns similar to those used in embroidery or in painted decorations on furniture and walls. The earliest pieced quilts were made by sewing or "piecing" small geometric pieces of fabric together in simple honeycomb or triangle patterns. As American women perfected the art of quilt making in the early 19th century, they developed more complex patterns often requiring hundreds of thousands of tiny pieces. Geometric star, flower, and figural patterns were pieced together in small blocks and then sewn together to make a quilt top. The first American appliquéd quilts, made in the 18th century, used the *broderie perse*, French for [Persian embroidery](/wiki/Persian_embroidery "Persian embroidery"), technique of cutting entire motifs from imported printed fabric, then sewing them on a plain fabric background. 19th\-century quilters continued this tradition adding their own twists, following patterns printed in ladies' magazines, copied from a friend, or designed on their own. Occasionally women also stenciled, painted and embroidered fabrics to imitate elaborate quilt or coverlet patterns. Other bedcovers were [knitted](/wiki/Knitting "Knitting") or [crocheted](/wiki/Crochet "Crochet") in elegant patterns.
[ "Collection\n----------", "### Hatboxes and bandboxes", "Hatboxes and their smaller relation the [bandbox](/wiki/wikt:Bandbox \"Bandbox\") were made of thin sheets of bent wood or [pasteboard](/wiki/Pasteboard \"Pasteboard\") and covered with decorative printed papers. Serving as an inexpensive form of luggage for men and women, the boxes carried and stored hats, collars, cuffs, and other finery. Their use increased in the 19th century as new roads, steamboats, and steam locomotives encouraged more people to travel.", "Shelburne Museum's collection of over two hundred hatboxes and bandboxes is one of the largest and most comprehensive on public display in the country. The collection represents the wide variety of box sizes and forms, paper colors, and designs and is particularly rich in rare, early papers.", "Most hat\\-and\\-bandbox factories were located in larger cities such as [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), or [Hartford](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut \"Hartford, Connecticut\"). However, many individuals operated small companies to make and sell hatboxes to local markets. One of the best known of these craftspeople was [Hannah Davis](/wiki/Hannah_Davis_%28craftsperson%29 \"Hannah Davis (craftsperson)\") (1784–1863\\) of [Jaffrey, New Hampshire](/wiki/Jaffrey%2C_New_Hampshire \"Jaffrey, New Hampshire\"), whose work is well represented in the museum's collection.", "Early boxes were covered with printed and handpainted paper imported from [England](/wiki/England \"England\") and [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). [Wallpaper](/wiki/Wallpaper \"Wallpaper\") from American printers became available in the 19th century and was quickly adopted by hat and bandbox makers.", "Patterns and colors for the papers were influenced by current decorating styles. The images of [classical architecture](/wiki/Classical_architecture \"Classical architecture\"), [griffins](/wiki/Griffin \"Griffin\"), and [chariots](/wiki/Chariot \"Chariot\") pulled by birds were inspired by the mid\\-19th century interest in [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\") and [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") history. Common and exotic creatures such as [cows](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\"), [beavers](/wiki/Beaver \"Beaver\"), [anacondas](/wiki/Anaconda \"Anaconda\"), and [giraffes](/wiki/Giraffe \"Giraffe\") were inspired by zoos, traveling animal exhibitions, illustrated [bestiaries](/wiki/Bestiary \"Bestiary\"), and geography books. Finally, hatbox makers often copied illustrations of American city and rural scenes, historic landmarks, new modes of transportation, or important people and events published in popular books and magazines. Popular paper designs include the New York City Deaf and Dumb Asylum, a [duck hunt](/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting \"Waterfowl hunting\"), a [sidewheel steamboat](/wiki/Paddle_steamer%23Sidewheeler \"Paddle steamer#Sidewheeler\"), [President Harrison](/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison \"William Henry Harrison\")'s log cabin and a [balloon](/wiki/Balloon_%28aeronautics%29 \"Balloon (aeronautics)\") ascension.", "### Quilts and bedcoverings", "[Embroidered](/wiki/Embroidery \"Embroidery\") bed\\-rugs and blankets, [coverlets](/wiki/Woven_coverlet \"Woven coverlet\"), and [quilts](/wiki/Quilt \"Quilt\") were a critical necessity in poorly heated early American homes. The making of bedcovers provided women with an important creative outlet and often served as the primary source of decoration in sparsely furnished 17th\\- and 18th\\-century homes. As America's economy grew in the 19th century, the increase in leisure time and the availability of inexpensive factory\\-woven cloth encouraged thousands of women to embroider, sew, and quilt bedcovers for their families and friends.", "Shelburne Museum was one of the first institutions to collect and exhibit American textiles which possess bold graphic patterns, clarity of line, intense colors, and the imaginative combinations of human figures, animals and vegetation which is often whimsical and out of scale.", "The still\\-growing collection at the museum is remarkable in its size and quality. Over seven hundred quilts, coverlets, blankets, and bed\\-rugs from the 18th and 19th century illustrate the different types of bedcovers, the diversity of designs and fabrics, and the many methods of manufacture used by creative men and women. Although the collection predominantly represents [New England](/wiki/New_England \"New England\") and the northern states, it also includes examples from the southern and mid\\-western regions, as well as from such distinctive groups as the [Amish](/wiki/Amish \"Amish\"), [Pennsylvania Dutch](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch \"Pennsylvania Dutch\"), and [native Hawaiians](/wiki/Native_Hawaiians \"Native Hawaiians\").", "Bed\\-rugs, a traditional northern European bedcover, were brought to America from northern England and widely used until the early 19th century. Now quite rare, these thick, heavy bedcovers were embroidered with handspun and dyed yarns on wool fabric to create a dense pile surface similar to that of an [Oriental rug](/wiki/Oriental_rug \"Oriental rug\").", "Hand\\-woven blankets, treasured for their warmth and durability, often were embroidered with colorful handspun wool yarns. Women embroidered swirling vine, floral and shell patterns on plain blankets and filled squares of window\\-pane\\-checked blankets with stars and flowers.", "Single and double coverlets, hand\\-woven in bold, geometric patterns from the mid\\-eighteenth to mid\\-19th centuries, were considered more decorative than plain or plaid blankets. While most were woven in blue and white, some weavers chose to emphasize the patterns by combining two or more colors. [Jacquard](/wiki/Jacquard_loom \"Jacquard loom\") coverlets, introduced in the early 19th century, became immediately popular because of their elaborate floral, mosaic, figural, and patriotic patterns. Professional [weavers](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\") advertised them as fancy coverlets to differentiate them from hand\\-woven coverlets with geometric patterns.", "Quilts are made by joining layers of cloth – usually a decorative top, warm filling of either raw wool or cotton, and plain backing – and sewing or \"[quilting](/wiki/Quilting \"Quilting\")\" them together. The method by which the quilt top is made, pieced, [appliquéd](/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9 \"Appliqué\"), or plain, determines the nature of the design.", "The first quilts made in America followed English and European traditions. Early plain whole\\-cloth quilts were made from lengths of imported, highly glazed, richly colored wool fabric. The stitches used to secure the layers followed decorative swirling vine and floral patterns similar to those used in embroidery or in painted decorations on furniture and walls.", "The earliest pieced quilts were made by sewing or \"piecing\" small geometric pieces of fabric together in simple honeycomb or triangle patterns. As American women perfected the art of quilt making in the early 19th century, they developed more complex patterns often requiring hundreds of thousands of tiny pieces. Geometric star, flower, and figural patterns were pieced together in small blocks and then sewn together to make a quilt top.", "The first American appliquéd quilts, made in the 18th century, used the *broderie perse*, French for [Persian embroidery](/wiki/Persian_embroidery \"Persian embroidery\"), technique of cutting entire motifs from imported printed fabric, then sewing them on a plain fabric background. 19th\\-century quilters continued this tradition adding their own twists, following patterns printed in ladies' magazines, copied from a friend, or designed on their own.", "Occasionally women also stenciled, painted and embroidered fabrics to imitate elaborate quilt or coverlet patterns. Other bedcovers were [knitted](/wiki/Knitting \"Knitting\") or [crocheted](/wiki/Crochet \"Crochet\") in elegant patterns.", "" ]
### Hatboxes and bandboxes Hatboxes and their smaller relation the [bandbox](/wiki/wikt:Bandbox "Bandbox") were made of thin sheets of bent wood or [pasteboard](/wiki/Pasteboard "Pasteboard") and covered with decorative printed papers. Serving as an inexpensive form of luggage for men and women, the boxes carried and stored hats, collars, cuffs, and other finery. Their use increased in the 19th century as new roads, steamboats, and steam locomotives encouraged more people to travel. Shelburne Museum's collection of over two hundred hatboxes and bandboxes is one of the largest and most comprehensive on public display in the country. The collection represents the wide variety of box sizes and forms, paper colors, and designs and is particularly rich in rare, early papers. Most hat\-and\-bandbox factories were located in larger cities such as [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), or [Hartford](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut "Hartford, Connecticut"). However, many individuals operated small companies to make and sell hatboxes to local markets. One of the best known of these craftspeople was [Hannah Davis](/wiki/Hannah_Davis_%28craftsperson%29 "Hannah Davis (craftsperson)") (1784–1863\) of [Jaffrey, New Hampshire](/wiki/Jaffrey%2C_New_Hampshire "Jaffrey, New Hampshire"), whose work is well represented in the museum's collection. Early boxes were covered with printed and handpainted paper imported from [England](/wiki/England "England") and [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). [Wallpaper](/wiki/Wallpaper "Wallpaper") from American printers became available in the 19th century and was quickly adopted by hat and bandbox makers. Patterns and colors for the papers were influenced by current decorating styles. The images of [classical architecture](/wiki/Classical_architecture "Classical architecture"), [griffins](/wiki/Griffin "Griffin"), and [chariots](/wiki/Chariot "Chariot") pulled by birds were inspired by the mid\-19th century interest in [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greece "Ancient Greece") and [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") history. Common and exotic creatures such as [cows](/wiki/Cattle "Cattle"), [beavers](/wiki/Beaver "Beaver"), [anacondas](/wiki/Anaconda "Anaconda"), and [giraffes](/wiki/Giraffe "Giraffe") were inspired by zoos, traveling animal exhibitions, illustrated [bestiaries](/wiki/Bestiary "Bestiary"), and geography books. Finally, hatbox makers often copied illustrations of American city and rural scenes, historic landmarks, new modes of transportation, or important people and events published in popular books and magazines. Popular paper designs include the New York City Deaf and Dumb Asylum, a [duck hunt](/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting "Waterfowl hunting"), a [sidewheel steamboat](/wiki/Paddle_steamer%23Sidewheeler "Paddle steamer#Sidewheeler"), [President Harrison](/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison")'s log cabin and a [balloon](/wiki/Balloon_%28aeronautics%29 "Balloon (aeronautics)") ascension.
[ "### Hatboxes and bandboxes", "Hatboxes and their smaller relation the [bandbox](/wiki/wikt:Bandbox \"Bandbox\") were made of thin sheets of bent wood or [pasteboard](/wiki/Pasteboard \"Pasteboard\") and covered with decorative printed papers. Serving as an inexpensive form of luggage for men and women, the boxes carried and stored hats, collars, cuffs, and other finery. Their use increased in the 19th century as new roads, steamboats, and steam locomotives encouraged more people to travel.", "Shelburne Museum's collection of over two hundred hatboxes and bandboxes is one of the largest and most comprehensive on public display in the country. The collection represents the wide variety of box sizes and forms, paper colors, and designs and is particularly rich in rare, early papers.", "Most hat\\-and\\-bandbox factories were located in larger cities such as [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), or [Hartford](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut \"Hartford, Connecticut\"). However, many individuals operated small companies to make and sell hatboxes to local markets. One of the best known of these craftspeople was [Hannah Davis](/wiki/Hannah_Davis_%28craftsperson%29 \"Hannah Davis (craftsperson)\") (1784–1863\\) of [Jaffrey, New Hampshire](/wiki/Jaffrey%2C_New_Hampshire \"Jaffrey, New Hampshire\"), whose work is well represented in the museum's collection.", "Early boxes were covered with printed and handpainted paper imported from [England](/wiki/England \"England\") and [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). [Wallpaper](/wiki/Wallpaper \"Wallpaper\") from American printers became available in the 19th century and was quickly adopted by hat and bandbox makers.", "Patterns and colors for the papers were influenced by current decorating styles. The images of [classical architecture](/wiki/Classical_architecture \"Classical architecture\"), [griffins](/wiki/Griffin \"Griffin\"), and [chariots](/wiki/Chariot \"Chariot\") pulled by birds were inspired by the mid\\-19th century interest in [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\") and [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") history. Common and exotic creatures such as [cows](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\"), [beavers](/wiki/Beaver \"Beaver\"), [anacondas](/wiki/Anaconda \"Anaconda\"), and [giraffes](/wiki/Giraffe \"Giraffe\") were inspired by zoos, traveling animal exhibitions, illustrated [bestiaries](/wiki/Bestiary \"Bestiary\"), and geography books. Finally, hatbox makers often copied illustrations of American city and rural scenes, historic landmarks, new modes of transportation, or important people and events published in popular books and magazines. Popular paper designs include the New York City Deaf and Dumb Asylum, a [duck hunt](/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting \"Waterfowl hunting\"), a [sidewheel steamboat](/wiki/Paddle_steamer%23Sidewheeler \"Paddle steamer#Sidewheeler\"), [President Harrison](/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison \"William Henry Harrison\")'s log cabin and a [balloon](/wiki/Balloon_%28aeronautics%29 \"Balloon (aeronautics)\") ascension.", "" ]
### Quilts and bedcoverings [Embroidered](/wiki/Embroidery "Embroidery") bed\-rugs and blankets, [coverlets](/wiki/Woven_coverlet "Woven coverlet"), and [quilts](/wiki/Quilt "Quilt") were a critical necessity in poorly heated early American homes. The making of bedcovers provided women with an important creative outlet and often served as the primary source of decoration in sparsely furnished 17th\- and 18th\-century homes. As America's economy grew in the 19th century, the increase in leisure time and the availability of inexpensive factory\-woven cloth encouraged thousands of women to embroider, sew, and quilt bedcovers for their families and friends. Shelburne Museum was one of the first institutions to collect and exhibit American textiles which possess bold graphic patterns, clarity of line, intense colors, and the imaginative combinations of human figures, animals and vegetation which is often whimsical and out of scale. The still\-growing collection at the museum is remarkable in its size and quality. Over seven hundred quilts, coverlets, blankets, and bed\-rugs from the 18th and 19th century illustrate the different types of bedcovers, the diversity of designs and fabrics, and the many methods of manufacture used by creative men and women. Although the collection predominantly represents [New England](/wiki/New_England "New England") and the northern states, it also includes examples from the southern and mid\-western regions, as well as from such distinctive groups as the [Amish](/wiki/Amish "Amish"), [Pennsylvania Dutch](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch "Pennsylvania Dutch"), and [native Hawaiians](/wiki/Native_Hawaiians "Native Hawaiians"). Bed\-rugs, a traditional northern European bedcover, were brought to America from northern England and widely used until the early 19th century. Now quite rare, these thick, heavy bedcovers were embroidered with handspun and dyed yarns on wool fabric to create a dense pile surface similar to that of an [Oriental rug](/wiki/Oriental_rug "Oriental rug"). Hand\-woven blankets, treasured for their warmth and durability, often were embroidered with colorful handspun wool yarns. Women embroidered swirling vine, floral and shell patterns on plain blankets and filled squares of window\-pane\-checked blankets with stars and flowers. Single and double coverlets, hand\-woven in bold, geometric patterns from the mid\-eighteenth to mid\-19th centuries, were considered more decorative than plain or plaid blankets. While most were woven in blue and white, some weavers chose to emphasize the patterns by combining two or more colors. [Jacquard](/wiki/Jacquard_loom "Jacquard loom") coverlets, introduced in the early 19th century, became immediately popular because of their elaborate floral, mosaic, figural, and patriotic patterns. Professional [weavers](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving") advertised them as fancy coverlets to differentiate them from hand\-woven coverlets with geometric patterns. Quilts are made by joining layers of cloth – usually a decorative top, warm filling of either raw wool or cotton, and plain backing – and sewing or "[quilting](/wiki/Quilting "Quilting")" them together. The method by which the quilt top is made, pieced, [appliquéd](/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9 "Appliqué"), or plain, determines the nature of the design. The first quilts made in America followed English and European traditions. Early plain whole\-cloth quilts were made from lengths of imported, highly glazed, richly colored wool fabric. The stitches used to secure the layers followed decorative swirling vine and floral patterns similar to those used in embroidery or in painted decorations on furniture and walls. The earliest pieced quilts were made by sewing or "piecing" small geometric pieces of fabric together in simple honeycomb or triangle patterns. As American women perfected the art of quilt making in the early 19th century, they developed more complex patterns often requiring hundreds of thousands of tiny pieces. Geometric star, flower, and figural patterns were pieced together in small blocks and then sewn together to make a quilt top. The first American appliquéd quilts, made in the 18th century, used the *broderie perse*, French for [Persian embroidery](/wiki/Persian_embroidery "Persian embroidery"), technique of cutting entire motifs from imported printed fabric, then sewing them on a plain fabric background. 19th\-century quilters continued this tradition adding their own twists, following patterns printed in ladies' magazines, copied from a friend, or designed on their own. Occasionally women also stenciled, painted and embroidered fabrics to imitate elaborate quilt or coverlet patterns. Other bedcovers were [knitted](/wiki/Knitting "Knitting") or [crocheted](/wiki/Crochet "Crochet") in elegant patterns.
[ "### Quilts and bedcoverings", "[Embroidered](/wiki/Embroidery \"Embroidery\") bed\\-rugs and blankets, [coverlets](/wiki/Woven_coverlet \"Woven coverlet\"), and [quilts](/wiki/Quilt \"Quilt\") were a critical necessity in poorly heated early American homes. The making of bedcovers provided women with an important creative outlet and often served as the primary source of decoration in sparsely furnished 17th\\- and 18th\\-century homes. As America's economy grew in the 19th century, the increase in leisure time and the availability of inexpensive factory\\-woven cloth encouraged thousands of women to embroider, sew, and quilt bedcovers for their families and friends.", "Shelburne Museum was one of the first institutions to collect and exhibit American textiles which possess bold graphic patterns, clarity of line, intense colors, and the imaginative combinations of human figures, animals and vegetation which is often whimsical and out of scale.", "The still\\-growing collection at the museum is remarkable in its size and quality. Over seven hundred quilts, coverlets, blankets, and bed\\-rugs from the 18th and 19th century illustrate the different types of bedcovers, the diversity of designs and fabrics, and the many methods of manufacture used by creative men and women. Although the collection predominantly represents [New England](/wiki/New_England \"New England\") and the northern states, it also includes examples from the southern and mid\\-western regions, as well as from such distinctive groups as the [Amish](/wiki/Amish \"Amish\"), [Pennsylvania Dutch](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch \"Pennsylvania Dutch\"), and [native Hawaiians](/wiki/Native_Hawaiians \"Native Hawaiians\").", "Bed\\-rugs, a traditional northern European bedcover, were brought to America from northern England and widely used until the early 19th century. Now quite rare, these thick, heavy bedcovers were embroidered with handspun and dyed yarns on wool fabric to create a dense pile surface similar to that of an [Oriental rug](/wiki/Oriental_rug \"Oriental rug\").", "Hand\\-woven blankets, treasured for their warmth and durability, often were embroidered with colorful handspun wool yarns. Women embroidered swirling vine, floral and shell patterns on plain blankets and filled squares of window\\-pane\\-checked blankets with stars and flowers.", "Single and double coverlets, hand\\-woven in bold, geometric patterns from the mid\\-eighteenth to mid\\-19th centuries, were considered more decorative than plain or plaid blankets. While most were woven in blue and white, some weavers chose to emphasize the patterns by combining two or more colors. [Jacquard](/wiki/Jacquard_loom \"Jacquard loom\") coverlets, introduced in the early 19th century, became immediately popular because of their elaborate floral, mosaic, figural, and patriotic patterns. Professional [weavers](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\") advertised them as fancy coverlets to differentiate them from hand\\-woven coverlets with geometric patterns.", "Quilts are made by joining layers of cloth – usually a decorative top, warm filling of either raw wool or cotton, and plain backing – and sewing or \"[quilting](/wiki/Quilting \"Quilting\")\" them together. The method by which the quilt top is made, pieced, [appliquéd](/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9 \"Appliqué\"), or plain, determines the nature of the design.", "The first quilts made in America followed English and European traditions. Early plain whole\\-cloth quilts were made from lengths of imported, highly glazed, richly colored wool fabric. The stitches used to secure the layers followed decorative swirling vine and floral patterns similar to those used in embroidery or in painted decorations on furniture and walls.", "The earliest pieced quilts were made by sewing or \"piecing\" small geometric pieces of fabric together in simple honeycomb or triangle patterns. As American women perfected the art of quilt making in the early 19th century, they developed more complex patterns often requiring hundreds of thousands of tiny pieces. Geometric star, flower, and figural patterns were pieced together in small blocks and then sewn together to make a quilt top.", "The first American appliquéd quilts, made in the 18th century, used the *broderie perse*, French for [Persian embroidery](/wiki/Persian_embroidery \"Persian embroidery\"), technique of cutting entire motifs from imported printed fabric, then sewing them on a plain fabric background. 19th\\-century quilters continued this tradition adding their own twists, following patterns printed in ladies' magazines, copied from a friend, or designed on their own.", "Occasionally women also stenciled, painted and embroidered fabrics to imitate elaborate quilt or coverlet patterns. Other bedcovers were [knitted](/wiki/Knitting \"Knitting\") or [crocheted](/wiki/Crochet \"Crochet\") in elegant patterns.", "" ]
Synopsis -------- New York City secretary Leona Samish arrives in [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice") ("Someone Woke Up"), where she is staying at the Pensione Fioria, where she is greeted by owner Fioria ("This Week Americans"). There she meets Americans Eddie and Jennifer Yaeger, who are living in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") and have come to Venice for a vacation, and the McIlhennys, an older couple on a package tour ("What Do We Do? We Fly!"). While shopping, Leona sees a ruby glass goblet in a store window and goes inside to inspect it. The owner, Renato di Rossi, tells her it is an authentic 18th\-century piece, not a reproduction. He offers not only to find her a matching glass to make up a pair, but to show her the sights of the city, as well. Leona refuses his offer and leaves, but returns the next day to buy the goblet. Later that day, a package with a second goblet is delivered to the hotel. Soon after, Renato arrives to invite Leona to join him for coffee in [Piazza San Marco](/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco "Piazza San Marco") that evening. When the McIlhennys show her their purchase of a set of glasses exactly like hers, Leona believes Renato misrepresented their value, but Signora Fioria assures her they are [antiques](/wiki/Antique "Antique"). Later in the day, Renato's son Vito comes to tell Leona that Renato will be late for their meeting because one of his children is ill and needs to see a doctor. Realizing Renato is married, she cancels their rendezvous. He comes to the pensione and explains he and his wife have not loved each other for years but divorce is not an option, not only because the country doesn't permit it, but because they have their children to consider as well. To Leona, his casual attitude about extramarital affairs is wrong, but she still finds herself attracted to him, and agrees to keep their date. Meanwhile, the Yaegers are facing problems of their own. Eddie, finding himself enamoured with Signora Fioria, announces he wants to put distance between himself and the woman by returning to the United States. Renato arrives with a [garnet](/wiki/Garnet "Garnet") necklace for Leona, who is thrilled with his gift and agrees to extend her stay in Venice. She hosts a party in the garden of the pensione, and as the party is in progress, Renato's son Vito comes to tell his father that the jeweler wants his money; overhearing this, Leona happily gives him the money. However, when she discovers Renato has received a commission on the sale of the necklace, she accuses him of being interested only in her money, and he leaves. Fioria and Jennifer attempt to comfort Leona, who drunkenly reveals Eddie and Fioria spent the previous evening together, only to immediately regret her words ("Everyone Loves Leona"). The following day both the Yaegers and the McIlhennys check out of the pensione as Fioria is happy that everyone is leaving and making way for the next group of guests ("Last Week Americans"). On hearing Renato had been there before she awoke, Leona goes to his store to make amends, but he tells her a relationship with her would be impossible because of her complicated outlook on life. His affection for her is gone, and they part as friends ("Thank You So Much").
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "New York City secretary Leona Samish arrives in [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\") (\"Someone Woke Up\"), where she is staying at the Pensione Fioria, where she is greeted by owner Fioria (\"This Week Americans\"). There she meets Americans Eddie and Jennifer Yaeger, who are living in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") and have come to Venice for a vacation, and the McIlhennys, an older couple on a package tour (\"What Do We Do? We Fly!\").", "While shopping, Leona sees a ruby glass goblet in a store window and goes inside to inspect it. The owner, Renato di Rossi, tells her it is an authentic 18th\\-century piece, not a reproduction. He offers not only to find her a matching glass to make up a pair, but to show her the sights of the city, as well. Leona refuses his offer and leaves, but returns the next day to buy the goblet. Later that day, a package with a second goblet is delivered to the hotel. Soon after, Renato arrives to invite Leona to join him for coffee in [Piazza San Marco](/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco \"Piazza San Marco\") that evening. When the McIlhennys show her their purchase of a set of glasses exactly like hers, Leona believes Renato misrepresented their value, but Signora Fioria assures her they are [antiques](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\").", "Later in the day, Renato's son Vito comes to tell Leona that Renato will be late for their meeting because one of his children is ill and needs to see a doctor. Realizing Renato is married, she cancels their rendezvous. He comes to the pensione and explains he and his wife have not loved each other for years but divorce is not an option, not only because the country doesn't permit it, but because they have their children to consider as well. To Leona, his casual attitude about extramarital affairs is wrong, but she still finds herself attracted to him, and agrees to keep their date.", "Meanwhile, the Yaegers are facing problems of their own. Eddie, finding himself enamoured with Signora Fioria, announces he wants to put distance between himself and the woman by returning to the United States.", "Renato arrives with a [garnet](/wiki/Garnet \"Garnet\") necklace for Leona, who is thrilled with his gift and agrees to extend her stay in Venice. She hosts a party in the garden of the pensione, and as the party is in progress, Renato's son Vito comes to tell his father that the jeweler wants his money; overhearing this, Leona happily gives him the money. However, when she discovers Renato has received a commission on the sale of the necklace, she accuses him of being interested only in her money, and he leaves.", "Fioria and Jennifer attempt to comfort Leona, who drunkenly reveals Eddie and Fioria spent the previous evening together, only to immediately regret her words (\"Everyone Loves Leona\"). The following day both the Yaegers and the McIlhennys check out of the pensione as Fioria is happy that everyone is leaving and making way for the next group of guests (\"Last Week Americans\"). On hearing Renato had been there before she awoke, Leona goes to his store to make amends, but he tells her a relationship with her would be impossible because of her complicated outlook on life. His affection for her is gone, and they part as friends (\"Thank You So Much\").", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Florence Marjorie Robertson was born in [Forest Gate](/wiki/Forest_Gate "Forest Gate"), [Essex](/wiki/Essex "Essex"), the daughter of [Merchant Navy](/wiki/Merchant_Navy_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)") captain Herbert William Robertson and Florence, née Neagle.{{cite ODNB \| url\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\.001\.0001/odnb\-9780198614128\-e\-39943 \| doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/39943 \| title\=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography \| date\=2004 }}Springer, John, and Jack Hamilton. *They Had Faces Then*. Castle Books. p. 319\. Her elder brother was the bass\-baritone and actor Stuart Robertson (1901–1958\).Pearl Records, *The Mikado*, sleeve notes. She made her stage debut as a dancer in 1917, and later appeared in the chorus of C.B. Cochran's [revues](/wiki/Revue "Revue") and also André Charlot's revue *Bubbly*. While with Cochran, she understudied [Jessie Matthews](/wiki/Jessie_Matthews "Jessie Matthews").Vermilye, Jerry. *The Great British Films*. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press, 1978\. p. 21\. In 1931, she starred in the West End musical *Stand Up and Sing* with actor [Jack Buchanan](/wiki/Jack_Buchanan "Jack Buchanan"), who encouraged her to take a featured role. For this play, she began using the professional name Anna Neagle (the surname being her mother's maiden name).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fandango.com/annaneagle/biographies/p52015 \|title\=''Fandango'' Biography. \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130102164107/http://www.fandango.com/annaneagle/biographies/p52015 \|archive\-date\=2 January 2013}} The play was a success with a total run of 604 performances. *Stand Up and Sing* provided her big break when film producer and director [Herbert Wilcox](/wiki/Herbert_Wilcox "Herbert Wilcox") caught the show to consider Buchanan for an upcoming film, but also took note of her cinematic potential.[*British Pictures* Profile and Reviews.](http://www.britishpictures.com/stars/Neagle.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216175734/http://www.britishpictures.com/stars/Neagle.htm \|date\=16 December 2007 }} ### Cinematic beginnings {{Quote box \| quote \= "Naturally enough when I was a young dancer, I was terribly anxious to get ahead, and to get ahead quickly. I was impatient with all those older people who talked of the long grind to the top, who turned me down for jobs I knew I could do." \| source \= Anna Neagle{{cite web\|url\=http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/anna\_neagle.html\|title\=Anna Neagle Quotes\|website\=Brainyquote.com}} \| width \= 33% \| align \= right \| salign\=right }} Forming a professional alliance with Wilcox, Neagle played her first starring film role in the musical *[Goodnight, Vienna](/wiki/Goodnight%2C_Vienna "Goodnight, Vienna")* (1932\), again with Jack Buchanan. With this film, Neagle became an overnight favourite. Although the film cost a mere £23,000 to produce, it was a hit at the box office, with profits from its Australian release alone being £150,000\.[https://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2004/2004\-08\-12\-neagle.pdf](https://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2004/2004-08-12-neagle.pdf){{dead link\|date\=October 2023\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}: ([PDF](/wiki/Portable_Document_Format "Portable Document Format") file). After her starring role in *[The Flag Lieutenant](/wiki/The_Flag_Lieutenant_%281932_film%29 "The Flag Lieutenant (1932 film)")* (also 1932\), directed by and co\-starring [Henry Edwards](/wiki/Henry_Edwards_%28actor%29 "Henry Edwards (actor)"), she worked exclusively under Wilcox's direction for all but one of her subsequent films, becoming one of Britain's biggest stars. She continued in the musical genre, co\-starring with Fernand Gravey (later known as Fernand Gravet) in *[Bitter Sweet](/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_%281933_film%29 "Bitter Sweet (1933 film)")* (1933\). This first version of [Noël Coward](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward "Noël Coward")'s tale of ill\-fated lovers was later obscured by the better\-known [Jeanette MacDonald](/wiki/Jeanette_MacDonald "Jeanette MacDonald")–[Nelson Eddy](/wiki/Nelson_Eddy "Nelson Eddy") remake in 1940\. Neagle had her first major success with *[Nell Gwyn](/wiki/Nell_Gwyn_%281934_film%29 "Nell Gwyn (1934 film)")* (1934\), which Wilcox had previously shot as a [silent](/wiki/Silent_film "Silent film") starring [Dorothy Gish](/wiki/Dorothy_Gish "Dorothy Gish") in 1926\. Neagle's performance as [Gwyn](/wiki/Nell_Gwyn "Nell Gwyn"), who became the mistress of [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England") (played by [Cedric Hardwicke](/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke "Cedric Hardwicke")) prompted some [censorship in the United States](/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States "Censorship in the United States"). The [Hays Office](/wiki/Hays_Office "Hays Office") had Wilcox add an (historically false) scene featuring the two leads getting married and also a "framing" story resulting in an entirely different ending.Vermilye, p. 23 [Graham Greene](/wiki/Graham_Greene "Graham Greene"), then a film critic, said of *Nell Gwyn*: "I have seen few things more attractive than Miss Neagle in breeches". Two years after *Nell Gwyn*, she followed up with another real\-life figure, portraying Irish actress [Peg Woffington](/wiki/Margaret_Woffington "Margaret Woffington") in *[Peg of Old Drury](/wiki/Peg_of_Old_Drury "Peg of Old Drury")* (1936\). That same year, she appeared in *[Limelight](/wiki/Limelight_%281936_film%29 "Limelight (1936 film)")*, a backstage film musical in which she played a chorus girl. Her co\-star was [Arthur Tracy](/wiki/Arthur_Tracy "Arthur Tracy"), who had gained fame in the United States as a radio performer known as the Street Singer. The film also featured Jack Buchanan in an uncredited cameo.[IMDb listing for *Limelight*](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027888/fullcredits) performing "Goodnight Vienna". Neagle and Wilcox followed with a [circus](/wiki/Circus "Circus") [trapeze](/wiki/Trapeze "Trapeze") fable *[Three Maxims](/wiki/Three_Maxims "Three Maxims")* (1937\), which was released in the United States as *The Show Goes On*. The film, with a script featuring a contribution from [Herman J. Mankiewicz](/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz "Herman J. Mankiewicz") (later to co\-write *[Citizen Kane](/wiki/Citizen_Kane "Citizen Kane")* with [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles "Orson Welles")), had Neagle performing her own high\-wire acrobatics. Although now highly successful in films, Neagle continued acting on the stage. In 1934, while working under director Robert Atkins, she performed as Rosalind in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It "As You Like It")* and Olivia in *[Twelfth Night](/wiki/Twelfth_Night "Twelfth Night")*. Both productions earned her critical accolades, despite the fact that she had never performed [Shakespearean](/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") roles before. In 1937, Neagle gave her most prestigious performance so far – as [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") in the historical drama *[Victoria the Great](/wiki/Victoria_the_Great "Victoria the Great")* (1937\), co\-starring [Anton Walbrook](/wiki/Anton_Walbrook "Anton Walbrook") as [Prince Albert](/wiki/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort "Albert, Prince Consort"). The script by [Robert Vansittart](/wiki/Robert_Vansittart%2C_1st_Baron_Vansittart "Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart") and [Miles Malleson](/wiki/Miles_Malleson "Miles Malleson") (from [Laurence Housman](/wiki/Laurence_Housman "Laurence Housman")'s play *Victoria Regina*) alternated between the political and the personal lives of the royal couple. The [Diamond Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee%23Diamond_Jubilee_for_Queen_Victoria "Diamond Jubilee#Diamond Jubilee for Queen Victoria") sequence that climaxed the film was shot in [Technicolor](/wiki/Technicolor "Technicolor"). *Victoria the Great* was such an international success that it resulted in Neagle and Walbrook playing their roles again in an all\-Technicolor sequel entitled *[Sixty Glorious Years](/wiki/Sixty_Glorious_Years "Sixty Glorious Years")* (1938\), co\-starring [C. Aubrey Smith](/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith "C. Aubrey Smith") as the [Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington"). While the first of these films was in release, Neagle returned to the London stage and entertained audiences with her portrayal of the title role in *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan "Peter Pan")*. ### An American Excursion [thumb\|Neagle giving a radio interview in Montreal in 1937](/wiki/File:News._Anna_Neagle_BAnQ_P48S1P01531.jpg "News. Anna Neagle BAnQ P48S1P01531.jpg") The success of *Victoria the Great* and *Sixty Glorious Years* caused [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood_%28film_industry%29 "Hollywood (film industry)") studios to take notice. Neagle and Wilcox began an association with [RKO Radio Pictures](/wiki/RKO_Pictures "RKO Pictures"). Their first American film was *[Nurse Edith Cavell](/wiki/Nurse_Edith_Cavell "Nurse Edith Cavell")* (1939\), a remake of *[Dawn](/wiki/Dawn_%281928_film%29 "Dawn (1928 film)")*, a Wilcox [silent](/wiki/Silent_film "Silent film") that starred [Sybil Thorndike](/wiki/Sybil_Thorndike "Sybil Thorndike"). In this, another Neagle role based on an actual British heroine, she played the role of [the nurse](/wiki/Edith_Cavell "Edith Cavell") who was shot by the [Germans](/wiki/Germany "Germany") in World War I for alleged aiding llied PoWs to escape and for spying. The resulting effort had a significant impact for audiences on the eve of the [WWII](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). In a turnabout from this serious drama, the couple followed with three musical comedies, all based on once\-popular stage plays. The first of these was *[Irene](/wiki/Irene_%281940_film%29 "Irene (1940 film)")* (1940\), co\-starring [Ray Milland](/wiki/Ray_Milland "Ray Milland"). It included a Technicolor sequence, which featured Neagle singing the play's most famous song, "[Alice Blue Gown](/wiki/Alice_Blue_Gown "Alice Blue Gown")". She followed this film with *[No, No, Nanette](/wiki/No%2C_No%2C_Nanette_%281940_film%29 "No, No, Nanette (1940 film)")* (1940\) with [Victor Mature](/wiki/Victor_Mature "Victor Mature"), in which she sang "[Tea For Two](/wiki/Tea_for_Two_%28song%29 "Tea for Two (song)")", and *[Sunny](/wiki/Sunny_%281941_film%29 "Sunny (1941 film)")* (1941\), with [Ray Bolger](/wiki/Ray_Bolger "Ray Bolger"). Neagle and Wilcox's final American film was *[Forever and a Day](/wiki/Forever_and_a_Day_%281943_film%29 "Forever and a Day (1943 film)")* (1943\), a tale of a London family house from 1804 to the 1940 [blitz](/wiki/London_blitz "London blitz"). This film boasts 80 performers (mostly expatriate British), including [Ray Milland](/wiki/Ray_Milland "Ray Milland"), [C. Aubrey Smith](/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith "C. Aubrey Smith"), [Claude Rains](/wiki/Claude_Rains "Claude Rains"), [Charles Laughton](/wiki/Charles_Laughton "Charles Laughton"), and – among the few North Americans – [Buster Keaton](/wiki/Buster_Keaton "Buster Keaton"). Wilcox directed the sequence featuring Neagle, Milland, Smith, and Rains, while other directors who worked on the film included [René Clair](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair "René Clair"), [Edmund Goulding](/wiki/Edmund_Goulding "Edmund Goulding"), [Frank Lloyd](/wiki/Frank_Lloyd "Frank Lloyd"), [Victor Saville](/wiki/Victor_Saville "Victor Saville"), and [Robert Stevenson](/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_%28director%29 "Robert Stevenson (director)"). During the war, the profits and salaries were given to war relief. After the war, prints were intended to be destroyed, so that no one could profit from them, but this never occurred. ### Return to the UK Returning to the UK, Neagle and Wilcox commenced with *[They Flew Alone](/wiki/They_Flew_Alone "They Flew Alone")* (1942; shot after but released before *Forever and a Day*). Neagle this time played [aviator](/wiki/Aviator "Aviator") [Amy Johnson](/wiki/Amy_Johnson "Amy Johnson"), who had recently died in a flying accident. [Robert Newton](/wiki/Robert_Newton "Robert Newton") co\-starred as Johnson's husband, [Jim Mollison](/wiki/Jim_Mollison "Jim Mollison"). The film intercut the action with newsreel footage. Neagle and Wilcox married in August 1943 at London's [Caxton Hall](/wiki/Caxton_Hall "Caxton Hall").City of Westminster green plaques {{cite web\|url\=http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ \|title\=Westminster City Council – Green Plaques Scheme \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210428/http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ \|archive\-date\=16 July 2012 }} They continued with *[Yellow Canary](/wiki/Yellow_Canary_%28film%29 "Yellow Canary (film)")* (1943\), co\-starring [Richard Greene](/wiki/Richard_Greene "Richard Greene") and [Margaret Rutherford](/wiki/Margaret_Rutherford "Margaret Rutherford"). In this spy story, Neagle plays a German\-sympathiser (or at least that is what she seems to be at first), who is forced to go to Canada for her own safety. In reality, of course, she is working as an [undercover agent](/wiki/Spy "Spy") out to expose a plot to blow up [Halifax Harbour](/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality "Halifax Regional Municipality") in [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"). *Yellow Canary* received positive comments for its atmospheric recreation of wartime conditions. In 1945, Neagle appeared on stage in *Emma*, a dramatisation of [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen "Jane Austen")'s [novel](/wiki/Emma_%28novel%29 "Emma (novel)"). That same year, she was seen in the film *[I Live in Grosvenor Square](/wiki/I_Live_in_Grosvenor_Square "I Live in Grosvenor Square")*, co\-starring [Rex Harrison](/wiki/Rex_Harrison "Rex Harrison"). She wanted Harrison for the lead in her next film, *[Piccadilly Incident](/wiki/Piccadilly_Incident "Piccadilly Incident")* (1946\). However, he (as well as [John Mills](/wiki/John_Mills "John Mills")) proved to be unavailable at the time, so Wilcox cast [Michael Wilding](/wiki/Michael_Wilding "Michael Wilding") in the lead. Thus was born what film critic [Godfrey Winn](/wiki/Godfrey_Winn "Godfrey Winn") called "the greatest team in British films". The story – of a wife, presumed dead, returning to her (remarried) husband – bears a resemblance to the [Irene Dunne](/wiki/Irene_Dunne "Irene Dunne")–[Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant "Cary Grant") comedy *[My Favorite Wife](/wiki/My_Favorite_Wife "My Favorite Wife")*. *Piccadilly Incident* was chosen as *[Picturegoer](/wiki/Picturegoer "Picturegoer")'s* Best Film of 1947\. Despite the fact that Neagle was some eight years senior than Wilding, they proved to be an extremely bankable romantic pairing at the British box office. By now in her mid\-40s, Neagle continued to have success in youthful and romantic lead roles. Neagle and Wilding were reunited in *[The Courtneys of Curzon Street](/wiki/The_Courtneys_of_Curzon_Street "The Courtneys of Curzon Street")* (1947\), a period drama that became the year's top box\-office attraction. The film featured Wilding as an upper\-class dandy and Neagle as the maid he marries, only to have the two of them driven apart by [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_morality "Victorian morality") society. The third pairing of Neagle and Wilding in the "London Films", as the series of films came to be called, was in *[Spring in Park Lane](/wiki/Spring_in_Park_Lane "Spring in Park Lane")* (1948\). A comedy, this depicted the romance between a millionaire's niece and a footman (actually a nobleman who has seen better days). The script was written by [Nicholas Phipps](/wiki/Nicholas_Phipps "Nicholas Phipps"), who also played Wilding's brother. Although not a musical, it contains a dream sequence featuring the song "The Moment I Saw You". *Spring in Park Lane* was the 1949 *Picturegoer* winner for Best Film, Actor, and Actress. Neagle and Wilding were together for a fourth time in the Technicolor romance *[Maytime in Mayfair](/wiki/Maytime_in_Mayfair "Maytime in Mayfair")* (1949\). The plot is reminiscent of *[Roberta](/wiki/Roberta_%28musical%29 "Roberta (musical)")*, as it had Wilding inheriting a dress shop owned by Neagle. By now, Neagle was at her peak as Britain's top box\-office actress, and she made what reputedly became her own favourite film, *[Odette](/wiki/Odette_%281950_film%29 "Odette (1950 film)")* (1950\), co\-starring [Trevor Howard](/wiki/Trevor_Howard "Trevor Howard"), [Peter Ustinov](/wiki/Peter_Ustinov "Peter Ustinov"), and [Marius Goring](/wiki/Marius_Goring "Marius Goring"). As [Odette Sansom](/wiki/Odette_Sansom "Odette Sansom"), she was the [Anglo](/wiki/UK "UK")\-French [resistance fighter](/wiki/Resistance_fighter "Resistance fighter") who was pushed to the edge of betrayal by the Nazis. In 1950, Neagle and Wilcox moved to the top\-floor flat in Aldford House overlooking [Park Lane](/wiki/Park_Lane "Park Lane"), which was their home until 1964\. She played [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale "Florence Nightingale") in *[The Lady with a Lamp](/wiki/The_Lady_with_a_Lamp "The Lady with a Lamp")* (1951\), based on the 1929 play by [Reginald Berkeley](/wiki/Reginald_Berkeley "Reginald Berkeley"). Returning to the stage in 1953, she scored a success with *[The Glorious Days](/wiki/The_Glorious_Days "The Glorious Days")*, which had a run of 476 performances. Neagle and Wilcox brought the play to the screen under the title *[Lilacs in the Spring](/wiki/Lilacs_in_the_Spring "Lilacs in the Spring")* (1954\), co\-starring [Errol Flynn](/wiki/Errol_Flynn "Errol Flynn"). In the film, she plays an actress knocked out by a bomb, who dreams she is Queen Victoria and Nell Gwyn, as well as her own mother. As she begins dreaming, the film switches from black\-and\-white to colour. In Britain, where Neagle had top billing, the film was reasonably successful. In the United States, however, where Flynn had top billing, the title was changed to *Let's Make Up*, and it flopped, with limited bookings.Thomas, Tony, [Rudy Behlmer](/wiki/Rudy_Behlmer "Rudy Behlmer"), and Clifford McCarthy. *The Films of Errol Flynn.* Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel, 1969\. p. 201\. ### On the wane Neagle and Flynn reteamed for a second film, *[King's Rhapsody](/wiki/King%27s_Rhapsody_%28film%29 "King's Rhapsody (film)")* (1955\), based on an [Ivor Novello](/wiki/Ivor_Novello "Ivor Novello") [musical](/wiki/King%27s_Rhapsody "King's Rhapsody") and also starring [Patrice Wymore](/wiki/Patrice_Wymore "Patrice Wymore") (Flynn's wife at the time). Although Neagle performed several musical numbers for the film, most of them were cut from the final release, leaving her with essentially a supporting role. Shot in [Eastmancolor](/wiki/Eastmancolor "Eastmancolor") and [CinemaScope](/wiki/CinemaScope "CinemaScope") with location work near [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"), Spain, *King's Rhapsody* was a major flop everywhere. Neagle's (and Flynn's) box\-office appeal, it seemed, was fading.Thomas, Behlmer, and McCarthy. p. 206 Neagle's last box\-office hit was *[My Teenage Daughter](/wiki/My_Teenage_Daughter "My Teenage Daughter")* (1956\), which featured her as a mother trying to prevent her daughter ([Sylvia Syms](/wiki/Sylvia_Syms "Sylvia Syms")) from lapsing into juvenile delinquency. Neagle and Syms worked together again on *[No Time for Tears](/wiki/No_Time_for_Tears_%28film%29 "No Time for Tears (film)")* (1957\), also starring [Anthony Quayle](/wiki/Anthony_Quayle "Anthony Quayle") and [Flora Robson](/wiki/Flora_Robson "Flora Robson"). As directed by [Cyril Frankel](/wiki/Cyril_Frankel "Cyril Frankel"), this was the first film for over 20 years where Neagle was directed by someone other than Herbert Wilcox. Set in a children's hospital, the film features Neagle as a matron dealing with the problems of the patients and the staff, notably a nurse (Syms) infatuated with one of the doctors ([George Baker](/wiki/George_Baker_%28British_actor%29 "George Baker (British actor)")). With her husband, Neagle began producing films starring [Frankie Vaughan](/wiki/Frankie_Vaughan "Frankie Vaughan"), but these were out of touch with changing tastes, and lost money, resulting in Wilcox going heavily into debt. Neagle herself made her final film appearance in *[The Lady Is a Square](/wiki/The_Lady_Is_a_Square "The Lady Is a Square")* (1959\), also Wilcox's last film as director. Neagle was the subject of *[This Is Your Life](/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_%28British_TV_series%29 "This Is Your Life (British TV series)")* on two occasions, in February 1958 when she was surprised by [Eamonn Andrews](/wiki/Eamonn_Andrews "Eamonn Andrews") at the BBC Television Theatre,{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2021}} and in March 1983, when Andrews surprised her at London's Royal National Hotel.{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2021}} ### Final years Herbert Wilcox was bankrupt by 1964, but his wife soon revived his fortunes. She returned to the stage the following year and made a comeback in the [West End](/wiki/West_End_theatre "West End theatre") musical *[Charlie Girl](/wiki/Charlie_Girl "Charlie Girl")*. In it, she played the role of a former "Cochran Young Lady" who marries a peer of the realm. *Charlie Girl* was not a critical success, but it ran for six years and 2,047 performances. It earned Neagle an entry in the *[Guinness Book of World Records](/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records "Guinness Book of World Records")* for her enduring popularity. Two years after *Charlie Girl* – which she also performed in Australia and New Zealand – Neagle was asked to appear in a revival of *[No, No, Nanette](/wiki/No%2C_No%2C_Nanette "No, No, Nanette")*, at the [Theatre Royal Drury Lane](/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Drury_Lane "Theatre Royal Drury Lane"), having appeared in the screen version three decades earlier. Later, in 1975, she replaced [Celia Johnson](/wiki/Celia_Johnson "Celia Johnson") in *The Dame of Sark* and, in 1978 (the year after her husband's death), she was acting in *Most Gracious Lady*, which was written for the Silver Jubilee of [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.leninimports.com/anna\_neagle.html\|title\=anna neagle – biography – gallery\|website\=Leninimports.com}} [thumb\|right\|Memorial plaque to Neagle in [St Paul's, Covent Garden](/wiki/St_Paul%27s%2C_Covent_Garden "St Paul's, Covent Garden")](/wiki/File:Anna_Neagle_Plaque_Covent_Garden.jpg "Anna Neagle Plaque Covent Garden.jpg") Although affected by [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease") in her last years, Neagle continued to be active. She appeared in [Cameron Mackintosh](/wiki/Cameron_Mackintosh "Cameron Mackintosh")'s revival of *[My Fair Lady](/wiki/My_Fair_Lady "My Fair Lady")* and in 1985 she appeared as the Fairy Godmother in a pantomime of *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella "Cinderella")* at the [London Palladium](/wiki/London_Palladium "London Palladium").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.its\-behind\-you.com/gallery240\.html\|title\=The Gallery – Playbills – Palladium Cinderella 1985\|website\=Its\-behind\-you.com}} Neagle's grand\-nephew is actor [Nicholas Hoult](/wiki/Nicholas_Hoult "Nicholas Hoult"),{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3662564/Teen\-player.html\|title\=Teen player\|last\=Shoard\|first\=Catherine\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|access\-date\=13 May 2018\|date\=14 January 2007\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303154849/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3662564/Teen\-player.html\|archive\-date\=3 March 2011}} through Hoult's father's side.{{cite news\|last\=Clarke\|first\=Donald\|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/from\-skins\-to\-mad\-max\-nicholas\-hoult\-knows\-how\-to\-pick\-a\-role\-1\.2410353\|title\=From Skins to Mad Max, Nicholas Hoult knows how to pick a role\|location\=London\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|date\=30 October 2015\|access\-date\=20 May 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031123918/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/from\-skins\-to\-mad\-max\-nicholas\-hoult\-knows\-how\-to\-pick\-a\-role\-1\.2410353\|archive\-date\=31 October 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} Neagle died aged 81 from breast cancer on 3 June 1986\.{{Cite ODNB\|id\=39943\|title\=Neagle, Dame Anna \[real name Florence Marjorie Robertson] (1904–1986\)}} A memorial service at [Westminster Abbey](/wiki/Westminster_Abbey "Westminster Abbey") followed on 20 October 1986\. She was interred alongside her husband in the [City of London Cemetery](/wiki/City_of_London_Cemetery "City of London Cemetery").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0623554/bio\|title\=Anna Neagle\|website\=IMDb}} Their grave was recommemorated by Princess Anne, the Princess Royal on 6 March 2014\. A memorial plaque on her former home at Aldford House, [Park Lane](/wiki/Park_Lane_%28road%29 "Park Lane (road)") was unveiled on 30 May 1996, by [Princess Anne](/wiki/Princess_Anne "Princess Anne") and [Lana Morris](/wiki/Lana_Morris "Lana Morris"). She also has a memorial plaque in [St Paul's Church](/wiki/St_Paul%27s%2C_Covent_Garden "St Paul's, Covent Garden"), the Actors' Church in [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden "Covent Garden"). A street named in her honour, Anna Neagle Close,Anna Neagle Close London, Greater London E7 0HH, UK. Source: [Google Maps](http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Anna+Neagle+Close,+London&aq=0&oq=anna+neagle+close&sll=53.800651,-4.064941&sspn=7.491149,14.128418&vpsrc=6&t=h&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Anna+Neagle+Close,+London+E7+0HH,+United+Kingdom&ll=51.554368,0.023861&spn=0.015396,0.027595&z=15&iwloc=A) is situated in [Forest Gate](/wiki/Forest_Gate "Forest Gate"), east London.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Florence Marjorie Robertson was born in [Forest Gate](/wiki/Forest_Gate \"Forest Gate\"), [Essex](/wiki/Essex \"Essex\"), the daughter of [Merchant Navy](/wiki/Merchant_Navy_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)\") captain Herbert William Robertson and Florence, née Neagle.{{cite ODNB \\| url\\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10\\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\\.001\\.0001/odnb\\-9780198614128\\-e\\-39943 \\| doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/39943 \\| title\\=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography \\| date\\=2004 }}Springer, John, and Jack Hamilton. *They Had Faces Then*. Castle Books. p. 319\\. Her elder brother was the bass\\-baritone and actor Stuart Robertson (1901–1958\\).Pearl Records, *The Mikado*, sleeve notes. She made her stage debut as a dancer in 1917, and later appeared in the chorus of C.B. Cochran's [revues](/wiki/Revue \"Revue\") and also André Charlot's revue *Bubbly*. While with Cochran, she understudied [Jessie Matthews](/wiki/Jessie_Matthews \"Jessie Matthews\").Vermilye, Jerry. *The Great British Films*. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press, 1978\\. p. 21\\.", "In 1931, she starred in the West End musical *Stand Up and Sing* with actor [Jack Buchanan](/wiki/Jack_Buchanan \"Jack Buchanan\"), who encouraged her to take a featured role. For this play, she began using the professional name Anna Neagle (the surname being her mother's maiden name).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fandango.com/annaneagle/biographies/p52015 \\|title\\=''Fandango'' Biography. \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130102164107/http://www.fandango.com/annaneagle/biographies/p52015 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2013}} The play was a success with a total run of 604 performances. *Stand Up and Sing* provided her big break when film producer and director [Herbert Wilcox](/wiki/Herbert_Wilcox \"Herbert Wilcox\") caught the show to consider Buchanan for an upcoming film, but also took note of her cinematic potential.[*British Pictures* Profile and Reviews.](http://www.britishpictures.com/stars/Neagle.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216175734/http://www.britishpictures.com/stars/Neagle.htm \\|date\\=16 December 2007 }}", "### Cinematic beginnings", "{{Quote box\n\\| quote \\= \"Naturally enough when I was a young dancer, I was terribly anxious to get ahead, and to get ahead quickly. I was impatient with all those older people who talked of the long grind to the top, who turned me down for jobs I knew I could do.\"\n\\| source \\= Anna Neagle{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/anna\\_neagle.html\\|title\\=Anna Neagle Quotes\\|website\\=Brainyquote.com}}\n\\| width \\= 33%\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| salign\\=right\n}}", "Forming a professional alliance with Wilcox, Neagle played her first starring film role in the musical *[Goodnight, Vienna](/wiki/Goodnight%2C_Vienna \"Goodnight, Vienna\")* (1932\\), again with Jack Buchanan. With this film, Neagle became an overnight favourite. Although the film cost a mere £23,000 to produce, it was a hit at the box office, with profits from its Australian release alone being £150,000\\.[https://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2004/2004\\-08\\-12\\-neagle.pdf](https://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2004/2004-08-12-neagle.pdf){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2023\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}: ([PDF](/wiki/Portable_Document_Format \"Portable Document Format\") file).", "After her starring role in *[The Flag Lieutenant](/wiki/The_Flag_Lieutenant_%281932_film%29 \"The Flag Lieutenant (1932 film)\")* (also 1932\\), directed by and co\\-starring [Henry Edwards](/wiki/Henry_Edwards_%28actor%29 \"Henry Edwards (actor)\"), she worked exclusively under Wilcox's direction for all but one of her subsequent films, becoming one of Britain's biggest stars.", "She continued in the musical genre, co\\-starring with Fernand Gravey (later known as Fernand Gravet) in *[Bitter Sweet](/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_%281933_film%29 \"Bitter Sweet (1933 film)\")* (1933\\). This first version of [Noël Coward](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward \"Noël Coward\")'s tale of ill\\-fated lovers was later obscured by the better\\-known [Jeanette MacDonald](/wiki/Jeanette_MacDonald \"Jeanette MacDonald\")–[Nelson Eddy](/wiki/Nelson_Eddy \"Nelson Eddy\") remake in 1940\\.", "Neagle had her first major success with *[Nell Gwyn](/wiki/Nell_Gwyn_%281934_film%29 \"Nell Gwyn (1934 film)\")* (1934\\), which Wilcox had previously shot as a [silent](/wiki/Silent_film \"Silent film\") starring [Dorothy Gish](/wiki/Dorothy_Gish \"Dorothy Gish\") in 1926\\. Neagle's performance as [Gwyn](/wiki/Nell_Gwyn \"Nell Gwyn\"), who became the mistress of [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\") (played by [Cedric Hardwicke](/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke \"Cedric Hardwicke\")) prompted some [censorship in the United States](/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States \"Censorship in the United States\"). The [Hays Office](/wiki/Hays_Office \"Hays Office\") had Wilcox add an (historically false) scene featuring the two leads getting married and also a \"framing\" story resulting in an entirely different ending.Vermilye, p. 23 [Graham Greene](/wiki/Graham_Greene \"Graham Greene\"), then a film critic, said of *Nell Gwyn*: \"I have seen few things more attractive than Miss Neagle in breeches\".", "Two years after *Nell Gwyn*, she followed up with another real\\-life figure, portraying Irish actress [Peg Woffington](/wiki/Margaret_Woffington \"Margaret Woffington\") in *[Peg of Old Drury](/wiki/Peg_of_Old_Drury \"Peg of Old Drury\")* (1936\\). That same year, she appeared in *[Limelight](/wiki/Limelight_%281936_film%29 \"Limelight (1936 film)\")*, a backstage film musical in which she played a chorus girl. Her co\\-star was [Arthur Tracy](/wiki/Arthur_Tracy \"Arthur Tracy\"), who had gained fame in the United States as a radio performer known as the Street Singer. The film also featured Jack Buchanan in an uncredited cameo.[IMDb listing for *Limelight*](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027888/fullcredits) performing \"Goodnight Vienna\".", "Neagle and Wilcox followed with a [circus](/wiki/Circus \"Circus\") [trapeze](/wiki/Trapeze \"Trapeze\") fable *[Three Maxims](/wiki/Three_Maxims \"Three Maxims\")* (1937\\), which was released in the United States as *The Show Goes On*. The film, with a script featuring a contribution from [Herman J. Mankiewicz](/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz \"Herman J. Mankiewicz\") (later to co\\-write *[Citizen Kane](/wiki/Citizen_Kane \"Citizen Kane\")* with [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles \"Orson Welles\")), had Neagle performing her own high\\-wire acrobatics. Although now highly successful in films, Neagle continued acting on the stage. In 1934, while working under director Robert Atkins, she performed as Rosalind in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It \"As You Like It\")* and Olivia in *[Twelfth Night](/wiki/Twelfth_Night \"Twelfth Night\")*. Both productions earned her critical accolades, despite the fact that she had never performed [Shakespearean](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") roles before.", "In 1937, Neagle gave her most prestigious performance so far – as [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") in the historical drama *[Victoria the Great](/wiki/Victoria_the_Great \"Victoria the Great\")* (1937\\), co\\-starring [Anton Walbrook](/wiki/Anton_Walbrook \"Anton Walbrook\") as [Prince Albert](/wiki/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort \"Albert, Prince Consort\"). The script by [Robert Vansittart](/wiki/Robert_Vansittart%2C_1st_Baron_Vansittart \"Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart\") and [Miles Malleson](/wiki/Miles_Malleson \"Miles Malleson\") (from [Laurence Housman](/wiki/Laurence_Housman \"Laurence Housman\")'s play *Victoria Regina*) alternated between the political and the personal lives of the royal couple. The [Diamond Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee%23Diamond_Jubilee_for_Queen_Victoria \"Diamond Jubilee#Diamond Jubilee for Queen Victoria\") sequence that climaxed the film was shot in [Technicolor](/wiki/Technicolor \"Technicolor\"). *Victoria the Great* was such an international success that it resulted in Neagle and Walbrook playing their roles again in an all\\-Technicolor sequel entitled *[Sixty Glorious Years](/wiki/Sixty_Glorious_Years \"Sixty Glorious Years\")* (1938\\), co\\-starring [C. Aubrey Smith](/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith \"C. Aubrey Smith\") as the [Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington \"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\"). While the first of these films was in release, Neagle returned to the London stage and entertained audiences with her portrayal of the title role in *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan \"Peter Pan\")*.", "### An American Excursion", "[thumb\\|Neagle giving a radio interview in Montreal in 1937](/wiki/File:News._Anna_Neagle_BAnQ_P48S1P01531.jpg \"News. Anna Neagle BAnQ P48S1P01531.jpg\")", "The success of *Victoria the Great* and *Sixty Glorious Years* caused [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood_%28film_industry%29 \"Hollywood (film industry)\") studios to take notice. Neagle and Wilcox began an association with [RKO Radio Pictures](/wiki/RKO_Pictures \"RKO Pictures\"). Their first American film was *[Nurse Edith Cavell](/wiki/Nurse_Edith_Cavell \"Nurse Edith Cavell\")* (1939\\), a remake of *[Dawn](/wiki/Dawn_%281928_film%29 \"Dawn (1928 film)\")*, a Wilcox [silent](/wiki/Silent_film \"Silent film\") that starred [Sybil Thorndike](/wiki/Sybil_Thorndike \"Sybil Thorndike\"). In this, another Neagle role based on an actual British heroine, she played the role of [the nurse](/wiki/Edith_Cavell \"Edith Cavell\") who was shot by the [Germans](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") in World War I for alleged aiding llied PoWs to escape and for spying. The resulting effort had a significant impact for audiences on the eve of the [WWII](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "In a turnabout from this serious drama, the couple followed with three musical comedies, all based on once\\-popular stage plays. The first of these was *[Irene](/wiki/Irene_%281940_film%29 \"Irene (1940 film)\")* (1940\\), co\\-starring [Ray Milland](/wiki/Ray_Milland \"Ray Milland\"). It included a Technicolor sequence, which featured Neagle singing the play's most famous song, \"[Alice Blue Gown](/wiki/Alice_Blue_Gown \"Alice Blue Gown\")\". She followed this film with *[No, No, Nanette](/wiki/No%2C_No%2C_Nanette_%281940_film%29 \"No, No, Nanette (1940 film)\")* (1940\\) with [Victor Mature](/wiki/Victor_Mature \"Victor Mature\"), in which she sang \"[Tea For Two](/wiki/Tea_for_Two_%28song%29 \"Tea for Two (song)\")\", and *[Sunny](/wiki/Sunny_%281941_film%29 \"Sunny (1941 film)\")* (1941\\), with [Ray Bolger](/wiki/Ray_Bolger \"Ray Bolger\").", "Neagle and Wilcox's final American film was *[Forever and a Day](/wiki/Forever_and_a_Day_%281943_film%29 \"Forever and a Day (1943 film)\")* (1943\\), a tale of a London family house from 1804 to the 1940 [blitz](/wiki/London_blitz \"London blitz\"). This film boasts 80 performers (mostly expatriate British), including [Ray Milland](/wiki/Ray_Milland \"Ray Milland\"), [C. Aubrey Smith](/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith \"C. Aubrey Smith\"), [Claude Rains](/wiki/Claude_Rains \"Claude Rains\"), [Charles Laughton](/wiki/Charles_Laughton \"Charles Laughton\"), and – among the few North Americans – [Buster Keaton](/wiki/Buster_Keaton \"Buster Keaton\"). Wilcox directed the sequence featuring Neagle, Milland, Smith, and Rains, while other directors who worked on the film included [René Clair](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair \"René Clair\"), [Edmund Goulding](/wiki/Edmund_Goulding \"Edmund Goulding\"), [Frank Lloyd](/wiki/Frank_Lloyd \"Frank Lloyd\"), [Victor Saville](/wiki/Victor_Saville \"Victor Saville\"), and [Robert Stevenson](/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_%28director%29 \"Robert Stevenson (director)\"). During the war, the profits and salaries were given to war relief. After the war, prints were intended to be destroyed, so that no one could profit from them, but this never occurred.", "### Return to the UK", "Returning to the UK, Neagle and Wilcox commenced with *[They Flew Alone](/wiki/They_Flew_Alone \"They Flew Alone\")* (1942; shot after but released before *Forever and a Day*). Neagle this time played [aviator](/wiki/Aviator \"Aviator\") [Amy Johnson](/wiki/Amy_Johnson \"Amy Johnson\"), who had recently died in a flying accident. [Robert Newton](/wiki/Robert_Newton \"Robert Newton\") co\\-starred as Johnson's husband, [Jim Mollison](/wiki/Jim_Mollison \"Jim Mollison\"). The film intercut the action with newsreel footage.", "Neagle and Wilcox married in August 1943 at London's [Caxton Hall](/wiki/Caxton_Hall \"Caxton Hall\").City of Westminster green plaques {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ \\|title\\=Westminster City Council – Green Plaques Scheme \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210428/http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ \\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2012 }}", "They continued with *[Yellow Canary](/wiki/Yellow_Canary_%28film%29 \"Yellow Canary (film)\")* (1943\\), co\\-starring [Richard Greene](/wiki/Richard_Greene \"Richard Greene\") and [Margaret Rutherford](/wiki/Margaret_Rutherford \"Margaret Rutherford\"). In this spy story, Neagle plays a German\\-sympathiser (or at least that is what she seems to be at first), who is forced to go to Canada for her own safety. In reality, of course, she is working as an [undercover agent](/wiki/Spy \"Spy\") out to expose a plot to blow up [Halifax Harbour](/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality \"Halifax Regional Municipality\") in [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"). *Yellow Canary* received positive comments for its atmospheric recreation of wartime conditions.", "In 1945, Neagle appeared on stage in *Emma*, a dramatisation of [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen \"Jane Austen\")'s [novel](/wiki/Emma_%28novel%29 \"Emma (novel)\"). That same year, she was seen in the film *[I Live in Grosvenor Square](/wiki/I_Live_in_Grosvenor_Square \"I Live in Grosvenor Square\")*, co\\-starring [Rex Harrison](/wiki/Rex_Harrison \"Rex Harrison\"). She wanted Harrison for the lead in her next film, *[Piccadilly Incident](/wiki/Piccadilly_Incident \"Piccadilly Incident\")* (1946\\). However, he (as well as [John Mills](/wiki/John_Mills \"John Mills\")) proved to be unavailable at the time, so Wilcox cast [Michael Wilding](/wiki/Michael_Wilding \"Michael Wilding\") in the lead. Thus was born what film critic [Godfrey Winn](/wiki/Godfrey_Winn \"Godfrey Winn\") called \"the greatest team in British films\". The story – of a wife, presumed dead, returning to her (remarried) husband – bears a resemblance to the [Irene Dunne](/wiki/Irene_Dunne \"Irene Dunne\")–[Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant \"Cary Grant\") comedy *[My Favorite Wife](/wiki/My_Favorite_Wife \"My Favorite Wife\")*. *Piccadilly Incident* was chosen as *[Picturegoer](/wiki/Picturegoer \"Picturegoer\")'s* Best Film of 1947\\. Despite the fact that Neagle was some eight years senior than Wilding, they proved to be an extremely bankable romantic pairing at the British box office. By now in her mid\\-40s, Neagle continued to have success in youthful and romantic lead roles.", "Neagle and Wilding were reunited in *[The Courtneys of Curzon Street](/wiki/The_Courtneys_of_Curzon_Street \"The Courtneys of Curzon Street\")* (1947\\), a period drama that became the year's top box\\-office attraction. The film featured Wilding as an upper\\-class dandy and Neagle as the maid he marries, only to have the two of them driven apart by [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_morality \"Victorian morality\") society.", "The third pairing of Neagle and Wilding in the \"London Films\", as the series of films came to be called, was in *[Spring in Park Lane](/wiki/Spring_in_Park_Lane \"Spring in Park Lane\")* (1948\\). A comedy, this depicted the romance between a millionaire's niece and a footman (actually a nobleman who has seen better days). The script was written by [Nicholas Phipps](/wiki/Nicholas_Phipps \"Nicholas Phipps\"), who also played Wilding's brother. Although not a musical, it contains a dream sequence featuring the song \"The Moment I Saw You\". *Spring in Park Lane* was the 1949 *Picturegoer* winner for Best Film, Actor, and Actress. Neagle and Wilding were together for a fourth time in the Technicolor romance *[Maytime in Mayfair](/wiki/Maytime_in_Mayfair \"Maytime in Mayfair\")* (1949\\). The plot is reminiscent of *[Roberta](/wiki/Roberta_%28musical%29 \"Roberta (musical)\")*, as it had Wilding inheriting a dress shop owned by Neagle.", "By now, Neagle was at her peak as Britain's top box\\-office actress, and she made what reputedly became her own favourite film, *[Odette](/wiki/Odette_%281950_film%29 \"Odette (1950 film)\")* (1950\\), co\\-starring [Trevor Howard](/wiki/Trevor_Howard \"Trevor Howard\"), [Peter Ustinov](/wiki/Peter_Ustinov \"Peter Ustinov\"), and [Marius Goring](/wiki/Marius_Goring \"Marius Goring\"). As [Odette Sansom](/wiki/Odette_Sansom \"Odette Sansom\"), she was the [Anglo](/wiki/UK \"UK\")\\-French [resistance fighter](/wiki/Resistance_fighter \"Resistance fighter\") who was pushed to the edge of betrayal by the Nazis. In 1950, Neagle and Wilcox moved to the top\\-floor flat in Aldford House overlooking [Park Lane](/wiki/Park_Lane \"Park Lane\"), which was their home until 1964\\. She played [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale \"Florence Nightingale\") in *[The Lady with a Lamp](/wiki/The_Lady_with_a_Lamp \"The Lady with a Lamp\")* (1951\\), based on the 1929 play by [Reginald Berkeley](/wiki/Reginald_Berkeley \"Reginald Berkeley\").", "Returning to the stage in 1953, she scored a success with *[The Glorious Days](/wiki/The_Glorious_Days \"The Glorious Days\")*, which had a run of 476 performances. Neagle and Wilcox brought the play to the screen under the title *[Lilacs in the Spring](/wiki/Lilacs_in_the_Spring \"Lilacs in the Spring\")* (1954\\), co\\-starring [Errol Flynn](/wiki/Errol_Flynn \"Errol Flynn\"). In the film, she plays an actress knocked out by a bomb, who dreams she is Queen Victoria and Nell Gwyn, as well as her own mother. As she begins dreaming, the film switches from black\\-and\\-white to colour. In Britain, where Neagle had top billing, the film was reasonably successful. In the United States, however, where Flynn had top billing, the title was changed to *Let's Make Up*, and it flopped, with limited bookings.Thomas, Tony, [Rudy Behlmer](/wiki/Rudy_Behlmer \"Rudy Behlmer\"), and Clifford McCarthy. *The Films of Errol Flynn.* Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel, 1969\\. p. 201\\.", "### On the wane", "Neagle and Flynn reteamed for a second film, *[King's Rhapsody](/wiki/King%27s_Rhapsody_%28film%29 \"King's Rhapsody (film)\")* (1955\\), based on an [Ivor Novello](/wiki/Ivor_Novello \"Ivor Novello\") [musical](/wiki/King%27s_Rhapsody \"King's Rhapsody\") and also starring [Patrice Wymore](/wiki/Patrice_Wymore \"Patrice Wymore\") (Flynn's wife at the time). Although Neagle performed several musical numbers for the film, most of them were cut from the final release, leaving her with essentially a supporting role. Shot in [Eastmancolor](/wiki/Eastmancolor \"Eastmancolor\") and [CinemaScope](/wiki/CinemaScope \"CinemaScope\") with location work near [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), Spain, *King's Rhapsody* was a major flop everywhere. Neagle's (and Flynn's) box\\-office appeal, it seemed, was fading.Thomas, Behlmer, and McCarthy. p. 206", "Neagle's last box\\-office hit was *[My Teenage Daughter](/wiki/My_Teenage_Daughter \"My Teenage Daughter\")* (1956\\), which featured her as a mother trying to prevent her daughter ([Sylvia Syms](/wiki/Sylvia_Syms \"Sylvia Syms\")) from lapsing into juvenile delinquency.", "Neagle and Syms worked together again on *[No Time for Tears](/wiki/No_Time_for_Tears_%28film%29 \"No Time for Tears (film)\")* (1957\\), also starring [Anthony Quayle](/wiki/Anthony_Quayle \"Anthony Quayle\") and [Flora Robson](/wiki/Flora_Robson \"Flora Robson\"). As directed by [Cyril Frankel](/wiki/Cyril_Frankel \"Cyril Frankel\"), this was the first film for over 20 years where Neagle was directed by someone other than Herbert Wilcox. Set in a children's hospital, the film features Neagle as a matron dealing with the problems of the patients and the staff, notably a nurse (Syms) infatuated with one of the doctors ([George Baker](/wiki/George_Baker_%28British_actor%29 \"George Baker (British actor)\")).", "With her husband, Neagle began producing films starring [Frankie Vaughan](/wiki/Frankie_Vaughan \"Frankie Vaughan\"), but these were out of touch with changing tastes, and lost money, resulting in Wilcox going heavily into debt. Neagle herself made her final film appearance in *[The Lady Is a Square](/wiki/The_Lady_Is_a_Square \"The Lady Is a Square\")* (1959\\), also Wilcox's last film as director.", "Neagle was the subject of *[This Is Your Life](/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_%28British_TV_series%29 \"This Is Your Life (British TV series)\")* on two occasions, in February 1958 when she was surprised by [Eamonn Andrews](/wiki/Eamonn_Andrews \"Eamonn Andrews\") at the BBC Television Theatre,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2021}} and in March 1983, when Andrews surprised her at London's Royal National Hotel.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2021}}", "### Final years", "Herbert Wilcox was bankrupt by 1964, but his wife soon revived his fortunes. She returned to the stage the following year and made a comeback in the [West End](/wiki/West_End_theatre \"West End theatre\") musical *[Charlie Girl](/wiki/Charlie_Girl \"Charlie Girl\")*. In it, she played the role of a former \"Cochran Young Lady\" who marries a peer of the realm. *Charlie Girl* was not a critical success, but it ran for six years and 2,047 performances. It earned Neagle an entry in the *[Guinness Book of World Records](/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records \"Guinness Book of World Records\")* for her enduring popularity.", "Two years after *Charlie Girl* – which she also performed in Australia and New Zealand – Neagle was asked to appear in a revival of *[No, No, Nanette](/wiki/No%2C_No%2C_Nanette \"No, No, Nanette\")*, at the [Theatre Royal Drury Lane](/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Drury_Lane \"Theatre Royal Drury Lane\"), having appeared in the screen version three decades earlier. Later, in 1975, she replaced [Celia Johnson](/wiki/Celia_Johnson \"Celia Johnson\") in *The Dame of Sark* and, in 1978 (the year after her husband's death), she was acting in *Most Gracious Lady*, which was written for the Silver Jubilee of [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.leninimports.com/anna\\_neagle.html\\|title\\=anna neagle – biography – gallery\\|website\\=Leninimports.com}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|Memorial plaque to Neagle in [St Paul's, Covent Garden](/wiki/St_Paul%27s%2C_Covent_Garden \"St Paul's, Covent Garden\")](/wiki/File:Anna_Neagle_Plaque_Covent_Garden.jpg \"Anna Neagle Plaque Covent Garden.jpg\")", "Although affected by [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\") in her last years, Neagle continued to be active. She appeared in [Cameron Mackintosh](/wiki/Cameron_Mackintosh \"Cameron Mackintosh\")'s revival of *[My Fair Lady](/wiki/My_Fair_Lady \"My Fair Lady\")* and in 1985 she appeared as the Fairy Godmother in a pantomime of *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella \"Cinderella\")* at the [London Palladium](/wiki/London_Palladium \"London Palladium\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.its\\-behind\\-you.com/gallery240\\.html\\|title\\=The Gallery – Playbills – Palladium Cinderella 1985\\|website\\=Its\\-behind\\-you.com}}", "Neagle's grand\\-nephew is actor [Nicholas Hoult](/wiki/Nicholas_Hoult \"Nicholas Hoult\"),{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3662564/Teen\\-player.html\\|title\\=Teen player\\|last\\=Shoard\\|first\\=Catherine\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2018\\|date\\=14 January 2007\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303154849/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3662564/Teen\\-player.html\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2011}} through Hoult's father's side.{{cite news\\|last\\=Clarke\\|first\\=Donald\\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/from\\-skins\\-to\\-mad\\-max\\-nicholas\\-hoult\\-knows\\-how\\-to\\-pick\\-a\\-role\\-1\\.2410353\\|title\\=From Skins to Mad Max, Nicholas Hoult knows how to pick a role\\|location\\=London\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|date\\=30 October 2015\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031123918/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/from\\-skins\\-to\\-mad\\-max\\-nicholas\\-hoult\\-knows\\-how\\-to\\-pick\\-a\\-role\\-1\\.2410353\\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Neagle died aged 81 from breast cancer on 3 June 1986\\.{{Cite ODNB\\|id\\=39943\\|title\\=Neagle, Dame Anna \\[real name Florence Marjorie Robertson] (1904–1986\\)}} A memorial service at [Westminster Abbey](/wiki/Westminster_Abbey \"Westminster Abbey\") followed on 20 October 1986\\. She was interred alongside her husband in the [City of London Cemetery](/wiki/City_of_London_Cemetery \"City of London Cemetery\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0623554/bio\\|title\\=Anna Neagle\\|website\\=IMDb}} Their grave was recommemorated by Princess Anne, the Princess Royal on 6 March 2014\\.", "A memorial plaque on her former home at Aldford House, [Park Lane](/wiki/Park_Lane_%28road%29 \"Park Lane (road)\") was unveiled on 30 May 1996, by [Princess Anne](/wiki/Princess_Anne \"Princess Anne\") and [Lana Morris](/wiki/Lana_Morris \"Lana Morris\"). She also has a memorial plaque in [St Paul's Church](/wiki/St_Paul%27s%2C_Covent_Garden \"St Paul's, Covent Garden\"), the Actors' Church in [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden \"Covent Garden\").", "A street named in her honour, Anna Neagle Close,Anna Neagle Close London, Greater London E7 0HH, UK. Source: [Google Maps](http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Anna+Neagle+Close,+London&aq=0&oq=anna+neagle+close&sll=53.800651,-4.064941&sspn=7.491149,14.128418&vpsrc=6&t=h&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Anna+Neagle+Close,+London+E7+0HH,+United+Kingdom&ll=51.554368,0.023861&spn=0.015396,0.027595&z=15&iwloc=A) is situated in [Forest Gate](/wiki/Forest_Gate \"Forest Gate\"), east London.", "" ]
### Cinematic beginnings {{Quote box \| quote \= "Naturally enough when I was a young dancer, I was terribly anxious to get ahead, and to get ahead quickly. I was impatient with all those older people who talked of the long grind to the top, who turned me down for jobs I knew I could do." \| source \= Anna Neagle{{cite web\|url\=http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/anna\_neagle.html\|title\=Anna Neagle Quotes\|website\=Brainyquote.com}} \| width \= 33% \| align \= right \| salign\=right }} Forming a professional alliance with Wilcox, Neagle played her first starring film role in the musical *[Goodnight, Vienna](/wiki/Goodnight%2C_Vienna "Goodnight, Vienna")* (1932\), again with Jack Buchanan. With this film, Neagle became an overnight favourite. Although the film cost a mere £23,000 to produce, it was a hit at the box office, with profits from its Australian release alone being £150,000\.[https://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2004/2004\-08\-12\-neagle.pdf](https://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2004/2004-08-12-neagle.pdf){{dead link\|date\=October 2023\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}: ([PDF](/wiki/Portable_Document_Format "Portable Document Format") file). After her starring role in *[The Flag Lieutenant](/wiki/The_Flag_Lieutenant_%281932_film%29 "The Flag Lieutenant (1932 film)")* (also 1932\), directed by and co\-starring [Henry Edwards](/wiki/Henry_Edwards_%28actor%29 "Henry Edwards (actor)"), she worked exclusively under Wilcox's direction for all but one of her subsequent films, becoming one of Britain's biggest stars. She continued in the musical genre, co\-starring with Fernand Gravey (later known as Fernand Gravet) in *[Bitter Sweet](/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_%281933_film%29 "Bitter Sweet (1933 film)")* (1933\). This first version of [Noël Coward](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward "Noël Coward")'s tale of ill\-fated lovers was later obscured by the better\-known [Jeanette MacDonald](/wiki/Jeanette_MacDonald "Jeanette MacDonald")–[Nelson Eddy](/wiki/Nelson_Eddy "Nelson Eddy") remake in 1940\. Neagle had her first major success with *[Nell Gwyn](/wiki/Nell_Gwyn_%281934_film%29 "Nell Gwyn (1934 film)")* (1934\), which Wilcox had previously shot as a [silent](/wiki/Silent_film "Silent film") starring [Dorothy Gish](/wiki/Dorothy_Gish "Dorothy Gish") in 1926\. Neagle's performance as [Gwyn](/wiki/Nell_Gwyn "Nell Gwyn"), who became the mistress of [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England") (played by [Cedric Hardwicke](/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke "Cedric Hardwicke")) prompted some [censorship in the United States](/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States "Censorship in the United States"). The [Hays Office](/wiki/Hays_Office "Hays Office") had Wilcox add an (historically false) scene featuring the two leads getting married and also a "framing" story resulting in an entirely different ending.Vermilye, p. 23 [Graham Greene](/wiki/Graham_Greene "Graham Greene"), then a film critic, said of *Nell Gwyn*: "I have seen few things more attractive than Miss Neagle in breeches". Two years after *Nell Gwyn*, she followed up with another real\-life figure, portraying Irish actress [Peg Woffington](/wiki/Margaret_Woffington "Margaret Woffington") in *[Peg of Old Drury](/wiki/Peg_of_Old_Drury "Peg of Old Drury")* (1936\). That same year, she appeared in *[Limelight](/wiki/Limelight_%281936_film%29 "Limelight (1936 film)")*, a backstage film musical in which she played a chorus girl. Her co\-star was [Arthur Tracy](/wiki/Arthur_Tracy "Arthur Tracy"), who had gained fame in the United States as a radio performer known as the Street Singer. The film also featured Jack Buchanan in an uncredited cameo.[IMDb listing for *Limelight*](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027888/fullcredits) performing "Goodnight Vienna". Neagle and Wilcox followed with a [circus](/wiki/Circus "Circus") [trapeze](/wiki/Trapeze "Trapeze") fable *[Three Maxims](/wiki/Three_Maxims "Three Maxims")* (1937\), which was released in the United States as *The Show Goes On*. The film, with a script featuring a contribution from [Herman J. Mankiewicz](/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz "Herman J. Mankiewicz") (later to co\-write *[Citizen Kane](/wiki/Citizen_Kane "Citizen Kane")* with [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles "Orson Welles")), had Neagle performing her own high\-wire acrobatics. Although now highly successful in films, Neagle continued acting on the stage. In 1934, while working under director Robert Atkins, she performed as Rosalind in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It "As You Like It")* and Olivia in *[Twelfth Night](/wiki/Twelfth_Night "Twelfth Night")*. Both productions earned her critical accolades, despite the fact that she had never performed [Shakespearean](/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") roles before. In 1937, Neagle gave her most prestigious performance so far – as [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") in the historical drama *[Victoria the Great](/wiki/Victoria_the_Great "Victoria the Great")* (1937\), co\-starring [Anton Walbrook](/wiki/Anton_Walbrook "Anton Walbrook") as [Prince Albert](/wiki/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort "Albert, Prince Consort"). The script by [Robert Vansittart](/wiki/Robert_Vansittart%2C_1st_Baron_Vansittart "Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart") and [Miles Malleson](/wiki/Miles_Malleson "Miles Malleson") (from [Laurence Housman](/wiki/Laurence_Housman "Laurence Housman")'s play *Victoria Regina*) alternated between the political and the personal lives of the royal couple. The [Diamond Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee%23Diamond_Jubilee_for_Queen_Victoria "Diamond Jubilee#Diamond Jubilee for Queen Victoria") sequence that climaxed the film was shot in [Technicolor](/wiki/Technicolor "Technicolor"). *Victoria the Great* was such an international success that it resulted in Neagle and Walbrook playing their roles again in an all\-Technicolor sequel entitled *[Sixty Glorious Years](/wiki/Sixty_Glorious_Years "Sixty Glorious Years")* (1938\), co\-starring [C. Aubrey Smith](/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith "C. Aubrey Smith") as the [Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington"). While the first of these films was in release, Neagle returned to the London stage and entertained audiences with her portrayal of the title role in *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan "Peter Pan")*.
[ "### Cinematic beginnings", "{{Quote box\n\\| quote \\= \"Naturally enough when I was a young dancer, I was terribly anxious to get ahead, and to get ahead quickly. I was impatient with all those older people who talked of the long grind to the top, who turned me down for jobs I knew I could do.\"\n\\| source \\= Anna Neagle{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/anna\\_neagle.html\\|title\\=Anna Neagle Quotes\\|website\\=Brainyquote.com}}\n\\| width \\= 33%\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| salign\\=right\n}}", "Forming a professional alliance with Wilcox, Neagle played her first starring film role in the musical *[Goodnight, Vienna](/wiki/Goodnight%2C_Vienna \"Goodnight, Vienna\")* (1932\\), again with Jack Buchanan. With this film, Neagle became an overnight favourite. Although the film cost a mere £23,000 to produce, it was a hit at the box office, with profits from its Australian release alone being £150,000\\.[https://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2004/2004\\-08\\-12\\-neagle.pdf](https://secure.bfi.org.uk/about/media/releases/2004/2004-08-12-neagle.pdf){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2023\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}: ([PDF](/wiki/Portable_Document_Format \"Portable Document Format\") file).", "After her starring role in *[The Flag Lieutenant](/wiki/The_Flag_Lieutenant_%281932_film%29 \"The Flag Lieutenant (1932 film)\")* (also 1932\\), directed by and co\\-starring [Henry Edwards](/wiki/Henry_Edwards_%28actor%29 \"Henry Edwards (actor)\"), she worked exclusively under Wilcox's direction for all but one of her subsequent films, becoming one of Britain's biggest stars.", "She continued in the musical genre, co\\-starring with Fernand Gravey (later known as Fernand Gravet) in *[Bitter Sweet](/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_%281933_film%29 \"Bitter Sweet (1933 film)\")* (1933\\). This first version of [Noël Coward](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward \"Noël Coward\")'s tale of ill\\-fated lovers was later obscured by the better\\-known [Jeanette MacDonald](/wiki/Jeanette_MacDonald \"Jeanette MacDonald\")–[Nelson Eddy](/wiki/Nelson_Eddy \"Nelson Eddy\") remake in 1940\\.", "Neagle had her first major success with *[Nell Gwyn](/wiki/Nell_Gwyn_%281934_film%29 \"Nell Gwyn (1934 film)\")* (1934\\), which Wilcox had previously shot as a [silent](/wiki/Silent_film \"Silent film\") starring [Dorothy Gish](/wiki/Dorothy_Gish \"Dorothy Gish\") in 1926\\. Neagle's performance as [Gwyn](/wiki/Nell_Gwyn \"Nell Gwyn\"), who became the mistress of [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\") (played by [Cedric Hardwicke](/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke \"Cedric Hardwicke\")) prompted some [censorship in the United States](/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States \"Censorship in the United States\"). The [Hays Office](/wiki/Hays_Office \"Hays Office\") had Wilcox add an (historically false) scene featuring the two leads getting married and also a \"framing\" story resulting in an entirely different ending.Vermilye, p. 23 [Graham Greene](/wiki/Graham_Greene \"Graham Greene\"), then a film critic, said of *Nell Gwyn*: \"I have seen few things more attractive than Miss Neagle in breeches\".", "Two years after *Nell Gwyn*, she followed up with another real\\-life figure, portraying Irish actress [Peg Woffington](/wiki/Margaret_Woffington \"Margaret Woffington\") in *[Peg of Old Drury](/wiki/Peg_of_Old_Drury \"Peg of Old Drury\")* (1936\\). That same year, she appeared in *[Limelight](/wiki/Limelight_%281936_film%29 \"Limelight (1936 film)\")*, a backstage film musical in which she played a chorus girl. Her co\\-star was [Arthur Tracy](/wiki/Arthur_Tracy \"Arthur Tracy\"), who had gained fame in the United States as a radio performer known as the Street Singer. The film also featured Jack Buchanan in an uncredited cameo.[IMDb listing for *Limelight*](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027888/fullcredits) performing \"Goodnight Vienna\".", "Neagle and Wilcox followed with a [circus](/wiki/Circus \"Circus\") [trapeze](/wiki/Trapeze \"Trapeze\") fable *[Three Maxims](/wiki/Three_Maxims \"Three Maxims\")* (1937\\), which was released in the United States as *The Show Goes On*. The film, with a script featuring a contribution from [Herman J. Mankiewicz](/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz \"Herman J. Mankiewicz\") (later to co\\-write *[Citizen Kane](/wiki/Citizen_Kane \"Citizen Kane\")* with [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles \"Orson Welles\")), had Neagle performing her own high\\-wire acrobatics. Although now highly successful in films, Neagle continued acting on the stage. In 1934, while working under director Robert Atkins, she performed as Rosalind in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It \"As You Like It\")* and Olivia in *[Twelfth Night](/wiki/Twelfth_Night \"Twelfth Night\")*. Both productions earned her critical accolades, despite the fact that she had never performed [Shakespearean](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") roles before.", "In 1937, Neagle gave her most prestigious performance so far – as [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") in the historical drama *[Victoria the Great](/wiki/Victoria_the_Great \"Victoria the Great\")* (1937\\), co\\-starring [Anton Walbrook](/wiki/Anton_Walbrook \"Anton Walbrook\") as [Prince Albert](/wiki/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort \"Albert, Prince Consort\"). The script by [Robert Vansittart](/wiki/Robert_Vansittart%2C_1st_Baron_Vansittart \"Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart\") and [Miles Malleson](/wiki/Miles_Malleson \"Miles Malleson\") (from [Laurence Housman](/wiki/Laurence_Housman \"Laurence Housman\")'s play *Victoria Regina*) alternated between the political and the personal lives of the royal couple. The [Diamond Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee%23Diamond_Jubilee_for_Queen_Victoria \"Diamond Jubilee#Diamond Jubilee for Queen Victoria\") sequence that climaxed the film was shot in [Technicolor](/wiki/Technicolor \"Technicolor\"). *Victoria the Great* was such an international success that it resulted in Neagle and Walbrook playing their roles again in an all\\-Technicolor sequel entitled *[Sixty Glorious Years](/wiki/Sixty_Glorious_Years \"Sixty Glorious Years\")* (1938\\), co\\-starring [C. Aubrey Smith](/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith \"C. Aubrey Smith\") as the [Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington \"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\"). While the first of these films was in release, Neagle returned to the London stage and entertained audiences with her portrayal of the title role in *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan \"Peter Pan\")*.", "" ]
### Return to the UK Returning to the UK, Neagle and Wilcox commenced with *[They Flew Alone](/wiki/They_Flew_Alone "They Flew Alone")* (1942; shot after but released before *Forever and a Day*). Neagle this time played [aviator](/wiki/Aviator "Aviator") [Amy Johnson](/wiki/Amy_Johnson "Amy Johnson"), who had recently died in a flying accident. [Robert Newton](/wiki/Robert_Newton "Robert Newton") co\-starred as Johnson's husband, [Jim Mollison](/wiki/Jim_Mollison "Jim Mollison"). The film intercut the action with newsreel footage. Neagle and Wilcox married in August 1943 at London's [Caxton Hall](/wiki/Caxton_Hall "Caxton Hall").City of Westminster green plaques {{cite web\|url\=http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ \|title\=Westminster City Council – Green Plaques Scheme \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210428/http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ \|archive\-date\=16 July 2012 }} They continued with *[Yellow Canary](/wiki/Yellow_Canary_%28film%29 "Yellow Canary (film)")* (1943\), co\-starring [Richard Greene](/wiki/Richard_Greene "Richard Greene") and [Margaret Rutherford](/wiki/Margaret_Rutherford "Margaret Rutherford"). In this spy story, Neagle plays a German\-sympathiser (or at least that is what she seems to be at first), who is forced to go to Canada for her own safety. In reality, of course, she is working as an [undercover agent](/wiki/Spy "Spy") out to expose a plot to blow up [Halifax Harbour](/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality "Halifax Regional Municipality") in [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"). *Yellow Canary* received positive comments for its atmospheric recreation of wartime conditions. In 1945, Neagle appeared on stage in *Emma*, a dramatisation of [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen "Jane Austen")'s [novel](/wiki/Emma_%28novel%29 "Emma (novel)"). That same year, she was seen in the film *[I Live in Grosvenor Square](/wiki/I_Live_in_Grosvenor_Square "I Live in Grosvenor Square")*, co\-starring [Rex Harrison](/wiki/Rex_Harrison "Rex Harrison"). She wanted Harrison for the lead in her next film, *[Piccadilly Incident](/wiki/Piccadilly_Incident "Piccadilly Incident")* (1946\). However, he (as well as [John Mills](/wiki/John_Mills "John Mills")) proved to be unavailable at the time, so Wilcox cast [Michael Wilding](/wiki/Michael_Wilding "Michael Wilding") in the lead. Thus was born what film critic [Godfrey Winn](/wiki/Godfrey_Winn "Godfrey Winn") called "the greatest team in British films". The story – of a wife, presumed dead, returning to her (remarried) husband – bears a resemblance to the [Irene Dunne](/wiki/Irene_Dunne "Irene Dunne")–[Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant "Cary Grant") comedy *[My Favorite Wife](/wiki/My_Favorite_Wife "My Favorite Wife")*. *Piccadilly Incident* was chosen as *[Picturegoer](/wiki/Picturegoer "Picturegoer")'s* Best Film of 1947\. Despite the fact that Neagle was some eight years senior than Wilding, they proved to be an extremely bankable romantic pairing at the British box office. By now in her mid\-40s, Neagle continued to have success in youthful and romantic lead roles. Neagle and Wilding were reunited in *[The Courtneys of Curzon Street](/wiki/The_Courtneys_of_Curzon_Street "The Courtneys of Curzon Street")* (1947\), a period drama that became the year's top box\-office attraction. The film featured Wilding as an upper\-class dandy and Neagle as the maid he marries, only to have the two of them driven apart by [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_morality "Victorian morality") society. The third pairing of Neagle and Wilding in the "London Films", as the series of films came to be called, was in *[Spring in Park Lane](/wiki/Spring_in_Park_Lane "Spring in Park Lane")* (1948\). A comedy, this depicted the romance between a millionaire's niece and a footman (actually a nobleman who has seen better days). The script was written by [Nicholas Phipps](/wiki/Nicholas_Phipps "Nicholas Phipps"), who also played Wilding's brother. Although not a musical, it contains a dream sequence featuring the song "The Moment I Saw You". *Spring in Park Lane* was the 1949 *Picturegoer* winner for Best Film, Actor, and Actress. Neagle and Wilding were together for a fourth time in the Technicolor romance *[Maytime in Mayfair](/wiki/Maytime_in_Mayfair "Maytime in Mayfair")* (1949\). The plot is reminiscent of *[Roberta](/wiki/Roberta_%28musical%29 "Roberta (musical)")*, as it had Wilding inheriting a dress shop owned by Neagle. By now, Neagle was at her peak as Britain's top box\-office actress, and she made what reputedly became her own favourite film, *[Odette](/wiki/Odette_%281950_film%29 "Odette (1950 film)")* (1950\), co\-starring [Trevor Howard](/wiki/Trevor_Howard "Trevor Howard"), [Peter Ustinov](/wiki/Peter_Ustinov "Peter Ustinov"), and [Marius Goring](/wiki/Marius_Goring "Marius Goring"). As [Odette Sansom](/wiki/Odette_Sansom "Odette Sansom"), she was the [Anglo](/wiki/UK "UK")\-French [resistance fighter](/wiki/Resistance_fighter "Resistance fighter") who was pushed to the edge of betrayal by the Nazis. In 1950, Neagle and Wilcox moved to the top\-floor flat in Aldford House overlooking [Park Lane](/wiki/Park_Lane "Park Lane"), which was their home until 1964\. She played [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale "Florence Nightingale") in *[The Lady with a Lamp](/wiki/The_Lady_with_a_Lamp "The Lady with a Lamp")* (1951\), based on the 1929 play by [Reginald Berkeley](/wiki/Reginald_Berkeley "Reginald Berkeley"). Returning to the stage in 1953, she scored a success with *[The Glorious Days](/wiki/The_Glorious_Days "The Glorious Days")*, which had a run of 476 performances. Neagle and Wilcox brought the play to the screen under the title *[Lilacs in the Spring](/wiki/Lilacs_in_the_Spring "Lilacs in the Spring")* (1954\), co\-starring [Errol Flynn](/wiki/Errol_Flynn "Errol Flynn"). In the film, she plays an actress knocked out by a bomb, who dreams she is Queen Victoria and Nell Gwyn, as well as her own mother. As she begins dreaming, the film switches from black\-and\-white to colour. In Britain, where Neagle had top billing, the film was reasonably successful. In the United States, however, where Flynn had top billing, the title was changed to *Let's Make Up*, and it flopped, with limited bookings.Thomas, Tony, [Rudy Behlmer](/wiki/Rudy_Behlmer "Rudy Behlmer"), and Clifford McCarthy. *The Films of Errol Flynn.* Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel, 1969\. p. 201\.
[ "### Return to the UK", "Returning to the UK, Neagle and Wilcox commenced with *[They Flew Alone](/wiki/They_Flew_Alone \"They Flew Alone\")* (1942; shot after but released before *Forever and a Day*). Neagle this time played [aviator](/wiki/Aviator \"Aviator\") [Amy Johnson](/wiki/Amy_Johnson \"Amy Johnson\"), who had recently died in a flying accident. [Robert Newton](/wiki/Robert_Newton \"Robert Newton\") co\\-starred as Johnson's husband, [Jim Mollison](/wiki/Jim_Mollison \"Jim Mollison\"). The film intercut the action with newsreel footage.", "Neagle and Wilcox married in August 1943 at London's [Caxton Hall](/wiki/Caxton_Hall \"Caxton Hall\").City of Westminster green plaques {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ \\|title\\=Westminster City Council – Green Plaques Scheme \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210428/http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/ \\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2012 }}", "They continued with *[Yellow Canary](/wiki/Yellow_Canary_%28film%29 \"Yellow Canary (film)\")* (1943\\), co\\-starring [Richard Greene](/wiki/Richard_Greene \"Richard Greene\") and [Margaret Rutherford](/wiki/Margaret_Rutherford \"Margaret Rutherford\"). In this spy story, Neagle plays a German\\-sympathiser (or at least that is what she seems to be at first), who is forced to go to Canada for her own safety. In reality, of course, she is working as an [undercover agent](/wiki/Spy \"Spy\") out to expose a plot to blow up [Halifax Harbour](/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality \"Halifax Regional Municipality\") in [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"). *Yellow Canary* received positive comments for its atmospheric recreation of wartime conditions.", "In 1945, Neagle appeared on stage in *Emma*, a dramatisation of [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen \"Jane Austen\")'s [novel](/wiki/Emma_%28novel%29 \"Emma (novel)\"). That same year, she was seen in the film *[I Live in Grosvenor Square](/wiki/I_Live_in_Grosvenor_Square \"I Live in Grosvenor Square\")*, co\\-starring [Rex Harrison](/wiki/Rex_Harrison \"Rex Harrison\"). She wanted Harrison for the lead in her next film, *[Piccadilly Incident](/wiki/Piccadilly_Incident \"Piccadilly Incident\")* (1946\\). However, he (as well as [John Mills](/wiki/John_Mills \"John Mills\")) proved to be unavailable at the time, so Wilcox cast [Michael Wilding](/wiki/Michael_Wilding \"Michael Wilding\") in the lead. Thus was born what film critic [Godfrey Winn](/wiki/Godfrey_Winn \"Godfrey Winn\") called \"the greatest team in British films\". The story – of a wife, presumed dead, returning to her (remarried) husband – bears a resemblance to the [Irene Dunne](/wiki/Irene_Dunne \"Irene Dunne\")–[Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant \"Cary Grant\") comedy *[My Favorite Wife](/wiki/My_Favorite_Wife \"My Favorite Wife\")*. *Piccadilly Incident* was chosen as *[Picturegoer](/wiki/Picturegoer \"Picturegoer\")'s* Best Film of 1947\\. Despite the fact that Neagle was some eight years senior than Wilding, they proved to be an extremely bankable romantic pairing at the British box office. By now in her mid\\-40s, Neagle continued to have success in youthful and romantic lead roles.", "Neagle and Wilding were reunited in *[The Courtneys of Curzon Street](/wiki/The_Courtneys_of_Curzon_Street \"The Courtneys of Curzon Street\")* (1947\\), a period drama that became the year's top box\\-office attraction. The film featured Wilding as an upper\\-class dandy and Neagle as the maid he marries, only to have the two of them driven apart by [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_morality \"Victorian morality\") society.", "The third pairing of Neagle and Wilding in the \"London Films\", as the series of films came to be called, was in *[Spring in Park Lane](/wiki/Spring_in_Park_Lane \"Spring in Park Lane\")* (1948\\). A comedy, this depicted the romance between a millionaire's niece and a footman (actually a nobleman who has seen better days). The script was written by [Nicholas Phipps](/wiki/Nicholas_Phipps \"Nicholas Phipps\"), who also played Wilding's brother. Although not a musical, it contains a dream sequence featuring the song \"The Moment I Saw You\". *Spring in Park Lane* was the 1949 *Picturegoer* winner for Best Film, Actor, and Actress. Neagle and Wilding were together for a fourth time in the Technicolor romance *[Maytime in Mayfair](/wiki/Maytime_in_Mayfair \"Maytime in Mayfair\")* (1949\\). The plot is reminiscent of *[Roberta](/wiki/Roberta_%28musical%29 \"Roberta (musical)\")*, as it had Wilding inheriting a dress shop owned by Neagle.", "By now, Neagle was at her peak as Britain's top box\\-office actress, and she made what reputedly became her own favourite film, *[Odette](/wiki/Odette_%281950_film%29 \"Odette (1950 film)\")* (1950\\), co\\-starring [Trevor Howard](/wiki/Trevor_Howard \"Trevor Howard\"), [Peter Ustinov](/wiki/Peter_Ustinov \"Peter Ustinov\"), and [Marius Goring](/wiki/Marius_Goring \"Marius Goring\"). As [Odette Sansom](/wiki/Odette_Sansom \"Odette Sansom\"), she was the [Anglo](/wiki/UK \"UK\")\\-French [resistance fighter](/wiki/Resistance_fighter \"Resistance fighter\") who was pushed to the edge of betrayal by the Nazis. In 1950, Neagle and Wilcox moved to the top\\-floor flat in Aldford House overlooking [Park Lane](/wiki/Park_Lane \"Park Lane\"), which was their home until 1964\\. She played [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale \"Florence Nightingale\") in *[The Lady with a Lamp](/wiki/The_Lady_with_a_Lamp \"The Lady with a Lamp\")* (1951\\), based on the 1929 play by [Reginald Berkeley](/wiki/Reginald_Berkeley \"Reginald Berkeley\").", "Returning to the stage in 1953, she scored a success with *[The Glorious Days](/wiki/The_Glorious_Days \"The Glorious Days\")*, which had a run of 476 performances. Neagle and Wilcox brought the play to the screen under the title *[Lilacs in the Spring](/wiki/Lilacs_in_the_Spring \"Lilacs in the Spring\")* (1954\\), co\\-starring [Errol Flynn](/wiki/Errol_Flynn \"Errol Flynn\"). In the film, she plays an actress knocked out by a bomb, who dreams she is Queen Victoria and Nell Gwyn, as well as her own mother. As she begins dreaming, the film switches from black\\-and\\-white to colour. In Britain, where Neagle had top billing, the film was reasonably successful. In the United States, however, where Flynn had top billing, the title was changed to *Let's Make Up*, and it flopped, with limited bookings.Thomas, Tony, [Rudy Behlmer](/wiki/Rudy_Behlmer \"Rudy Behlmer\"), and Clifford McCarthy. *The Films of Errol Flynn.* Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel, 1969\\. p. 201\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- Borth was born and raised in [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), eventually graduating in 1940 from the [Cleveland School of Art](/wiki/Cleveland_School_of_Art "Cleveland School of Art"), where he majored in illustration."New Sea Adventure Strip Will Appear in Times," *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* (Sept. 6, 1947\). [Archived at Stripper's Guide](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-thvAAmcvmP8/W7oF_d4jDsI/AAAAAAAAUBA/Z8zTdtdkaqcSgQq0f0DV5PLESIn34m5DQCLcBGAs/s640/Ken%2BStuart%2BPromo%2BTampa_Bay_Times_Sat__Sep_6__1947_.png). Moving to New York City, Frank Borth rose to prominence during the so\-called "[Golden Age of Comic Books](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books "Golden Age of Comic Books")", where he first (in 1941\) worked on the feature "Pat Patriot, America's Joan of Arc," for [Lev Gleason Publications](/wiki/Lev_Gleason_Publications "Lev Gleason Publications")' *[Daredevil Comics](/wiki/Daredevil_%28Lev_Gleason_Publications%29 "Daredevil (Lev Gleason Publications)")*. After freelance jobs with [Timely Comics](/wiki/Timely_Comics "Timely Comics"), [Harvey Comics](/wiki/Harvey_Comics "Harvey Comics"), and Picture Scoop, Borth found a home at [Quality Comics](/wiki/Quality_Comics "Quality Comics"), where he was responsible for characters such as [Spider Widow](/wiki/Spider_Widow "Spider Widow") and (for a time) [Phantom Lady](/wiki/Phantom_Lady "Phantom Lady").{{cite book \|last1\=Koolman \|first1\=Mike \|last2\=Amash \|first2\=Jim \|title\=The Quality Companion \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=TwoMorrows Publishing \|isbn\=978\-1605490373 \|pages\=187–188}} Borth served in the military during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), ending up in 1946 on [Montauk Point](/wiki/Montauk_Point "Montauk Point"), Long Island. It was there that he was inspired to create the sea adventure [comic strip](/wiki/Comic_strip "Comic strip") *Ken Stuart*, which was [syndicated](/wiki/Comic_strip_syndication "Comic strip syndication") by the [Frank J. Markey Syndicate](/wiki/Frank_J._Markey_Syndicate "Frank J. Markey Syndicate") from September 8, 1947,Holtz, Allan. ["Obscurity of the Day: Ken Stuart,"](https://strippersguide.blogspot.com/2018/10/obscurity-of-day-ken-stuart.html) *Stripper's Guide* (Oct. 10, 2018\). to 1950\.[Borth entry](http://www.bailsprojects.com/%28S%28suyw1d45osg1djvdokq11s55%29%29/bio.aspx?Name=BORTH%2c+FRANK), *Who's Who of American Comic Book Artists, 1928–1999*. Accessed Jan. 5, 2018\. The Markey syndicate also attempted to syndicate Borth's strip *Bouford* in 1949\. [Columbia Comics](/wiki/Columbia_Comics "Columbia Comics") published one issue of a *Ken Stuart* comic book in 1948\. Following the demise of *Ken Stuart*, Borth worked on features for a few [Ziff\-Davis Comics](/wiki/Ziff-Davis_Comics "Ziff-Davis Comics") titles, including "Skypilot" and "Captain Fleet." From the late 1940s onward, Borth worked extensively for the Ohio\-based [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic")\-oriented comic book publisher George A. Pflaum, whose most well\-known title was *[Treasure Chest](/wiki/Treasure_Chest_%28comics%29 "Treasure Chest (comics)")*. Borth worked on such *Treasure Chest* features as "Chuck White," "Frumson Wooters," and many others. Beginning in 1963, and lasting until the title's cancellation in 1972, *Treasure Chest* also serialized a drawing course called "Draw\-Along with Frank Borth." In the mid\-to\-late 1960s, Borth became active in the Montauk community, eventually becoming councilman on the [East Hampton](/wiki/East_Hampton_%28town%29%2C_New_York "East Hampton (town), New York") town board in 1968, a position which lasted until 1972\. From 1970 to 1983, Borth wrote the syndicated gag panel *[There Oughta Be a Law!](/wiki/There_Oughta_Be_a_Law%21 "There Oughta Be a Law!")*,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/borth\_frank.htm\|title\=Frank Borth\|website\=lambiek.net\|accessdate\=7 April 2018}} taking over from co\-creator [Harry Shorten](/wiki/Harry_Shorten "Harry Shorten").["GREEN SHEET\|THROWBACK THURSDAY — COMICS EDITION: 'There Oughta Be a Law!' tapped readers for material,"](http://archive.jsonline.com/greensheet/there-oughta-be-a-law-tapped-readers-for-material-b99707747z1-378193161.html) *Milwaukee Journal Sentinel* (May 05, 2016\). Despite retiring in 1983, Borth did occasional assignments for *[Cracked](/wiki/Cracked_%28magazine%29 "Cracked (magazine)")* magazine, as well as *[Asimov's Science Fiction](/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction "Asimov's Science Fiction")*, *[Amazing Stories](/wiki/Amazing_Stories "Amazing Stories")*, and *Monsters Attack*, in the following years. Borth died in [Newville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Newville%2C_Pennsylvania "Newville, Pennsylvania"), on August 9, 2009, aged 91\.[Artist Frank Borth III, Of Montauk, Dies At 91](http://www.hamptons.com/news/obituaries/8594/artist-frank-borth-iii-of-montauk-dies-at-91.html)
[ "Biography\n---------", "Borth was born and raised in [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\"), eventually graduating in 1940 from the [Cleveland School of Art](/wiki/Cleveland_School_of_Art \"Cleveland School of Art\"), where he majored in illustration.\"New Sea Adventure Strip Will Appear in Times,\" *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* (Sept. 6, 1947\\). [Archived at Stripper's Guide](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-thvAAmcvmP8/W7oF_d4jDsI/AAAAAAAAUBA/Z8zTdtdkaqcSgQq0f0DV5PLESIn34m5DQCLcBGAs/s640/Ken%2BStuart%2BPromo%2BTampa_Bay_Times_Sat__Sep_6__1947_.png).", "Moving to New York City, Frank Borth rose to prominence during the so\\-called \"[Golden Age of Comic Books](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books \"Golden Age of Comic Books\")\", where he first (in 1941\\) worked on the feature \"Pat Patriot, America's Joan of Arc,\" for [Lev Gleason Publications](/wiki/Lev_Gleason_Publications \"Lev Gleason Publications\")' *[Daredevil Comics](/wiki/Daredevil_%28Lev_Gleason_Publications%29 \"Daredevil (Lev Gleason Publications)\")*. After freelance jobs with [Timely Comics](/wiki/Timely_Comics \"Timely Comics\"), [Harvey Comics](/wiki/Harvey_Comics \"Harvey Comics\"), and Picture Scoop, Borth found a home at [Quality Comics](/wiki/Quality_Comics \"Quality Comics\"), where he was responsible for characters such as [Spider Widow](/wiki/Spider_Widow \"Spider Widow\") and (for a time) [Phantom Lady](/wiki/Phantom_Lady \"Phantom Lady\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Koolman \\|first1\\=Mike \\|last2\\=Amash \\|first2\\=Jim \\|title\\=The Quality Companion \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=TwoMorrows Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-1605490373 \\|pages\\=187–188}}", "Borth served in the military during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), ending up in 1946 on [Montauk Point](/wiki/Montauk_Point \"Montauk Point\"), Long Island. It was there that he was inspired to create the sea adventure [comic strip](/wiki/Comic_strip \"Comic strip\") *Ken Stuart*, which was [syndicated](/wiki/Comic_strip_syndication \"Comic strip syndication\") by the [Frank J. Markey Syndicate](/wiki/Frank_J._Markey_Syndicate \"Frank J. Markey Syndicate\") from September 8, 1947,Holtz, Allan. [\"Obscurity of the Day: Ken Stuart,\"](https://strippersguide.blogspot.com/2018/10/obscurity-of-day-ken-stuart.html) *Stripper's Guide* (Oct. 10, 2018\\). to 1950\\.[Borth entry](http://www.bailsprojects.com/%28S%28suyw1d45osg1djvdokq11s55%29%29/bio.aspx?Name=BORTH%2c+FRANK), *Who's Who of American Comic Book Artists, 1928–1999*. Accessed Jan. 5, 2018\\. The Markey syndicate also attempted to syndicate Borth's strip *Bouford* in 1949\\. [Columbia Comics](/wiki/Columbia_Comics \"Columbia Comics\") published one issue of a *Ken Stuart* comic book in 1948\\.", "Following the demise of *Ken Stuart*, Borth worked on features for a few [Ziff\\-Davis Comics](/wiki/Ziff-Davis_Comics \"Ziff-Davis Comics\") titles, including \"Skypilot\" and \"Captain Fleet.\"", "From the late 1940s onward, Borth worked extensively for the Ohio\\-based [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic \"Catholic\")\\-oriented comic book publisher George A. Pflaum, whose most well\\-known title was *[Treasure Chest](/wiki/Treasure_Chest_%28comics%29 \"Treasure Chest (comics)\")*. Borth worked on such *Treasure Chest* features as \"Chuck White,\" \"Frumson Wooters,\" and many others. Beginning in 1963, and lasting until the title's cancellation in 1972, *Treasure Chest* also serialized a drawing course called \"Draw\\-Along with Frank Borth.\"", "In the mid\\-to\\-late 1960s, Borth became active in the Montauk community, eventually becoming councilman on the [East Hampton](/wiki/East_Hampton_%28town%29%2C_New_York \"East Hampton (town), New York\") town board in 1968, a position which lasted until 1972\\.", "From 1970 to 1983, Borth wrote the syndicated gag panel *[There Oughta Be a Law!](/wiki/There_Oughta_Be_a_Law%21 \"There Oughta Be a Law!\")*,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/borth\\_frank.htm\\|title\\=Frank Borth\\|website\\=lambiek.net\\|accessdate\\=7 April 2018}} taking over from co\\-creator [Harry Shorten](/wiki/Harry_Shorten \"Harry Shorten\").[\"GREEN SHEET\\|THROWBACK THURSDAY — COMICS EDITION: 'There Oughta Be a Law!' tapped readers for material,\"](http://archive.jsonline.com/greensheet/there-oughta-be-a-law-tapped-readers-for-material-b99707747z1-378193161.html) *Milwaukee Journal Sentinel* (May 05, 2016\\).", "Despite retiring in 1983, Borth did occasional assignments for *[Cracked](/wiki/Cracked_%28magazine%29 \"Cracked (magazine)\")* magazine, as well as *[Asimov's Science Fiction](/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction \"Asimov's Science Fiction\")*, *[Amazing Stories](/wiki/Amazing_Stories \"Amazing Stories\")*, and *Monsters Attack*, in the following years.", "Borth died in [Newville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Newville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Newville, Pennsylvania\"), on August 9, 2009, aged 91\\.[Artist Frank Borth III, Of Montauk, Dies At 91](http://www.hamptons.com/news/obituaries/8594/artist-frank-borth-iii-of-montauk-dies-at-91.html)", "" ]
Stages ------ ### Stage one In pre\-industrial society, death rates and birth rates were both high, and fluctuated rapidly according to natural events, such as drought and disease, to produce a relatively constant and young population. [Family planning](/wiki/Family_planning "Family planning") and contraception were virtually nonexistent; therefore, birth rates were essentially only limited by the ability of women to bear children. Emigration depressed death rates in some special cases (for example, Europe and particularly the Eastern United States during the 19th century), but, overall, death rates tended to match birth rates, often exceeding 40 per 1000 per year. Children contributed to the economy of the household from an early age by carrying water, firewood, and messages, caring for younger siblings, sweeping, washing dishes, preparing food, and working in the fields.{{cite web\|url\=http://geographyfieldwork.com/DemographicTransition.htm\|title\=Demographic Transition Model\|website\=geographyfieldwork.com}} Raising a child cost little more than feeding him or her; there were no education or entertainment expenses. Thus, the total [cost of raising children](/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child "Cost of raising a child") barely exceeded their contribution to the household. In addition, as they became adults they became a major input to the family business, mainly farming, and were the primary form of insurance for adults in old age. In India, an adult son was all that prevented a widow from falling into destitution. While death rates remained high there was no question as to the need for children, even if the means to prevent them had existed.Caldwell (2006\), Chapter 5 During this stage, the society evolves in accordance with [Malthusian](/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model "Malthusian growth model") paradigm, with population essentially determined by the food supply. Any fluctuations in food supply (either positive, for example, due to technology improvements, or negative, due to droughts and pest invasions) tend to translate directly into population fluctuations. [Famines](/wiki/Famine "Famine") resulting in significant mortality are frequent. Overall, [population dynamics](/wiki/Population_dynamics "Population dynamics") during stage one are comparable to those of animals living in the wild. This is the earlier stage of demographic transition in the world and also characterized by primary activities such as small fishing activities, farming practices, pastoralism and petty businesses. ### Stage two [thumb\|upright\=1\.7\|right\|World population 10,000 BC\-2017 AD](/wiki/File:Population_curve.svg "Population curve.svg") This stage leads to a fall in death rates and an increase in population.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/population/popchangestructurerev5\.shtml\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023172810/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/population/popchangestructurerev5\.shtml\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=BBC bitesize\|archivedate\=October 23, 2007}} The changes leading to this stage in Europe were initiated in the [Agricultural Revolution](/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution "British Agricultural Revolution") of the eighteenth century and were initially quite slow. In the twentieth century, the falls in death rates in developing countries tended to be substantially faster. Countries in this stage include [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen "Yemen"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"), and [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") and much of [Sub\-Saharan Africa](/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa "Sub-Saharan Africa") (but this does not include [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") , [Botswana](/wiki/Botswana "Botswana"), [Eswatini](/wiki/Eswatini "Eswatini"), [Lesotho](/wiki/Lesotho "Lesotho"), [Namibia](/wiki/Namibia "Namibia"), , [Gabon](/wiki/Gabon "Gabon") and [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana "Ghana"), which have begun to move into stage 3\).Caldwell (2006\), Chapter 10{{update inline\|date\=January 2020}} The decline in the death rate is due initially to two factors: * First, improvements in the food supply brought about by higher yields in agricultural practices and better transportation reduce death due to starvation and lack of water. Agricultural improvements included [crop rotation](/wiki/Crop_rotation "Crop rotation"), [selective breeding](/wiki/Selective_breeding "Selective breeding"), and [seed drill](/wiki/Seed_drill "Seed drill") technology. * Second, significant improvements in public health reduce mortality, particularly in childhood. These are not so much medical breakthroughs (Europe passed through stage two before the advances of the mid\-twentieth century, although there was significant medical progress in the nineteenth century, such as the development of [vaccination](/wiki/Vaccination "Vaccination")) as they are improvements in water supply, [sewerage](/wiki/Sanitary_sewer "Sanitary sewer"), food handling, and general personal [hygiene](/wiki/Hygiene "Hygiene") following from growing scientific knowledge of the causes of disease and the improved education and social status of mothers. A consequence of the decline in mortality in Stage Two is an increasingly rapid growth in population growth (a.k.a. "[population explosion](/wiki/Population_explosion "Population explosion")") as the gap between deaths and births grows wider and wider. Note that this growth is not due to an increase in fertility (or birth rates) but to a decline in deaths. This change in population occurred in north\-western Europe during the nineteenth century due to the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution"). During the second half of the twentieth century less\-developed countries entered Stage Two, creating the worldwide rapid growth of number of living people that has demographers concerned today. In this stage of DT, countries are vulnerable to become [failed states](/wiki/Failed_States_Index "Failed States Index") in the absence of progressive governments. [right\|upright\=1\.7\|thumb\| [Population pyramid](/wiki/Population_pyramid "Population pyramid") of [Angola](/wiki/Angola "Angola") 2005](/wiki/File:Angola_population_pyramid_2005.svg "Angola population pyramid 2005.svg") Another characteristic of Stage Two of the demographic transition is a change in the [age structure](/wiki/Population_pyramid "Population pyramid") of the population. In Stage One, the majority of deaths are concentrated in the first 5–10 years of life. Therefore, more than anything else, the decline in death rates in Stage Two entails the increasing survival of children and a growing population. Hence, the age structure of the population becomes increasingly youthful and start to have big families and more of these children enter the reproductive cycle of their lives while maintaining the high fertility rates of their parents. The bottom of the "[age pyramid](/wiki/Population_pyramid "Population pyramid")" widens first where children, teenagers and infants are here, accelerating population growth rate. The age structure of such a population is illustrated by using an example from the [Third World](/wiki/Third_World "Third World") today. ### Stage three In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), death rates are low and birth rates diminish, as a rule accordingly of enhanced economic conditions, an expansion in women's status and education, and access to contraception. The decrease in birth rate fluctuates from nation to nation, as does the time span in which it is experienced.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.populationeducation.org/content/stage\-3\-demographic\-transition\-model\|title\=Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model \- Population Education\|date\=16 October 2014}} Stage Three moves the population towards stability through a decline in the birth rate.{{Citation \| publisher \= UWC \| url \= http://pages.uwc.edu/keith.montgomery/Demotrans/demtran.htm \| series \= Marathon \| title \= Geography \| contribution \= Demographic transition \| access\-date \= 2014\-04\-25 \| archive\-date \= 2019\-06\-05 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190605095831/http://pages.uwc.edu/keith.montgomery/demotrans/demtran.htm \| url\-status \= dead }}. Several [fertility factors](/wiki/Fertility_factor_%28demography%29 "Fertility factor (demography)") contribute to this eventual decline, and are generally similar to [those associated with sub\-replacement fertility](/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility%23Causes "Sub-replacement fertility#Causes"), although some are speculative: * In rural areas continued decline in childhood death meant that at some point parents realized that they did not need as many children to ensure a comfortable old age. As childhood death continues to fall and incomes increase, parents can become increasingly confident that fewer children will suffice to help in family business and care for them at old age. * Increasing [urbanization](/wiki/Urbanization "Urbanization") changes the traditional values placed upon fertility and the value of children in rural society. Urban living also raises the cost of dependent children to a family. A recent theory suggests that urbanization also contributes to reducing the birth rate because it disrupts optimal mating patterns. A 2008 study in Iceland found that the most fecund marriages are between distant cousins. Genetic incompatibilities inherent in more distant out breeding makes reproduction harder.{{Citation \| title\= Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring, Data From Iceland Shows \| url\= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140855\.htm \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210102112300/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140855\.htm \| url\-status\= dead \| archive\-date\= 2 January 2021 \| journal\= ScienceDaily \| date \= 8 February 2008}}. * In both rural and urban areas, the cost of children to parents is exacerbated by the introduction of compulsory education acts and the increased need to educate children so they can take up a respected position in society. Children are increasingly prohibited under law from working outside the household and make an increasingly limited contribution to the household, as school children are increasingly exempted from the expectation of making a significant contribution to domestic work. Even in equatorial Africa, children (age under 5\) now required to have clothes and shoes, and may even require school uniforms. Parents begin to consider it a duty to buy children(s) books and toys, partly due to education and access to family planning, people begin to reassess their need for children and their ability to raise them. [thumb\|right\|upright\=1\.15\|A major factor in reducing birth rates in stage 3 countries such as Malaysia is the availability of family planning facilities, like this one in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.](/wiki/File:Familyplanningmalaysia.jpg "Familyplanningmalaysia.jpg") * Increasing literacy and employment lowers the uncritical acceptance of childbearing and motherhood as measures of the status of women. Working women have less time to raise children; this is particularly an issue where fathers traditionally make little or no contribution to child\-raising, such as [southern Europe](/wiki/Southern_Europe "Southern Europe") or [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). Valuation of women beyond childbearing and motherhood becomes important. * Improvements in contraceptive technology are now a major factor. Fertility decline is caused as much by changes in values about children and gender as by the availability of contraceptives and knowledge of how to use them. The resulting changes in the age structure of the population include a decline in the youth [dependency ratio](/wiki/Dependency_ratio "Dependency ratio") and eventually [population aging](/wiki/Population_aging "Population aging"). The population structure becomes less triangular and more like an elongated balloon. During the period between the decline in youth dependency and rise in old age dependency there is a [demographic window](/wiki/Demographic_window "Demographic window") of opportunity that can potentially produce economic growth through an increase in the ratio of working age to dependent population; the [demographic dividend](/wiki/Demographic_dividend "Demographic dividend"). However, unless factors such as those listed above are allowed to work, a society's birth rates may not drop to a low level in due time, which means that the society cannot proceed to stage three and is locked in what is called a [demographic trap](/wiki/Demographic_trap "Demographic trap"). Countries that have witnessed a fertility decline of over 50% from their pre\-transition levels include: [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica"), [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"), [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica "Jamaica"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia"), [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador"), [Guyana](/wiki/Guyana "Guyana"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan"), [Turkmenistan](/wiki/Turkmenistan "Turkmenistan"), [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan "Uzbekistan"), [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia "Tunisia"), [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria "Algeria"), [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco "Morocco"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), [India](/wiki/India "India"), [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), and many [Pacific islands](/wiki/Pacific_islands "Pacific islands"). Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of 25–50% include: [Guatemala](/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala "Demographics of Guatemala"), [Tajikistan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Tajikistan "Demographics of Tajikistan"), [Egypt](/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt "Demographics of Egypt") and [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe "Demographics of Zimbabwe"). Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of less than 25% include: [Sudan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan "Demographics of Sudan"), [Niger](/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger "Demographics of Niger"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan "Demographics of Afghanistan"). ### Stage four This occurs where birth and death rates are both low, leading to a total population stability. Death rates are low for a number of reasons, primarily lower rates of diseases and higher production of food. The birth rate is low because people have more opportunities to choose if they want children; this is made possible by improvements in contraception or women gaining more independence and work opportunities.{{Citation \| url \= http://www.main\-vision.com/richard/demographic.htm \| title \= Main vision \|contribution \= Demographic}}. The DTM (Demographic Transition model) is only a suggestion about the future population levels of a country, not a prediction. Countries that were at this stage ([total fertility rate](/wiki/Total_fertility_rate "Total fertility rate") between 2\.0 and 2\.5\) in 2015 include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela.{{cite web\|url\=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN\|title\=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) \- Data\|website\=data.worldbank.org}} ### Stage five {{See also\|Population aging\|Aging of Europe\|Aging of Japan\|Evolutionary psychology}}[thumb\|right\|upright\=1\.35\|United Nation's population projections by location. Note the vertical axis is [logarithmic](/wiki/Logarithmic_scale "Logarithmic scale") and represents millions of people.](/wiki/File:World_population_%28UN%29.svg "World population (UN).svg") The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more\-fertile and less\-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five. Some countries have [sub\-replacement fertility](/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility "Sub-replacement fertility") (that is, below 2\.1–2\.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility is generally slightly higher than 2 (the level which replaces the two parents, achieving equilibrium) both because boys are born more often than girls (about 1\.05–1\.1 to 1\), and to compensate for deaths prior to full reproduction. Many European and East Asian countries now have higher death rates than birth rates. [Population aging](/wiki/Population_aging "Population aging") and [population decline](/wiki/Population_decline "Population decline") may eventually occur, assuming that the fertility rate does not change and sustained mass immigration does not occur. Using data through 2005, researchers have suggested that the negative relationship between development, as measured by the [Human Development Index](/wiki/Human_Development_Index "Human Development Index") (HDI), and birth rates had reversed at very high levels of development. In many countries with very high levels of development, fertility rates were approaching two children per woman in the early 2000s.{{Citation \| title\= The best of all possible worlds? \| url \= https://www.economist.com/science\-and\-technology/2009/08/06/the\-best\-of\-all\-possible\-worlds \| newspaper \= The Economist \| date \= 6 August 2009}}. However, fertility rates declined significantly in many very high development countries between 2010 and 2018, including in countries with high levels of [gender parity](/wiki/Gender_parity "Gender parity"). The global data no longer support the suggestion that fertility rates tend to broadly rise at very high levels of national development.{{Cite journal\|last\=Gaddy\|first\=Hampton Gray\|date\=2021\-01\-20\|title\=A decade of TFR declines suggests no relationship between development and sub\-replacement fertility rebounds\|url\=https://www.demographic\-research.org/volumes/vol44/5/\|journal\=Demographic Research\|language\=en\|volume\=44\|pages\=125–142\|doi\=10\.4054/DemRes.2021\.44\.5\|issn\=1435\-9871\|doi\-access\=free}} From the point of view of [evolutionary biology](/wiki/Evolutionary_biology "Evolutionary biology"), wealthier people having fewer children is unexpected, as [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection "Natural selection") would be expected to favor individuals who are willing and able to convert plentiful resources into plentiful fertile descendants. This may be the result of a departure from the [environment of evolutionary adaptedness](/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology%23Environment_of_evolutionary_adaptedness "Evolutionary psychology#Environment of evolutionary adaptedness").{{cite journal \| last1 \= Clarke \| first1 \= Alice L. \| last2 \= Low \| first2 \= Bobbi S. \| year \= 2001 \| title \= Testing evolutionary hypotheses with demographic data \|journal \= Population and Development Review \| volume \= 27 \| issue \= 4\| pages \= 633–660 \| doi\=10\.1111/j.1728\-4457\.2001\.00633\.x\| url \= https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027\.42/74296/1/j.1728\-4457\.2001\.00633\.x.pdf \| hdl \= 2027\.42/74296\| hdl\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Daly \|first1\= Martin \|last2\=Wilson \|first2\=Margo I \|title\=Human evolutionary psychology and animal behaviour \|journal\= Animal Behaviour \|url\= http://courses.washington.edu/evpsych/Daly%26Wilson\-HEP\-AB1999\.pdf \|publisher\= Department of Psychology, McMaster University \|access\-date\=14 November 2018 \|date\=26 June 1998\|volume\= 57 \|issue\= 3 \|pages\= 509–519 \|doi\= 10\.1006/anbe.1998\.1027 \|pmid\= 10196040 \|s2cid\= 4007382 }} Most models posit that the birth rate will stabilize at a low level indefinitely. Some dissenting scholars note that the modern environment is exerting [evolutionary pressure](/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure "Evolutionary pressure") for higher fertility, and that eventually due to individual natural selection or cultural selection, birth rates may rise again. Part of the "cultural selection" hypothesis is that the variance in birth rate between cultures is significant; for example, some religious cultures have a higher birth rate that is not accounted for by differences in income.{{cite journal\|last1\=Kolk\|first1\=M.\|last2\= Cownden \|first2\=D.\|last3\=Enquist\|first3\=M. \|title\=Correlations in fertility across generations: can low fertility persist?\|journal\=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences\|date\=29 January 2014\|volume\=281\|issue\=1779\|page \= 20132561 \|doi\=10\.1098/rspb.2013\.2561\|pmid\= 24478294 \|pmc\=3924067}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Burger\|first1\=Oskar\|last2\= DeLong\|first2\=John P.\|title\= What if fertility decline is not permanent? The need for an evolutionarily informed approach to understanding low fertility\|journal\= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences\|date\=28 March 2016\|volume\=371\|issue\=1692\|page \= 20150157\|doi\= 10\.1098/rstb.2015\.0157 \|pmid\= 27022084\|pmc\= 4822437}}{{cite news \|title\= Population paradox: Europe's time bomb \|url\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/population\-paradox\-europes\-time\-bomb\-888030\.html \|access\-date\=31 March 2019 \|work\=The Independent \|date\=9 August 2008}} In his book *Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?*, [Eric Kaufmann](/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann "Eric Kaufmann") argues that demographic trends point to religious fundamentalists greatly increasing as a share of the population over the next century.{{Cite web\|title\=Shall the religious inherit the earth?\|url\=https://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/shall\_the\_religious\_inherit\_the\_earth/\|date\=April 6, 2010\|website\=Mercator Net\|access\-date\=February 27, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 23, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623040350/https://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/shall\_the\_religious\_inherit\_the\_earth/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite journal\|last\=McClendon\|first\=David\|date\=Autumn 2013\|title\=Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? Demography and Politics in the Twenty\-First Century, by ERIC KAUFMANN\|url\=https://academic.oup.com/socrel/article\-abstract/74/3/417/1640161\|journal\=Sociology of Religion\|volume\=74\|issue\=3\|pages\=417–9\|doi\=10\.1093/socrel/srt026}} [Jane Falkingham](/wiki/Jane_Falkingham "Jane Falkingham") of [Southampton University](/wiki/Southampton_University "Southampton University") has noted that "We've actually got population projections wrong consistently over the last 50 years... we've underestimated the improvements in mortality... but also we've not been very good at spotting the trends in fertility." In 2004 a United Nations office published its guesses for global population in the year 2300; estimates ranged from a "low estimate" of 2\.3 billion (tending to −0\.32% per year) to a "high estimate" of 36\.4 billion (tending to \+0\.54% per year), which were contrasted with a deliberately "unrealistic" illustrative "constant fertility" scenario of 134 trillion (obtained if 1995–2000 fertility rates stay constant into the far future).{{cite web\|title\= World Population to 2300\|url\= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf \|publisher\=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs \|access\-date\= 24 May 2016\|date\= 2004}}
[ "Stages\n------", "### Stage one", "In pre\\-industrial society, death rates and birth rates were both high, and fluctuated rapidly according to natural events, such as drought and disease, to produce a relatively constant and young population. [Family planning](/wiki/Family_planning \"Family planning\") and contraception were virtually nonexistent; therefore, birth rates were essentially only limited by the ability of women to bear children. Emigration depressed death rates in some special cases (for example, Europe and particularly the Eastern United States during the 19th century), but, overall, death rates tended to match birth rates, often exceeding 40 per 1000 per year. Children contributed to the economy of the household from an early age by carrying water, firewood, and messages, caring for younger siblings, sweeping, washing dishes, preparing food, and working in the fields.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://geographyfieldwork.com/DemographicTransition.htm\\|title\\=Demographic Transition Model\\|website\\=geographyfieldwork.com}} Raising a child cost little more than feeding him or her; there were no education or entertainment expenses. Thus, the total [cost of raising children](/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child \"Cost of raising a child\") barely exceeded their contribution to the household. In addition, as they became adults they became a major input to the family business, mainly farming, and were the primary form of insurance for adults in old age. In India, an adult son was all that prevented a widow from falling into destitution. While death rates remained high there was no question as to the need for children, even if the means to prevent them had existed.Caldwell (2006\\), Chapter 5", "During this stage, the society evolves in accordance with [Malthusian](/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model \"Malthusian growth model\") paradigm, with population essentially determined by the food supply. Any fluctuations in food supply (either positive, for example, due to technology improvements, or negative, due to droughts and pest invasions) tend to translate directly into population fluctuations. [Famines](/wiki/Famine \"Famine\") resulting in significant mortality are frequent. Overall, [population dynamics](/wiki/Population_dynamics \"Population dynamics\") during stage one are comparable to those of animals living in the wild. This is the earlier stage of demographic transition in the world and also characterized by primary activities such as small fishing activities, farming practices, pastoralism and petty businesses.", "### Stage two", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.7\\|right\\|World population 10,000 BC\\-2017 AD](/wiki/File:Population_curve.svg \"Population curve.svg\")\nThis stage leads to a fall in death rates and an increase in population.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/population/popchangestructurerev5\\.shtml\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023172810/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/population/popchangestructurerev5\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=BBC bitesize\\|archivedate\\=October 23, 2007}} The changes leading to this stage in Europe were initiated in the [Agricultural Revolution](/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution \"British Agricultural Revolution\") of the eighteenth century and were initially quite slow. In the twentieth century, the falls in death rates in developing countries tended to be substantially faster. Countries in this stage include [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen \"Yemen\"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"), and [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") and much of [Sub\\-Saharan Africa](/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa \"Sub-Saharan Africa\") (but this does not include [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") , [Botswana](/wiki/Botswana \"Botswana\"), [Eswatini](/wiki/Eswatini \"Eswatini\"), [Lesotho](/wiki/Lesotho \"Lesotho\"), [Namibia](/wiki/Namibia \"Namibia\"), , [Gabon](/wiki/Gabon \"Gabon\") and [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana \"Ghana\"), which have begun to move into stage 3\\).Caldwell (2006\\), Chapter 10{{update inline\\|date\\=January 2020}}", "The decline in the death rate is due initially to two factors:\n* First, improvements in the food supply brought about by higher yields in agricultural practices and better transportation reduce death due to starvation and lack of water. Agricultural improvements included [crop rotation](/wiki/Crop_rotation \"Crop rotation\"), [selective breeding](/wiki/Selective_breeding \"Selective breeding\"), and [seed drill](/wiki/Seed_drill \"Seed drill\") technology.\n* Second, significant improvements in public health reduce mortality, particularly in childhood. These are not so much medical breakthroughs (Europe passed through stage two before the advances of the mid\\-twentieth century, although there was significant medical progress in the nineteenth century, such as the development of [vaccination](/wiki/Vaccination \"Vaccination\")) as they are improvements in water supply, [sewerage](/wiki/Sanitary_sewer \"Sanitary sewer\"), food handling, and general personal [hygiene](/wiki/Hygiene \"Hygiene\") following from growing scientific knowledge of the causes of disease and the improved education and social status of mothers.", "A consequence of the decline in mortality in Stage Two is an increasingly rapid growth in population growth (a.k.a. \"[population explosion](/wiki/Population_explosion \"Population explosion\")\") as the gap between deaths and births grows wider and wider. Note that this growth is not due to an increase in fertility (or birth rates) but to a decline in deaths. This change in population occurred in north\\-western Europe during the nineteenth century due to the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"). During the second half of the twentieth century less\\-developed countries entered Stage Two, creating the worldwide rapid growth of number of living people that has demographers concerned today. In this stage of DT, countries are vulnerable to become [failed states](/wiki/Failed_States_Index \"Failed States Index\") in the absence of progressive governments.", "[right\\|upright\\=1\\.7\\|thumb\\| [Population pyramid](/wiki/Population_pyramid \"Population pyramid\") of [Angola](/wiki/Angola \"Angola\") 2005](/wiki/File:Angola_population_pyramid_2005.svg \"Angola population pyramid 2005.svg\")\nAnother characteristic of Stage Two of the demographic transition is a change in the [age structure](/wiki/Population_pyramid \"Population pyramid\") of the population. In Stage One, the majority of deaths are concentrated in the first 5–10 years of life. Therefore, more than anything else, the decline in death rates in Stage Two entails the increasing survival of children and a growing population. Hence, the age structure of the population becomes increasingly youthful and start to have big families and more of these children enter the reproductive cycle of their lives while maintaining the high fertility rates of their parents. The bottom of the \"[age pyramid](/wiki/Population_pyramid \"Population pyramid\")\" widens first where children, teenagers and infants are here, accelerating population growth rate. The age structure of such a population is illustrated by using an example from the [Third World](/wiki/Third_World \"Third World\") today.", "### Stage three", "In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), death rates are low and birth rates diminish, as a rule accordingly of enhanced economic conditions, an expansion in women's status and education, and access to contraception. The decrease in birth rate fluctuates from nation to nation, as does the time span in which it is experienced.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.populationeducation.org/content/stage\\-3\\-demographic\\-transition\\-model\\|title\\=Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model \\- Population Education\\|date\\=16 October 2014}} Stage Three moves the population towards stability through a decline in the birth rate.{{Citation \\| publisher \\= UWC \\| url \\= http://pages.uwc.edu/keith.montgomery/Demotrans/demtran.htm \\| series \\= Marathon \\| title \\= Geography \\| contribution \\= Demographic transition \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-04\\-25 \\| archive\\-date \\= 2019\\-06\\-05 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190605095831/http://pages.uwc.edu/keith.montgomery/demotrans/demtran.htm \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}. Several [fertility factors](/wiki/Fertility_factor_%28demography%29 \"Fertility factor (demography)\") contribute to this eventual decline, and are generally similar to [those associated with sub\\-replacement fertility](/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility%23Causes \"Sub-replacement fertility#Causes\"), although some are speculative:\n* In rural areas continued decline in childhood death meant that at some point parents realized that they did not need as many children to ensure a comfortable old age. As childhood death continues to fall and incomes increase, parents can become increasingly confident that fewer children will suffice to help in family business and care for them at old age.\n* Increasing [urbanization](/wiki/Urbanization \"Urbanization\") changes the traditional values placed upon fertility and the value of children in rural society. Urban living also raises the cost of dependent children to a family. A recent theory suggests that urbanization also contributes to reducing the birth rate because it disrupts optimal mating patterns. A 2008 study in Iceland found that the most fecund marriages are between distant cousins. Genetic incompatibilities inherent in more distant out breeding makes reproduction harder.{{Citation \\| title\\= Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring, Data From Iceland Shows \\| url\\= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140855\\.htm \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210102112300/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140855\\.htm \\| url\\-status\\= dead \\| archive\\-date\\= 2 January 2021 \\| journal\\= ScienceDaily \\| date \\= 8 February 2008}}.\n* In both rural and urban areas, the cost of children to parents is exacerbated by the introduction of compulsory education acts and the increased need to educate children so they can take up a respected position in society. Children are increasingly prohibited under law from working outside the household and make an increasingly limited contribution to the household, as school children are increasingly exempted from the expectation of making a significant contribution to domestic work. Even in equatorial Africa, children (age under 5\\) now required to have clothes and shoes, and may even require school uniforms. Parents begin to consider it a duty to buy children(s) books and toys, partly due to education and access to family planning, people begin to reassess their need for children and their ability to raise them.\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\.15\\|A major factor in reducing birth rates in stage 3 countries such as Malaysia is the availability of family planning facilities, like this one in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.](/wiki/File:Familyplanningmalaysia.jpg \"Familyplanningmalaysia.jpg\")\n* Increasing literacy and employment lowers the uncritical acceptance of childbearing and motherhood as measures of the status of women. Working women have less time to raise children; this is particularly an issue where fathers traditionally make little or no contribution to child\\-raising, such as [southern Europe](/wiki/Southern_Europe \"Southern Europe\") or [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). Valuation of women beyond childbearing and motherhood becomes important.\n* Improvements in contraceptive technology are now a major factor. Fertility decline is caused as much by changes in values about children and gender as by the availability of contraceptives and knowledge of how to use them.", "The resulting changes in the age structure of the population include a decline in the youth [dependency ratio](/wiki/Dependency_ratio \"Dependency ratio\") and eventually [population aging](/wiki/Population_aging \"Population aging\"). The population structure becomes less triangular and more like an elongated balloon. During the period between the decline in youth dependency and rise in old age dependency there is a [demographic window](/wiki/Demographic_window \"Demographic window\") of opportunity that can potentially produce economic growth through an increase in the ratio of working age to dependent population; the [demographic dividend](/wiki/Demographic_dividend \"Demographic dividend\").", "However, unless factors such as those listed above are allowed to work, a society's birth rates may not drop to a low level in due time, which means that the society cannot proceed to stage three and is locked in what is called a [demographic trap](/wiki/Demographic_trap \"Demographic trap\").", "Countries that have witnessed a fertility decline of over 50% from their pre\\-transition levels include: [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\"), [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador \"El Salvador\"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"), [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\"), [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\"), [Guyana](/wiki/Guyana \"Guyana\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\"), [Turkmenistan](/wiki/Turkmenistan \"Turkmenistan\"), [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan \"Uzbekistan\"), [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia \"Tunisia\"), [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\"), [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco \"Morocco\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\"), and many [Pacific islands](/wiki/Pacific_islands \"Pacific islands\").", "Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of 25–50% include: [Guatemala](/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala \"Demographics of Guatemala\"), [Tajikistan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Tajikistan \"Demographics of Tajikistan\"), [Egypt](/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt \"Demographics of Egypt\") and [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe \"Demographics of Zimbabwe\").", "Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of less than 25% include: [Sudan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan \"Demographics of Sudan\"), [Niger](/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger \"Demographics of Niger\"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan \"Demographics of Afghanistan\").", "### Stage four", "This occurs where birth and death rates are both low, leading to a total population stability. Death rates are low for a number of reasons, primarily lower rates of diseases and higher production of food. The birth rate is low because people have more opportunities to choose if they want children; this is made possible by improvements in contraception or women gaining more independence and work opportunities.{{Citation \\| url \\= http://www.main\\-vision.com/richard/demographic.htm \\| title \\= Main vision \\|contribution \\= Demographic}}. The DTM (Demographic Transition model) is only a suggestion about the future population levels of a country, not a prediction.", "Countries that were at this stage ([total fertility rate](/wiki/Total_fertility_rate \"Total fertility rate\") between 2\\.0 and 2\\.5\\) in 2015 include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN\\|title\\=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) \\- Data\\|website\\=data.worldbank.org}}", "### Stage five", "{{See also\\|Population aging\\|Aging of Europe\\|Aging of Japan\\|Evolutionary psychology}}[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\.35\\|United Nation's population projections by location.", "Note the vertical axis is [logarithmic](/wiki/Logarithmic_scale \"Logarithmic scale\") and represents millions of people.](/wiki/File:World_population_%28UN%29.svg \"World population (UN).svg\")\nThe original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more\\-fertile and less\\-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five.", "Some countries have [sub\\-replacement fertility](/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility \"Sub-replacement fertility\") (that is, below 2\\.1–2\\.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility is generally slightly higher than 2 (the level which replaces the two parents, achieving equilibrium) both because boys are born more often than girls (about 1\\.05–1\\.1 to 1\\), and to compensate for deaths prior to full reproduction. Many European and East Asian countries now have higher death rates than birth rates. [Population aging](/wiki/Population_aging \"Population aging\") and [population decline](/wiki/Population_decline \"Population decline\") may eventually occur, assuming that the fertility rate does not change and sustained mass immigration does not occur.", "Using data through 2005, researchers have suggested that the negative relationship between development, as measured by the [Human Development Index](/wiki/Human_Development_Index \"Human Development Index\") (HDI), and birth rates had reversed at very high levels of development. In many countries with very high levels of development, fertility rates were approaching two children per woman in the early 2000s.{{Citation \\| title\\= The best of all possible worlds? \\| url \\= https://www.economist.com/science\\-and\\-technology/2009/08/06/the\\-best\\-of\\-all\\-possible\\-worlds \\| newspaper \\= The Economist \\| date \\= 6 August 2009}}. However, fertility rates declined significantly in many very high development countries between 2010 and 2018, including in countries with high levels of [gender parity](/wiki/Gender_parity \"Gender parity\"). The global data no longer support the suggestion that fertility rates tend to broadly rise at very high levels of national development.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Gaddy\\|first\\=Hampton Gray\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-20\\|title\\=A decade of TFR declines suggests no relationship between development and sub\\-replacement fertility rebounds\\|url\\=https://www.demographic\\-research.org/volumes/vol44/5/\\|journal\\=Demographic Research\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=44\\|pages\\=125–142\\|doi\\=10\\.4054/DemRes.2021\\.44\\.5\\|issn\\=1435\\-9871\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "From the point of view of [evolutionary biology](/wiki/Evolutionary_biology \"Evolutionary biology\"), wealthier people having fewer children is unexpected, as [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection \"Natural selection\") would be expected to favor individuals who are willing and able to convert plentiful resources into plentiful fertile descendants. This may be the result of a departure from the [environment of evolutionary adaptedness](/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology%23Environment_of_evolutionary_adaptedness \"Evolutionary psychology#Environment of evolutionary adaptedness\").{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Clarke \\| first1 \\= Alice L. \\| last2 \\= Low \\| first2 \\= Bobbi S. \\| year \\= 2001 \\| title \\= Testing evolutionary hypotheses with demographic data \\|journal \\= Population and Development Review \\| volume \\= 27 \\| issue \\= 4\\| pages \\= 633–660 \\| doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1728\\-4457\\.2001\\.00633\\.x\\| url \\= https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027\\.42/74296/1/j.1728\\-4457\\.2001\\.00633\\.x.pdf \\| hdl \\= 2027\\.42/74296\\| hdl\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Daly \\|first1\\= Martin \\|last2\\=Wilson \\|first2\\=Margo I \\|title\\=Human evolutionary psychology and animal behaviour \\|journal\\= Animal Behaviour \\|url\\= http://courses.washington.edu/evpsych/Daly%26Wilson\\-HEP\\-AB1999\\.pdf \\|publisher\\= Department of Psychology, McMaster University \\|access\\-date\\=14 November 2018 \\|date\\=26 June 1998\\|volume\\= 57 \\|issue\\= 3 \\|pages\\= 509–519 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1006/anbe.1998\\.1027 \\|pmid\\= 10196040 \\|s2cid\\= 4007382 }}", "Most models posit that the birth rate will stabilize at a low level indefinitely. Some dissenting scholars note that the modern environment is exerting [evolutionary pressure](/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure \"Evolutionary pressure\") for higher fertility, and that eventually due to individual natural selection or cultural selection, birth rates may rise again. Part of the \"cultural selection\" hypothesis is that the variance in birth rate between cultures is significant; for example, some religious cultures have a higher birth rate that is not accounted for by differences in income.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Kolk\\|first1\\=M.\\|last2\\= Cownden \\|first2\\=D.\\|last3\\=Enquist\\|first3\\=M. \\|title\\=Correlations in fertility across generations: can low fertility persist?\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences\\|date\\=29 January 2014\\|volume\\=281\\|issue\\=1779\\|page \\= 20132561 \\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rspb.2013\\.2561\\|pmid\\= 24478294 \\|pmc\\=3924067}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Burger\\|first1\\=Oskar\\|last2\\= DeLong\\|first2\\=John P.\\|title\\= What if fertility decline is not permanent? The need for an evolutionarily informed approach to understanding low fertility\\|journal\\= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences\\|date\\=28 March 2016\\|volume\\=371\\|issue\\=1692\\|page \\= 20150157\\|doi\\= 10\\.1098/rstb.2015\\.0157 \\|pmid\\= 27022084\\|pmc\\= 4822437}}{{cite news \\|title\\= Population paradox: Europe's time bomb \\|url\\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/population\\-paradox\\-europes\\-time\\-bomb\\-888030\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2019 \\|work\\=The Independent \\|date\\=9 August 2008}} In his book *Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?*, [Eric Kaufmann](/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann \"Eric Kaufmann\") argues that demographic trends point to religious fundamentalists greatly increasing as a share of the population over the next century.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Shall the religious inherit the earth?\\|url\\=https://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/shall\\_the\\_religious\\_inherit\\_the\\_earth/\\|date\\=April 6, 2010\\|website\\=Mercator Net\\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623040350/https://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/shall\\_the\\_religious\\_inherit\\_the\\_earth/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=McClendon\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=Autumn 2013\\|title\\=Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? Demography and Politics in the Twenty\\-First Century, by ERIC KAUFMANN\\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/socrel/article\\-abstract/74/3/417/1640161\\|journal\\=Sociology of Religion\\|volume\\=74\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=417–9\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/socrel/srt026}}", "[Jane Falkingham](/wiki/Jane_Falkingham \"Jane Falkingham\") of [Southampton University](/wiki/Southampton_University \"Southampton University\") has noted that \"We've actually got population projections wrong consistently over the last 50 years... we've underestimated the improvements in mortality... but also we've not been very good at spotting the trends in fertility.\" In 2004 a United Nations office published its guesses for global population in the year 2300; estimates ranged from a \"low estimate\" of 2\\.3 billion (tending to −0\\.32% per year) to a \"high estimate\" of 36\\.4 billion (tending to \\+0\\.54% per year), which were contrasted with a deliberately \"unrealistic\" illustrative \"constant fertility\" scenario of 134 trillion (obtained if 1995–2000 fertility rates stay constant into the far future).{{cite web\\|title\\= World Population to 2300\\|url\\= https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf \\|publisher\\=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs \\|access\\-date\\= 24 May 2016\\|date\\= 2004}}", "" ]
### Stage three In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), death rates are low and birth rates diminish, as a rule accordingly of enhanced economic conditions, an expansion in women's status and education, and access to contraception. The decrease in birth rate fluctuates from nation to nation, as does the time span in which it is experienced.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.populationeducation.org/content/stage\-3\-demographic\-transition\-model\|title\=Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model \- Population Education\|date\=16 October 2014}} Stage Three moves the population towards stability through a decline in the birth rate.{{Citation \| publisher \= UWC \| url \= http://pages.uwc.edu/keith.montgomery/Demotrans/demtran.htm \| series \= Marathon \| title \= Geography \| contribution \= Demographic transition \| access\-date \= 2014\-04\-25 \| archive\-date \= 2019\-06\-05 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190605095831/http://pages.uwc.edu/keith.montgomery/demotrans/demtran.htm \| url\-status \= dead }}. Several [fertility factors](/wiki/Fertility_factor_%28demography%29 "Fertility factor (demography)") contribute to this eventual decline, and are generally similar to [those associated with sub\-replacement fertility](/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility%23Causes "Sub-replacement fertility#Causes"), although some are speculative: * In rural areas continued decline in childhood death meant that at some point parents realized that they did not need as many children to ensure a comfortable old age. As childhood death continues to fall and incomes increase, parents can become increasingly confident that fewer children will suffice to help in family business and care for them at old age. * Increasing [urbanization](/wiki/Urbanization "Urbanization") changes the traditional values placed upon fertility and the value of children in rural society. Urban living also raises the cost of dependent children to a family. A recent theory suggests that urbanization also contributes to reducing the birth rate because it disrupts optimal mating patterns. A 2008 study in Iceland found that the most fecund marriages are between distant cousins. Genetic incompatibilities inherent in more distant out breeding makes reproduction harder.{{Citation \| title\= Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring, Data From Iceland Shows \| url\= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140855\.htm \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210102112300/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140855\.htm \| url\-status\= dead \| archive\-date\= 2 January 2021 \| journal\= ScienceDaily \| date \= 8 February 2008}}. * In both rural and urban areas, the cost of children to parents is exacerbated by the introduction of compulsory education acts and the increased need to educate children so they can take up a respected position in society. Children are increasingly prohibited under law from working outside the household and make an increasingly limited contribution to the household, as school children are increasingly exempted from the expectation of making a significant contribution to domestic work. Even in equatorial Africa, children (age under 5\) now required to have clothes and shoes, and may even require school uniforms. Parents begin to consider it a duty to buy children(s) books and toys, partly due to education and access to family planning, people begin to reassess their need for children and their ability to raise them. [thumb\|right\|upright\=1\.15\|A major factor in reducing birth rates in stage 3 countries such as Malaysia is the availability of family planning facilities, like this one in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.](/wiki/File:Familyplanningmalaysia.jpg "Familyplanningmalaysia.jpg") * Increasing literacy and employment lowers the uncritical acceptance of childbearing and motherhood as measures of the status of women. Working women have less time to raise children; this is particularly an issue where fathers traditionally make little or no contribution to child\-raising, such as [southern Europe](/wiki/Southern_Europe "Southern Europe") or [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). Valuation of women beyond childbearing and motherhood becomes important. * Improvements in contraceptive technology are now a major factor. Fertility decline is caused as much by changes in values about children and gender as by the availability of contraceptives and knowledge of how to use them. The resulting changes in the age structure of the population include a decline in the youth [dependency ratio](/wiki/Dependency_ratio "Dependency ratio") and eventually [population aging](/wiki/Population_aging "Population aging"). The population structure becomes less triangular and more like an elongated balloon. During the period between the decline in youth dependency and rise in old age dependency there is a [demographic window](/wiki/Demographic_window "Demographic window") of opportunity that can potentially produce economic growth through an increase in the ratio of working age to dependent population; the [demographic dividend](/wiki/Demographic_dividend "Demographic dividend"). However, unless factors such as those listed above are allowed to work, a society's birth rates may not drop to a low level in due time, which means that the society cannot proceed to stage three and is locked in what is called a [demographic trap](/wiki/Demographic_trap "Demographic trap"). Countries that have witnessed a fertility decline of over 50% from their pre\-transition levels include: [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica"), [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"), [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica "Jamaica"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia "Colombia"), [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador"), [Guyana](/wiki/Guyana "Guyana"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan"), [Turkmenistan](/wiki/Turkmenistan "Turkmenistan"), [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan "Uzbekistan"), [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia "Tunisia"), [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria "Algeria"), [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco "Morocco"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), [India](/wiki/India "India"), [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), and many [Pacific islands](/wiki/Pacific_islands "Pacific islands"). Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of 25–50% include: [Guatemala](/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala "Demographics of Guatemala"), [Tajikistan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Tajikistan "Demographics of Tajikistan"), [Egypt](/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt "Demographics of Egypt") and [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe "Demographics of Zimbabwe"). Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of less than 25% include: [Sudan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan "Demographics of Sudan"), [Niger](/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger "Demographics of Niger"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan "Demographics of Afghanistan").
[ "### Stage three", "In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), death rates are low and birth rates diminish, as a rule accordingly of enhanced economic conditions, an expansion in women's status and education, and access to contraception. The decrease in birth rate fluctuates from nation to nation, as does the time span in which it is experienced.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.populationeducation.org/content/stage\\-3\\-demographic\\-transition\\-model\\|title\\=Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model \\- Population Education\\|date\\=16 October 2014}} Stage Three moves the population towards stability through a decline in the birth rate.{{Citation \\| publisher \\= UWC \\| url \\= http://pages.uwc.edu/keith.montgomery/Demotrans/demtran.htm \\| series \\= Marathon \\| title \\= Geography \\| contribution \\= Demographic transition \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-04\\-25 \\| archive\\-date \\= 2019\\-06\\-05 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190605095831/http://pages.uwc.edu/keith.montgomery/demotrans/demtran.htm \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}. Several [fertility factors](/wiki/Fertility_factor_%28demography%29 \"Fertility factor (demography)\") contribute to this eventual decline, and are generally similar to [those associated with sub\\-replacement fertility](/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility%23Causes \"Sub-replacement fertility#Causes\"), although some are speculative:\n* In rural areas continued decline in childhood death meant that at some point parents realized that they did not need as many children to ensure a comfortable old age. As childhood death continues to fall and incomes increase, parents can become increasingly confident that fewer children will suffice to help in family business and care for them at old age.\n* Increasing [urbanization](/wiki/Urbanization \"Urbanization\") changes the traditional values placed upon fertility and the value of children in rural society. Urban living also raises the cost of dependent children to a family. A recent theory suggests that urbanization also contributes to reducing the birth rate because it disrupts optimal mating patterns. A 2008 study in Iceland found that the most fecund marriages are between distant cousins. Genetic incompatibilities inherent in more distant out breeding makes reproduction harder.{{Citation \\| title\\= Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring, Data From Iceland Shows \\| url\\= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140855\\.htm \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210102112300/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140855\\.htm \\| url\\-status\\= dead \\| archive\\-date\\= 2 January 2021 \\| journal\\= ScienceDaily \\| date \\= 8 February 2008}}.\n* In both rural and urban areas, the cost of children to parents is exacerbated by the introduction of compulsory education acts and the increased need to educate children so they can take up a respected position in society. Children are increasingly prohibited under law from working outside the household and make an increasingly limited contribution to the household, as school children are increasingly exempted from the expectation of making a significant contribution to domestic work. Even in equatorial Africa, children (age under 5\\) now required to have clothes and shoes, and may even require school uniforms. Parents begin to consider it a duty to buy children(s) books and toys, partly due to education and access to family planning, people begin to reassess their need for children and their ability to raise them.\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\.15\\|A major factor in reducing birth rates in stage 3 countries such as Malaysia is the availability of family planning facilities, like this one in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.](/wiki/File:Familyplanningmalaysia.jpg \"Familyplanningmalaysia.jpg\")\n* Increasing literacy and employment lowers the uncritical acceptance of childbearing and motherhood as measures of the status of women. Working women have less time to raise children; this is particularly an issue where fathers traditionally make little or no contribution to child\\-raising, such as [southern Europe](/wiki/Southern_Europe \"Southern Europe\") or [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). Valuation of women beyond childbearing and motherhood becomes important.\n* Improvements in contraceptive technology are now a major factor. Fertility decline is caused as much by changes in values about children and gender as by the availability of contraceptives and knowledge of how to use them.", "The resulting changes in the age structure of the population include a decline in the youth [dependency ratio](/wiki/Dependency_ratio \"Dependency ratio\") and eventually [population aging](/wiki/Population_aging \"Population aging\"). The population structure becomes less triangular and more like an elongated balloon. During the period between the decline in youth dependency and rise in old age dependency there is a [demographic window](/wiki/Demographic_window \"Demographic window\") of opportunity that can potentially produce economic growth through an increase in the ratio of working age to dependent population; the [demographic dividend](/wiki/Demographic_dividend \"Demographic dividend\").", "However, unless factors such as those listed above are allowed to work, a society's birth rates may not drop to a low level in due time, which means that the society cannot proceed to stage three and is locked in what is called a [demographic trap](/wiki/Demographic_trap \"Demographic trap\").", "Countries that have witnessed a fertility decline of over 50% from their pre\\-transition levels include: [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\"), [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador \"El Salvador\"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"), [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\"), [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\"), [Guyana](/wiki/Guyana \"Guyana\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\"), [Turkmenistan](/wiki/Turkmenistan \"Turkmenistan\"), [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan \"Uzbekistan\"), [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia \"Tunisia\"), [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\"), [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco \"Morocco\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\"), and many [Pacific islands](/wiki/Pacific_islands \"Pacific islands\").", "Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of 25–50% include: [Guatemala](/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala \"Demographics of Guatemala\"), [Tajikistan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Tajikistan \"Demographics of Tajikistan\"), [Egypt](/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt \"Demographics of Egypt\") and [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe \"Demographics of Zimbabwe\").", "Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of less than 25% include: [Sudan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan \"Demographics of Sudan\"), [Niger](/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger \"Demographics of Niger\"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan \"Demographics of Afghanistan\").", "" ]
Historical studies ------------------ [thumb\|upright\=2\.75\|Demographic change in Germany, Sweden, Chile, Mauritius, China from 1820 to 2010\. Pink line: crude [death rate](/wiki/Death_rate "Death rate") (CDR), green line: (crude) [birth rate](/wiki/Birth_rate "Birth rate") (CBR), yellow line: population.](/wiki/File:Demographic-Transition-5-countries.png "Demographic-Transition-5-countries.png") ### Britain Between 1750 and 1975 England experienced the transition from high to low levels of both mortality and fertility. A major factor was the sharp decline in the death rate due to infectious diseases,{{Cite journal\|last\=Harris\|first\=Bernard\|title\=Health by Association\|journal\=International Journal of Epidemiology\|pages\=488–490}} which has fallen from about 11 per 1,000 to less than 1 per 1,000\. By contrast, the death rate from other causes was 12 per 1,000 in 1850 and has not declined markedly.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2021}} Scientific discoveries and medical breakthroughs did not, in general, contribute importantly to the early major decline in infectious disease mortality.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2021}} ### Ireland In the 1980s and early 1990s, the Irish demographic status converged to the European norm. Mortality rose above the European Community average, and in 1991 Irish fertility fell to replacement level. The peculiarities of Ireland's past demography and its recent rapid changes challenge established theory. The recent changes have mirrored inward changes in Irish society, with respect to family planning, women in the work force, the sharply declining power of the Catholic Church, and the emigration factor.{{Citation \| first \= DA \| last \= Coleman \| title\= The Demographic Transition in Ireland in International Context \| journal\= Proceedings of the British Academy \| year \= 1992 \| issue \= 79 \| pages \= 53–77}}. ### France France displays real divergences from the standard model of Western demographic evolution. The uniqueness of the French case arises from its specific demographic history, its historic cultural values, and its internal regional dynamics. France's demographic transition was unusual in that the mortality and the natality decreased at the same time, thus there was no demographic boom in the 19th century.{{cite journal \|title\=Quand l'Angleterre rattrapait la France\|url\=https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population\-and\-societies/quand\-l\-angleterre\-rattrapait\-la\-france\-en/\|journal\=Population \& Sociétés \|date\=May 1999 \|issue\=346 \|first1\= Jacques \|last1\=Vallin\|first2\=Graziella \|last2\=Caselli \|language\=fr}} France's demographic profile is similar to its European neighbors and to developed countries in general, yet it seems to be staving off the population decline of Western countries. With 62\.9 million inhabitants in 2006, it was the second most populous country in the European Union, and it displayed a certain demographic dynamism, with a growth rate of 2\.4% between 2000 and 2005, above the European average. More than two\-thirds of that growth can be ascribed to a natural increase resulting from high fertility and birth rates. In contrast, France is one of the developed nations whose migratory balance is rather weak, which is an original feature at the European level. Several interrelated reasons account for such singularities, in particular the impact of pro\-family policies accompanied by greater unmarried households and out\-of\-wedlock births. These general demographic trends parallel equally important changes in regional demographics. Since 1982 the same significant tendencies have occurred throughout mainland France: demographic stagnation in the least\-populated rural regions and industrial regions in the northeast, with strong growth in the southwest and along the Atlantic coast, plus dynamism in metropolitan areas. Shifts in population between regions account for most of the differences in growth. The varying demographic evolution regions can be analyzed though the filter of several parameters, including residential facilities, economic growth, and urban dynamism, which yield several distinct regional profiles. The distribution of the French population therefore seems increasingly defined not only by interregional mobility but also by the residential preferences of individual households. These challenges, linked to configurations of population and the dynamics of distribution, inevitably raise the issue of town and country planning. The most recent census figures show that an outpouring of the urban population means that fewer rural areas are continuing to register a negative migratory flow – two\-thirds of rural communities have shown some since 2000\. The spatial demographic expansion of large cities amplifies the process of [peri\-urbanization](/wiki/Peri-urbanisation "Peri-urbanisation") yet is also accompanied by movement of selective residential flow, social selection, and sociospatial segregation based on income.{{Citation \| first1 \= Guy \| last1 \= Baudelle \| first2 \= David \| last2 \= Olivier \| title\= Changement Global, Mondialisation et Modèle De Transition Démographique: réflexion sur une exception française parmi les pays développés \| journal\= Historiens et Géographes \| year \= 2006 \| volume \= 98 \| issue \= 395 \| pages \= 177–204 \| issn \= 0046\-757X \| language \= fr}} ### Asia McNicoll (2006\) examines the common features behind the striking changes in health and fertility in East and Southeast Asia in the 1960s–1990s, focusing on seven countries: Taiwan and South Korea ("tiger" economies), Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia ("second wave" countries), and China and Vietnam ("market\-Leninist" economies). Demographic change can be seen as a by\-product of social and economic development and, in some cases, accompanied by strong government pressure. An effective, often authoritarian, local administrative system can provide a framework for promotion and services in health, education, and family planning. [Economic liberalization](/wiki/Economic_liberalization "Economic liberalization") increased economic opportunities and risks for individuals, while also increasing the price and often reducing the quality of these services, all affecting demographic trends.{{Cite journal \|last\=McNicoll \|first\=Geoffrey \|date\=2006 \|title\=Policy lessons of the East Asian demographic transition \|doi\=10\.31899/pgy2\.1041 \|doi\-access\=free }} #### India Goli and Arokiasamy (2013\) indicate that India has a sustainable demographic transition beginning in the mid\-1960s and a fertility transition beginning in post\-1965\.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Goli \|first1\=Srinivas \|last2\=Arokiasamy \|first2\=Perianayagam \|date\=2013\-10\-18 \|editor\-last\=Schooling \|editor\-first\=C. Mary \|title\=Demographic Transition in India: An Evolutionary Interpretation of Population and Health Trends Using 'Change\-Point Analysis' \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|language\=en \|volume\=8 \|issue\=10 \|pages\=e76404 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0076404 \|issn\=1932\-6203 \|pmc\=3799745 \|pmid\=24204621\|bibcode\=2013PLoSO...876404G \|doi\-access\=free }} As of 2013, India is in the later half of the third stage of the demographic transition, with a population of 1\.23 billion.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.scribd.com/doc/59771739/THE\-ARTHEMETICS\-OF\-INDIAN\-POPULATION \|title\= The arithmetic's of Indian population\|access\-date\=13 September 2013}} It is nearly 40 years behind in the demographic transition process compared to [EU countries](/wiki/EU_countries "EU countries"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), etc. The present demographic transition stage of India along with its higher population base will yield a rich [demographic dividend](/wiki/Demographic_dividend "Demographic dividend") in future decades.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789334/India\-vs\-USA\-vs\-China\-vs\-World\|title\=India vs China vs USA vs World\|access\-date\=13 September 2013}} #### Korea Cha (2007\) analyzes a panel data set to explore how industrial revolution, demographic transition, and human [capital accumulation](/wiki/Capital_accumulation "Capital accumulation") interacted in Korea from 1916 to 1938\. Income growth and public investment in health caused mortality to fall, which suppressed fertility and promoted education. Industrialization, skill premium, and closing gender wage gap further induced parents to opt for child quality. Expanding demand for education was accommodated by an active public school building program. The interwar agricultural depression aggravated traditional income inequality, raising fertility and impeding the spread of mass schooling. Landlordism collapsed in the wake of de\-colonization, and the consequent reduction in inequality accelerated human and physical capital accumulation, hence leading to growth in South Korea.{{Citation \| last \= Myung \| first \= Soo Cha \| title \= Industrial Revolution, Demographic Transition, and Human Capital Accumulation in Korea, 1916–38 \| publisher \= Naksungdae Institute of Economic Research \| type \= working Paper \| date \= July 2007 \| url \= http://www.naksung.re.kr/papers/wp2007\-7\.pdf \| place \= KR}}. #### China China experienced a demographic transition with high death rate and low fertility rate from 1959 to 1961 due to the great famine. However, as a result of the economic improvement, the birth rate increased and mortality rate declined in China before the early 1970s. In the 1970s, China's birth rate fell at an unprecedented rate, which had not been experienced by any other population in a comparable time span. The birth rate fell from 6\.6 births per women before 1970 to 2\.2 births per women in 1980\.The rapid fertility decline in China was caused by government policy: in particular the "later, longer, fewer" policy of the early 1970s and in the late 1970s the one\-child policy was also enacted which highly influence China demographic transition.{{cite journal\|last1\=John\|first1\=Bongaarts\|last2\=Susan\|first2\=Greenhalgh\|date\=1985\|title\=An alternative to the One\-Child Policy in China\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1973456\|journal\=Population and Development Review\|volume\=11\|issue\=4\|pages\=585–617\|doi\=10\.2307/1973456 \|jstor\=1973456 }} As the demographic dividend gradually disappeared, the government abandoned the one\-child policy in 2011 and fully lifted the two\-child policy from 2015\.The two\-child policy has had some positive effects on the fertility which causes fertility constantly to increase until 2018\.However fertility started to decline after 2018 and meanwhile there was no significant change in mortality in recent 30 years. ### Madagascar {{Main\|Demographics of Madagascar}} Campbell has studied the demography of 19th\-century Madagascar in the light of demographic transition theory. Both supporters and critics of the theory hold to an intrinsic opposition between human and "natural" factors, such as climate, famine, and disease, influencing demography. They also suppose a sharp chronological divide between the precolonial and colonial eras, arguing that whereas "natural" demographic influences were of greater importance in the former period, human factors predominated thereafter. Campbell argues that in 19th\-century Madagascar the human factor, in the form of the [Merina state](/wiki/Merina_Kingdom "Merina Kingdom"), was the predominant demographic influence. However, the impact of the state was felt through natural forces, and it varied over time. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries Merina state policies stimulated agricultural production, which helped to create a larger and healthier population and laid the foundation for Merina military and economic expansion within Madagascar. From 1820, the cost of such expansionism led the state to increase its exploitation of forced labor at the expense of agricultural production and thus transformed it into a negative demographic force. Infertility and infant mortality, which were probably more significant influences on overall population levels than the adult mortality rate, increased from 1820 due to disease, malnutrition, and stress, all of which stemmed from state forced labor policies. Available estimates indicate little if any population growth for Madagascar between 1820 and 1895\. The demographic "crisis" in Africa, ascribed by critics of the demographic transition theory to the colonial era, stemmed in Madagascar from the policies of the imperial Merina regime, which in this sense formed a link to the French regime of the colonial era. Campbell thus questions the underlying assumptions governing the debate about historical demography in Africa and suggests that the demographic impact of political forces be reevaluated in terms of their changing interaction with "natural" demographic influences.{{Citation \| first1 \= Gwyn \| last1 \= Campbell \| title\= State and Pre\-colonial Demographic History: the Case of Nineteenth\-century Madagascar \| journal\= Journal of African History \| year \= 1991 \| volume \= 32 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 415–45 \| issn \= 0021\-8537 \| doi\=10\.1017/s0021853700031534}}. ### Russia {{main\|Demographics of Russia}} Russia entered stage two of the transition in the 18th century, simultaneously with the rest of Europe, though the effect of transition remained limited to a modest decline in death rates and steady population growth. The population of Russia nearly quadrupled during the 19th century, from 30 million to 133 million, and continued to grow until the First World War and the turmoil that followed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tacitus.nu/historical\-atlas/population/russia.htm\|title\=Population of Eastern Europe\|website\=tacitus.nu\|access\-date\=2015\-09\-30\|archive\-date\=2018\-01\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108232321/http://www.tacitus.nu/historical\-atlas/population/russia.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} Russia then quickly transitioned through stage three. Though fertility rates rebounded initially and almost reached 7 children/woman in the mid\-1920s, they were depressed by the 1931–33 famine, crashed due to the Second World War in 1941, and only rebounded to a sustained level of 3 children/woman after the war. By 1970 Russia was firmly in stage four, with crude birth rates and crude death rates on the order of 15/1000 and 9/1000 respectively. Bizarrely, however, the birth rate entered a state of constant flux, repeatedly surpassing the 20/1000 as well as falling below 12/1000\. In the 1980s and 1990s, Russia underwent a unique demographic transition; observers call it a "demographic catastrophe": the number of deaths exceeded the number of births, life expectancy fell sharply (especially for males) and the number of suicides increased.{{Citation \| editor\-first \= George J \| editor\-last \= Demko \| others \= et al \| title \= Population under Duress: The Geodemography of Post\-Soviet Russia \| year \= 1999 \| url \= \| publisher \= \|isbn\= }}{{ISBN?}}{{page needed\|date\=July 2021}} From 1992 through 2011, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births; from 2011 onwards, the opposite has been the case. ### United States Greenwood and Seshadri (2002\) show that from 1800 to 1940 there was a [demographic shift](/wiki/Demographic_shift "Demographic shift") from a mostly rural US population with high fertility, with an average of seven children born per white woman, to a minority (43%) rural population with low fertility, with an average of two births per white woman. This shift resulted from technological progress. A sixfold increase in real wages made children more expensive in terms of forgone opportunities to work and increases in agricultural productivity reduced rural demand for labor, a substantial portion of which traditionally had been performed by children in farm families.{{Cite journal\|title\=The U.S. Demographic Transition\|last1\=Greenwood \|first1\=Jeremy \|last2\=Seshadri \|first2\=Ananth\|date\=January 2002\|ssrn \= 297952}} A simplification of the DTM theory proposes an initial decline in mortality followed by a later drop in fertility. The changing demographics of the U.S. in the last two centuries did not parallel this model. Beginning around 1800, there was a sharp fertility decline; at this time, an average woman usually produced seven births per lifetime, but by 1900 this number had dropped to nearly four. A mortality decline was not observed in the U.S. until almost 1900—a hundred years after the drop in fertility. However, this late decline occurred from a very low initial level. During the 17th and 18th centuries, crude death rates in much of colonial North America ranged from 15 to 25 deaths per 1000 residents per year{{cite book\|title\=A Population History of the United States\|author\= Herbert S. Klein\|page\=39}}{{cite book\|title\=A Population History of North America\|author1\= Michael R. Haines \|author2\=Richard H. Steckel\|pages\=163–164}} (levels of up to 40 per 1000 being typical during stages one and two). Life expectancy at birth was on the order of 40 and, in some places, reached 50, and a resident of 18th century Philadelphia who reached age 20 could have expected, on average, additional 40 years of life. This phenomenon is explained by the pattern of colonization of the United States. Sparsely populated interior of the country allowed ample room to accommodate all the "excess" people, counteracting mechanisms (spread of communicable diseases due to overcrowding, low real wages and insufficient calories per capita due to the limited amount of available agricultural land) which led to high mortality in the Old World. With low mortality but stage 1 birth rates, the United States necessarily experienced exponential population growth (from less than 4 million people in 1790, to 23 million in 1850, to 76 million in 1900\). The only area where this pattern did not hold was the American South. High prevalence of deadly endemic diseases such as malaria kept mortality as high as 45–50 per 1000 residents per year in 18th century North Carolina. In [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"), mortality remained so high (mainly due to [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever "Yellow fever")) that the city was characterized as the "death capital of the United States" – at the level of 50 per 1000 population or higher – well into the second half of the 19th century.{{cite journal \|first\=Michael R. \|last\=Haines \|title\=The Urban Mortality Transition in the United States, 1800–1940 \|journal\=NBER Historical Working Paper No. 134 \|date\=July 2001 \|doi\=10\.3386/h0134 \|doi\-access\=free }} Today, the U.S. is recognized as having both low fertility and mortality rates. Specifically, birth rates stand at 14 per 1000 per year and death rates at 8 per 1000 per year.{{Citation \| url \= https://www.cia.gov/the\-world\-factbook/countries/united\-states/ \| title \= World factbook \| date \= 17 November 2021 \| contribution \= US \| publisher \= CIA \| place \= USA}}.
[ "Historical studies\n------------------", "[thumb\\|upright\\=2\\.75\\|Demographic change in Germany, Sweden, Chile, Mauritius, China from 1820 to 2010\\. \nPink line: crude [death rate](/wiki/Death_rate \"Death rate\") (CDR), green line: (crude) [birth rate](/wiki/Birth_rate \"Birth rate\") (CBR), yellow line: population.](/wiki/File:Demographic-Transition-5-countries.png \"Demographic-Transition-5-countries.png\")", "### Britain", "Between 1750 and 1975 England experienced the transition from high to low levels of both mortality and fertility. A major factor was the sharp decline in the death rate due to infectious diseases,{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Bernard\\|title\\=Health by Association\\|journal\\=International Journal of Epidemiology\\|pages\\=488–490}} which has fallen from about 11 per 1,000 to less than 1 per 1,000\\. By contrast, the death rate from other causes was 12 per 1,000 in 1850 and has not declined markedly.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2021}} Scientific discoveries and medical breakthroughs did not, in general, contribute importantly to the early major decline in infectious disease mortality.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2021}}", "### Ireland", "In the 1980s and early 1990s, the Irish demographic status converged to the European norm. Mortality rose above the European Community average, and in 1991 Irish fertility fell to replacement level. The peculiarities of Ireland's past demography and its recent rapid changes challenge established theory. The recent changes have mirrored inward changes in Irish society, with respect to family planning, women in the work force, the sharply declining power of the Catholic Church, and the emigration factor.{{Citation \\| first \\= DA \\| last \\= Coleman \\| title\\= The Demographic Transition in Ireland in International Context \\| journal\\= Proceedings of the British Academy \\| year \\= 1992 \\| issue \\= 79 \\| pages \\= 53–77}}.", "### France", "France displays real divergences from the standard model of Western demographic evolution. The uniqueness of the French case arises from its specific demographic history, its historic cultural values, and its internal regional dynamics. France's demographic transition was unusual in that the mortality and the natality decreased at the same time, thus there was no demographic boom in the 19th century.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Quand l'Angleterre rattrapait la France\\|url\\=https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population\\-and\\-societies/quand\\-l\\-angleterre\\-rattrapait\\-la\\-france\\-en/\\|journal\\=Population \\& Sociétés \\|date\\=May 1999 \\|issue\\=346 \\|first1\\= Jacques \\|last1\\=Vallin\\|first2\\=Graziella \\|last2\\=Caselli \\|language\\=fr}}", "France's demographic profile is similar to its European neighbors and to developed countries in general, yet it seems to be staving off the population decline of Western countries. With 62\\.9 million inhabitants in 2006, it was the second most populous country in the European Union, and it displayed a certain demographic dynamism, with a growth rate of 2\\.4% between 2000 and 2005, above the European average. More than two\\-thirds of that growth can be ascribed to a natural increase resulting from high fertility and birth rates. In contrast, France is one of the developed nations whose migratory balance is rather weak, which is an original feature at the European level. Several interrelated reasons account for such singularities, in particular the impact of pro\\-family policies accompanied by greater unmarried households and out\\-of\\-wedlock births. These general demographic trends parallel equally important changes in regional demographics. Since 1982 the same significant tendencies have occurred throughout mainland France: demographic stagnation in the least\\-populated rural regions and industrial regions in the northeast, with strong growth in the southwest and along the Atlantic coast, plus dynamism in metropolitan areas. Shifts in population between regions account for most of the differences in growth. The varying demographic evolution regions can be analyzed though the filter of several parameters, including residential facilities, economic growth, and urban dynamism, which yield several distinct regional profiles. The distribution of the French population therefore seems increasingly defined not only by interregional mobility but also by the residential preferences of individual households. These challenges, linked to configurations of population and the dynamics of distribution, inevitably raise the issue of town and country planning. The most recent census figures show that an outpouring of the urban population means that fewer rural areas are continuing to register a negative migratory flow – two\\-thirds of rural communities have shown some since 2000\\. The spatial demographic expansion of large cities amplifies the process of [peri\\-urbanization](/wiki/Peri-urbanisation \"Peri-urbanisation\") yet is also accompanied by movement of selective residential flow, social selection, and sociospatial segregation based on income.{{Citation \\| first1 \\= Guy \\| last1 \\= Baudelle \\| first2 \\= David \\| last2 \\= Olivier \\| title\\= Changement Global, Mondialisation et Modèle De Transition Démographique: réflexion sur une exception française parmi les pays développés \\| journal\\= Historiens et Géographes \\| year \\= 2006 \\| volume \\= 98 \\| issue \\= 395 \\| pages \\= 177–204 \\| issn \\= 0046\\-757X \\| language \\= fr}}", "### Asia", "McNicoll (2006\\) examines the common features behind the striking changes in health and fertility in East and Southeast Asia in the 1960s–1990s, focusing on seven countries: Taiwan and South Korea (\"tiger\" economies), Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia (\"second wave\" countries), and China and Vietnam (\"market\\-Leninist\" economies). Demographic change can be seen as a by\\-product of social and economic development and, in some cases, accompanied by strong government pressure. An effective, often authoritarian, local administrative system can provide a framework for promotion and services in health, education, and family planning. [Economic liberalization](/wiki/Economic_liberalization \"Economic liberalization\") increased economic opportunities and risks for individuals, while also increasing the price and often reducing the quality of these services, all affecting demographic trends.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=McNicoll \\|first\\=Geoffrey \\|date\\=2006 \\|title\\=Policy lessons of the East Asian demographic transition \\|doi\\=10\\.31899/pgy2\\.1041 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}", "#### India", "Goli and Arokiasamy (2013\\) indicate that India has a sustainable demographic transition beginning in the mid\\-1960s and a fertility transition beginning in post\\-1965\\.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Goli \\|first1\\=Srinivas \\|last2\\=Arokiasamy \\|first2\\=Perianayagam \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-18 \\|editor\\-last\\=Schooling \\|editor\\-first\\=C. Mary \\|title\\=Demographic Transition in India: An Evolutionary Interpretation of Population and Health Trends Using 'Change\\-Point Analysis' \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=8 \\|issue\\=10 \\|pages\\=e76404 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0076404 \\|issn\\=1932\\-6203 \\|pmc\\=3799745 \\|pmid\\=24204621\\|bibcode\\=2013PLoSO...876404G \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} As of 2013, India is in the later half of the third stage of the demographic transition, with a population of 1\\.23 billion.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.scribd.com/doc/59771739/THE\\-ARTHEMETICS\\-OF\\-INDIAN\\-POPULATION \\|title\\= The arithmetic's of Indian population\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2013}} It is nearly 40 years behind in the demographic transition process compared to [EU countries](/wiki/EU_countries \"EU countries\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), etc. The present demographic transition stage of India along with its higher population base will yield a rich [demographic dividend](/wiki/Demographic_dividend \"Demographic dividend\") in future decades.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789334/India\\-vs\\-USA\\-vs\\-China\\-vs\\-World\\|title\\=India vs China vs USA vs World\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2013}}", "#### Korea", "Cha (2007\\) analyzes a panel data set to explore how industrial revolution, demographic transition, and human [capital accumulation](/wiki/Capital_accumulation \"Capital accumulation\") interacted in Korea from 1916 to 1938\\. Income growth and public investment in health caused mortality to fall, which suppressed fertility and promoted education. Industrialization, skill premium, and closing gender wage gap further induced parents to opt for child quality. Expanding demand for education was accommodated by an active public school building program. The interwar agricultural depression aggravated traditional income inequality, raising fertility and impeding the spread of mass schooling. Landlordism collapsed in the wake of de\\-colonization, and the consequent reduction in inequality accelerated human and physical capital accumulation, hence leading to growth in South Korea.{{Citation \\| last \\= Myung \\| first \\= Soo Cha \\| title \\= Industrial Revolution, Demographic Transition, and Human Capital Accumulation in Korea, 1916–38 \\| publisher \\= Naksungdae Institute of Economic Research \\| type \\= working Paper \\| date \\= July 2007 \\| url \\= http://www.naksung.re.kr/papers/wp2007\\-7\\.pdf \\| place \\= KR}}.", "#### China", "China experienced a demographic transition with high death rate and low fertility rate from 1959 to 1961 due to the great famine. However, as a result of the economic improvement, the birth rate increased and mortality rate declined in China before the early 1970s. In the 1970s, China's birth rate fell at an unprecedented rate, which had not been experienced by any other population in a comparable time span. The birth rate fell from 6\\.6 births per women before 1970 to 2\\.2 births per women in 1980\\.The rapid fertility decline in China was caused by government policy: in particular the \"later, longer, fewer\" policy of the early 1970s and in the late 1970s the one\\-child policy was also enacted which highly influence China demographic transition.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=John\\|first1\\=Bongaarts\\|last2\\=Susan\\|first2\\=Greenhalgh\\|date\\=1985\\|title\\=An alternative to the One\\-Child Policy in China\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1973456\\|journal\\=Population and Development Review\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=585–617\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1973456 \\|jstor\\=1973456 }} As the demographic dividend gradually disappeared, the government abandoned the one\\-child policy in 2011 and fully lifted the two\\-child policy from 2015\\.The two\\-child policy has had some positive effects on the fertility which causes fertility constantly to increase until 2018\\.However fertility started to decline after 2018 and meanwhile there was no significant change in mortality in recent 30 years.", "### Madagascar", "{{Main\\|Demographics of Madagascar}}\nCampbell has studied the demography of 19th\\-century Madagascar in the light of demographic transition theory. Both supporters and critics of the theory hold to an intrinsic opposition between human and \"natural\" factors, such as climate, famine, and disease, influencing demography. They also suppose a sharp chronological divide between the precolonial and colonial eras, arguing that whereas \"natural\" demographic influences were of greater importance in the former period, human factors predominated thereafter. Campbell argues that in 19th\\-century Madagascar the human factor, in the form of the [Merina state](/wiki/Merina_Kingdom \"Merina Kingdom\"), was the predominant demographic influence. However, the impact of the state was felt through natural forces, and it varied over time. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries Merina state policies stimulated agricultural production, which helped to create a larger and healthier population and laid the foundation for Merina military and economic expansion within Madagascar.", "From 1820, the cost of such expansionism led the state to increase its exploitation of forced labor at the expense of agricultural production and thus transformed it into a negative demographic force. Infertility and infant mortality, which were probably more significant influences on overall population levels than the adult mortality rate, increased from 1820 due to disease, malnutrition, and stress, all of which stemmed from state forced labor policies. Available estimates indicate little if any population growth for Madagascar between 1820 and 1895\\. The demographic \"crisis\" in Africa, ascribed by critics of the demographic transition theory to the colonial era, stemmed in Madagascar from the policies of the imperial Merina regime, which in this sense formed a link to the French regime of the colonial era. Campbell thus questions the underlying assumptions governing the debate about historical demography in Africa and suggests that the demographic impact of political forces be reevaluated in terms of their changing interaction with \"natural\" demographic influences.{{Citation \\| first1 \\= Gwyn \\| last1 \\= Campbell \\| title\\= State and Pre\\-colonial Demographic History: the Case of Nineteenth\\-century Madagascar \\| journal\\= Journal of African History \\| year \\= 1991 \\| volume \\= 32 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 415–45 \\| issn \\= 0021\\-8537 \\| doi\\=10\\.1017/s0021853700031534}}.", "### Russia", "{{main\\|Demographics of Russia}}\nRussia entered stage two of the transition in the 18th century, simultaneously with the rest of Europe, though the effect of transition remained limited to a modest decline in death rates and steady population growth. The population of Russia nearly quadrupled during the 19th century, from 30 million to 133 million, and continued to grow until the First World War and the turmoil that followed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tacitus.nu/historical\\-atlas/population/russia.htm\\|title\\=Population of Eastern Europe\\|website\\=tacitus.nu\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-30\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108232321/http://www.tacitus.nu/historical\\-atlas/population/russia.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Russia then quickly transitioned through stage three. Though fertility rates rebounded initially and almost reached 7 children/woman in the mid\\-1920s, they were depressed by the 1931–33 famine, crashed due to the Second World War in 1941, and only rebounded to a sustained level of 3 children/woman after the war. By 1970 Russia was firmly in stage four, with crude birth rates and crude death rates on the order of 15/1000 and 9/1000 respectively. Bizarrely, however, the birth rate entered a state of constant flux, repeatedly surpassing the 20/1000 as well as falling below 12/1000\\.", "In the 1980s and 1990s, Russia underwent a unique demographic transition; observers call it a \"demographic catastrophe\": the number of deaths exceeded the number of births, life expectancy fell sharply (especially for males) and the number of suicides increased.{{Citation \\| editor\\-first \\= George J \\| editor\\-last \\= Demko \\| others \\= et al \\| title \\= Population under Duress: The Geodemography of Post\\-Soviet Russia \\| year \\= 1999 \\| url \\= \\| publisher \\= \\|isbn\\= }}{{ISBN?}}{{page needed\\|date\\=July 2021}} From 1992 through 2011, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births; from 2011 onwards, the opposite has been the case.", "### United States", "Greenwood and Seshadri (2002\\) show that from 1800 to 1940 there was a [demographic shift](/wiki/Demographic_shift \"Demographic shift\") from a mostly rural US population with high fertility, with an average of seven children born per white woman, to a minority (43%) rural population with low fertility, with an average of two births per white woman. This shift resulted from technological progress. A sixfold increase in real wages made children more expensive in terms of forgone opportunities to work and increases in agricultural productivity reduced rural demand for labor, a substantial portion of which traditionally had been performed by children in farm families.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=The U.S. Demographic Transition\\|last1\\=Greenwood \\|first1\\=Jeremy \\|last2\\=Seshadri \\|first2\\=Ananth\\|date\\=January 2002\\|ssrn \\= 297952}}", "A simplification of the DTM theory proposes an initial decline in mortality followed by a later drop in fertility. The changing demographics of the U.S. in the last two centuries did not parallel this model. Beginning around 1800, there was a sharp fertility decline; at this time, an average woman usually produced seven births per lifetime, but by 1900 this number had dropped to nearly four. A mortality decline was not observed in the U.S. until almost 1900—a hundred years after the drop in fertility.", "However, this late decline occurred from a very low initial level. During the 17th and 18th centuries, crude death rates in much of colonial North America ranged from 15 to 25 deaths per 1000 residents per year{{cite book\\|title\\=A Population History of the United States\\|author\\= Herbert S. Klein\\|page\\=39}}{{cite book\\|title\\=A Population History of North America\\|author1\\= Michael R. Haines \\|author2\\=Richard H. Steckel\\|pages\\=163–164}} (levels of up to 40 per 1000 being typical during stages one and two). Life expectancy at birth was on the order of 40 and, in some places, reached 50, and a resident of 18th century Philadelphia who reached age 20 could have expected, on average, additional 40 years of life.", "This phenomenon is explained by the pattern of colonization of the United States. Sparsely populated interior of the country allowed ample room to accommodate all the \"excess\" people, counteracting mechanisms (spread of communicable diseases due to overcrowding, low real wages and insufficient calories per capita due to the limited amount of available agricultural land) which led to high mortality in the Old World. With low mortality but stage 1 birth rates, the United States necessarily experienced exponential population growth (from less than 4 million people in 1790, to 23 million in 1850, to 76 million in 1900\\).", "The only area where this pattern did not hold was the American South. High prevalence of deadly endemic diseases such as malaria kept mortality as high as 45–50 per 1000 residents per year in 18th century North Carolina. In [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), mortality remained so high (mainly due to [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever \"Yellow fever\")) that the city was characterized as the \"death capital of the United States\" – at the level of 50 per 1000 population or higher – well into the second half of the 19th century.{{cite journal \\|first\\=Michael R. \\|last\\=Haines \\|title\\=The Urban Mortality Transition in the United States, 1800–1940 \\|journal\\=NBER Historical Working Paper No. 134 \\|date\\=July 2001 \\|doi\\=10\\.3386/h0134 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}", "Today, the U.S. is recognized as having both low fertility and mortality rates. Specifically, birth rates stand at 14 per 1000 per year and death rates at 8 per 1000 per year.{{Citation \\| url \\= https://www.cia.gov/the\\-world\\-factbook/countries/united\\-states/ \\| title \\= World factbook \\| date \\= 17 November 2021 \\| contribution \\= US \\| publisher \\= CIA \\| place \\= USA}}.", "" ]
History ------- The first state fair in Texas was established by the Mechanical and Blood Stock Association of Texas (MBSAT). The first fair convened in [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston") on the north bank of Buffalo Bayou in 1870\. The MBSAT hosted another state fair at the same location in 1871\. Beginning in 1872, the fair moved to a new location south of Houston in an area more recently known as "Midtown," until the last state fair held by the MBSAT in 1878\. After its last fair, the MBSAT declared bankruptcy, and no other organization in Houston emerged to restart the state fair in Houston.{{cite news \| last\=Meeks \|first\=Flori \| title\=Few traces remain of state fair site \| work\=Houston Chronicle \| access\-date\=September 2, 2020 \| date\=March 28, 2013 \| url\=https://www.chron.com/heights/news/article/Few\-traces\-remain\-of\-state\-fair\-site\-4392244\.php}} In its modern incarnation, the State Fair of Texas was charted as a private corporation by local businessmen. It was an immediate success and attracted thousands of people. However, in 1904 a series of events led to a financial crisis and not enough income was available to keep the fair running. Therefore, the businessmen sold it to the city of Dallas with the agreement that 24 days during the fall would be set aside annually for the fair and exhibition.Nancy Wiley, "State Fair of Texas", Handbook of Texas Online (<http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lks02>), accessed August 16, 2012\. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. On February 10, 1942, a fire\-alarm blaze raged unchecked for an hour in the automobile building at the State Fair park causing damage estimated at several hundred thousand dollars. One fireman was hospitalized after being overcome with smoke and a half dozen others were given treatment at the scene. Roy Rupard, secretary of the State Fair association, said the loss was covered by insurance.Wire service, "Flames Sweep Texas State Fair Building", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 11 February 1942, Volume 48, page 3\. [Big Tex](/wiki/Big_Tex "Big Tex"), a {{convert\|55\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} tall [cowboy](/wiki/Cowboy "Cowboy") statue, has been its symbol since his introduction in 1952\. In 1953, Big Tex's jaw was hinged, so that he appears to "speak" the announcements that promote fair events.Steven Butler. [Fair Park Timeline, part 4: The Post\-Exposition Years (1938\-1984\)](http://www.watermelon-kid.com/places/FairPark/fp-history/fp-timeline4.htm) After a fire on October 19, 2012, destroyed the original Big Tex, he was rebuilt and reintroduced for the 2013 fair. Big Tex is claimed to be the world's tallest cowboy.[State Fair of Texas](https://rove.me/to/texas/state-fair-of-texas) rove.me Its {{convert\|212\|ft\|m\|adj\=on}} [Texas Star](/wiki/Texas_Star "Texas Star") [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel "Ferris wheel") was the largest in North America when it debuted in October 1985, just months before the Texas [Sesquicentennial](/wiki/Sesquicentennial "Sesquicentennial"). It has since been dwarfed by Ferris wheels in Las Vegas and Orlando.["What makes us unique,"](http://www.bigtex.com/sponsors/whatmakesusunique/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913173422/http://www.bigtex.com/sponsors/whatmakesusunique/ \|date\=2008\-09\-13 }} BigTex.com. Retrieved 2008\-09\-24\.Norman Anderson. *Ferris wheels: an illustrated history*, Popular Press, 1992, page 138\-40\. [DART's](/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit "Dallas Area Rapid Transit") [Fair Park station](/wiki/Fair_Park_station "Fair Park station") and [MLK Jr. station](/wiki/J.B._Jackson%2C_Jr._Transit_Center "J.B. Jackson, Jr. Transit Center") opened in 2009 to serve Fair Park and the State Fair. In addition to regular service on the [Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28DART%29 "Green Line (DART)"), the [Red Line](/wiki/Red_Line_%28DART%29 "Red Line (DART)") and [Blue Line](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28DART%29 "Blue Line (DART)") also run "special event" trains to Fair Park Station for major fair events.[Dallasnews.com](http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/092309dnmetfairsafety.1a61a692d.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926005548/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/092309dnmetfairsafety.1a61a692d.html \|date\=2009\-09\-26 }} In 2017, Foundation for Community Empowerment commissioned a major report laying a major portion of blame upon the State Fair of Texas for hindering development at and around Fair Park.{{cite web \|last1\=Simek \|first1\=Peter \|title\=A Scathing Look at Fair Park's History and Why Dallas Needs to Finally Fix the Park \|url\=https://www.dmagazine.com/frontburner/2017/08/a\-scathing\-look\-at\-fair\-parks\-history\-and\-why\-dallas\-needs\-to\-finally\-fix\-the\-park/ \|website\=D Magazine \|date\=3 August 2017 \|publisher\=D Magazine}} ### Controversies **A Segregated Fair** For the majority of time the State Fair of Texas has been in operation, it was a segregated fair. African Americans were allowed into the fair only on "Negro Achievement Day," known colloquially as "Nigger Day" by the white population. The end of the segregated fair began in 1953 under increasing pressure to desegregate. In that year, African Americans were allowed in the fair for the full season, but were not served in restaurants or allowed on the midway. Only on Negro Achievement Day were African Americans allowed full access to the fairgrounds.{{cite book \|last\=Schultze \|first\=Jim \|author\-link\= \|date\=1986 \|title\=The Accommodation: The Politics of Race in An American City \|url\= \|location\=Secaucus, New Jersey \|publisher\=Citadel Press \|page\=94 \|isbn\=0\-8065\-1046\-3}} The Dallas Negro Chamber of Commerce, under pressure from the African American community, began to denounce the State Fair as segregated. White Dallas leaders continued to assert that the fair was not segregated. In the mid\-1950s, then mayor [R. L. Thornton](/wiki/Robert_L._Thornton "Robert L. Thornton"), one of the founding men of the Dallas Citizens Council who helped fundraise for the 1936 Centennial Exposition, agreed to desegregate more, but continued to assert that some restaurants and attractions remain separate. Notably, two attractions that involved physical contact, the "Laff in the Dark" and "Dodge 'em Scooter" rides, continued to be segregated. In 1955, [Juanita Craft](/wiki/Juanita_Craft%23Biography "Juanita Craft#Biography") organized a protest of the State Fair of Texas against its policy of admitting blacks only on "Negro Achievement Day."[Women In Texas History \- Juanita Craft](https://www.womenintexashistory.org/audio/craft/) In addition, the fair once had a "Colored People's Day," "[Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan "Ku Klux Klan") Day" and, as recently as the 1980s, a day dedicated to the Confederacy.{{cite news \|last1\=Emily \|first1\=Jennifer \|title\=8 Dallas sites you might not know have links to the Confederacy \|url\=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2017/09/05/8\-dallas\-sites\-you\-might\-not\-know\-have\-links\-to\-the\-confederacy/ \|access\-date\=September 5, 2017 \|publisher\=The Dallas Morning News}} In the 1960s, the fair looked at market research showing that many white fairgoers were frightened by seeing black people on their way into the fair leading to an aggressive eminent domain campaign to buy nearby homes to convert the land into parking lots.{{cite news \|last1\=Schutze \|first1\=Jim \|title\=New Report Tells Sordid Past of Fair Park, State Fair of Texas — but Offers Hope \|url\=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/new\-report\-explains\-how\-state\-fair\-screwed\-up\-dallas\-fair\-park\-9723989 \|access\-date\=August 3, 2017 \|publisher\=Dallas Observer}} The State Fair in 1966 commissioned a report on the redevelopment of the fair, which concluded that the land around Fair Park should be 'bought up and turned into a paved, lighted, fenced parking lot" that would 'eliminate the problem from sight'. "If the poor Negroes in their shacks cannot be seen, all the guilt feelings…will disappear, or at least be removed from primary consideration". The State Fair was criticized in October 2014 for spending over $5 million on attorneys fees to two insiders.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/state\-fair\-of\-texas\-pays\-above\-average\-legal\-bills/\|title\=State Fair Of Texas Pays 'Above Average' Legal Bills\|first\=L. P.\|last\=Phillips\|website\=\[\[CBS News]] \|date\=October 2014\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} Despite a $30 million investment in Summer Adventures, the event was shuttered after just one season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community\-news/white\-rock\-east\-dallas/headlines/20140218\-there\-wont\-be\-summer\-adventures\-in\-fair\-park\-this\-year.ece\|title\=There won't be Summer Adventures in Fair Park this year\|date\=18 February 2014\|access\-date\=26 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001624/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community\-news/white\-rock\-east\-dallas/headlines/20140218\-there\-wont\-be\-summer\-adventures\-in\-fair\-park\-this\-year.ece\|archive\-date\=8 March 2016}} In August 2015, the State Fair was sanctioned more than $75,000 for filing a SLAPP suit against a lawyer who had requested financial documents from the State Fair. On August 2, 2016, the Dallas Court of Appeals reversed in its entirety the judgment against the State Fair of Texas, holding that the trial court erred in, among other things, finding that the State Fair's lawsuit was a SLAPP suit.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.search.txcourts.gov/SearchMedia.aspx?MediaVersionID\=2d5dc8b9\-6395\-4bb7\-9dc6\-943ff76b575e\&MediaID\=3c72e1b0\-c254\-4346\-b1cf\-ce29adb1a72c\&coa\=%22%20\+%20this.CurrentWebState.CurrentCourt%20\+%20@%22\&DT\=Opinion\|title\=Dallas Court of Appeals Opinion}} #### Implementation of a Gun Ban On October 15, 2023, there was a shooting at the fair. This resulted in three injuries. The fair delayed reopening to 2:00 the next day. The suspect was caught, and was charged with three counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-10\-15 \|title\=Suspect charged in State Fair of Texas shooting that injured 3 \- CBS Texas \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/dallas\-police\-investigating\-state\-fair\-after\-shooting/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-31 \|website\=www.cbsnews.com \|language\=en\-US}} In August 2024, fair officials decided to ban all firearms as a new safety policy. The Attorney General of Texas, [Ken Paxton](/wiki/Ken_Paxton "Ken Paxton"), warned fair officials and the Dallas' interim manager that they had 15 days to overturn the policy or his office would take legal action. Fair officials decided to maintain the gun ban policy, since they are part of private nonprofit in charge of running The State Fair of Texas and they are able to make decisions regarding the event, which is also of a private nature.{{Cite web \|last\=Salinas II \|first\=Juan \|date\=2024\-09\-24 \|title\=Texas Supreme Court leaves State Fair’s gun ban in place \|url\=https://www.texastribune.org/2024/09/24/ken\-paxton\-state\-fair\-gun\-ban\-appeals\-court/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-15 \|website\=The Texas Tribune \|language\=en}} The Office of the Attorney General proceeded to sue the City of Dallas and the State Fair of Texas "for unlawfully prohibiting firearms from government\-owned public property in violation of Texas law".{{Cite web \|first\=Office of the Attorney General \|date\=2024\-08\-09 \|title\=Attorney General Ken Paxton Sues the City of Dallas for Unlawfully Prohibiting Firearms From the Texas State Fair \|url\=https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney\-general\-ken\-paxton\-sues\-city\-dallas\-unlawfully\-prohibiting\-firearms\-texas\-state\-fair\#:\~:text\=Texas%20Attorney%20General%20Ken%20Paxton,in%20violation%20of%20Texas%20law. \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-15 \|website\=Office of the Attorney General \|language\=en}} The Dallas County District Court ruled in favor of the fair officials. The Office of the Attorney General turned to the 15th Court of Appeals, which denied the request. As a last resource, the Office of the Attorney General challenged the decision in The Supreme Court of Texas. On September 19, 2024, The Supreme Court of Texas denied the Attorney General's filing, since it was considered that the State Fair is allowed under Texas law to implement whichever policies they considered. ### Timeline [thumb\|A glimpse of the State Fair of Texas at night in 2006](/wiki/File:Texas_State_Fair_at_night.jpg "Texas State Fair at night.jpg") * The State Fair of Texas opened its gates for the first time on October 26, 1886\. Approximately 14,000 people attend the opening day. * On November 7, 1886, the fair closes and attracted over 100,000 people for the very first year. * The State Fair of Texas has a history of racial discrimination dating back to the 1880s. The first designated day for African\-Americans to attend the fair was held in 1889 and was called "Colored People's Day." Educator [Norman Washington Harllee](/wiki/Norman_Washington_Harllee "Norman Washington Harllee") organized exhibits and planned events and speakers including Booker T. Washington in 1900\. In 1910, "Colored People's Day" was discontinued and reappeared in 1936 as "Negro Achievement Day" set to coincide with the [Texas Centennial Exposition](/wiki/Texas_Centennial_Exposition "Texas Centennial Exposition"). Contrary to the fact that African\-Americans weren't allowed to participate in entertainment or eat at restaurants and concession stands on other days during the run, fair officials touted "Negro Achievement Day" as a way to recognize the accomplishments and progress of the Negro race in Texas and the United States. The Hall of Negro Life was the only building demolished after the Texas Centennial ended.{{cite web\|url\=https://dallaslibrary2\.org/mbutts/assets/lessons/L12\-civil\+rights/Marion\+Butts\+\-\+State\+Fair(PPT).pdf\|title\=Dallas Public Library \- Site Map\|website\=dallaslibrary2\.org\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} * In 1913, the fair introduces the first Automobile building which was filled with 175 vehicles for fairgoers to see. * The fair was canceled in 1918 due to the [US Army](/wiki/US_Army "US Army") taking control of Fair Park to establish an aviation boot camp known as Camp Dick. It resumed the next year. * In 1921, Boston College beats Baylor at the first game ever played between teams from the [southwest](/wiki/Southwestern_United_States "Southwestern United States") and [northeast](/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"). * In 1921, Texas and Vanderbilt start a series which is played here every year from 1921 to 1928 with the exception of 1924\. * In 1923, the fair hosted Ku Klux Klan day. Thousands of new Klan members were sworn in at the fairgrounds. More than 150,000 people were at the fair that day.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/state\-fair\-of\-texas/headlines/20111007\-fair\-flashback\-during\-the\-state\-fairs\-early\-years\-many\-racial\-barriers.ece\|title\=Everything you need for the State Fair of Texas\|website\=GuideLive\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} * In 1925, the first [State Fair Classic](/wiki/State_Fair_Classic "State Fair Classic") is played. * In 1929, TX\-OU play their [Red River Rivalry](/wiki/Red_River_Shootout "Red River Shootout") here for the first time. * In 1930, construction of a new Fair Park Stadium (now known as the [Cotton Bowl](/wiki/Cotton_Bowl_%28stadium%29 "Cotton Bowl (stadium)")) begins. * In 1932, TX\-OU play their Red River Rivalry for the first time at the new Fair Park Stadium. * In 1937, the first [Cotton Bowl Classic](/wiki/Cotton_Bowl_Classic "Cotton Bowl Classic") is played in Fair Park. * [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") cancelled fairs from 1942 to 1944\. By September 1945, the fair resumed for the next 75 years unhitched. * Big Tex makes his first appearance in 1952\. * In 1955, a seat filled with members of the Memphis High School marching band broke free from the top of a 92\-foot Sky Wheel, killing a 15\-year\-old girl.{{cite web\|title\=Ferris Wheel Seat Plunges Killing Girl\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1243\&dat\=19551012\&id\=mGZYAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3852,431186\&hl\=en\|website\=www.news.google.com/newspapers\|publisher\=The Bulletin\|access\-date\=10 October 2015}} Also that year, a [Denton, Texas](/wiki/Denton%2C_Texas "Denton, Texas"), high school senior, Doris Mae Dukes, was named *Miss Bronze Texas* from among 15 Texas high school and college contestants during the fair's "Negro Achievement Day". The award was presented by a [Neiman Marcus](/wiki/Neiman_Marcus "Neiman Marcus") official.{{cite news\|title\=Miss Bronze Texas\|work\=\[\[Denton Record\-Chronicle]]\|date\=October 31, 1955\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/5200078/?terms\=miss%2Bbronze%2Bof%2Btexas\|page\=5\|access\-date\=August 10, 2020}} * In 1956 the [Trailblazer](/wiki/Trailblazer_%28monorail%29 "Trailblazer (monorail)") monorail began operation at Fair Park from 1956 to 1964\. It was the first commercially operated monorail system in the United States.{{cite news\|title\=Historic Texas Monorail Car Now a Home\|work\=\[\[The News\-Press]]\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/118529565/?terms\=trailblazer%2Bmonorail\|date\=June 10, 2012\|page\=F8\|access\-date\=August 10, 2020}} * [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley") performs in the Cotton Bowl during the fair in 1956\. [thumb\|[Texas Star](/wiki/Texas_Star "Texas Star") [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel "Ferris wheel") at night](/wiki/File:Texas_Star_-_Texas_State_Fair.JPG "Texas Star - Texas State Fair.JPG") * In 1960, the [Dallas Texans](/wiki/Dallas_Texans_%28AFL%29 "Dallas Texans (AFL)") ([AFL](/wiki/American_Football_League "American Football League")) and the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys") ([NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League")) play their first season in the Cotton Bowl. * In 1964 the monorail closed and was replaced by the Swiss Sky Ride, a 64 car aerial ride that traveled over a 3,800 foot path (the longest ever built). * In 1966, the State Fair commissioned a report on the redevelopment of the fair, which concluded that the land around Fair Park should be 'bought up and turned into a paved, lighted, fenced parking lot" that would 'eliminate the problem from sight'. "If the poor Negroes in their shacks cannot be seen, all the guilt feelings…will disappear, or at least be removed from primary consideration".{{cite web\|url\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663026/m1/78/\|title\=University of North Texas Digital Library, "Fair Park Expansion: A Case Study of Political Bias and Protest in Urban Politics", Davies, Elizabeth Durham. Accessed August 25, 2016\.\|date\=August 1974\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} * In 1979, a Sky Ride accident occurred during the last day of the fair, prompting the removal of the attraction. * In 1983, an 18\-year\-old boy was killed and several bystanders were injured when a gondola fell off the [Enterprise](/wiki/Enterprise_%28ride%29 "Enterprise (ride)"). * In 1985 the [Texas Star](/wiki/Texas_Star "Texas Star") opens as the largest [ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel "Ferris wheel") in North America. * In 1989, The Comet Roller Coaster, a Fair Park landmark since 1947, is torn down. * Following the 2001 [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), [Dallas police](/wiki/Dallas_police "Dallas police") and State Fair officials announce the implementation of new security measures during the annual event. * In 2005, the Fried Peanut Butter, Jelly and Banana Sandwich is introduced to the fair. [thumb\|The [Texas Star](/wiki/Texas_Star "Texas Star") ferris wheel ride](/wiki/File:Texas-Star-4146.jpg "Texas-Star-4146.jpg") * In 2007 the Texas Skyway aerial ride opens in Fair Park. * In 2010, the 8000 ft Greenhouse on the Midway is built to house 1000 hanging baskets, beehives, and [Farmer Mike](/wiki/Farmer_Mike "Farmer Mike") the Pumpkin Carver. * Fairgoers spent more than $37 million in 2010 which broke the fair's record. * On November 14, 2011 – State Fair of Texas filed its 2010 IRS Form 990 Tax Return.[IRS 990 Year 2010 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, "State Fair of Texas"](http://207.153.189.83/EINS/756002511/756002511_2010_07d2d87a.PDF) * On October 19, 2012, [Big Tex](/wiki/Big_Tex "Big Tex") caught on fire, burning it down to the skeletal frame, with only the right arm remaining. * On November 15, 2012 – State Fair of Texas filed its 2011 IRS Form 990 Tax Return.[IRS 990 Year 2011 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, "State Fair of Texas"](http://207.153.189.83/EINS/756002511/756002511_2011_08de6c30.PDF) * In 2013: + The State Fair opened a brand new attraction – a 500\-foot observation tower called "Top o' Texas Tower" – as part of a renovation of part of the Midway called "Summer Adventures at Fair Park."{{cite web\|url\=http://dallas.culturemap.com/news/entertainment/07\-02\-13\-top\-o\-texas\-tower\-ride\-fair\-park\-state\-fair/\|title\=Get your thrills on the $12 million adrenaline rush now open at Fair Park\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} The "Tower" now operates only 24 days a year, despite a construction cost of over $11 million. + The State Fair also operated Summer Adventures in Fair Park, a beach\-themed amusement park from May to August 2013\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.fairpark.org/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=216\|title\=Fair Park}} + Despite a $30 million investment in Summer Adventures, the event was shuttered after just one season. + Jim Schutze of the Dallas Observer wrote, "The sudden collapse of a $30 million venture has to be some kind of red flag, some indication that it's time to re\-examine the whole thing."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/fair\-parks\-summer\-amusement\-venture\-is\-dead\-is\-anyone\-surprised\-7126192\|title\=Fair Park's Summer Amusement Venture Is Dead. Is Anyone Surprised?\|first\=Jim\|last\=Schutze\|date\=21 February 2014\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} + A new Big Tex statue was unveiled the day before the fair opened.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Big\-Tex\-Makes\-His\-Debut\-One\-Day\-Early\-\-225380402\.html\|title\=Big Tex Makes His Debut One Day Early\|date\=26 September 2013 \|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} * On November 12, 2013 – State Fair of Texas filed its 2012 IRS Form 990 Tax Return.[IRS 990 Year 2012 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, "State Fair of Texas"](http://207.153.189.83/EINS/756002511/756002511_2012_09d70766.PDF) * In 2014: + In September 2014, a blue ribbon task force appointed by Mayor Mike Rawlings submitted a report on the rejuvenation of Fair Park.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/metro/20140903\-dallas\-council\-enthusiastic\-about\-proposal\-to\-privatize\-fair\-park.ece\|title\=Dallas council enthusiastic about proposal to privatize Fair Park\|date\=3 September 2014\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} The Mayor's Task Force plan envisions a public\-private partnership led by a non profit organization to be charged with over arching powers to control the revitalization of Fair Park, including the State Fair of Texas.{{cite web \|url\=http://fairpark.org/pdfs/mayors\-task\-force\-report.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2014\-10\-13 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013215935/http://fairpark.org/pdfs/mayors\-task\-force\-report.pdf \|archive\-date\=2014\-10\-13}} Architect/City planner Antonio Di Mambro, with international experience in infrastructure planning and neighborhood revitalization, encouraged the Mayor to use the Task Force report as a building block for constructive dialogue with residents, stakeholders and the neighborhoods around Fair Park.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/latest\-columns/20140909\-include\-edges\-in\-fair\-park\-revitalization.ece\|title\=Include edges in Fair Park revitalization\|date\=9 September 2014\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} Following the presentation of the Task Force Plan, Mayor Mike Rawlings said, "I felt passion by all the council and park board members that they want Fair Park to be all it can be and they're interested in taking this big challenge on".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nbcdfw.com/entertainment/the\-scene/Dallas\-Leaders\-Praise\-New\-Fair\-Park\-Plan\-273857481\.html\|title\=Dallas Leaders Praise New Fair Park Plan\|date\=4 September 2014 \|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} + October – State Fair comes under fire for spending over $5 million on attorneys fees to two insiders. + November 7, 2014 \-State Fair of Texas filed its 2013 IRS Form 990 Tax Return, indicating a loss of over $2 million for the reporting period.[IRS 990 Year 2013 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, "State Fair of Texas"](http://207.153.189.83/EINS/756002511/756002511_2013_0b081bf8.PDF)\* In 2015: + In March 2015, the State Fair pushed back on any notion of tightening up the footprint of its current operation. *Dallas Morning News* reporter Robert Wilonsky called the State Fair's response "rather dramatic" The article also quoted Stephen Page of the closed Texas Museum of Automotive History from 2012 as saying, "The City's requirement that tenants vacate the majority of the buildings in Fair Park during the State Fair is the principal reason for Fair Park's ongoing decline." Wilonsky also quoted a 'prominent member of the Mayor's Task Force' as suggesting privately "that the State Fair's presence at Fair Park also needs to be greatly reduced."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/metro/20150326\-plan\-to\-reduce\-state\-fair\-space\-would\-end\-its\-run\-official\-says.ece\|title\=Plan to reduce State Fair space would end its run, official says\|date\=26 March 2015\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} + In May 2015, the Park and Recreation Board voted unanimously to recommend and approve the Mayor's Task Force Plan and recommended that underground parking structures be built rather than as initially recommended by the Task Force.{{cite web\|url\=http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2015/05/dallas\-park\-board\-has\-signed\-off\-on\-rawlings\-task\-forces\-proposal\-to\-privatize\-fair\-park.html/\|title\=Dallas Park Board has signed off on Rawlings task force's proposal to privatize Fair Park\|date\=23 May 2015\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} + In August 2015, the State Fair was sanctioned more than $75,000 for filing a [SLAPP](/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation "Strategic lawsuit against public participation") suit against a lawyer who had requested financial documents from the State Fair.{{cite web\|url\=http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2015/08/judge\-says\-the\-state\-fair\-of\-texas\-slaap\-ed\-attorney\-who\-wants\-to\-see\-big\-texs\-checkbook.html\|title\=Judge sanctions State Fair of Texas after it sued lawyer who wants to see Big Tex's checkbook\|date\=14 August 2015\|access\-date\=26 August 2017}} On August 2, 2016, the Dallas Court of Appeals reversed in its entirety the judgment against the State Fair of Texas, holding that the trial court erred in, among other things, finding that the State Fair's lawsuit was a SLAPP suit. * On September 9, 2017, [Charlie Daniels](/wiki/Charlie_Daniels "Charlie Daniels") performed and played his famous song *[The Devil Went Down to Georgia](/wiki/The_Devil_Went_Down_to_Georgia "The Devil Went Down to Georgia")*. * On September 5, 2019, the State Fair of Texas was ordered by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas at Dallas to compensate Riggs \& Ray, P.C. for its appeal of the August 2, 2016 ruling.{{cite web \|title\=Riggs \& Ray, P.C. v. State Fair of Texas Appeal from 116th Judicial District Court of Dallas County (memorandum opinion) \|url\=https://law.justia.com/cases/texas/fifth\-court\-of\-appeals/2019/05\-17\-00973\-cv.html \|website\=Justia \|access\-date\=September 5, 2019}} * On July 7, 2020, it was announced that due to [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19"), the State Fair of Texas was cancelled for the first time since [WWII](/wiki/WWII "WWII"). This was the first cancellation in 76 years.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts\-entertainment/2020/07/07/the\-state\-fair\-of\-texas\-is\-officially\-canceled/\|title \= The State Fair of Texas is officially canceled\|date \= 7 July 2020}}[thumb\|Big Tex wearing a mask during the 2020 pandemic](/wiki/File:State_Fair_2020.jpg "State Fair 2020.jpg") * The State Fair operated as a Drive\-Thru event due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Photo ops were offered with a masked Big Tex.{{Cite web \|last\=Austin \|first\=Taylor \|date\=2020\-08\-27 \|title\=State Fair of Texas Announces Special 2020 Big Tex Fair Food Drive\-Thru Event \|url\=https://bigtex.com/state\-fair\-of\-tx\-announces\-food\-event/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-20 \|website\=State Fair of Texas \|language\=en\-US}} * In September 2021, the fair resumed after a one\-year hiatus.
[ "History\n-------", "The first state fair in Texas was established by the Mechanical and Blood Stock Association of Texas (MBSAT). The first fair convened in [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\") on the north bank of Buffalo Bayou in 1870\\. The MBSAT hosted another state fair at the same location in 1871\\. Beginning in 1872, the fair moved to a new location south of Houston in an area more recently known as \"Midtown,\" until the last state fair held by the MBSAT in 1878\\. After its last fair, the MBSAT declared bankruptcy, and no other organization in Houston emerged to restart the state fair in Houston.{{cite news \\| last\\=Meeks \\|first\\=Flori \\| title\\=Few traces remain of state fair site \\| work\\=Houston Chronicle \\| access\\-date\\=September 2, 2020 \\| date\\=March 28, 2013 \\| url\\=https://www.chron.com/heights/news/article/Few\\-traces\\-remain\\-of\\-state\\-fair\\-site\\-4392244\\.php}}", "In its modern incarnation, the State Fair of Texas was charted as a private corporation by local businessmen. It was an immediate success and attracted thousands of people. However, in 1904 a series of events led to a financial crisis and not enough income was available to keep the fair running. Therefore, the businessmen sold it to the city of Dallas with the agreement that 24 days during the fall would be set aside annually for the fair and exhibition.Nancy Wiley, \"State Fair of Texas\", Handbook of Texas Online (<http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lks02>), accessed August 16, 2012\\. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.", "On February 10, 1942, a fire\\-alarm blaze raged unchecked for an hour in the automobile building at the State Fair park causing damage estimated at several hundred thousand dollars. One fireman was hospitalized after being overcome with smoke and a half dozen others were given treatment at the scene. Roy Rupard, secretary of the State Fair association, said the loss was covered by insurance.Wire service, \"Flames Sweep Texas State Fair Building\", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 11 February 1942, Volume 48, page 3\\.", "[Big Tex](/wiki/Big_Tex \"Big Tex\"), a {{convert\\|55\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} tall [cowboy](/wiki/Cowboy \"Cowboy\") statue, has been its symbol since his introduction in 1952\\. In 1953, Big Tex's jaw was hinged, so that he appears to \"speak\" the announcements that promote fair events.Steven Butler. [Fair Park Timeline, part 4: The Post\\-Exposition Years (1938\\-1984\\)](http://www.watermelon-kid.com/places/FairPark/fp-history/fp-timeline4.htm) After a fire on October 19, 2012, destroyed the original Big Tex, he was rebuilt and reintroduced for the 2013 fair. Big Tex is claimed to be the world's tallest cowboy.[State Fair of Texas](https://rove.me/to/texas/state-fair-of-texas) rove.me", "Its {{convert\\|212\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} [Texas Star](/wiki/Texas_Star \"Texas Star\") [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") was the largest in North America when it debuted in October 1985, just months before the Texas [Sesquicentennial](/wiki/Sesquicentennial \"Sesquicentennial\"). It has since been dwarfed by Ferris wheels in Las Vegas and Orlando.[\"What makes us unique,\"](http://www.bigtex.com/sponsors/whatmakesusunique/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913173422/http://www.bigtex.com/sponsors/whatmakesusunique/ \\|date\\=2008\\-09\\-13 }} BigTex.com. Retrieved 2008\\-09\\-24\\.Norman Anderson. *Ferris wheels: an illustrated history*, Popular Press, 1992, page 138\\-40\\.", "[DART's](/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit \"Dallas Area Rapid Transit\") [Fair Park station](/wiki/Fair_Park_station \"Fair Park station\") and [MLK Jr. station](/wiki/J.B._Jackson%2C_Jr._Transit_Center \"J.B. Jackson, Jr. Transit Center\") opened in 2009 to serve Fair Park and the State Fair. In addition to regular service on the [Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28DART%29 \"Green Line (DART)\"), the [Red Line](/wiki/Red_Line_%28DART%29 \"Red Line (DART)\") and [Blue Line](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28DART%29 \"Blue Line (DART)\") also run \"special event\" trains to Fair Park Station for major fair events.[Dallasnews.com](http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/092309dnmetfairsafety.1a61a692d.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926005548/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/092309dnmetfairsafety.1a61a692d.html \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-26 }}", "In 2017, Foundation for Community Empowerment commissioned a major report laying a major portion of blame upon the State Fair of Texas for hindering development at and around Fair Park.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Simek \\|first1\\=Peter \\|title\\=A Scathing Look at Fair Park's History and Why Dallas Needs to Finally Fix the Park \\|url\\=https://www.dmagazine.com/frontburner/2017/08/a\\-scathing\\-look\\-at\\-fair\\-parks\\-history\\-and\\-why\\-dallas\\-needs\\-to\\-finally\\-fix\\-the\\-park/ \\|website\\=D Magazine \\|date\\=3 August 2017 \\|publisher\\=D Magazine}}", "### Controversies", "**A Segregated Fair**", "For the majority of time the State Fair of Texas has been in operation, it was a segregated fair. African Americans were allowed into the fair only on \"Negro Achievement Day,\" known colloquially as \"Nigger Day\" by the white population. The end of the segregated fair began in 1953 under increasing pressure to desegregate. In that year, African Americans were allowed in the fair for the full season, but were not served in restaurants or allowed on the midway. Only on Negro Achievement Day were African Americans allowed full access to the fairgrounds.{{cite book \\|last\\=Schultze \\|first\\=Jim \\|author\\-link\\= \\|date\\=1986 \\|title\\=The Accommodation: The Politics of Race in An American City \\|url\\= \\|location\\=Secaucus, New Jersey \\|publisher\\=Citadel Press \\|page\\=94 \\|isbn\\=0\\-8065\\-1046\\-3}} The Dallas Negro Chamber of Commerce, under pressure from the African American community, began to denounce the State Fair as segregated. White Dallas leaders continued to assert that the fair was not segregated. In the mid\\-1950s, then mayor [R. L. Thornton](/wiki/Robert_L._Thornton \"Robert L. Thornton\"), one of the founding men of the Dallas Citizens Council who helped fundraise for the 1936 Centennial Exposition, agreed to desegregate more, but continued to assert that some restaurants and attractions remain separate. Notably, two attractions that involved physical contact, the \"Laff in the Dark\" and \"Dodge 'em Scooter\" rides, continued to be segregated.", "In 1955, [Juanita Craft](/wiki/Juanita_Craft%23Biography \"Juanita Craft#Biography\") organized a protest of the State Fair of Texas against its policy of admitting blacks only on \"Negro Achievement Day.\"[Women In Texas History \\- Juanita Craft](https://www.womenintexashistory.org/audio/craft/)", "In addition, the fair once had a \"Colored People's Day,\" \"[Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan \"Ku Klux Klan\") Day\" and, as recently as the 1980s, a day dedicated to the Confederacy.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Emily \\|first1\\=Jennifer \\|title\\=8 Dallas sites you might not know have links to the Confederacy \\|url\\=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2017/09/05/8\\-dallas\\-sites\\-you\\-might\\-not\\-know\\-have\\-links\\-to\\-the\\-confederacy/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2017 \\|publisher\\=The Dallas Morning News}} In the 1960s, the fair looked at market research showing that many white fairgoers were frightened by seeing black people on their way into the fair leading to an aggressive eminent domain campaign to buy nearby homes to convert the land into parking lots.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Schutze \\|first1\\=Jim \\|title\\=New Report Tells Sordid Past of Fair Park, State Fair of Texas — but Offers Hope \\|url\\=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/new\\-report\\-explains\\-how\\-state\\-fair\\-screwed\\-up\\-dallas\\-fair\\-park\\-9723989 \\|access\\-date\\=August 3, 2017 \\|publisher\\=Dallas Observer}}", "The State Fair in 1966 commissioned a report on the redevelopment of the fair, which concluded that the land around Fair Park should be 'bought up and turned into a paved, lighted, fenced parking lot\" that would 'eliminate the problem from sight'. \"If the poor Negroes in their shacks cannot be seen, all the guilt feelings…will disappear, or at least be removed from primary consideration\".", "The State Fair was criticized in October 2014 for spending over $5 million on attorneys fees to two insiders.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/state\\-fair\\-of\\-texas\\-pays\\-above\\-average\\-legal\\-bills/\\|title\\=State Fair Of Texas Pays 'Above Average' Legal Bills\\|first\\=L. P.\\|last\\=Phillips\\|website\\=\\[\\[CBS News]] \\|date\\=October 2014\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}", "Despite a $30 million investment in Summer Adventures, the event was shuttered after just one season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community\\-news/white\\-rock\\-east\\-dallas/headlines/20140218\\-there\\-wont\\-be\\-summer\\-adventures\\-in\\-fair\\-park\\-this\\-year.ece\\|title\\=There won't be Summer Adventures in Fair Park this year\\|date\\=18 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001624/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community\\-news/white\\-rock\\-east\\-dallas/headlines/20140218\\-there\\-wont\\-be\\-summer\\-adventures\\-in\\-fair\\-park\\-this\\-year.ece\\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2016}}", "In August 2015, the State Fair was sanctioned more than $75,000 for filing a SLAPP suit against a lawyer who had requested financial documents from the State Fair. On August 2, 2016, the Dallas Court of Appeals reversed in its entirety the judgment against the State Fair of Texas, holding that the trial court erred in, among other things, finding that the State Fair's lawsuit was a SLAPP suit.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.search.txcourts.gov/SearchMedia.aspx?MediaVersionID\\=2d5dc8b9\\-6395\\-4bb7\\-9dc6\\-943ff76b575e\\&MediaID\\=3c72e1b0\\-c254\\-4346\\-b1cf\\-ce29adb1a72c\\&coa\\=%22%20\\+%20this.CurrentWebState.CurrentCourt%20\\+%20@%22\\&DT\\=Opinion\\|title\\=Dallas Court of Appeals Opinion}}", "#### Implementation of a Gun Ban", "On October 15, 2023, there was a shooting at the fair. This resulted in three injuries. The fair delayed reopening to 2:00 the next day. The suspect was caught, and was charged with three counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-15 \\|title\\=Suspect charged in State Fair of Texas shooting that injured 3 \\- CBS Texas \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/dallas\\-police\\-investigating\\-state\\-fair\\-after\\-shooting/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-31 \\|website\\=www.cbsnews.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In August 2024, fair officials decided to ban all firearms as a new safety policy. The Attorney General of Texas, [Ken Paxton](/wiki/Ken_Paxton \"Ken Paxton\"), warned fair officials and the Dallas' interim manager that they had 15 days to overturn the policy or his office would take legal action. Fair officials decided to maintain the gun ban policy, since they are part of private nonprofit in charge of running The State Fair of Texas and they are able to make decisions regarding the event, which is also of a private nature.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Salinas II \\|first\\=Juan \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-24 \\|title\\=Texas Supreme Court leaves State Fair’s gun ban in place \\|url\\=https://www.texastribune.org/2024/09/24/ken\\-paxton\\-state\\-fair\\-gun\\-ban\\-appeals\\-court/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-15 \\|website\\=The Texas Tribune \\|language\\=en}}", "The Office of the Attorney General proceeded to sue the City of Dallas and the State Fair of Texas \"for unlawfully prohibiting firearms from government\\-owned public property in violation of Texas law\".{{Cite web \\|first\\=Office of the Attorney General \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-09 \\|title\\=Attorney General Ken Paxton Sues the City of Dallas for Unlawfully Prohibiting Firearms From the Texas State Fair \\|url\\=https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney\\-general\\-ken\\-paxton\\-sues\\-city\\-dallas\\-unlawfully\\-prohibiting\\-firearms\\-texas\\-state\\-fair\\#:\\~:text\\=Texas%20Attorney%20General%20Ken%20Paxton,in%20violation%20of%20Texas%20law. \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-15 \\|website\\=Office of the Attorney General \\|language\\=en}} The Dallas County District Court ruled in favor of the fair officials. The Office of the Attorney General turned to the 15th Court of Appeals, which denied the request. As a last resource, the Office of the Attorney General challenged the decision in The Supreme Court of Texas. On September 19, 2024, The Supreme Court of Texas denied the Attorney General's filing, since it was considered that the State Fair is allowed under Texas law to implement whichever policies they considered.", "### Timeline", "[thumb\\|A glimpse of the State Fair of Texas at night in 2006](/wiki/File:Texas_State_Fair_at_night.jpg \"Texas State Fair at night.jpg\")\n* The State Fair of Texas opened its gates for the first time on October 26, 1886\\. Approximately 14,000 people attend the opening day.\n* On November 7, 1886, the fair closes and attracted over 100,000 people for the very first year.\n* The State Fair of Texas has a history of racial discrimination dating back to the 1880s. The first designated day for African\\-Americans to attend the fair was held in 1889 and was called \"Colored People's Day.\" Educator [Norman Washington Harllee](/wiki/Norman_Washington_Harllee \"Norman Washington Harllee\") organized exhibits and planned events and speakers including Booker T. Washington in 1900\\. In 1910, \"Colored People's Day\" was discontinued and reappeared in 1936 as \"Negro Achievement Day\" set to coincide with the [Texas Centennial Exposition](/wiki/Texas_Centennial_Exposition \"Texas Centennial Exposition\"). Contrary to the fact that African\\-Americans weren't allowed to participate in entertainment or eat at restaurants and concession stands on other days during the run, fair officials touted \"Negro Achievement Day\" as a way to recognize the accomplishments and progress of the Negro race in Texas and the United States. The Hall of Negro Life was the only building demolished after the Texas Centennial ended.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://dallaslibrary2\\.org/mbutts/assets/lessons/L12\\-civil\\+rights/Marion\\+Butts\\+\\-\\+State\\+Fair(PPT).pdf\\|title\\=Dallas Public Library \\- Site Map\\|website\\=dallaslibrary2\\.org\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}\n* In 1913, the fair introduces the first Automobile building which was filled with 175 vehicles for fairgoers to see.\n* The fair was canceled in 1918 due to the [US Army](/wiki/US_Army \"US Army\") taking control of Fair Park to establish an aviation boot camp known as Camp Dick. It resumed the next year.\n* In 1921, Boston College beats Baylor at the first game ever played between teams from the [southwest](/wiki/Southwestern_United_States \"Southwestern United States\") and [northeast](/wiki/Northeastern_United_States \"Northeastern United States\").\n* In 1921, Texas and Vanderbilt start a series which is played here every year from 1921 to 1928 with the exception of 1924\\.\n* In 1923, the fair hosted Ku Klux Klan day. Thousands of new Klan members were sworn in at the fairgrounds. More than 150,000 people were at the fair that day.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/state\\-fair\\-of\\-texas/headlines/20111007\\-fair\\-flashback\\-during\\-the\\-state\\-fairs\\-early\\-years\\-many\\-racial\\-barriers.ece\\|title\\=Everything you need for the State Fair of Texas\\|website\\=GuideLive\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}\n* In 1925, the first [State Fair Classic](/wiki/State_Fair_Classic \"State Fair Classic\") is played.\n* In 1929, TX\\-OU play their [Red River Rivalry](/wiki/Red_River_Shootout \"Red River Shootout\") here for the first time.\n* In 1930, construction of a new Fair Park Stadium (now known as the [Cotton Bowl](/wiki/Cotton_Bowl_%28stadium%29 \"Cotton Bowl (stadium)\")) begins.\n* In 1932, TX\\-OU play their Red River Rivalry for the first time at the new Fair Park Stadium.\n* In 1937, the first [Cotton Bowl Classic](/wiki/Cotton_Bowl_Classic \"Cotton Bowl Classic\") is played in Fair Park.\n* [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") cancelled fairs from 1942 to 1944\\. By September 1945, the fair resumed for the next 75 years unhitched.\n* Big Tex makes his first appearance in 1952\\.\n* In 1955, a seat filled with members of the Memphis High School marching band broke free from the top of a 92\\-foot Sky Wheel, killing a 15\\-year\\-old girl.{{cite web\\|title\\=Ferris Wheel Seat Plunges Killing Girl\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1243\\&dat\\=19551012\\&id\\=mGZYAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3852,431186\\&hl\\=en\\|website\\=www.news.google.com/newspapers\\|publisher\\=The Bulletin\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2015}} Also that year, a [Denton, Texas](/wiki/Denton%2C_Texas \"Denton, Texas\"), high school senior, Doris Mae Dukes, was named *Miss Bronze Texas* from among 15 Texas high school and college contestants during the fair's \"Negro Achievement Day\". The award was presented by a [Neiman Marcus](/wiki/Neiman_Marcus \"Neiman Marcus\") official.{{cite news\\|title\\=Miss Bronze Texas\\|work\\=\\[\\[Denton Record\\-Chronicle]]\\|date\\=October 31, 1955\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/5200078/?terms\\=miss%2Bbronze%2Bof%2Btexas\\|page\\=5\\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2020}}\n* In 1956 the [Trailblazer](/wiki/Trailblazer_%28monorail%29 \"Trailblazer (monorail)\") monorail began operation at Fair Park from 1956 to 1964\\. It was the first commercially operated monorail system in the United States.{{cite news\\|title\\=Historic Texas Monorail Car Now a Home\\|work\\=\\[\\[The News\\-Press]]\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/118529565/?terms\\=trailblazer%2Bmonorail\\|date\\=June 10, 2012\\|page\\=F8\\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2020}}\n* [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\") performs in the Cotton Bowl during the fair in 1956\\.\n[thumb\\|[Texas Star](/wiki/Texas_Star \"Texas Star\") [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") at night](/wiki/File:Texas_Star_-_Texas_State_Fair.JPG \"Texas Star - Texas State Fair.JPG\")\n* In 1960, the [Dallas Texans](/wiki/Dallas_Texans_%28AFL%29 \"Dallas Texans (AFL)\") ([AFL](/wiki/American_Football_League \"American Football League\")) and the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\") ([NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\")) play their first season in the Cotton Bowl.\n* In 1964 the monorail closed and was replaced by the Swiss Sky Ride, a 64 car aerial ride that traveled over a 3,800 foot path (the longest ever built).\n* In 1966, the State Fair commissioned a report on the redevelopment of the fair, which concluded that the land around Fair Park should be 'bought up and turned into a paved, lighted, fenced parking lot\" that would 'eliminate the problem from sight'. \"If the poor Negroes in their shacks cannot be seen, all the guilt feelings…will disappear, or at least be removed from primary consideration\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663026/m1/78/\\|title\\=University of North Texas Digital Library, \"Fair Park Expansion: A Case Study of Political Bias and Protest in Urban Politics\", Davies, Elizabeth Durham. Accessed August 25, 2016\\.\\|date\\=August 1974\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}\n* In 1979, a Sky Ride accident occurred during the last day of the fair, prompting the removal of the attraction.\n* In 1983, an 18\\-year\\-old boy was killed and several bystanders were injured when a gondola fell off the [Enterprise](/wiki/Enterprise_%28ride%29 \"Enterprise (ride)\").\n* In 1985 the [Texas Star](/wiki/Texas_Star \"Texas Star\") opens as the largest [ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") in North America.\n* In 1989, The Comet Roller Coaster, a Fair Park landmark since 1947, is torn down.\n* Following the 2001 [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"), [Dallas police](/wiki/Dallas_police \"Dallas police\") and State Fair officials announce the implementation of new security measures during the annual event.\n* In 2005, the Fried Peanut Butter, Jelly and Banana Sandwich is introduced to the fair.\n[thumb\\|The [Texas Star](/wiki/Texas_Star \"Texas Star\") ferris wheel ride](/wiki/File:Texas-Star-4146.jpg \"Texas-Star-4146.jpg\")\n* In 2007 the Texas Skyway aerial ride opens in Fair Park.\n* In 2010, the 8000 ft Greenhouse on the Midway is built to house 1000 hanging baskets, beehives, and [Farmer Mike](/wiki/Farmer_Mike \"Farmer Mike\") the Pumpkin Carver.\n* Fairgoers spent more than $37 million in 2010 which broke the fair's record.\n* On November 14, 2011 – State Fair of Texas filed its 2010 IRS Form 990 Tax Return.[IRS 990 Year 2010 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, \"State Fair of Texas\"](http://207.153.189.83/EINS/756002511/756002511_2010_07d2d87a.PDF)\n* On October 19, 2012, [Big Tex](/wiki/Big_Tex \"Big Tex\") caught on fire, burning it down to the skeletal frame, with only the right arm remaining.\n* On November 15, 2012 – State Fair of Texas filed its 2011 IRS Form 990 Tax Return.[IRS 990 Year 2011 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, \"State Fair of Texas\"](http://207.153.189.83/EINS/756002511/756002511_2011_08de6c30.PDF)\n* In 2013:\n\t+ The State Fair opened a brand new attraction – a 500\\-foot observation tower called \"Top o' Texas Tower\" – as part of a renovation of part of the Midway called \"Summer Adventures at Fair Park.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dallas.culturemap.com/news/entertainment/07\\-02\\-13\\-top\\-o\\-texas\\-tower\\-ride\\-fair\\-park\\-state\\-fair/\\|title\\=Get your thrills on the $12 million adrenaline rush now open at Fair Park\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}} The \"Tower\" now operates only 24 days a year, despite a construction cost of over $11 million.\n\t+ The State Fair also operated Summer Adventures in Fair Park, a beach\\-themed amusement park from May to August 2013\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fairpark.org/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=216\\|title\\=Fair Park}}\n\t+ Despite a $30 million investment in Summer Adventures, the event was shuttered after just one season.\n\t+ Jim Schutze of the Dallas Observer wrote, \"The sudden collapse of a $30 million venture has to be some kind of red flag, some indication that it's time to re\\-examine the whole thing.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/fair\\-parks\\-summer\\-amusement\\-venture\\-is\\-dead\\-is\\-anyone\\-surprised\\-7126192\\|title\\=Fair Park's Summer Amusement Venture Is Dead. Is Anyone Surprised?\\|first\\=Jim\\|last\\=Schutze\\|date\\=21 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}\n\t+ A new Big Tex statue was unveiled the day before the fair opened.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Big\\-Tex\\-Makes\\-His\\-Debut\\-One\\-Day\\-Early\\-\\-225380402\\.html\\|title\\=Big Tex Makes His Debut One Day Early\\|date\\=26 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}\n* On November 12, 2013 – State Fair of Texas filed its 2012 IRS Form 990 Tax Return.[IRS 990 Year 2012 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, \"State Fair of Texas\"](http://207.153.189.83/EINS/756002511/756002511_2012_09d70766.PDF)\n* In 2014:\n\t+ In September 2014, a blue ribbon task force appointed by Mayor Mike Rawlings submitted a report on the rejuvenation of Fair Park.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/metro/20140903\\-dallas\\-council\\-enthusiastic\\-about\\-proposal\\-to\\-privatize\\-fair\\-park.ece\\|title\\=Dallas council enthusiastic about proposal to privatize Fair Park\\|date\\=3 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}} The Mayor's Task Force plan envisions a public\\-private partnership led by a non profit organization to be charged with over arching powers to control the revitalization of Fair Park, including the State Fair of Texas.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://fairpark.org/pdfs/mayors\\-task\\-force\\-report.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013215935/http://fairpark.org/pdfs/mayors\\-task\\-force\\-report.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-13}} Architect/City planner Antonio Di Mambro, with international experience in infrastructure planning and neighborhood revitalization, encouraged the Mayor to use the Task Force report as a building block for constructive dialogue with residents, stakeholders and the neighborhoods around Fair Park.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/latest\\-columns/20140909\\-include\\-edges\\-in\\-fair\\-park\\-revitalization.ece\\|title\\=Include edges in Fair Park revitalization\\|date\\=9 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}} Following the presentation of the Task Force Plan, Mayor Mike Rawlings said, \"I felt passion by all the council and park board members that they want Fair Park to be all it can be and they're interested in taking this big challenge on\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nbcdfw.com/entertainment/the\\-scene/Dallas\\-Leaders\\-Praise\\-New\\-Fair\\-Park\\-Plan\\-273857481\\.html\\|title\\=Dallas Leaders Praise New Fair Park Plan\\|date\\=4 September 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}\n\t+ October – State Fair comes under fire for spending over $5 million on attorneys fees to two insiders.\n\t+ November 7, 2014 \\-State Fair of Texas filed its 2013 IRS Form 990 Tax Return, indicating a loss of over $2 million for the reporting period.[IRS 990 Year 2013 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, \"State Fair of Texas\"](http://207.153.189.83/EINS/756002511/756002511_2013_0b081bf8.PDF)\\* In 2015:\n\t+ In March 2015, the State Fair pushed back on any notion of tightening up the footprint of its current operation. *Dallas Morning News* reporter Robert Wilonsky called the State Fair's response \"rather dramatic\" The article also quoted Stephen Page of the closed Texas Museum of Automotive History from 2012 as saying, \"The City's requirement that tenants vacate the majority of the buildings in Fair Park during the State Fair is the principal reason for Fair Park's ongoing decline.\" Wilonsky also quoted a 'prominent member of the Mayor's Task Force' as suggesting privately \"that the State Fair's presence at Fair Park also needs to be greatly reduced.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/metro/20150326\\-plan\\-to\\-reduce\\-state\\-fair\\-space\\-would\\-end\\-its\\-run\\-official\\-says.ece\\|title\\=Plan to reduce State Fair space would end its run, official says\\|date\\=26 March 2015\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}\n\t+ In May 2015, the Park and Recreation Board voted unanimously to recommend and approve the Mayor's Task Force Plan and recommended that underground parking structures be built rather than as initially recommended by the Task Force.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2015/05/dallas\\-park\\-board\\-has\\-signed\\-off\\-on\\-rawlings\\-task\\-forces\\-proposal\\-to\\-privatize\\-fair\\-park.html/\\|title\\=Dallas Park Board has signed off on Rawlings task force's proposal to privatize Fair Park\\|date\\=23 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}}\n\t+ In August 2015, the State Fair was sanctioned more than $75,000 for filing a [SLAPP](/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation \"Strategic lawsuit against public participation\") suit against a lawyer who had requested financial documents from the State Fair.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2015/08/judge\\-says\\-the\\-state\\-fair\\-of\\-texas\\-slaap\\-ed\\-attorney\\-who\\-wants\\-to\\-see\\-big\\-texs\\-checkbook.html\\|title\\=Judge sanctions State Fair of Texas after it sued lawyer who wants to see Big Tex's checkbook\\|date\\=14 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017}} On August 2, 2016, the Dallas Court of Appeals reversed in its entirety the judgment against the State Fair of Texas, holding that the trial court erred in, among other things, finding that the State Fair's lawsuit was a SLAPP suit.\n* On September 9, 2017, [Charlie Daniels](/wiki/Charlie_Daniels \"Charlie Daniels\") performed and played his famous song *[The Devil Went Down to Georgia](/wiki/The_Devil_Went_Down_to_Georgia \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\")*.\n* On September 5, 2019, the State Fair of Texas was ordered by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas at Dallas to compensate Riggs \\& Ray, P.C. for its appeal of the August 2, 2016 ruling.{{cite web \\|title\\=Riggs \\& Ray, P.C. v. State Fair of Texas Appeal from 116th Judicial District Court of Dallas County (memorandum opinion) \\|url\\=https://law.justia.com/cases/texas/fifth\\-court\\-of\\-appeals/2019/05\\-17\\-00973\\-cv.html \\|website\\=Justia \\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2019}}\n* On July 7, 2020, it was announced that due to [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"), the State Fair of Texas was cancelled for the first time since [WWII](/wiki/WWII \"WWII\"). This was the first cancellation in 76 years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts\\-entertainment/2020/07/07/the\\-state\\-fair\\-of\\-texas\\-is\\-officially\\-canceled/\\|title \\= The State Fair of Texas is officially canceled\\|date \\= 7 July 2020}}[thumb\\|Big Tex wearing a mask during the 2020 pandemic](/wiki/File:State_Fair_2020.jpg \"State Fair 2020.jpg\")\n* The State Fair operated as a Drive\\-Thru event due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Photo ops were offered with a masked Big Tex.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Austin \\|first\\=Taylor \\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-27 \\|title\\=State Fair of Texas Announces Special 2020 Big Tex Fair Food Drive\\-Thru Event \\|url\\=https://bigtex.com/state\\-fair\\-of\\-tx\\-announces\\-food\\-event/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-20 \\|website\\=State Fair of Texas \\|language\\=en\\-US}}\n* In September 2021, the fair resumed after a one\\-year hiatus.", "" ]
Modernity --------- As of the 2017–2018 alignments from UIL, TAPPS, TAIAO, TCAF, and T\-CAL, the state of Texas has 262 six\-man football teams (69 in UIL Division I,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uiltexas.org/files/alignments/6m\-1a\-1\-2012\.pdf\|title\=Alignments\|publisher\=uiltexas.org}} 69 in UIL Division II,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uiltexas.org/files/alignments/6m\-1a\-2\-2012\.pdf\|title\=Alignments\|publisher\=uiltexas.org}} 52 in TAPPS{{cite web \|url\=http://divisiondistrictreport.tappster.com/bransonsoft/shared/appGo.asp?what\=report\&appIsPopup\=1 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-27 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523184647/http://divisiondistrictreport.tappster.com/bransonsoft/shared/appGo.asp?what\=report\&appIsPopup\=1 \|archive\-date\=2013\-05\-23 }} 19 in TAIAO, 18 in TCAF and 17 in T\-CAL).{{Cite web \|url\=http://t\-cal.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std\-content/repos/Top/TCAL%20Football%20District%20Alignments%20and%20Playoff%202013\-2014%20School%20Year.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2014\-03\-20 \|archive\-date\=2014\-03\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185537/http://t\-cal.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std\-content/repos/Top/TCAL%20Football%20District%20Alignments%20and%20Playoff%202013\-2014%20School%20Year.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} Texas Charter School Academic and Athletic League (TCSAAL) held its inaugural Six\-Man Football Varsity State Championship on November 20, 2015, at East View High School in Georgetown, Texas, in which Inspired Vision Academy defeated West Columbia Charter School for the championship. TCSAAL held its second annual Six\-Man Football State Championship on November 14, 2016, at Warrior Stadium at South Grand Prairie High School in Grand Prairie. Inspired Vision Academy lost to UME Preparatory Academy 999\-0 (the scoreboard could only display three digits) for their second consecutive TCSAAL Six\-Man Varsity State Championship. The state of Florida has 32 teams playing six\-man football in the Florida Christian Association of Private and Parochial Schools. FCAPPS comprises small Christian or private schools and at least one home\-school cooperative. Teams in the conference are as far south as the Florida Keys to as far north as Jacksonville. The state of Alabama has eight teams playing as part of the Christian Football Association (www.cfafootball.org) which is a sister organization to the Alabama Christian Education Athletic Association (ACEAA). The state of Colorado has 23 teams currently playing six\-man football, with the majority of teams being from small towns located in eastern Colorado. As of 2013, Idaho has two teams that play six\-man football; they play against makeshift junior varsity teams or teams in Montana. Idaho has not sanctioned six\-man football, but approved it for a pilot program. It was made particularly for schools that were small and too far removed geographically to have a reasonable co\-operative program with a neighboring school. Idaho did play six\-man football in the 1940s. The sport is also played by high schools in [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas"), [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana"), [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico"), [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota "North Dakota"), [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon"), and [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming "Wyoming"), and in parts of Canada. As of 2013, no leagues (professional, semiprofessional, or amateur) play the game past the high\-school level. The last one, the [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio "San Antonio")\-based [Texas Sixman Football League](/wiki/Texas_Sixman_Football_League "Texas Sixman Football League"), converted to [eight\-man football](/wiki/Eight-man_football "Eight-man football") after the 2012 season. The Central Florida\-based Southeastern Christian Association of Sixman Football ceased operations in the late 2000s, and the Pennsylvania 6\-Man Football League also converted to eight\-man around the same time.{{cite news\|title\=Sixman Football is the newest and fastest growing sports\|url\=http://www.rmhdet.org/id6\.html\|access\-date\=27 January 2016\|work\=rmhde}} Currently, a women's league is playing six\-(wo)man football – the Independent Women's Football League. [IWFL](https://www.sportanddev.org/en/organisation/independent-womens-football-league-iwfl) In 2024, [The Arena League](/wiki/The_Arena_League "The Arena League") launched a professional league under the six\-man format. The Arena League plays on a standard [indoor American football](/wiki/Indoor_American_football "Indoor American football") field but without goalposts (and thus no kicking).{{cite web \|title\=Rules \|url\=https://thearenaleague.football/ \|website\=The Arena League \|access\-date\=7 April 2023}}
[ "Modernity\n---------", "As of the 2017–2018 alignments from UIL, TAPPS, TAIAO, TCAF, and T\\-CAL, the state of Texas has 262 six\\-man football teams (69 in UIL Division I,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uiltexas.org/files/alignments/6m\\-1a\\-1\\-2012\\.pdf\\|title\\=Alignments\\|publisher\\=uiltexas.org}} 69 in UIL Division II,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uiltexas.org/files/alignments/6m\\-1a\\-2\\-2012\\.pdf\\|title\\=Alignments\\|publisher\\=uiltexas.org}} 52 in TAPPS{{cite web \\|url\\=http://divisiondistrictreport.tappster.com/bransonsoft/shared/appGo.asp?what\\=report\\&appIsPopup\\=1 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523184647/http://divisiondistrictreport.tappster.com/bransonsoft/shared/appGo.asp?what\\=report\\&appIsPopup\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-23 }} 19 in TAIAO, 18 in TCAF and 17 in T\\-CAL).{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://t\\-cal.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std\\-content/repos/Top/TCAL%20Football%20District%20Alignments%20and%20Playoff%202013\\-2014%20School%20Year.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185537/http://t\\-cal.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std\\-content/repos/Top/TCAL%20Football%20District%20Alignments%20and%20Playoff%202013\\-2014%20School%20Year.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Texas Charter School Academic and Athletic League (TCSAAL) held its inaugural Six\\-Man Football Varsity State Championship on November 20, 2015, at East View High School in Georgetown, Texas, in which Inspired Vision Academy defeated West Columbia Charter School for the championship.", "TCSAAL held its second annual Six\\-Man Football State Championship on November 14, 2016, at Warrior Stadium at South Grand Prairie High School in Grand Prairie. Inspired Vision Academy lost to UME Preparatory Academy 999\\-0 (the scoreboard could only display three digits) for their second consecutive TCSAAL Six\\-Man Varsity State Championship.", "The state of Florida has 32 teams playing six\\-man football in the Florida Christian Association of Private and Parochial Schools. FCAPPS comprises small Christian or private schools and at least one home\\-school cooperative. Teams in the conference are as far south as the Florida Keys to as far north as Jacksonville.", "The state of Alabama has eight teams playing as part of the Christian Football Association (www.cfafootball.org) which is a sister organization to the Alabama Christian Education Athletic Association (ACEAA).", "The state of Colorado has 23 teams currently playing six\\-man football, with the majority of teams being from small towns located in eastern Colorado.", "As of 2013, Idaho has two teams that play six\\-man football; they play against makeshift junior varsity teams or teams in Montana. Idaho has not sanctioned six\\-man football, but approved it for a pilot program. It was made particularly for schools that were small and too far removed geographically to have a reasonable co\\-operative program with a neighboring school. Idaho did play six\\-man football in the 1940s.", "The sport is also played by high schools in [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\"), [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\"), [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"), [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota \"North Dakota\"), [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\"), and [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming \"Wyoming\"), and in parts of Canada.", "As of 2013, no leagues (professional, semiprofessional, or amateur) play the game past the high\\-school level. The last one, the [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio \"San Antonio\")\\-based [Texas Sixman Football League](/wiki/Texas_Sixman_Football_League \"Texas Sixman Football League\"), converted to [eight\\-man football](/wiki/Eight-man_football \"Eight-man football\") after the 2012 season. The Central Florida\\-based Southeastern Christian Association of Sixman Football ceased operations in the late 2000s, and the Pennsylvania 6\\-Man Football League also converted to eight\\-man around the same time.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sixman Football is the newest and fastest growing sports\\|url\\=http://www.rmhdet.org/id6\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2016\\|work\\=rmhde}}", "Currently, a women's league is playing six\\-(wo)man football – the Independent Women's Football League. [IWFL](https://www.sportanddev.org/en/organisation/independent-womens-football-league-iwfl)", "In 2024, [The Arena League](/wiki/The_Arena_League \"The Arena League\") launched a professional league under the six\\-man format. The Arena League plays on a standard [indoor American football](/wiki/Indoor_American_football \"Indoor American football\") field but without goalposts (and thus no kicking).{{cite web \\|title\\=Rules \\|url\\=https://thearenaleague.football/ \\|website\\=The Arena League \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2023}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Wyland was born in [Jackson, Michigan](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Michigan "Jackson, Michigan") to parents Vernon and Beth Wyland. Her family moved to [Penfield, New York](/wiki/Penfield%2C_New_York "Penfield, New York"), where she was coached in diving by Betty Perkins\-Carpenter from the age of six. When she was 14, she moved to [Mission Viejo, California](/wiki/Mission_Viejo%2C_California "Mission Viejo, California") to train under Hall of Fame coach Ron O'Brien. She competed as a member of the Mission Viejo Nadadores Diving Team. While attending Florida Atlantic University at Boca Raton, Florida, Wyland trained for the 1988 Olympics at Mission Bay under O'Brien and alongside fellow athletes Greg Louganis, Michele Mitchell and Kent Ferguson. Wyland was *Swimming World* magazine's World Platform Diver of the Year in 1982 and 1983\. She moved back to [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York "Rochester, New York") in the mid\-1990s, where she ran the [Webster](/wiki/Webster%2C_New_York "Webster, New York") Aquatic Center and then was the head swimming and diving coach pool manager at [Rochester Institute of Technology](/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology "Rochester Institute of Technology"). She died unexpectedly in [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York "Rochester, New York"). An annual competition, The Wendy Wyland Invitational, bears her name in memorial. Wyland was engaged to Chad Anthony Lucero in May 1990\. She married David van der Woude in 2000 and had one child with him. Wyland suffered from migraine headaches and dizzy spells for 22 months before her death. She died suddenly during sleep; an autopsy was performed but was inconclusive about cause of death.{{cite web \| url \= http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2004\-03\-05/news/0403050137\_1\_wendy\-wyland\-tim\-o\-brien\-junior\-olympic \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20120708125100/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2004\-03\-05/news/0403050137\_1\_wendy\-wyland\-tim\-o\-brien\-junior\-olympic \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= July 8, 2012 \| title \= Invitational Honors Late Champ Wyland \| author \= Sharon Robb \| work \= Sun Sentinel \| location \= Fort Lauderdale, Florida \| date \= March 5, 2004 \| accessdate \= 2012\-02\-18 }} Wyland was survived by her husband David VanDerWoude, her stepdaughter Carley, and daughter Abigayle. Wyland was buried in the Webster Union Cemetery, Webster, New York. Her husband established the Wendy Wyland Scholarship Fund for divers in financial need of college scholarships. She was included in *People* magazine's "50 most beautiful people" in 1990 and was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 2001\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Wyland was born in [Jackson, Michigan](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Michigan \"Jackson, Michigan\") to parents Vernon and Beth Wyland. Her family moved to [Penfield, New York](/wiki/Penfield%2C_New_York \"Penfield, New York\"), where she was coached in diving by Betty Perkins\\-Carpenter from the age of six. When she was 14, she moved to [Mission Viejo, California](/wiki/Mission_Viejo%2C_California \"Mission Viejo, California\") to train under Hall of Fame coach Ron O'Brien. She competed as a member of the Mission Viejo Nadadores Diving Team. While attending Florida Atlantic University at Boca Raton, Florida, Wyland trained for the 1988 Olympics at Mission Bay under O'Brien and alongside fellow athletes Greg Louganis, Michele Mitchell and Kent Ferguson. Wyland was *Swimming World* magazine's World Platform Diver of the Year in 1982 and 1983\\.", "She moved back to [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York \"Rochester, New York\") in the mid\\-1990s, where she ran the [Webster](/wiki/Webster%2C_New_York \"Webster, New York\") Aquatic Center and then was the head swimming and diving coach pool manager at [Rochester Institute of Technology](/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology \"Rochester Institute of Technology\"). She died unexpectedly in [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York \"Rochester, New York\"). An annual competition, The Wendy Wyland Invitational, bears her name in memorial.", "Wyland was engaged to Chad Anthony Lucero in May 1990\\. She married David van der Woude in 2000 and had one child with him.", "Wyland suffered from migraine headaches and dizzy spells for 22 months before her death. She died suddenly during sleep; an autopsy was performed but was inconclusive about cause of death.{{cite web\n \\| url \\= http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2004\\-03\\-05/news/0403050137\\_1\\_wendy\\-wyland\\-tim\\-o\\-brien\\-junior\\-olympic\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20120708125100/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2004\\-03\\-05/news/0403050137\\_1\\_wendy\\-wyland\\-tim\\-o\\-brien\\-junior\\-olympic\n \\| url\\-status \\= dead\n \\| archive\\-date \\= July 8, 2012\n \\| title \\= Invitational Honors Late Champ Wyland\n \\| author \\= Sharon Robb\n \\| work \\= Sun Sentinel\n \\| location \\= Fort Lauderdale, Florida\n \\| date \\= March 5, 2004\n \\| accessdate \\= 2012\\-02\\-18\n}} Wyland was survived by her husband David VanDerWoude, her stepdaughter Carley, and daughter Abigayle. Wyland was buried in the Webster Union Cemetery, Webster, New York. Her husband established the Wendy Wyland Scholarship Fund for divers in financial need of college scholarships.", "She was included in *People* magazine's \"50 most beautiful people\" in 1990 and was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 2001\\.", "" ]
History ------- The devastation caused by the [Black Death in England](/wiki/Black_Death_in_England "Black Death in England") of the 1340s included the loss of perhaps half of the population; [Bishop Bateman](/wiki/William_Bateman_%28bishop%29 "William Bateman (bishop)") himself lost nearly 700 of his parish priests, and so his decision to found a college was probably centred on a need to rebuild the priesthood. The site that Bateman chose was the original site of [Gonville Hall](/wiki/Gonville_Hall "Gonville Hall"), which had been founded three years earlier, but was financially struggling. Bateman's clerical aim for the Hall is reflected in the foundation of 1350, when he stated that the college's aim was "the promotion of divine worship and of [canon](/wiki/Canon_law "Canon law") and civil science and direction of the commonwealth and especially of our church and [diocese of Norwich](/wiki/Diocese_of_Norwich "Diocese of Norwich")." This led the college to be particularly strong in legal studies, a tradition that has continued over the centuries.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/about/college/detail.asp?ItemID\=2340\|title\=Trinity Hall \-\|work\=cam.ac.uk}} At first all colleges in Cambridge were known as "Halls" or "Houses" and then later changed their names from "Hall" to "College". However, when [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England "Henry VIII of England") founded [Trinity College](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge "Trinity College, Cambridge") next door, it became clear that Trinity Hall would continue being known as a Hall. The new foundation's name may have been a punishment for the college's master, [Stephen Gardiner](/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner "Stephen Gardiner"), who had opposed the king's remarriage and had endured much of the college's land being removed. It is incorrect to call it Trinity Hall College, although Trinity Hall college (lower case) is, strictly speaking, accurate. A similar situation had existed once before when [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England "Henry VI of England") founded King's College (in 1441\) despite the existence of [King's Hall](/wiki/King%27s_Hall%2C_Cambridge "King's Hall, Cambridge") (founded in 1317\). King's Hall was later incorporated in the foundation of Trinity College in 1546\. Trinity Hall, in addition to having a chapel, also had joint usage of the Church of St John Zacharias with [Clare Hall](/wiki/Clare_College%2C_Cambridge "Clare College, Cambridge"), until the church was demolished to enable the construction of [King's College](/wiki/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge "King's College, Cambridge") in the 15th century. After this, the college was granted usage of the nearby [Church of St Edward, King and Martyr](/wiki/St_Edward_King_and_Martyr%2C_Cambridge "St Edward King and Martyr, Cambridge") on [Peas Hill](/wiki/Peas_Hill "Peas Hill"), a connection which remains to this day. ### Allegations of misconduct #### 2015–2020 allegations of sexual misconduct In 2019 and 2020, the College experienced unwelcome publicity after the reporting of allegations of sexual misconduct scandals involving Dr William O’Reilly, the former Acting Senior Tutor, and Dr Peter Hutchinson, a former fellow. In 2015, 10 students submitted formal complaints of verbal sexual harassment by Dr Peter Hutchinson, a college fellow. Hutchinson was asked, and agreed, to withdraw permanently from further teaching and from attending social events at which students might be present.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement\-of\-clarification/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219222656/https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement\-of\-clarification/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=19 December 2019 \|title\=Statement of clarification \|date\= 24 October 2019 \|publisher\=Trinity Hall}} However, due to an alleged error by the College in 2017, Hutchinson was invited to a college event, which was also open to students. His attendance was in breach of the prior agreement and resulted in an outcry among students and alumni. Thereafter, in 2019, a formal agreement as to what events Hutchinson could attend was approved by the Governing Body. He remained an [Emeritus Fellow](/wiki/Emeritus "Emeritus") of the College. This resulted in further protest from students and alumni as well as more widespread coverage.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/cambridge\-harassment\-row\-fuels\-call\-to\-reform\-colleges\-system \|title\=Cambridge harassment row fuels calls to reform college system \|date\=24 October 2019 \|work\=The Guardian }} *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* called it "a gross betrayal to (sic) the students" and "a dangerous environment for women students to study".{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/oct/22/cambridge\-isnt\-the\-only\-university\-to\-fail\-at\-handling\-sexual\-misconduct\-complaints \|title\=Cambridge isn't the only university to fail at handling sexual misconduct complaints \|date\=24 October 2019 \|work\=The Guardian }} It was reported in November 2019 that Hutchinson had resigned.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education\-50314762 \| title\=Cambridge University academic resigns after Trinity Hall row \|work\=BBC News\|date\=6 November 2019}} In February 2020, a *[Tortoise Media](/wiki/Tortoise_Media "Tortoise Media")* investigation alleged that William O’Reilly, the Acting Senior Tutor, had seriously mishandled a disciplinary process of a student he had a "close relationship" with, who was the subject of multiple allegations of sexual assault.{{cite web \|url\=https://members.tortoisemedia.com/2020/02/18/campus\-justice\-trinity\-hall/content.html \|title\=A college with secrets \|date\= 18 February 2020 \|publisher\=Tortoise}} *Tortoise* reported that O’Reilly himself had given witness testimony on behalf of the student at the disciplinary hearings into the assaults. Moreover, during this disciplinary process O'Reilly was himself the subject of a further allegation of sexual assault, which he denied. *Tortoise* reported that the College's Master, [Jeremy Morris](/wiki/Jeremy_Morris "Jeremy Morris"), had been made aware of the allegations against O'Reilly, but had allowed him to continue teaching for a further five months and oversee the student disciplinary process until the complaints were investigated by police. *Tortoise* alleged that as of the date of publication, no formal investigation had been made into this complaint, and no safeguarding measures had been put in place. In February 2020, Morris and O’Reilly agreed to "step back" from their roles in college pending investigation.{{cite web\| last\= Chae\| first\= Howard\| url\= https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/18787\| title\= Trinity Hall Master and accused Fellow to stand down pending investigation\| website\= \[\[Varsity (Cambridge)\|Varsity]]\| date\= 22 February 2020\| access\-date\= 10 July 2020}} In March 2020, the Governing Body authorised an immediate independent external inquiry into the College’s handling of all allegations raised and matters referred to in the *Tortoise* article, to be led by Gemma White QC.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement\-from\-trinity\-hall\-12\-03\-2020/ \|title\=Statement from Trinity Hall \|date\= 12 March 2020 \|publisher\=Trinity Hall}} The inquiry recommended Trinity Hall consider disciplinary action against Morris in relation to his handling of one allegation. Morris resigned as Master in August 2021\.{{cite news \|title\=Cambridge University college master resigns over handling of sex complaints \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-cambridgeshire\-58396360 \|access\-date\=31 August 2021 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=31 August 2021}} In September 2022 the College published White's report alongside a response document that that indicated the actions it had taken to make improvements to the structures and culture of the institution.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/college\-statement\-on\-gemma\-white\-qcs\-report\-for\-publication/ \| title\=College Statement on Gemma White QC's Report for Publication }} #### 2018–2023 allegations of plagiarism In June 2023, allegations of plagiarism by O'Reilly publicly emerged, having been first reported to the university in 2021\. Documents shown to the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* showed how nearly half of O'Reilly's published article '[Fredrick Jackson Turner](/wiki/Fredrick_Jackson_Turner "Fredrick Jackson Turner")’s Frontier Thesis, [Orientalism](/wiki/Orientalism "Orientalism"), and the Austrian Militärgrenze' in a 2018 volume of the *[Journal of Austrian\-American History](/wiki/Journal_of_Austrian-American_History "Journal of Austrian-American History")* had been plagiarised from the work of a third\-year undergraduate. O'Reilly had been responsible for marking the student's work and had commented that it "coined an original narrative." After a two\-year investigation by the University, the plagiarism was found by a tribunal to be “the product of negligent acts but was not deliberate”. O'Reilly remained in post but [Penn State University Press](/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press "Penn State University Press"), the journal's publisher, retracted the paper concerned saying that it presented "material without credit." O'Reilly did not contest or dispute the retraction.{{cite news \|last1\=Cook \|first1\=Chris \|last2\=Staton \|first2\=Bethan \|title\=Cambridge professor remains in post despite plagiarism \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/ae7f16ae\-95ab\-4aae\-a676\-0748e3e61b6d \|access\-date\=19 June 2023 \|work\=Financial Times \|date\=16 June 2023}}{{cite news \|last1\=McGuirk \|first1\=Colm \|title\=Irish Cambridge Professor Who Plagiarised Student's Work Keeps Job \|url\=https://extra.ie/2023/06/18/news/irish\-cambridge\-professor\-copied\-student\-work \|access\-date\=19 June 2023 \|date\=18 June 2023}}
[ "History\n-------", "The devastation caused by the [Black Death in England](/wiki/Black_Death_in_England \"Black Death in England\") of the 1340s included the loss of perhaps half of the population; [Bishop Bateman](/wiki/William_Bateman_%28bishop%29 \"William Bateman (bishop)\") himself lost nearly 700 of his parish priests, and so his decision to found a college was probably centred on a need to rebuild the priesthood. The site that Bateman chose was the original site of [Gonville Hall](/wiki/Gonville_Hall \"Gonville Hall\"), which had been founded three years earlier, but was financially struggling. Bateman's clerical aim for the Hall is reflected in the foundation of 1350, when he stated that the college's aim was \"the promotion of divine worship and of [canon](/wiki/Canon_law \"Canon law\") and civil science and direction of the commonwealth and especially of our church and [diocese of Norwich](/wiki/Diocese_of_Norwich \"Diocese of Norwich\").\" This led the college to be particularly strong in legal studies, a tradition that has continued over the centuries.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/about/college/detail.asp?ItemID\\=2340\\|title\\=Trinity Hall \\-\\|work\\=cam.ac.uk}}", "At first all colleges in Cambridge were known as \"Halls\" or \"Houses\" and then later changed their names from \"Hall\" to \"College\". However, when [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England \"Henry VIII of England\") founded [Trinity College](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge \"Trinity College, Cambridge\") next door, it became clear that Trinity Hall would continue being known as a Hall. The new foundation's name may have been a punishment for the college's master, [Stephen Gardiner](/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner \"Stephen Gardiner\"), who had opposed the king's remarriage and had endured much of the college's land being removed. It is incorrect to call it Trinity Hall College, although Trinity Hall college (lower case) is, strictly speaking, accurate. A similar situation had existed once before when [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England \"Henry VI of England\") founded King's College (in 1441\\) despite the existence of [King's Hall](/wiki/King%27s_Hall%2C_Cambridge \"King's Hall, Cambridge\") (founded in 1317\\). King's Hall was later incorporated in the foundation of Trinity College in 1546\\.", "Trinity Hall, in addition to having a chapel, also had joint usage of the Church of St John Zacharias with [Clare Hall](/wiki/Clare_College%2C_Cambridge \"Clare College, Cambridge\"), until the church was demolished to enable the construction of [King's College](/wiki/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge \"King's College, Cambridge\") in the 15th century. After this, the college was granted usage of the nearby [Church of St Edward, King and Martyr](/wiki/St_Edward_King_and_Martyr%2C_Cambridge \"St Edward King and Martyr, Cambridge\") on [Peas Hill](/wiki/Peas_Hill \"Peas Hill\"), a connection which remains to this day.", "### Allegations of misconduct", "#### 2015–2020 allegations of sexual misconduct", "In 2019 and 2020, the College experienced unwelcome publicity after the reporting of allegations of sexual misconduct scandals involving Dr William O’Reilly, the former Acting Senior Tutor, and Dr Peter Hutchinson, a former fellow.", "In 2015, 10 students submitted formal complaints of verbal sexual harassment by Dr Peter Hutchinson, a college fellow. Hutchinson was asked, and agreed, to withdraw permanently from further teaching and from attending social events at which students might be present.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement\\-of\\-clarification/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219222656/https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement\\-of\\-clarification/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=19 December 2019 \\|title\\=Statement of clarification \\|date\\= 24 October 2019 \\|publisher\\=Trinity Hall}} However, due to an alleged error by the College in 2017, Hutchinson was invited to a college event, which was also open to students. His attendance was in breach of the prior agreement and resulted in an outcry among students and alumni.", "Thereafter, in 2019, a formal agreement as to what events Hutchinson could attend was approved by the Governing Body. He remained an [Emeritus Fellow](/wiki/Emeritus \"Emeritus\") of the College. This resulted in further protest from students and alumni as well as more widespread coverage.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/cambridge\\-harassment\\-row\\-fuels\\-call\\-to\\-reform\\-colleges\\-system \\|title\\=Cambridge harassment row fuels calls to reform college system \\|date\\=24 October 2019 \\|work\\=The Guardian }} *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* called it \"a gross betrayal to (sic) the students\" and \"a dangerous environment for women students to study\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/oct/22/cambridge\\-isnt\\-the\\-only\\-university\\-to\\-fail\\-at\\-handling\\-sexual\\-misconduct\\-complaints \\|title\\=Cambridge isn't the only university to fail at handling sexual misconduct complaints \\|date\\=24 October 2019 \\|work\\=The Guardian }} It was reported in November 2019 that Hutchinson had resigned.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education\\-50314762 \\| title\\=Cambridge University academic resigns after Trinity Hall row \\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=6 November 2019}}", "In February 2020, a *[Tortoise Media](/wiki/Tortoise_Media \"Tortoise Media\")* investigation alleged that William O’Reilly, the Acting Senior Tutor, had seriously mishandled a disciplinary process of a student he had a \"close relationship\" with, who was the subject of multiple allegations of sexual assault.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://members.tortoisemedia.com/2020/02/18/campus\\-justice\\-trinity\\-hall/content.html \\|title\\=A college with secrets \\|date\\= 18 February 2020 \\|publisher\\=Tortoise}} *Tortoise* reported that O’Reilly himself had given witness testimony on behalf of the student at the disciplinary hearings into the assaults. Moreover, during this disciplinary process O'Reilly was himself the subject of a further allegation of sexual assault, which he denied. *Tortoise* reported that the College's Master, [Jeremy Morris](/wiki/Jeremy_Morris \"Jeremy Morris\"), had been made aware of the allegations against O'Reilly, but had allowed him to continue teaching for a further five months and oversee the student disciplinary process until the complaints were investigated by police. *Tortoise* alleged that as of the date of publication, no formal investigation had been made into this complaint, and no safeguarding measures had been put in place.", "In February 2020, Morris and O’Reilly agreed to \"step back\" from their roles in college pending investigation.{{cite web\\| last\\= Chae\\| first\\= Howard\\| url\\= https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/18787\\| title\\= Trinity Hall Master and accused Fellow to stand down pending investigation\\| website\\= \\[\\[Varsity (Cambridge)\\|Varsity]]\\| date\\= 22 February 2020\\| access\\-date\\= 10 July 2020}} In March 2020, the Governing Body authorised an immediate independent external inquiry into the College’s handling of all allegations raised and matters referred to in the *Tortoise* article, to be led by Gemma White QC.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/statement\\-from\\-trinity\\-hall\\-12\\-03\\-2020/ \\|title\\=Statement from Trinity Hall \\|date\\= 12 March 2020 \\|publisher\\=Trinity Hall}} The inquiry recommended Trinity Hall consider disciplinary action against Morris in relation to his handling of one allegation. Morris resigned as Master in August 2021\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Cambridge University college master resigns over handling of sex complaints \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-cambridgeshire\\-58396360 \\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2021 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=31 August 2021}}", "In September 2022 the College published White's report alongside a response document that that indicated the actions it had taken to make improvements to the structures and culture of the institution.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/college\\-statement\\-on\\-gemma\\-white\\-qcs\\-report\\-for\\-publication/ \\| title\\=College Statement on Gemma White QC's Report for Publication }}", "#### 2018–2023 allegations of plagiarism", "In June 2023, allegations of plagiarism by O'Reilly publicly emerged, having been first reported to the university in 2021\\. Documents shown to the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* showed how nearly half of O'Reilly's published article '[Fredrick Jackson Turner](/wiki/Fredrick_Jackson_Turner \"Fredrick Jackson Turner\")’s Frontier Thesis, [Orientalism](/wiki/Orientalism \"Orientalism\"), and the Austrian Militärgrenze' in a 2018 volume of the *[Journal of Austrian\\-American History](/wiki/Journal_of_Austrian-American_History \"Journal of Austrian-American History\")* had been plagiarised from the work of a third\\-year undergraduate. O'Reilly had been responsible for marking the student's work and had commented that it \"coined an original narrative.\" After a two\\-year investigation by the University, the plagiarism was found by a tribunal to be “the product of negligent acts but was not deliberate”. O'Reilly remained in post but [Penn State University Press](/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press \"Penn State University Press\"), the journal's publisher, retracted the paper concerned saying that it presented \"material without credit.\" O'Reilly did not contest or dispute the retraction.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Cook \\|first1\\=Chris \\|last2\\=Staton \\|first2\\=Bethan \\|title\\=Cambridge professor remains in post despite plagiarism \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/ae7f16ae\\-95ab\\-4aae\\-a676\\-0748e3e61b6d \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2023 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|date\\=16 June 2023}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=McGuirk \\|first1\\=Colm \\|title\\=Irish Cambridge Professor Who Plagiarised Student's Work Keeps Job \\|url\\=https://extra.ie/2023/06/18/news/irish\\-cambridge\\-professor\\-copied\\-student\\-work \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2023 \\|date\\=18 June 2023}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Beginnings Leo Lerner (1907–1965\) founded his namesake chain in 1926 with the *Lincoln\-Belmont Booster,* turning it from a [shopper](/wiki/Pennysaver "Pennysaver") to a real [newspaper](/wiki/Newspaper "Newspaper"). From 1924\-28, Lerner worked in editorial positions on the *Morton Grove News,* the *North Side Sunday Citizen* and the *Lincoln Belmont Booster.* He then became a partner of [A. O. Caplan](/wiki/A._O._Caplan "A. O. Caplan") in the management of the 16 Myers Newspapers, with a combined circulation of 219,000\.[Leo A. Lerner](http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/l/lerner_la.htm), papers at Syracuse University During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Lerner inspired his staff to concentrate on local news with such statements as, "A fistfight on Clark Street is more important to our readers than a war in Europe."[The Cleburne News](http://www.cleburnenews.com/view/full_story/8929882/article-John-Alred--Remember--8212--This-is-your-newspaper?instance=opinion_main) By 1958, Lerner was president of a growing group of newspapers, including the Myers Publishing Co., the Lincoln Belmont Publishing Co., the Times Home Newspapers (J. L. Johnson Publishing Co.) and the Neighbor Press of Chicago. Lerner's son [Louis A. Lerner](/wiki/Louis_A._Lerner "Louis A. Lerner") served as assistant to the publisher of Lerner Home Newspapers and an account executive for Times Home Newspapers from 1959 to 1962\. He became executive vice president of Lerner Home Newspapers in 1962 and publisher in 1969\.[United States Ambassador to Norway Nomination of Louis A. Lerner](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7752) ### Decline and fall The 49\-year\-old Louis Lerner died of cancer in 1984\.{{cite web \|title\=LOUIS A. LERNER; A FORMER ENVOY (Published 1984\) \|website\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114172117/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/15/obituaries/louis\-a\-lerner\-a\-former\-envoy.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|url\-status\=live \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/15/obituaries/louis\-a\-lerner\-a\-former\-envoy.html}} The following year, the Lerner family sold the chain to [Pulitzer Publishing](/wiki/Pulitzer%2C_Inc. "Pulitzer, Inc."), publishers of the [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis") *[Post\-Dispatch](/wiki/Post-Dispatch "Post-Dispatch").*[Thomson Financial Mergers \& Acquisitions](https://archive.today/20120730203341/http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M&A/Pulitzer_Publishing_Co_acquires_Lerner_Newspapers_Inc-97012020) When it bought the chain of 52 weeklies for $9\.1 million, Pulitzer hoped to win readers and advertising dollars from the *Chicago Tribune* and *Chicago Sun\-Times* in the same way that the Suburban Journal weeklies were weakening the *Post\-Dispatch.* Pulitzer planned to increase Lerner's combined circulation of about 300,000 to compete in the Chicago newspaper market, but the recession of the early 1990s eroded the chain's advertising base, over half of which was help\-wanted classified ads, and the chain was unsuccessful in winning automotive and real estate ads away from the dailies. The sole weekly group in Pulitzer's stable, Lerner was left to founder. Pulitzer closed and merged many of its editions, until only 15 were left. Circulation had plummeted from 300,000 in 1985 to 100,000 by 1992\. In 1992, Pulitzer was on the brink of shutting down the Lerner papers but, at the last minute, with final editions set in type, sold the chain's assets to Sunstates Corp. for a reported $4 million.[Funding Universe](http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Pulitzer-Inc-Company-History.html) Sunstates, an investment firm led by Clyde Engle, was in the business of buying moribund companies for tricky financial operations.{{cite web\|url\=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi\-bin/getcase.pl?court\=7th\&navby\=case\&no\=961929 \|title\=Cases and Codes \|work\=FindLaw \|date\= \|accessdate\=2008\-11\-17}} Under Sunstates, which owned a mixed bag of companies such as an insurance firm,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.secinfo.com/d354x.8e.htm \|title\=Sunstates Corp/DE \- 8\-K\|publisher\=SEC Info \|date\=1996\-12\-24 \|accessdate\=2008\-11\-17}} a chocolate factory,{{cite web\|url\=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1294/103570405000301/filing\-main.htm \|title\=ROCKY MOUNTAIN CHOCOLATE FACTORY INC, Form DEF 14A, Proxy Statement (definitive) ITEM 1\. ELECTION OF DIRECTORS Filing Date Jun 22, 2005 \|publisher\=secdatabase.com \|accessdate \=May 14, 2018}} a furniture factory{{cite web\|url\=http://www.secinfo.com/d354x.7b.htm \|title\=Sunstates Corp/DE \- DEF 14C \|publisher\=SEC Info\|date\=1998\-07\-21 \|accessdate\=2008\-11\-17}} and an apple orchard,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.secinfo.com/d354x.a4\.htm \|title\=Sunstates Corp/DE \- 10\-K \|publisher\=SEC Info \|date\=1994\-12\-31 \|accessdate\=2008\-11\-17}} but had never before run newspapers, the Lerner chain continued to erode while Sunstates managers constrained journalists to keep 9\-to\-5 hours. In 2000, in a surreptitious arrangement that came to be known as the "Lerner Exchange,"{{cite web\|url\=http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4\.1A52\.c.htm \|title\=Hollinger International Inc \- 8\-K \- EX\-99\.2 \|publisher\=SEC Info \|date\=2004\-08\-30 \|accessdate\=2008\-11\-17}} Sunstates sold the chain to a company fronted by Canadian press baron [Conrad Black](/wiki/Conrad_Black "Conrad Black"), who resold it to [Hollinger International](/wiki/Hollinger_International "Hollinger International"). This and other illegal maneuvers by Black and sidekick [David Radler](/wiki/David_Radler "David Radler"), *Sun\-Times* publisher, ultimately led to their conviction on fraud charges when they were found to have looted millions from the company.{{cite news\|last\=Farrell \|first\=Greg\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/money/media/2007\-12\-10\-black\-sentencing\_N.htm \|title\=Conrad Black sentenced to 6 years in prison \|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|date\=2007\-12\-10 \|accessdate\=2008\-11\-17}} Amid Hollinger reorganization (ultimately to the [Sun\-Times Media Group](/wiki/Sun-Times_Media_Group "Sun-Times Media Group")) in the wake of the scandal, the company merged Lerner Newspapers into its longtime suburban rival, [Pioneer Press](/wiki/Pioneer_Press "Pioneer Press"), in 2005\. Pioneer management quickly dropped the now\-embarrassing Lerner name and killed all Lerner's suburban editions. Pioneer continued to print a handful of city of Chicago newspapers with the old nameplates — the *Booster, News\-Star, Skyline* and *Times* — converting them from [broadsheet](/wiki/Broadsheet "Broadsheet") to [tabloid](/wiki/Tabloid_%28newspaper_format%29 "Tabloid (newspaper format)"), until January 2008, when the company announced it was pulling out of urban publishing entirely. At the last moment, the *Booster, News\-Star* and *Skyline* titles were sold to the *[Wednesday Journal](/wiki/Wednesday_Journal "Wednesday Journal"),* another Chicago\-area weekly group.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2008/01/24/wednesday\-journal\-buying\-three\-pioneer\-press\-papers \|title\=News Bites \|publisher\=Chicago Reader Blogs \|date\=2008\-01\-24 \|accessdate\=2008\-11\-17}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/hottype/080228// \|title\=Saved by the Sell \|publisher\=Chicago Reader \|date\=2008\-02\-28 \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-22}} In March 2009, the *Wednesday Journal* announced that it was dropping the *News\-Star* and the *Booster,* along with the [Bucktown](/wiki/Bucktown%2C_Chicago "Bucktown, Chicago")/[Wicker Park](/wiki/West_Town%2C_Chicago%23Wicker_Park "West Town, Chicago#Wicker Park") edition of the *Chicago Journal* (into which a *Booster* edition had been merged).["Chicago Journal keeping 2 weekly newspapers, selling 2, closing 1"](http://chicagojournal.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=60&ArticleID=7187) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708143900/http://chicagojournal.com/main.asp?SectionID\=1\&SubSectionID\=60\&ArticleID\=7187 \|date\=2011\-07\-08 }}, *Chicago Journal,* March 5, 2009 Although reduced to operating from his home, [Ron Roenigk](/wiki/Ron_Roenigk "Ron Roenigk"), the publisher of [Inside Publications](/wiki/Inside_Publications "Inside Publications"), said he would be buying the two former Lerner nameplates, largely to get their legal advertising.[Wednesday Journal Inc. dropping three Chicago papers](http://blogs.chicagoreader.com/news-bites/2009/03/05/wednesday-journal-inc-dropping-three-chicago-paper/), March 5, 2009 {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310024602/http://blogs.chicagoreader.com/news\-bites/2009/03/05/wednesday\-journal\-inc\-dropping\-three\-chicago\-paper/ \|date\=March 10, 2009 }} The Skyline, Inside Booster and News Star are still published weekly on Chicago's North Side by Inside Publications.
[ "History\n-------", "### Beginnings", "Leo Lerner (1907–1965\\) founded his namesake chain in 1926 with the *Lincoln\\-Belmont Booster,* turning it from a [shopper](/wiki/Pennysaver \"Pennysaver\") to a real [newspaper](/wiki/Newspaper \"Newspaper\").", "From 1924\\-28, Lerner worked in editorial positions on the *Morton Grove News,* the *North Side Sunday Citizen* and the *Lincoln Belmont Booster.* He then became a partner of [A. O. Caplan](/wiki/A._O._Caplan \"A. O. Caplan\") in the management of the 16 Myers Newspapers, with a combined circulation of 219,000\\.[Leo A. Lerner](http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/l/lerner_la.htm), papers at Syracuse University", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Lerner inspired his staff to concentrate on local news with such statements as, \"A fistfight on Clark Street is more important to our readers than a war in Europe.\"[The Cleburne News](http://www.cleburnenews.com/view/full_story/8929882/article-John-Alred--Remember--8212--This-is-your-newspaper?instance=opinion_main)", "By 1958, Lerner was president of a growing group of newspapers, including the Myers Publishing Co., the Lincoln Belmont Publishing Co., the Times Home Newspapers (J. L. Johnson Publishing Co.) and the Neighbor Press of Chicago.", "Lerner's son [Louis A. Lerner](/wiki/Louis_A._Lerner \"Louis A. Lerner\") served as assistant to the publisher of Lerner Home Newspapers and an account executive for Times Home Newspapers from 1959 to 1962\\. He became executive vice president of Lerner Home Newspapers in 1962 and publisher in 1969\\.[United States Ambassador to Norway Nomination of Louis A. Lerner](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7752)", "### Decline and fall", "The 49\\-year\\-old Louis Lerner died of cancer in 1984\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=LOUIS A. LERNER; A FORMER ENVOY (Published 1984\\) \\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114172117/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/15/obituaries/louis\\-a\\-lerner\\-a\\-former\\-envoy.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/15/obituaries/louis\\-a\\-lerner\\-a\\-former\\-envoy.html}} The following year, the Lerner family sold the chain to [Pulitzer Publishing](/wiki/Pulitzer%2C_Inc. \"Pulitzer, Inc.\"), publishers of the [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\") *[Post\\-Dispatch](/wiki/Post-Dispatch \"Post-Dispatch\").*[Thomson Financial Mergers \\& Acquisitions](https://archive.today/20120730203341/http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M&A/Pulitzer_Publishing_Co_acquires_Lerner_Newspapers_Inc-97012020) When it bought the chain of 52 weeklies for $9\\.1 million, Pulitzer hoped to win readers and advertising dollars from the *Chicago Tribune* and *Chicago Sun\\-Times* in the same way that the Suburban Journal weeklies were weakening the *Post\\-Dispatch.* Pulitzer planned to increase Lerner's combined circulation of about 300,000 to compete in the Chicago newspaper market, but the recession of the early 1990s eroded the chain's advertising base, over half of which was help\\-wanted classified ads, and the chain was unsuccessful in winning automotive and real estate ads away from the dailies.", "The sole weekly group in Pulitzer's stable, Lerner was left to founder. Pulitzer closed and merged many of its editions, until only 15 were left. Circulation had plummeted from 300,000 in 1985 to 100,000 by 1992\\. In 1992, Pulitzer was on the brink of shutting down the Lerner papers but, at the last minute, with final editions set in type, sold the chain's assets to Sunstates Corp. for a reported $4 million.[Funding Universe](http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Pulitzer-Inc-Company-History.html)", "Sunstates, an investment firm led by Clyde Engle, was in the business of buying moribund companies for tricky financial operations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi\\-bin/getcase.pl?court\\=7th\\&navby\\=case\\&no\\=961929 \\|title\\=Cases and Codes \\|work\\=FindLaw \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-11\\-17}} Under Sunstates, which owned a mixed bag of companies such as an insurance firm,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.secinfo.com/d354x.8e.htm \\|title\\=Sunstates Corp/DE \\- 8\\-K\\|publisher\\=SEC Info \\|date\\=1996\\-12\\-24 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-11\\-17}} a chocolate factory,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1294/103570405000301/filing\\-main.htm \\|title\\=ROCKY MOUNTAIN CHOCOLATE FACTORY INC, Form DEF 14A, Proxy Statement (definitive) ITEM 1\\. ELECTION OF DIRECTORS Filing Date Jun 22, 2005 \\|publisher\\=secdatabase.com \\|accessdate \\=May 14, 2018}} a furniture factory{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.secinfo.com/d354x.7b.htm \\|title\\=Sunstates Corp/DE \\- DEF 14C \\|publisher\\=SEC Info\\|date\\=1998\\-07\\-21 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-11\\-17}} and an apple orchard,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.secinfo.com/d354x.a4\\.htm \\|title\\=Sunstates Corp/DE \\- 10\\-K \\|publisher\\=SEC Info \\|date\\=1994\\-12\\-31 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-11\\-17}} but had never before run newspapers, the Lerner chain continued to erode while Sunstates managers constrained journalists to keep 9\\-to\\-5 hours.", "In 2000, in a surreptitious arrangement that came to be known as the \"Lerner Exchange,\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4\\.1A52\\.c.htm \\|title\\=Hollinger International Inc \\- 8\\-K \\- EX\\-99\\.2 \\|publisher\\=SEC Info \\|date\\=2004\\-08\\-30 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-11\\-17}} Sunstates sold the chain to a company fronted by Canadian press baron [Conrad Black](/wiki/Conrad_Black \"Conrad Black\"), who resold it to [Hollinger International](/wiki/Hollinger_International \"Hollinger International\"). This and other illegal maneuvers by Black and sidekick [David Radler](/wiki/David_Radler \"David Radler\"), *Sun\\-Times* publisher, ultimately led to their conviction on fraud charges when they were found to have looted millions from the company.{{cite news\\|last\\=Farrell \\|first\\=Greg\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/money/media/2007\\-12\\-10\\-black\\-sentencing\\_N.htm \\|title\\=Conrad Black sentenced to 6 years in prison \\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-10 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-11\\-17}}", "Amid Hollinger reorganization (ultimately to the [Sun\\-Times Media Group](/wiki/Sun-Times_Media_Group \"Sun-Times Media Group\")) in the wake of the scandal, the company merged Lerner Newspapers into its longtime suburban rival, [Pioneer Press](/wiki/Pioneer_Press \"Pioneer Press\"), in 2005\\. Pioneer management quickly dropped the now\\-embarrassing Lerner name and killed all Lerner's suburban editions. Pioneer continued to print a handful of city of Chicago newspapers with the old nameplates — the *Booster, News\\-Star, Skyline* and *Times* — converting them from [broadsheet](/wiki/Broadsheet \"Broadsheet\") to [tabloid](/wiki/Tabloid_%28newspaper_format%29 \"Tabloid (newspaper format)\"), until January 2008, when the company announced it was pulling out of urban publishing entirely. At the last moment, the *Booster, News\\-Star* and *Skyline* titles were sold to the *[Wednesday Journal](/wiki/Wednesday_Journal \"Wednesday Journal\"),* another Chicago\\-area weekly group.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2008/01/24/wednesday\\-journal\\-buying\\-three\\-pioneer\\-press\\-papers \\|title\\=News Bites \\|publisher\\=Chicago Reader Blogs \\|date\\=2008\\-01\\-24 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-11\\-17}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/hottype/080228// \\|title\\=Saved by the Sell \\|publisher\\=Chicago Reader \\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-28 \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-22}}", "In March 2009, the *Wednesday Journal* announced that it was dropping the *News\\-Star* and the *Booster,* along with the [Bucktown](/wiki/Bucktown%2C_Chicago \"Bucktown, Chicago\")/[Wicker Park](/wiki/West_Town%2C_Chicago%23Wicker_Park \"West Town, Chicago#Wicker Park\") edition of the *Chicago Journal* (into which a *Booster* edition had been merged).[\"Chicago Journal keeping 2 weekly newspapers, selling 2, closing 1\"](http://chicagojournal.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=60&ArticleID=7187) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708143900/http://chicagojournal.com/main.asp?SectionID\\=1\\&SubSectionID\\=60\\&ArticleID\\=7187 \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-08 }}, *Chicago Journal,* March 5, 2009 Although reduced to operating from his home, [Ron Roenigk](/wiki/Ron_Roenigk \"Ron Roenigk\"), the publisher of [Inside Publications](/wiki/Inside_Publications \"Inside Publications\"), said he would be buying the two former Lerner nameplates, largely to get their legal advertising.[Wednesday Journal Inc. dropping three Chicago papers](http://blogs.chicagoreader.com/news-bites/2009/03/05/wednesday-journal-inc-dropping-three-chicago-paper/), March 5, 2009 {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310024602/http://blogs.chicagoreader.com/news\\-bites/2009/03/05/wednesday\\-journal\\-inc\\-dropping\\-three\\-chicago\\-paper/ \\|date\\=March 10, 2009 }}", "The Skyline, Inside Booster and News Star are still published weekly on Chicago's North Side by Inside Publications.", "" ]
Editions -------- ### *Booster* Leo Lerner launched his empire with the 1926 purchase of the *Lincoln\-Belmont Booster.* In 2005, Pioneer Press sold *The Booster* to the *[Wednesday Journal](/wiki/Wednesday_Journal "Wednesday Journal"),* which resold it in 2008 to Inside Publications. Inside Publications merged the Booster with its primary publication (*Inside*). The new publication retained the Booster's numbering and some of its syndicated columns while incorporating some of Inside's traditional features. *The Booster* covered various North Side neighborhoods, including [Avondale](/wiki/Avondale%2C_Chicago "Avondale, Chicago"), [Irving Park](/wiki/Irving_Park%2C_Chicago "Irving Park, Chicago"), [Lake View](/wiki/Lakeview%2C_Chicago "Lakeview, Chicago"), [Lincoln\-Belmont](/wiki/Lincoln-Belmont%2C_Chicago "Lincoln-Belmont, Chicago"), [Lincoln Park](/wiki/Lincoln_Park%2C_Chicago "Lincoln Park, Chicago"), [Logan\-Armitage](/wiki/Logan-Armitage%2C_Chicago "Logan-Armitage, Chicago"), [North Center](/wiki/North_Center%2C_Chicago "North Center, Chicago"), [Roscoe Village](/wiki/Roscoe_Village%2C_Chicago "Roscoe Village, Chicago") and [Sheridan Center](/wiki/Sheridan_Center%2C_Chicago "Sheridan Center, Chicago"). The *Wednesday Journal*\-published editions covered Lake View, North Center and Roscoe Village. Longtime Chicago columnist (Chicago Daily News, Chicago Sun\-Times, Chicago Tribune) Mike Royko had his start at the *Lincoln\-Belmont Booster*.[St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419201048) ### *Citizen* Founded as the *Ravenswood Citizen,* and dating back until at least 1905, the *Citizen* was acquired by Lerner in the late 1920s and folded into other editions in 1930\. ### *Life* The *Life* newspapers ran from the 1920s through 2005, beginning with a [Rogers Park](/wiki/Rogers_Park%2C_Chicago "Rogers Park, Chicago") edition, and later expanding into covering Chicago's northern suburbs, including, at various times, [Buffalo Grove](/wiki/Buffalo_Grove%2C_Illinois "Buffalo Grove, Illinois"), [Deerfield](/wiki/Deerfield%2C_Illinois "Deerfield, Illinois"), [Des Plaines](/wiki/Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois "Des Plaines, Illinois"), [Evanston](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois "Evanston, Illinois"), [Ft. Sheridan](/wiki/Fort_Sheridan%2C_Illinois "Fort Sheridan, Illinois"), [Glenview](/wiki/Glenview%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois "Glenview, Cook County, Illinois"), [Highland Park](/wiki/Highland_Park%2C_Illinois "Highland Park, Illinois"), [Highwood](/wiki/Highwood%2C_Illinois "Highwood, Illinois"), Lake County, [Lake Forest](/wiki/Lake_Forest%2C_Illinois "Lake Forest, Illinois"), [Lincolnwood](/wiki/Lincolnwood%2C_Illinois "Lincolnwood, Illinois"), [Morton Grove](/wiki/Morton_Grove%2C_Illinois "Morton Grove, Illinois"), [Niles](/wiki/Niles%2C_Illinois "Niles, Illinois"), [Niles Township](/wiki/Niles_Township%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois "Niles Township, Cook County, Illinois"), [Northbrook](/wiki/Northbrook%2C_Illinois "Northbrook, Illinois"), [Skokie](/wiki/Skokie%2C_Illinois "Skokie, Illinois") and [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_Illinois "Wheeling, Illinois"). Pulitzer shut down most of the *Life* editions in the 1980s. When Pioneer Press folded the papers in 2005, editions covered Lincolnwood, Morton Grove, Niles and Skokie. ### *News\-Star* Beginning as separate *News* and *Star* editions, later combined, the *News\-Star* (also called the *News and Star Budget*) covered the Far North Side. In 2005, Pioneer Press sold the nameplate to the *Wednesday Journal,* which resold it in 2008 to Inside Publications. Communities covered by the various versions included [Albany Park](/wiki/Albany_Park%2C_Chicago "Albany Park, Chicago"), [Edgewater](/wiki/Edgewater%2C_Chicago "Edgewater, Chicago"), Lake View, [Lincoln Square](/wiki/Lincoln_Square%2C_Chicago "Lincoln Square, Chicago"), [North Park](/wiki/North_Park%2C_Chicago "North Park, Chicago"), [North Town](/wiki/West_Ridge%2C_Chicago "West Ridge, Chicago"), [Ravenswood](/wiki/Ravenswood%2C_Chicago "Ravenswood, Chicago"), Rogers Park, [Sauganash](/wiki/Sauganash%2C_Chicago "Sauganash, Chicago") and [Uptown](/wiki/Uptown%2C_Chicago "Uptown, Chicago"). The *Wednesday Journal*\-published editions covered Edgewater, Ravenswood, Rogers Park and Uptown. [Lesley Sussman](/wiki/Lesley_Sussman "Lesley Sussman"), now an author and journalist in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), was for many years editor of the *Uptown and Edgewater News*. ### *Skyline* Launched by Lerner in the 1960s, the *Skyline* covered the [Gold Coast](/wiki/Gold_Coast_Historic_District_%28Chicago%2C_Illinois%29 "Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago, Illinois)"), Lincoln Park, the [Loop](/wiki/Chicago_Loop "Chicago Loop") and the [Near North Side](/wiki/Near_North_Side%2C_Chicago "Near North Side, Chicago"), with an emphasis on society gossip. The *Skyline* was the only Lerner paper not to cover school sports. In 2005, Pioneer Press sold the nameplate to the *Wednesday Journal,* which continues to publish it, covering the Gold Coast, Lincoln Park, [Old Town](/wiki/Old_Town%2C_Chicago "Old Town, Chicago") and [River North](/wiki/River_North%2C_Chicago "River North, Chicago"). *Queer Eye's* Allen was a *Skyline* reporter. Wednesday's Journal sold the Skyline to Inside Publications in 2013 where it is still being published weekly. ### *Times* Acquired in the 1950s, and also called the *New Times* and the *Times Home Newspapers,* the *Times* editions covered the Northwest Side and near\-west suburbs, including the city neighborhoods [Albany Park](/wiki/Albany_Park%2C_Chicago "Albany Park, Chicago"), [Belmont\-Cragin](/wiki/Belmont-Cragin%2C_Chicago "Belmont-Cragin, Chicago"), [Dunning](/wiki/Dunning%2C_Chicago "Dunning, Chicago"), [Edison Park](/wiki/Edison_Park%2C_Chicago "Edison Park, Chicago"), [Edgebrook](/wiki/Forest_Glen%2C_Chicago%23Edgebrook "Forest Glen, Chicago#Edgebrook"), [Harlem\-Foster](/wiki/Harlem-Foster%2C_Chicago "Harlem-Foster, Chicago"), [Harlem\-Irving](/wiki/Harlem-Irving%2C_Chicago "Harlem-Irving, Chicago"), [Higgins\-Oriole](/wiki/Higgins-Oriole%2C_Chicago "Higgins-Oriole, Chicago"), [Jefferson Park](/wiki/Jefferson_Park%2C_Chicago "Jefferson Park, Chicago"), [Logan Square](/wiki/Logan_Square%2C_Chicago "Logan Square, Chicago"), [Mayfair](/wiki/Albany_Park%2C_Chicago "Albany Park, Chicago"), [Montrose](/wiki/Montrose%2C_Chicago "Montrose, Chicago"), [O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare%2C_Chicago "O'Hare, Chicago"), [Norwood Park](/wiki/Norwood_Park%2C_Chicago "Norwood Park, Chicago") and [Portage Park](/wiki/Portage_Park%2C_Chicago "Portage Park, Chicago") and suburban areas including [Elmwood Park](/wiki/Elmwood_Park%2C_Illinois "Elmwood Park, Illinois"), [Franklin Park](/wiki/Franklin_Park%2C_Illinois "Franklin Park, Illinois"), [Harwood Heights](/wiki/Harwood_Heights%2C_Illinois "Harwood Heights, Illinois"), [Norridge](/wiki/Norridge%2C_Illinois "Norridge, Illinois"), [Northlake](/wiki/Northlake%2C_Illinois "Northlake, Illinois"), [River Grove](/wiki/River_Grove%2C_Illinois "River Grove, Illinois"), [Schiller Park](/wiki/Schiller_Park%2C_Illinois "Schiller Park, Illinois") and [Leyden](/wiki/Leyden_Township%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois "Leyden Township, Cook County, Illinois") and [Proviso](/wiki/Proviso_Township%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois "Proviso Township, Cook County, Illinois") townships. At the time Pioneer Press took over and folded the papers in 2005, the *Times* covered Edison Park, Jefferson Park, Norwood Park and Portage Park in the city and the suburban communities of Elmwood Park, Harwood Heights, Norridge and River Grove. ### *Voice* Sometimes called the *Voice and Advisor Register,*[Illinois Newspaper Project](http://www.library.uiuc.edu/inp/index.html) the original *Voice* editions covered Chicago's northwest suburbs, including [Addison](/wiki/Addison%2C_Illinois "Addison, Illinois"), [Bartlett](/wiki/Bartlett%2C_Illinois "Bartlett, Illinois"), [Bensenville](/wiki/Bensenville%2C_Illinois "Bensenville, Illinois"), [Bloomingdale](/wiki/Bloomingdale%2C_Illinois "Bloomingdale, Illinois"), DuPage County, [Elk Grove Village](/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village%2C_Illinois "Elk Grove Village, Illinois"), [Glendale Heights](/wiki/Glendale_Heights%2C_Illinois "Glendale Heights, Illinois"), [Hanover Park](/wiki/Hanover_Park%2C_Illinois "Hanover Park, Illinois"), [Hoffman Estates](/wiki/Hoffman_Estates%2C_Illinois "Hoffman Estates, Illinois"), [Itasca](/wiki/Itasca%2C_Illinois "Itasca, Illinois"), [Medinah](/wiki/Medinah%2C_Illinois "Medinah, Illinois"), [Roselle](/wiki/Roselle%2C_Illinois "Roselle, Illinois"), [Rosemont](/wiki/Rosemont%2C_Illinois "Rosemont, Illinois"), [Schaumburg](/wiki/Schaumburg%2C_Illinois "Schaumburg, Illinois"), [Streamwood](/wiki/Streamwood%2C_Illinois "Streamwood, Illinois") and [Wood Dale](/wiki/Wood_Dale%2C_Illinois "Wood Dale, Illinois"). Pulitzer shut the original *Voice* down in 1990\. In the mid\-1990s, Sunstates reused the *Voice* name for a small, short\-lived group of north suburban tabloids, launched as shoppers, and then expanded into regular editions covering community news and features, with longtime Chicago journalist [Leah A. Zeldes](/wiki/Leah_A._Zeldes "Leah A. Zeldes") as [managing editor](/wiki/Managing_editor "Managing editor"). The tabloids covered Glenview, Northbrook and [Park Ridge](/wiki/Park_Ridge%2C_Illinois "Park Ridge, Illinois").
[ "Editions\n--------", "### *Booster*", "Leo Lerner launched his empire with the 1926 purchase of the *Lincoln\\-Belmont Booster.* In 2005, Pioneer Press sold *The Booster* to the *[Wednesday Journal](/wiki/Wednesday_Journal \"Wednesday Journal\"),* which resold it in 2008 to Inside Publications. Inside Publications merged the Booster with its primary publication (*Inside*). The new publication retained the Booster's numbering and some of its syndicated columns while incorporating some of Inside's traditional features.", "*The Booster* covered various North Side neighborhoods, including [Avondale](/wiki/Avondale%2C_Chicago \"Avondale, Chicago\"), [Irving Park](/wiki/Irving_Park%2C_Chicago \"Irving Park, Chicago\"), [Lake View](/wiki/Lakeview%2C_Chicago \"Lakeview, Chicago\"), [Lincoln\\-Belmont](/wiki/Lincoln-Belmont%2C_Chicago \"Lincoln-Belmont, Chicago\"), [Lincoln Park](/wiki/Lincoln_Park%2C_Chicago \"Lincoln Park, Chicago\"), [Logan\\-Armitage](/wiki/Logan-Armitage%2C_Chicago \"Logan-Armitage, Chicago\"), [North Center](/wiki/North_Center%2C_Chicago \"North Center, Chicago\"), [Roscoe Village](/wiki/Roscoe_Village%2C_Chicago \"Roscoe Village, Chicago\") and [Sheridan Center](/wiki/Sheridan_Center%2C_Chicago \"Sheridan Center, Chicago\"). The *Wednesday Journal*\\-published editions covered Lake View, North Center and Roscoe Village.", "Longtime Chicago columnist (Chicago Daily News, Chicago Sun\\-Times, Chicago Tribune) Mike Royko had his start at the *Lincoln\\-Belmont Booster*.[St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419201048)", "### *Citizen*", "Founded as the *Ravenswood Citizen,* and dating back until at least 1905, the *Citizen* was acquired by Lerner in the late 1920s and folded into other editions in 1930\\.", "### *Life*", "The *Life* newspapers ran from the 1920s through 2005, beginning with a [Rogers Park](/wiki/Rogers_Park%2C_Chicago \"Rogers Park, Chicago\") edition, and later expanding into covering Chicago's northern suburbs, including, at various times, [Buffalo Grove](/wiki/Buffalo_Grove%2C_Illinois \"Buffalo Grove, Illinois\"), [Deerfield](/wiki/Deerfield%2C_Illinois \"Deerfield, Illinois\"), [Des Plaines](/wiki/Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois \"Des Plaines, Illinois\"), [Evanston](/wiki/Evanston%2C_Illinois \"Evanston, Illinois\"), [Ft. Sheridan](/wiki/Fort_Sheridan%2C_Illinois \"Fort Sheridan, Illinois\"), [Glenview](/wiki/Glenview%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Glenview, Cook County, Illinois\"), [Highland Park](/wiki/Highland_Park%2C_Illinois \"Highland Park, Illinois\"), [Highwood](/wiki/Highwood%2C_Illinois \"Highwood, Illinois\"), Lake County, [Lake Forest](/wiki/Lake_Forest%2C_Illinois \"Lake Forest, Illinois\"), [Lincolnwood](/wiki/Lincolnwood%2C_Illinois \"Lincolnwood, Illinois\"), [Morton Grove](/wiki/Morton_Grove%2C_Illinois \"Morton Grove, Illinois\"), [Niles](/wiki/Niles%2C_Illinois \"Niles, Illinois\"), [Niles Township](/wiki/Niles_Township%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Niles Township, Cook County, Illinois\"), [Northbrook](/wiki/Northbrook%2C_Illinois \"Northbrook, Illinois\"), [Skokie](/wiki/Skokie%2C_Illinois \"Skokie, Illinois\") and [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_Illinois \"Wheeling, Illinois\").", "Pulitzer shut down most of the *Life* editions in the 1980s. When Pioneer Press folded the papers in 2005, editions covered Lincolnwood, Morton Grove, Niles and Skokie.", "### *News\\-Star*", "Beginning as separate *News* and *Star* editions, later combined, the *News\\-Star* (also called the *News and Star Budget*) covered the Far North Side. In 2005, Pioneer Press sold the nameplate to the *Wednesday Journal,* which resold it in 2008 to Inside Publications.", "Communities covered by the various versions included [Albany Park](/wiki/Albany_Park%2C_Chicago \"Albany Park, Chicago\"), [Edgewater](/wiki/Edgewater%2C_Chicago \"Edgewater, Chicago\"), Lake View, [Lincoln Square](/wiki/Lincoln_Square%2C_Chicago \"Lincoln Square, Chicago\"), [North Park](/wiki/North_Park%2C_Chicago \"North Park, Chicago\"), [North Town](/wiki/West_Ridge%2C_Chicago \"West Ridge, Chicago\"), [Ravenswood](/wiki/Ravenswood%2C_Chicago \"Ravenswood, Chicago\"), Rogers Park, [Sauganash](/wiki/Sauganash%2C_Chicago \"Sauganash, Chicago\") and [Uptown](/wiki/Uptown%2C_Chicago \"Uptown, Chicago\"). The *Wednesday Journal*\\-published editions covered Edgewater, Ravenswood, Rogers Park and Uptown.", "[Lesley Sussman](/wiki/Lesley_Sussman \"Lesley Sussman\"), now an author and journalist in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), was for many years editor of the *Uptown and Edgewater News*.", "### *Skyline*", "Launched by Lerner in the 1960s, the *Skyline* covered the [Gold Coast](/wiki/Gold_Coast_Historic_District_%28Chicago%2C_Illinois%29 \"Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago, Illinois)\"), Lincoln Park, the [Loop](/wiki/Chicago_Loop \"Chicago Loop\") and the [Near North Side](/wiki/Near_North_Side%2C_Chicago \"Near North Side, Chicago\"), with an emphasis on society gossip. The *Skyline* was the only Lerner paper not to cover school sports. In 2005, Pioneer Press sold the nameplate to the *Wednesday Journal,* which continues to publish it, covering the Gold Coast, Lincoln Park, [Old Town](/wiki/Old_Town%2C_Chicago \"Old Town, Chicago\") and [River North](/wiki/River_North%2C_Chicago \"River North, Chicago\").", "*Queer Eye's* Allen was a *Skyline* reporter.\nWednesday's Journal sold the Skyline to Inside Publications in 2013 where it is still being published weekly.", "### *Times*", "Acquired in the 1950s, and also called the *New Times* and the *Times Home Newspapers,* the *Times* editions covered the Northwest Side and near\\-west suburbs, including the city neighborhoods [Albany Park](/wiki/Albany_Park%2C_Chicago \"Albany Park, Chicago\"), [Belmont\\-Cragin](/wiki/Belmont-Cragin%2C_Chicago \"Belmont-Cragin, Chicago\"), [Dunning](/wiki/Dunning%2C_Chicago \"Dunning, Chicago\"), [Edison Park](/wiki/Edison_Park%2C_Chicago \"Edison Park, Chicago\"), [Edgebrook](/wiki/Forest_Glen%2C_Chicago%23Edgebrook \"Forest Glen, Chicago#Edgebrook\"), [Harlem\\-Foster](/wiki/Harlem-Foster%2C_Chicago \"Harlem-Foster, Chicago\"), [Harlem\\-Irving](/wiki/Harlem-Irving%2C_Chicago \"Harlem-Irving, Chicago\"), [Higgins\\-Oriole](/wiki/Higgins-Oriole%2C_Chicago \"Higgins-Oriole, Chicago\"), [Jefferson Park](/wiki/Jefferson_Park%2C_Chicago \"Jefferson Park, Chicago\"), [Logan Square](/wiki/Logan_Square%2C_Chicago \"Logan Square, Chicago\"), [Mayfair](/wiki/Albany_Park%2C_Chicago \"Albany Park, Chicago\"), [Montrose](/wiki/Montrose%2C_Chicago \"Montrose, Chicago\"), [O'Hare](/wiki/O%27Hare%2C_Chicago \"O'Hare, Chicago\"), [Norwood Park](/wiki/Norwood_Park%2C_Chicago \"Norwood Park, Chicago\") and [Portage Park](/wiki/Portage_Park%2C_Chicago \"Portage Park, Chicago\") and suburban areas including [Elmwood Park](/wiki/Elmwood_Park%2C_Illinois \"Elmwood Park, Illinois\"), [Franklin Park](/wiki/Franklin_Park%2C_Illinois \"Franklin Park, Illinois\"), [Harwood Heights](/wiki/Harwood_Heights%2C_Illinois \"Harwood Heights, Illinois\"), [Norridge](/wiki/Norridge%2C_Illinois \"Norridge, Illinois\"), [Northlake](/wiki/Northlake%2C_Illinois \"Northlake, Illinois\"), [River Grove](/wiki/River_Grove%2C_Illinois \"River Grove, Illinois\"), [Schiller Park](/wiki/Schiller_Park%2C_Illinois \"Schiller Park, Illinois\") and [Leyden](/wiki/Leyden_Township%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Leyden Township, Cook County, Illinois\") and [Proviso](/wiki/Proviso_Township%2C_Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Proviso Township, Cook County, Illinois\") townships.", "At the time Pioneer Press took over and folded the papers in 2005, the *Times* covered Edison Park, Jefferson Park, Norwood Park and Portage Park in the city and the suburban communities of Elmwood Park, Harwood Heights, Norridge and River Grove.", "### *Voice*", "Sometimes called the *Voice and Advisor Register,*[Illinois Newspaper Project](http://www.library.uiuc.edu/inp/index.html) the original *Voice* editions covered Chicago's northwest suburbs, including [Addison](/wiki/Addison%2C_Illinois \"Addison, Illinois\"), [Bartlett](/wiki/Bartlett%2C_Illinois \"Bartlett, Illinois\"), [Bensenville](/wiki/Bensenville%2C_Illinois \"Bensenville, Illinois\"), [Bloomingdale](/wiki/Bloomingdale%2C_Illinois \"Bloomingdale, Illinois\"), DuPage County, [Elk Grove Village](/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village%2C_Illinois \"Elk Grove Village, Illinois\"), [Glendale Heights](/wiki/Glendale_Heights%2C_Illinois \"Glendale Heights, Illinois\"), [Hanover Park](/wiki/Hanover_Park%2C_Illinois \"Hanover Park, Illinois\"), [Hoffman Estates](/wiki/Hoffman_Estates%2C_Illinois \"Hoffman Estates, Illinois\"), [Itasca](/wiki/Itasca%2C_Illinois \"Itasca, Illinois\"), [Medinah](/wiki/Medinah%2C_Illinois \"Medinah, Illinois\"), [Roselle](/wiki/Roselle%2C_Illinois \"Roselle, Illinois\"), [Rosemont](/wiki/Rosemont%2C_Illinois \"Rosemont, Illinois\"), [Schaumburg](/wiki/Schaumburg%2C_Illinois \"Schaumburg, Illinois\"), [Streamwood](/wiki/Streamwood%2C_Illinois \"Streamwood, Illinois\") and [Wood Dale](/wiki/Wood_Dale%2C_Illinois \"Wood Dale, Illinois\").", "Pulitzer shut the original *Voice* down in 1990\\.", "In the mid\\-1990s, Sunstates reused the *Voice* name for a small, short\\-lived group of north suburban tabloids, launched as shoppers, and then expanded into regular editions covering community news and features, with longtime Chicago journalist [Leah A. Zeldes](/wiki/Leah_A._Zeldes \"Leah A. Zeldes\") as [managing editor](/wiki/Managing_editor \"Managing editor\"). The tabloids covered Glenview, Northbrook and [Park Ridge](/wiki/Park_Ridge%2C_Illinois \"Park Ridge, Illinois\").", "" ]
History ------- ### Ancient history [thumb\|right\|Remains of [Ancient Linzi](/wiki/Ancient_Linzi "Ancient Linzi") city sewer passing underneath the former city wall](/wiki/File:Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg "Linzi sewer 2010 06 06.jpg") [thumb\|upright\=0\.7\|A [Song\-era](/wiki/Song-era "Song-era") monument to a legendary native of Shandong, the [Yellow Emperor](/wiki/Yellow_Emperor "Yellow Emperor"), at his [supposed birthplace](/wiki/Shou_Qiu "Shou Qiu")](/wiki/File:Shou_Qiu_-_eastern_turtle_-_P1050845.JPG "Shou Qiu - eastern turtle - P1050845.JPG") With its location on the eastern edge of the [North China Plain](/wiki/North_China_Plain "North China Plain"), Shandong was home to a succession of [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic") cultures for millennia, including the [Houli](/wiki/Houli_culture "Houli culture") ({{circa\|6500–5500 BC}}), [Beixin](/wiki/Beixin_culture "Beixin culture") ({{circa\|5300–4100 BC}}), [Dawenkou](/wiki/Dawenkou "Dawenkou") ({{circa\|4100–2600 BC}}), [Longshan](/wiki/Longshan_culture "Longshan culture") ({{circa\|3000–2000 BC}}), and [Yueshi cultures](/wiki/Yueshi_culture "Yueshi culture") ({{circa\|1900–1500 BC}}). The [Shang](/wiki/Shang_dynasty "Shang dynasty") and [Zhou dynasties](/wiki/Zhou_dynasty "Zhou dynasty") exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by [Dongyi](/wiki/Dongyi "Dongyi") peoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of the [Central Plain](/wiki/Zhongyuan "Zhongyuan"). Following the {{ill\|annexation of Lai\|zh\|齊滅萊之戰}} by the [state of Qi](/wiki/State_of_Qi "State of Qi") in 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually became [sinicized](/wiki/Sinicized "Sinicized"). During the [Spring and Autumn](/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period "Spring and Autumn period") and [Warring States periods](/wiki/Warring_States_period "Warring States period"), power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in [Linzi](/wiki/Ancient_Linzi "Ancient Linzi"), and the [state of Lu](/wiki/State_of_Lu "State of Lu") based in [Qufu](/wiki/Qufu "Qufu"). Lu is famous for being the home of [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius "Confucius"); however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboring [state of Chu](/wiki/State_of_Chu "State of Chu") to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including [Linzi](/wiki/Linzi_District "Linzi District"), [Jimo](/wiki/Jimo%2C_Shandong "Jimo, Shandong") (near modern [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao")) and [Ju](/wiki/Ju_County "Ju County"). ### Imperial history The [Qin dynasty](/wiki/Qin_dynasty "Qin dynasty") conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The [Han dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty "Han dynasty") that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions ({{lang\|zh\|刺史部}}) in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou ({{lang\|zh\|青州}}) in the north and Yanzhou ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|兗州}}) in the south. During the [Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Three_Kingdoms "Three Kingdoms") period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of [Cao Wei](/wiki/Cao_Wei "Cao Wei"), which ruled over northern China. After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the [Western Jin dynasty](/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty "Western Jin dynasty") gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the [Later Zhao](/wiki/Later_Zhao "Later Zhao"), then [Former Yan](/wiki/Former_Yan "Former Yan"), then [Former Qin](/wiki/Former_Qin "Former Qin"), then [Later Yan](/wiki/Later_Yan "Later Yan"), then [Southern Yan](/wiki/Southern_Yan "Southern Yan"), then the [Liu Song dynasty](/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty "Liu Song dynasty"), and finally the [Northern Wei dynasty](/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty "Northern Wei dynasty"), the first of the Northern dynasties during the [Northern and Southern dynasties](/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties "Northern and Southern dynasties") period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period. In 412 AD, the Chinese [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") monk [Faxian](/wiki/Faxian "Faxian") landed at [Laoshan](/wiki/Laoshan_District "Laoshan District"), on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to [Qingzhou](/wiki/Qingzhou "Qingzhou") to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from [India](/wiki/India "India"). The [Sui dynasty](/wiki/Sui_dynasty "Sui dynasty") reestablished unity in 589, and the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty") (618–907\) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of [Henan Circuit](/wiki/Henan_Circuit "Henan Circuit"), one of the [circuits](/wiki/Circuit_%28political_division%29 "Circuit (political division)") (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms") period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north. The [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty") reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel *[Water Margin](/wiki/Water_Margin "Water Margin")* was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to [Emperor Huizong](/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song_China "Emperor Huizong of Song China")'s repression of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") (he favored [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism")). The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the [Jurchen Jin dynasty](/wiki/Jurchen_Jin_dynasty "Jurchen Jin dynasty") in 1142\. Shandong was administered by Jin as [Shandong East Circuit](/wiki/Shandong_East_Circuit "Shandong East Circuit") and [Shandong West Circuit](/wiki/Shandong_West_Circuit "Shandong West Circuit") – the first use of its current name. ### Early modern history [thumb\|[Linqing](/wiki/Linqing "Linqing") City, with a view of the [Grand Canal](/wiki/Grand_Canal_%28China%29 "Grand Canal (China)"). Drawing by [William Alexander](/wiki/William_Alexander_%28painter%29 "William Alexander (painter)"), draughtsman of the [Macartney Embassy](/wiki/Macartney_Embassy "Macartney Embassy") to China in 1793\.](/wiki/File:William_Alexander_-_City_of_Lin_Tsin%2C_Shantung%2C_with_a_View_of_the_Grand_Canal_-_B1975.4.1450_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg "William Alexander - City of Lin Tsin, Shantung, with a View of the Grand Canal - B1975.4.1450 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg") The modern province of Shandong was created by the [Ming dynasty](/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty"), where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning "Liaoning"). After the [Ming–Qing Transition](/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Qing_Transition "Ming–Qing Transition") in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders. On 25 July 1668, an [earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8\.5](/wiki/1668_Shandong_earthquake "1668 Shandong earthquake") and an [epicenter](/wiki/Epicenter "Epicenter") just northeast of [Linyi](/wiki/Linyi "Linyi") devastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people.{{Cite web\|url\=https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en\=1668\.0725\|title\=25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong)\|publisher\=GHEA\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-08\|archive\-date\=July 23, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723133040/https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en\=1668\.0725\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event\-more\-info/1054\|title\=CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE\|publisher\=\[\[National Geophysical Data Center]]\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-08\|archive\-date\=July 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725005731/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event\-more\-info/1054\|url\-status\=live}} During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected. [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao") was [leased](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession "Kiautschou Bay concession") to Germany in 1897 and [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai "Weihai") to Britain in 1898\. As a result of foreign pressure from the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), which had annexed [Outer Manchuria](/wiki/Outer_Manchuria "Outer Manchuria") by 1860, the Qing [encouraged settlement of Shandong people](/wiki/Chuang_Guandong "Chuang Guandong") to what remained of [Manchuria](/wiki/Manchuria "Manchuria"). Shandong was one of the first places where the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion") broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general [Yuan Shikai](/wiki/Yuan_Shikai "Yuan Shikai") was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years. [thumb\|left\|upright\=1\.15\|Street market in Qingdao during the late 19th century, photographed by the crew of the *[ARA Presidente Sarmiento](/wiki/ARA_Presidente_Sarmiento "ARA Presidente Sarmiento")*](/wiki/File:Street_market_Shandong.jpg "Street market Shandong.jpg") Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing [Jiaozhou Bay](/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay "Jiaozhou Bay") and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world\-class [harbor](/wiki/Harbor "Harbor") facilities including [berths](/wiki/Berth_%28moorings%29 "Berth (moorings)"), heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.{{Cite book\|last\=Burkman\|first\=Thomas W.\|title\=Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914–1938\|publisher\=University of Hawaiʻi Press\|year\=2008\|page\=4\|doi\=10\.2307/j.ctt6wqrcq \|jstor\=j.ctt6wqrcq\|isbn\=978\-0\-824\-82982\-7}} As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao") and Shandong. The 1919 [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles") transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the [Shandong Problem](/wiki/Shandong_Problem "Shandong Problem"), led to the vehement student protests in the [May Fourth Movement](/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement "May Fourth Movement"). Among the reservations to the Treaty that the [United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations "United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations") approved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during the [Washington Naval Conference](/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference "Washington Naval Conference"). [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai "Weihai") followed in 1930\.{{cite journal\|last\=Craft\|first\=Stephen G.\|year\=1997\|title\=John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question\|url\=https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1233\&context\=publication\|journal\=Pacific Historical Review\|volume\=66\|issue\=2\|pages\=231–249\|doi\=10\.2307/3640629 \|jstor\=3640629}} [thumb\|1912 German map of the Shandong Peninsula, showing the [Kiautschou Bay concession](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession "Kiautschou Bay concession")\|alt\=The Kiautschou Bay concession was located in the natural harbor at Tsingtao on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula](/wiki/File:Contemporary_map_of_Tsingtau_and_the_Shandong_Peninsula.png "Contemporary map of Tsingtau and the Shandong Peninsula.png") Shandong's return of control fell into the [Warlord Era](/wiki/Warlord_Era "Warlord Era") of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the [Zhili clique](/wiki/Zhili_clique "Zhili clique") of warlords, but after the [Second Zhili–Fengtian War](/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War "Second Zhili–Fengtian War") of 1924, the northeast China\-based [Fengtian clique](/wiki/Fengtian_clique "Fengtian clique") took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord [Zhang Zongchang](/wiki/Zhang_Zongchang "Zhang Zongchang"), nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. *Time* dubbed him China's "basest warlord".{{clarify\|date\=July 2021}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C722931%2C00\.html\|title\=CHINA: Basest War Lord\|date\=1927\-03\-07\|publisher\=TIME\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2010\-11\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125032834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722931,00\.html}} He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the [Northern Expedition](/wiki/Northern_Expedition "Northern Expedition"). He was succeeded by [Han Fuju](/wiki/Han_Fuju "Han Fuju"), who was loyal to the warlord [Feng Yuxiang](/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang "Feng Yuxiang") but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by [Chiang Kai\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek"). Han Fuju [also ousted](/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War "Han–Liu War") the warlord [Liu Zhennian](/wiki/Liu_Zhennian "Liu Zhennian"), nicknamed the "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule. In 1937 Japan began its invasion of [China proper](/wiki/China_proper "China proper") in the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War"), which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter. During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched\-earth [Three Alls policy](/wiki/Three_Alls_policy "Three Alls policy") ("kill all", "burn all", and "loot all") was implemented by Japanese general [Yasuji Okamura](/wiki/Yasuji_Okamura "Yasuji Okamura"). This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist [Chinese Red Army](/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army "Chinese Red Army") forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War"), they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang") (government of the [Republic of China](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 "Republic of China (1912–1949)")) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong ({{lang\|zh\|熊}}) family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. The [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") was proclaimed in October of that year. Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short\-lived [Pingyuan Province](/wiki/Pingyuan_Province "Pingyuan Province"), but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the [Xuzhou](/wiki/Xuzhou "Xuzhou") and [Lianyungang](/wiki/Lianyungang "Lianyungang") areas from [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu "Jiangsu") province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today. About six million people starved to death in Shandong during the [Great Chinese Famine](/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine "Great Chinese Famine").{{cite book\|last\=Gu\|first\=Chang\-Sheng\|title\=Awaken: Memoirs of a Chinese Historian\|url\={{Google books\|XhLO5pr\-QFwC\|pages\=130\-131\|plainurl\=yes}}\|year\=2009\|pages\=130–131}} In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces.
[ "History\n-------", "### Ancient history", "[thumb\\|right\\|Remains of [Ancient Linzi](/wiki/Ancient_Linzi \"Ancient Linzi\") city sewer passing underneath the former city wall](/wiki/File:Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg \"Linzi sewer 2010 06 06.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|A [Song\\-era](/wiki/Song-era \"Song-era\") monument to a legendary native of Shandong, the [Yellow Emperor](/wiki/Yellow_Emperor \"Yellow Emperor\"), at his [supposed birthplace](/wiki/Shou_Qiu \"Shou Qiu\")](/wiki/File:Shou_Qiu_-_eastern_turtle_-_P1050845.JPG \"Shou Qiu - eastern turtle - P1050845.JPG\")", "With its location on the eastern edge of the [North China Plain](/wiki/North_China_Plain \"North China Plain\"), Shandong was home to a succession of [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") cultures for millennia, including the [Houli](/wiki/Houli_culture \"Houli culture\") ({{circa\\|6500–5500 BC}}), [Beixin](/wiki/Beixin_culture \"Beixin culture\") ({{circa\\|5300–4100 BC}}), [Dawenkou](/wiki/Dawenkou \"Dawenkou\") ({{circa\\|4100–2600 BC}}), [Longshan](/wiki/Longshan_culture \"Longshan culture\") ({{circa\\|3000–2000 BC}}), and [Yueshi cultures](/wiki/Yueshi_culture \"Yueshi culture\") ({{circa\\|1900–1500 BC}}).", "The [Shang](/wiki/Shang_dynasty \"Shang dynasty\") and [Zhou dynasties](/wiki/Zhou_dynasty \"Zhou dynasty\") exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by [Dongyi](/wiki/Dongyi \"Dongyi\") peoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of the [Central Plain](/wiki/Zhongyuan \"Zhongyuan\"). Following the {{ill\\|annexation of Lai\\|zh\\|齊滅萊之戰}} by the [state of Qi](/wiki/State_of_Qi \"State of Qi\") in 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually became [sinicized](/wiki/Sinicized \"Sinicized\").", "During the [Spring and Autumn](/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period \"Spring and Autumn period\") and [Warring States periods](/wiki/Warring_States_period \"Warring States period\"), power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in [Linzi](/wiki/Ancient_Linzi \"Ancient Linzi\"), and the [state of Lu](/wiki/State_of_Lu \"State of Lu\") based in [Qufu](/wiki/Qufu \"Qufu\"). Lu is famous for being the home of [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius \"Confucius\"); however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboring [state of Chu](/wiki/State_of_Chu \"State of Chu\") to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including [Linzi](/wiki/Linzi_District \"Linzi District\"), [Jimo](/wiki/Jimo%2C_Shandong \"Jimo, Shandong\") (near modern [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\")) and [Ju](/wiki/Ju_County \"Ju County\").", "### Imperial history", "The [Qin dynasty](/wiki/Qin_dynasty \"Qin dynasty\") conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The [Han dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty \"Han dynasty\") that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions ({{lang\\|zh\\|刺史部}}) in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou ({{lang\\|zh\\|青州}}) in the north and Yanzhou ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|兗州}}) in the south. During the [Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Three_Kingdoms \"Three Kingdoms\") period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of [Cao Wei](/wiki/Cao_Wei \"Cao Wei\"), which ruled over northern China.", "After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the [Western Jin dynasty](/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty \"Western Jin dynasty\") gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the [Later Zhao](/wiki/Later_Zhao \"Later Zhao\"), then [Former Yan](/wiki/Former_Yan \"Former Yan\"), then [Former Qin](/wiki/Former_Qin \"Former Qin\"), then [Later Yan](/wiki/Later_Yan \"Later Yan\"), then [Southern Yan](/wiki/Southern_Yan \"Southern Yan\"), then the [Liu Song dynasty](/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty \"Liu Song dynasty\"), and finally the [Northern Wei dynasty](/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty \"Northern Wei dynasty\"), the first of the Northern dynasties during the [Northern and Southern dynasties](/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties \"Northern and Southern dynasties\") period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.", "In 412 AD, the Chinese [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") monk [Faxian](/wiki/Faxian \"Faxian\") landed at [Laoshan](/wiki/Laoshan_District \"Laoshan District\"), on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to [Qingzhou](/wiki/Qingzhou \"Qingzhou\") to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from [India](/wiki/India \"India\").", "The [Sui dynasty](/wiki/Sui_dynasty \"Sui dynasty\") reestablished unity in 589, and the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\") (618–907\\) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of [Henan Circuit](/wiki/Henan_Circuit \"Henan Circuit\"), one of the [circuits](/wiki/Circuit_%28political_division%29 \"Circuit (political division)\") (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms \"Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms\") period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.", "The [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel *[Water Margin](/wiki/Water_Margin \"Water Margin\")* was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to [Emperor Huizong](/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song_China \"Emperor Huizong of Song China\")'s repression of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") (he favored [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\")).", "The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the [Jurchen Jin dynasty](/wiki/Jurchen_Jin_dynasty \"Jurchen Jin dynasty\") in 1142\\. Shandong was administered by Jin as [Shandong East Circuit](/wiki/Shandong_East_Circuit \"Shandong East Circuit\") and [Shandong West Circuit](/wiki/Shandong_West_Circuit \"Shandong West Circuit\") – the first use of its current name.", "### Early modern history", "[thumb\\|[Linqing](/wiki/Linqing \"Linqing\") City, with a view of the [Grand Canal](/wiki/Grand_Canal_%28China%29 \"Grand Canal (China)\"). Drawing by [William Alexander](/wiki/William_Alexander_%28painter%29 \"William Alexander (painter)\"), draughtsman of the [Macartney Embassy](/wiki/Macartney_Embassy \"Macartney Embassy\") to China in 1793\\.](/wiki/File:William_Alexander_-_City_of_Lin_Tsin%2C_Shantung%2C_with_a_View_of_the_Grand_Canal_-_B1975.4.1450_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg \"William Alexander - City of Lin Tsin, Shantung, with a View of the Grand Canal - B1975.4.1450 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg\")", "The modern province of Shandong was created by the [Ming dynasty](/wiki/Ming_dynasty \"Ming dynasty\"), where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning \"Liaoning\"). After the [Ming–Qing Transition](/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Qing_Transition \"Ming–Qing Transition\") in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.", "On 25 July 1668, an [earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8\\.5](/wiki/1668_Shandong_earthquake \"1668 Shandong earthquake\") and an [epicenter](/wiki/Epicenter \"Epicenter\") just northeast of [Linyi](/wiki/Linyi \"Linyi\") devastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en\\=1668\\.0725\\|title\\=25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong)\\|publisher\\=GHEA\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=July 23, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723133040/https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en\\=1668\\.0725\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event\\-more\\-info/1054\\|title\\=CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Geophysical Data Center]]\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725005731/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event\\-more\\-info/1054\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected. [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\") was [leased](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession \"Kiautschou Bay concession\") to Germany in 1897 and [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai \"Weihai\") to Britain in 1898\\. As a result of foreign pressure from the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), which had annexed [Outer Manchuria](/wiki/Outer_Manchuria \"Outer Manchuria\") by 1860, the Qing [encouraged settlement of Shandong people](/wiki/Chuang_Guandong \"Chuang Guandong\") to what remained of [Manchuria](/wiki/Manchuria \"Manchuria\").", "Shandong was one of the first places where the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion \"Boxer Rebellion\") broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general [Yuan Shikai](/wiki/Yuan_Shikai \"Yuan Shikai\") was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years.\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.15\\|Street market in Qingdao during the late 19th century, photographed by the crew of the *[ARA Presidente Sarmiento](/wiki/ARA_Presidente_Sarmiento \"ARA Presidente Sarmiento\")*](/wiki/File:Street_market_Shandong.jpg \"Street market Shandong.jpg\")\nGermany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing [Jiaozhou Bay](/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay \"Jiaozhou Bay\") and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world\\-class [harbor](/wiki/Harbor \"Harbor\") facilities including [berths](/wiki/Berth_%28moorings%29 \"Berth (moorings)\"), heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Burkman\\|first\\=Thomas W.\\|title\\=Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914–1938\\|publisher\\=University of Hawaiʻi Press\\|year\\=2008\\|page\\=4\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/j.ctt6wqrcq \\|jstor\\=j.ctt6wqrcq\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-824\\-82982\\-7}}\nAs a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\") and Shandong. The 1919 [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles \"Treaty of Versailles\") transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the [Shandong Problem](/wiki/Shandong_Problem \"Shandong Problem\"), led to the vehement student protests in the [May Fourth Movement](/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement \"May Fourth Movement\"). Among the reservations to the Treaty that the [United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations \"United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations\") approved was \"to give Shantung to China\", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during the [Washington Naval Conference](/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference \"Washington Naval Conference\"). [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai \"Weihai\") followed in 1930\\.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Craft\\|first\\=Stephen G.\\|year\\=1997\\|title\\=John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question\\|url\\=https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1233\\&context\\=publication\\|journal\\=Pacific Historical Review\\|volume\\=66\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=231–249\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3640629 \\|jstor\\=3640629}}", "[thumb\\|1912 German map of the Shandong Peninsula, showing the [Kiautschou Bay concession](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession \"Kiautschou Bay concession\")\\|alt\\=The Kiautschou Bay concession was located in the natural harbor at Tsingtao on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula](/wiki/File:Contemporary_map_of_Tsingtau_and_the_Shandong_Peninsula.png \"Contemporary map of Tsingtau and the Shandong Peninsula.png\")\nShandong's return of control fell into the [Warlord Era](/wiki/Warlord_Era \"Warlord Era\") of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the [Zhili clique](/wiki/Zhili_clique \"Zhili clique\") of warlords, but after the [Second Zhili–Fengtian War](/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War \"Second Zhili–Fengtian War\") of 1924, the northeast China\\-based [Fengtian clique](/wiki/Fengtian_clique \"Fengtian clique\") took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord [Zhang Zongchang](/wiki/Zhang_Zongchang \"Zhang Zongchang\"), nicknamed the \"Dogmeat General\", as military governor of Shandong Province. *Time* dubbed him China's \"basest warlord\".{{clarify\\|date\\=July 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C722931%2C00\\.html\\|title\\=CHINA: Basest War Lord\\|date\\=1927\\-03\\-07\\|publisher\\=TIME\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125032834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722931,00\\.html}} He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the [Northern Expedition](/wiki/Northern_Expedition \"Northern Expedition\"). He was succeeded by [Han Fuju](/wiki/Han_Fuju \"Han Fuju\"), who was loyal to the warlord [Feng Yuxiang](/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang \"Feng Yuxiang\") but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by [Chiang Kai\\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\"). Han Fuju [also ousted](/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War \"Han–Liu War\") the warlord [Liu Zhennian](/wiki/Liu_Zhennian \"Liu Zhennian\"), nicknamed the \"King of Shandong East\", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.", "In 1937 Japan began its invasion of [China proper](/wiki/China_proper \"China proper\") in the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\"), which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter.", "During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched\\-earth [Three Alls policy](/wiki/Three_Alls_policy \"Three Alls policy\") (\"kill all\", \"burn all\", and \"loot all\") was implemented by Japanese general [Yasuji Okamura](/wiki/Yasuji_Okamura \"Yasuji Okamura\"). This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist [Chinese Red Army](/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army \"Chinese Red Army\") forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\"), they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\") (government of the [Republic of China](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 \"Republic of China (1912–1949)\")) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong ({{lang\\|zh\\|熊}}) family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. The [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\") was proclaimed in October of that year.", "Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short\\-lived [Pingyuan Province](/wiki/Pingyuan_Province \"Pingyuan Province\"), but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the [Xuzhou](/wiki/Xuzhou \"Xuzhou\") and [Lianyungang](/wiki/Lianyungang \"Lianyungang\") areas from [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu \"Jiangsu\") province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.", "About six million people starved to death in Shandong during the [Great Chinese Famine](/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine \"Great Chinese Famine\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Gu\\|first\\=Chang\\-Sheng\\|title\\=Awaken: Memoirs of a Chinese Historian\\|url\\={{Google books\\|XhLO5pr\\-QFwC\\|pages\\=130\\-131\\|plainurl\\=yes}}\\|year\\=2009\\|pages\\=130–131}}", "In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces.", "" ]
### Imperial history The [Qin dynasty](/wiki/Qin_dynasty "Qin dynasty") conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The [Han dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty "Han dynasty") that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions ({{lang\|zh\|刺史部}}) in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou ({{lang\|zh\|青州}}) in the north and Yanzhou ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|兗州}}) in the south. During the [Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Three_Kingdoms "Three Kingdoms") period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of [Cao Wei](/wiki/Cao_Wei "Cao Wei"), which ruled over northern China. After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the [Western Jin dynasty](/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty "Western Jin dynasty") gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the [Later Zhao](/wiki/Later_Zhao "Later Zhao"), then [Former Yan](/wiki/Former_Yan "Former Yan"), then [Former Qin](/wiki/Former_Qin "Former Qin"), then [Later Yan](/wiki/Later_Yan "Later Yan"), then [Southern Yan](/wiki/Southern_Yan "Southern Yan"), then the [Liu Song dynasty](/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty "Liu Song dynasty"), and finally the [Northern Wei dynasty](/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty "Northern Wei dynasty"), the first of the Northern dynasties during the [Northern and Southern dynasties](/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties "Northern and Southern dynasties") period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period. In 412 AD, the Chinese [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") monk [Faxian](/wiki/Faxian "Faxian") landed at [Laoshan](/wiki/Laoshan_District "Laoshan District"), on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to [Qingzhou](/wiki/Qingzhou "Qingzhou") to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from [India](/wiki/India "India"). The [Sui dynasty](/wiki/Sui_dynasty "Sui dynasty") reestablished unity in 589, and the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty") (618–907\) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of [Henan Circuit](/wiki/Henan_Circuit "Henan Circuit"), one of the [circuits](/wiki/Circuit_%28political_division%29 "Circuit (political division)") (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms") period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north. The [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty") reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel *[Water Margin](/wiki/Water_Margin "Water Margin")* was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to [Emperor Huizong](/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song_China "Emperor Huizong of Song China")'s repression of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") (he favored [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism")). The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the [Jurchen Jin dynasty](/wiki/Jurchen_Jin_dynasty "Jurchen Jin dynasty") in 1142\. Shandong was administered by Jin as [Shandong East Circuit](/wiki/Shandong_East_Circuit "Shandong East Circuit") and [Shandong West Circuit](/wiki/Shandong_West_Circuit "Shandong West Circuit") – the first use of its current name.
[ "### Imperial history", "The [Qin dynasty](/wiki/Qin_dynasty \"Qin dynasty\") conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The [Han dynasty](/wiki/Han_dynasty \"Han dynasty\") that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions ({{lang\\|zh\\|刺史部}}) in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou ({{lang\\|zh\\|青州}}) in the north and Yanzhou ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|兗州}}) in the south. During the [Three Kingdoms](/wiki/Three_Kingdoms \"Three Kingdoms\") period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of [Cao Wei](/wiki/Cao_Wei \"Cao Wei\"), which ruled over northern China.", "After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the [Western Jin dynasty](/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty \"Western Jin dynasty\") gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the [Later Zhao](/wiki/Later_Zhao \"Later Zhao\"), then [Former Yan](/wiki/Former_Yan \"Former Yan\"), then [Former Qin](/wiki/Former_Qin \"Former Qin\"), then [Later Yan](/wiki/Later_Yan \"Later Yan\"), then [Southern Yan](/wiki/Southern_Yan \"Southern Yan\"), then the [Liu Song dynasty](/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty \"Liu Song dynasty\"), and finally the [Northern Wei dynasty](/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty \"Northern Wei dynasty\"), the first of the Northern dynasties during the [Northern and Southern dynasties](/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties \"Northern and Southern dynasties\") period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.", "In 412 AD, the Chinese [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") monk [Faxian](/wiki/Faxian \"Faxian\") landed at [Laoshan](/wiki/Laoshan_District \"Laoshan District\"), on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to [Qingzhou](/wiki/Qingzhou \"Qingzhou\") to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from [India](/wiki/India \"India\").", "The [Sui dynasty](/wiki/Sui_dynasty \"Sui dynasty\") reestablished unity in 589, and the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\") (618–907\\) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of [Henan Circuit](/wiki/Henan_Circuit \"Henan Circuit\"), one of the [circuits](/wiki/Circuit_%28political_division%29 \"Circuit (political division)\") (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms \"Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms\") period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.", "The [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel *[Water Margin](/wiki/Water_Margin \"Water Margin\")* was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to [Emperor Huizong](/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song_China \"Emperor Huizong of Song China\")'s repression of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") (he favored [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\")).", "The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the [Jurchen Jin dynasty](/wiki/Jurchen_Jin_dynasty \"Jurchen Jin dynasty\") in 1142\\. Shandong was administered by Jin as [Shandong East Circuit](/wiki/Shandong_East_Circuit \"Shandong East Circuit\") and [Shandong West Circuit](/wiki/Shandong_West_Circuit \"Shandong West Circuit\") – the first use of its current name.", "" ]
### Early modern history [thumb\|[Linqing](/wiki/Linqing "Linqing") City, with a view of the [Grand Canal](/wiki/Grand_Canal_%28China%29 "Grand Canal (China)"). Drawing by [William Alexander](/wiki/William_Alexander_%28painter%29 "William Alexander (painter)"), draughtsman of the [Macartney Embassy](/wiki/Macartney_Embassy "Macartney Embassy") to China in 1793\.](/wiki/File:William_Alexander_-_City_of_Lin_Tsin%2C_Shantung%2C_with_a_View_of_the_Grand_Canal_-_B1975.4.1450_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg "William Alexander - City of Lin Tsin, Shantung, with a View of the Grand Canal - B1975.4.1450 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg") The modern province of Shandong was created by the [Ming dynasty](/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty"), where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning "Liaoning"). After the [Ming–Qing Transition](/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Qing_Transition "Ming–Qing Transition") in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders. On 25 July 1668, an [earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8\.5](/wiki/1668_Shandong_earthquake "1668 Shandong earthquake") and an [epicenter](/wiki/Epicenter "Epicenter") just northeast of [Linyi](/wiki/Linyi "Linyi") devastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people.{{Cite web\|url\=https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en\=1668\.0725\|title\=25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong)\|publisher\=GHEA\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-08\|archive\-date\=July 23, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723133040/https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en\=1668\.0725\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event\-more\-info/1054\|title\=CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE\|publisher\=\[\[National Geophysical Data Center]]\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-08\|archive\-date\=July 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725005731/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event\-more\-info/1054\|url\-status\=live}} During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected. [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao") was [leased](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession "Kiautschou Bay concession") to Germany in 1897 and [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai "Weihai") to Britain in 1898\. As a result of foreign pressure from the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), which had annexed [Outer Manchuria](/wiki/Outer_Manchuria "Outer Manchuria") by 1860, the Qing [encouraged settlement of Shandong people](/wiki/Chuang_Guandong "Chuang Guandong") to what remained of [Manchuria](/wiki/Manchuria "Manchuria"). Shandong was one of the first places where the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion") broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general [Yuan Shikai](/wiki/Yuan_Shikai "Yuan Shikai") was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years. [thumb\|left\|upright\=1\.15\|Street market in Qingdao during the late 19th century, photographed by the crew of the *[ARA Presidente Sarmiento](/wiki/ARA_Presidente_Sarmiento "ARA Presidente Sarmiento")*](/wiki/File:Street_market_Shandong.jpg "Street market Shandong.jpg") Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing [Jiaozhou Bay](/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay "Jiaozhou Bay") and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world\-class [harbor](/wiki/Harbor "Harbor") facilities including [berths](/wiki/Berth_%28moorings%29 "Berth (moorings)"), heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.{{Cite book\|last\=Burkman\|first\=Thomas W.\|title\=Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914–1938\|publisher\=University of Hawaiʻi Press\|year\=2008\|page\=4\|doi\=10\.2307/j.ctt6wqrcq \|jstor\=j.ctt6wqrcq\|isbn\=978\-0\-824\-82982\-7}} As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao") and Shandong. The 1919 [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles") transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the [Shandong Problem](/wiki/Shandong_Problem "Shandong Problem"), led to the vehement student protests in the [May Fourth Movement](/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement "May Fourth Movement"). Among the reservations to the Treaty that the [United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations "United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations") approved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during the [Washington Naval Conference](/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference "Washington Naval Conference"). [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai "Weihai") followed in 1930\.{{cite journal\|last\=Craft\|first\=Stephen G.\|year\=1997\|title\=John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question\|url\=https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1233\&context\=publication\|journal\=Pacific Historical Review\|volume\=66\|issue\=2\|pages\=231–249\|doi\=10\.2307/3640629 \|jstor\=3640629}} [thumb\|1912 German map of the Shandong Peninsula, showing the [Kiautschou Bay concession](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession "Kiautschou Bay concession")\|alt\=The Kiautschou Bay concession was located in the natural harbor at Tsingtao on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula](/wiki/File:Contemporary_map_of_Tsingtau_and_the_Shandong_Peninsula.png "Contemporary map of Tsingtau and the Shandong Peninsula.png") Shandong's return of control fell into the [Warlord Era](/wiki/Warlord_Era "Warlord Era") of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the [Zhili clique](/wiki/Zhili_clique "Zhili clique") of warlords, but after the [Second Zhili–Fengtian War](/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War "Second Zhili–Fengtian War") of 1924, the northeast China\-based [Fengtian clique](/wiki/Fengtian_clique "Fengtian clique") took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord [Zhang Zongchang](/wiki/Zhang_Zongchang "Zhang Zongchang"), nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. *Time* dubbed him China's "basest warlord".{{clarify\|date\=July 2021}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C722931%2C00\.html\|title\=CHINA: Basest War Lord\|date\=1927\-03\-07\|publisher\=TIME\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2010\-11\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125032834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722931,00\.html}} He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the [Northern Expedition](/wiki/Northern_Expedition "Northern Expedition"). He was succeeded by [Han Fuju](/wiki/Han_Fuju "Han Fuju"), who was loyal to the warlord [Feng Yuxiang](/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang "Feng Yuxiang") but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by [Chiang Kai\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek"). Han Fuju [also ousted](/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War "Han–Liu War") the warlord [Liu Zhennian](/wiki/Liu_Zhennian "Liu Zhennian"), nicknamed the "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule. In 1937 Japan began its invasion of [China proper](/wiki/China_proper "China proper") in the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War"), which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter. During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched\-earth [Three Alls policy](/wiki/Three_Alls_policy "Three Alls policy") ("kill all", "burn all", and "loot all") was implemented by Japanese general [Yasuji Okamura](/wiki/Yasuji_Okamura "Yasuji Okamura"). This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist [Chinese Red Army](/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army "Chinese Red Army") forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War"), they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang") (government of the [Republic of China](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 "Republic of China (1912–1949)")) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong ({{lang\|zh\|熊}}) family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. The [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") was proclaimed in October of that year. Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short\-lived [Pingyuan Province](/wiki/Pingyuan_Province "Pingyuan Province"), but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the [Xuzhou](/wiki/Xuzhou "Xuzhou") and [Lianyungang](/wiki/Lianyungang "Lianyungang") areas from [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu "Jiangsu") province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today. About six million people starved to death in Shandong during the [Great Chinese Famine](/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine "Great Chinese Famine").{{cite book\|last\=Gu\|first\=Chang\-Sheng\|title\=Awaken: Memoirs of a Chinese Historian\|url\={{Google books\|XhLO5pr\-QFwC\|pages\=130\-131\|plainurl\=yes}}\|year\=2009\|pages\=130–131}} In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces.
[ "### Early modern history", "[thumb\\|[Linqing](/wiki/Linqing \"Linqing\") City, with a view of the [Grand Canal](/wiki/Grand_Canal_%28China%29 \"Grand Canal (China)\"). Drawing by [William Alexander](/wiki/William_Alexander_%28painter%29 \"William Alexander (painter)\"), draughtsman of the [Macartney Embassy](/wiki/Macartney_Embassy \"Macartney Embassy\") to China in 1793\\.](/wiki/File:William_Alexander_-_City_of_Lin_Tsin%2C_Shantung%2C_with_a_View_of_the_Grand_Canal_-_B1975.4.1450_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg \"William Alexander - City of Lin Tsin, Shantung, with a View of the Grand Canal - B1975.4.1450 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg\")", "The modern province of Shandong was created by the [Ming dynasty](/wiki/Ming_dynasty \"Ming dynasty\"), where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning \"Liaoning\"). After the [Ming–Qing Transition](/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Qing_Transition \"Ming–Qing Transition\") in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.", "On 25 July 1668, an [earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8\\.5](/wiki/1668_Shandong_earthquake \"1668 Shandong earthquake\") and an [epicenter](/wiki/Epicenter \"Epicenter\") just northeast of [Linyi](/wiki/Linyi \"Linyi\") devastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en\\=1668\\.0725\\|title\\=25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong)\\|publisher\\=GHEA\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=July 23, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723133040/https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en\\=1668\\.0725\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event\\-more\\-info/1054\\|title\\=CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Geophysical Data Center]]\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725005731/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event\\-more\\-info/1054\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected. [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\") was [leased](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession \"Kiautschou Bay concession\") to Germany in 1897 and [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai \"Weihai\") to Britain in 1898\\. As a result of foreign pressure from the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), which had annexed [Outer Manchuria](/wiki/Outer_Manchuria \"Outer Manchuria\") by 1860, the Qing [encouraged settlement of Shandong people](/wiki/Chuang_Guandong \"Chuang Guandong\") to what remained of [Manchuria](/wiki/Manchuria \"Manchuria\").", "Shandong was one of the first places where the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion \"Boxer Rebellion\") broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general [Yuan Shikai](/wiki/Yuan_Shikai \"Yuan Shikai\") was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years.\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.15\\|Street market in Qingdao during the late 19th century, photographed by the crew of the *[ARA Presidente Sarmiento](/wiki/ARA_Presidente_Sarmiento \"ARA Presidente Sarmiento\")*](/wiki/File:Street_market_Shandong.jpg \"Street market Shandong.jpg\")\nGermany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing [Jiaozhou Bay](/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay \"Jiaozhou Bay\") and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world\\-class [harbor](/wiki/Harbor \"Harbor\") facilities including [berths](/wiki/Berth_%28moorings%29 \"Berth (moorings)\"), heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Burkman\\|first\\=Thomas W.\\|title\\=Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914–1938\\|publisher\\=University of Hawaiʻi Press\\|year\\=2008\\|page\\=4\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/j.ctt6wqrcq \\|jstor\\=j.ctt6wqrcq\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-824\\-82982\\-7}}\nAs a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\") and Shandong. The 1919 [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles \"Treaty of Versailles\") transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the [Shandong Problem](/wiki/Shandong_Problem \"Shandong Problem\"), led to the vehement student protests in the [May Fourth Movement](/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement \"May Fourth Movement\"). Among the reservations to the Treaty that the [United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations \"United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations\") approved was \"to give Shantung to China\", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during the [Washington Naval Conference](/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference \"Washington Naval Conference\"). [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai \"Weihai\") followed in 1930\\.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Craft\\|first\\=Stephen G.\\|year\\=1997\\|title\\=John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question\\|url\\=https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1233\\&context\\=publication\\|journal\\=Pacific Historical Review\\|volume\\=66\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=231–249\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3640629 \\|jstor\\=3640629}}", "[thumb\\|1912 German map of the Shandong Peninsula, showing the [Kiautschou Bay concession](/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession \"Kiautschou Bay concession\")\\|alt\\=The Kiautschou Bay concession was located in the natural harbor at Tsingtao on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula](/wiki/File:Contemporary_map_of_Tsingtau_and_the_Shandong_Peninsula.png \"Contemporary map of Tsingtau and the Shandong Peninsula.png\")\nShandong's return of control fell into the [Warlord Era](/wiki/Warlord_Era \"Warlord Era\") of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the [Zhili clique](/wiki/Zhili_clique \"Zhili clique\") of warlords, but after the [Second Zhili–Fengtian War](/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War \"Second Zhili–Fengtian War\") of 1924, the northeast China\\-based [Fengtian clique](/wiki/Fengtian_clique \"Fengtian clique\") took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord [Zhang Zongchang](/wiki/Zhang_Zongchang \"Zhang Zongchang\"), nicknamed the \"Dogmeat General\", as military governor of Shandong Province. *Time* dubbed him China's \"basest warlord\".{{clarify\\|date\\=July 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C722931%2C00\\.html\\|title\\=CHINA: Basest War Lord\\|date\\=1927\\-03\\-07\\|publisher\\=TIME\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125032834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722931,00\\.html}} He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the [Northern Expedition](/wiki/Northern_Expedition \"Northern Expedition\"). He was succeeded by [Han Fuju](/wiki/Han_Fuju \"Han Fuju\"), who was loyal to the warlord [Feng Yuxiang](/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang \"Feng Yuxiang\") but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by [Chiang Kai\\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\"). Han Fuju [also ousted](/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War \"Han–Liu War\") the warlord [Liu Zhennian](/wiki/Liu_Zhennian \"Liu Zhennian\"), nicknamed the \"King of Shandong East\", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.", "In 1937 Japan began its invasion of [China proper](/wiki/China_proper \"China proper\") in the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\"), which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter.", "During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched\\-earth [Three Alls policy](/wiki/Three_Alls_policy \"Three Alls policy\") (\"kill all\", \"burn all\", and \"loot all\") was implemented by Japanese general [Yasuji Okamura](/wiki/Yasuji_Okamura \"Yasuji Okamura\"). This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist [Chinese Red Army](/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army \"Chinese Red Army\") forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\"), they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\") (government of the [Republic of China](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 \"Republic of China (1912–1949)\")) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong ({{lang\\|zh\\|熊}}) family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. The [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\") was proclaimed in October of that year.", "Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short\\-lived [Pingyuan Province](/wiki/Pingyuan_Province \"Pingyuan Province\"), but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the [Xuzhou](/wiki/Xuzhou \"Xuzhou\") and [Lianyungang](/wiki/Lianyungang \"Lianyungang\") areas from [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu \"Jiangsu\") province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.", "About six million people starved to death in Shandong during the [Great Chinese Famine](/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine \"Great Chinese Famine\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Gu\\|first\\=Chang\\-Sheng\\|title\\=Awaken: Memoirs of a Chinese Historian\\|url\\={{Google books\\|XhLO5pr\\-QFwC\\|pages\\=130\\-131\\|plainurl\\=yes}}\\|year\\=2009\\|pages\\=130–131}}", "In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces.", "" ]
Economy ------- As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") to exchange clothing and fabrics. The [economy of Shandong](/wiki/Shandong%23Economy "Shandong#Economy") is China's [third largest provincial economy](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP "List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP") with a [GDP](/wiki/GDP "GDP") of [CNY](/wiki/CNY "CNY")¥8\.3 trillion in 2021 or [USD](/wiki/USD "USD")$1\.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico. Its GDP per capita is around [the national average](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita "List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita"). Compared to a country, it would be the [15th\-largest economy](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29 "List of countries by GDP (nominal)") and the [15th most populous](/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population "List of countries and dependencies by population") as of 2021\. Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including [cotton](/wiki/Cotton "Cotton"), [wheat](/wiki/Wheat "Wheat"), and [garlic](/wiki/Garlic "Garlic"){{cite book\|title\=Fresh Garlic from China, Inv. 731\-TA\-683 (Second Review)\|url\={{Google books\|6xZXpHREixMC\|page\=I\-24\|plainurl\=yes}}\|publisher\=DIANE Publishing\|date\=n.d.\|page\=I\-24\|isbn\=9781457818745}} as well as precious metals such as [gold](/wiki/Gold "Gold") and [diamonds](/wiki/Diamond "Diamond"). It also has one of the biggest [sapphire](/wiki/Sapphire "Sapphire") deposits in the world.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.china\-sapphire.com/about1\.asp\|title\=Location and how discovered\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=China Sapphire\|access\-date\=2009\-01\-05\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2007\-07\-03\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20070703160523/http://www.china\-sapphire.com/about1\.asp}} Other important crops include [sorghum](/wiki/Sorghum "Sorghum") and [maize](/wiki/Maize "Maize"). Shandong has extensive [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China "Petroleum industry in China") deposits as well, especially the [Shengli Oil Field](/wiki/Shengli_Oil_Field "Shengli Oil Field"){{Cite book \|last\=Zhan \|first\=Jing Vivian \|title\=China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State\-Capital\-Labor Relations \|date\=2022 \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-009\-04898\-9 \|location\=Cambridge, United Kingdom}}{{Rp\|page\=39}} (lit. Victory Oilfield) in the [Dongying](/wiki/Dongying "Dongying") area in the [Yellow River](/wiki/Yellow_River "Yellow River") delta. Shandong also produces [bromine](/wiki/Bromine "Bromine") from underground wells and [salt](/wiki/Table_salt "Table salt") from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China. Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well\-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from [South Korean](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") and [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong\-province/\|title\=Shandong Province\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=The China Perspective\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2012\-03\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305173906/http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong\-province/}} The richest part of the province is the [Shandong Peninsula](/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula "Shandong Peninsula"), where the city of [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao") is home to three of the most well\-known brand names of China: [Tsingtao](/wiki/Tsingtao_Brewery "Tsingtao Brewery") [Beer](/wiki/Beer "Beer"), [Haier](/wiki/Haier "Haier") and [Hisense](/wiki/Hisense "Hisense"). Besides, [Dongying](/wiki/Dongying "Dongying")'s oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China. | **Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present** (SNA2008\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.stats\-sd.gov.cn/art/2017/10/13/art\_5282\_198085\.html\|title\=关于将研究与开发支出计入生产总值核算修订生产总值核算数据的公告\|date\=2017\-10\-13\|publisher\=Shandong Provincial Bureau of Statistics\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2017\-12\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235426/http://www.stats\-sd.gov.cn/art/2017/10/13/art\_5282\_198085\.html\|language\=zh}}(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as [Int'l.dollar](/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar "Geary–Khamis dollar") based on IMF WEO October 2017{{refn\|group\=note\|Purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as \[\[Geary–Khamis dollar\|Int'l.dollar]] based on IMF WEO October 2017\. Purchasing power parity (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to \[\[International Monetary Fund\|IMF]] \[\[World Economic Outlook\|WEO]]{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLS/world\-economic\-outlook\-databases\#sort\=%40imfdate%20descending\|title\=The World Economic Outlook Database\|date\=2021\|publisher\=International Monetary Fund\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|archive\-date\=November 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126181855/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world\-economic\-outlook\-databases\#sort\=%40imfdate%20descending\|url\-status\=live}} data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published in the ''China Statistical Yearbook''.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/\|title\=Annual Data\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=National Bureau of Statistics of China\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|archive\-date\=October 20, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020062416/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/\|url\-status\=live}}}} | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | year | **GDP** | | | | **GDP per capita (GDPpc)** *based on mid\-year population* | | | **Reference index** | | | GDP *in millions* | | | realgrowth(%) | GDPpc | | | exchange rate*1 foreign currency to CNY* | | | [CNY](/wiki/Renminbi "Renminbi") | [USD](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar") | [PPP](/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity "Purchasing power parity")([Int'l$.](/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar "Geary–Khamis dollar")) | CNY | USD | PPP(Int'l$.) | USD 1 | Int'l$. 1(PPP) | | 2016 | 6,802,449 | 1,024,110 | 1,943,057 | 7\.6 | 68,733 | 10,348 | 19,633 | 6\.6423 | 3\.5009 | | 2015 | 6,393,074 | 1,026,439 | 1,801,120 | 8\.0 | 65,114 | 10,454 | 18,345 | 6\.2284 | 3\.5495 | | 2014 | 6,030,036 | 981,643 | 1,698,410 | 8\.7 | 61,774 | 10,056 | 17,399 | 6\.1428 | 3\.5504 | | 2013 | 5,602,372 | 904,601 | 1,566,265 | 9\.6 | 57,702 | 9,317 | 16,132 | 6\.1932 | 3\.5769 | | 2012 | 5,071,045 | 803,334 | 1,428,142 | 9\.9 | 52,490 | 8,315 | 14,783 | 6\.3125 | 3\.5508 | | 2011 | 4,543,951 | 703,529 | 1,296,235 | 10\.9 | 47,416 | 7,341 | 13,526 | 6\.4588 | 3\.5055 | | 2010 | 3,962,074 | 585,283 | 1,196,784 | 12\.3 | 41,579 | 6,142 | 12,559 | 6\.7695 | 3\.3106 | | 2009 | 3,425,154 | 501,413 | 1,084,768 | 12\.2 | 36,270 | 5,310 | 11,487 | 6\.8310 | 3\.1575 | | 2008 | 3,123,138 | 449,689 | 983,108 | 12\.1 | 33,253 | 4,788 | 10,467 | 6\.9451 | 3\.1768 | | 2007 | 2,599,074 | 341,804 | 862,076 | 14\.3 | 27,833 | 3,660 | 9,232 | 7\.6040 | 3\.0149 | | 2006 | 2,205,967 | 276,721 | 766,573 | 14\.7 | 23,775 | 2,982 | 8,262 | 7\.9718 | 2\.8777 | | 2005 | 1,849,700 | 225,802 | 646,974 | 15\.1 | 20,075 | 2,451 | 7,022 | 8\.1917 | 2\.8590 | | 2000 | 833,747 | 100,714 | 306,604 | 10\.3 | 9,326 | 1,127 | 3,430 | 8\.2784 | 2\.7193 | | 1990 | 151,119 | 31,594 | 88,758 | 5\.3 | 1,815 | 379 | 1,066 | 4\.7832 | 1\.7026 | | 1980 | 29,213 | 19,496 | 19,534 | 12\.2 | 402 | 268 | 269 | 1\.4984 | 1\.4955 | | 1978 | 22,545 | 14,498 | | 10\.1 | 316 | 203 | | 1\.5550 | | | 1970 | 12,631 | 5,131 | | 15\.7 | 199 | 81 | | 2\.4618 | | | 1965 | 8,625 | 3,504 | | 22\.0 | 152 | 62 | | 2\.4618 | | | 1957 | 6,139 | 2,358 | | \-3\.5 | 116 | 45 | | 2\.6040 | | | 1952 | 4,381 | 1,971 | | | 91 | 41 | | 2\.2227 | | ### Wine industry {{See also\|Wine in China}} [thumb\|upright\=1\.25\|right\|Shandong coastal vineyards](/wiki/File:Chinese-Vineyards.jpg "Chinese-Vineyards.jpg") The production of wine is the second largest{{citation needed\|date\=September 2011}} industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture. Geographically, the [coastal](/wiki/Coastal "Coastal") areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well\-ventilated, and rich in minerals and [organic matter](/wiki/Organic_matter "Organic matter") that enable full development of the [root](/wiki/Root "Root") systems. Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan\-Peng Sightseeing Highway(both are in [Yantai](/wiki/Yantai "Yantai")). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wines\-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759\.html\|title\=The wine output of Yantai will reach 230000 kiloliters in 2008\|date\=2008\-12\-30\|publisher\=China Wines Information Website\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-28\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2009\-02\-15\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215013857/http://wines\-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759\.html}} Main varieties such as [Cabernet Sauvignon](/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon "Cabernet Sauvignon"), [Cabernet Gernischt](/wiki/Cabernet_Gernischt "Cabernet Gernischt"), [Merlot](/wiki/Merlot "Merlot"), [Riesling](/wiki/Riesling "Riesling") and [Chardonnay](/wiki/Chardonnay "Chardonnay") are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%. **Major producers** * [Changyu Pioneer Wine Co.](/wiki/Changyu "Changyu") * [China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd.](/wiki/Great_Wall_Wine "Great Wall Wine") ### Economic and technological development zones * [Jinan](/wiki/Jinan "Jinan") High\-tech Industrial Development Zone Founded in 1991, the Jinan High\-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the [State Council](/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "State Council of the People's Republic of China"). The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of {{convert\|83\|km2\|abbr\=on}} that is divided into a central area covering {{convert\|33\|km2\|abbr\=on}}, an export processing district of {{convert\|10\|km2\|abbr\=on}}, and an eastern extension area of {{convert\|40\|km2\|abbr\=on}}. Since its foundation, the Jinan High\-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China\-Ukraine High\-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}} * [Jinan](/wiki/Jinan "Jinan") Export Processing Zone The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High\-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the [Jinan Airport](/wiki/Jinan_Airport "Jinan Airport") are {{convert\|9\|and\|18\|km\|abbr\=on}} respectively.{{cite web\|url\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/jinan\-export\-processing\-zone/\|title\=Ji'nan Export Processing Zone\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=RightSite.Asia\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2010\-01\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111195542/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/jinan\-export\-processing\-zone/}} * [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao") Economic \& Technological Development Area Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of {{convert\|12\.5\|km2\|abbr\=on}}. In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27\.51 billion, which increased by 28\.9%; the total industrial output value is ¥60\.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global [Fortune 500](/wiki/Fortune_500 "Fortune 500") in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening\-up, [Haier](/wiki/Haier "Haier"), [Hisense](/wiki/Hisense "Hisense"), Aucma, [Sinopec](/wiki/Sinopec "Sinopec"), [CSIC](/wiki/China_Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation "China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation"), [CNOOC](/wiki/CNOOC "CNOOC"), [CIMC](/wiki/CIMC "CIMC") etc. are all located in the zone.{{cite web\|url\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/qingdao\-economic\-and\-technical\-development\-zone/\|title\=Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=RightSite.Asia\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2010\-02\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207025643/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/qingdao\-economic\-and\-technical\-development\-zone/}} * [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao") Free Trade Zone The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992\. The zone is {{convert\|60\|km\|abbr\=on}} away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It is also close to [Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal](/wiki/Qingdao_Qianwan_Container_Terminal "Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal"). At present, more than 40 foreign\-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}} * [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao "Qingdao") High\-tech Industrial Zone The State Council approved Qingdao High\-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992\. The zone is located close to [Qingdao Liuting Airport](/wiki/Qingdao_Liuting_Airport "Qingdao Liuting Airport") and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science \& technology, national defense technology.{{cite web\|url\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/qingdao\-hi\-tech\-industrial\-development\-zone/\|title\=Qingdao Hi\-Tech Industrial Development Zone\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=RightSite.Asia\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2009\-11\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120191025/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/qingdao\-hi\-tech\-industrial\-development\-zone/}} * [Weifang](/wiki/Weifang "Weifang") Binhai Economic \& Technological Development Area (BEDA) Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic \& Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council. Covering an area of {{convert\|677\|km2\|abbr\=on}}, BEDA has a population of 100,000\. BEDA possesses a large state\-owned industrial land for use with an area of {{convert\|400\|km2\|abbr\=on}}. The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco\-Industry Park. * [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai "Weihai") Economic \& Technological Development Zone Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state\-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992\. The administrative area has an area of {{convert\|194\|km2\|abbr\=on}}, including the programmed area of {{convert\|36\|km2\|abbr\=on}} and an initial area of {{convert\|11\.88\|km2\|abbr\=on}}. Its nearest port is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}} * [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai "Weihai") Export Processing Zone Weihai Export \& Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000\. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic \& Technological Development Zone with programmed area of {{convert\|2\.6\|km2\|abbr\=on}}. Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export \& processing zone. The EPZ is located {{convert\|30\|km\|abbr\=on}} to Weihai Airport, {{convert\|3\|km\|abbr\=on}} to [Weihai railway station](/wiki/Weihai_railway_station "Weihai railway station") and {{convert\|4\|km\|abbr\=on}} to Weihai Harbor.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}} * [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai "Weihai") Torch Hi\-Tech Science Park Weihai Torch Hi\-Tech Science Park is a state\-level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991\. Located in Weihai's northwest zone of culture, education and science, the Park has the total area of {{convert\|111\.9\|km2\|sp\=us}}, the coastal line of {{convert\|30\.5\|km\|sp\=us}} and 150,000 residents. It is {{convert\|3\|km\|abbr\=on}} away from the city center, {{convert\|4\|km\|abbr\=on}} away from Weihai Port, {{convert\|10\|km\|abbr\=on}} away from Weihai railway station, {{convert\|30\|km\|abbr\=on}} away from Weihai Airport and {{convert\|80\|km\|abbr\=on}} away from Yantai Airport.{{cite web\|url\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/weihai\-torch\-hi\-tech\-science\-park\|title\=Weihai Torch Hi\-Tech Science Park\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=RightSite.Asia\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2010\-03\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303203037/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/weihai\-torch\-hi\-tech\-science\-park}} * [Yantai](/wiki/Yantai "Yantai") Economic and Technological Development Area Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China. It now has planned area of {{convert\|10\|km2\|abbr\=on}} and a population of 115,000\. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the [Yellow Sea](/wiki/Yellow_Sea "Yellow Sea"). It adjoins to downtown Yantai, merely {{convert\|6\|km\|abbr\=on}} away from [Yantai Port](/wiki/Yantai_Port "Yantai Port"), {{convert\|6\|km\|abbr\=on}} away from [Yantai railway station](/wiki/Yantai_railway_station "Yantai railway station"), and a 30\-minute drive to [Yantai International Airport](/wiki/Yantai_International_Airport "Yantai International Airport").{{cite web\|url\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/yantai\-economic\-and\-technological\-development\-area/\|title\=Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=RightSide.Asia\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2010\-02\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209052642/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/yantai\-economic\-and\-technological\-development\-area/}} * [Yantai](/wiki/Yantai "Yantai") Export Processing Zone Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is {{convert\|4\.17\|m2\|abbr\=on}}, in which the initial zone covers {{convert\|3\|km2\|abbr\=on}}. After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, standard workshops of {{convert\|120,000\|m2\|sqyd\|abbr\=on}} and bonded warehouses of {{convert\|40,000\|m2\|abbr\=on}} have been built up. Up to now, owning perfect investment environment and conditions, YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone.{{cite web\|url\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\-zone/yantai\-export\-processing\-zone/\|title\=Yantai Export Processing Zone\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=RightSite.Asia\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2010\-05\-10\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510115040/http://rightsite.asia:80/en/industrial\-zone/yantai\-export\-processing\-zone}} * [Zibo](/wiki/Zibo "Zibo") National New \& Hi\-Tech Industrial Development Zone
[ "Economy\n-------", "As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") to exchange clothing and fabrics. The [economy of Shandong](/wiki/Shandong%23Economy \"Shandong#Economy\") is China's [third largest provincial economy](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP \"List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP\") with a [GDP](/wiki/GDP \"GDP\") of [CNY](/wiki/CNY \"CNY\")¥8\\.3 trillion in 2021 or [USD](/wiki/USD \"USD\")$1\\.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico. Its GDP per capita is around [the national average](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita \"List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita\"). Compared to a country, it would be the [15th\\-largest economy](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29 \"List of countries by GDP (nominal)\") and the [15th most populous](/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population \"List of countries and dependencies by population\") as of 2021\\.", "Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including [cotton](/wiki/Cotton \"Cotton\"), [wheat](/wiki/Wheat \"Wheat\"), and [garlic](/wiki/Garlic \"Garlic\"){{cite book\\|title\\=Fresh Garlic from China, Inv. 731\\-TA\\-683 (Second Review)\\|url\\={{Google books\\|6xZXpHREixMC\\|page\\=I\\-24\\|plainurl\\=yes}}\\|publisher\\=DIANE Publishing\\|date\\=n.d.\\|page\\=I\\-24\\|isbn\\=9781457818745}} as well as precious metals such as [gold](/wiki/Gold \"Gold\") and [diamonds](/wiki/Diamond \"Diamond\"). It also has one of the biggest [sapphire](/wiki/Sapphire \"Sapphire\") deposits in the world.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.china\\-sapphire.com/about1\\.asp\\|title\\=Location and how discovered\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=China Sapphire\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-05\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-07\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20070703160523/http://www.china\\-sapphire.com/about1\\.asp}} Other important crops include [sorghum](/wiki/Sorghum \"Sorghum\") and [maize](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\"). Shandong has extensive [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China \"Petroleum industry in China\") deposits as well, especially the [Shengli Oil Field](/wiki/Shengli_Oil_Field \"Shengli Oil Field\"){{Cite book \\|last\\=Zhan \\|first\\=Jing Vivian \\|title\\=China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State\\-Capital\\-Labor Relations \\|date\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-009\\-04898\\-9 \\|location\\=Cambridge, United Kingdom}}{{Rp\\|page\\=39}} (lit. Victory Oilfield) in the [Dongying](/wiki/Dongying \"Dongying\") area in the [Yellow River](/wiki/Yellow_River \"Yellow River\") delta. Shandong also produces [bromine](/wiki/Bromine \"Bromine\") from underground wells and [salt](/wiki/Table_salt \"Table salt\") from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.", "Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well\\-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from [South Korean](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\") and [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong\\-province/\\|title\\=Shandong Province\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=The China Perspective\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305173906/http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong\\-province/}} The richest part of the province is the [Shandong Peninsula](/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula \"Shandong Peninsula\"), where the city of [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\") is home to three of the most well\\-known brand names of China: [Tsingtao](/wiki/Tsingtao_Brewery \"Tsingtao Brewery\") [Beer](/wiki/Beer \"Beer\"), [Haier](/wiki/Haier \"Haier\") and [Hisense](/wiki/Hisense \"Hisense\"). Besides, [Dongying](/wiki/Dongying \"Dongying\")'s oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.", "", "| **Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present** (SNA2008\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stats\\-sd.gov.cn/art/2017/10/13/art\\_5282\\_198085\\.html\\|title\\=关于将研究与开发支出计入生产总值核算修订生产总值核算数据的公告\\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-13\\|publisher\\=Shandong Provincial Bureau of Statistics\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235426/http://www.stats\\-sd.gov.cn/art/2017/10/13/art\\_5282\\_198085\\.html\\|language\\=zh}}(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as [Int'l.dollar](/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar \"Geary–Khamis dollar\") based on IMF WEO October 2017{{refn\\|group\\=note\\|Purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as \\[\\[Geary–Khamis dollar\\|Int'l.dollar]] based on IMF WEO October 2017\\. Purchasing power parity (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to \\[\\[International Monetary Fund\\|IMF]] \\[\\[World Economic Outlook\\|WEO]]{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLS/world\\-economic\\-outlook\\-databases\\#sort\\=%40imfdate%20descending\\|title\\=The World Economic Outlook Database\\|date\\=2021\\|publisher\\=International Monetary Fund\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126181855/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world\\-economic\\-outlook\\-databases\\#sort\\=%40imfdate%20descending\\|url\\-status\\=live}} data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published in the ''China Statistical Yearbook''.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/\\|title\\=Annual Data\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=National Bureau of Statistics of China\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=October 20, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020062416/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}}} | | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| year | **GDP** | | | | **GDP per capita (GDPpc)** *based on mid\\-year population* | | | **Reference index** | |\n| GDP *in millions* | | | realgrowth(%) | GDPpc | | | exchange rate*1 foreign currency to CNY* | |\n| [CNY](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\") | [USD](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\") | [PPP](/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity \"Purchasing power parity\")([Int'l$.](/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar \"Geary–Khamis dollar\")) | CNY | USD | PPP(Int'l$.) | USD 1 | Int'l$. 1(PPP) |\n| 2016 | 6,802,449 | 1,024,110 | 1,943,057 | 7\\.6 | 68,733 | 10,348 | 19,633 | 6\\.6423 | 3\\.5009 |\n| 2015 | 6,393,074 | 1,026,439 | 1,801,120 | 8\\.0 | 65,114 | 10,454 | 18,345 | 6\\.2284 | 3\\.5495 |\n| 2014 | 6,030,036 | 981,643 | 1,698,410 | 8\\.7 | 61,774 | 10,056 | 17,399 | 6\\.1428 | 3\\.5504 |\n| 2013 | 5,602,372 | 904,601 | 1,566,265 | 9\\.6 | 57,702 | 9,317 | 16,132 | 6\\.1932 | 3\\.5769 |\n| 2012 | 5,071,045 | 803,334 | 1,428,142 | 9\\.9 | 52,490 | 8,315 | 14,783 | 6\\.3125 | 3\\.5508 |\n| 2011 | 4,543,951 | 703,529 | 1,296,235 | 10\\.9 | 47,416 | 7,341 | 13,526 | 6\\.4588 | 3\\.5055 |\n| 2010 | 3,962,074 | 585,283 | 1,196,784 | 12\\.3 | 41,579 | 6,142 | 12,559 | 6\\.7695 | 3\\.3106 |\n| 2009 | 3,425,154 | 501,413 | 1,084,768 | 12\\.2 | 36,270 | 5,310 | 11,487 | 6\\.8310 | 3\\.1575 |\n| 2008 | 3,123,138 | 449,689 | 983,108 | 12\\.1 | 33,253 | 4,788 | 10,467 | 6\\.9451 | 3\\.1768 |\n| 2007 | 2,599,074 | 341,804 | 862,076 | 14\\.3 | 27,833 | 3,660 | 9,232 | 7\\.6040 | 3\\.0149 |\n| 2006 | 2,205,967 | 276,721 | 766,573 | 14\\.7 | 23,775 | 2,982 | 8,262 | 7\\.9718 | 2\\.8777 |\n| 2005 | 1,849,700 | 225,802 | 646,974 | 15\\.1 | 20,075 | 2,451 | 7,022 | 8\\.1917 | 2\\.8590 |\n| 2000 | 833,747 | 100,714 | 306,604 | 10\\.3 | 9,326 | 1,127 | 3,430 | 8\\.2784 | 2\\.7193 |\n| 1990 | 151,119 | 31,594 | 88,758 | 5\\.3 | 1,815 | 379 | 1,066 | 4\\.7832 | 1\\.7026 |\n| 1980 | 29,213 | 19,496 | 19,534 | 12\\.2 | 402 | 268 | 269 | 1\\.4984 | 1\\.4955 |\n| 1978 | 22,545 | 14,498 | | 10\\.1 | 316 | 203 | | 1\\.5550 | |\n| 1970 | 12,631 | 5,131 | | 15\\.7 | 199 | 81 | | 2\\.4618 | |\n| 1965 | 8,625 | 3,504 | | 22\\.0 | 152 | 62 | | 2\\.4618 | |\n| 1957 | 6,139 | 2,358 | | \\-3\\.5 | 116 | 45 | | 2\\.6040 | |\n| 1952 | 4,381 | 1,971 | | | 91 | 41 | | 2\\.2227 | |", "### Wine industry", "{{See also\\|Wine in China}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.25\\|right\\|Shandong coastal vineyards](/wiki/File:Chinese-Vineyards.jpg \"Chinese-Vineyards.jpg\")\nThe production of wine is the second largest{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2011}} industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture.", "Geographically, the [coastal](/wiki/Coastal \"Coastal\") areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well\\-ventilated, and rich in minerals and [organic matter](/wiki/Organic_matter \"Organic matter\") that enable full development of the [root](/wiki/Root \"Root\") systems.", "Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan\\-Peng Sightseeing Highway(both are in [Yantai](/wiki/Yantai \"Yantai\")). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wines\\-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759\\.html\\|title\\=The wine output of Yantai will reach 230000 kiloliters in 2008\\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-30\\|publisher\\=China Wines Information Website\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-28\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-15\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215013857/http://wines\\-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759\\.html}} Main varieties such as [Cabernet Sauvignon](/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon \"Cabernet Sauvignon\"), [Cabernet Gernischt](/wiki/Cabernet_Gernischt \"Cabernet Gernischt\"), [Merlot](/wiki/Merlot \"Merlot\"), [Riesling](/wiki/Riesling \"Riesling\") and [Chardonnay](/wiki/Chardonnay \"Chardonnay\") are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.", "**Major producers**\n* [Changyu Pioneer Wine Co.](/wiki/Changyu \"Changyu\")\n* [China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd.](/wiki/Great_Wall_Wine \"Great Wall Wine\")", "### Economic and technological development zones", "* [Jinan](/wiki/Jinan \"Jinan\") High\\-tech Industrial Development Zone\nFounded in 1991, the Jinan High\\-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the [State Council](/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"State Council of the People's Republic of China\"). The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of {{convert\\|83\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}} that is divided into a central area covering {{convert\\|33\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}, an export processing district of {{convert\\|10\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}, and an eastern extension area of {{convert\\|40\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}. Since its foundation, the Jinan High\\-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China\\-Ukraine High\\-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}}\n* [Jinan](/wiki/Jinan \"Jinan\") Export Processing Zone\nThe export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High\\-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the [Jinan Airport](/wiki/Jinan_Airport \"Jinan Airport\") are {{convert\\|9\\|and\\|18\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/jinan\\-export\\-processing\\-zone/\\|title\\=Ji'nan Export Processing Zone\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=RightSite.Asia\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111195542/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/jinan\\-export\\-processing\\-zone/}}\n* [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\") Economic \\& Technological Development Area", "Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of {{convert\\|12\\.5\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}. In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27\\.51 billion, which increased by 28\\.9%; the total industrial output value is ¥60\\.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global [Fortune 500](/wiki/Fortune_500 \"Fortune 500\") in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening\\-up, [Haier](/wiki/Haier \"Haier\"), [Hisense](/wiki/Hisense \"Hisense\"), Aucma, [Sinopec](/wiki/Sinopec \"Sinopec\"), [CSIC](/wiki/China_Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation \"China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation\"), [CNOOC](/wiki/CNOOC \"CNOOC\"), [CIMC](/wiki/CIMC \"CIMC\") etc. are all located in the zone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/qingdao\\-economic\\-and\\-technical\\-development\\-zone/\\|title\\=Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=RightSite.Asia\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-02\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207025643/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/qingdao\\-economic\\-and\\-technical\\-development\\-zone/}}\n* [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\") Free Trade Zone", "The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992\\. The zone is {{convert\\|60\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It is also close to [Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal](/wiki/Qingdao_Qianwan_Container_Terminal \"Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal\"). At present, more than 40 foreign\\-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}}\n* [Qingdao](/wiki/Qingdao \"Qingdao\") High\\-tech Industrial Zone", "The State Council approved Qingdao High\\-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992\\. The zone is located close to [Qingdao Liuting Airport](/wiki/Qingdao_Liuting_Airport \"Qingdao Liuting Airport\") and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science \\& technology, national defense technology.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/qingdao\\-hi\\-tech\\-industrial\\-development\\-zone/\\|title\\=Qingdao Hi\\-Tech Industrial Development Zone\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=RightSite.Asia\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120191025/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/qingdao\\-hi\\-tech\\-industrial\\-development\\-zone/}}\n* [Weifang](/wiki/Weifang \"Weifang\") Binhai Economic \\& Technological Development Area (BEDA)\nEstablished in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic \\& Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council. Covering an area of {{convert\\|677\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}, BEDA has a population of 100,000\\. BEDA possesses a large state\\-owned industrial land for use with an area of {{convert\\|400\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}. The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco\\-Industry Park.\n* [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai \"Weihai\") Economic \\& Technological Development Zone\nWeihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state\\-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992\\. The administrative area has an area of {{convert\\|194\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}, including the programmed area of {{convert\\|36\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}} and an initial area of {{convert\\|11\\.88\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}. Its nearest port is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}}\n* [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai \"Weihai\") Export Processing Zone\nWeihai Export \\& Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000\\. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic \\& Technological Development Zone with programmed area of {{convert\\|2\\.6\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}. Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export \\& processing zone. The EPZ is located {{convert\\|30\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} to Weihai Airport, {{convert\\|3\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} to [Weihai railway station](/wiki/Weihai_railway_station \"Weihai railway station\") and {{convert\\|4\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} to Weihai Harbor.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}}\n* [Weihai](/wiki/Weihai \"Weihai\") Torch Hi\\-Tech Science Park\nWeihai Torch Hi\\-Tech Science Park is a state\\-level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991\\. Located in Weihai's northwest zone of culture, education and science, the Park has the total area of {{convert\\|111\\.9\\|km2\\|sp\\=us}}, the coastal line of {{convert\\|30\\.5\\|km\\|sp\\=us}} and 150,000 residents. It is {{convert\\|3\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away from the city center, {{convert\\|4\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away from Weihai Port, {{convert\\|10\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away from Weihai railway station, {{convert\\|30\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away from Weihai Airport and {{convert\\|80\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away from Yantai Airport.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/weihai\\-torch\\-hi\\-tech\\-science\\-park\\|title\\=Weihai Torch Hi\\-Tech Science Park\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=RightSite.Asia\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303203037/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/weihai\\-torch\\-hi\\-tech\\-science\\-park}}\n* [Yantai](/wiki/Yantai \"Yantai\") Economic and Technological Development Area\nYantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China. It now has planned area of {{convert\\|10\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}} and a population of 115,000\\. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the [Yellow Sea](/wiki/Yellow_Sea \"Yellow Sea\"). It adjoins to downtown Yantai, merely {{convert\\|6\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away from [Yantai Port](/wiki/Yantai_Port \"Yantai Port\"), {{convert\\|6\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} away from [Yantai railway station](/wiki/Yantai_railway_station \"Yantai railway station\"), and a 30\\-minute drive to [Yantai International Airport](/wiki/Yantai_International_Airport \"Yantai International Airport\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/yantai\\-economic\\-and\\-technological\\-development\\-area/\\|title\\=Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=RightSide.Asia\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-02\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209052642/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/yantai\\-economic\\-and\\-technological\\-development\\-area/}}\n* [Yantai](/wiki/Yantai \"Yantai\") Export Processing Zone\nYantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is {{convert\\|4\\.17\\|m2\\|abbr\\=on}}, in which the initial zone covers {{convert\\|3\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}}. After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, standard workshops of {{convert\\|120,000\\|m2\\|sqyd\\|abbr\\=on}} and bonded warehouses of {{convert\\|40,000\\|m2\\|abbr\\=on}} have been built up. Up to now, owning perfect investment environment and conditions, YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial\\-zone/yantai\\-export\\-processing\\-zone/\\|title\\=Yantai Export Processing Zone\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=RightSite.Asia\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-10\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510115040/http://rightsite.asia:80/en/industrial\\-zone/yantai\\-export\\-processing\\-zone}}\n* [Zibo](/wiki/Zibo \"Zibo\") National New \\& Hi\\-Tech Industrial Development Zone", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{Historical populations \|title\= Historical populations \|type\= USA \|align\= left \|1900\|397 \|1910\|241 \|1920\|331 \|1930\|339 \|1940\|326 \|1950\|307 \|1960\|289 \|1970\|248 \|1980\|279 \|1990\|217 \|2000\|177 \|2010\|138 \|2020\|130 \|source\={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}}}\|footnote\=Source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|title\=U.S. Census website\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-29}} and \[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} [thumb\|left\|alt\=The population of Havelock, Iowa from US census data\|The population of Havelock, Iowa from US census data](/wiki/File:HavelockIowaPopPlot.png "HavelockIowaPopPlot.png") ### 2020 census As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2020,{{cite web \|title\=2020 Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade/2020/2020\-census\-main.html \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 130 people, 55 households, and 27 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 232\.6 inhabitants per square mile (89\.8/km2). There were 82 housing units at an average density of 146\.7 per square mile (56\.6/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") makeup of the city was 83\.1% [White](/wiki/White_Americans "White Americans"), 0\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans"), 0\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans"), 0\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans"), 7\.7% from other races and 9\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") persons of any race comprised 12\.3% of the population. Of the 55 households, 20\.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 1\.8% were cohabitating couples, 27\.3% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 30\.9% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 50\.9% of all households were non\-families. 47\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, 12\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 37\.0 years. 29\.2% of the residents were under the age of 20; 3\.8% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 26\.2% were from 25 and 44; 21\.5% were from 45 and 64; and 19\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\.8% male and 49\.2% female. ### 2010 census At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census") there were 138 people in 65 households, including 35 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\|242\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 87 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|152\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census") of the city was 92\.8% White, 1\.4% Native American, 0\.7% Asian, 0\.7% Pacific Islander, and 4\.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6\.5%.{{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-05\-11}} Of the 65 households 21\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\.0% were married couples living together, 7\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46\.2% were non\-families. 38\.5% of households were one person and 15\.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.12 and the average family size was 2\.74\. The median age was 43\.3 years. 18\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 12\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\.7% were from 25 to 44; 32\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14\.5% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\.3% male and 50\.7% female. ### 2000 census At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census "2000 United States Census") there were 177 people in 82 households, including 44 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\|314\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 95 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|168\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census") of the city was 97\.74% White, and 2\.26% from two or more races.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} Of the 82 households 24\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\.1% were married couples living together, 6\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46\.3% were non\-families. 42\.7% of households were one person and 25\.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.16 and the average family size was 3\.05\. The age distribution was 24\.9% under the age of 18, 7\.3% from 18 to 24, 24\.3% from 25 to 44, 19\.2% from 45 to 64, and 24\.3% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 90\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92\.8 males. The median household income was $28,462 and the median family income was $32,917\. Males had a median income of $25,469 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,548\. About 6\.4% of families and 12\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 7\.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 24\.4% of those sixty five or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{Historical populations\n\\|title\\= Historical populations\n\\|type\\= USA\n\\|align\\= left\n\\|1900\\|397\n\\|1910\\|241\n\\|1920\\|331\n\\|1930\\|339\n\\|1940\\|326\n\\|1950\\|307\n\\|1960\\|289\n\\|1970\\|248\n\\|1980\\|279\n\\|1990\\|217\n\\|2000\\|177\n\\|2010\\|138\n\\|2020\\|130\n\\|source\\={{center\\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}}}\\|footnote\\=Source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-29}} and \\[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\\.pdf Iowa Data Center]\n}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=The population of Havelock, Iowa from US census data\\|The population of Havelock, Iowa from US census data](/wiki/File:HavelockIowaPopPlot.png \"HavelockIowaPopPlot.png\")", "### 2020 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2020,{{cite web \\|title\\=2020 Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade/2020/2020\\-census\\-main.html \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 130 people, 55 households, and 27 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 232\\.6 inhabitants per square mile (89\\.8/km2). There were 82 housing units at an average density of 146\\.7 per square mile (56\\.6/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") makeup of the city was 83\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_Americans \"White Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\"), 7\\.7% from other races and 9\\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") persons of any race comprised 12\\.3% of the population.", "Of the 55 households, 20\\.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 1\\.8% were cohabitating couples, 27\\.3% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 30\\.9% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 50\\.9% of all households were non\\-families. 47\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, 12\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.", "The median age in the city was 37\\.0 years. 29\\.2% of the residents were under the age of 20; 3\\.8% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 26\\.2% were from 25 and 44; 21\\.5% were from 45 and 64; and 19\\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\\.8% male and 49\\.2% female.", "### 2010 census", "At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\") there were 138 people in 65 households, including 35 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|242\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 87 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|152\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census\") of the city was 92\\.8% White, 1\\.4% Native American, 0\\.7% Asian, 0\\.7% Pacific Islander, and 4\\.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6\\.5%.{{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-11}}", "Of the 65 households 21\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\\.0% were married couples living together, 7\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6\\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46\\.2% were non\\-families. 38\\.5% of households were one person and 15\\.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.12 and the average family size was 2\\.74\\.", "The median age was 43\\.3 years. 18\\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 12\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\\.7% were from 25 to 44; 32\\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14\\.5% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.3% male and 50\\.7% female.", "### 2000 census", "At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\") there were 177 people in 82 households, including 44 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|314\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 95 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|168\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census\") of the city was 97\\.74% White, and 2\\.26% from two or more races.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}}\nOf the 82 households 24\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\\.1% were married couples living together, 6\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46\\.3% were non\\-families. 42\\.7% of households were one person and 25\\.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.16 and the average family size was 3\\.05\\.", "The age distribution was 24\\.9% under the age of 18, 7\\.3% from 18 to 24, 24\\.3% from 25 to 44, 19\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 24\\.3% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 90\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92\\.8 males.", "The median household income was $28,462 and the median family income was $32,917\\. Males had a median income of $25,469 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,548\\. About 6\\.4% of families and 12\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 7\\.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 24\\.4% of those sixty five or over.", "" ]
Korean War ---------- [220px\|thumb\|left\|{{center\|Company C on patrol}}](/wiki/File:Company_c.JPG "Company c.JPG") On 27 August 1950, the 65th Infantry, with 3,920 officers and men organized into three infantry battalions, one artillery battalion and a tank company departed from Puerto Rico and arrived in [Pusan, South Korea](/wiki/Busan "Busan") on 23 September 1950\. It was during the long sea voyage that the men nicknamed the 65th Infantry as the "Borinqueneers". "That was the name of the more peaceful of the two original Indian tribes that inhabited the island of Puerto Rico "[Borinquen](/wiki/Borinquen "Borinquen")", and many of the men were direct descendants of that industrious race of people."{{cite book\|last1 \= Harris\|first1 \= William Warner\|title \= Puerto Rico's Fighting 65th U.S. Infantry\- From San Juan to Chorwan\|date \= 1980\|publisher \= Presidio Press \|isbn \= 0\-89141\-753\-2\|pages \= 49–50\|edition \= Third}} [thumb\|220px\|right\|A 1992 painting depicting the 65th Infantry's bayonet charge against a Chinese division during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War").](/wiki/File:US_65th_Infantry_Regiment.Painting.Korean_War.Bayonet_charge_against_Chinese_division.jpg "US 65th Infantry Regiment.Painting.Korean War.Bayonet charge against Chinese division.jpg") The men of the 65th, now attached to the Army's [3rd Infantry Division](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Infantry Division (United States)"), were among the first infantrymen to meet the enemy on the battlefields of Korea. After November 1950, they fought daily against units of the Chinese [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") after the Chinese entered the war on the North Korean side. The [296th Regiment](/wiki/296th_Infantry_Regiment "296th Infantry Regiment") took its place at Puerto Rico.{{Harvnb\|Norat\|1987\|pp\=110}} In Korea, the regiment covered the retreat of the [1st Marine Division](/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Marine Division (United States)") during the [Battle of Chosin Reservoir](/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir "Battle of Chosin Reservoir").{{Harvnb\|Norat\|1987\|pp\=131}} One of the hardships suffered by the Puerto Ricans was the lack of warm clothing during the cold, harsh winters. "Born in a semitropical climate\- most of them had never seen snow\- they had lived and fought through it all without complaint."{{Cite book\|title \= Puerto Rico's Fighting 65th Infantry\- From San Juan to Chorwan\|last \= Harris\|first \= William Warner\|publisher \= Presidio Press, Inc.\|year \= 1980\|isbn \= 0\-89141\-753\-2\|page \= 133}} {{external media \| float \= left \| video1 \= \[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=FHW0xzBmHvI Newsreel of the 65th Infantry Regiment in Korea]. }} The enemy made many attempts to encircle the regiment, but each time they failed because of the many casualties inflicted by the 65th. Because the 65th held their positions, that enabled the [U.S. Marines](/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps "U.S. Marine Corps") to withdraw from the [Chosin Reservoir](/wiki/Chosin_Reservoir "Chosin Reservoir") in December 1950\. When the Marines were surrounded by the [Chinese Communist](/wiki/Chinese_Communist "Chinese Communist") troops close to the [Manchurian](/wiki/Manchuria "Manchuria") border, they were ordered to retreat and work their way back to [Hungnam](/wiki/Hungnam "Hungnam"). The men of the 65th rushed to their defense and were ordered to stay behind and fight the enemy. As a result, the Marines were able to withdraw to their ships with the 65th holding the rearguard. The 65th, attached to the 1st Marine Division, was awarded the [Navy Unit Commendation](/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation "Navy Unit Commendation") for their defense{{cite web\|url\=http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/go5738\.pdf \|title\=General Order 38 \|publisher\=Department of the Army \|date\=30 July 1957 \|access\-date\=8 August 2012 \|pages\=2–3 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317212406/http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/go5738\.pdf \|archive\-date\=17 March 2013 }} and were among the last units to [embark from Hungnam](/wiki/Hungnam_evacuation "Hungnam evacuation"). Among the battles and operations in which the 65th participated was [Operation Killer](/wiki/Operation_Killer "Operation Killer") in January 1951, becoming the first regiment to cross the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Korea%29 "Han River (Korea)") in South Korea during the operation. In April 1951, the regiment participated in the [Uijonbu Corridor](/wiki/Uijeongbu "Uijeongbu") drives and in June 1951, the 65th was the third regiment to cross the Han Ton River. The 65th took and held [Chorwon](/wiki/Chorwon_County "Chorwon County") and they were also instrumental in breaking the [Iron Triangle](/wiki/Iron_Triangle_%28Korea%29 "Iron Triangle (Korea)") of Hill 717 in July 1951\. In November 1951, the regiment fought off an attack by two regimental size enemy units. Colonel [Juan César Cordero Dávila](/wiki/Juan_C%C3%A9sar_Cordero_D%C3%A1vila "Juan César Cordero Dávila") of the 296th Regiment requested a transfer to active service in Korea.{{Harvnb\|Norat\|1987\|pp\=115}} In December 1951, [Chief of Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army "Chief of Staff of the United States Army") [J. Lawton Collins](/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins "J. Lawton Collins") visited Puerto Rico and granted the request, reassigning him to the 65th, replacing him with Lt. Col. Sepúlveda. Col. Cordero was formally named commander of the 65th Infantry on 8 February 1952, thus becoming one of the highest ranking ethnic officers in the Army.{{cite web \|url\=http://mervino.com/window/IBB/map65th.html \|title\=Outpost Kelly \|access\-date\=10 October 2006 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ipmsborinqueneers.com/borinqueneers\-history\|title\=IPMS Borinqueneers of Puerto Rico\|website\=IPMS Borinqueneers of Puerto Rico\|access\-date\=11 April 2018}} [Brigadier](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)") William Warner Harris ([USMA](/wiki/U._S._Military_Academy "U. S. Military Academy") 1930\) published a book that captured the distinguished history of the 65th while under his command.{{cite book \|year\=1980 \|first\= William Warner \|last\=Harris \|title\=Puerto Rico's Fighting 65th – From San Juan to Chorwan \|publisher\=Presidio Press, Inc. \|isbn\=0\-89141\-753\-2}} When asked if the Puerto Ricans would fight when the time came, then Colonel William Warner Harris' answer was just as direct: "My Puerto Ricans will fight anyone, anywhere." ### Battles of Outpost Kelly and Jackson Heights On 3 July 1952, the regiment defended the main line of resistance (MLR) for 47 days and saw action at Cognac, King and Queen with successful attacks on Chinese positions. In September 1952, the 65th Infantry defended a hill known as Outpost Kelly. Chinese Communist forces overran the hill in what became known as the [Battle of Outpost Kelly](/wiki/Battle_of_Outpost_Kelly "Battle of Outpost Kelly"). On two occasions, the 65th Regiment was overwhelmed by Chinese artillery and driven off. [left\|thumb\|415px\|{{center\|2nd Platoon, Company C in 1952}}](/wiki/File:Hispanic_Soldiers_mambo_on_Hill_167.jpg "Hispanic Soldiers mambo on Hill 167.jpg") In October 1952, the regiment also saw action in the Chorwon Sector and on Iron Horse, Hill 391, whose lower part was called "Jackson Heights" in honor of Capt. George Jackson (see: Col. [Carlos Betances Ramírez](/wiki/Carlos_Betances_Ram%C3%ADrez "Carlos Betances Ramírez")). Company G of the 65th fought a desperate [battle to hold on to Hill 391](/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson_Heights "Battle of Jackson Heights"). After enduring days of artillery bombardment with limited artillery support of their own, Company G withdrew to avoid being overrun by a numerically superior foe. In June 1953, the 2nd Battalion conducted a series of successful raids about two and a half miles southeast of Jackson Heights and in November the regiment successfully counter\-attacked enemy units in the Numsong Valley and held their positions until the [armistice](/wiki/s:Korean_Armistice_Agreement "Korean Armistice Agreement") was reached. Many non\-Puerto Rican Hispanics served in the 65th Infantry during the war. Among those who distinguished themselves in combat and who served in the conflict as a member of the 65th Infantry was a young [first lieutenant](/wiki/US_First_Lieutenant "US First Lieutenant") of [Mexican American](/wiki/Mexican_American "Mexican American") descent whose name is [Richard Edward Cavazos](/wiki/Richard_E._Cavazos "Richard E. Cavazos"). Cavazos entered the military in Texas and served as company commander of Company E of the 2d Battalion. Cavazos, who in 1982 became the first Hispanic to become a [four\-star general](/wiki/General_%28United_States%29 "General (United States)") in the United States Army,[*Celebrating Hispanic Heritage*](http://www.goarmy.com/hhm/profiles_cavazos.jsp) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125131007/http://www.goarmy.com/hhm/profiles\_cavazos.jsp \|date\=25 November 2006 }}. was the recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.valerosos.com/distsvcrosspg.html\|title\=65th Infantry Regiment Distinguished Service Cross\|first\=Danny\|last\=Nieves\|website\=www.valerosos.com\|access\-date\=11 April 2018}} the Silver Star Medal,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.valerosos.com/silverstarpg2\.html\|title\=65th INFANTRY REGIMENT – SILVER STAR Medal – Page 2\|first\=Danny\|last\=Nieves\|website\=www.valerosos.com\|access\-date\=11 April 2018}} and the Bronze Star Medal. ### Mass court martial [right\|thumb\|220px\|Soldiers of the 65th, North of the Han River, Korea, June 1951\.](/wiki/File:Borinqueneers%2C_only_all-Hispanic_unit_in_U._S._Army_history.jpg "Borinqueneers, only all-Hispanic unit in U. S. Army history.jpg") Col. Cordero Dávila was relieved of his command by Col. Chester B. DeGavre, a [West Point](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") graduate and a "Continental", an officer from the mainland United States, and the officer staff of the 65th was replaced with non\-Hispanic officers. DeGavre, upset over the fact that "G" company did not hold on to Hill 391, ordered that the unit stop calling itself the "Borinqueneers", cut their special rations of rice and beans, ordered the men to shave off their mustaches, and had one of them wear a sign that read: "I am a coward."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.courant.com/2002/05/26/clearing\-the\-borinqueneers/ \|title\=Clearing The Borinqueneers \|work\=Hartford Courant \|date\=26 May 2002 \|access\-date\=8 August 2012 \|author\=Brown, Matthew Hay}} The language barrier, an NCO shortage, and poor leadership were factors that influenced some of the men of Company L in their refusal to continue to fight.{{cite web\|title\=From Glory to Disaster and Back \|work\=Army Magazine \|date\=September 2001 \|url\=http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2001/9/Documents/Villahermosa\_0901\.pdf \|access\-date\=8 August 2012 \|author\=Villahermosa, Gilberto \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218005327/http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2001/9/Documents/Villahermosa\_0901\.pdf \|archive\-date\=18 February 2011}} One hundred and sixty\-two Puerto Ricans of the 65th Infantry were arrested. Between 23 November – 26 December 1952, ninety\-five soldiers were tried by General Court\-Martial in fifteen separate trials. Ninety\-one were found guilty and sentenced to prison terms ranging from one to 18 years of hard labor. It was the largest mass court\-martial of the Korean War. According to cultural historian [Silvia Álvarez Curbelo](/wiki/Silvia_%C3%81lvarez_Curbelo "Silvia Álvarez Curbelo"), the government of Puerto Rico, caught in the middle of a potentially damaging affair that could jeopardize its political agenda, kept silent for nearly two months. Finally, the incidents were made known by a local newspaper alerted by letters written by the imprisoned soldiers to their families. Secret negotiations between the U.S. and Puerto Rican governments took place and the Secretary of the Army [Robert T. Stevens](/wiki/Robert_T._Stevens "Robert T. Stevens") moved quickly to remit the sentences and grant clemency and pardons to all those involved.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1067\|title\=ReVista, "War, Modernity and Remembrance", by: Silvia Alvarez Curbelo\|website\=harvard.edu\|access\-date\=11 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707115042/http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1067\|archive\-date\=7 July 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} The breakdown of the 65th resulted from a number of factors: a shortage of officers and non\-commissioned officers, a rotation policy that removed combat\-experienced leaders and soldiers, tactical doctrine that led to high casualties, a shortage of artillery ammunition, communication problems between largely white, English\-speaking officers and Spanish\-speaking Puerto Rican enlisted men, and declining morale.{{cite web \| title\=Borinqueneers Day and the Korean War in Puerto Rican History and Memory \| website\=Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños \| date\=2020\-06\-25 \| url\=https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/centrovoices/chronicles/borinqueneers\-day\-and\-korean\-war\-puerto\-rican\-history\-and\-memory \| access\-date\=2021\-04\-12}} The report also found bias in the prosecution of the Puerto Ricans, citing instances of Continental soldiers who were not charged after refusing to fight in similar circumstances, before and after Jackson Heights. Though the men who were court martialed were pardoned, a campaign for a formal exoneration was launched. ### Awards in the Korean War [Master Sergeant Juan E. Negrón](/wiki/Juan_E._Negr%C3%B3n "Juan E. Negrón") was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his courageous actions while serving as a member of Company L, 65th Infantry Regiment, 3d Infantry Division during combat operations against an armed enemy in Kalma\-Eri, Korea 28 April 1951\. His award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor on 18 March 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/feb/21/medal\-of\-honor\-recipients\-obama/\|title\=Obama to award Medal of Honor to 24 Army veterans\|author\=JIM KUHNHENN\|agency\=Associated Press\|website\=utsandiego.com\|access\-date\=11 April 2018}} **Negrón's Medal of Honor citation** {{quote box\|\[\[File:cmoh army.jpg\|50px\|center]] {{center\|\[\[Juan E. Negrón\|MASTER SERGEANT JUAN E NEGRON]]}} For service as set forth in the following citation: ''The Medal of Honor is posthumously presented to Juan E. Negrón (RA10406243\), Master Sergeant, U.S. Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving with the 65th Infantry Regiment, 3d Infantry Division. Master Sergeant Negrón distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action against enemy aggressor forces in the vicinity of Kalma\-Eri, Korea, on 28 April 1951\. On that date, Sergeant Negrón took up the most vulnerable position on his company's exposed right flank after an enemy force had overrun a section of the line. When notified that elements of the company were withdrawing, Sergeant Negrón refused to leave his exposed position, but delivered withering fire at hostile troops who had broken through a road block. When the hostile troops approached his position, Sergeant Negrón accurately hurled hand grenades at short range, halting their attack. Sergeant Negrón held the position throughout the night, while an allied counter attack was organized and launched. After the enemy had been repulsed, fifteen enemy dead were found only a few feet from Sergeant Negrón's position. The extraordinary heroism exhibited by Sergeant Negrón on this occasion reflects great credit on himself and is in keeping with the finest traditions of the military service.''}} A total of 61,000 Puerto Ricans served in the military during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). And around 90% of the Puerto Ricans that saw action in Korea were volunteers.{{Harvnb\|Norat\|1987\|pp\=140}} The 65th Infantry was awarded battle participation credits for the following nine campaigns: UN Defense\-1950, UN Offense\-1950, CCF Intervention\-1950, First UN Counterattack Offensive\-1951, UN and CCF Spring Offensive\-1951, UN Summer\-Fall Offensive\-1951, 2nd Korean Winter 1951–52, Korean Summer\-Fall\-1952 and 3rd Korean Winter\-1952\-53\. They are credited with the last battalion\-sized bayonet charge in U.S. Army history.U.S. House of Representatives. 2007\. [*Hispanic American Heroes Resolution*](http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:H.Con.Res.253:){{Dead link\|date\=August 2021 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}. 110th Congress, 18th session. H. Con. Res. 253\. | \+**Individual awards in the Korean War** | | --- | | Award | Name | Total | | O8[30px\|center](/wiki/File:Cmoh_army.jpg "Cmoh army.jpg") | [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor") |1 | O8[center\|30px](/wiki/File:Army_distinguished_service_cross_medal.jpg "Army distinguished service cross medal.jpg") | [Distinguished Service Cross](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 "Distinguished Service Cross (United States)") |10Sergeant Negrón's Distinguished Service Cross was upgraded to the Medal of Honor on 18 March 2014 | O8[30px\|center](/wiki/File:Silver_Star_medal.png "Silver Star medal.png") | [Silver Star](/wiki/Silver_Star "Silver Star") |256 | O8[30px\|center](/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_medal.jpg "Bronze Star medal.jpg") | [Bronze Star](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal "Bronze Star Medal") |606 | O8[30px\|center](/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_Medal.png "Purple Heart Medal.png") | [Purple Heart](/wiki/Purple_Heart "Purple Heart") |2,771In accordance to the "TAGOKOR Korean War Casualty File" and the "American Battle Commission", of the 2,771 Purple Hearts awarded 670 were "KIA" (Killed in action) and 2,101 were non\-casualties. The non\-casualties included those who were awarded more than one Purple Heart and those who were "MIA's" (Missing in action). Ten [Distinguished Service Crosses](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 "Distinguished Service Cross (United States)"), 256 [Silver Stars](/wiki/Silver_Star "Silver Star") and 606 [Bronze Stars](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal "Bronze Star Medal") for valor were awarded to the men of the 65th Infantry. Of the ten Distinguished Service Crosses that were awarded to the members of the 65th Infantry, five were awarded to Puerto Ricans: * [Sergeant First Class](/wiki/Sergeant_First_Class%23United_States "Sergeant First Class#United States") [Modesto Cartagena](/wiki/Modesto_Cartagena "Modesto Cartagena") * [Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 "Private (rank)") Badel Hernández Guzmán * [Master Sergeant](/wiki/Master_Sergeant%23United_States "Master Sergeant#United States") Juan E. Negrón (upgraded to the Medal of Honor) * [Corporal](/wiki/Corporal%23United_States "Corporal#United States") Fabián Nieves Laguer * [Master Sergeant](/wiki/Master_Sergeant%23United_States "Master Sergeant#United States") Belisario Noriega According to *[El Nuevo Día](/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa "El Nuevo Día")* newspaper, 30 May 2004, a total of 756 Puerto Ricans were killed in Korea, from all four branches of the U.S. armed forces. However, according to "All POW\-MIA Korean War Casualties", the total number of Puerto Rican casualties in the Korean War was 732\. However this total may vary slightly since some non\-Puerto Ricans such as Captain James W. Conner were mistakenly included. Out of the 700 plus casualties suffered in the war a total of 121 men were listed as [missing in action](/wiki/Missing_in_action "Missing in action").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aiipowmia.com/koreacw/kwkia\_puertorico.html\|title\=All POW\-MIA Korean War Casualties: Puerto Rico\|publisher\=Advocacy \& Intelligence Index For POWs\-MIAs Archives\|access\-date\=7 September 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609215932/http://www.aiipowmia.com/koreacw/kwkia\_puertorico.html \|archive\-date\=9 June 2007}} The Battle of Outpost Kelly accounted for 73 of the men missing in action from the total of 121\.{{cite book\|last\=Siewert\|first\=Jack R. \|title\=Outpost Kelly: A Tanker's Story\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=OArmxFyGPN4C\|year\=2006\|publisher\=University of Alabama Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-8173\-5341\-4}} Out of the 73 MIAs suffered by the regiment in September 1952, 50 of them occurred on the same day, 18 September. For a list of names of those who were declared MIA, see: [List of Puerto Ricans missing in action in the Korean War](/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans_missing_in_action_in_the_Korean_War "List of Puerto Ricans missing in action in the Korean War"). According to the TAGOKOR Korean War Casualty File and the American Battle Commission site the members of the 65th who fought in Korea were awarded a total of 2,771 Purple Heart Medals.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.valerosos.com/65thinfcaspg1\.html\|title\=65TH INFANTRY REGIMENT\|website\=www.valerosos.com\|access\-date\=11 April 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.valerosos.com/nonfatalcas.html\|title\=Puerto Rico 65th Infantry Regiment Non fatal Casualties\|first\=Danny\|last\=Nieves\|website\=www.valerosos.com\|access\-date\=11 April 2018}} On 12 February 1951, [General Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur"), wrote in Tokyo:{{quote box\|The Puerto Ricans forming the ranks of the gallant 65th Infantry give daily proof on the battlefields of Korea of their courage, determination and resolute will to victory, their invincible loyalty to the United States and their fervent devotion to those immutable principles of human relations which the Americans of the Continent and of Puerto Rico have in common. They are writing a brilliant record of heroism in battle and I am indeed proud to have them under my command. I wish that we could count on many more like them.}} ### Post Korean War [210px\|thumb\|left\|General [Richard E. Cavazos](/wiki/Richard_E._Cavazos "Richard E. Cavazos"), the first Mexican American to reach the rank of [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)") in the U.S. Army](/wiki/File:GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg "GEN CAVAZOS.jpg") The 65th Infantry was relieved from assignment to the 3d Infantry Division on 3 November 1954, and, returning to Puerto Rico, it was assigned on 2 December 1954, to the [23rd Infantry Division](/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "23rd Infantry Division (United States)"), which encompassed geographically separated units in the Caribbean region. On 10 April 1956, it was inactivated at [Losey Field](/wiki/Losey_Field "Losey Field"), Puerto Rico, and relieved from assignment to the 23d, which itself was inactivated. [thumb\|right\|190px\|Sergeant [Modesto Cartagena](/wiki/Modesto_Cartagena "Modesto Cartagena"), the most decorated Hispanic U.S. soldier in the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War")](/wiki/File:Modesto_Cartagena.JPEG "Modesto Cartagena.JPEG") On 6 February 1959, the regiment was deactivated from the Regular Army but the Puerto Rican Army National Guard soon adopted "65" as the identifying number for their existing 296th Regimental Combat Team at Losey Field, mainly composed of reserve component personnel. On 15 February 1959, it was organized to consist of the 1st Battle Group, 65th Infantry, an element of the 92nd Infantry Brigade. On 21 February 1960, commemorated as National Guard Day, the 65th Infantry Regiment was formally transferred from the Regular Army to the PRNG, in an activity where Gen. Cesár Cordero handed the units colors to Col. Rafael Rodríguez.{{Harvnb\|Norat\|1987\|pp\=143}} That same year, Company B of the 65th Regiment created Employer's Day (*Día del Patrono* in Spanish) where the employers of the volunteers that serve in the PRNG are instructed about the job that their employees do with the entity and participate in training of their own. The idea behind the initiative was facilitating the processing of the request of leave\-of\-absence to train for two weeks during the summer.{{Harvnb\|Norat\|1987\|pp\=147}} On 1 May 1964, it was reorganized to consist of the 1st Battalion, 65th Infantry, and remained assigned to the 92nd. It was reorganized again on 1 April 1971, to consist of the 1st Battalion and the separate Company E. This was followed by another reorganization on 1 September 1978, to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions within the 92nd, as well as the separate Company E. Less than two years later another reorganization on 29 February 1980, eliminated the separate Company E while retaining the 1st and 2nd Battalions. On 27 October 1987, the regiment was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Cayey. It was reorganized on 1 September 1992, to consist of the 1st Battalion, 65th Infantry, and remained assigned to the 92nd Infantry Brigade. On 14 February 2003, it was ordered into active federal service at home stations and released on 12 February 2005, reverting to territorial control. On 1 October, of that year it was reorganized as the 65th Infantry Regiment in which only the 1st Battalion was active. The separate Company E was a [Ranger](/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers "United States Army Rangers") unit given federal recognition effective 1 April 1971, and had a total authorized strength of 198 personnel. It was added to the PR ARNG on that date while the 755th Transportation Company (Medium Truck, Cargo) was deleted. Co E (Ranger), 65th Infantry relocated from [Vega Baja](/wiki/Vega_Baja%2C_Puerto_Rico "Vega Baja, Puerto Rico") to [San Juan](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico "San Juan, Puerto Rico") on 2 February 1976, and was inactivated as federal recognition was withdrawn effective 29 February 1980\. This resulted in the allocation of an ARNG ranger company being transferred from the PR ARNG to the [Texas ARNG](/wiki/Texas_Military_Forces "Texas Military Forces"), in which [Company G](/wiki/Houston_Light_Guard "Houston Light Guard") (Ranger), [143rd Infantry](/wiki/143rd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "143rd Infantry Regiment (United States)") was activated in [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston") from elements of the 2d Battalion (Airborne), 143rd Infantry, [36th Airborne Brigade](/wiki/36th_Airborne_Brigade_%28United_States%29 "36th Airborne Brigade (United States)"), which was being inactivated effective 1 April 1980\.
[ "Korean War\n----------", "[220px\\|thumb\\|left\\|{{center\\|Company C on patrol}}](/wiki/File:Company_c.JPG \"Company c.JPG\")", "On 27 August 1950, the 65th Infantry, with 3,920 officers and men organized into three infantry battalions, one artillery battalion and a tank company departed from Puerto Rico and arrived in [Pusan, South Korea](/wiki/Busan \"Busan\") on 23 September 1950\\. It was during the long sea voyage that the men nicknamed the 65th Infantry as the \"Borinqueneers\". \"That was the name of the more peaceful of the two original Indian tribes that inhabited the island of Puerto Rico \"[Borinquen](/wiki/Borinquen \"Borinquen\")\", and many of the men were direct descendants of that industrious race of people.\"{{cite book\\|last1 \\= Harris\\|first1 \\= William Warner\\|title \\= Puerto Rico's Fighting 65th U.S. Infantry\\- From San Juan to Chorwan\\|date \\= 1980\\|publisher \\= Presidio Press \\|isbn \\= 0\\-89141\\-753\\-2\\|pages \\= 49–50\\|edition \\= Third}}\n[thumb\\|220px\\|right\\|A 1992 painting depicting the 65th Infantry's bayonet charge against a Chinese division during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").](/wiki/File:US_65th_Infantry_Regiment.Painting.Korean_War.Bayonet_charge_against_Chinese_division.jpg \"US 65th Infantry Regiment.Painting.Korean War.Bayonet charge against Chinese division.jpg\")\nThe men of the 65th, now attached to the Army's [3rd Infantry Division](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"3rd Infantry Division (United States)\"), were among the first infantrymen to meet the enemy on the battlefields of Korea. After November 1950, they fought daily against units of the Chinese [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") after the Chinese entered the war on the North Korean side. The [296th Regiment](/wiki/296th_Infantry_Regiment \"296th Infantry Regiment\") took its place at Puerto Rico.{{Harvnb\\|Norat\\|1987\\|pp\\=110}} In Korea, the regiment covered the retreat of the [1st Marine Division](/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Marine Division (United States)\") during the [Battle of Chosin Reservoir](/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir \"Battle of Chosin Reservoir\").{{Harvnb\\|Norat\\|1987\\|pp\\=131}}", "One of the hardships suffered by the Puerto Ricans was the lack of warm clothing during the cold, harsh winters. \"Born in a semitropical climate\\- most of them had never seen snow\\- they had lived and fought through it all without complaint.\"{{Cite book\\|title \\= Puerto Rico's Fighting 65th Infantry\\- From San Juan to Chorwan\\|last \\= Harris\\|first \\= William Warner\\|publisher \\= Presidio Press, Inc.\\|year \\= 1980\\|isbn \\= 0\\-89141\\-753\\-2\\|page \\= 133}}", "{{external media\n\\| float \\= left\n\\| video1 \\= \\[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=FHW0xzBmHvI Newsreel of the 65th Infantry Regiment in Korea].\n}}\nThe enemy made many attempts to encircle the regiment, but each time they failed because of the many casualties inflicted by the 65th. Because the 65th held their positions, that enabled the [U.S. Marines](/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps \"U.S. Marine Corps\") to withdraw from the [Chosin Reservoir](/wiki/Chosin_Reservoir \"Chosin Reservoir\") in December 1950\\.\nWhen the Marines were surrounded by the [Chinese Communist](/wiki/Chinese_Communist \"Chinese Communist\") troops close to the [Manchurian](/wiki/Manchuria \"Manchuria\") border, they were ordered to retreat and work their way back to [Hungnam](/wiki/Hungnam \"Hungnam\"). The men of the 65th rushed to their defense and were ordered to stay behind and fight the enemy. As a result, the Marines were able to withdraw to their ships with the 65th holding the rearguard. The 65th, attached to the 1st Marine Division, was awarded the [Navy Unit Commendation](/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation \"Navy Unit Commendation\") for their defense{{cite web\\|url\\=http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/go5738\\.pdf \\|title\\=General Order 38 \\|publisher\\=Department of the Army \\|date\\=30 July 1957 \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2012 \\|pages\\=2–3 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317212406/http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/go5738\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=17 March 2013 }} and were among the last units to [embark from Hungnam](/wiki/Hungnam_evacuation \"Hungnam evacuation\"). Among the battles and operations in which the 65th participated was [Operation Killer](/wiki/Operation_Killer \"Operation Killer\") in January 1951, becoming the first regiment to cross the [Han River](/wiki/Han_River_%28Korea%29 \"Han River (Korea)\") in South Korea during the operation.", "In April 1951, the regiment participated in the [Uijonbu Corridor](/wiki/Uijeongbu \"Uijeongbu\") drives and in June 1951, the 65th was the third regiment to cross the Han Ton River. The 65th took and held [Chorwon](/wiki/Chorwon_County \"Chorwon County\") and they were also instrumental in breaking the [Iron Triangle](/wiki/Iron_Triangle_%28Korea%29 \"Iron Triangle (Korea)\") of Hill 717 in July 1951\\. In November 1951, the regiment fought off an attack by two regimental size enemy units. Colonel [Juan César Cordero Dávila](/wiki/Juan_C%C3%A9sar_Cordero_D%C3%A1vila \"Juan César Cordero Dávila\") of the 296th Regiment requested a transfer to active service in Korea.{{Harvnb\\|Norat\\|1987\\|pp\\=115}} In December 1951, [Chief of Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army \"Chief of Staff of the United States Army\") [J. Lawton Collins](/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins \"J. Lawton Collins\") visited Puerto Rico and granted the request, reassigning him to the 65th, replacing him with Lt. Col. Sepúlveda. Col. Cordero was formally named commander of the 65th Infantry on 8 February 1952, thus becoming one of the highest ranking ethnic officers in the Army.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mervino.com/window/IBB/map65th.html \\|title\\=Outpost Kelly \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2006 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ipmsborinqueneers.com/borinqueneers\\-history\\|title\\=IPMS Borinqueneers of Puerto Rico\\|website\\=IPMS Borinqueneers of Puerto Rico\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018}} [Brigadier](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\") William Warner Harris ([USMA](/wiki/U._S._Military_Academy \"U. S. Military Academy\") 1930\\) published a book that captured the distinguished history of the 65th while under his command.{{cite book \\|year\\=1980 \\|first\\= William Warner \\|last\\=Harris \\|title\\=Puerto Rico's Fighting 65th – From San Juan to Chorwan \\|publisher\\=Presidio Press, Inc. \\|isbn\\=0\\-89141\\-753\\-2}} When asked if the Puerto Ricans would fight when the time came, then Colonel William Warner Harris' answer was just as direct: \"My Puerto Ricans will fight anyone, anywhere.\"", "### Battles of Outpost Kelly and Jackson Heights", "On 3 July 1952, the regiment defended the main line of resistance (MLR) for 47 days and saw action at Cognac, King and Queen with successful attacks on Chinese positions. In September 1952, the 65th Infantry defended a hill known as Outpost Kelly. Chinese Communist forces overran the hill in what became known as the [Battle of Outpost Kelly](/wiki/Battle_of_Outpost_Kelly \"Battle of Outpost Kelly\"). On two occasions, the 65th Regiment was overwhelmed by Chinese artillery and driven off.\n[left\\|thumb\\|415px\\|{{center\\|2nd Platoon, Company C in 1952}}](/wiki/File:Hispanic_Soldiers_mambo_on_Hill_167.jpg \"Hispanic Soldiers mambo on Hill 167.jpg\")\nIn October 1952, the regiment also saw action in the Chorwon Sector and on Iron Horse, Hill 391, whose lower part was called \"Jackson Heights\" in honor of Capt. George Jackson (see: Col. [Carlos Betances Ramírez](/wiki/Carlos_Betances_Ram%C3%ADrez \"Carlos Betances Ramírez\")). Company G of the 65th fought a desperate [battle to hold on to Hill 391](/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson_Heights \"Battle of Jackson Heights\"). After enduring days of artillery bombardment with limited artillery support of their own, Company G withdrew to avoid being overrun by a numerically superior foe.", "In June 1953, the 2nd Battalion conducted a series of successful raids about two and a half miles southeast of Jackson Heights and in November the regiment successfully counter\\-attacked enemy units in the Numsong Valley and held their positions until the [armistice](/wiki/s:Korean_Armistice_Agreement \"Korean Armistice Agreement\") was reached.", "Many non\\-Puerto Rican Hispanics served in the 65th Infantry during the war. Among those who distinguished themselves in combat and who served in the conflict as a member of the 65th Infantry was a young [first lieutenant](/wiki/US_First_Lieutenant \"US First Lieutenant\") of [Mexican American](/wiki/Mexican_American \"Mexican American\") descent whose name is [Richard Edward Cavazos](/wiki/Richard_E._Cavazos \"Richard E. Cavazos\"). Cavazos entered the military in Texas and served as company commander of Company E of the 2d Battalion. Cavazos, who in 1982 became the first Hispanic to become a [four\\-star general](/wiki/General_%28United_States%29 \"General (United States)\") in the United States Army,[*Celebrating Hispanic Heritage*](http://www.goarmy.com/hhm/profiles_cavazos.jsp) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125131007/http://www.goarmy.com/hhm/profiles\\_cavazos.jsp \\|date\\=25 November 2006 }}. was the recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.valerosos.com/distsvcrosspg.html\\|title\\=65th Infantry Regiment Distinguished Service Cross\\|first\\=Danny\\|last\\=Nieves\\|website\\=www.valerosos.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018}} the Silver Star Medal,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.valerosos.com/silverstarpg2\\.html\\|title\\=65th INFANTRY REGIMENT – SILVER STAR Medal – Page 2\\|first\\=Danny\\|last\\=Nieves\\|website\\=www.valerosos.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018}} and the Bronze Star Medal.", "### Mass court martial", "[right\\|thumb\\|220px\\|Soldiers of the 65th, North of the Han River, Korea, June 1951\\.](/wiki/File:Borinqueneers%2C_only_all-Hispanic_unit_in_U._S._Army_history.jpg \"Borinqueneers, only all-Hispanic unit in U. S. Army history.jpg\")\nCol. Cordero Dávila was relieved of his command by Col. Chester B. DeGavre, a [West Point](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy \"United States Military Academy\") graduate and a \"Continental\", an officer from the mainland United States, and the officer staff of the 65th was replaced with non\\-Hispanic officers. DeGavre, upset over the fact that \"G\" company did not hold on to Hill 391, ordered that the unit stop calling itself the \"Borinqueneers\", cut their special rations of rice and beans, ordered the men to shave off their mustaches, and had one of them wear a sign that read: \"I am a coward.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.courant.com/2002/05/26/clearing\\-the\\-borinqueneers/ \\|title\\=Clearing The Borinqueneers \\|work\\=Hartford Courant \\|date\\=26 May 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2012 \\|author\\=Brown, Matthew Hay}} The language barrier, an NCO shortage, and poor leadership were factors that influenced some of the men of Company L in their refusal to continue to fight.{{cite web\\|title\\=From Glory to Disaster and Back \\|work\\=Army Magazine \\|date\\=September 2001 \\|url\\=http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2001/9/Documents/Villahermosa\\_0901\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2012 \\|author\\=Villahermosa, Gilberto \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218005327/http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2001/9/Documents/Villahermosa\\_0901\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2011}}", "One hundred and sixty\\-two Puerto Ricans of the 65th Infantry were arrested. Between 23 November – 26 December 1952, ninety\\-five soldiers were tried by General Court\\-Martial in fifteen separate trials. Ninety\\-one were found guilty and sentenced to prison terms ranging from one to 18 years of hard labor. It was the largest mass court\\-martial of the Korean War. According to cultural historian [Silvia Álvarez Curbelo](/wiki/Silvia_%C3%81lvarez_Curbelo \"Silvia Álvarez Curbelo\"), the government of Puerto Rico, caught in the middle of a potentially damaging affair that could jeopardize its political agenda, kept silent for nearly two months. Finally, the incidents were made known by a local newspaper alerted by letters written by the imprisoned soldiers to their families. Secret negotiations between the U.S. and Puerto Rican governments took place and the Secretary of the Army [Robert T. Stevens](/wiki/Robert_T._Stevens \"Robert T. Stevens\") moved quickly to remit the sentences and grant clemency and pardons to all those involved.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1067\\|title\\=ReVista, \"War, Modernity and Remembrance\", by: Silvia Alvarez Curbelo\\|website\\=harvard.edu\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707115042/http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1067\\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The breakdown of the 65th resulted from a number of factors: a shortage of officers and non\\-commissioned officers, a rotation policy that removed combat\\-experienced leaders and soldiers, tactical doctrine that led to high casualties, a shortage of artillery ammunition, communication problems between largely white, English\\-speaking officers and Spanish\\-speaking Puerto Rican enlisted men, and declining morale.{{cite web \\| title\\=Borinqueneers Day and the Korean War in Puerto Rican History and Memory \\| website\\=Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños \\| date\\=2020\\-06\\-25 \\| url\\=https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/centrovoices/chronicles/borinqueneers\\-day\\-and\\-korean\\-war\\-puerto\\-rican\\-history\\-and\\-memory \\| access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-12}} The report also found bias in the prosecution of the Puerto Ricans, citing instances of Continental soldiers who were not charged after refusing to fight in similar circumstances, before and after Jackson Heights. Though the men who were court martialed were pardoned, a campaign for a formal exoneration was launched.", "### Awards in the Korean War", "[Master Sergeant Juan E. Negrón](/wiki/Juan_E._Negr%C3%B3n \"Juan E. Negrón\") was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his courageous actions while serving as a member of Company L, 65th Infantry Regiment, 3d Infantry Division during combat operations against an armed enemy in Kalma\\-Eri, Korea 28 April 1951\\. His award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor on 18 March 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/feb/21/medal\\-of\\-honor\\-recipients\\-obama/\\|title\\=Obama to award Medal of Honor to 24 Army veterans\\|author\\=JIM KUHNHENN\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|website\\=utsandiego.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018}}", "**Negrón's Medal of Honor citation**\n{{quote box\\|\\[\\[File:cmoh army.jpg\\|50px\\|center]]", "{{center\\|\\[\\[Juan E. Negrón\\|MASTER SERGEANT JUAN E NEGRON]]}}", "For service as set forth in the following citation:\n''The Medal of Honor is posthumously presented to Juan E. Negrón (RA10406243\\), Master Sergeant, U.S. Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving with the 65th Infantry Regiment, 3d Infantry Division. Master Sergeant Negrón distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action against enemy aggressor forces in the vicinity of Kalma\\-Eri, Korea, on 28 April 1951\\. On that date, Sergeant Negrón took up the most vulnerable position on his company's exposed right flank after an enemy force had overrun a section of the line. When notified that elements of the company were withdrawing, Sergeant Negrón refused to leave his exposed position, but delivered withering fire at hostile troops who had broken through a road block. When the hostile troops approached his position, Sergeant Negrón accurately hurled hand grenades at short range, halting their attack. Sergeant Negrón held the position throughout the night, while an allied counter attack was organized and launched. After the enemy had been repulsed, fifteen enemy dead were found only a few feet from Sergeant Negrón's position. The extraordinary heroism exhibited by Sergeant Negrón on this occasion reflects great credit on himself and is in keeping with the finest traditions of the military service.''}}", "A total of 61,000 Puerto Ricans served in the military during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"). And around 90% of the Puerto Ricans that saw action in Korea were volunteers.{{Harvnb\\|Norat\\|1987\\|pp\\=140}} The 65th Infantry was awarded battle participation credits for the following nine campaigns: UN Defense\\-1950, UN Offense\\-1950, CCF Intervention\\-1950, First UN Counterattack Offensive\\-1951, UN and CCF Spring Offensive\\-1951, UN Summer\\-Fall Offensive\\-1951, 2nd Korean Winter 1951–52, Korean Summer\\-Fall\\-1952 and 3rd Korean Winter\\-1952\\-53\\. They are credited with the last battalion\\-sized bayonet charge in U.S. Army history.U.S. House of Representatives. 2007\\. [*Hispanic American Heroes Resolution*](http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:H.Con.Res.253:){{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2021 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}. 110th Congress, 18th session. H. Con. Res. 253\\.", "", "| \\+**Individual awards in the Korean War** |\n| --- |\n| Award | Name | Total |\n| O8[30px\\|center](/wiki/File:Cmoh_army.jpg \"Cmoh army.jpg\") | [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\") |1", "| O8[center\\|30px](/wiki/File:Army_distinguished_service_cross_medal.jpg \"Army distinguished service cross medal.jpg\") | [Distinguished Service Cross](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 \"Distinguished Service Cross (United States)\") |10Sergeant Negrón's Distinguished Service Cross was upgraded to the Medal of Honor on 18 March 2014", "| O8[30px\\|center](/wiki/File:Silver_Star_medal.png \"Silver Star medal.png\") | [Silver Star](/wiki/Silver_Star \"Silver Star\") |256", "| O8[30px\\|center](/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_medal.jpg \"Bronze Star medal.jpg\") | [Bronze Star](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal \"Bronze Star Medal\") |606", "| O8[30px\\|center](/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_Medal.png \"Purple Heart Medal.png\") | [Purple Heart](/wiki/Purple_Heart \"Purple Heart\") |2,771In accordance to the \"TAGOKOR Korean War Casualty File\" and the \"American Battle Commission\", of the 2,771 Purple Hearts awarded 670 were \"KIA\" (Killed in action) and 2,101 were non\\-casualties. The non\\-casualties included those who were awarded more than one Purple Heart and those who were \"MIA's\" (Missing in action).", "", "Ten [Distinguished Service Crosses](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 \"Distinguished Service Cross (United States)\"), 256 [Silver Stars](/wiki/Silver_Star \"Silver Star\") and 606 [Bronze Stars](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal \"Bronze Star Medal\") for valor were awarded to the men of the 65th Infantry. Of the ten Distinguished Service Crosses that were awarded to the members of the 65th Infantry, five were awarded to Puerto Ricans:\n* [Sergeant First Class](/wiki/Sergeant_First_Class%23United_States \"Sergeant First Class#United States\") [Modesto Cartagena](/wiki/Modesto_Cartagena \"Modesto Cartagena\")\n* [Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 \"Private (rank)\") Badel Hernández Guzmán\n* [Master Sergeant](/wiki/Master_Sergeant%23United_States \"Master Sergeant#United States\") Juan E. Negrón (upgraded to the Medal of Honor)\n* [Corporal](/wiki/Corporal%23United_States \"Corporal#United States\") Fabián Nieves Laguer\n* [Master Sergeant](/wiki/Master_Sergeant%23United_States \"Master Sergeant#United States\") Belisario Noriega", "According to *[El Nuevo Día](/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa \"El Nuevo Día\")* newspaper, 30 May 2004, a total of 756 Puerto Ricans were killed in Korea, from all four branches of the U.S. armed forces. However, according to \"All POW\\-MIA Korean War Casualties\", the total number of Puerto Rican casualties in the Korean War was 732\\. However this total may vary slightly since some non\\-Puerto Ricans such as Captain James W. Conner were mistakenly included. Out of the 700 plus casualties suffered in the war a total of 121 men were listed as [missing in action](/wiki/Missing_in_action \"Missing in action\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aiipowmia.com/koreacw/kwkia\\_puertorico.html\\|title\\=All POW\\-MIA Korean War Casualties: Puerto Rico\\|publisher\\=Advocacy \\& Intelligence Index For POWs\\-MIAs Archives\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609215932/http://www.aiipowmia.com/koreacw/kwkia\\_puertorico.html \\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2007}} The Battle of Outpost Kelly accounted for 73 of the men missing in action from the total of 121\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Siewert\\|first\\=Jack R.\n\\|title\\=Outpost Kelly: A Tanker's Story\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OArmxFyGPN4C\\|year\\=2006\\|publisher\\=University of Alabama Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8173\\-5341\\-4}} Out of the 73 MIAs suffered by the regiment in September 1952, 50 of them occurred on the same day, 18 September. For a list of names of those who were declared MIA, see: [List of Puerto Ricans missing in action in the Korean War](/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans_missing_in_action_in_the_Korean_War \"List of Puerto Ricans missing in action in the Korean War\"). According to the TAGOKOR Korean War Casualty File and the American Battle Commission site the members of the 65th who fought in Korea were awarded a total of 2,771 Purple Heart Medals.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.valerosos.com/65thinfcaspg1\\.html\\|title\\=65TH INFANTRY REGIMENT\\|website\\=www.valerosos.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.valerosos.com/nonfatalcas.html\\|title\\=Puerto Rico 65th Infantry Regiment Non fatal Casualties\\|first\\=Danny\\|last\\=Nieves\\|website\\=www.valerosos.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018}} On 12 February 1951, [General Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\"), wrote in Tokyo:{{quote box\\|The Puerto Ricans forming the ranks of the gallant 65th Infantry give daily proof on the battlefields of Korea of their courage, determination and resolute will to victory, their invincible loyalty to the United States and their fervent devotion to those immutable principles of human relations which the Americans of the Continent and of Puerto Rico have in common. They are writing a brilliant record of heroism in battle and I am indeed proud to have them under my command. I wish that we could count on many more like them.}}", "### Post Korean War", "[210px\\|thumb\\|left\\|General [Richard E. Cavazos](/wiki/Richard_E._Cavazos \"Richard E. Cavazos\"), the first Mexican American to reach the rank of [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\") in the U.S. Army](/wiki/File:GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg \"GEN CAVAZOS.jpg\")\nThe 65th Infantry was relieved from assignment to the 3d Infantry Division on 3 November 1954, and, returning to Puerto Rico, it was assigned on 2 December 1954, to the [23rd Infantry Division](/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"23rd Infantry Division (United States)\"), which encompassed geographically separated units in the Caribbean region. On 10 April 1956, it was inactivated at [Losey Field](/wiki/Losey_Field \"Losey Field\"), Puerto Rico, and relieved from assignment to the 23d, which itself was inactivated.\n[thumb\\|right\\|190px\\|Sergeant [Modesto Cartagena](/wiki/Modesto_Cartagena \"Modesto Cartagena\"), the most decorated Hispanic U.S. soldier in the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\")](/wiki/File:Modesto_Cartagena.JPEG \"Modesto Cartagena.JPEG\")\nOn 6 February 1959, the regiment was deactivated from the Regular Army but the Puerto Rican Army National Guard soon adopted \"65\" as the identifying number for their existing 296th Regimental Combat Team at Losey Field, mainly composed of reserve component personnel.", "On 15 February 1959, it was organized to consist of the 1st Battle Group, 65th Infantry, an element of the 92nd Infantry Brigade. On 21 February 1960, commemorated as National Guard Day, the 65th Infantry Regiment was formally transferred from the Regular Army to the PRNG, in an activity where Gen. Cesár Cordero handed the units colors to Col. Rafael Rodríguez.{{Harvnb\\|Norat\\|1987\\|pp\\=143}} That same year, Company B of the 65th Regiment created Employer's Day (*Día del Patrono* in Spanish) where the employers of the volunteers that serve in the PRNG are instructed about the job that their employees do with the entity and participate in training of their own. The idea behind the initiative was facilitating the processing of the request of leave\\-of\\-absence to train for two weeks during the summer.{{Harvnb\\|Norat\\|1987\\|pp\\=147}} On 1 May 1964, it was reorganized to consist of the 1st Battalion, 65th Infantry, and remained assigned to the 92nd. It was reorganized again on 1 April 1971, to consist of the 1st Battalion and the separate Company E. This was followed by another reorganization on 1 September 1978, to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions within the 92nd, as well as the separate Company E. Less than two years later another reorganization on 29 February 1980, eliminated the separate Company E while retaining the 1st and 2nd Battalions.", "On 27 October 1987, the regiment was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Cayey. It was reorganized on 1 September 1992, to consist of the 1st Battalion, 65th Infantry, and remained assigned to the 92nd Infantry Brigade.", "On 14 February 2003, it was ordered into active federal service at home stations and released on 12 February 2005, reverting to territorial control. On 1 October, of that year it was reorganized as the 65th Infantry Regiment in which only the 1st Battalion was active.", "The separate Company E was a [Ranger](/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers \"United States Army Rangers\") unit given federal recognition effective 1 April 1971, and had a total authorized strength of 198 personnel. It was added to the PR ARNG on that date while the 755th Transportation Company (Medium Truck, Cargo) was deleted. Co E (Ranger), 65th Infantry relocated from [Vega Baja](/wiki/Vega_Baja%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Vega Baja, Puerto Rico\") to [San Juan](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"San Juan, Puerto Rico\") on 2 February 1976, and was inactivated as federal recognition was withdrawn effective 29 February 1980\\. This resulted in the allocation of an ARNG ranger company being transferred from the PR ARNG to the [Texas ARNG](/wiki/Texas_Military_Forces \"Texas Military Forces\"), in which [Company G](/wiki/Houston_Light_Guard \"Houston Light Guard\") (Ranger), [143rd Infantry](/wiki/143rd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"143rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\") was activated in [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\") from elements of the 2d Battalion (Airborne), 143rd Infantry, [36th Airborne Brigade](/wiki/36th_Airborne_Brigade_%28United_States%29 \"36th Airborne Brigade (United States)\"), which was being inactivated effective 1 April 1980\\.", "", "" ]
Legacy ------ [thumb\|right\|150px\|A monument dedicated to the 65th Infantry Regiment in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico](/wiki/File:65-infanteria-min.jpg "65-infanteria-min.jpg") During the Korean War, the Borinqueneers were awarded 10 [Distinguished Service Crosses](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 "Distinguished Service Cross (United States)") (Juan Negrons was upgraded to the Medal of Honor), 256 [Silver Stars](/wiki/Silver_Stars "Silver Stars"), 606 [Bronze Stars](/wiki/Bronze_Stars "Bronze Stars"), and 2,771 [Purple Hearts](/wiki/Purple_Heart "Purple Heart").["Legendary 'Borinqueneers' Deserve the Congressional Gold Medal"](http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/opinion/2013/01/08/legendary-borinqueneers-deserve-congressional-gold-medal/), [Fox News Latino](/wiki/Fox_News_Latino "Fox News Latino"), 1 August 2003, by Larry Brystran Retrieved 12 August 2013\. Puerto Rico honored the unit by naming one of its principal avenues "Avenida 65 de Infantería" in [San Juan](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico "San Juan, Puerto Rico"). The names of those killed in combat are inscribed in "El Monumento de la Recordación" (Monument of Remembrance), which was unveiled on 19 May 1996 and is situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In November 1999, Governor [Pedro Rosselló](/wiki/Pedro_Rossell%C3%B3 "Pedro Rosselló"), along with the Senate of Puerto Rico, chartered the 65th Infantry Honor Task Force and appointed Anthony Mele as chairman to work with Major General Nels Running, director, Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Korean War to commemorate the 65th Infantry Regiment. The 65th Infantry Honor Task Force is a coalition of individuals, veterans organizations, and groups dedicated to advocate and preserve the legacy of the 65th Infantry Regiment. The group organized [tree planting](/wiki/Tree_planting "Tree planting") and plaque commemoration ceremonies around the US, to include [Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery "Arlington National Cemetery") in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"); [Fort San Felipe del Morro](/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro "Fort San Felipe del Morro") in San Juan, Puerto Rico; and [Fort Logan National Cemetery](/wiki/Fort_Logan_National_Cemetery "Fort Logan National Cemetery") in [Denver](/wiki/Denver "Denver"). On 20 May 2001, the government of Puerto Rico unveiled a monument honoring the 65th Infantry Regiment. The monument was made by artist Sonny Rodríguez, and is called "Mission Accomplished".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/policia\-tribunales/nota/policiamunicipalcustodiamonumentoenriopiedras\-657668/\|title\=Polícia Municipal custodia monumento en Río Piedras\|work\=\[\[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)\|Primera Hora]]\|date\=8 June 2012}} It contains a statue of a soldier wearing a poncho with his rifle in one hand and the regiment's flag in the other hand.[Puerto Rico Herald – Puerto Rico Perfil: El Regimiento del 65 de Infantería en Corea](http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/vol4n26/Profile65th-es.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924025358/http://www.puertorico\-herald.org/issues/vol4n26/Profile65th\-es.html \|date\=24 September 2012 }}, Retrieved 8 September 2007 On 7 June 2007, [PBS](/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service "Public Broadcasting Service") aired *The Borinqueneers*, a documentary about the 65th Infantry written and directed by Noemí Figueroa Soulet with Raquel Ortiz as co\-director. The narrators were [Héctor Elizondo](/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Elizondo "Héctor Elizondo") (English) and David Ortiz\-Anglero (Spanish).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.borinqueneers.com/film \|title\=The Borinqueneers: A Documentary \|publisher\=El Pozo Productions \|access\-date\=9 August 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819201433/http://borinqueneers.com/film \|archive\-date\=19 August 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} On 30 November 2012, an entire stretch of Southern Boulevard in the [South Bronx](/wiki/South_Bronx "South Bronx"), New York was co\-named *La 65 de Infantería Boulevard*.{{cite web\|url\=http://nbclatino.com/2012/11/30/wwi\-puerto\-rican\-regiment\-honored\-with\-their\-own\-street\-in\-nyc/\|title\=Puerto Rican veterans honored with their own street in NYC\|date\=30 November 2012\|website\=nbclatino.com\|access\-date\=11 April 2018\|archive\-date\=12 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082635/http://nbclatino.com/2012/11/30/wwi\-puerto\-rican\-regiment\-honored\-with\-their\-own\-street\-in\-nyc/\|url\-status\=dead}} On 1 October 2013, the 65th Infantry Honor Task Force organized veterans from the 65th and their families to attend a salute to the regiment by the 3rd U.S. Infantry "The Old Guard" at Fort Myer, Virginia, a tour of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers, and wreath laying ceremony at the [Korean War Veterans Memorial](/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial "Korean War Veterans Memorial") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") 22–23 March 2014, the 65th Infantry Honor Task Force organized the salute of the first Medal of Honor awarded to a Borinqueneer; MSG Juan E. Negron in New York with Iris Negron, daughter of MSG Negron, and BG Jose Burgos. In attendance were New York State Senators William E. Larkin, a Korean War combat veteran, and David Carlucci who presented a proclamation from the New York State Senate. In 2014 the National [Puerto Rican Day Parade](/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade "Puerto Rican Day Parade"), which is attended by nearly two million people and broadcast live on [Fox TV](/wiki/Fox_TV "Fox TV"), was dedicated to the Borinqueneers.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nprdpinc.org/honoring\-education\-arts\-culture/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316201036/http://www.nprdpinc.org/honoring\-education\-arts\-culture/\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Parade Dedicated to the Borinqueneers, National Puerto Rican Day Parade, 8 June 2014\.\|archive\-date\=16 March 2014}} On 25 May 2018, the city of the city of [Springfield, Massachusetts](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Massachusetts "Springfield, Massachusetts") unveiled "65th Infantry Way". On 13 December 2019, US President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") signed into law the H.R.2325 legislation to designate the facility of the [United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") located at 100 Calle Alondra in [Río Piedras, Puerto Rico](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras%2C_Puerto_Rico "Río Piedras, Puerto Rico"), as the "65th Infantry Regiment Post Office Building". On 27 January 2020, an entry gate [Fort Buchanan](/wiki/Fort_Buchanan%2C_Puerto_Rico "Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico") in Puerto Rico was officially renamed "The Borinqueneers Gate" in honor the 65th Infantry Regiment.{{cite web \| title\=Physical Security :: FORT BUCHANAN \| website\=home.army.mil \| date\=2020\-11\-18 \| url\=https://home.army.mil/buchanan/index.php/about/Garrison/DES/physical\-security \| access\-date\=2020\-12\-14}} In early 2021, a law was signed to make 13 April National Day of Borinqueneers so that veterans could commemorate the service of Borinqueneers. 13 April was chosen because it was the day when members of the unit received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2016\.{{cite web \| title\=Puerto Rican military veterans will now celebrate National Borinqueneers Day \| website\=Yahoo News \| date\=2 January 2021 \| url\=https://news.yahoo.com/puerto\-rican\-military\-veterans\-now\-212000205\.html \| access\-date\=2021\-01\-02}} There is a monument to the Borinqueneers in Korea. ### 65th Infantry Regiment Association The 65th Infantry Regiment Association, led by Victor Labarca, works with all matters related to the 65th Infantry Regiment and its service members.{{cite web \| title\=U.S. Veterans from Puerto Rico: always accomplishing the mission \| website\=www.army.mil \| date\=2019\-11\-11 \| url\=https://www.army.mil/article/229664/u\_s\_veterans\_from\_puerto\_rico\_always\_accomplishing\_the\_mission \| access\-date\=2021\-02\-06}}
[ "Legacy\n------", "[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|A monument dedicated to the 65th Infantry Regiment in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico](/wiki/File:65-infanteria-min.jpg \"65-infanteria-min.jpg\")", "During the Korean War, the Borinqueneers were awarded 10 [Distinguished Service Crosses](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 \"Distinguished Service Cross (United States)\") (Juan Negrons was upgraded to the Medal of Honor), 256 [Silver Stars](/wiki/Silver_Stars \"Silver Stars\"), 606 [Bronze Stars](/wiki/Bronze_Stars \"Bronze Stars\"), and 2,771 [Purple Hearts](/wiki/Purple_Heart \"Purple Heart\").[\"Legendary 'Borinqueneers' Deserve the Congressional Gold Medal\"](http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/opinion/2013/01/08/legendary-borinqueneers-deserve-congressional-gold-medal/), [Fox News Latino](/wiki/Fox_News_Latino \"Fox News Latino\"), 1 August 2003, by Larry Brystran Retrieved 12 August 2013\\.", "Puerto Rico honored the unit by naming one of its principal avenues \"Avenida 65 de Infantería\" in [San Juan](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"San Juan, Puerto Rico\"). The names of those killed in combat are inscribed in \"El Monumento de la Recordación\" (Monument of Remembrance), which was unveiled on 19 May 1996 and is situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico.", "In November 1999, Governor [Pedro Rosselló](/wiki/Pedro_Rossell%C3%B3 \"Pedro Rosselló\"), along with the Senate of Puerto Rico, chartered the 65th Infantry Honor Task Force and appointed Anthony Mele as chairman to work with Major General Nels Running, director, Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Korean War to commemorate the 65th Infantry Regiment. The 65th Infantry Honor Task Force is a coalition of individuals, veterans organizations, and groups dedicated to advocate and preserve the legacy of the 65th Infantry Regiment. The group organized [tree planting](/wiki/Tree_planting \"Tree planting\") and plaque commemoration ceremonies around the US, to include [Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery \"Arlington National Cemetery\") in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"); [Fort San Felipe del Morro](/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro \"Fort San Felipe del Morro\") in San Juan, Puerto Rico; and [Fort Logan National Cemetery](/wiki/Fort_Logan_National_Cemetery \"Fort Logan National Cemetery\") in [Denver](/wiki/Denver \"Denver\").", "On 20 May 2001, the government of Puerto Rico unveiled a monument honoring the 65th Infantry Regiment. The monument was made by artist Sonny Rodríguez, and is called \"Mission Accomplished\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/policia\\-tribunales/nota/policiamunicipalcustodiamonumentoenriopiedras\\-657668/\\|title\\=Polícia Municipal custodia monumento en Río Piedras\\|work\\=\\[\\[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)\\|Primera Hora]]\\|date\\=8 June 2012}} It contains a statue of a soldier wearing a poncho with his rifle in one hand and the regiment's flag in the other hand.[Puerto Rico Herald – Puerto Rico Perfil: El Regimiento del 65 de Infantería en Corea](http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/vol4n26/Profile65th-es.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924025358/http://www.puertorico\\-herald.org/issues/vol4n26/Profile65th\\-es.html \\|date\\=24 September 2012 }}, Retrieved 8 September 2007", "On 7 June 2007, [PBS](/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service \"Public Broadcasting Service\") aired *The Borinqueneers*, a documentary about the 65th Infantry written and directed by Noemí Figueroa Soulet with Raquel Ortiz as co\\-director. The narrators were [Héctor Elizondo](/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Elizondo \"Héctor Elizondo\") (English) and David Ortiz\\-Anglero (Spanish).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.borinqueneers.com/film \\|title\\=The Borinqueneers: A Documentary \\|publisher\\=El Pozo Productions \\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819201433/http://borinqueneers.com/film \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "On 30 November 2012, an entire stretch of Southern Boulevard in the [South Bronx](/wiki/South_Bronx \"South Bronx\"), New York was co\\-named *La 65 de Infantería Boulevard*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nbclatino.com/2012/11/30/wwi\\-puerto\\-rican\\-regiment\\-honored\\-with\\-their\\-own\\-street\\-in\\-nyc/\\|title\\=Puerto Rican veterans honored with their own street in NYC\\|date\\=30 November 2012\\|website\\=nbclatino.com\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082635/http://nbclatino.com/2012/11/30/wwi\\-puerto\\-rican\\-regiment\\-honored\\-with\\-their\\-own\\-street\\-in\\-nyc/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 1 October 2013, the 65th Infantry Honor Task Force organized veterans from the 65th and their families to attend a salute to the regiment by the 3rd U.S. Infantry \"The Old Guard\" at Fort Myer, Virginia, a tour of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers, and wreath laying ceremony at the [Korean War Veterans Memorial](/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial \"Korean War Veterans Memorial\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")", "22–23 March 2014, the 65th Infantry Honor Task Force organized the salute of the first Medal of Honor awarded to a Borinqueneer; MSG Juan E. Negron in New York with Iris Negron, daughter of MSG Negron, and BG Jose Burgos. In attendance were New York State Senators William E. Larkin, a Korean War combat veteran, and David Carlucci who presented a proclamation from the New York State Senate.", "In 2014 the National [Puerto Rican Day Parade](/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade \"Puerto Rican Day Parade\"), which is attended by nearly two million people and broadcast live on [Fox TV](/wiki/Fox_TV \"Fox TV\"), was dedicated to the Borinqueneers.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nprdpinc.org/honoring\\-education\\-arts\\-culture/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316201036/http://www.nprdpinc.org/honoring\\-education\\-arts\\-culture/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Parade Dedicated to the Borinqueneers, National Puerto Rican Day Parade, 8 June 2014\\.\\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2014}}", "On 25 May 2018, the city of the city of [Springfield, Massachusetts](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Massachusetts \"Springfield, Massachusetts\") unveiled \"65th Infantry Way\".", "On 13 December 2019, US President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") signed into law the H.R.2325 legislation to designate the facility of the [United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") located at 100 Calle Alondra in [Río Piedras, Puerto Rico](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Río Piedras, Puerto Rico\"), as the \"65th Infantry Regiment Post Office Building\".", "On 27 January 2020, an entry gate [Fort Buchanan](/wiki/Fort_Buchanan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico\") in Puerto Rico was officially renamed \"The Borinqueneers Gate\" in honor the 65th Infantry Regiment.{{cite web \\| title\\=Physical Security :: FORT BUCHANAN \\| website\\=home.army.mil \\| date\\=2020\\-11\\-18 \\| url\\=https://home.army.mil/buchanan/index.php/about/Garrison/DES/physical\\-security \\| access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-14}}", "In early 2021, a law was signed to make 13 April National Day of Borinqueneers so that veterans could commemorate the service of Borinqueneers. 13 April was chosen because it was the day when members of the unit received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2016\\.{{cite web \\| title\\=Puerto Rican military veterans will now celebrate National Borinqueneers Day \\| website\\=Yahoo News \\| date\\=2 January 2021 \\| url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/puerto\\-rican\\-military\\-veterans\\-now\\-212000205\\.html \\| access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-02}}", "There is a monument to the Borinqueneers in Korea.", "### 65th Infantry Regiment Association", "The 65th Infantry Regiment Association, led by Victor Labarca, works with all matters related to the 65th Infantry Regiment and its service members.{{cite web \\| title\\=U.S. Veterans from Puerto Rico: always accomplishing the mission \\| website\\=www.army.mil \\| date\\=2019\\-11\\-11 \\| url\\=https://www.army.mil/article/229664/u\\_s\\_veterans\\_from\\_puerto\\_rico\\_always\\_accomplishing\\_the\\_mission \\| access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-06}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Coal township Coal was discovered in the area in 1931, and a mine was built at the town's present location. In 1940 the government bought the mine and created the township of Benneydale. Its name is a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of the undersecretary of mines at the time ([Matt Benney](/wiki/Matt_Benney "Matt Benney")) and the mine superintendent (Tom Dale). It was the only town in the [King Country](/wiki/King_Country "King Country") that does not have a [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language "Māori language") name. At its peak the town had a population of 2000 with a butchery, bakery and picture theatre.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=10852242\|title\=Rural exodus: Goodbye country ... small town NZ in decline as rush to cities grows\|date\=6 December 2012\|newspaper\=New Zealand Herald\|language\=en\-NZ\|issn\=1170\-0777\|access\-date\=21 September 2016}} There were jobs in the coal mine until the early 1990s, but like many other rural areas in New Zealand the town has slowly declined. ### Modern history Bush United is the town's local rugby union club, the clubhouse was built at Pureora in 1960 and was moved to Benneydale.Editors Carolyn M. King, D. John Gaukrodger, Neville A. Ritchie. *The Drama of Conservation: The History of Pureora Forest, New Zealand*, p. 178\. Springer Verlag, Berlin, and Department of Conservation, Hamilton.{{ISBN\|978\-0\-478\-15044\-5}}. Bennydale now mainly operates as a farm service town and it is the closest town to the [Timber Trail](/wiki/Timber_Trail "Timber Trail") in the [Pureora Forest Park](/wiki/Pureora_Forest_Park "Pureora Forest Park"). The town has a police station, volunteer fire brigade, a garage, a corner store that sells hot food and basic groceries, a cafe with accommodation, and a primary school. There is also a meat works on the outskirts of town. In 2018 the Maniapoto Māori Trust Board lodged an application to the [New Zealand Geographic Board](/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board "New Zealand Geographic Board") to change the name to Maniaiti, which means "a small slide, slip"{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/115579083/benneydale\-to\-have\-dual\-english\-and\-mori\-name\|title\=Benneydale to have dual English and Māori name\|website\=Stuff\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-18}} and is the name of a hill behind the township.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/110735496/ngti\-benneydale\-town\-debates\-name\|title\='Ngāti Benneydale': Town divided over name change\|website\=Stuff\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-18}} It was decided that it would have a dual name of Maniaiti / Benneydale. There was substantial local opposition to the name change.
[ "History\n-------", "### Coal township", "Coal was discovered in the area in 1931, and a mine was built at the town's present location. In 1940 the government bought the mine and created the township of Benneydale. Its name is a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") of the undersecretary of mines at the time ([Matt Benney](/wiki/Matt_Benney \"Matt Benney\")) and the mine superintendent (Tom Dale). It was the only town in the [King Country](/wiki/King_Country \"King Country\") that does not have a [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language \"Māori language\") name.", "At its peak the town had a population of 2000 with a butchery, bakery and picture theatre.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=10852242\\|title\\=Rural exodus: Goodbye country ... small town NZ in decline as rush to cities grows\\|date\\=6 December 2012\\|newspaper\\=New Zealand Herald\\|language\\=en\\-NZ\\|issn\\=1170\\-0777\\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2016}} There were jobs in the coal mine until the early 1990s, but like many other rural areas in New Zealand the town has slowly declined.", "### Modern history", "Bush United is the town's local rugby union club, the clubhouse was built at Pureora in 1960 and was moved to Benneydale.Editors Carolyn M. King, D. John Gaukrodger, Neville A. Ritchie. *The Drama of Conservation: The History of Pureora Forest, New Zealand*, p. 178\\. Springer Verlag, Berlin, and Department of Conservation, Hamilton.{{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-478\\-15044\\-5}}.", "Bennydale now mainly operates as a farm service town and it is the closest town to the [Timber Trail](/wiki/Timber_Trail \"Timber Trail\") in the [Pureora Forest Park](/wiki/Pureora_Forest_Park \"Pureora Forest Park\"). The town has a police station, volunteer fire brigade, a garage, a corner store that sells hot food and basic groceries, a cafe with accommodation, and a primary school. There is also a meat works on the outskirts of town.", "In 2018 the Maniapoto Māori Trust Board lodged an application to the [New Zealand Geographic Board](/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board \"New Zealand Geographic Board\") to change the name to Maniaiti, which means \"a small slide, slip\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/115579083/benneydale\\-to\\-have\\-dual\\-english\\-and\\-mori\\-name\\|title\\=Benneydale to have dual English and Māori name\\|website\\=Stuff\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-18}} and is the name of a hill behind the township.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/110735496/ngti\\-benneydale\\-town\\-debates\\-name\\|title\\='Ngāti Benneydale': Town divided over name change\\|website\\=Stuff\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-18}} It was decided that it would have a dual name of Maniaiti / Benneydale. There was substantial local opposition to the name change.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ Statistics New Zealand describes Benneydale as a rural settlement, which covers {{Convert\|0\.58\|km2\|\|abbr\=on}}{{Cite web\|title\=ArcGIS Web Application\|url\=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id\=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787\| access\-date\=8 January 2024\|website\=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}} and had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018\|Maniaiti/Benneydale\|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018\|\|\|y\|y\|\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018\|Maniaiti/Benneydale\|y}}\|R}}/0\.58\|0}} people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Waipa Valley statistical area. {{Historical populations\|2006\|210\|2013\|180\|2018\|189\|percentages\=pagr\|align\=left\|title\=Historical population for Benneydale\|source\=}} Bennydale had a population of 189 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census "2018 New Zealand census"), an increase of 9 people (5\.0%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census "2013 New Zealand census"), and a decrease of 21 people (−10\.0%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census "2006 New Zealand census"). There were 72 households, comprising 99 males and 96 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\.03 males per female. The median age was 36\.0 years (compared with 37\.4 years nationally), with 51 people (27\.0%) aged under 15 years, 33 (17\.5%) aged 15 to 29, 87 (46\.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 15 (7\.9%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 38\.1% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 "Pākehā"), 60\.3% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people"), 11\.1% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders "Pasifika New Zealanders"), 11\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders "Asian New Zealanders"), and 3\.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52\.4% had no religion, 34\.9% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand "Christianity in New Zealand"), 6\.3% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people "Religion of Māori people"), and 4\.8% were [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand "Islam in New Zealand"). Of those at least 15 years old, 6 (4\.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 42 (30\.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $21,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 3 people (2\.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 63 (45\.7%) people were employed full\-time, 21 (15\.2%) were part\-time, and 6 (4\.3%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\|7013251}} ### Waipa Valley statistical area Waipa Valley statistical area, which also includes [Rangitoto](/wiki/Rangitoto%2C_Waikato "Rangitoto, Waikato"), covers {{Convert\|817\.65\|km2\|\|abbr\=on}} and had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Waipa Valley\|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|\|\|y\|y\|\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Waipa Valley\|y}}\|R}}/817\.65\|1}} people per km2. {{Historical populations\|2006\|1,269\|2013\|1,251\|2018\|1,221\|percentages\=pagr\|align\=left\|title\=Historical population for Waipa Valley\|source\=}} Waipa Valley had a population of 1,221 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census "2018 New Zealand census"), a decrease of 30 people (−2\.4%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census "2013 New Zealand census"), and a decrease of 48 people (−3\.8%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census "2006 New Zealand census"). There were 465 households, comprising 642 males and 579 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\.11 males per female. The median age was 39\.6 years (compared with 37\.4 years nationally), with 273 people (22\.4%) aged under 15 years, 201 (16\.5%) aged 15 to 29, 591 (48\.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 156 (12\.8%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 76\.9% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 "Pākehā"), 28\.7% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people"), 3\.4% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders "Pasifika New Zealanders"), 3\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders "Asian New Zealanders"), and 1\.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas was 10\.3, compared with 27\.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53\.6% had no religion, 33\.4% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand "Christianity in New Zealand"), 2\.2% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people "Religion of Māori people"), 0\.2% were [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand "Hinduism in New Zealand"), 1\.0% were [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand "Islam in New Zealand"), 0\.2% were [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand "Buddhism in New Zealand") and 1\.2% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 114 (12\.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 228 (24\.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 114 people (12\.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 531 (56\.0%) people were employed full\-time, 174 (18\.4%) were part\-time, and 21 (2\.2%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\|Waipa Valley (187500\)\|waipa\-valley\|Waipa Valley}}
[ "Demographics\n------------", "Statistics New Zealand describes Benneydale as a rural settlement, which covers {{Convert\\|0\\.58\\|km2\\|\\|abbr\\=on}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=ArcGIS Web Application\\|url\\=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id\\=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787\\| access\\-date\\=8 January 2024\\|website\\=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}} and had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018\\|Maniaiti/Benneydale\\|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018\\|\\|\\|y\\|y\\|\\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018\\|Maniaiti/Benneydale\\|y}}\\|R}}/0\\.58\\|0}} people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Waipa Valley statistical area.", "{{Historical populations\\|2006\\|210\\|2013\\|180\\|2018\\|189\\|percentages\\=pagr\\|align\\=left\\|title\\=Historical population for Benneydale\\|source\\=}}\nBennydale had a population of 189 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census \"2018 New Zealand census\"), an increase of 9 people (5\\.0%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census \"2013 New Zealand census\"), and a decrease of 21 people (−10\\.0%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census \"2006 New Zealand census\"). There were 72 households, comprising 99 males and 96 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\\.03 males per female. The median age was 36\\.0 years (compared with 37\\.4 years nationally), with 51 people (27\\.0%) aged under 15 years, 33 (17\\.5%) aged 15 to 29, 87 (46\\.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 15 (7\\.9%) aged 65 or older.", "Ethnicities were 38\\.1% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 \"Pākehā\"), 60\\.3% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people \"Māori people\"), 11\\.1% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders \"Pasifika New Zealanders\"), 11\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders \"Asian New Zealanders\"), and 3\\.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.", "Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52\\.4% had no religion, 34\\.9% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand \"Christianity in New Zealand\"), 6\\.3% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people \"Religion of Māori people\"), and 4\\.8% were [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand \"Islam in New Zealand\").", "Of those at least 15 years old, 6 (4\\.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 42 (30\\.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $21,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 3 people (2\\.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 63 (45\\.7%) people were employed full\\-time, 21 (15\\.2%) were part\\-time, and 6 (4\\.3%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\\|7013251}}", "### Waipa Valley statistical area", "Waipa Valley statistical area, which also includes [Rangitoto](/wiki/Rangitoto%2C_Waikato \"Rangitoto, Waikato\"), covers {{Convert\\|817\\.65\\|km2\\|\\|abbr\\=on}} and had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|Waipa Valley\\|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|\\|\\|y\\|y\\|\\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|Waipa Valley\\|y}}\\|R}}/817\\.65\\|1}} people per km2.", "{{Historical populations\\|2006\\|1,269\\|2013\\|1,251\\|2018\\|1,221\\|percentages\\=pagr\\|align\\=left\\|title\\=Historical population for Waipa Valley\\|source\\=}}\nWaipa Valley had a population of 1,221 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census \"2018 New Zealand census\"), a decrease of 30 people (−2\\.4%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census \"2013 New Zealand census\"), and a decrease of 48 people (−3\\.8%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census \"2006 New Zealand census\"). There were 465 households, comprising 642 males and 579 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\\.11 males per female. The median age was 39\\.6 years (compared with 37\\.4 years nationally), with 273 people (22\\.4%) aged under 15 years, 201 (16\\.5%) aged 15 to 29, 591 (48\\.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 156 (12\\.8%) aged 65 or older.", "Ethnicities were 76\\.9% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 \"Pākehā\"), 28\\.7% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people \"Māori people\"), 3\\.4% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders \"Pasifika New Zealanders\"), 3\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders \"Asian New Zealanders\"), and 1\\.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.", "The percentage of people born overseas was 10\\.3, compared with 27\\.1% nationally.", "Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53\\.6% had no religion, 33\\.4% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand \"Christianity in New Zealand\"), 2\\.2% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people \"Religion of Māori people\"), 0\\.2% were [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand \"Hinduism in New Zealand\"), 1\\.0% were [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand \"Islam in New Zealand\"), 0\\.2% were [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand \"Buddhism in New Zealand\") and 1\\.2% had other religions.", "Of those at least 15 years old, 114 (12\\.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 228 (24\\.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 114 people (12\\.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 531 (56\\.0%) people were employed full\\-time, 174 (18\\.4%) were part\\-time, and 21 (2\\.2%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\\|Waipa Valley (187500\\)\\|waipa\\-valley\\|Waipa Valley}}", "" ]
Antiquity --------- ### Orontid dynasty {{Main\|Orontid dynasty}} After the fall of Urartu around 585 BC, the [Satrapy of Armenia](/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia "Satrapy of Armenia") arose, ruled by the Armenian [Orontid dynasty](/wiki/Orontid_dynasty "Orontid dynasty"), which governed the state in 585–190 BC. Under the Orontids, Armenia during this era was a [satrapy](/wiki/Satrap "Satrap") of the [Persian Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire "Achaemenid Empire"), and after its disintegration (in 330 BC), it became an independent kingdom. During the rule of the Orontid dynasty, most Armenians adopted the [Zoroastrian](/wiki/Zoroastrianism "Zoroastrianism") religion.Barbara A. West.[*Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA50) Infobase Publishing, 1 January 2009; {{ISBN\|1438119135}}, p. 50 [thumb\|200px\|Map of Orontid Armenia](/wiki/File:Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif "Yervanduni Armenia, IV-II BC.gif") [thumb\|200px\|Armenia on a map of [Ptolemy](/wiki/Ptolemy "Ptolemy")](/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg "Ptolemy Cosmographia 1467 - Central Europe.jpg") [thumb\|200px\|Armenia, Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Assyria with Adjacent Regions, Karl von Spruner, published in 1865\.](/wiki/File:AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg "AMBS by Karl von Spruner.jpg") ### Artaxiad dynasty {{Main\|Artaxiad dynasty}} [thumb\|The [Kingdom of Armenia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 "Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)") at its greatest extent under [Tigranes the Great](/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great "Tigranes the Great")](/wiki/File:Armenian_Empire.png "Armenian Empire.png") The Hellenistic [Seleucid Empire](/wiki/Seleucid_Empire "Seleucid Empire"), controlled Syria, Armenia, and vast other eastern regions. However, after their defeat by Rome in 190 BC, the Seleucids relinquished control of any regional claim past the Taurus Mountains, limiting Seleucids to a quickly diminishing area of Syria. A Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in 190 BC. It was a [Hellenistic](/wiki/Hellenistic_period "Hellenistic period") successor state of [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great "Alexander the Great")'s short\-lived empire, with Artaxias becoming its first king and the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty (190 BC–AD 1\). At the same time, a western portion of the kingdom split as a separate state under Zariadris, which became known as [Lesser Armenia](/wiki/Lesser_Armenia "Lesser Armenia") while the main kingdom acquired the name of [Greater Armenia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 "Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)"). The new kings began a program of expansion which was to reach its zenith a century later. Their acquisitions are summarized by Strabo. Zariadris acquired [Acilisene](/wiki/Acilisene "Acilisene") and the "country around the Antitaurus", possibly the district of Muzur or west of the [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates"). Artaxias took lands from the Medes, Iberians, and Syrians. He then had confrontations with [Pontus](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus "Kingdom of Pontus"), Seleucid Syria and Cappadocia, and was included in the treaty which followed the victory of a group of Anatolian kings over Pharnaces of Pontus in 181 BC. Pharnaces thus abandoned all of his gains in the west.{{cite book\|last\=Redgate\|first\=Elizabeth\|title\=The Armenians\|publisher\=Blackwell Publishing\|year\=1998\|pages\=65–68}} At its zenith, from 95 to 66 BC, Greater Armenia extended its rule over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now eastern and central [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), north\-western [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria") and [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), forming the second Armenian empire. For a time, Armenia was one of the most powerful states east of Rome. It eventually confronted the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic") in wars, which it lost in 66 BC, but nonetheless preserved its sovereignty. Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as an ally of Rome until his death in 55 BC.{{cite book\|last\=Fuller\|first\=J.F.C.\|title\=Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant\|publisher\=Da Capo Press\|year\=1991\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesarmans00full/page/45 45]\|isbn\=0\-306\-80422\-0\|url\=https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesarmans00full/page/45}} The [Third Mithridatic War](/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War "Third Mithridatic War") and defeat of the King of Pontus by Roman [Pompeius](/wiki/Pompey "Pompey") resulted in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome. Later on, in 1 AD, Armenia came under full [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") control until the establishment of the Armenian Arsacid dynasty. The Armenian people then adopted a Western political, philosophical, and religious orientation. According to Strabo, around this time everyone in Armenia spoke "the same language."{{Cite book\|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=3WqaAAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA43\|title \= Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments\|isbn \= 9781438773827\|date \= September 2013\| publisher\=International Business Publications, USA }}{{Dead link\|date\=February 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} ### Roman Armenia {{more citations needed section\|date\=December 2015}} {{Main\|Roman Armenia\|Persian Armenia}} {{For\|more details on this topic\|Roman relations with the Armenians}} [thumb\|The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, with the "Roman Province of Armenia".](/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Armenia_%28117_AD%29.svg "Roman Empire - Armenia (117 AD).svg") From [Pompeius](/wiki/Pompey "Pompey")' campaign Armenia was, for the next few centuries, contested between Rome and Parthia/Sassanid Persia on the other hand. Roman emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") even created a short\-lived Province of Armenia between 114 and 118 AD.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jbS5KHJ4uqcC\&pg\=PA140\|title\=Cassio Dione e l'impero romano da Nerva ad Antonino Pio\|isbn\=9788834310656\|last1\=Migliorati\|first1\=Guido\|year\=2003\|publisher\=Vita e Pensiero }} Indeed, Roman supremacy was fully established by the [campaigns](/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363 "Roman–Parthian War of 58–63") of [Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo](/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo"),[Vahan Kurkjian: Armenia and the Romans](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/15*.html) that ended with a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the [Arsacid](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia") line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor. Because this agreement was not respected by the Parthian Empire, in 114 [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") from [Antiochia](/wiki/Antioch "Antioch") in Syria marched on Armenia and conquered the capital [Artaxata](/wiki/Artaxata "Artaxata"). Trajan then deposed the Armenian king [Parthamasiris](/wiki/Parthamasiris_of_Armenia "Parthamasiris of Armenia") (imposed by the Parthians) and ordered the annexation of Armenia to the Roman Empire as a new province. The new province reached the shores of the [Caspian Sea](/wiki/Caspian_Sea "Caspian Sea") and bordered to the north with [Caucasian Iberia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia "Kingdom of Iberia") and [Caucasian Albania](/wiki/Caucasian_Albania "Caucasian Albania"), two vassal states of Rome. As a Roman province Armenia was administered by Catilius Severus of the [Gens Claudia](/wiki/Claudia_gens "Claudia gens"). After Trajan's death, however, his successor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian") decided not to maintain the province of Armenia. In 118 AD, Hadrian gave Armenia up, and installed [Parthamaspates](/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia "Parthamaspates of Parthia") as its "vassal" king. ### Arsacid dynasty {{Main\|Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\|Roman–Parthian Wars}} [thumb\|Armenia in the 4th century, 299–387 AD.](/wiki/File:Armenian4thcenturies.gif "Armenian4thcenturies.gif") Armenia, under its [Arshakuni dynasty](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"), which was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was often a focus of contention between Rome and Parthia.{{cite web \| url\= https://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/parthian.html \| title\= The Parthian Period \| access\-date\=6 February 2007}} The Parthians forced Armenia into submission from 37 to 47, when the Romans retook control of the kingdom. Under [Nero](/wiki/Nero "Nero"), the Romans fought a [campaign (55–63\)](/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363 "Roman–Parthian War of 58–63") against the [Parthian Empire](/wiki/Parthian_Empire "Parthian Empire"), which had invaded the kingdom of Armenia, allied to the Romans. After gaining (60\) and losing (62\) Armenia, the Romans under [Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo](/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo"), [legate](/wiki/Legatus "Legatus") of [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria "Roman Syria") entered (63\) into an agreement of [Vologases I of Parthia](/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia "Vologases I of Parthia"), which confirmed [Tiridates I](/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia "Tiridates I of Armenia") as king of Armenia, thus founding the Arshakuni dynasty. The Arsacid dynasty lost control of Armenia for a few years when emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") created the "Roman Province of Armenia", fully included into the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") from 114 to 117 AD. His successor, [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian"), reinstalled the Arsacid dynasty when he nominated [Parthamaspates](/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia "Parthamaspates of Parthia") as "vassal" king of Armenia in 118 AD. Another campaign was led by Emperor [Lucius Verus](/wiki/Lucius_Verus "Lucius Verus") in 162–165, after [Vologases IV](/wiki/Vologases_IV "Vologases IV") of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne. To counter the Parthian threat, Verus set out for the east. His army won significant victories and retook the capital. [Sohaemus](/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Armenia "Sohaemus of Armenia"), a Roman citizen of Armenian heritage, was installed as the new [client king](/wiki/Client_state "Client state").HA Marcus Antoninus 9\.1, Verus 7\.1; Dio Cass. 71\.3\. The [Sassanid](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire "Sasanian Empire") Persians occupied Armenia in 252 and held it until the Romans returned in 287\. In 384 the kingdom was split between the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") and the Persians.{{cite web \| url\= http://www.cac\-biodiversity.org/arm/arm\_history.htm \| title\= Armenia: History \| access\-date\= 6 February 2007 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228232515/http://www.cac\-biodiversity.org/arm/arm\_history.htm \| archive\-date\= 28 February 2007 \| url\-status\= dead \| df\= dmy\-all }} Western Armenia quickly became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of [Armenia Minor](/wiki/Lesser_Armenia "Lesser Armenia"); Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until 428, when the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a governor in his place. According to tradition, the [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church "Armenian Apostolic Church") was established by two of Jesus' [twelve apostles](/wiki/Twelve_apostles "Twelve apostles")—[Thaddaeus](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle "Jude the Apostle") and [Bartholomew](/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle "Bartholomew the Apostle")—who preached Christianity in Armenia in the 40s–60s AD.{{cite web \| url \= http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/early/armen.html \| title \= Church of Armenia \| access\-date \= 6 February 2007 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070128054451/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/early/armen.html \| archive\-date \= 28 January 2007 }} Between 1st and 4th centuries AD, the Armenian Church was headed by patriarchs. #### Christianization [thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|Christianization: *Departure of Armenian king [Tiridates III](/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia "Tiridates III of Armenia") (c.250–330\) with the Entourage of Georgian ([Iberian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia "Kingdom of Iberia")), [Laz](/wiki/Laz_people "Laz people") and [Albanian](/wiki/Caucasian_Albania "Caucasian Albania") Kings for Their Christening*. Church of [St Gregory of Tigran Honents](/wiki/St_Gregory_of_Tigran_Honents "St Gregory of Tigran Honents"), [Ani](/wiki/Ani "Ani"), [Zakarid Armenia](/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia "Zakarid Armenia"), 1215\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Eastmond \|first1\=Antony \|title\="Local" Saints, Art, and Regional Identity in the Orthodox World after the Fourth Crusade \|journal\=Speculum \|date\=2003 \|volume\=78 \|issue\=3 \|page\=740, Fig.11 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0038713400131525 \|jstor\=20060787 \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20060787 \|issn\=0038\-7134}}{{cite web \|title\=Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents in Ani \|url\=https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/church\-saint\-gregory\-tigran\-honents\-ani \|website\=Turkish Archaeological News \|language\=en \|date\=10 December 2023}}{{cite book \|last1\=Nersessian \|first1\=Vrej \|title\=Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=The British Library Board \- Getty Museum \|page\=193 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/nersessian\-2001\-treasures\-armenian\-art/page/192 \|quote\=This episode had been represented in the Church of St Gregory at Ani, built by Grigor Honents, in 1215\. The king, surrounded by his friends and his army, all on horseback, scts out to greet Gregory}}](/wiki/File:Ani_Tigran_Honents_church_17_Interior_Armenian%2C_Georgian_and_Abkhazian_kings_marching_%28orthonomical%29.jpg "Ani Tigran Honents church 17 Interior Armenian, Georgian and Abkhazian kings marching (orthonomical).jpg") In 301, Armenia became the first nation to adopt [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") as a state religion,{{cite web\|url\=http://www3\.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country\_armenia.html\|title\=Information about Armenia on nationalgeographic.com\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070130075810/http://www3\.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country\_armenia.html\|archive\-date\=30 January 2007\|url\-status\=dead}} amidst the long\-lasting geo\-political rivalry over the region. It established a church that today exists independently of both the [Catholic](/wiki/Catholicism%23Catholic_Church "Catholicism#Catholic Church") and the [Eastern Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") churches, having become so in 451 after having rejected the [Council of Chalcedon](/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon "Council of Chalcedon").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/1089/christology.html\|title\=Armenian Church History and Doctrine\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730103921/http://geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/1089/christology.html\|archive\-date\=30 July 2009}} The [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church "Armenian Apostolic Church") is a part of the [Oriental Orthodox](/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy "Oriental Orthodoxy") communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. The first [Catholicos](/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians "Catholicos of All Armenians") of the Armenian church was Saint [Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator "Gregory the Illuminator").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/religion/h\_see\_p1\.html\|title\=The Holy City and the Mother Church of St. Etchmiadzin\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823222537/http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/religion/h\_see\_p1\.html\|archive\-date\=23 August 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} Because of his beliefs, he was persecuted by the pagan king of Armenia, and was "punished" by being thrown in [Khor Virap](/wiki/Khor_Virap "Khor Virap"), in modern\-day Armenia.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.world66\.com/europe/armenia/khorvirap\|title\=Khor Virap Travel Guide\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180712/http://www.world66\.com/europe/armenia/khorvirap\|archive\-date\=30 September 2007\|url\-status\=dead}} He acquired the title of Illuminator, because he illuminated the spirits of Armenians by introducing Christianity to them. Before this, the dominant religion amongst the Armenians was [Zoroastrianism](/wiki/Zoroastrianism "Zoroastrianism").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wJB2AwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA1838\|title\=Encyclopedia of Global Studies\|access\-date\=26 December 2014\|isbn\=9781412994224\|last1\=Anheier\|first1\=Helmut K.\|last2\=Juergensmeyer\|first2\=Mark\|date\=9 March 2012\|publisher\=SAGE Publications }} Scholars have suggested that Armenia adopted Christianity "partly . . . in defiance" of the Sassanids.Mary Boyce. [*Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices*](https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84), Psychology Press, 2001; {{ISBN\|0415239028}}, p. 84 In 405–06, Armenia's political future seemed uncertain. With the help of the king of Armenia, [Mesrop Mashtots](/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots "Mesrop Mashtots") created a unique alphabet to suit the people's needs.{{clarify\|date\=December 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm\|title\=Armenian alphabet, pronunciation and language\|access\-date\=6 February 2007}} By doing so, he ushered in a new [Golden Age](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 "Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)") and strengthened Armenian national identity.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2015}} After years of rule, the Arsacid dynasty fell in 428, with Eastern Armenia being subjugated to Persia and Western Armenia, to Rome. In the 5th century, the Sassanid Shah [Yazdegerd II](/wiki/Yazdegerd_II "Yazdegerd II") tried to tie his Christian Armenian subjects more closely to the Sassanid Empire by reimposing the Zoroastrian religion.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch22c.htm\|title\=The Sassanids, to 500 CE\|access\-date\=6 February 2007}} The Armenians greatly resented this, and as a result, a rebellion broke out with Vartan Mamikonian as the leader of the rebels. Yazdegerd thus massed his army and sent it to Armenia, where the [Battle of Avarayr](/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr "Battle of Avarayr") took place in 451\. The 66,000 Armenian rebels,{{cite web\|url\=http://timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid\=12\&title\=Armenia\|title\=Timeline – Armenia\|access\-date\=6 February 2007}} mostly peasants, lost their morale when Mamikonian died in the battlefield. They were substantially outnumbered by the 180,000\- to 220,000\-strong{{cite web\|url\=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a040\.html\|title\=Avarayr\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006075951/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a040\.html\|archive\-date\=6 October 2007}} Persian army of [Immortals](/wiki/Immortals_%28Achaemenid_Empire%29 "Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)") and [war elephants](/wiki/War_elephant "War elephant"). Despite being a military defeat, the Battle of Avarayr and the subsequent guerilla war in Armenia eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nvarsak (484\), which guaranteed religious freedom to the Armenians.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html\|title\=Armenians\|date\=8 September 1987\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011111122055/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html\|archive\-date\=11 November 2001}} ### Persian Armenia {{see also\|Persian Armenia\|Muslim conquest of Persia}} [thumb\|The extent of Persian Armenia.](/wiki/File:Persian_Armenia.gif "Persian Armenia.gif") With the partition of Armenia in 387 by the Byzantines and [Sassanids](/wiki/Sassanids "Sassanids"), the western half became part of the Byzantines known as [Byzantine Armenia](/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia "Byzantine Armenia"), while the eastern (and much larger half) became a vassal state within the Sassanid realm.{{cite book\|last\=Hacikyan\|first\=Agop Jack\|title\=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age\|volume\=1\|year\=2000\|publisher\=Wayne State University Press\|location\=Detroit\|isbn\=978\-0\-8143\-2815\-6\|author\-link\=Agop Jack Hacikyan\|author2\=Basmajian, Gabriel\|author3\=Franchuk, Edward S.\|author4\=Ouzounian, Nourhan\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/heritageofarmeni00ajha/page/168 168]\|url\=https://archive.org/details/heritageofarmeni00ajha/page/168}} In 428, the [Arsacid dynasty of Armenia](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia") was completely abolished by the Sassanid Persians, and the territory was made a full province within Persia, known as [Persian Armenia](/wiki/Persian_Armenia "Persian Armenia"). Persian Armenia remained in Sassanid hands up to the [Muslim conquest of Persia](/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia "Muslim conquest of Persia"), when the invading Muslim forces annexed the Sassanid realm.{{Cite book \|last\=Dubov \|first\=Kalman \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4TNREAAAQBAJ\&q\=646\&pg\=PT25 \|title\=Journey to the Republic of Armenia \|date\=2021\-11\-26 \|publisher\=Kalman Dubov \|pages\=17–18 \|language\=en}}
[ "Antiquity\n---------", "### Orontid dynasty", "{{Main\\|Orontid dynasty}}\nAfter the fall of Urartu around 585 BC, the [Satrapy of Armenia](/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia \"Satrapy of Armenia\") arose, ruled by the Armenian [Orontid dynasty](/wiki/Orontid_dynasty \"Orontid dynasty\"), which governed the state in 585–190 BC. Under the Orontids, Armenia during this era was a [satrapy](/wiki/Satrap \"Satrap\") of the [Persian Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire \"Achaemenid Empire\"), and after its disintegration (in 330 BC), it became an independent kingdom. During the rule of the Orontid dynasty, most Armenians adopted the [Zoroastrian](/wiki/Zoroastrianism \"Zoroastrianism\") religion.Barbara A. West.[*Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA50) Infobase Publishing, 1 January 2009; {{ISBN\\|1438119135}}, p. 50", "[thumb\\|200px\\|Map of Orontid Armenia](/wiki/File:Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif \"Yervanduni Armenia, IV-II BC.gif\")\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Armenia on a map of [Ptolemy](/wiki/Ptolemy \"Ptolemy\")](/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg \"Ptolemy Cosmographia 1467 - Central Europe.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Armenia, Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Assyria with Adjacent Regions, Karl von Spruner, published in 1865\\.](/wiki/File:AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg \"AMBS by Karl von Spruner.jpg\")", "### Artaxiad dynasty", "{{Main\\|Artaxiad dynasty}}\n[thumb\\|The [Kingdom of Armenia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 \"Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)\") at its greatest extent under [Tigranes the Great](/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great \"Tigranes the Great\")](/wiki/File:Armenian_Empire.png \"Armenian Empire.png\")", "The Hellenistic [Seleucid Empire](/wiki/Seleucid_Empire \"Seleucid Empire\"), controlled Syria, Armenia, and vast other eastern regions. However, after their defeat by Rome in 190 BC, the Seleucids relinquished control of any regional claim past the Taurus Mountains, limiting Seleucids to a quickly diminishing area of Syria. A Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in 190 BC. It was a [Hellenistic](/wiki/Hellenistic_period \"Hellenistic period\") successor state of [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great \"Alexander the Great\")'s short\\-lived empire, with Artaxias becoming its first king and the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty (190 BC–AD 1\\). At the same time, a western portion of the kingdom split as a separate state under Zariadris, which became known as [Lesser Armenia](/wiki/Lesser_Armenia \"Lesser Armenia\") while the main kingdom acquired the name of [Greater Armenia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 \"Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)\").", "The new kings began a program of expansion which was to reach its zenith a century later. Their acquisitions are summarized by Strabo. Zariadris acquired [Acilisene](/wiki/Acilisene \"Acilisene\") and the \"country around the Antitaurus\", possibly the district of Muzur or west of the [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates \"Euphrates\"). Artaxias took lands from the Medes, Iberians, and Syrians. He then had confrontations with [Pontus](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus \"Kingdom of Pontus\"), Seleucid Syria and Cappadocia, and was included in the treaty which followed the victory of a group of Anatolian kings over Pharnaces of Pontus in 181 BC. Pharnaces thus abandoned all of his gains in the west.{{cite book\\|last\\=Redgate\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|title\\=The Armenians\\|publisher\\=Blackwell Publishing\\|year\\=1998\\|pages\\=65–68}}", "At its zenith, from 95 to 66 BC, Greater Armenia extended its rule over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now eastern and central [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), north\\-western [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\") and [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), forming the second Armenian empire. For a time, Armenia was one of the most powerful states east of Rome. It eventually confronted the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic \"Roman Republic\") in wars, which it lost in 66 BC, but nonetheless preserved its sovereignty. Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as an ally of Rome until his death in 55 BC.{{cite book\\|last\\=Fuller\\|first\\=J.F.C.\\|title\\=Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant\\|publisher\\=Da Capo Press\\|year\\=1991\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesarmans00full/page/45 45]\\|isbn\\=0\\-306\\-80422\\-0\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesarmans00full/page/45}}", "The [Third Mithridatic War](/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War \"Third Mithridatic War\") and defeat of the King of Pontus by Roman [Pompeius](/wiki/Pompey \"Pompey\") resulted in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome. Later on, in 1 AD, Armenia came under full [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") control until the establishment of the Armenian Arsacid dynasty. The Armenian people then adopted a Western political, philosophical, and religious orientation. According to Strabo, around this time everyone in Armenia spoke \"the same language.\"{{Cite book\\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3WqaAAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA43\\|title \\= Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments\\|isbn \\= 9781438773827\\|date \\= September 2013\\| publisher\\=International Business Publications, USA }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "### Roman Armenia", "{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=December 2015}}\n{{Main\\|Roman Armenia\\|Persian Armenia}}\n{{For\\|more details on this topic\\|Roman relations with the Armenians}}\n[thumb\\|The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, with the \"Roman Province of Armenia\".](/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Armenia_%28117_AD%29.svg \"Roman Empire - Armenia (117 AD).svg\")\nFrom [Pompeius](/wiki/Pompey \"Pompey\")' campaign Armenia was, for the next few centuries, contested between Rome and Parthia/Sassanid Persia on the other hand. Roman emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") even created a short\\-lived Province of Armenia between 114 and 118 AD.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jbS5KHJ4uqcC\\&pg\\=PA140\\|title\\=Cassio Dione e l'impero romano da Nerva ad Antonino Pio\\|isbn\\=9788834310656\\|last1\\=Migliorati\\|first1\\=Guido\\|year\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Vita e Pensiero }}", "Indeed, Roman supremacy was fully established by the [campaigns](/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363 \"Roman–Parthian War of 58–63\") of [Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo](/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo \"Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo\"),[Vahan Kurkjian: Armenia and the Romans](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/15*.html) that ended with a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the [Arsacid](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia \"Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\") line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor.", "Because this agreement was not respected by the Parthian Empire, in 114 [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") from [Antiochia](/wiki/Antioch \"Antioch\") in Syria marched on Armenia and conquered the capital [Artaxata](/wiki/Artaxata \"Artaxata\"). Trajan then deposed the Armenian king [Parthamasiris](/wiki/Parthamasiris_of_Armenia \"Parthamasiris of Armenia\") (imposed by the Parthians) and ordered the annexation of Armenia to the Roman Empire as a new province.\nThe new province reached the shores of the [Caspian Sea](/wiki/Caspian_Sea \"Caspian Sea\") and bordered to the north with [Caucasian Iberia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia \"Kingdom of Iberia\") and [Caucasian Albania](/wiki/Caucasian_Albania \"Caucasian Albania\"), two vassal states of Rome. As a Roman province Armenia was administered by Catilius Severus of the [Gens Claudia](/wiki/Claudia_gens \"Claudia gens\"). After Trajan's death, however, his successor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\") decided not to maintain the province of Armenia. In 118 AD, Hadrian gave Armenia up, and installed [Parthamaspates](/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia \"Parthamaspates of Parthia\") as its \"vassal\" king.", "### Arsacid dynasty", "{{Main\\|Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\\|Roman–Parthian Wars}}\n[thumb\\|Armenia in the 4th century, 299–387 AD.](/wiki/File:Armenian4thcenturies.gif \"Armenian4thcenturies.gif\")", "Armenia, under its [Arshakuni dynasty](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia \"Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\"), which was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was often a focus of contention between Rome and Parthia.{{cite web \\| url\\= https://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/parthian.html \\| title\\= The Parthian Period \\| access\\-date\\=6 February 2007}} The Parthians forced Armenia into submission from 37 to 47, when the Romans retook control of the kingdom.", "Under [Nero](/wiki/Nero \"Nero\"), the Romans fought a [campaign (55–63\\)](/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363 \"Roman–Parthian War of 58–63\") against the [Parthian Empire](/wiki/Parthian_Empire \"Parthian Empire\"), which had invaded the kingdom of Armenia, allied to the Romans. After gaining (60\\) and losing (62\\) Armenia, the Romans under [Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo](/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo \"Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo\"), [legate](/wiki/Legatus \"Legatus\") of [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\") entered (63\\) into an agreement of [Vologases I of Parthia](/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia \"Vologases I of Parthia\"), which confirmed [Tiridates I](/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia \"Tiridates I of Armenia\") as king of Armenia, thus founding the Arshakuni dynasty.", "The Arsacid dynasty lost control of Armenia for a few years when emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") created the \"Roman Province of Armenia\", fully included into the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") from 114 to 117 AD. His successor, [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\"), reinstalled the Arsacid dynasty when he nominated [Parthamaspates](/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia \"Parthamaspates of Parthia\") as \"vassal\" king of Armenia in 118 AD.", "Another campaign was led by Emperor [Lucius Verus](/wiki/Lucius_Verus \"Lucius Verus\") in 162–165, after [Vologases IV](/wiki/Vologases_IV \"Vologases IV\") of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne. To counter the Parthian threat, Verus set out for the east. His army won significant victories and retook the capital. [Sohaemus](/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Armenia \"Sohaemus of Armenia\"), a Roman citizen of Armenian heritage, was installed as the new [client king](/wiki/Client_state \"Client state\").HA Marcus Antoninus 9\\.1, Verus 7\\.1; Dio Cass. 71\\.3\\.", "The [Sassanid](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\") Persians occupied Armenia in 252 and held it until the Romans returned in 287\\. In 384 the kingdom was split between the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") and the Persians.{{cite web \\| url\\= http://www.cac\\-biodiversity.org/arm/arm\\_history.htm \\| title\\= Armenia: History \\| access\\-date\\= 6 February 2007 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228232515/http://www.cac\\-biodiversity.org/arm/arm\\_history.htm \\| archive\\-date\\= 28 February 2007 \\| url\\-status\\= dead \\| df\\= dmy\\-all }} Western Armenia quickly became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of [Armenia Minor](/wiki/Lesser_Armenia \"Lesser Armenia\"); Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until 428, when the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a governor in his place.", "According to tradition, the [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church \"Armenian Apostolic Church\") was established by two of Jesus' [twelve apostles](/wiki/Twelve_apostles \"Twelve apostles\")—[Thaddaeus](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle \"Jude the Apostle\") and [Bartholomew](/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle \"Bartholomew the Apostle\")—who preached Christianity in Armenia in the 40s–60s AD.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/early/armen.html \\| title \\= Church of Armenia \\| access\\-date \\= 6 February 2007 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070128054451/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/early/armen.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 January 2007 }} Between 1st and 4th centuries AD, the Armenian Church was headed by patriarchs.", "#### Christianization", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|Christianization: *Departure of Armenian king [Tiridates III](/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia \"Tiridates III of Armenia\") (c.250–330\\) with the Entourage of Georgian ([Iberian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia \"Kingdom of Iberia\")), [Laz](/wiki/Laz_people \"Laz people\") and [Albanian](/wiki/Caucasian_Albania \"Caucasian Albania\") Kings for Their Christening*. Church of [St Gregory of Tigran Honents](/wiki/St_Gregory_of_Tigran_Honents \"St Gregory of Tigran Honents\"), [Ani](/wiki/Ani \"Ani\"), [Zakarid Armenia](/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia \"Zakarid Armenia\"), 1215\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Eastmond \\|first1\\=Antony \\|title\\=\"Local\" Saints, Art, and Regional Identity in the Orthodox World after the Fourth Crusade \\|journal\\=Speculum \\|date\\=2003 \\|volume\\=78 \\|issue\\=3 \\|page\\=740, Fig.11 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0038713400131525 \\|jstor\\=20060787 \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20060787 \\|issn\\=0038\\-7134}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents in Ani \\|url\\=https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/church\\-saint\\-gregory\\-tigran\\-honents\\-ani \\|website\\=Turkish Archaeological News \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=10 December 2023}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Nersessian \\|first1\\=Vrej \\|title\\=Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=The British Library Board \\- Getty Museum \\|page\\=193 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/nersessian\\-2001\\-treasures\\-armenian\\-art/page/192 \\|quote\\=This episode had been represented in the Church of St Gregory at Ani, built by Grigor Honents, in 1215\\. The king, surrounded by his friends and his army, all on horseback, scts out to greet Gregory}}](/wiki/File:Ani_Tigran_Honents_church_17_Interior_Armenian%2C_Georgian_and_Abkhazian_kings_marching_%28orthonomical%29.jpg \"Ani Tigran Honents church 17 Interior Armenian, Georgian and Abkhazian kings marching (orthonomical).jpg\")\nIn 301, Armenia became the first nation to adopt [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") as a state religion,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www3\\.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country\\_armenia.html\\|title\\=Information about Armenia on nationalgeographic.com\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070130075810/http://www3\\.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country\\_armenia.html\\|archive\\-date\\=30 January 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} amidst the long\\-lasting geo\\-political rivalry over the region. It established a church that today exists independently of both the [Catholic](/wiki/Catholicism%23Catholic_Church \"Catholicism#Catholic Church\") and the [Eastern Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") churches, having become so in 451 after having rejected the [Council of Chalcedon](/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon \"Council of Chalcedon\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/1089/christology.html\\|title\\=Armenian Church History and Doctrine\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730103921/http://geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/1089/christology.html\\|archive\\-date\\=30 July 2009}} The [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church \"Armenian Apostolic Church\") is a part of the [Oriental Orthodox](/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy \"Oriental Orthodoxy\") communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. The first [Catholicos](/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians \"Catholicos of All Armenians\") of the Armenian church was Saint [Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator \"Gregory the Illuminator\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/religion/h\\_see\\_p1\\.html\\|title\\=The Holy City and the Mother Church of St. Etchmiadzin\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823222537/http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/religion/h\\_see\\_p1\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=23 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Because of his beliefs, he was persecuted by the pagan king of Armenia, and was \"punished\" by being thrown in [Khor Virap](/wiki/Khor_Virap \"Khor Virap\"), in modern\\-day Armenia.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.world66\\.com/europe/armenia/khorvirap\\|title\\=Khor Virap Travel Guide\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180712/http://www.world66\\.com/europe/armenia/khorvirap\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "He acquired the title of Illuminator, because he illuminated the spirits of Armenians by introducing Christianity to them. Before this, the dominant religion amongst the Armenians was [Zoroastrianism](/wiki/Zoroastrianism \"Zoroastrianism\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wJB2AwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA1838\\|title\\=Encyclopedia of Global Studies\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2014\\|isbn\\=9781412994224\\|last1\\=Anheier\\|first1\\=Helmut K.\\|last2\\=Juergensmeyer\\|first2\\=Mark\\|date\\=9 March 2012\\|publisher\\=SAGE Publications }} Scholars have suggested that Armenia adopted Christianity \"partly . . . in defiance\" of the Sassanids.Mary Boyce. [*Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices*](https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84), Psychology Press, 2001; {{ISBN\\|0415239028}}, p. 84", "In 405–06, Armenia's political future seemed uncertain. With the help of the king of Armenia, [Mesrop Mashtots](/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots \"Mesrop Mashtots\") created a unique alphabet to suit the people's needs.{{clarify\\|date\\=December 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm\\|title\\=Armenian alphabet, pronunciation and language\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007}} By doing so, he ushered in a new [Golden Age](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 \"Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)\") and strengthened Armenian national identity.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2015}}", "After years of rule, the Arsacid dynasty fell in 428, with Eastern Armenia being subjugated to Persia and Western Armenia, to Rome. In the 5th century, the Sassanid Shah [Yazdegerd II](/wiki/Yazdegerd_II \"Yazdegerd II\") tried to tie his Christian Armenian subjects more closely to the Sassanid Empire by reimposing the Zoroastrian religion.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch22c.htm\\|title\\=The Sassanids, to 500 CE\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007}} The Armenians greatly resented this, and as a result, a rebellion broke out with Vartan Mamikonian as the leader of the rebels. Yazdegerd thus massed his army and sent it to Armenia, where the [Battle of Avarayr](/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr \"Battle of Avarayr\") took place in 451\\. The 66,000 Armenian rebels,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid\\=12\\&title\\=Armenia\\|title\\=Timeline – Armenia\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007}} mostly peasants, lost their morale when Mamikonian died in the battlefield. They were substantially outnumbered by the 180,000\\- to 220,000\\-strong{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a040\\.html\\|title\\=Avarayr\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006075951/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a040\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2007}} Persian army of [Immortals](/wiki/Immortals_%28Achaemenid_Empire%29 \"Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)\") and [war elephants](/wiki/War_elephant \"War elephant\"). Despite being a military defeat, the Battle of Avarayr and the subsequent guerilla war in Armenia eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nvarsak (484\\), which guaranteed religious freedom to the Armenians.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html\\|title\\=Armenians\\|date\\=8 September 1987\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011111122055/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2001}}", "### Persian Armenia", "{{see also\\|Persian Armenia\\|Muslim conquest of Persia}}\n[thumb\\|The extent of Persian Armenia.](/wiki/File:Persian_Armenia.gif \"Persian Armenia.gif\")", "With the partition of Armenia in 387 by the Byzantines and [Sassanids](/wiki/Sassanids \"Sassanids\"), the western half became part of the Byzantines known as [Byzantine Armenia](/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia \"Byzantine Armenia\"), while the eastern (and much larger half) became a vassal state within the Sassanid realm.{{cite book\\|last\\=Hacikyan\\|first\\=Agop Jack\\|title\\=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age\\|volume\\=1\\|year\\=2000\\|publisher\\=Wayne State University Press\\|location\\=Detroit\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8143\\-2815\\-6\\|author\\-link\\=Agop Jack Hacikyan\\|author2\\=Basmajian, Gabriel\\|author3\\=Franchuk, Edward S.\\|author4\\=Ouzounian, Nourhan\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/heritageofarmeni00ajha/page/168 168]\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/heritageofarmeni00ajha/page/168}}", "In 428, the [Arsacid dynasty of Armenia](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia \"Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\") was completely abolished by the Sassanid Persians, and the territory was made a full province within Persia, known as [Persian Armenia](/wiki/Persian_Armenia \"Persian Armenia\"). Persian Armenia remained in Sassanid hands up to the [Muslim conquest of Persia](/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia \"Muslim conquest of Persia\"), when the invading Muslim forces annexed the Sassanid realm.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Dubov \\|first\\=Kalman \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4TNREAAAQBAJ\\&q\\=646\\&pg\\=PT25 \\|title\\=Journey to the Republic of Armenia \\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-26 \\|publisher\\=Kalman Dubov \\|pages\\=17–18 \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
### Arsacid dynasty {{Main\|Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\|Roman–Parthian Wars}} [thumb\|Armenia in the 4th century, 299–387 AD.](/wiki/File:Armenian4thcenturies.gif "Armenian4thcenturies.gif") Armenia, under its [Arshakuni dynasty](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"), which was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was often a focus of contention between Rome and Parthia.{{cite web \| url\= https://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/parthian.html \| title\= The Parthian Period \| access\-date\=6 February 2007}} The Parthians forced Armenia into submission from 37 to 47, when the Romans retook control of the kingdom. Under [Nero](/wiki/Nero "Nero"), the Romans fought a [campaign (55–63\)](/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363 "Roman–Parthian War of 58–63") against the [Parthian Empire](/wiki/Parthian_Empire "Parthian Empire"), which had invaded the kingdom of Armenia, allied to the Romans. After gaining (60\) and losing (62\) Armenia, the Romans under [Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo](/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo"), [legate](/wiki/Legatus "Legatus") of [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria "Roman Syria") entered (63\) into an agreement of [Vologases I of Parthia](/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia "Vologases I of Parthia"), which confirmed [Tiridates I](/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia "Tiridates I of Armenia") as king of Armenia, thus founding the Arshakuni dynasty. The Arsacid dynasty lost control of Armenia for a few years when emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") created the "Roman Province of Armenia", fully included into the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") from 114 to 117 AD. His successor, [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian"), reinstalled the Arsacid dynasty when he nominated [Parthamaspates](/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia "Parthamaspates of Parthia") as "vassal" king of Armenia in 118 AD. Another campaign was led by Emperor [Lucius Verus](/wiki/Lucius_Verus "Lucius Verus") in 162–165, after [Vologases IV](/wiki/Vologases_IV "Vologases IV") of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne. To counter the Parthian threat, Verus set out for the east. His army won significant victories and retook the capital. [Sohaemus](/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Armenia "Sohaemus of Armenia"), a Roman citizen of Armenian heritage, was installed as the new [client king](/wiki/Client_state "Client state").HA Marcus Antoninus 9\.1, Verus 7\.1; Dio Cass. 71\.3\. The [Sassanid](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire "Sasanian Empire") Persians occupied Armenia in 252 and held it until the Romans returned in 287\. In 384 the kingdom was split between the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") and the Persians.{{cite web \| url\= http://www.cac\-biodiversity.org/arm/arm\_history.htm \| title\= Armenia: History \| access\-date\= 6 February 2007 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228232515/http://www.cac\-biodiversity.org/arm/arm\_history.htm \| archive\-date\= 28 February 2007 \| url\-status\= dead \| df\= dmy\-all }} Western Armenia quickly became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of [Armenia Minor](/wiki/Lesser_Armenia "Lesser Armenia"); Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until 428, when the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a governor in his place. According to tradition, the [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church "Armenian Apostolic Church") was established by two of Jesus' [twelve apostles](/wiki/Twelve_apostles "Twelve apostles")—[Thaddaeus](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle "Jude the Apostle") and [Bartholomew](/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle "Bartholomew the Apostle")—who preached Christianity in Armenia in the 40s–60s AD.{{cite web \| url \= http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/early/armen.html \| title \= Church of Armenia \| access\-date \= 6 February 2007 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070128054451/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/early/armen.html \| archive\-date \= 28 January 2007 }} Between 1st and 4th centuries AD, the Armenian Church was headed by patriarchs. #### Christianization [thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|Christianization: *Departure of Armenian king [Tiridates III](/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia "Tiridates III of Armenia") (c.250–330\) with the Entourage of Georgian ([Iberian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia "Kingdom of Iberia")), [Laz](/wiki/Laz_people "Laz people") and [Albanian](/wiki/Caucasian_Albania "Caucasian Albania") Kings for Their Christening*. Church of [St Gregory of Tigran Honents](/wiki/St_Gregory_of_Tigran_Honents "St Gregory of Tigran Honents"), [Ani](/wiki/Ani "Ani"), [Zakarid Armenia](/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia "Zakarid Armenia"), 1215\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Eastmond \|first1\=Antony \|title\="Local" Saints, Art, and Regional Identity in the Orthodox World after the Fourth Crusade \|journal\=Speculum \|date\=2003 \|volume\=78 \|issue\=3 \|page\=740, Fig.11 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0038713400131525 \|jstor\=20060787 \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20060787 \|issn\=0038\-7134}}{{cite web \|title\=Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents in Ani \|url\=https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/church\-saint\-gregory\-tigran\-honents\-ani \|website\=Turkish Archaeological News \|language\=en \|date\=10 December 2023}}{{cite book \|last1\=Nersessian \|first1\=Vrej \|title\=Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=The British Library Board \- Getty Museum \|page\=193 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/nersessian\-2001\-treasures\-armenian\-art/page/192 \|quote\=This episode had been represented in the Church of St Gregory at Ani, built by Grigor Honents, in 1215\. The king, surrounded by his friends and his army, all on horseback, scts out to greet Gregory}}](/wiki/File:Ani_Tigran_Honents_church_17_Interior_Armenian%2C_Georgian_and_Abkhazian_kings_marching_%28orthonomical%29.jpg "Ani Tigran Honents church 17 Interior Armenian, Georgian and Abkhazian kings marching (orthonomical).jpg") In 301, Armenia became the first nation to adopt [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") as a state religion,{{cite web\|url\=http://www3\.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country\_armenia.html\|title\=Information about Armenia on nationalgeographic.com\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070130075810/http://www3\.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country\_armenia.html\|archive\-date\=30 January 2007\|url\-status\=dead}} amidst the long\-lasting geo\-political rivalry over the region. It established a church that today exists independently of both the [Catholic](/wiki/Catholicism%23Catholic_Church "Catholicism#Catholic Church") and the [Eastern Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") churches, having become so in 451 after having rejected the [Council of Chalcedon](/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon "Council of Chalcedon").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/1089/christology.html\|title\=Armenian Church History and Doctrine\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730103921/http://geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/1089/christology.html\|archive\-date\=30 July 2009}} The [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church "Armenian Apostolic Church") is a part of the [Oriental Orthodox](/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy "Oriental Orthodoxy") communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. The first [Catholicos](/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians "Catholicos of All Armenians") of the Armenian church was Saint [Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator "Gregory the Illuminator").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/religion/h\_see\_p1\.html\|title\=The Holy City and the Mother Church of St. Etchmiadzin\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823222537/http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/religion/h\_see\_p1\.html\|archive\-date\=23 August 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} Because of his beliefs, he was persecuted by the pagan king of Armenia, and was "punished" by being thrown in [Khor Virap](/wiki/Khor_Virap "Khor Virap"), in modern\-day Armenia.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.world66\.com/europe/armenia/khorvirap\|title\=Khor Virap Travel Guide\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180712/http://www.world66\.com/europe/armenia/khorvirap\|archive\-date\=30 September 2007\|url\-status\=dead}} He acquired the title of Illuminator, because he illuminated the spirits of Armenians by introducing Christianity to them. Before this, the dominant religion amongst the Armenians was [Zoroastrianism](/wiki/Zoroastrianism "Zoroastrianism").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wJB2AwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA1838\|title\=Encyclopedia of Global Studies\|access\-date\=26 December 2014\|isbn\=9781412994224\|last1\=Anheier\|first1\=Helmut K.\|last2\=Juergensmeyer\|first2\=Mark\|date\=9 March 2012\|publisher\=SAGE Publications }} Scholars have suggested that Armenia adopted Christianity "partly . . . in defiance" of the Sassanids.Mary Boyce. [*Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices*](https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84), Psychology Press, 2001; {{ISBN\|0415239028}}, p. 84 In 405–06, Armenia's political future seemed uncertain. With the help of the king of Armenia, [Mesrop Mashtots](/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots "Mesrop Mashtots") created a unique alphabet to suit the people's needs.{{clarify\|date\=December 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm\|title\=Armenian alphabet, pronunciation and language\|access\-date\=6 February 2007}} By doing so, he ushered in a new [Golden Age](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 "Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)") and strengthened Armenian national identity.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2015}} After years of rule, the Arsacid dynasty fell in 428, with Eastern Armenia being subjugated to Persia and Western Armenia, to Rome. In the 5th century, the Sassanid Shah [Yazdegerd II](/wiki/Yazdegerd_II "Yazdegerd II") tried to tie his Christian Armenian subjects more closely to the Sassanid Empire by reimposing the Zoroastrian religion.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch22c.htm\|title\=The Sassanids, to 500 CE\|access\-date\=6 February 2007}} The Armenians greatly resented this, and as a result, a rebellion broke out with Vartan Mamikonian as the leader of the rebels. Yazdegerd thus massed his army and sent it to Armenia, where the [Battle of Avarayr](/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr "Battle of Avarayr") took place in 451\. The 66,000 Armenian rebels,{{cite web\|url\=http://timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid\=12\&title\=Armenia\|title\=Timeline – Armenia\|access\-date\=6 February 2007}} mostly peasants, lost their morale when Mamikonian died in the battlefield. They were substantially outnumbered by the 180,000\- to 220,000\-strong{{cite web\|url\=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a040\.html\|title\=Avarayr\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006075951/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a040\.html\|archive\-date\=6 October 2007}} Persian army of [Immortals](/wiki/Immortals_%28Achaemenid_Empire%29 "Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)") and [war elephants](/wiki/War_elephant "War elephant"). Despite being a military defeat, the Battle of Avarayr and the subsequent guerilla war in Armenia eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nvarsak (484\), which guaranteed religious freedom to the Armenians.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html\|title\=Armenians\|date\=8 September 1987\|access\-date\=6 February 2007\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011111122055/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html\|archive\-date\=11 November 2001}}
[ "### Arsacid dynasty", "{{Main\\|Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\\|Roman–Parthian Wars}}\n[thumb\\|Armenia in the 4th century, 299–387 AD.](/wiki/File:Armenian4thcenturies.gif \"Armenian4thcenturies.gif\")", "Armenia, under its [Arshakuni dynasty](/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia \"Arsacid dynasty of Armenia\"), which was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was often a focus of contention between Rome and Parthia.{{cite web \\| url\\= https://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/parthian.html \\| title\\= The Parthian Period \\| access\\-date\\=6 February 2007}} The Parthians forced Armenia into submission from 37 to 47, when the Romans retook control of the kingdom.", "Under [Nero](/wiki/Nero \"Nero\"), the Romans fought a [campaign (55–63\\)](/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363 \"Roman–Parthian War of 58–63\") against the [Parthian Empire](/wiki/Parthian_Empire \"Parthian Empire\"), which had invaded the kingdom of Armenia, allied to the Romans. After gaining (60\\) and losing (62\\) Armenia, the Romans under [Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo](/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo \"Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo\"), [legate](/wiki/Legatus \"Legatus\") of [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\") entered (63\\) into an agreement of [Vologases I of Parthia](/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia \"Vologases I of Parthia\"), which confirmed [Tiridates I](/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia \"Tiridates I of Armenia\") as king of Armenia, thus founding the Arshakuni dynasty.", "The Arsacid dynasty lost control of Armenia for a few years when emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") created the \"Roman Province of Armenia\", fully included into the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") from 114 to 117 AD. His successor, [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\"), reinstalled the Arsacid dynasty when he nominated [Parthamaspates](/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia \"Parthamaspates of Parthia\") as \"vassal\" king of Armenia in 118 AD.", "Another campaign was led by Emperor [Lucius Verus](/wiki/Lucius_Verus \"Lucius Verus\") in 162–165, after [Vologases IV](/wiki/Vologases_IV \"Vologases IV\") of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne. To counter the Parthian threat, Verus set out for the east. His army won significant victories and retook the capital. [Sohaemus](/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Armenia \"Sohaemus of Armenia\"), a Roman citizen of Armenian heritage, was installed as the new [client king](/wiki/Client_state \"Client state\").HA Marcus Antoninus 9\\.1, Verus 7\\.1; Dio Cass. 71\\.3\\.", "The [Sassanid](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\") Persians occupied Armenia in 252 and held it until the Romans returned in 287\\. In 384 the kingdom was split between the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") and the Persians.{{cite web \\| url\\= http://www.cac\\-biodiversity.org/arm/arm\\_history.htm \\| title\\= Armenia: History \\| access\\-date\\= 6 February 2007 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228232515/http://www.cac\\-biodiversity.org/arm/arm\\_history.htm \\| archive\\-date\\= 28 February 2007 \\| url\\-status\\= dead \\| df\\= dmy\\-all }} Western Armenia quickly became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of [Armenia Minor](/wiki/Lesser_Armenia \"Lesser Armenia\"); Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until 428, when the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a governor in his place.", "According to tradition, the [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church \"Armenian Apostolic Church\") was established by two of Jesus' [twelve apostles](/wiki/Twelve_apostles \"Twelve apostles\")—[Thaddaeus](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle \"Jude the Apostle\") and [Bartholomew](/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle \"Bartholomew the Apostle\")—who preached Christianity in Armenia in the 40s–60s AD.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/early/armen.html \\| title \\= Church of Armenia \\| access\\-date \\= 6 February 2007 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070128054451/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/early/armen.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 January 2007 }} Between 1st and 4th centuries AD, the Armenian Church was headed by patriarchs.", "#### Christianization", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|Christianization: *Departure of Armenian king [Tiridates III](/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia \"Tiridates III of Armenia\") (c.250–330\\) with the Entourage of Georgian ([Iberian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia \"Kingdom of Iberia\")), [Laz](/wiki/Laz_people \"Laz people\") and [Albanian](/wiki/Caucasian_Albania \"Caucasian Albania\") Kings for Their Christening*. Church of [St Gregory of Tigran Honents](/wiki/St_Gregory_of_Tigran_Honents \"St Gregory of Tigran Honents\"), [Ani](/wiki/Ani \"Ani\"), [Zakarid Armenia](/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia \"Zakarid Armenia\"), 1215\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Eastmond \\|first1\\=Antony \\|title\\=\"Local\" Saints, Art, and Regional Identity in the Orthodox World after the Fourth Crusade \\|journal\\=Speculum \\|date\\=2003 \\|volume\\=78 \\|issue\\=3 \\|page\\=740, Fig.11 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0038713400131525 \\|jstor\\=20060787 \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20060787 \\|issn\\=0038\\-7134}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents in Ani \\|url\\=https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/church\\-saint\\-gregory\\-tigran\\-honents\\-ani \\|website\\=Turkish Archaeological News \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=10 December 2023}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Nersessian \\|first1\\=Vrej \\|title\\=Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=The British Library Board \\- Getty Museum \\|page\\=193 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/nersessian\\-2001\\-treasures\\-armenian\\-art/page/192 \\|quote\\=This episode had been represented in the Church of St Gregory at Ani, built by Grigor Honents, in 1215\\. The king, surrounded by his friends and his army, all on horseback, scts out to greet Gregory}}](/wiki/File:Ani_Tigran_Honents_church_17_Interior_Armenian%2C_Georgian_and_Abkhazian_kings_marching_%28orthonomical%29.jpg \"Ani Tigran Honents church 17 Interior Armenian, Georgian and Abkhazian kings marching (orthonomical).jpg\")\nIn 301, Armenia became the first nation to adopt [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") as a state religion,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www3\\.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country\\_armenia.html\\|title\\=Information about Armenia on nationalgeographic.com\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070130075810/http://www3\\.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country\\_armenia.html\\|archive\\-date\\=30 January 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} amidst the long\\-lasting geo\\-political rivalry over the region. It established a church that today exists independently of both the [Catholic](/wiki/Catholicism%23Catholic_Church \"Catholicism#Catholic Church\") and the [Eastern Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") churches, having become so in 451 after having rejected the [Council of Chalcedon](/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon \"Council of Chalcedon\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/1089/christology.html\\|title\\=Armenian Church History and Doctrine\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730103921/http://geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/1089/christology.html\\|archive\\-date\\=30 July 2009}} The [Armenian Apostolic Church](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church \"Armenian Apostolic Church\") is a part of the [Oriental Orthodox](/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy \"Oriental Orthodoxy\") communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. The first [Catholicos](/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians \"Catholicos of All Armenians\") of the Armenian church was Saint [Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator \"Gregory the Illuminator\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/religion/h\\_see\\_p1\\.html\\|title\\=The Holy City and the Mother Church of St. Etchmiadzin\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823222537/http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/religion/h\\_see\\_p1\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=23 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Because of his beliefs, he was persecuted by the pagan king of Armenia, and was \"punished\" by being thrown in [Khor Virap](/wiki/Khor_Virap \"Khor Virap\"), in modern\\-day Armenia.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.world66\\.com/europe/armenia/khorvirap\\|title\\=Khor Virap Travel Guide\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180712/http://www.world66\\.com/europe/armenia/khorvirap\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "He acquired the title of Illuminator, because he illuminated the spirits of Armenians by introducing Christianity to them. Before this, the dominant religion amongst the Armenians was [Zoroastrianism](/wiki/Zoroastrianism \"Zoroastrianism\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wJB2AwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA1838\\|title\\=Encyclopedia of Global Studies\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2014\\|isbn\\=9781412994224\\|last1\\=Anheier\\|first1\\=Helmut K.\\|last2\\=Juergensmeyer\\|first2\\=Mark\\|date\\=9 March 2012\\|publisher\\=SAGE Publications }} Scholars have suggested that Armenia adopted Christianity \"partly . . . in defiance\" of the Sassanids.Mary Boyce. [*Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices*](https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84), Psychology Press, 2001; {{ISBN\\|0415239028}}, p. 84", "In 405–06, Armenia's political future seemed uncertain. With the help of the king of Armenia, [Mesrop Mashtots](/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots \"Mesrop Mashtots\") created a unique alphabet to suit the people's needs.{{clarify\\|date\\=December 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm\\|title\\=Armenian alphabet, pronunciation and language\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007}} By doing so, he ushered in a new [Golden Age](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_%28antiquity%29 \"Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)\") and strengthened Armenian national identity.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2015}}", "After years of rule, the Arsacid dynasty fell in 428, with Eastern Armenia being subjugated to Persia and Western Armenia, to Rome. In the 5th century, the Sassanid Shah [Yazdegerd II](/wiki/Yazdegerd_II \"Yazdegerd II\") tried to tie his Christian Armenian subjects more closely to the Sassanid Empire by reimposing the Zoroastrian religion.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch22c.htm\\|title\\=The Sassanids, to 500 CE\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007}} The Armenians greatly resented this, and as a result, a rebellion broke out with Vartan Mamikonian as the leader of the rebels. Yazdegerd thus massed his army and sent it to Armenia, where the [Battle of Avarayr](/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr \"Battle of Avarayr\") took place in 451\\. The 66,000 Armenian rebels,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid\\=12\\&title\\=Armenia\\|title\\=Timeline – Armenia\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007}} mostly peasants, lost their morale when Mamikonian died in the battlefield. They were substantially outnumbered by the 180,000\\- to 220,000\\-strong{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a040\\.html\\|title\\=Avarayr\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006075951/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a040\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2007}} Persian army of [Immortals](/wiki/Immortals_%28Achaemenid_Empire%29 \"Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)\") and [war elephants](/wiki/War_elephant \"War elephant\"). Despite being a military defeat, the Battle of Avarayr and the subsequent guerilla war in Armenia eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nvarsak (484\\), which guaranteed religious freedom to the Armenians.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html\\|title\\=Armenians\\|date\\=8 September 1987\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011111122055/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2001}}", "" ]
Early modern period ------------------- ### Persian Armenia {{Main\|Armenians in the Persianate}} {{See also\|Khanates of the Caucasus\|Melikdoms of Karabakh\|Treaty of Turkmenchay}} [thumb\|Eastern Armenia, 1740\.](/wiki/File:1740_map_of_Armenia.jpg "1740 map of Armenia.jpg") [thumb\|220px\|Robert de Vaugondy Map of Persia, Arabia and Turkey, 1753\. Armenia is divided between Persia and Turkey.](/wiki/File:1753_Vaugondy_Map_of_Persia%2C_Arabia_and_Turkey_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyArabiaPersia-vaugondy-1753.jpg "1753 Vaugondy Map of Persia, Arabia and Turkey - Geographicus - TurkeyArabiaPersia-vaugondy-1753.jpg") [thumb\|East Armenia on the Persian Empire map. John Pinkerton, 1818\.](/wiki/File:John_Pinkerton._Map_of_Persia._1818.A.jpg "John Pinkerton. Map of Persia. 1818.A.jpg") [thumb\|The [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate "Erivan Khanate") within the Iranian [Safavid Empire.](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty "Safavid dynasty")](/wiki/File:ErevanKhanate.gif "ErevanKhanate.gif") Due to its strategic significance, the historical Armenian homelands of [Western Armenia](/wiki/Western_Armenia "Western Armenia") and [Eastern Armenia](/wiki/Eastern_Armenia "Eastern Armenia") were constantly fought over and passed back and forth between [Safavid Persia](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty "Safavid dynasty") and the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"). For example, at the height of the [Ottoman–Persian Wars](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars "Ottoman–Persian Wars"), Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1513 and 1737\. Greater Armenia was annexed in the early 16th century by Shah [Ismail I](/wiki/Ismail_I "Ismail I").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PxQpmg\_JIpwC\|title\=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia\|access\-date\=15 December 2014\|isbn\=9781780230702\|last1\=Rayfield\|first1\=Donald\|date\=15 February 2013\|publisher\=Reaktion Books }} Following the [Peace of Amasya](/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya "Peace of Amasya") of 1555, Western Armenia fell into the neighbouring [Ottoman hands](/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey "Ottoman Turkey"), while Eastern Armenia stayed part of Safavid Iran, until the 19th century.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2015}} In 1604, [Shah Abbas I](/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I "Shah Abbas I") pursued a scorched\-earth campaign against the Ottomans in the Ararat valley during the [Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618\)](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_%281603%E2%80%931618%29 "Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)"). The old Armenian town of [Julfa](/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCstan%2C_Nakhchivan "Gülüstan, Nakhchivan") in the province of [Nakhichevan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic "Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic") was taken early in the invasion. From there Abbas' army fanned out across the Araratian plain. The Shah pursued a careful strategy, advancing and retreating as the occasion demanded, determined not to risk his enterprise in a direct confrontation with stronger enemy forces. While laying siege to [Kars](/wiki/Kars "Kars"), he learned of the approach of a large Ottoman army, commanded by Djghazadé [Sinan Pasha](/wiki/Sinan_Pasha "Sinan Pasha"). The order to withdraw was given; but to deny the enemy the potential to resupply themselves from the land, he ordered the wholesale destruction of the Armenian towns and farms on the plain. As part of this the whole population was ordered to accompany the Persian army in its withdrawal. Some 300,000 people were duly herded to the banks of the [Araxes River](/wiki/Araxes_River "Araxes River"). Those who attempted to resist the [mass deportation](/wiki/Great_Surgun "Great Surgun") were killed outright. The Shah had previously ordered the destruction of the only bridge, so people were forced into the waters, where a great many drowned, carried away by the currents, before reaching the opposite bank. This was only the beginning of their ordeal. One eye\-witness, Father de Guyan, describes the predicament of the refugees thus: *It was not only the winter cold that was causing torture and death to the deportees. The greatest suffering came from hunger. The provisions which the deportees had brought with them were soon consumed ... The children were crying for food or milk, none of which existed, because the women's breasts had dried up from hunger ... Many women, hungry and exhausted, would leave their famished children on the roadside, and continue their tortuous journey. Some would go to nearby forests in search of something to eat. Usually they would not come back. Often those who died, served as food for the living.* Unable to maintain his army on the desolate plain, Sinan Pasha was forced to winter in [Van](/wiki/Van%2C_Turkey "Van, Turkey"). Armies sent in pursuit of the Shah in 1605 were defeated, and by 1606 Abbas had regained all of the territory lost to the Turks earlier in his reign. The scorched\-earth tactic had worked, though at a terrible cost to the Armenian people. Of the 300,000 deported it is calculated that less than half survived the march to [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan "Isfahan"). In the conquered territories Abbas established the [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate "Erivan Khanate"), a Muslim principality under the dominion of the [Safavid Empire](/wiki/Safavid_Empire "Safavid Empire"). Armenians formed less than 20% of its population{{cite book \| last \= Hewsen \| first \= Robert H. \| title \= Armenia: a historical atlas \| year \= 2001 \| publisher \= University of Chicago Press \| isbn \= 0\-226\-33228\-4 \| pages \= 116 }} as a result of [Shah Abbas I](/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia "Abbas I of Persia")'s deportation of many of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region in 1605\.{{cite book\|last\=Haxthausen\|author\-link\=August von Haxthausen\|first\=Baron August von\|translator\=John Edward Taylor\|others\=Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. Foreword by \[\[Dominic Lieven]]\|title\=Transcaucasia and the Tribes of the Caucasus\|publisher\=\[\[Gomidas Institute]]\|place\=London\|date\=2016\|orig\-year\=1854–55\|page\=176\|isbn\=9781909382312}} An often\-used policy by the Persians was the appointment of Turks as local rulers as so\-called *khans* of their various *[khanates](/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus "Khanates of the Caucasus")*. These were counted as subordinate to the [Persian Empire](/wiki/Persian_Empire "Persian Empire"). Examples include: the [Khanate of Erevan](/wiki/Khanate_of_Erevan "Khanate of Erevan"), [Khanate of Nakhichevan](/wiki/Khanate_of_Nakhichevan "Khanate of Nakhichevan") and the [Karabakh Khanate](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate "Karabakh Khanate"). Even though Western Armenia had already once been conquered by the Ottomans following the Peace of Amasya, Greater Armenia was eventually decisively divided between the vying rivals, the Ottomans and the Safavids, in the first half of the 17th century following the [Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639\)](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_%281623%E2%80%931639%29 "Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)") and the resulting [Treaty of Zuhab](/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab "Treaty of Zuhab") under which Eastern Armenia remained under Persian rule, and Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. Persia continued to rule Eastern Armenia, which included all of the modern\-day Armenian Republic, until the first half of the 19th century. By the late 18th century, Imperial Russia had started to encroach to the south into the land of its neighbours; [Qajar Iran](/wiki/Qajar_Iran "Qajar Iran") and Ottoman Turkey. In 1804, [Pavel Tsitsianov](/wiki/Pavel_Tsitsianov "Pavel Tsitsianov") [invaded](/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_%281804%29 "Battle of Ganja (1804)") the Iranian town of [Ganja](/wiki/Ganja%2C_Azerbaijan "Ganja, Azerbaijan") and massacred many of its inhabitants while making the rest flee deeper within the borders of Qajar Iran. This was a declaration of war and regarded as an invasion of Iranian territory.{{sfn\|Fisher\|Avery\|Hambly\|Melville\|1991\|p\=332}} It was the beginning of the [Russo\-Persian War (1804–1813\)](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804%E2%80%931813%29 "Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)"). The following years were devastating for the Iranian towns in the Caucasus as well as the inhabitants of the region, as well as for the Persian army. The war eventually ended in 1813 with a Russian victory after their successful [storming of Lankaran](/wiki/Storming_of_Lankaran "Storming of Lankaran") in early 1813\. The [Treaty of Gulistan](/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan "Treaty of Gulistan") that was signed in the same year forced Qajar Iran to irrevocably cede significant amounts of its [Caucasian](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus") territories to Russia, comprising modern\-day [Dagestan](/wiki/Dagestan "Dagestan"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)"), and most of what is today the [Republic of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan "Republic of Azerbaijan").Timothy C. Dowling [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ) pp 728–729 ABC\-CLIO, 2 December 2014\. {{ISBN\|978\-1598849486}}[Mikaberidze, Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze "Alexander Mikaberidze"). [*Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C), ABC\-CLIO, 22 July 2011; {{ISBN\|978\-1598843378}}, p. 351 [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate "Karabakh Khanate") was also ceded to Russia by Persia. The Persians were severely dissatisfied with the outcome of the war which led to the ceding of so much Persian territory to the Russians. As a result,{{sfn\|Fisher\|Avery\|Hambly\|Melville\|1991\|pp\=329–330}} the next war between Russia and Persia was inevitable, namely the [Russo\-Persian War (1826–1828\)](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281826%E2%80%931828%29 "Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)"). However, this war ended even more disastrously, as the Russians not only occupied as far as [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz "Tabriz"), the ensuing treaty that followed, namely the [Treaty of Turkmenchay](/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay "Treaty of Turkmenchay") of 1828, forced it to irrevocably cede its last remaining territories in the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus"), comprising all of modern\-day Armenia, [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic "Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic") and [Iğdır Province](/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province "Iğdır Province").Timothy C. Dowling, [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ), pp 729–30, ABC\-CLIO, 2 December 2014; {{ISBN\|978\-1598849486}}. By 1828, Persia had lost Eastern Armenia, which included the territory of the modern\-day Armenian Republic after centuries of rule. From 1828 until 1991, Eastern Armenia would enter [a Russian dominated chapter](/wiki/Russian_Armenia "Russian Armenia"). Following Russia's conquest of all of [Qajar Iran's](/wiki/Qajar_dynasty "Qajar dynasty") Caucasian territories, many Armenian families were encouraged to settle in the newly conquered Russian territories.{{Cite web \|last\=Azarian \|first\=Haroot \|date\=2018 \|title\=Armenians in Iran: A Brief History \|url\=https://www.odvv.org/resources/attachment/1565084694\_1134e13344c64d1154a3fa6443dba054\.pdf \|access\-date\=April 22, 2024 \|website\=www.odvv.org}}, p.29\. ### Ottoman Armenia {{one source\|section\|date\=December 2015}} {{Main\|Ottoman Armenia}} {{See also\|Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople}} [thumb\|right\|Patriarch [Harutyun I](/wiki/Harutyun_I "Harutyun I") [of Constantinople](/wiki/List_of_Armenian_Patriarchs_of_Constantinople "List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople")](/wiki/File:Constantinople%281878%29-Armenian_patriarch.png "Constantinople(1878)-Armenian patriarch.png") [thumb\|left\|Western Armenia the first half of the 18th century – Herman Moll's map,1736](/wiki/File:Moll%2C_Herman._Turkey_in_Asia%3B_or_Asia_Minor_%26c._1736.jpg "Moll, Herman. Turkey in Asia; or Asia Minor &c. 1736.jpg") [thumb\|left\|Western Armenia on the Ottoman Empire map – John Pinkerton, 1818](/wiki/File:1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Iraq%2C_Syria%2C_and_Palestine_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyAsia-pinkerton-1818.jpg "1818 Pinkerton Map of Turkey in Asia, Iraq, Syria, and Palestine - Geographicus - TurkeyAsia-pinkerton-1818.jpg") [thumb\|right\|6 Armenian provinces of [Western Armenia](/wiki/Western_Armenia "Western Armenia") – Patten, William and J.E. Homas, Turkey in Asia (with 6 Armenian provinces of Western Armenia), 1903](/wiki/File:Turkey_in_Asia%2C_1903.jpg "Turkey in Asia, 1903.jpg") [Mehmed II](/wiki/Mehmed_II "Mehmed II") conquered [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople") from the Byzantines in 1453 and made it the Ottoman Empire's capital. Mehmed and his successors used the religious systems of their subject nationalities as a method of population control, and so Ottoman Sultans invited an Armenian archbishop to establish the [Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople](/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople "Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople"). The Armenians of Constantinople grew in numbers, and became respected, if not full, members of Ottoman society. The Ottoman Empire ruled in accordance to [Islamic law](/wiki/Sharia "Sharia"). As such, the [People of the Book](/wiki/People_of_the_Book "People of the Book") (the [Christians](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") and the [Jews](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism")) had to pay an extra tax to fulfil their status as [dhimmi](/wiki/Dhimmi "Dhimmi") and in return were guaranteed religious autonomy. While the Armenians of [Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul") benefited from the [Sultan](/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire")'s support and grew to be a prospering community, the same could not be said about the ones inhabiting [historic Armenia](/wiki/Armenian_Highland "Armenian Highland"). During times of crisis the ones in the remote regions of mountainous [eastern Anatolia](/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia "Eastern Anatolia") were mistreated by local [Kurdish](/wiki/Kurds "Kurds") chiefs and feudal lords. They often also had to suffer (alongside the settled Muslim population) raids by nomadic Kurdish tribes.McCarthy, Justin. *The Ottoman Peoples and the end of Empire*; London, 1981; p. 63 Armenians, like the other Ottoman Christians (though not to the same extent), had to transfer some of their healthy male children to the Sultan's government due to the [devşirme](/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme "Devşirme") policies in place. The boys were then forced to convert to Islam (by threat of death otherwise) and educated to be fierce warriors in times of war, as well as [Beys](/wiki/Bey "Bey"), [Pashas](/wiki/Pasha "Pasha") and even [Grand Viziers](/wiki/Grand_Vizier "Grand Vizier") in times of peace.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2015}} The Armenian national liberation movement was the Armenian effort to free the [historic Armenian homeland](/wiki/Armenian_Highland "Armenian Highland") of eastern [Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia "Anatolia") and [Transcaucasus](/wiki/Transcaucasus "Transcaucasus") from [Russian](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") and Ottoman domination and re\-establish the independent Armenian state. The national liberation movement of the [Balkan peoples](/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans%23National_Awakening_in_the_Balkans "History of the Balkans#National Awakening in the Balkans") and the immediate involvement of the European powers in the Eastern question had a powerful effect on the development of the national liberation ideology movement among the [Armenians of the Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire "Armenians in the Ottoman Empire").Arman J. Kirakossian. *British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question: From the 1830s to 1914*, p. 58 The Armenian national movement, besides its individual heroes, was an organized activity represented around three parties of Armenian people, [Social Democrat Hunchakian Party](/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party "Social Democrat Hunchakian Party"), [Armenakan](/wiki/Armenakan_Party "Armenakan Party") and [Armenian Revolutionary Federation](/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation "Armenian Revolutionary Federation"), which ARF was the largest and most influential among the three. Those Armenians who did not support national liberation aspirations or who were neutral were called *chezoks*. In 1839, the situation of the Ottoman Armenians slightly improved after [Abdul Mejid I](/wiki/Abdul_Mejid_I "Abdul Mejid I") carried out [Tanzimat](/wiki/Tanzimat "Tanzimat") reforms in its territories. However, later Sultans, such as [Abdul Hamid II](/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II "Abdul Hamid II") stopped the reforms and carried out massacres, now known as the [Hamidian massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres "Hamidian massacres") of 1895–96 leading to a failed Armenian attempt to [assassinate](/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt "Yıldız assassination attempt") him.{{Cite web \|title\=Hamidian massacres {{!}} Armenian Genocide, Ottoman Empire \& Sultan Abdul Hamid II {{!}} Britannica \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamidian\-massacres \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}} ### Russian Armenia {{Main\|Russian Armenia}} [thumb\|Map of the [Armenian Oblast](/wiki/Armenian_Oblast "Armenian Oblast") within the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire")](/wiki/File:Armenian_Oblast%2C_1828-1840.png "Armenian Oblast, 1828-1840.png") In the aftermath of the [Russo\-Persian War, 1826–1828](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War%2C_1826%E2%80%931828 "Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828"), the parts of historic Armenia (also known as [Eastern Armenia](/wiki/Eastern_Armenia "Eastern Armenia")) under Persian control, centering on [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan "Yerevan") and [Lake Sevan](/wiki/Lake_Sevan "Lake Sevan"), were incorporated into [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") after Qajar Persia's forced ceding in 1828 per the [Treaty of Turkmenchay](/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay "Treaty of Turkmenchay").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KTq2BQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA728\|title\=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond ...\|access\-date\=22 December 2014\|isbn\=9781598849486\|last1\=Dowling\|first1\=Timothy C.\|date\=2 December 2014\|publisher\=Abc\-Clio }} Under Russian rule, the area corresponding approximately to modern\-day Armenian territory was called "Province of Yerevan". The Armenian subjects of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") lived in relative safety, compared to their Ottoman kin, albeit clashes with [Tatars](/wiki/Azeris "Azeris") and [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds "Kurds") were frequent in the early 20th century.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2015}} Even though Russian Armenians benefited from the advanced Russian culture, and greater access to European thought, and broader economic initiative, they were denied equal educational and administrative opportunities like many other racial and religious minorities.{{Cite journal\|last\=Hovannisian\|first\=Richard G\|date\=1971\|title\=Russian Armenia. A Century of Tsarist Rule\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41044266\|journal\=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas\|volume\=19\|issue\=1\|pages\=31–48\|jstor\=41044266\|via\=JSTOR}} The Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 had further stipulated the rights of the Russian tsar to resettle [Persian Armenians](/wiki/Iranian_Armenians "Iranian Armenians") within the newly conquered Caucasus region, which had been taken over from [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran"). Following the resettlement of Persian Armenians alone in the newly conquered Russian territories, significant demographic shifts were bound to take place. The Armenian\-American historian [George Bournoutian](/wiki/George_Bournoutian "George Bournoutian") gives a summary of the ethnic make\-up after those events:{{cite book\|title\=Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807–1828\|last\=Bournoutian\|first\=George A.\|year\=1982\|publisher\=Undena Publications\|location\=Malibu\|pages\=xxii, 165}} {{cquote\|In the first quarter of the 19th century the Khanate of Erevan included most of Eastern Armenia and covered an area of approximately {{convert\|7000\|sqmi\|km2\|disp\=sqbr}}. The land was mountainous and dry, the population of about 100,000 was roughly 80 percent Muslim (Persian, Azeri, Kurdish) and 20 percent Christian (Armenian).}} After the incorporation of the [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate "Erivan Khanate") into the Russian Empire, Muslim majority of the area gradually changed, at first the Armenians who were left captive were encouraged to return.The Cambridge History of Iran by William Bayne Fisher, Peter Avery, Ilya Gershevitch, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 339 As a result of which an estimated 57,000 Armenian refugees from Persia returned to the territory of the Erivan Khanate after 1828, while about 35,000 Muslims (Persians, Turkic groups, Kurds, Lezgis, etc.) out of a total population of over 100,000 left the region.{{cite book\|title\=Conflict in Nagorno\-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal\|last\=Potier\|first\=Tim\|year\=2001\|publisher\=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers\|isbn\=90\-411\-1477\-7\|page\=2\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JL9N4F1SgyYC\&pg\=PA2}}
[ "Early modern period\n-------------------", "### Persian Armenia", "{{Main\\|Armenians in the Persianate}}\n{{See also\\|Khanates of the Caucasus\\|Melikdoms of Karabakh\\|Treaty of Turkmenchay}}\n[thumb\\|Eastern Armenia, 1740\\.](/wiki/File:1740_map_of_Armenia.jpg \"1740 map of Armenia.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|220px\\|Robert de Vaugondy Map of Persia, Arabia and Turkey, 1753\\. Armenia is divided between Persia and Turkey.](/wiki/File:1753_Vaugondy_Map_of_Persia%2C_Arabia_and_Turkey_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyArabiaPersia-vaugondy-1753.jpg \"1753 Vaugondy Map of Persia, Arabia and Turkey - Geographicus - TurkeyArabiaPersia-vaugondy-1753.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|East Armenia on the Persian Empire map. John Pinkerton, 1818\\.](/wiki/File:John_Pinkerton._Map_of_Persia._1818.A.jpg \"John Pinkerton. Map of Persia. 1818.A.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate \"Erivan Khanate\") within the Iranian [Safavid Empire.](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty \"Safavid dynasty\")](/wiki/File:ErevanKhanate.gif \"ErevanKhanate.gif\")\nDue to its strategic significance, the historical Armenian homelands of [Western Armenia](/wiki/Western_Armenia \"Western Armenia\") and [Eastern Armenia](/wiki/Eastern_Armenia \"Eastern Armenia\") were constantly fought over and passed back and forth between [Safavid Persia](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty \"Safavid dynasty\") and the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"). For example, at the height of the [Ottoman–Persian Wars](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars \"Ottoman–Persian Wars\"), Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1513 and 1737\\. Greater Armenia was annexed in the early 16th century by Shah [Ismail I](/wiki/Ismail_I \"Ismail I\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PxQpmg\\_JIpwC\\|title\\=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2014\\|isbn\\=9781780230702\\|last1\\=Rayfield\\|first1\\=Donald\\|date\\=15 February 2013\\|publisher\\=Reaktion Books }} Following the [Peace of Amasya](/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya \"Peace of Amasya\") of 1555, Western Armenia fell into the neighbouring [Ottoman hands](/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey \"Ottoman Turkey\"), while Eastern Armenia stayed part of Safavid Iran, until the 19th century.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2015}}", "In 1604, [Shah Abbas I](/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I \"Shah Abbas I\") pursued a scorched\\-earth campaign against the Ottomans in the Ararat valley during the [Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618\\)](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_%281603%E2%80%931618%29 \"Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)\"). The old Armenian town of [Julfa](/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCstan%2C_Nakhchivan \"Gülüstan, Nakhchivan\") in the province of [Nakhichevan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic \"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\") was taken early in the invasion. From there Abbas' army fanned out across the Araratian plain. The Shah pursued a careful strategy, advancing and retreating as the occasion demanded, determined not to risk his enterprise in a direct confrontation with stronger enemy forces.", "While laying siege to [Kars](/wiki/Kars \"Kars\"), he learned of the approach of a large Ottoman army, commanded by Djghazadé [Sinan Pasha](/wiki/Sinan_Pasha \"Sinan Pasha\"). The order to withdraw was given; but to deny the enemy the potential to resupply themselves from the land, he ordered the wholesale destruction of the Armenian towns and farms on the plain. As part of this the whole population was ordered to accompany the Persian army in its withdrawal. Some 300,000 people were duly herded to the banks of the [Araxes River](/wiki/Araxes_River \"Araxes River\"). Those who attempted to resist the [mass deportation](/wiki/Great_Surgun \"Great Surgun\") were killed outright. The Shah had previously ordered the destruction of the only bridge, so people were forced into the waters, where a great many drowned, carried away by the currents, before reaching the opposite bank. This was only the beginning of their ordeal. One eye\\-witness, Father de Guyan, describes the predicament of the refugees thus:", "*It was not only the winter cold that was causing torture and death to the deportees. The greatest suffering came from hunger. The provisions which the deportees had brought with them were soon consumed ... The children were crying for food or milk, none of which existed, because the women's breasts had dried up from hunger ... Many women, hungry and exhausted, would leave their famished children on the roadside, and continue their tortuous journey. Some would go to nearby forests in search of something to eat. Usually they would not come back. Often those who died, served as food for the living.*\nUnable to maintain his army on the desolate plain, Sinan Pasha was forced to winter in [Van](/wiki/Van%2C_Turkey \"Van, Turkey\"). Armies sent in pursuit of the Shah in 1605 were defeated, and by 1606 Abbas had regained all of the territory lost to the Turks earlier in his reign. The scorched\\-earth tactic had worked, though at a terrible cost to the Armenian people. Of the 300,000 deported it is calculated that less than half survived the march to [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan \"Isfahan\"). In the conquered territories Abbas established the [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate \"Erivan Khanate\"), a Muslim principality under the dominion of the [Safavid Empire](/wiki/Safavid_Empire \"Safavid Empire\"). Armenians formed less than 20% of its population{{cite book \\| last \\= Hewsen \\| first \\= Robert H. \\| title \\= Armenia: a historical atlas \\| year \\= 2001 \\| publisher \\= University of Chicago Press \\| isbn \\= 0\\-226\\-33228\\-4 \\| pages \\= 116 }} as a result of [Shah Abbas I](/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia \"Abbas I of Persia\")'s deportation of many of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region in 1605\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Haxthausen\\|author\\-link\\=August von Haxthausen\\|first\\=Baron August von\\|translator\\=John Edward Taylor\\|others\\=Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. Foreword by \\[\\[Dominic Lieven]]\\|title\\=Transcaucasia and the Tribes of the Caucasus\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gomidas Institute]]\\|place\\=London\\|date\\=2016\\|orig\\-year\\=1854–55\\|page\\=176\\|isbn\\=9781909382312}}", "An often\\-used policy by the Persians was the appointment of Turks as local rulers as so\\-called *khans* of their various *[khanates](/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus \"Khanates of the Caucasus\")*. These were counted as subordinate to the [Persian Empire](/wiki/Persian_Empire \"Persian Empire\"). Examples include: the [Khanate of Erevan](/wiki/Khanate_of_Erevan \"Khanate of Erevan\"), [Khanate of Nakhichevan](/wiki/Khanate_of_Nakhichevan \"Khanate of Nakhichevan\") and the [Karabakh Khanate](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate \"Karabakh Khanate\").", "Even though Western Armenia had already once been conquered by the Ottomans following the Peace of Amasya, Greater Armenia was eventually decisively divided between the vying rivals, the Ottomans and the Safavids, in the first half of the 17th century following the [Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639\\)](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_%281623%E2%80%931639%29 \"Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)\") and the resulting [Treaty of Zuhab](/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab \"Treaty of Zuhab\") under which Eastern Armenia remained under Persian rule, and Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.", "Persia continued to rule Eastern Armenia, which included all of the modern\\-day Armenian Republic, until the first half of the 19th century. By the late 18th century, Imperial Russia had started to encroach to the south into the land of its neighbours; [Qajar Iran](/wiki/Qajar_Iran \"Qajar Iran\") and Ottoman Turkey. In 1804, [Pavel Tsitsianov](/wiki/Pavel_Tsitsianov \"Pavel Tsitsianov\") [invaded](/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_%281804%29 \"Battle of Ganja (1804)\") the Iranian town of [Ganja](/wiki/Ganja%2C_Azerbaijan \"Ganja, Azerbaijan\") and massacred many of its inhabitants while making the rest flee deeper within the borders of Qajar Iran. This was a declaration of war and regarded as an invasion of Iranian territory.{{sfn\\|Fisher\\|Avery\\|Hambly\\|Melville\\|1991\\|p\\=332}} It was the beginning of the [Russo\\-Persian War (1804–1813\\)](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804%E2%80%931813%29 \"Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)\"). The following years were devastating for the Iranian towns in the Caucasus as well as the inhabitants of the region, as well as for the Persian army. The war eventually ended in 1813 with a Russian victory after their successful [storming of Lankaran](/wiki/Storming_of_Lankaran \"Storming of Lankaran\") in early 1813\\. The [Treaty of Gulistan](/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan \"Treaty of Gulistan\") that was signed in the same year forced Qajar Iran to irrevocably cede significant amounts of its [Caucasian](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\") territories to Russia, comprising modern\\-day [Dagestan](/wiki/Dagestan \"Dagestan\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\"), and most of what is today the [Republic of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan \"Republic of Azerbaijan\").Timothy C. Dowling [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ) pp 728–729 ABC\\-CLIO, 2 December 2014\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-1598849486}}[Mikaberidze, Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze \"Alexander Mikaberidze\"). [*Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C), ABC\\-CLIO, 22 July 2011; {{ISBN\\|978\\-1598843378}}, p. 351 [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate \"Karabakh Khanate\") was also ceded to Russia by Persia.", "The Persians were severely dissatisfied with the outcome of the war which led to the ceding of so much Persian territory to the Russians. As a result,{{sfn\\|Fisher\\|Avery\\|Hambly\\|Melville\\|1991\\|pp\\=329–330}} the next war between Russia and Persia was inevitable, namely the [Russo\\-Persian War (1826–1828\\)](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281826%E2%80%931828%29 \"Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)\"). However, this war ended even more disastrously, as the Russians not only occupied as far as [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz \"Tabriz\"), the ensuing treaty that followed, namely the [Treaty of Turkmenchay](/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay \"Treaty of Turkmenchay\") of 1828, forced it to irrevocably cede its last remaining territories in the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\"), comprising all of modern\\-day Armenia, [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic \"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\") and [Iğdır Province](/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province \"Iğdır Province\").Timothy C. Dowling, [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ), pp 729–30, ABC\\-CLIO, 2 December 2014; {{ISBN\\|978\\-1598849486}}.", "By 1828, Persia had lost Eastern Armenia, which included the territory of the modern\\-day Armenian Republic after centuries of rule. From 1828 until 1991, Eastern Armenia would enter [a Russian dominated chapter](/wiki/Russian_Armenia \"Russian Armenia\"). Following Russia's conquest of all of [Qajar Iran's](/wiki/Qajar_dynasty \"Qajar dynasty\") Caucasian territories, many Armenian families were encouraged to settle in the newly conquered Russian territories.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Azarian \\|first\\=Haroot \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Armenians in Iran: A Brief History \\|url\\=https://www.odvv.org/resources/attachment/1565084694\\_1134e13344c64d1154a3fa6443dba054\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2024 \\|website\\=www.odvv.org}}, p.29\\.", "### Ottoman Armenia", "{{one source\\|section\\|date\\=December 2015}}\n{{Main\\|Ottoman Armenia}}\n{{See also\\|Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Patriarch [Harutyun I](/wiki/Harutyun_I \"Harutyun I\") [of Constantinople](/wiki/List_of_Armenian_Patriarchs_of_Constantinople \"List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople\")](/wiki/File:Constantinople%281878%29-Armenian_patriarch.png \"Constantinople(1878)-Armenian patriarch.png\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Western Armenia the first half of the 18th century – Herman Moll's map,1736](/wiki/File:Moll%2C_Herman._Turkey_in_Asia%3B_or_Asia_Minor_%26c._1736.jpg \"Moll, Herman. Turkey in Asia; or Asia Minor &c. 1736.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Western Armenia on the Ottoman Empire map – John Pinkerton, 1818](/wiki/File:1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Iraq%2C_Syria%2C_and_Palestine_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyAsia-pinkerton-1818.jpg \"1818 Pinkerton Map of Turkey in Asia, Iraq, Syria, and Palestine - Geographicus - TurkeyAsia-pinkerton-1818.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|6 Armenian provinces of [Western Armenia](/wiki/Western_Armenia \"Western Armenia\") – Patten, William and J.E. Homas, Turkey in Asia (with 6 Armenian provinces of Western Armenia), 1903](/wiki/File:Turkey_in_Asia%2C_1903.jpg \"Turkey in Asia, 1903.jpg\")", "[Mehmed II](/wiki/Mehmed_II \"Mehmed II\") conquered [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\") from the Byzantines in 1453 and made it the Ottoman Empire's capital. Mehmed and his successors used the religious systems of their subject nationalities as a method of population control, and so Ottoman Sultans invited an Armenian archbishop to establish the [Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople](/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople \"Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople\"). The Armenians of Constantinople grew in numbers, and became respected, if not full, members of Ottoman society.", "The Ottoman Empire ruled in accordance to [Islamic law](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\"). As such, the [People of the Book](/wiki/People_of_the_Book \"People of the Book\") (the [Christians](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") and the [Jews](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\")) had to pay an extra tax to fulfil their status as [dhimmi](/wiki/Dhimmi \"Dhimmi\") and in return were guaranteed religious autonomy. While the Armenians of [Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\") benefited from the [Sultan](/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire \"List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire\")'s support and grew to be a prospering community, the same could not be said about the ones inhabiting [historic Armenia](/wiki/Armenian_Highland \"Armenian Highland\").", "During times of crisis the ones in the remote regions of mountainous [eastern Anatolia](/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia \"Eastern Anatolia\") were mistreated by local [Kurdish](/wiki/Kurds \"Kurds\") chiefs and feudal lords. They often also had to suffer (alongside the settled Muslim population) raids by nomadic Kurdish tribes.McCarthy, Justin. *The Ottoman Peoples and the end of Empire*; London, 1981; p. 63 Armenians, like the other Ottoman Christians (though not to the same extent), had to transfer some of their healthy male children to the Sultan's government due to the [devşirme](/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme \"Devşirme\") policies in place. The boys were then forced to convert to Islam (by threat of death otherwise) and educated to be fierce warriors in times of war, as well as [Beys](/wiki/Bey \"Bey\"), [Pashas](/wiki/Pasha \"Pasha\") and even [Grand Viziers](/wiki/Grand_Vizier \"Grand Vizier\") in times of peace.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2015}}", "The Armenian national liberation movement was the Armenian effort to free the [historic Armenian homeland](/wiki/Armenian_Highland \"Armenian Highland\") of eastern [Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia \"Anatolia\") and [Transcaucasus](/wiki/Transcaucasus \"Transcaucasus\") from [Russian](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") and Ottoman domination and re\\-establish the independent Armenian state. The national liberation movement of the [Balkan peoples](/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans%23National_Awakening_in_the_Balkans \"History of the Balkans#National Awakening in the Balkans\") and the immediate involvement of the European powers in the Eastern question had a powerful effect on the development of the national liberation ideology movement among the [Armenians of the Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire \"Armenians in the Ottoman Empire\").Arman J. Kirakossian. *British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question: From the 1830s to 1914*, p. 58", "The Armenian national movement, besides its individual heroes, was an organized activity represented around three parties of Armenian people, [Social Democrat Hunchakian Party](/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party \"Social Democrat Hunchakian Party\"), [Armenakan](/wiki/Armenakan_Party \"Armenakan Party\") and [Armenian Revolutionary Federation](/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation \"Armenian Revolutionary Federation\"), which ARF was the largest and most influential among the three. Those Armenians who did not support national liberation aspirations or who were neutral were called *chezoks*. In 1839, the situation of the Ottoman Armenians slightly improved after [Abdul Mejid I](/wiki/Abdul_Mejid_I \"Abdul Mejid I\") carried out [Tanzimat](/wiki/Tanzimat \"Tanzimat\") reforms in its territories. However, later Sultans, such as [Abdul Hamid II](/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II \"Abdul Hamid II\") stopped the reforms and carried out massacres, now known as the [Hamidian massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres \"Hamidian massacres\") of 1895–96 leading to a failed Armenian attempt to [assassinate](/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt \"Yıldız assassination attempt\") him.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Hamidian massacres {{!}} Armenian Genocide, Ottoman Empire \\& Sultan Abdul Hamid II {{!}} Britannica \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamidian\\-massacres \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}}", "### Russian Armenia", "{{Main\\|Russian Armenia}}\n[thumb\\|Map of the [Armenian Oblast](/wiki/Armenian_Oblast \"Armenian Oblast\") within the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\")](/wiki/File:Armenian_Oblast%2C_1828-1840.png \"Armenian Oblast, 1828-1840.png\")", "In the aftermath of the [Russo\\-Persian War, 1826–1828](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War%2C_1826%E2%80%931828 \"Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828\"), the parts of historic Armenia (also known as [Eastern Armenia](/wiki/Eastern_Armenia \"Eastern Armenia\")) under Persian control, centering on [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan \"Yerevan\") and [Lake Sevan](/wiki/Lake_Sevan \"Lake Sevan\"), were incorporated into [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") after Qajar Persia's forced ceding in 1828 per the [Treaty of Turkmenchay](/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay \"Treaty of Turkmenchay\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KTq2BQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA728\\|title\\=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond ...\\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2014\\|isbn\\=9781598849486\\|last1\\=Dowling\\|first1\\=Timothy C.\\|date\\=2 December 2014\\|publisher\\=Abc\\-Clio }} Under Russian rule, the area corresponding approximately to modern\\-day Armenian territory was called \"Province of Yerevan\". The Armenian subjects of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") lived in relative safety, compared to their Ottoman kin, albeit clashes with [Tatars](/wiki/Azeris \"Azeris\") and [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds \"Kurds\") were frequent in the early 20th century.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2015}} Even though Russian Armenians benefited from the advanced Russian culture, and greater access to European thought, and broader economic initiative, they were denied equal educational and administrative opportunities like many other racial and religious minorities.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Hovannisian\\|first\\=Richard G\\|date\\=1971\\|title\\=Russian Armenia. A Century of Tsarist Rule\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41044266\\|journal\\=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=31–48\\|jstor\\=41044266\\|via\\=JSTOR}}", "The Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 had further stipulated the rights of the Russian tsar to resettle [Persian Armenians](/wiki/Iranian_Armenians \"Iranian Armenians\") within the newly conquered Caucasus region, which had been taken over from [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). Following the resettlement of Persian Armenians alone in the newly conquered Russian territories, significant demographic shifts were bound to take place. The Armenian\\-American historian [George Bournoutian](/wiki/George_Bournoutian \"George Bournoutian\") gives a summary of the ethnic make\\-up after those events:{{cite book\\|title\\=Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807–1828\\|last\\=Bournoutian\\|first\\=George A.\\|year\\=1982\\|publisher\\=Undena Publications\\|location\\=Malibu\\|pages\\=xxii, 165}}", "{{cquote\\|In the first quarter of the 19th century the Khanate of Erevan included most of Eastern Armenia and covered an area of approximately {{convert\\|7000\\|sqmi\\|km2\\|disp\\=sqbr}}. The land was mountainous and dry, the population of about 100,000 was roughly 80 percent Muslim (Persian, Azeri, Kurdish) and 20 percent Christian (Armenian).}}", "After the incorporation of the [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate \"Erivan Khanate\") into the Russian Empire, Muslim majority of the area gradually changed, at first the Armenians who were left captive were encouraged to return.The Cambridge History of Iran by William Bayne Fisher, Peter Avery, Ilya Gershevitch, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 339 As a result of which an estimated 57,000 Armenian refugees from Persia returned to the territory of the Erivan Khanate after 1828, while about 35,000 Muslims (Persians, Turkic groups, Kurds, Lezgis, etc.) out of a total population of over 100,000 left the region.{{cite book\\|title\\=Conflict in Nagorno\\-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal\\|last\\=Potier\\|first\\=Tim\\|year\\=2001\\|publisher\\=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers\\|isbn\\=90\\-411\\-1477\\-7\\|page\\=2\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JL9N4F1SgyYC\\&pg\\=PA2}}", "" ]
### Persian Armenia {{Main\|Armenians in the Persianate}} {{See also\|Khanates of the Caucasus\|Melikdoms of Karabakh\|Treaty of Turkmenchay}} [thumb\|Eastern Armenia, 1740\.](/wiki/File:1740_map_of_Armenia.jpg "1740 map of Armenia.jpg") [thumb\|220px\|Robert de Vaugondy Map of Persia, Arabia and Turkey, 1753\. Armenia is divided between Persia and Turkey.](/wiki/File:1753_Vaugondy_Map_of_Persia%2C_Arabia_and_Turkey_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyArabiaPersia-vaugondy-1753.jpg "1753 Vaugondy Map of Persia, Arabia and Turkey - Geographicus - TurkeyArabiaPersia-vaugondy-1753.jpg") [thumb\|East Armenia on the Persian Empire map. John Pinkerton, 1818\.](/wiki/File:John_Pinkerton._Map_of_Persia._1818.A.jpg "John Pinkerton. Map of Persia. 1818.A.jpg") [thumb\|The [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate "Erivan Khanate") within the Iranian [Safavid Empire.](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty "Safavid dynasty")](/wiki/File:ErevanKhanate.gif "ErevanKhanate.gif") Due to its strategic significance, the historical Armenian homelands of [Western Armenia](/wiki/Western_Armenia "Western Armenia") and [Eastern Armenia](/wiki/Eastern_Armenia "Eastern Armenia") were constantly fought over and passed back and forth between [Safavid Persia](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty "Safavid dynasty") and the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"). For example, at the height of the [Ottoman–Persian Wars](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars "Ottoman–Persian Wars"), Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1513 and 1737\. Greater Armenia was annexed in the early 16th century by Shah [Ismail I](/wiki/Ismail_I "Ismail I").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PxQpmg\_JIpwC\|title\=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia\|access\-date\=15 December 2014\|isbn\=9781780230702\|last1\=Rayfield\|first1\=Donald\|date\=15 February 2013\|publisher\=Reaktion Books }} Following the [Peace of Amasya](/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya "Peace of Amasya") of 1555, Western Armenia fell into the neighbouring [Ottoman hands](/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey "Ottoman Turkey"), while Eastern Armenia stayed part of Safavid Iran, until the 19th century.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2015}} In 1604, [Shah Abbas I](/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I "Shah Abbas I") pursued a scorched\-earth campaign against the Ottomans in the Ararat valley during the [Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618\)](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_%281603%E2%80%931618%29 "Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)"). The old Armenian town of [Julfa](/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCstan%2C_Nakhchivan "Gülüstan, Nakhchivan") in the province of [Nakhichevan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic "Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic") was taken early in the invasion. From there Abbas' army fanned out across the Araratian plain. The Shah pursued a careful strategy, advancing and retreating as the occasion demanded, determined not to risk his enterprise in a direct confrontation with stronger enemy forces. While laying siege to [Kars](/wiki/Kars "Kars"), he learned of the approach of a large Ottoman army, commanded by Djghazadé [Sinan Pasha](/wiki/Sinan_Pasha "Sinan Pasha"). The order to withdraw was given; but to deny the enemy the potential to resupply themselves from the land, he ordered the wholesale destruction of the Armenian towns and farms on the plain. As part of this the whole population was ordered to accompany the Persian army in its withdrawal. Some 300,000 people were duly herded to the banks of the [Araxes River](/wiki/Araxes_River "Araxes River"). Those who attempted to resist the [mass deportation](/wiki/Great_Surgun "Great Surgun") were killed outright. The Shah had previously ordered the destruction of the only bridge, so people were forced into the waters, where a great many drowned, carried away by the currents, before reaching the opposite bank. This was only the beginning of their ordeal. One eye\-witness, Father de Guyan, describes the predicament of the refugees thus: *It was not only the winter cold that was causing torture and death to the deportees. The greatest suffering came from hunger. The provisions which the deportees had brought with them were soon consumed ... The children were crying for food or milk, none of which existed, because the women's breasts had dried up from hunger ... Many women, hungry and exhausted, would leave their famished children on the roadside, and continue their tortuous journey. Some would go to nearby forests in search of something to eat. Usually they would not come back. Often those who died, served as food for the living.* Unable to maintain his army on the desolate plain, Sinan Pasha was forced to winter in [Van](/wiki/Van%2C_Turkey "Van, Turkey"). Armies sent in pursuit of the Shah in 1605 were defeated, and by 1606 Abbas had regained all of the territory lost to the Turks earlier in his reign. The scorched\-earth tactic had worked, though at a terrible cost to the Armenian people. Of the 300,000 deported it is calculated that less than half survived the march to [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan "Isfahan"). In the conquered territories Abbas established the [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate "Erivan Khanate"), a Muslim principality under the dominion of the [Safavid Empire](/wiki/Safavid_Empire "Safavid Empire"). Armenians formed less than 20% of its population{{cite book \| last \= Hewsen \| first \= Robert H. \| title \= Armenia: a historical atlas \| year \= 2001 \| publisher \= University of Chicago Press \| isbn \= 0\-226\-33228\-4 \| pages \= 116 }} as a result of [Shah Abbas I](/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia "Abbas I of Persia")'s deportation of many of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region in 1605\.{{cite book\|last\=Haxthausen\|author\-link\=August von Haxthausen\|first\=Baron August von\|translator\=John Edward Taylor\|others\=Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. Foreword by \[\[Dominic Lieven]]\|title\=Transcaucasia and the Tribes of the Caucasus\|publisher\=\[\[Gomidas Institute]]\|place\=London\|date\=2016\|orig\-year\=1854–55\|page\=176\|isbn\=9781909382312}} An often\-used policy by the Persians was the appointment of Turks as local rulers as so\-called *khans* of their various *[khanates](/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus "Khanates of the Caucasus")*. These were counted as subordinate to the [Persian Empire](/wiki/Persian_Empire "Persian Empire"). Examples include: the [Khanate of Erevan](/wiki/Khanate_of_Erevan "Khanate of Erevan"), [Khanate of Nakhichevan](/wiki/Khanate_of_Nakhichevan "Khanate of Nakhichevan") and the [Karabakh Khanate](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate "Karabakh Khanate"). Even though Western Armenia had already once been conquered by the Ottomans following the Peace of Amasya, Greater Armenia was eventually decisively divided between the vying rivals, the Ottomans and the Safavids, in the first half of the 17th century following the [Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639\)](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_%281623%E2%80%931639%29 "Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)") and the resulting [Treaty of Zuhab](/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab "Treaty of Zuhab") under which Eastern Armenia remained under Persian rule, and Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. Persia continued to rule Eastern Armenia, which included all of the modern\-day Armenian Republic, until the first half of the 19th century. By the late 18th century, Imperial Russia had started to encroach to the south into the land of its neighbours; [Qajar Iran](/wiki/Qajar_Iran "Qajar Iran") and Ottoman Turkey. In 1804, [Pavel Tsitsianov](/wiki/Pavel_Tsitsianov "Pavel Tsitsianov") [invaded](/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_%281804%29 "Battle of Ganja (1804)") the Iranian town of [Ganja](/wiki/Ganja%2C_Azerbaijan "Ganja, Azerbaijan") and massacred many of its inhabitants while making the rest flee deeper within the borders of Qajar Iran. This was a declaration of war and regarded as an invasion of Iranian territory.{{sfn\|Fisher\|Avery\|Hambly\|Melville\|1991\|p\=332}} It was the beginning of the [Russo\-Persian War (1804–1813\)](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804%E2%80%931813%29 "Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)"). The following years were devastating for the Iranian towns in the Caucasus as well as the inhabitants of the region, as well as for the Persian army. The war eventually ended in 1813 with a Russian victory after their successful [storming of Lankaran](/wiki/Storming_of_Lankaran "Storming of Lankaran") in early 1813\. The [Treaty of Gulistan](/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan "Treaty of Gulistan") that was signed in the same year forced Qajar Iran to irrevocably cede significant amounts of its [Caucasian](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus") territories to Russia, comprising modern\-day [Dagestan](/wiki/Dagestan "Dagestan"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)"), and most of what is today the [Republic of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan "Republic of Azerbaijan").Timothy C. Dowling [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ) pp 728–729 ABC\-CLIO, 2 December 2014\. {{ISBN\|978\-1598849486}}[Mikaberidze, Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze "Alexander Mikaberidze"). [*Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C), ABC\-CLIO, 22 July 2011; {{ISBN\|978\-1598843378}}, p. 351 [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate "Karabakh Khanate") was also ceded to Russia by Persia. The Persians were severely dissatisfied with the outcome of the war which led to the ceding of so much Persian territory to the Russians. As a result,{{sfn\|Fisher\|Avery\|Hambly\|Melville\|1991\|pp\=329–330}} the next war between Russia and Persia was inevitable, namely the [Russo\-Persian War (1826–1828\)](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281826%E2%80%931828%29 "Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)"). However, this war ended even more disastrously, as the Russians not only occupied as far as [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz "Tabriz"), the ensuing treaty that followed, namely the [Treaty of Turkmenchay](/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay "Treaty of Turkmenchay") of 1828, forced it to irrevocably cede its last remaining territories in the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus"), comprising all of modern\-day Armenia, [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic "Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic") and [Iğdır Province](/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province "Iğdır Province").Timothy C. Dowling, [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ), pp 729–30, ABC\-CLIO, 2 December 2014; {{ISBN\|978\-1598849486}}. By 1828, Persia had lost Eastern Armenia, which included the territory of the modern\-day Armenian Republic after centuries of rule. From 1828 until 1991, Eastern Armenia would enter [a Russian dominated chapter](/wiki/Russian_Armenia "Russian Armenia"). Following Russia's conquest of all of [Qajar Iran's](/wiki/Qajar_dynasty "Qajar dynasty") Caucasian territories, many Armenian families were encouraged to settle in the newly conquered Russian territories.{{Cite web \|last\=Azarian \|first\=Haroot \|date\=2018 \|title\=Armenians in Iran: A Brief History \|url\=https://www.odvv.org/resources/attachment/1565084694\_1134e13344c64d1154a3fa6443dba054\.pdf \|access\-date\=April 22, 2024 \|website\=www.odvv.org}}, p.29\.
[ "### Persian Armenia", "{{Main\\|Armenians in the Persianate}}\n{{See also\\|Khanates of the Caucasus\\|Melikdoms of Karabakh\\|Treaty of Turkmenchay}}\n[thumb\\|Eastern Armenia, 1740\\.](/wiki/File:1740_map_of_Armenia.jpg \"1740 map of Armenia.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|220px\\|Robert de Vaugondy Map of Persia, Arabia and Turkey, 1753\\. Armenia is divided between Persia and Turkey.](/wiki/File:1753_Vaugondy_Map_of_Persia%2C_Arabia_and_Turkey_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyArabiaPersia-vaugondy-1753.jpg \"1753 Vaugondy Map of Persia, Arabia and Turkey - Geographicus - TurkeyArabiaPersia-vaugondy-1753.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|East Armenia on the Persian Empire map. John Pinkerton, 1818\\.](/wiki/File:John_Pinkerton._Map_of_Persia._1818.A.jpg \"John Pinkerton. Map of Persia. 1818.A.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate \"Erivan Khanate\") within the Iranian [Safavid Empire.](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty \"Safavid dynasty\")](/wiki/File:ErevanKhanate.gif \"ErevanKhanate.gif\")\nDue to its strategic significance, the historical Armenian homelands of [Western Armenia](/wiki/Western_Armenia \"Western Armenia\") and [Eastern Armenia](/wiki/Eastern_Armenia \"Eastern Armenia\") were constantly fought over and passed back and forth between [Safavid Persia](/wiki/Safavid_dynasty \"Safavid dynasty\") and the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"). For example, at the height of the [Ottoman–Persian Wars](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars \"Ottoman–Persian Wars\"), Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1513 and 1737\\. Greater Armenia was annexed in the early 16th century by Shah [Ismail I](/wiki/Ismail_I \"Ismail I\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PxQpmg\\_JIpwC\\|title\\=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2014\\|isbn\\=9781780230702\\|last1\\=Rayfield\\|first1\\=Donald\\|date\\=15 February 2013\\|publisher\\=Reaktion Books }} Following the [Peace of Amasya](/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya \"Peace of Amasya\") of 1555, Western Armenia fell into the neighbouring [Ottoman hands](/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey \"Ottoman Turkey\"), while Eastern Armenia stayed part of Safavid Iran, until the 19th century.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2015}}", "In 1604, [Shah Abbas I](/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I \"Shah Abbas I\") pursued a scorched\\-earth campaign against the Ottomans in the Ararat valley during the [Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618\\)](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_%281603%E2%80%931618%29 \"Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)\"). The old Armenian town of [Julfa](/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCstan%2C_Nakhchivan \"Gülüstan, Nakhchivan\") in the province of [Nakhichevan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic \"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\") was taken early in the invasion. From there Abbas' army fanned out across the Araratian plain. The Shah pursued a careful strategy, advancing and retreating as the occasion demanded, determined not to risk his enterprise in a direct confrontation with stronger enemy forces.", "While laying siege to [Kars](/wiki/Kars \"Kars\"), he learned of the approach of a large Ottoman army, commanded by Djghazadé [Sinan Pasha](/wiki/Sinan_Pasha \"Sinan Pasha\"). The order to withdraw was given; but to deny the enemy the potential to resupply themselves from the land, he ordered the wholesale destruction of the Armenian towns and farms on the plain. As part of this the whole population was ordered to accompany the Persian army in its withdrawal. Some 300,000 people were duly herded to the banks of the [Araxes River](/wiki/Araxes_River \"Araxes River\"). Those who attempted to resist the [mass deportation](/wiki/Great_Surgun \"Great Surgun\") were killed outright. The Shah had previously ordered the destruction of the only bridge, so people were forced into the waters, where a great many drowned, carried away by the currents, before reaching the opposite bank. This was only the beginning of their ordeal. One eye\\-witness, Father de Guyan, describes the predicament of the refugees thus:", "*It was not only the winter cold that was causing torture and death to the deportees. The greatest suffering came from hunger. The provisions which the deportees had brought with them were soon consumed ... The children were crying for food or milk, none of which existed, because the women's breasts had dried up from hunger ... Many women, hungry and exhausted, would leave their famished children on the roadside, and continue their tortuous journey. Some would go to nearby forests in search of something to eat. Usually they would not come back. Often those who died, served as food for the living.*\nUnable to maintain his army on the desolate plain, Sinan Pasha was forced to winter in [Van](/wiki/Van%2C_Turkey \"Van, Turkey\"). Armies sent in pursuit of the Shah in 1605 were defeated, and by 1606 Abbas had regained all of the territory lost to the Turks earlier in his reign. The scorched\\-earth tactic had worked, though at a terrible cost to the Armenian people. Of the 300,000 deported it is calculated that less than half survived the march to [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan \"Isfahan\"). In the conquered territories Abbas established the [Erivan Khanate](/wiki/Erivan_Khanate \"Erivan Khanate\"), a Muslim principality under the dominion of the [Safavid Empire](/wiki/Safavid_Empire \"Safavid Empire\"). Armenians formed less than 20% of its population{{cite book \\| last \\= Hewsen \\| first \\= Robert H. \\| title \\= Armenia: a historical atlas \\| year \\= 2001 \\| publisher \\= University of Chicago Press \\| isbn \\= 0\\-226\\-33228\\-4 \\| pages \\= 116 }} as a result of [Shah Abbas I](/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia \"Abbas I of Persia\")'s deportation of many of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region in 1605\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Haxthausen\\|author\\-link\\=August von Haxthausen\\|first\\=Baron August von\\|translator\\=John Edward Taylor\\|others\\=Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. Foreword by \\[\\[Dominic Lieven]]\\|title\\=Transcaucasia and the Tribes of the Caucasus\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gomidas Institute]]\\|place\\=London\\|date\\=2016\\|orig\\-year\\=1854–55\\|page\\=176\\|isbn\\=9781909382312}}", "An often\\-used policy by the Persians was the appointment of Turks as local rulers as so\\-called *khans* of their various *[khanates](/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus \"Khanates of the Caucasus\")*. These were counted as subordinate to the [Persian Empire](/wiki/Persian_Empire \"Persian Empire\"). Examples include: the [Khanate of Erevan](/wiki/Khanate_of_Erevan \"Khanate of Erevan\"), [Khanate of Nakhichevan](/wiki/Khanate_of_Nakhichevan \"Khanate of Nakhichevan\") and the [Karabakh Khanate](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate \"Karabakh Khanate\").", "Even though Western Armenia had already once been conquered by the Ottomans following the Peace of Amasya, Greater Armenia was eventually decisively divided between the vying rivals, the Ottomans and the Safavids, in the first half of the 17th century following the [Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639\\)](/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_%281623%E2%80%931639%29 \"Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)\") and the resulting [Treaty of Zuhab](/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab \"Treaty of Zuhab\") under which Eastern Armenia remained under Persian rule, and Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.", "Persia continued to rule Eastern Armenia, which included all of the modern\\-day Armenian Republic, until the first half of the 19th century. By the late 18th century, Imperial Russia had started to encroach to the south into the land of its neighbours; [Qajar Iran](/wiki/Qajar_Iran \"Qajar Iran\") and Ottoman Turkey. In 1804, [Pavel Tsitsianov](/wiki/Pavel_Tsitsianov \"Pavel Tsitsianov\") [invaded](/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_%281804%29 \"Battle of Ganja (1804)\") the Iranian town of [Ganja](/wiki/Ganja%2C_Azerbaijan \"Ganja, Azerbaijan\") and massacred many of its inhabitants while making the rest flee deeper within the borders of Qajar Iran. This was a declaration of war and regarded as an invasion of Iranian territory.{{sfn\\|Fisher\\|Avery\\|Hambly\\|Melville\\|1991\\|p\\=332}} It was the beginning of the [Russo\\-Persian War (1804–1813\\)](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804%E2%80%931813%29 \"Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)\"). The following years were devastating for the Iranian towns in the Caucasus as well as the inhabitants of the region, as well as for the Persian army. The war eventually ended in 1813 with a Russian victory after their successful [storming of Lankaran](/wiki/Storming_of_Lankaran \"Storming of Lankaran\") in early 1813\\. The [Treaty of Gulistan](/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan \"Treaty of Gulistan\") that was signed in the same year forced Qajar Iran to irrevocably cede significant amounts of its [Caucasian](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\") territories to Russia, comprising modern\\-day [Dagestan](/wiki/Dagestan \"Dagestan\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\"), and most of what is today the [Republic of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan \"Republic of Azerbaijan\").Timothy C. Dowling [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ) pp 728–729 ABC\\-CLIO, 2 December 2014\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-1598849486}}[Mikaberidze, Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze \"Alexander Mikaberidze\"). [*Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C), ABC\\-CLIO, 22 July 2011; {{ISBN\\|978\\-1598843378}}, p. 351 [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate \"Karabakh Khanate\") was also ceded to Russia by Persia.", "The Persians were severely dissatisfied with the outcome of the war which led to the ceding of so much Persian territory to the Russians. As a result,{{sfn\\|Fisher\\|Avery\\|Hambly\\|Melville\\|1991\\|pp\\=329–330}} the next war between Russia and Persia was inevitable, namely the [Russo\\-Persian War (1826–1828\\)](/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281826%E2%80%931828%29 \"Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)\"). However, this war ended even more disastrously, as the Russians not only occupied as far as [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz \"Tabriz\"), the ensuing treaty that followed, namely the [Treaty of Turkmenchay](/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay \"Treaty of Turkmenchay\") of 1828, forced it to irrevocably cede its last remaining territories in the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\"), comprising all of modern\\-day Armenia, [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic \"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\") and [Iğdır Province](/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province \"Iğdır Province\").Timothy C. Dowling, [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ), pp 729–30, ABC\\-CLIO, 2 December 2014; {{ISBN\\|978\\-1598849486}}.", "By 1828, Persia had lost Eastern Armenia, which included the territory of the modern\\-day Armenian Republic after centuries of rule. From 1828 until 1991, Eastern Armenia would enter [a Russian dominated chapter](/wiki/Russian_Armenia \"Russian Armenia\"). Following Russia's conquest of all of [Qajar Iran's](/wiki/Qajar_dynasty \"Qajar dynasty\") Caucasian territories, many Armenian families were encouraged to settle in the newly conquered Russian territories.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Azarian \\|first\\=Haroot \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Armenians in Iran: A Brief History \\|url\\=https://www.odvv.org/resources/attachment/1565084694\\_1134e13344c64d1154a3fa6443dba054\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2024 \\|website\\=www.odvv.org}}, p.29\\.", "" ]
20th century ------------ ### The Armenian genocide (1915–1921\) and First World War {{Main\|Armenian genocide\|Caucasus campaign}} [thumb\|Armenian civilians, being deported during the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide "Armenian genocide")](/wiki/File:Marcharmenians.jpg "Marcharmenians.jpg") [thumb\|6 Armenian provinces of Western Armenia and boundaries between countries before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I")](/wiki/File:Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png "Armenia between russian and ottoman empires.png") [thumb\|250px\|Map of massacre locations and deportation and extermination centers during the Armenian genocide 1915–1916](/wiki/File:Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg "Armenian Genocide Map-en.svg") In 1915, the Ottoman Empire systematically carried out the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide "Armenian genocide"). This genocide was preceded by a [wave of massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres "Hamidian massacres") in the years 1894 to 1896, as well as another massacre [in 1909 in Adana](/wiki/Adana_massacre "Adana massacre"). On 24 April 1915, Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported [235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders](/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915 "Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915") from [Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul") to the region of [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara "Ankara"), where the majority were murdered. The genocide was carried out during and after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and implemented in two phases—the wholesale killing of the able\-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour "Forced labour"), followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on [death marches](/wiki/Death_march "Death march") leading to the [Syrian Desert](/wiki/Syrian_Desert "Syrian Desert"). Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.{{Citation\|first1\=Hans\-Lukas\|last1\=Kieser\|first2\=Dominik J.\|last2\=Schaller\|language\=de\|title\=Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah\|trans\-title\=The Armenian genocide and the Shoah\|publisher\=Chronos\|year\=2002\|isbn\=3\-0340\-0561\-X\|page\=114}} {{Citation\|title \= Armenia: The Survival of A Nation\|first\=Christopher J.\|last\=Walker\|publisher\=Croom Helm\|place\=London\|year\=1980\|pages \=200–03}} {{Citation\|title\=The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden\|first1\=Viscount James\|last1\=Bryce\|author\-link\=James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce\|first2\=Arnold\|last2\=Toynbee\|edition\=uncensored\|editor\-first\=Ara\|editor\-last\=Sarafian\|place\=Princeton, \[\[New Jersey\|NJ]]\|publisher\=Gomidas\|year\=2000\|isbn\=0\-9535191\-5\-5\|pages\=635–649}} Most frequently, the exact number of deaths is estimated to have been 1\.5 million, For example: {{cite journal\|last1\=Derderian\|first1\=K.\|title\=Common Fate, Different Experience: Gender\-Specific Aspects of the Armenian Genocide, 1915\-1917\|journal\=Holocaust and Genocide Studies\|date\=1 March 2005\|volume\=19\|issue\=1\|pages\=1–25\|language\=en\|quote\=the figure of 1\.5 million people is generally accepted as a reasonable estimate\|issn\=8756\-6583\|doi\= 10\.1093/hgs/dci001 \|pmid\=20684092\|s2cid\=8142484}} {{cite web\|title \= Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex\| url\= http://www.genocide\-museum.am/eng/Description\_and\_history.php \| publisher \= \[\[Tsitsernakaberd\|Armenian Genocide Museum\-Institute]] \| access\-date\=17 June 2016}} {{cite news\| last \= Kifner \| first\= John\| title\= Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview\| url \= https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics\_armeniangenocide.html \| work \= \[\[The New York Times]]\|author\-link \= John Kifner \| date\=7 December 2007}} * + - with other estimates ranging from 800,000 to 1,800,000\.{{cite book\|last1\=Göçek\|first1\=Fatma Müge\|title\=Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009\|date\=2015\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-933420\-9\|page\=1\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=q\-eMBAAAQBAJ}}{{cite book \| first \= Yair \| last \= Auron \| title \= The banality of indifference: Zionism \& the Armenian genocide\|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=nnUR4hSTb8gC\&pg\=PA44 \|year\=2000\|publisher \= Transaction \| isbn \= 978\-0\-7658\-0881\-3 \| page \= 44}}{{cite book \| first \= David P. \|last\=Forsythe \| title \= Encyclopedia of human rights \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=1QbX90fmCVUC\&pg\=PA98 \| date\= 11 August 2009\| format \= Google Books \| publisher\= Oxford University Press\| isbn \= 978\-0\-19\-533402\-9 \| page \= 98 \| volume \= 1}}{{rp\|98}}{{cite book \| first1 \= Frank Robert \| last1 \= Chalk \| first2 \= Kurt \| last2 \= Jonassohn \| others \=Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide \| title \=The history and sociology of genocide: analyses and case studies\| url\= https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal \| url\-access \= registration \| date \= 10 September 1990\|publisher\= Yale University Press\|isbn \= 978\-0\-300\-04446\-1 \|pages\= \[https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal/page/270 270]–}} These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian Christian martyr day.{{cite book \| last \= Freedman \| first \= Jeri \| title \= The Armenian genocide \| publisher \= Rosen Pub. Group \| location \= New York \| year \= 2009 \| page \= 49 \| isbn \= 978\-1\-4042\-1825\-3 }} ### First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920\) {{Main\|First Republic of Armenia}}Between the 4th and 19th centuries, the traditional area of Armenia was conquered and ruled by Persians, Byzantines, [Arabs](/wiki/Arab "Arab"), [Mongols](/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia"), and [Turks](/wiki/Ottoman_Turks "Ottoman Turks"), among others. Parts of historical Armenia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire after the collapse of these two empires in the wake of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War").{{Cite web \|title\=Armenia \- Caucasus, Soviet Union, Genocide {{!}} Britannica \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Modern\-Armenia \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-11 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Artin H. Arslanian and Robert L. Nichols\|date\=1979\|title\=Nationalism and the Russian Civil War: The Case of Volunteer Army\-Armenian Relations, 1918\-20\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/150918\|journal\=Soviet Studies\|volume\=31\|issue\=4\|pages\=559–573\|doi\=10\.1080/09668137908411267\|jstor\=150918\|via\=JSTOR\| issn \= 0038\-5859}} #### Transcaucasian Federation (1917–1918\) {{See also\|Caucasus Campaign}} During the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917 "Russian Revolution of 1917"), the provinces of the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus") seceded and formed their own federal state called the [Transcaucasian Federation](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic "Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic"). Competing national interests and war with [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") led to the dissolution of the republic half a year later, in April 1918\. After the [Russian Revolution of 1917](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917 "Russian Revolution of 1917") and the takeover of the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolshevik "Bolshevik"), [Stepan Shaumyan](/wiki/Stepan_Shaumyan "Stepan Shaumyan") was placed in charge of Russian Armenia. In September 1917, the convention in Tiflis elected the [Armenian National Council](/wiki/Armenian_National_Council_of_Tiflis "Armenian National Council of Tiflis"),{{Cite web \|title\=First Republic of Armenia 1918\-1920 \|url\=https://armenian\-history.com/first\-republic\-of\-armenia\-1918\-1920/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=Armenian\-History.com \|language\=en\-US}} the first sovereign political body of Armenians since the collapse of Lesser Armenia in 1375\. Meanwhile, both the Ittihad (Unionist) and the Nationalists moved to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks. [Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk") sent several delegations to Moscow in an attempt to win some support for his own post\-Ottoman movement in what he saw as a modernised ethno\-nationalist Turkey. This alliance proved disastrous for the Armenians. The signing of the Ottoman\-Russian friendship treaty (1 January 1918\) helped [Vehib Pasha](/wiki/Vehib_Pasha "Vehib Pasha") to attack the new republic. Under heavy pressure from the combined forces of the Ottoman army and the Kurdish irregulars, the Republic was forced to withdraw from Erzincan to Erzurum. In the end, the Republic had to evacuate Erzurum as well. Further southeast, in Van, the Armenians resisted the Turkish army until April 1918, but eventually were forced to evacuate it and withdraw to Persia. Conditions deteriorated when Azerbaijani Tatars sided with the Turks and seized the Armenian's lines of communication, thus cutting off the Armenian National Councils in Baku and Yerevan from the National Council in Tiflis. The [First Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia "First Republic of Armenia") was established on 28 May 1918\. #### Georgian–Armenian War (1918\) {{Main\|Georgian–Armenian War\|Democratic Republic of Georgia}} {{one source\|section\|date\=December 2015}} [left\|thumb\|325px\|First Republic of Armenia in 1919](/wiki/File:D_R_Armenia.png "D R Armenia.png") During the final stages of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the Armenians and Georgians had been defending against the advance of the Ottoman Empire. In June 1918, to forestall an Ottoman advance on [Tiflis](/wiki/Tiflis "Tiflis"), the Georgian troops had occupied the [Lori Province](/wiki/Lori_Province "Lori Province") which at the time had a 75% Armenian majority. After the [Armistice of Mudros](/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros "Armistice of Mudros") and the withdrawal of the Ottomans, the Georgian forces remained. The Georgian [Menshevik](/wiki/Menshevik "Menshevik") parliamentarian [Irakli Tsereteli](/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli "Irakli Tsereteli") suggested that the Armenians would be safer from the Turks as Georgian citizens. The Georgians offered a quadripartite conference comprising Georgia, Armenia, [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic"), and the [Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus](/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus "Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus") to resolve the issue. The Armenians rejected this proposal. In December 1918, the Georgians were confronting a rebellion chiefly in the village of [Uzunlar](/wiki/Odzun "Odzun") in the Lori region. Within days, hostilities commenced between the two republics.Christopher Walker. *Armenian the Survival of a Nation*, pp. 267–68 The [Georgian–Armenian War](/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Armenian_War "Georgian–Armenian War") was a border war fought in 1918 between the [Democratic Republic of Georgia](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia "Democratic Republic of Georgia") and the [First Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia "First Republic of Armenia") over the then disputed provinces of [Lori](/wiki/Lori_Province "Lori Province") and [Javakheti](/wiki/Javakheti "Javakheti") which had been historically bi\-cultural Armenian\-Georgian territories, but were largely populated by Armenians in the 19th century.{{cite book \|title\=Turcology in Mainz \|last1\=Boeschoten \|first1\=Hendrik \|last2\=Rentzsch \|first2\=Julian \|year\=2010 \|isbn\=978\-3\-447\-06113\-1 \|page\=142 \|publisher\=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=XtW6cox7CIUC}} #### Armenian\-Azerbaijan War {{Main\|Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920\)}} A considerable degree of hostility existed between Armenia and its new neighbor to the east, the [Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan "Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan"), stemming largely from racial, religious, cultural and societal differences. The Azeris had close ethnic and religious ties to the Turks and had provided material support for them in their drive to [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku") in 1918\. Although the borders of the two countries were still undefined, Azerbaijan claimed most of the territory Armenia was sitting on, demanding all or most parts of the former Russian provinces of [Elizavetpol](/wiki/Elizavetpol "Elizavetpol"), [Tiflis](/wiki/Tiflis "Tiflis"), [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan "Yerevan"), [Kars](/wiki/Kars_Oblast "Kars Oblast") and [Batum](/wiki/Batum "Batum").See Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. II*, p. 192, map 4\. As diplomacy failed to accomplish compromise, even with the mediation of the commanders of a British expeditionary force that had installed itself in the Caucasus, territorial clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan took place throughout 1919 and 1920, most notably in the regions of [Nakhichevan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic "Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic"), [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh "Karabakh"), and [Syunik](/wiki/Syunik_Province "Syunik Province") (Zangezur). Repeated attempts to bring these provinces under Azerbaijani jurisdiction were met with fierce resistance by their Armenian inhabitants. In May 1919, [Dro](/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan "Drastamat Kanayan") led an expeditionary unit that was successful in establishing Armenian administrative control in [Nakhichevan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic "Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic").Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. I*, pp. 243–47\. ### Paris Peace Conference {{External media\|image1\=\[https://i.imgur.com/15Zq8pv.jpg Map of Armenia, as proposed at Paris Peace Conference]\|title\=}} At [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 "Paris Peace Conference, 1919") in 1919 it was proposed to create large ({{convert\|127491\|sqmi\|km2\|abbr\=on\|disp\=or\|order\=flip}}) Armenian state, including the territory of former [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia") with total population of 4\.3 million, 2\.5 million of which would be Armenians.{{Cite book\|url\=http://archive.org/details/armenianquestion00pari\|title\=The Armenian question before the Peace conference\|last\=Paris. Peace conference\|first\=1919 Armenia \[from old catalog\|date\=1919\|publisher\=\[New York, Press Bureau, The Armenian National Union of America\|others\=The Library of Congress}} #### Treaty of Sèvres [thumb\|300px\|The planned partition of the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") according to the superseded [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres "Treaty of Sèvres") of 1920](/wiki/File:Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg "Treaty of Sèvres 1920.svg") [thumb\|The proposed Armenian state created by the [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres "Treaty of Sèvres")](/wiki/File:Boundary_between_Turkey_and_Armenia_as_determined_by_Woodrow_Wilson_1920.jpg "Boundary between Turkey and Armenia as determined by Woodrow Wilson 1920.jpg") The [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres "Treaty of Sèvres") was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at [Sèvres](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres "Sèvres"), [France](/wiki/France "France"), on 10 August 1920\. The treaty included a clause on Armenia: it made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. The drawing of definite borders was, however, left to U.S. president [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") and the United States State Department, and was only presented to Armenia on 22 November 1920\. The new borders gave Armenia access to the Black Sea and awarded large portions of the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire to the republic.{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 4}}{{rp\|40–44}} The Treaty of Sèvres was signed by the Ottoman government, but Sultan [Mehmed VI](/wiki/Mehmed_VI "Mehmed VI") never signed it and thus never came into effect. The [Turkish Revolutionaries](/wiki/Turkish_Revolutionaries "Turkish Revolutionaries"), led by [Mustafa Kemal Pasha](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha "Mustafa Kemal Pasha"), began the [Turkish National Movement](/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement "Turkish National Movement") which, in opposing any territorial concessions to either the Greeks or the Armenians.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2011}} #### Turkish and Soviet Invasion {{one source\|section\|date\=December 2015}} [right\|thumb\|Armenian civilians fleeing [Kars](/wiki/Kars "Kars") after its capture by Turkish forces](/wiki/File:Armenians_fleeing_Kars.jpg "Armenians fleeing Kars.jpg") {{further\|Turkish–Armenian War}} On 20 September 1920, Turkish nationalist militants invaded the region of [Sarikamish](/wiki/Sarikamish "Sarikamish").Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV*, pp. 184–97\. In response, Armenia declared war on Turkey on 24 September and the [Turkish invasion of Armenia (1920\)](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Armenia_%281920%29 "Turkish invasion of Armenia (1920)") began. In the regions of [Oltu](/wiki/Oltu "Oltu"), Sarikamish, [Kars](/wiki/Kars "Kars"), and [Alexandropol](/wiki/Gyumri "Gyumri") (Gyumri), Armenian forces clashed with those of the Turkish armies. [Mustafa Kemal Pasha](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha "Mustafa Kemal Pasha") had sent several delegations to Moscow in search of an alliance, where he had found a receptive response by the Soviet government, which started sending gold and weapons to the [Turkish revolutionaries](/wiki/Turkish_revolutionaries "Turkish revolutionaries"), which would prove disastrous for the Armenians.{{cite book \| last\=Ayliffe \| first\=Rosie \| title\=The Rough Guide to Turkey \| publisher\=Rough Guides \| year\=2003 \| isbn\=978\-1\-84353\-071\-8 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TbC6B1uMgSAC\&pg\=PA977 \| access\-date\=23 September 2024 \| page\=977}} Armenia gave way to [communist](/wiki/Communism "Communism") power in late 1920\. In November 1920, the [Turkish revolutionaries](/wiki/Turkish_revolutionaries "Turkish revolutionaries") captured Alexandropol and were poised to move in on the capital. A cease fire was concluded on 18 November. Negotiations were then carried out between [Kâzım Karabekir](/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir "Kâzım Karabekir") and a peace delegation led by [Alexander Khatisian](/wiki/Alexander_Khatisian "Alexander Khatisian") in Alexandropol; although Karabekir's terms were extremely harsh the Armenian delegation had little recourse but to agree to them. The [Treaty of Alexandropol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol "Treaty of Alexandropol") was signed on 3 December 1920, although the Armenian government had already fallen to the Soviets the day before.Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV*, pp. 394–96\. [thumb\|Members of the Soviet [11th Red Army](/wiki/11th_Red_Army "11th Red Army") marching down Yerevan's Abovyan Boulevard, effectively ending Armenian self\-rule](/wiki/File:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg "11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg") As the terms of defeat were being negotiated, Bolshevik [Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze](/wiki/Grigoriy_Ordzhonikidze "Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze") invaded from Azerbaijan the First Republic of Armenia to establish a new pro\-Bolshevik government in the country. The [11th Red Army](/wiki/11th_Red_Army "11th Red Army") began its virtually unopposed advance into Armenia on 29 November 1920 at [Ijevan](/wiki/Ijevan "Ijevan"). The actual transfer of power took place on 2 December 1920 in Yerevan.{{Cite web \|title\=Armenia \- Caucasus, Soviet Union, Genocide {{!}} Britannica \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Modern\-Armenia \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-28 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}} The Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary [Boris Legran](/wiki/Boris_Legran "Boris Legran"). Armenia decided to join the Soviet sphere, while Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. The Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, protect the Armenians and to not pursue non\-communist Armenians, although the final condition of this pledge was reneged when the Dashnaks were forced out of the country.{{Cite web \|title\=History of Armenia by Vahan Kurkjian • Chapter 48 \|url\=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/\_Texts/KURARM/48\*.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-28 \|website\=penelope.uchicago.edu}} On 5 December, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (*[Revkom](/wiki/Revkom "Revkom")*, made up of mostly Armenians from Azerbaijan) also entered the city.Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV*, pp. 373ff. Finally, on the following day, 6 December, [Felix Dzerzhinsky](/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky "Felix Dzerzhinsky")'s [Cheka](/wiki/Cheka "Cheka") entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending the existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia. At that point what was left of Armenia was under the influence of the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolsheviks "Bolsheviks").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2015}} Although the Bolsheviks succeeded in ousting the Turks from their positions in Armenia, they decided to establish peace with Turkey. In 1921, the Bolsheviks and the Turks signed the [Treaty of Kars](/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars "Treaty of Kars"), in which Turkey ceded [Adjara](/wiki/Adjara "Adjara") to the USSR in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of [Kars](/wiki/Kars_Province "Kars Province"), [Surmalu](/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province "Iğdır Province"), and [Ardahan](/wiki/Ardahan_Province "Ardahan Province")). The land given to Turkey included the ancient city of [Ani](/wiki/Ani "Ani") and [Mount Ararat](/wiki/Mount_Ararat "Mount Ararat"), the spiritual Armenian homeland. In 1922, the newly proclaimed [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"), under the leadership of [Alexander Miasnikyan](/wiki/Aleksandr_Myasnikyan "Aleksandr Myasnikyan"), became part of the Soviet Union as one of three republics comprising the [Transcaucasian SFSR](/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR "Transcaucasian SFSR"). ### Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991\) {{Main\|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [thumb\|The coat of arms of [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic") depicting Mount Ararat in the center](/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg "Emblem of the Armenian SSR.svg") The Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved in 1936, and as a result Armenia became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union as the [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_SSR "Armenian SSR").{{Cite web \|title\=History of Transcaucasia \- Russian Penetration, Conflict, Caucasus {{!}} Britannica \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history\-of\-Transcaucasia/Russian\-penetration \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}} The transition to [socialism](/wiki/Socialism "Socialism") was difficult for Armenia, and for most of the other republics in the Soviet Union. The Soviet authorities placed Armenians under supervision. The rate of [freedom of speech](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech") was considered low, even less so during secretaryship of [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin"). Any individual who was suspected of using or introducing [nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist "Nationalist"), [racist](/wiki/Racism "Racism") and [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism "Conservatism") [rhetoric](/wiki/Rhetoric "Rhetoric") or elements in their works were labelled traitors or propagandists, and were sent to [prisons](/wiki/Prison "Prison") in [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia "Siberia"). Even [Zabel Yesayan](/wiki/Zabel_Yesayan "Zabel Yesayan"), a writer who was fortunate enough to escape from ethnic cleansing during the Armenian genocide, was quickly exiled to Siberia after returning to Armenia from France. Armenian [SSR](/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Soviet Socialist Republic") participated in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") by sending hundreds of thousands of soldiers to the front line to defend the USSR. [Marxist–Leninist](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism "Marxism–Leninism") system had several positive aspects. Armenia benefited from the Soviet economy, especially when it was at its apex. Provincial villages gradually became towns and towns gradually became cities. Peace between Armenia and [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") was reached, albeit temporarily. During this time, Armenia had a sizeable Azeri minority, mostly centred in Yerevan. Likewise, Azerbaijan had an Armenian minority, concentrated in [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku") and [Kirovabad](/wiki/Kirovabad "Kirovabad"). Many Armenians still had nationalist and conservative sentiments, even though they were discouraged from expressing them publicly. On 24 April 1965, tens of thousands of Armenians flooded the streets of Yerevan to remind the world of the horrors that their parents and grandparents endured during the Armenian genocide of 1915\. This was the first public demonstration of such high numbers in the USSR, which defended national interests rather than collective ones. In the late 1980s, Armenia was suffering from pollution. With [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev")'s introduction of [glasnost](/wiki/Glasnost "Glasnost") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika "Perestroika"), public demonstrations became more common. Thousands of Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan because of the USSR's inability to address simple ecological concerns. Later on, with the conflict in [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh "Karabakh"), the demonstrations obtained a more nationalistic flavour. Many Armenians began to demand [statehood](/wiki/Statehood "Statehood"). In 1988, the [Spitak earthquake](/wiki/Spitak_earthquake "Spitak earthquake") killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed multiple towns in northern Armenia, such as Leninakan (modern\-day [Gyumri](/wiki/Gyumri "Gyumri")) and [Spitak](/wiki/Spitak "Spitak"). Many families were left without electricity and running water. The harsh situation caused by the earthquake and subsequent events made many residents of Armenia leave and settle in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"), [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe") and [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"). On 20 February 1988, interethnic fighting between the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno\-Karabakh and Azerbaijanis broke out shortly after the parliament of [Nagorno\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh "Nagorno-Karabakh"), an autonomous oblast in Azerbaijan, voted to unify the region with Armenia. The [First Nagorno\-Karabakh War](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "First Nagorno-Karabakh War") pitted Armenians of Nagorno\-Karabakh, backed by Armenia, against the [Army of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Army_of_Azerbaijan "Army of Azerbaijan").
[ "20th century\n------------", "### The Armenian genocide (1915–1921\\) and First World War", "{{Main\\|Armenian genocide\\|Caucasus campaign}}\n[thumb\\|Armenian civilians, being deported during the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide \"Armenian genocide\")](/wiki/File:Marcharmenians.jpg \"Marcharmenians.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|6 Armenian provinces of Western Armenia and boundaries between countries before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\")](/wiki/File:Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png \"Armenia between russian and ottoman empires.png\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Map of massacre locations and deportation and extermination centers during the Armenian genocide 1915–1916](/wiki/File:Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg \"Armenian Genocide Map-en.svg\")", "In 1915, the Ottoman Empire systematically carried out the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide \"Armenian genocide\"). This genocide was preceded by a [wave of massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres \"Hamidian massacres\") in the years 1894 to 1896, as well as another massacre [in 1909 in Adana](/wiki/Adana_massacre \"Adana massacre\"). On 24 April 1915, Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported [235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders](/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915 \"Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915\") from [Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\") to the region of [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\"), where the majority were murdered. The genocide was carried out during and after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and implemented in two phases—the wholesale killing of the able\\-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour \"Forced labour\"), followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on [death marches](/wiki/Death_march \"Death march\") leading to the [Syrian Desert](/wiki/Syrian_Desert \"Syrian Desert\"). Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.{{Citation\\|first1\\=Hans\\-Lukas\\|last1\\=Kieser\\|first2\\=Dominik J.\\|last2\\=Schaller\\|language\\=de\\|title\\=Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah\\|trans\\-title\\=The Armenian genocide and the Shoah\\|publisher\\=Chronos\\|year\\=2002\\|isbn\\=3\\-0340\\-0561\\-X\\|page\\=114}} \n{{Citation\\|title \\= Armenia: The Survival of A Nation\\|first\\=Christopher J.\\|last\\=Walker\\|publisher\\=Croom Helm\\|place\\=London\\|year\\=1980\\|pages \\=200–03}} \n{{Citation\\|title\\=The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden\\|first1\\=Viscount James\\|last1\\=Bryce\\|author\\-link\\=James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce\\|first2\\=Arnold\\|last2\\=Toynbee\\|edition\\=uncensored\\|editor\\-first\\=Ara\\|editor\\-last\\=Sarafian\\|place\\=Princeton, \\[\\[New Jersey\\|NJ]]\\|publisher\\=Gomidas\\|year\\=2000\\|isbn\\=0\\-9535191\\-5\\-5\\|pages\\=635–649}}", "Most frequently, the exact number of deaths is estimated to have been 1\\.5 million,\nFor example:\n {{cite journal\\|last1\\=Derderian\\|first1\\=K.\\|title\\=Common Fate, Different Experience: Gender\\-Specific Aspects of the Armenian Genocide, 1915\\-1917\\|journal\\=Holocaust and Genocide Studies\\|date\\=1 March 2005\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=1–25\\|language\\=en\\|quote\\=the figure of 1\\.5 million people is generally accepted as a reasonable estimate\\|issn\\=8756\\-6583\\|doi\\= 10\\.1093/hgs/dci001 \\|pmid\\=20684092\\|s2cid\\=8142484}}\n {{cite web\\|title \\= Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex\\| url\\= http://www.genocide\\-museum.am/eng/Description\\_and\\_history.php \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Tsitsernakaberd\\|Armenian Genocide Museum\\-Institute]] \\| access\\-date\\=17 June 2016}}\n {{cite news\\| last \\= Kifner \\| first\\= John\\| title\\= Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview\\| url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics\\_armeniangenocide.html \\| work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|author\\-link \\= John Kifner \\| date\\=7 December 2007}}\n* + - with other estimates ranging from 800,000 to 1,800,000\\.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Göçek\\|first1\\=Fatma Müge\\|title\\=Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009\\|date\\=2015\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-933420\\-9\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=q\\-eMBAAAQBAJ}}{{cite book \\| first \\= Yair \\| last \\= Auron \\| title \\= The banality of indifference: Zionism \\& the Armenian genocide\\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nnUR4hSTb8gC\\&pg\\=PA44 \\|year\\=2000\\|publisher \\= Transaction \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-7658\\-0881\\-3 \\| page \\= 44}}{{cite book \\| first \\= David P. \\|last\\=Forsythe \\| title \\= Encyclopedia of human rights \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1QbX90fmCVUC\\&pg\\=PA98 \\| date\\= 11 August 2009\\| format \\= Google Books \\| publisher\\= Oxford University Press\\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-19\\-533402\\-9 \\| page \\= 98 \\| volume \\= 1}}{{rp\\|98}}{{cite book \\| first1 \\= Frank Robert \\| last1 \\= Chalk \\| first2 \\= Kurt \\| last2 \\= Jonassohn \\| others \\=Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide \\| title \\=The history and sociology of genocide: analyses and case studies\\| url\\= https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal \\| url\\-access \\= registration \\| date \\= 10 September 1990\\|publisher\\= Yale University Press\\|isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-300\\-04446\\-1 \\|pages\\= \\[https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal/page/270 270]–}} These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian Christian martyr day.{{cite book \\| last \\= Freedman \\| first \\= Jeri \\| title \\= The Armenian genocide \\| publisher \\= Rosen Pub. Group \\| location \\= New York \\| year \\= 2009 \\| page \\= 49 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-4042\\-1825\\-3 }}", "### First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920\\)", "{{Main\\|First Republic of Armenia}}Between the 4th and 19th centuries, the traditional area of Armenia was conquered and ruled by Persians, Byzantines, [Arabs](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\"), [Mongols](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\"), and [Turks](/wiki/Ottoman_Turks \"Ottoman Turks\"), among others. Parts of historical Armenia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire after the collapse of these two empires in the wake of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Armenia \\- Caucasus, Soviet Union, Genocide {{!}} Britannica \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Modern\\-Armenia \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-11 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Artin H. Arslanian and Robert L. Nichols\\|date\\=1979\\|title\\=Nationalism and the Russian Civil War: The Case of Volunteer Army\\-Armenian Relations, 1918\\-20\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/150918\\|journal\\=Soviet Studies\\|volume\\=31\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=559–573\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09668137908411267\\|jstor\\=150918\\|via\\=JSTOR\\| issn \\= 0038\\-5859}}", "#### Transcaucasian Federation (1917–1918\\)", "{{See also\\|Caucasus Campaign}}\nDuring the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917 \"Russian Revolution of 1917\"), the provinces of the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\") seceded and formed their own federal state called the [Transcaucasian Federation](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic \"Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic\"). Competing national interests and war with [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") led to the dissolution of the republic half a year later, in April 1918\\.", "After the [Russian Revolution of 1917](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917 \"Russian Revolution of 1917\") and the takeover of the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolshevik \"Bolshevik\"), [Stepan Shaumyan](/wiki/Stepan_Shaumyan \"Stepan Shaumyan\") was placed in charge of Russian Armenia. In September 1917, the convention in Tiflis elected the [Armenian National Council](/wiki/Armenian_National_Council_of_Tiflis \"Armenian National Council of Tiflis\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=First Republic of Armenia 1918\\-1920 \\|url\\=https://armenian\\-history.com/first\\-republic\\-of\\-armenia\\-1918\\-1920/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=Armenian\\-History.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} the first sovereign political body of Armenians since the collapse of Lesser Armenia in 1375\\. Meanwhile, both the Ittihad (Unionist) and the Nationalists moved to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks.", "[Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk \"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk\") sent several delegations to Moscow in an attempt to win some support for his own post\\-Ottoman movement in what he saw as a modernised ethno\\-nationalist Turkey. This alliance proved disastrous for the Armenians. The signing of the Ottoman\\-Russian friendship treaty (1 January 1918\\) helped [Vehib Pasha](/wiki/Vehib_Pasha \"Vehib Pasha\") to attack the new republic. Under heavy pressure from the combined forces of the Ottoman army and the Kurdish irregulars, the Republic was forced to withdraw from Erzincan to Erzurum. In the end, the Republic had to evacuate Erzurum as well.", "Further southeast, in Van, the Armenians resisted the Turkish army until April 1918, but eventually were forced to evacuate it and withdraw to Persia. Conditions deteriorated when Azerbaijani Tatars sided with the Turks and seized the Armenian's lines of communication, thus cutting off the Armenian National Councils in Baku and Yerevan from the National Council in Tiflis. The [First Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia \"First Republic of Armenia\") was established on 28 May 1918\\.", "#### Georgian–Armenian War (1918\\)", "{{Main\\|Georgian–Armenian War\\|Democratic Republic of Georgia}}\n{{one source\\|section\\|date\\=December 2015}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|325px\\|First Republic of Armenia in 1919](/wiki/File:D_R_Armenia.png \"D R Armenia.png\")\nDuring the final stages of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the Armenians and Georgians had been defending against the advance of the Ottoman Empire. In June 1918, to forestall an Ottoman advance on [Tiflis](/wiki/Tiflis \"Tiflis\"), the Georgian troops had occupied the [Lori Province](/wiki/Lori_Province \"Lori Province\") which at the time had a 75% Armenian majority.", "After the [Armistice of Mudros](/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros \"Armistice of Mudros\") and the withdrawal of the Ottomans, the Georgian forces remained. The Georgian [Menshevik](/wiki/Menshevik \"Menshevik\") parliamentarian [Irakli Tsereteli](/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli \"Irakli Tsereteli\") suggested that the Armenians would be safer from the Turks as Georgian citizens. The Georgians offered a quadripartite conference comprising Georgia, Armenia, [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic \"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic\"), and the [Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus](/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus \"Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus\") to resolve the issue. The Armenians rejected this proposal. In December 1918, the Georgians were confronting a rebellion chiefly in the village of [Uzunlar](/wiki/Odzun \"Odzun\") in the Lori region. Within days, hostilities commenced between the two republics.Christopher Walker. *Armenian the Survival of a Nation*, pp. 267–68", "The [Georgian–Armenian War](/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Armenian_War \"Georgian–Armenian War\") was a border war fought in 1918 between the [Democratic Republic of Georgia](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia \"Democratic Republic of Georgia\") and the [First Republic of Armenia](/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia \"First Republic of Armenia\") over the then disputed provinces of [Lori](/wiki/Lori_Province \"Lori Province\") and [Javakheti](/wiki/Javakheti \"Javakheti\") which had been historically bi\\-cultural Armenian\\-Georgian territories, but were largely populated by Armenians in the 19th century.{{cite book \\|title\\=Turcology in Mainz \\|last1\\=Boeschoten \\|first1\\=Hendrik \\|last2\\=Rentzsch \\|first2\\=Julian \\|year\\=2010 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-447\\-06113\\-1 \\|page\\=142 \\|publisher\\=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=XtW6cox7CIUC}}", "#### Armenian\\-Azerbaijan War", "{{Main\\|Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920\\)}}\nA considerable degree of hostility existed between Armenia and its new neighbor to the east, the [Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan \"Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan\"), stemming largely from racial, religious, cultural and societal differences. The Azeris had close ethnic and religious ties to the Turks and had provided material support for them in their drive to [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\") in 1918\\. Although the borders of the two countries were still undefined, Azerbaijan claimed most of the territory Armenia was sitting on, demanding all or most parts of the former Russian provinces of [Elizavetpol](/wiki/Elizavetpol \"Elizavetpol\"), [Tiflis](/wiki/Tiflis \"Tiflis\"), [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan \"Yerevan\"), [Kars](/wiki/Kars_Oblast \"Kars Oblast\") and [Batum](/wiki/Batum \"Batum\").See Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. II*, p. 192, map 4\\. As diplomacy failed to accomplish compromise, even with the mediation of the commanders of a British expeditionary force that had installed itself in the Caucasus, territorial clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan took place throughout 1919 and 1920, most notably in the regions of [Nakhichevan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic \"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\"), [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh \"Karabakh\"), and [Syunik](/wiki/Syunik_Province \"Syunik Province\") (Zangezur). Repeated attempts to bring these provinces under Azerbaijani jurisdiction were met with fierce resistance by their Armenian inhabitants. In May 1919, [Dro](/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan \"Drastamat Kanayan\") led an expeditionary unit that was successful in establishing Armenian administrative control in [Nakhichevan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic \"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\").Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. I*, pp. 243–47\\.", "### Paris Peace Conference", "{{External media\\|image1\\=\\[https://i.imgur.com/15Zq8pv.jpg Map of Armenia, as proposed at Paris Peace Conference]\\|title\\=}}\nAt [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 \"Paris Peace Conference, 1919\") in 1919 it was proposed to create large ({{convert\\|127491\\|sqmi\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=or\\|order\\=flip}}) Armenian state, including the territory of former [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia \"Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia\") with total population of 4\\.3 million, 2\\.5 million of which would be Armenians.{{Cite book\\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/armenianquestion00pari\\|title\\=The Armenian question before the Peace conference\\|last\\=Paris. Peace conference\\|first\\=1919 Armenia \\[from old catalog\\|date\\=1919\\|publisher\\=\\[New York, Press Bureau, The Armenian National Union of America\\|others\\=The Library of Congress}}", "#### Treaty of Sèvres", "[thumb\\|300px\\|The planned partition of the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") according to the superseded [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres \"Treaty of Sèvres\") of 1920](/wiki/File:Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg \"Treaty of Sèvres 1920.svg\")\n[thumb\\|The proposed Armenian state created by the [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres \"Treaty of Sèvres\")](/wiki/File:Boundary_between_Turkey_and_Armenia_as_determined_by_Woodrow_Wilson_1920.jpg \"Boundary between Turkey and Armenia as determined by Woodrow Wilson 1920.jpg\")", "The [Treaty of Sèvres](/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres \"Treaty of Sèvres\") was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at [Sèvres](/wiki/S%C3%A8vres \"Sèvres\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), on 10 August 1920\\. The treaty included a clause on Armenia: it made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. The drawing of definite borders was, however, left to U.S. president [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\") and the United States State Department, and was only presented to Armenia on 22 November 1920\\. The new borders gave Armenia access to the Black Sea and awarded large portions of the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire to the republic.{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 4}}{{rp\\|40–44}}", "The Treaty of Sèvres was signed by the Ottoman government, but Sultan [Mehmed VI](/wiki/Mehmed_VI \"Mehmed VI\") never signed it and thus never came into effect. The [Turkish Revolutionaries](/wiki/Turkish_Revolutionaries \"Turkish Revolutionaries\"), led by [Mustafa Kemal Pasha](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha \"Mustafa Kemal Pasha\"), began the [Turkish National Movement](/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement \"Turkish National Movement\") which, in opposing any territorial concessions to either the Greeks or the Armenians.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2011}}", "#### Turkish and Soviet Invasion", "{{one source\\|section\\|date\\=December 2015}}\n[right\\|thumb\\|Armenian civilians fleeing [Kars](/wiki/Kars \"Kars\") after its capture by Turkish forces](/wiki/File:Armenians_fleeing_Kars.jpg \"Armenians fleeing Kars.jpg\")\n{{further\\|Turkish–Armenian War}}\nOn 20 September 1920, Turkish nationalist militants invaded the region of [Sarikamish](/wiki/Sarikamish \"Sarikamish\").Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV*, pp. 184–97\\. In response, Armenia declared war on Turkey on 24 September and the [Turkish invasion of Armenia (1920\\)](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Armenia_%281920%29 \"Turkish invasion of Armenia (1920)\") began. In the regions of [Oltu](/wiki/Oltu \"Oltu\"), Sarikamish, [Kars](/wiki/Kars \"Kars\"), and [Alexandropol](/wiki/Gyumri \"Gyumri\") (Gyumri), Armenian forces clashed with those of the Turkish armies. [Mustafa Kemal Pasha](/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha \"Mustafa Kemal Pasha\") had sent several delegations to Moscow in search of an alliance, where he had found a receptive response by the Soviet government, which started sending gold and weapons to the [Turkish revolutionaries](/wiki/Turkish_revolutionaries \"Turkish revolutionaries\"), which would prove disastrous for the Armenians.{{cite book \\| last\\=Ayliffe \\| first\\=Rosie \\| title\\=The Rough Guide to Turkey \\| publisher\\=Rough Guides \\| year\\=2003 \\| isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84353\\-071\\-8 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TbC6B1uMgSAC\\&pg\\=PA977 \\| access\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\| page\\=977}}", "Armenia gave way to [communist](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") power in late 1920\\. In November 1920, the [Turkish revolutionaries](/wiki/Turkish_revolutionaries \"Turkish revolutionaries\") captured Alexandropol and were poised to move in on the capital. A cease fire was concluded on 18 November. Negotiations were then carried out between [Kâzım Karabekir](/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir \"Kâzım Karabekir\") and a peace delegation led by [Alexander Khatisian](/wiki/Alexander_Khatisian \"Alexander Khatisian\") in Alexandropol; although Karabekir's terms were extremely harsh the Armenian delegation had little recourse but to agree to them. The [Treaty of Alexandropol](/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol \"Treaty of Alexandropol\") was signed on 3 December 1920, although the Armenian government had already fallen to the Soviets the day before.Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV*, pp. 394–96\\.", "[thumb\\|Members of the Soviet [11th Red Army](/wiki/11th_Red_Army \"11th Red Army\") marching down Yerevan's Abovyan Boulevard, effectively ending Armenian self\\-rule](/wiki/File:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg \"11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg\")", "As the terms of defeat were being negotiated, Bolshevik [Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze](/wiki/Grigoriy_Ordzhonikidze \"Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze\") invaded from Azerbaijan the First Republic of Armenia to establish a new pro\\-Bolshevik government in the country. The [11th Red Army](/wiki/11th_Red_Army \"11th Red Army\") began its virtually unopposed advance into Armenia on 29 November 1920 at [Ijevan](/wiki/Ijevan \"Ijevan\"). The actual transfer of power took place on 2 December 1920 in Yerevan.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Armenia \\- Caucasus, Soviet Union, Genocide {{!}} Britannica \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Modern\\-Armenia \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-28 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}}", "The Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary [Boris Legran](/wiki/Boris_Legran \"Boris Legran\"). Armenia decided to join the Soviet sphere, while Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. The Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, protect the Armenians and to not pursue non\\-communist Armenians, although the final condition of this pledge was reneged when the Dashnaks were forced out of the country.{{Cite web \\|title\\=History of Armenia by Vahan Kurkjian • Chapter 48 \\|url\\=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/\\_Texts/KURARM/48\\*.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-28 \\|website\\=penelope.uchicago.edu}}", "On 5 December, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (*[Revkom](/wiki/Revkom \"Revkom\")*, made up of mostly Armenians from Azerbaijan) also entered the city.Hovannisian. *Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV*, pp. 373ff. Finally, on the following day, 6 December, [Felix Dzerzhinsky](/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky \"Felix Dzerzhinsky\")'s [Cheka](/wiki/Cheka \"Cheka\") entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending the existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia. At that point what was left of Armenia was under the influence of the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolsheviks \"Bolsheviks\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2015}}", "Although the Bolsheviks succeeded in ousting the Turks from their positions in Armenia, they decided to establish peace with Turkey. In 1921, the Bolsheviks and the Turks signed the [Treaty of Kars](/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars \"Treaty of Kars\"), in which Turkey ceded [Adjara](/wiki/Adjara \"Adjara\") to the USSR in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of [Kars](/wiki/Kars_Province \"Kars Province\"), [Surmalu](/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province \"Iğdır Province\"), and [Ardahan](/wiki/Ardahan_Province \"Ardahan Province\")). The land given to Turkey included the ancient city of [Ani](/wiki/Ani \"Ani\") and [Mount Ararat](/wiki/Mount_Ararat \"Mount Ararat\"), the spiritual Armenian homeland. In 1922, the newly proclaimed [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic\"), under the leadership of [Alexander Miasnikyan](/wiki/Aleksandr_Myasnikyan \"Aleksandr Myasnikyan\"), became part of the Soviet Union as one of three republics comprising the [Transcaucasian SFSR](/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR \"Transcaucasian SFSR\").", "### Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991\\)", "{{Main\\|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}}\n[thumb\\|The coat of arms of [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic\") depicting Mount Ararat in the center](/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg \"Emblem of the Armenian SSR.svg\")", "The Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved in 1936, and as a result Armenia became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union as the [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_SSR \"Armenian SSR\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=History of Transcaucasia \\- Russian Penetration, Conflict, Caucasus {{!}} Britannica \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history\\-of\\-Transcaucasia/Russian\\-penetration \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}} The transition to [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\") was difficult for Armenia, and for most of the other republics in the Soviet Union. The Soviet authorities placed Armenians under supervision. The rate of [freedom of speech](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech \"Freedom of speech\") was considered low, even less so during secretaryship of [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\"). Any individual who was suspected of using or introducing [nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist \"Nationalist\"), [racist](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\") and [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism \"Conservatism\") [rhetoric](/wiki/Rhetoric \"Rhetoric\") or elements in their works were labelled traitors or propagandists, and were sent to [prisons](/wiki/Prison \"Prison\") in [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia \"Siberia\"). Even [Zabel Yesayan](/wiki/Zabel_Yesayan \"Zabel Yesayan\"), a writer who was fortunate enough to escape from ethnic cleansing during the Armenian genocide, was quickly exiled to Siberia after returning to Armenia from France.", "Armenian [SSR](/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Soviet Socialist Republic\") participated in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") by sending hundreds of thousands of soldiers to the front line to defend the USSR. [Marxist–Leninist](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism \"Marxism–Leninism\") system had several positive aspects. Armenia benefited from the Soviet economy, especially when it was at its apex. Provincial villages gradually became towns and towns gradually became cities. Peace between Armenia and [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\") was reached, albeit temporarily. During this time, Armenia had a sizeable Azeri minority, mostly centred in Yerevan. Likewise, Azerbaijan had an Armenian minority, concentrated in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\") and [Kirovabad](/wiki/Kirovabad \"Kirovabad\").", "Many Armenians still had nationalist and conservative sentiments, even though they were discouraged from expressing them publicly. On 24 April 1965, tens of thousands of Armenians flooded the streets of Yerevan to remind the world of the horrors that their parents and grandparents endured during the Armenian genocide of 1915\\. This was the first public demonstration of such high numbers in the USSR, which defended national interests rather than collective ones. In the late 1980s, Armenia was suffering from pollution. With [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev \"Mikhail Gorbachev\")'s introduction of [glasnost](/wiki/Glasnost \"Glasnost\") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika \"Perestroika\"), public demonstrations became more common. Thousands of Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan because of the USSR's inability to address simple ecological concerns. Later on, with the conflict in [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh \"Karabakh\"), the demonstrations obtained a more nationalistic flavour. Many Armenians began to demand [statehood](/wiki/Statehood \"Statehood\").", "In 1988, the [Spitak earthquake](/wiki/Spitak_earthquake \"Spitak earthquake\") killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed multiple towns in northern Armenia, such as Leninakan (modern\\-day [Gyumri](/wiki/Gyumri \"Gyumri\")) and [Spitak](/wiki/Spitak \"Spitak\"). Many families were left without electricity and running water. The harsh situation caused by the earthquake and subsequent events made many residents of Armenia leave and settle in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\"), [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\") and [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").", "On 20 February 1988, interethnic fighting between the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno\\-Karabakh and Azerbaijanis broke out shortly after the parliament of [Nagorno\\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh \"Nagorno-Karabakh\"), an autonomous oblast in Azerbaijan, voted to unify the region with Armenia. The [First Nagorno\\-Karabakh War](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War \"First Nagorno-Karabakh War\") pitted Armenians of Nagorno\\-Karabakh, backed by Armenia, against the [Army of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Army_of_Azerbaijan \"Army of Azerbaijan\").", "" ]
### Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991\) {{Main\|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [thumb\|The coat of arms of [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic") depicting Mount Ararat in the center](/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg "Emblem of the Armenian SSR.svg") The Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved in 1936, and as a result Armenia became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union as the [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_SSR "Armenian SSR").{{Cite web \|title\=History of Transcaucasia \- Russian Penetration, Conflict, Caucasus {{!}} Britannica \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history\-of\-Transcaucasia/Russian\-penetration \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}} The transition to [socialism](/wiki/Socialism "Socialism") was difficult for Armenia, and for most of the other republics in the Soviet Union. The Soviet authorities placed Armenians under supervision. The rate of [freedom of speech](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech") was considered low, even less so during secretaryship of [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin"). Any individual who was suspected of using or introducing [nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist "Nationalist"), [racist](/wiki/Racism "Racism") and [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism "Conservatism") [rhetoric](/wiki/Rhetoric "Rhetoric") or elements in their works were labelled traitors or propagandists, and were sent to [prisons](/wiki/Prison "Prison") in [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia "Siberia"). Even [Zabel Yesayan](/wiki/Zabel_Yesayan "Zabel Yesayan"), a writer who was fortunate enough to escape from ethnic cleansing during the Armenian genocide, was quickly exiled to Siberia after returning to Armenia from France. Armenian [SSR](/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Soviet Socialist Republic") participated in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") by sending hundreds of thousands of soldiers to the front line to defend the USSR. [Marxist–Leninist](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism "Marxism–Leninism") system had several positive aspects. Armenia benefited from the Soviet economy, especially when it was at its apex. Provincial villages gradually became towns and towns gradually became cities. Peace between Armenia and [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") was reached, albeit temporarily. During this time, Armenia had a sizeable Azeri minority, mostly centred in Yerevan. Likewise, Azerbaijan had an Armenian minority, concentrated in [Baku](/wiki/Baku "Baku") and [Kirovabad](/wiki/Kirovabad "Kirovabad"). Many Armenians still had nationalist and conservative sentiments, even though they were discouraged from expressing them publicly. On 24 April 1965, tens of thousands of Armenians flooded the streets of Yerevan to remind the world of the horrors that their parents and grandparents endured during the Armenian genocide of 1915\. This was the first public demonstration of such high numbers in the USSR, which defended national interests rather than collective ones. In the late 1980s, Armenia was suffering from pollution. With [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev")'s introduction of [glasnost](/wiki/Glasnost "Glasnost") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika "Perestroika"), public demonstrations became more common. Thousands of Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan because of the USSR's inability to address simple ecological concerns. Later on, with the conflict in [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh "Karabakh"), the demonstrations obtained a more nationalistic flavour. Many Armenians began to demand [statehood](/wiki/Statehood "Statehood"). In 1988, the [Spitak earthquake](/wiki/Spitak_earthquake "Spitak earthquake") killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed multiple towns in northern Armenia, such as Leninakan (modern\-day [Gyumri](/wiki/Gyumri "Gyumri")) and [Spitak](/wiki/Spitak "Spitak"). Many families were left without electricity and running water. The harsh situation caused by the earthquake and subsequent events made many residents of Armenia leave and settle in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"), [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe") and [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"). On 20 February 1988, interethnic fighting between the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno\-Karabakh and Azerbaijanis broke out shortly after the parliament of [Nagorno\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh "Nagorno-Karabakh"), an autonomous oblast in Azerbaijan, voted to unify the region with Armenia. The [First Nagorno\-Karabakh War](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "First Nagorno-Karabakh War") pitted Armenians of Nagorno\-Karabakh, backed by Armenia, against the [Army of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Army_of_Azerbaijan "Army of Azerbaijan").
[ "### Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991\\)", "{{Main\\|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}}\n[thumb\\|The coat of arms of [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic\") depicting Mount Ararat in the center](/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg \"Emblem of the Armenian SSR.svg\")", "The Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved in 1936, and as a result Armenia became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union as the [Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Armenian_SSR \"Armenian SSR\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=History of Transcaucasia \\- Russian Penetration, Conflict, Caucasus {{!}} Britannica \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history\\-of\\-Transcaucasia/Russian\\-penetration \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}} The transition to [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\") was difficult for Armenia, and for most of the other republics in the Soviet Union. The Soviet authorities placed Armenians under supervision. The rate of [freedom of speech](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech \"Freedom of speech\") was considered low, even less so during secretaryship of [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\"). Any individual who was suspected of using or introducing [nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist \"Nationalist\"), [racist](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\") and [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism \"Conservatism\") [rhetoric](/wiki/Rhetoric \"Rhetoric\") or elements in their works were labelled traitors or propagandists, and were sent to [prisons](/wiki/Prison \"Prison\") in [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia \"Siberia\"). Even [Zabel Yesayan](/wiki/Zabel_Yesayan \"Zabel Yesayan\"), a writer who was fortunate enough to escape from ethnic cleansing during the Armenian genocide, was quickly exiled to Siberia after returning to Armenia from France.", "Armenian [SSR](/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Soviet Socialist Republic\") participated in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") by sending hundreds of thousands of soldiers to the front line to defend the USSR. [Marxist–Leninist](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism \"Marxism–Leninism\") system had several positive aspects. Armenia benefited from the Soviet economy, especially when it was at its apex. Provincial villages gradually became towns and towns gradually became cities. Peace between Armenia and [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\") was reached, albeit temporarily. During this time, Armenia had a sizeable Azeri minority, mostly centred in Yerevan. Likewise, Azerbaijan had an Armenian minority, concentrated in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\") and [Kirovabad](/wiki/Kirovabad \"Kirovabad\").", "Many Armenians still had nationalist and conservative sentiments, even though they were discouraged from expressing them publicly. On 24 April 1965, tens of thousands of Armenians flooded the streets of Yerevan to remind the world of the horrors that their parents and grandparents endured during the Armenian genocide of 1915\\. This was the first public demonstration of such high numbers in the USSR, which defended national interests rather than collective ones. In the late 1980s, Armenia was suffering from pollution. With [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev \"Mikhail Gorbachev\")'s introduction of [glasnost](/wiki/Glasnost \"Glasnost\") and [perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika \"Perestroika\"), public demonstrations became more common. Thousands of Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan because of the USSR's inability to address simple ecological concerns. Later on, with the conflict in [Karabakh](/wiki/Karabakh \"Karabakh\"), the demonstrations obtained a more nationalistic flavour. Many Armenians began to demand [statehood](/wiki/Statehood \"Statehood\").", "In 1988, the [Spitak earthquake](/wiki/Spitak_earthquake \"Spitak earthquake\") killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed multiple towns in northern Armenia, such as Leninakan (modern\\-day [Gyumri](/wiki/Gyumri \"Gyumri\")) and [Spitak](/wiki/Spitak \"Spitak\"). Many families were left without electricity and running water. The harsh situation caused by the earthquake and subsequent events made many residents of Armenia leave and settle in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\"), [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\") and [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").", "On 20 February 1988, interethnic fighting between the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno\\-Karabakh and Azerbaijanis broke out shortly after the parliament of [Nagorno\\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh \"Nagorno-Karabakh\"), an autonomous oblast in Azerbaijan, voted to unify the region with Armenia. The [First Nagorno\\-Karabakh War](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War \"First Nagorno-Karabakh War\") pitted Armenians of Nagorno\\-Karabakh, backed by Armenia, against the [Army of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Army_of_Azerbaijan \"Army of Azerbaijan\").", "" ]
Independent Armenia (from 1991\) -------------------------------- [thumb\|300px\|Political map of the region, CIA, 2002](/wiki/File:Eastern_Turkey_and_vicinity..jpg "Eastern Turkey and vicinity..jpg") [thumb\|300px\|Distribution of Armenians in the Caucasus](/wiki/File:DistributionOfArmeniansInTheCaucasus.png "DistributionOfArmeniansInTheCaucasus.png") [thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|The modern concept of United Armenia as claimed by the [Armenian Revolutionary Federation](/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation "Armenian Revolutionary Federation"). Orange: areas overwhelmingly populated by Armenians (Republic of Armenia: 98%;{{cite web\|title\=2011 Census Results\|url\=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv\_03\_13a\_520\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://armstat.am/file/article/sv\_03\_13a\_520\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2022\-10\-09 \|url\-status\=live\|website\=armstat.am\|publisher\=National Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia\|page\=144}} Nagorno\-Karabakh: 99%; Javakheti: 95%) Yellow: Historically Armenian areas with presently no or insignificant Armenian population (Western Armenia and Nakhichevan)](/wiki/File:United_Armenia.png "United Armenia.png") Armenia declared its [independence](/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Armenia "Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia") from the Soviet Union on 23 August 1990\.[ARMENIAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE](http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?ID=2602&lang=eng&sel=show) Independence was confirmed by [referendum](/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum "1991 Armenian independence referendum") on 21 September 1991\. However, widespread recognition did not occur until the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991\. Armenia faced many challenges during its first years as a [sovereign state](/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state"). Several Armenian organizations from around the world quickly arrived to offer aid and to participate in the country's early years. From Canada, a group of young students and volunteers under the [CYMA \- Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia](/wiki/CYMA_-_Canadian_Youth_Mission_to_Armenia "CYMA - Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia") banner arrived in Ararat Region and became the first youth organization to contribute to the newly independent Republic. Following the Armenian victory in the [First Nagorno\-Karabakh War](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "First Nagorno-Karabakh War"), both Azerbaijan and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") closed their borders and imposed a blockade which they retain to this day, severely affecting the economy of the fledgling republic. In October 2009 Turkey and Armenia signed a treaty to normalize relations. ### Ter\-Petrosyan presidency (1991–1998\) [thumb\|Inauguration of [Levon Ter\-Petrosyan](/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan "Levon Ter-Petrosyan") as president in 1991](/wiki/File:Film_Matyan_ankakhutyan.jpg "Film Matyan ankakhutyan.jpg") [Levon Ter\-Petrosyan](/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan "Levon Ter-Petrosyan") was popularly elected the first president of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991 and re\-elected on 22 September 1996\.{{Cite web \|title\=Armenia \- Independence, Caucasus, Soviet Union {{!}} Britannica \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Independence \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-11 \|website\=www.britannica.com \|language\=en}} His re\-election was marred by allegations of electoral fraud reported by the opposition and supported by many international observers. His popularity waned further as the opposition started blaming him for the economic quagmire that Armenia's post\-Soviet economy was in. He was also unpopular with one party in particular, the [Armenian Revolutionary Federation](/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation "Armenian Revolutionary Federation"), which he banned and jailed on the grounds that the party had a foreign\-based leadership—something which was forbidden according to the Armenian Constitution. Ter\-Petrosyan was forced to step down in February 1998 after advocating compromised settlement of the conflict over [Nagorno\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh "Nagorno-Karabakh") which many Armenians regarded as undermining their security. Ter\-Petrosyan's key ministers, led by then\-Prime Minister [Robert Kocharyan](/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan "Robert Kocharyan"), refused to accept a peace plan for Karabakh put forward by international mediators in September 1997\. The plan, accepted by Ter\-Petrosyan and Azerbaijan, called for a "phased" or "step\-by\-step" settlement of the conflict which would postpone an agreement on Nagorno\-Karabakh's status, the main stumbling block. That agreement was to accompany the return of most [Armenian\-occupied Azerbaijani territories around Nagorno\-Karabakh](/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh "Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh") and the lifting of the Azerbaijani and Turkish blockades of Armenia.{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2008}} In January 1998, Ter\-Petrosyan's ministers forced Ter\-Petrosyan to resign.{{Citation\|last1\=Remler\|first1\=Philip\|title\=OSCE Minsk Group: Lessons from the Past and Tasks for the Future\|date\=2021\|work\=OSCE Insights 2020\|pages\=1–15\|others\=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg\|publisher\=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG\|doi\=10\.5771/9783748922339\-06\|isbn\=978\-3\-7489\-2233\-9\|last2\=Giragosian\|first2\=Richard\|last3\=Lorenzini\|first3\=Marina\|last4\=Rastoltsev\|first4\=Sergei\|s2cid\=234336533\|doi\-access\=free}} ### Kocharyan presidency (1998–2008\) [thumb\|left\|[Robert Kocharyan](/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan "Robert Kocharyan")](/wiki/File:Robert_Kocharyan.jpg "Robert Kocharyan.jpg") After the resignation of his predecessor [Levon Ter\-Petrosyan](/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan "Levon Ter-Petrosyan"), [Robert Kocharyan](/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan "Robert Kocharyan") was elected Armenia's second president on 30 March 1998, defeating his main rival, [Karen Demirchyan](/wiki/Karen_Demirchyan "Karen Demirchyan"), in an [early presidential election marred by irregularities and violations](/wiki/1998_Armenian_presidential_election "1998 Armenian presidential election") by both sides as reported by international electoral observers. Complaints included that Kocharyan had not been an Armenian citizen for ten years as required by the constitution. ["Armenian president resigns"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/s/w_asia/52898.stm){{Dead link\|date\=June 2021 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, BBC.co.uk, 4 February 1998\. In early 1998, Kocharyan rejected the 1997 OSCE Minsk Group peace plan and initiated a new phase of Nagorno\-Karabakh negotiations, where Heydar Aliyev and Kocharyan negotiated secret from their publics and senior officials. In 1999, they orally agreed to a land swap that would annex Nagorno\-Karabakh to Armenia in exchange for a strip of land connecting Azerbaijan and its exclave of Nakhichvan along the Iranian\-Armenian border. In the fall of that year, Aliyev and Kocharyan informed the Minsk Group Co\-Chairs of their plan and asked them to put it in writing. Weeks later, several opposition leaders in the Armenian Parliament and the Prime Minister of Armenia were killed by gunmen in an episode known as the [1999 Armenian parliament shooting](/wiki/Armenian_parliament_shooting "Armenian parliament shooting"). Kocharyan himself negotiated with terrorists to lease the MP hostages. It is widely believed by Armenians at large that Kocharyan is responsible for the parliament shooting.{{cite book\|last\=Kaeter\|first\=Margaret\|title\=The Caucasian republics\|publisher\=Facts on File\|location\=New York\|isbn\=9780816052684\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/caucasianrepubli00kaet/page/43 43–44]\|year\=2004\|quote\=However, political observers across the world speculate that Sarkissian was hoping to take a stronger position on the Nagorno\-Karabakh issue than Kocharian liked. Many Armenians believe the shootings were the result of a conspiracy, in which Kocharian was involved. They note that some of Kocharian's main political rivals at the time were among those killed.\|url\=https://archive.org/details/caucasianrepubli00kaet/page/43}}{{cite book\|last\=Zürcher\|first\=Christoph\|title\=The post\-Soviet wars: rebellion, ethnic conflict, and nationhood in the Caucasus\|year\=2007\|publisher\=New York University Press\|location\=New York\|isbn\=9780814797099\|page\=173\|author\-link\=:de:Christoph Zürcher\|quote\=He \[Kocharian] is rumored to have been behind the gunning down of several of his opponents on the floor of the parliament in 1999\.}} Thereafter, Kocharyan informed the Minsk Group that he was not able to support the peace deal anymore. The [2003 Armenian presidential election](/wiki/2003_Armenian_presidential_election "2003 Armenian presidential election") were held on 19 February and on 5 March 2003\. No candidate received a majority in the first round of the election with the [incumbent](/wiki/Incumbent "Incumbent") president Kocharyan winning slightly under 50% of the vote. Therefore, a second round was held and Kocharyan defeated [Stepan Demirchyan](/wiki/Stepan_Demirchyan "Stepan Demirchyan") with official results showed him winning just over 67% of the vote. In both rounds, electoral observers from the [OSCE](/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe") reported significant amounts of [electoral fraud](/wiki/Electoral_fraud "Electoral fraud") by Demirchyan's supporters and numerous supporters of Demirchyan were arrested before the second round took place.{{cite news\|first\=David\|last\=Stern\|title\=Anger at 'flawed' poll in Armenia\|newspaper\=Financial Times\|page\=4\|date\=7 March 2003}} Demirchyan described the election as having been rigged and called on his supporters to rally against the results.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2820893\.stm\|title\=Incumbent 'wins' Armenia vote\|access\-date\=23 May 2009\|date\=6 March 2003\|website\=\[\[BBC Online]]}} Tens of thousands of Armenians protested in the days after the election against the results and called on President Kocharyan to step down. Kocharyan was sworn in for a second term in early April and the [constitutional court](/wiki/Constitutional_court "Constitutional court") upheld the election, while recommending that a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum") be held within a year to confirm the election result. [thumb\|Military situation of Nagorno\-Karabakh in May 2016](/wiki/File:Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png "Nagorno-Karabakh Map2.png") As president, Kocharyan continued to negotiate a peaceful resolution with Azerbaijani president [Ilham Aliyev](/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev "Ilham Aliyev") on the status of Nagorno\-Karabakh. Talks between Aliyev and Kocharyan were held in September 2004 in [Astana](/wiki/Nur-Sultan "Nur-Sultan"), [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), on the sidelines of the [CIS](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States") summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of Armenian forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Nagorno\-Karabakh, and holding [referendums](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum") (plebiscites) in Nagorno\-Karabakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On 10–11 February 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in [Rambouillet](/wiki/Rambouillet "Rambouillet"), [France](/wiki/France "France") to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict, including the withdrawal of troops, formation of international peace keeping troops, and the status of Nagorno\-Karabakh.{{cite web\|url\=http://armenianow.com/?action\=viewArticle\&AID\=1346\&CID\=1511\&IID\=\&lng\=eng\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221308/http://armenianow.com/?action\=viewArticle\&AID\=1346\&CID\=1511\&IID\=\&lng\=eng\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=26 September 2007\|title\=Drawing the Line: Maps meet principles in the search for a settlement over Nagorno Karabakh\|publisher\=ArmeniaNow.com\|access\-date\=10 December 2015}} Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Nagorno\-Karabakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from [Kalbajar](/wiki/Kalbajar "Kalbajar") still being contentious. The next session of the talks was held in March 2006 in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") Russian president [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") applied pressure to both parties to settle the disputes.["Putin Going to Invite Kocharyan to Moscow to Discuss Karabakh Issue"](http://www.yerkir.am/eng/index.php?sub=news_arm&id=21875) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006092432/http://www.yerkir.am/eng/index.php?sub\=news\_arm\&id\=21875 \|date\=6 October 2007 }}, yerkir.am, 23 February 2006\. No progress arose from further meetings in Minsk and Moscow in November 2006\."Peter Semneby: EU tries to create trust between Karabakh and Azerbaijan" More than 4 bln dollars were stolen by his clan in Armenia, YERKIR.am, 21 February 2007\. ### Sargsyan presidency (2008–2018\) [thumb\|[Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan "Serzh Sargsyan")](/wiki/File:Serj1.jpg "Serj1.jpg") [Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan "Serzh Sargsyan"), then [Prime Minister of Armenia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia "Prime Minister of Armenia") and having President Kocharyan's backing, was viewed as the strongest contender for the post of President of Armenia in the [February 2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election "2008 Armenian presidential election").[The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (27 November 2005\), Chapter 3: The President of the Republic, Article 50](http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter=3) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015161259/http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter\=3 \|date\=15 October 2008 }}, president.am; accessed 10 December 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2007/09/14/teknatsu\|title\=ROBERT KOCHARYAN TO SUPPORT SERZH SARGSYAN\|author\=Helix Consulting LLC\|publisher\=panorama.am\|access\-date\=10 December 2015}} Ter\-Petrosyan officially announced his candidacy in the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election "2008 Armenian presidential election") in a speech in Yerevan on 26 October 2007\. He accused Kocharyan's government of massive corruption, involving the theft of "at least three to four billion dollars" over the previous five years. He was critical of the government's claims of strong economic growth and argued that Kocharyan and his Prime Minister, [Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan "Serzh Sargsyan"), had come to accept a solution to the problem of [Nagorno\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh "Nagorno-Karabakh") that was effectively the same solution that he had proposed ten years earlier. A number of opposition parties have rallied behind him since his return to the political arena, including the [People's Party of Armenia](/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Armenia "People's Party of Armenia"), led by [Stepan Demirchyan](/wiki/Stepan_Demirchyan "Stepan Demirchyan"); the Armenian Republic Party, led by [Aram Sargsyan](/wiki/Aram_Sargsyan "Aram Sargsyan");Emil Danielian and Liz Fuller, ["Armenian Ex\-President Confirms Comeback Plans"](http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/fc64b5fb-efac-4463-8e9f-13b3d6fd1714.html), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1 November 2007\. the [Social Democrat Hunchakian Party](/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party "Social Democrat Hunchakian Party"); [Azadakrum](/wiki/Azadakrum "Azadakrum"), led by [Jirair Sefilian](/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian "Jirair Sefilian"); the [New Times Party](/wiki/New_Times_Party "New Times Party"); and the [Heritage Party](/wiki/Heritage_%28Armenia%29 "Heritage (Armenia)"), led by [Raffi Hovannisian](/wiki/Raffi_Hovannisian "Raffi Hovannisian").[Payqar newspaper](http://www.payqar.org/am/1) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310202753/http://www.payqar.org/am/1/ \|date\=10 March 2008 }}; accessed 10 December 2015\. [left\|thumb\|1 March mass protests](/wiki/File:Armenian_Presidential_Elections_2008_Protest_Day_11_-_French_Embassy_Demonstration_430pm_general_view.jpg "Armenian Presidential Elections 2008 Protest Day 11 - French Embassy Demonstration 430pm general view.jpg") {{Main\|2008 Armenian presidential election protests}} Final results from the election, which was held on 19 February 2008, officially showed Sargsyan winning about 53% of the vote, and Ter\-Petrosyan in second place with 21\.5% of the vote.["Sargsyan wins Armenian presidential race"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120215080451/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/20/content_7637405.htm), Xinhua, 20 February 2008\. Ter\-Petrosyan and his supporters accused the government of rigging the election and claimed victory;["Armenian opposition candidate accuses prime minister of election violations"](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/19/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907111721/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/19/europe/EU\-POL\-Armenia\-Presidential\-Election.php \|date\=7 September 2008 }}, Associated Press (*International Herald Tribune*), 19 February 2008\. beginning 20 February, he led [continuous protests](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election_protests "2008 Armenian presidential election protests") involving tens of thousands of his supporters in Yerevan.["Thousands challenge victory of Armenian PM in presidential vote in 2nd day of protests"](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015211656/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU\-POL\-Armenia\-Presidential\-Election.php \|date\=15 October 2008 }}, *International Herald Tribune*, 21 February 2008\. On the early morning of 1 March, reportedly acting on evidence of firearms in the camp, the authorities moved in to inspect the tents set up by demonstrators. Law enforcement agents then violently dispersed the hundreds of protestors camped in. Ter\-Petrosyan was placed under de facto house arrest, not being allowed to leave his home, though the authorities later denied the allegations.["Ter\-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest', Rally Broken Up"](http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D\-A75D\-4E48\-B0D6\-5D3A83069160\.ASP \|date\=23 November 2008 }}, armenialiberty.org, March 2008; accessed 10 December 2015\. A few hours later, tens of thousands of protestors or more gathered at Miyasnikyan Square to protest the government's act. Police, overwhelmed by the sheer size of the crowd, pulled out. A state of emergency was implemented by President Kocharyan at 5 pm, allowing the army to be moved into the capital. By nightfall, a few thousand protesters had barricaded themselves using commandeered municipal buses. As a result of skirmishes with the police, ten people died, including policemen.["Armenia: Eight Killed After Clashes Between Police, Protesters"](http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/03/7D25D2BD-9268-4233-A631-BF5F29FD5BCE.html), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 2 March 2008\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0301/armenia.html\|title\=State of emergency declared in Armenia\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ News]]\|date\=1 March 2008\|access\-date\=9 September 2010}} This was followed by mass arrests and purges of prominent members of the opposition, as well as a *de facto ban* on any further anti\-government protests. Sargsyan was recognized as legitimate president["Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081111180342/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189\.htm \|date\=11 November 2008 }}, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") (NY), 2 March 2008\.[Ter\-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest,' Rally Broken Up](http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D\-A75D\-4E48\-B0D6\-5D3A83069160\.ASP \|date\=23 November 2008 }}, [Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty](/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty "Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"), 1 March 2008\. On 10 October 2009, the Turkish\-Armenian protocols on the establishment of diplomatic relations constituted a novelty in Turkish\-Armenian relations. Sargsyan accepted the proposal of studying the issue of the Armenian genocide through a commission, and recognized the current Turkish\-Armenian border. In 2009–10, the Azerbaijan's military build\-up along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed problems in the [South Caucasus](/wiki/Transcaucasia "Transcaucasia").{{cite web\|title\=Statement by President Serzh Sargsyan at the General Debate of the 63 rd session of the general assembly \|url\=http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id\=19 \|work\=President.am \|date\=25 September 2008 \|access\-date\=11 April 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017054418/http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id\=19 \|archive\-date\=17 October 2008 }} In 2011, [protests](/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests "2011 Armenian protests") erupted in Armenia as part of the [revolutionary wave](/wiki/Revolutionary_wave "Revolutionary wave") [sweeping](/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring") through the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East"). Protesters continue to demand an investigation into the 2008 violence, the release of political prisoners, an improvement in socioeconomic conditions, and the institution of democratic reforms. The [Armenian National Congress](/wiki/Armenian_National_Congress "Armenian National Congress") and [Heritage](/wiki/Heritage_%28Armenia%29 "Heritage (Armenia)") have been influential in organizing and leading protests.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63098\|title\=Armenia: Opposition Bypasses Police, Stages Rally in Freedom Square\|work\=EurasiaNet.org\|access\-date\=10 December 2015}} Between 1 and 5 April 2016, there were renewed clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani armed forces. (see [2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes](/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict "2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict")). In March 2018, Sargsyan was re\-elected Prime Minister, despite opposition protests.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia\-opposition\-protests\-parliament\-vote\-sarkisian\-prime\-minister/29172095\.html\|title\=Lawmakers Approve Sarkisian As Armenia's PM Despite Countrywide Protests\|website\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\|language\=en\|access\-date\=17 April 2018}} After military forces joined the protests on 23 April, Sargsyan resigned his position.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/04/23/armenian\-interior\-ministry\-condemns\-soldiers\-joining\-anti\-government\-rallies\|title\=Armenian soldiers join anti\-government protests in Yerevan\|work\=DailySabah\|access\-date\=23 April 2018}}{{cite news\|title\=Armenian PM resigns after protests\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-europe\-43868433\|access\-date\=23 April 2018\|work\=BBC News\|date\=23 April 2018}} Former Prime Minister [Karen Karapetyan](/wiki/Karen_Karapetyan "Karen Karapetyan") succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister. {{Main\|2018 Armenian revolution}} ### Nikol Pashinyan premiership (2018–present) [thumb\|left\|[Nikol Pashinyan](/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan "Nikol Pashinyan")](/wiki/File:Besuch_des_Ministerpr%C3%A4sidenten_von_Armenien%2C_Nikol_Pashinyan%2C_im_K%C3%B6lner_Rathaus-2162.jpg "Besuch des Ministerpräsidenten von Armenien, Nikol Pashinyan, im Kölner Rathaus-2162.jpg") In March 2018, Armenian parliament elected [Armen Sarkissian](/wiki/Armen_Sarkissian "Armen Sarkissian") as the new president of Armenia. The controversial constitutional reform to reduce presidential power was implemented, while the authority of the prime minister was strengthened.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dw.com/en/armenia\-armen\-sarkissian\-elected\-into\-new\-less\-powerful\-presidential\-role/a\-42797330\|title \= Armenia: Armen Sarkissian elected into new, less powerful presidential role \| DW \| 02\.03\.2018\|website \= \[\[Deutsche Welle]]}} In May 2018, parliament elected opposition leader [Nikol Pashinyan](/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan "Nikol Pashinyan") as the new prime minister. His predecessor Serzh Sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following widespread anti\-government demonstrations.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/armenia\-nikol\-pashinyan\-elected\-as\-new\-prime\-minister\|title\=Pashinyan elected as Armenia's new prime minister}} [thumb\|Map of the [Second Nagorno\-Karabakh War](/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "Casualties of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War") (2020\)](/wiki/File:2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg "2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.svg") On 27 September 2020, a [full\-scale war](/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War") erupted due to the unresolved Nagorno\-Karabakh conflict. Both the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan reported military and civilian casualties.{{cite news \|title\=Fighting over Nagorno\-Karabakh goes on despite US mediation \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/europe\-azerbaijan\-armenia\-41a103bcde14fa8b28968000d7992b84 \|work\=Associated Press \|date\=24 October 2020}} A [ceasefire agreement](/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement "2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement") was signed on 10 November, in which the [occupied territories surrounding Nagorno\-Karabakh](/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh "Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh") were handed over to Azerbaijan. [Protests](/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests "2020–2021 Armenian protests") were held in Armenia over this and hundreds stormed the Parliament building in Yerevan. Protests continued throughout November, with demonstrations in Yerevan and other cities demanding the resignation of Pashinyan.{{Citation\|title\=Rival Rallies In Yerevan As Armenia Reels From Nagorno\-Karabakh Truce\|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia\-yerevan\-pashinian\-rival\-rallies/30957246\.html\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-21}} On 25 February 2021, The Armenian military called for Pashinyan to resign. The declaration, which Pashinyan described as a [coup attempt](/wiki/2021_Armenian_political_crisis "2021 Armenian political crisis"), caused a political crisis that ended with the Chief of the General Staff of the Armenian Armed Forces [Onik Gasparyan](/wiki/Onik_Gasparyan "Onik Gasparyan")'s dismissal.{{Cite web\|last\=Child\|first\=David\|date\=25 February 2021\|title\=Protests rock Armenia as PM slams 'coup' attempt: Live updates\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/25/armenia\-pm\-accuses\-top\-military\-of\-coup\-attempt\-live\-updates\|website\=\[\[Al Jazeera Arabic\|Al Jazeera]]}}{{Cite web\|date\=25 February 2021\|title\=Armenia PM Nikol Pashinyan accuses army of attempted coup\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-europe\-56194421\|website\=\[\[BBC]]}} On 25 April 2021, Pashinyan announced his formal resignation from his post of prime minister to allow snap parliamentary elections in June. He continued to act as interim prime minister in the leadup to the election.{{cite web\|date\=25 April 2021\|title\=Armenian Prime Minister Pashinyan announces his resignation to enable snap polls\|url\=https://www.france24\.com/en/europe/20210425\-armenian\-prime\-minister\-pashinyan\-announces\-his\-resignation\-to\-enable\-snap\-polls\|publisher\=\[\[France24]]\|accessdate\=25 April 2021}} His party won the [2021 election](/wiki/2021_Armenian_parliamentary_election "2021 Armenian parliamentary election"), receiving more than half of all votes. Nikol Pashinyan was officially appointed Armenia's prime minister.{{cite news \|title\=Nikol Pashinyan officially appointed Armenia's prime minister \|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2021/aug/02/nikol\-pashinyan\-officially\-appointed\-armenias\-prime\-minister\-2339082\.html \|work\=The New Indian Express \|date\=2 August 2021}} On 23 January 2022, Armen Sarkissian left the office, saying the constitution does not any more give the president sufficient powers to influence.{{cite news \|title\=Armenian president resigns over lack of influence \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/23/armenian\-president\-armen\-sarkissian\-resigns \|work\=www.aljazeera.com \|language\=en}} On 3 March 2022, [Vahagn Khachaturyan](/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan "Vahagn Khachaturyan") was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote.{{cite news \|title\=Vahagn Khachaturyan elected new Armenian president \|url\=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/vahagn\-khachaturyan\-elected\-new\-armenian\-president/2522507 \|work\=www.aa.com.tr}}
[ "Independent Armenia (from 1991\\)\n--------------------------------", "[thumb\\|300px\\|Political map of the region, CIA, 2002](/wiki/File:Eastern_Turkey_and_vicinity..jpg \"Eastern Turkey and vicinity..jpg\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|Distribution of Armenians in the Caucasus](/wiki/File:DistributionOfArmeniansInTheCaucasus.png \"DistributionOfArmeniansInTheCaucasus.png\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|The modern concept of United Armenia as claimed by the [Armenian Revolutionary Federation](/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation \"Armenian Revolutionary Federation\"). \nOrange: areas overwhelmingly populated by Armenians (Republic of Armenia: 98%;{{cite web\\|title\\=2011 Census Results\\|url\\=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv\\_03\\_13a\\_520\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://armstat.am/file/article/sv\\_03\\_13a\\_520\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=armstat.am\\|publisher\\=National Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia\\|page\\=144}} Nagorno\\-Karabakh: 99%; Javakheti: 95%) \nYellow: Historically Armenian areas with presently no or insignificant Armenian population (Western Armenia and Nakhichevan)](/wiki/File:United_Armenia.png \"United Armenia.png\")", "Armenia declared its [independence](/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Armenia \"Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia\") from the Soviet Union on 23 August 1990\\.[ARMENIAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE](http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?ID=2602&lang=eng&sel=show) Independence was confirmed by [referendum](/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum \"1991 Armenian independence referendum\") on 21 September 1991\\. However, widespread recognition did not occur until the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991\\.", "Armenia faced many challenges during its first years as a [sovereign state](/wiki/Sovereign_state \"Sovereign state\"). Several Armenian organizations from around the world quickly arrived to offer aid and to participate in the country's early years. From Canada, a group of young students and volunteers under the [CYMA \\- Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia](/wiki/CYMA_-_Canadian_Youth_Mission_to_Armenia \"CYMA - Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia\") banner arrived in Ararat Region and became the first youth organization to contribute to the newly independent Republic.", "Following the Armenian victory in the [First Nagorno\\-Karabakh War](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War \"First Nagorno-Karabakh War\"), both Azerbaijan and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") closed their borders and imposed a blockade which they retain to this day, severely affecting the economy of the fledgling republic. In October 2009 Turkey and Armenia signed a treaty to normalize relations.", "### Ter\\-Petrosyan presidency (1991–1998\\)", "[thumb\\|Inauguration of [Levon Ter\\-Petrosyan](/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan \"Levon Ter-Petrosyan\") as president in 1991](/wiki/File:Film_Matyan_ankakhutyan.jpg \"Film Matyan ankakhutyan.jpg\")\n[Levon Ter\\-Petrosyan](/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan \"Levon Ter-Petrosyan\") was popularly elected the first president of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991 and re\\-elected on 22 September 1996\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Armenia \\- Independence, Caucasus, Soviet Union {{!}} Britannica \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Independence \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-11 \\|website\\=www.britannica.com \\|language\\=en}} His re\\-election was marred by allegations of electoral fraud reported by the opposition and supported by many international observers. His popularity waned further as the opposition started blaming him for the economic quagmire that Armenia's post\\-Soviet economy was in. He was also unpopular with one party in particular, the [Armenian Revolutionary Federation](/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation \"Armenian Revolutionary Federation\"), which he banned and jailed on the grounds that the party had a foreign\\-based leadership—something which was forbidden according to the Armenian Constitution.", "Ter\\-Petrosyan was forced to step down in February 1998 after advocating compromised settlement of the conflict over [Nagorno\\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh \"Nagorno-Karabakh\") which many Armenians regarded as undermining their security. Ter\\-Petrosyan's key ministers, led by then\\-Prime Minister [Robert Kocharyan](/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan \"Robert Kocharyan\"), refused to accept a peace plan for Karabakh put forward by international mediators in September 1997\\. The plan, accepted by Ter\\-Petrosyan and Azerbaijan, called for a \"phased\" or \"step\\-by\\-step\" settlement of the conflict which would postpone an agreement on Nagorno\\-Karabakh's status, the main stumbling block. That agreement was to accompany the return of most [Armenian\\-occupied Azerbaijani territories around Nagorno\\-Karabakh](/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh \"Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh\") and the lifting of the Azerbaijani and Turkish blockades of Armenia.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2008}} In January 1998, Ter\\-Petrosyan's ministers forced Ter\\-Petrosyan to resign.{{Citation\\|last1\\=Remler\\|first1\\=Philip\\|title\\=OSCE Minsk Group: Lessons from the Past and Tasks for the Future\\|date\\=2021\\|work\\=OSCE Insights 2020\\|pages\\=1–15\\|others\\=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg\\|publisher\\=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \\& Co. KG\\|doi\\=10\\.5771/9783748922339\\-06\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-7489\\-2233\\-9\\|last2\\=Giragosian\\|first2\\=Richard\\|last3\\=Lorenzini\\|first3\\=Marina\\|last4\\=Rastoltsev\\|first4\\=Sergei\\|s2cid\\=234336533\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "### Kocharyan presidency (1998–2008\\)", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Robert Kocharyan](/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan \"Robert Kocharyan\")](/wiki/File:Robert_Kocharyan.jpg \"Robert Kocharyan.jpg\")\nAfter the resignation of his predecessor [Levon Ter\\-Petrosyan](/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan \"Levon Ter-Petrosyan\"), [Robert Kocharyan](/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan \"Robert Kocharyan\") was elected Armenia's second president on 30 March 1998, defeating his main rival, [Karen Demirchyan](/wiki/Karen_Demirchyan \"Karen Demirchyan\"), in an [early presidential election marred by irregularities and violations](/wiki/1998_Armenian_presidential_election \"1998 Armenian presidential election\") by both sides as reported by international electoral observers. Complaints included that Kocharyan had not been an Armenian citizen for ten years as required by the constitution. [\"Armenian president resigns\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/s/w_asia/52898.stm){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2021 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, BBC.co.uk, 4 February 1998\\. In early 1998, Kocharyan rejected the 1997 OSCE Minsk Group peace plan and initiated a new phase of Nagorno\\-Karabakh negotiations, where Heydar Aliyev and Kocharyan negotiated secret from their publics and senior officials. In 1999, they orally agreed to a land swap that would annex Nagorno\\-Karabakh to Armenia in exchange for a strip of land connecting Azerbaijan and its exclave of Nakhichvan along the Iranian\\-Armenian border. In the fall of that year, Aliyev and Kocharyan informed the Minsk Group Co\\-Chairs of their plan and asked them to put it in writing.", "Weeks later, several opposition leaders in the Armenian Parliament and the Prime Minister of Armenia were killed by gunmen in an episode known as the [1999 Armenian parliament shooting](/wiki/Armenian_parliament_shooting \"Armenian parliament shooting\"). Kocharyan himself negotiated with terrorists to lease the MP hostages. It is widely believed by Armenians at large that Kocharyan is responsible for the parliament shooting.{{cite book\\|last\\=Kaeter\\|first\\=Margaret\\|title\\=The Caucasian republics\\|publisher\\=Facts on File\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=9780816052684\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/caucasianrepubli00kaet/page/43 43–44]\\|year\\=2004\\|quote\\=However, political observers across the world speculate that Sarkissian was hoping to take a stronger position on the Nagorno\\-Karabakh issue than Kocharian liked. Many Armenians believe the shootings were the result of a conspiracy, in which Kocharian was involved. They note that some of Kocharian's main political rivals at the time were among those killed.\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/caucasianrepubli00kaet/page/43}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Zürcher\\|first\\=Christoph\\|title\\=The post\\-Soviet wars: rebellion, ethnic conflict, and nationhood in the Caucasus\\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=New York University Press\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=9780814797099\\|page\\=173\\|author\\-link\\=:de:Christoph Zürcher\\|quote\\=He \\[Kocharian] is rumored to have been behind the gunning down of several of his opponents on the floor of the parliament in 1999\\.}} Thereafter, Kocharyan informed the Minsk Group that he was not able to support the peace deal anymore.", "The [2003 Armenian presidential election](/wiki/2003_Armenian_presidential_election \"2003 Armenian presidential election\") were held on 19 February and on 5 March 2003\\. No candidate received a majority in the first round of the election with the [incumbent](/wiki/Incumbent \"Incumbent\") president Kocharyan winning slightly under 50% of the vote. Therefore, a second round was held and Kocharyan defeated [Stepan Demirchyan](/wiki/Stepan_Demirchyan \"Stepan Demirchyan\") with official results showed him winning just over 67% of the vote. In both rounds, electoral observers from the [OSCE](/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe \"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe\") reported significant amounts of [electoral fraud](/wiki/Electoral_fraud \"Electoral fraud\") by Demirchyan's supporters and numerous supporters of Demirchyan were arrested before the second round took place.{{cite news\\|first\\=David\\|last\\=Stern\\|title\\=Anger at 'flawed' poll in Armenia\\|newspaper\\=Financial Times\\|page\\=4\\|date\\=7 March 2003}}", "Demirchyan described the election as having been rigged and called on his supporters to rally against the results.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2820893\\.stm\\|title\\=Incumbent 'wins' Armenia vote\\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2009\\|date\\=6 March 2003\\|website\\=\\[\\[BBC Online]]}} Tens of thousands of Armenians protested in the days after the election against the results and called on President Kocharyan to step down. Kocharyan was sworn in for a second term in early April and the [constitutional court](/wiki/Constitutional_court \"Constitutional court\") upheld the election, while recommending that a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\") be held within a year to confirm the election result.\n[thumb\\|Military situation of Nagorno\\-Karabakh in May 2016](/wiki/File:Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png \"Nagorno-Karabakh Map2.png\")\nAs president, Kocharyan continued to negotiate a peaceful resolution with Azerbaijani president [Ilham Aliyev](/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev \"Ilham Aliyev\") on the status of Nagorno\\-Karabakh. Talks between Aliyev and Kocharyan were held in September 2004 in [Astana](/wiki/Nur-Sultan \"Nur-Sultan\"), [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"), on the sidelines of the [CIS](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\") summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of Armenian forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Nagorno\\-Karabakh, and holding [referendums](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\") (plebiscites) in Nagorno\\-Karabakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On 10–11 February 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in [Rambouillet](/wiki/Rambouillet \"Rambouillet\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\") to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict, including the withdrawal of troops, formation of international peace keeping troops, and the status of Nagorno\\-Karabakh.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://armenianow.com/?action\\=viewArticle\\&AID\\=1346\\&CID\\=1511\\&IID\\=\\&lng\\=eng\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221308/http://armenianow.com/?action\\=viewArticle\\&AID\\=1346\\&CID\\=1511\\&IID\\=\\&lng\\=eng\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2007\\|title\\=Drawing the Line: Maps meet principles in the search for a settlement over Nagorno Karabakh\\|publisher\\=ArmeniaNow.com\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2015}}", "Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Nagorno\\-Karabakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from [Kalbajar](/wiki/Kalbajar \"Kalbajar\") still being contentious. The next session of the talks was held in March 2006 in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") Russian president [Vladimir Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") applied pressure to both parties to settle the disputes.[\"Putin Going to Invite Kocharyan to Moscow to Discuss Karabakh Issue\"](http://www.yerkir.am/eng/index.php?sub=news_arm&id=21875) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006092432/http://www.yerkir.am/eng/index.php?sub\\=news\\_arm\\&id\\=21875 \\|date\\=6 October 2007 }}, yerkir.am, 23 February 2006\\. No progress arose from further meetings in Minsk and Moscow in November 2006\\.\"Peter Semneby: EU tries to create trust between Karabakh and Azerbaijan\" More than 4 bln dollars were stolen by his clan in Armenia, YERKIR.am, 21 February 2007\\.", "### Sargsyan presidency (2008–2018\\)", "[thumb\\|[Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan \"Serzh Sargsyan\")](/wiki/File:Serj1.jpg \"Serj1.jpg\")\n[Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan \"Serzh Sargsyan\"), then [Prime Minister of Armenia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia \"Prime Minister of Armenia\") and having President Kocharyan's backing, was viewed as the strongest contender for the post of President of Armenia in the [February 2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election \"2008 Armenian presidential election\").[The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (27 November 2005\\), Chapter 3: The President of the Republic, Article 50](http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter=3) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015161259/http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter\\=3 \\|date\\=15 October 2008 }}, president.am; accessed 10 December 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2007/09/14/teknatsu\\|title\\=ROBERT KOCHARYAN TO SUPPORT SERZH SARGSYAN\\|author\\=Helix Consulting LLC\\|publisher\\=panorama.am\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2015}}", "Ter\\-Petrosyan officially announced his candidacy in the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election \"2008 Armenian presidential election\") in a speech in Yerevan on 26 October 2007\\. He accused Kocharyan's government of massive corruption, involving the theft of \"at least three to four billion dollars\" over the previous five years. He was critical of the government's claims of strong economic growth and argued that Kocharyan and his Prime Minister, [Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan \"Serzh Sargsyan\"), had come to accept a solution to the problem of [Nagorno\\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh \"Nagorno-Karabakh\") that was effectively the same solution that he had proposed ten years earlier. A number of opposition parties have rallied behind him since his return to the political arena, including the [People's Party of Armenia](/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Armenia \"People's Party of Armenia\"), led by [Stepan Demirchyan](/wiki/Stepan_Demirchyan \"Stepan Demirchyan\"); the Armenian Republic Party, led by [Aram Sargsyan](/wiki/Aram_Sargsyan \"Aram Sargsyan\");Emil Danielian and Liz Fuller, [\"Armenian Ex\\-President Confirms Comeback Plans\"](http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/fc64b5fb-efac-4463-8e9f-13b3d6fd1714.html), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1 November 2007\\. the [Social Democrat Hunchakian Party](/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party \"Social Democrat Hunchakian Party\"); [Azadakrum](/wiki/Azadakrum \"Azadakrum\"), led by [Jirair Sefilian](/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian \"Jirair Sefilian\"); the [New Times Party](/wiki/New_Times_Party \"New Times Party\"); and the [Heritage Party](/wiki/Heritage_%28Armenia%29 \"Heritage (Armenia)\"), led by [Raffi Hovannisian](/wiki/Raffi_Hovannisian \"Raffi Hovannisian\").[Payqar newspaper](http://www.payqar.org/am/1) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310202753/http://www.payqar.org/am/1/ \\|date\\=10 March 2008 }}; accessed 10 December 2015\\.", "[left\\|thumb\\|1 March mass protests](/wiki/File:Armenian_Presidential_Elections_2008_Protest_Day_11_-_French_Embassy_Demonstration_430pm_general_view.jpg \"Armenian Presidential Elections 2008 Protest Day 11 - French Embassy Demonstration 430pm general view.jpg\")", "{{Main\\|2008 Armenian presidential election protests}}\nFinal results from the election, which was held on 19 February 2008, officially showed Sargsyan winning about 53% of the vote, and Ter\\-Petrosyan in second place with 21\\.5% of the vote.[\"Sargsyan wins Armenian presidential race\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120215080451/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/20/content_7637405.htm), Xinhua, 20 February 2008\\.", "Ter\\-Petrosyan and his supporters accused the government of rigging the election and claimed victory;[\"Armenian opposition candidate accuses prime minister of election violations\"](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/19/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907111721/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/19/europe/EU\\-POL\\-Armenia\\-Presidential\\-Election.php \\|date\\=7 September 2008 }}, Associated Press (*International Herald Tribune*), 19 February 2008\\. beginning 20 February, he led [continuous protests](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election_protests \"2008 Armenian presidential election protests\") involving tens of thousands of his supporters in Yerevan.[\"Thousands challenge victory of Armenian PM in presidential vote in 2nd day of protests\"](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015211656/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU\\-POL\\-Armenia\\-Presidential\\-Election.php \\|date\\=15 October 2008 }}, *International Herald Tribune*, 21 February 2008\\.", "On the early morning of 1 March, reportedly acting on evidence of firearms in the camp, the authorities moved in to inspect the tents set up by demonstrators. Law enforcement agents then violently dispersed the hundreds of protestors camped in. Ter\\-Petrosyan was placed under de facto house arrest, not being allowed to leave his home, though the authorities later denied the allegations.[\"Ter\\-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest', Rally Broken Up\"](http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D\\-A75D\\-4E48\\-B0D6\\-5D3A83069160\\.ASP \\|date\\=23 November 2008 }}, armenialiberty.org, March 2008; accessed 10 December 2015\\.", "A few hours later, tens of thousands of protestors or more gathered at Miyasnikyan Square to protest the government's act. Police, overwhelmed by the sheer size of the crowd, pulled out. A state of emergency was implemented by President Kocharyan at 5 pm, allowing the army to be moved into the capital. By nightfall, a few thousand protesters had barricaded themselves using commandeered municipal buses. As a result of skirmishes with the police, ten people died, including policemen.[\"Armenia: Eight Killed After Clashes Between Police, Protesters\"](http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/03/7D25D2BD-9268-4233-A631-BF5F29FD5BCE.html), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 2 March 2008\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0301/armenia.html\\|title\\=State of emergency declared in Armenia\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ News]]\\|date\\=1 March 2008\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2010}}", "This was followed by mass arrests and purges of prominent members of the opposition, as well as a *de facto ban* on any further anti\\-government protests. Sargsyan was recognized as legitimate president[\"Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081111180342/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189\\.htm \\|date\\=11 November 2008 }}, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") (NY), 2 March 2008\\.[Ter\\-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest,' Rally Broken Up](http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D\\-A75D\\-4E48\\-B0D6\\-5D3A83069160\\.ASP \\|date\\=23 November 2008 }}, [Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty](/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty \"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\"), 1 March 2008\\.", "On 10 October 2009, the Turkish\\-Armenian protocols on the establishment of diplomatic relations constituted a novelty in Turkish\\-Armenian relations. Sargsyan accepted the proposal of studying the issue of the Armenian genocide through a commission, and recognized the current Turkish\\-Armenian border. In 2009–10, the Azerbaijan's military build\\-up along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed problems in the [South Caucasus](/wiki/Transcaucasia \"Transcaucasia\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Statement by President Serzh Sargsyan at the General Debate of the 63 rd session of the general assembly \\|url\\=http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id\\=19 \\|work\\=President.am \\|date\\=25 September 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017054418/http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id\\=19 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2008 }}", "In 2011, [protests](/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests \"2011 Armenian protests\") erupted in Armenia as part of the [revolutionary wave](/wiki/Revolutionary_wave \"Revolutionary wave\") [sweeping](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\") through the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\"). Protesters continue to demand an investigation into the 2008 violence, the release of political prisoners, an improvement in socioeconomic conditions, and the institution of democratic reforms. The [Armenian National Congress](/wiki/Armenian_National_Congress \"Armenian National Congress\") and [Heritage](/wiki/Heritage_%28Armenia%29 \"Heritage (Armenia)\") have been influential in organizing and leading protests.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63098\\|title\\=Armenia: Opposition Bypasses Police, Stages Rally in Freedom Square\\|work\\=EurasiaNet.org\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2015}}", "Between 1 and 5 April 2016, there were renewed clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani armed forces. (see [2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes](/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict \"2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict\")).", "In March 2018, Sargsyan was re\\-elected Prime Minister, despite opposition protests.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia\\-opposition\\-protests\\-parliament\\-vote\\-sarkisian\\-prime\\-minister/29172095\\.html\\|title\\=Lawmakers Approve Sarkisian As Armenia's PM Despite Countrywide Protests\\|website\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2018}} After military forces joined the protests on 23 April, Sargsyan resigned his position.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/04/23/armenian\\-interior\\-ministry\\-condemns\\-soldiers\\-joining\\-anti\\-government\\-rallies\\|title\\=Armenian soldiers join anti\\-government protests in Yerevan\\|work\\=DailySabah\\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2018}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Armenian PM resigns after protests\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-europe\\-43868433\\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2018\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=23 April 2018}} Former Prime Minister [Karen Karapetyan](/wiki/Karen_Karapetyan \"Karen Karapetyan\") succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.", "{{Main\\|2018 Armenian revolution}}", "### Nikol Pashinyan premiership (2018–present)", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Nikol Pashinyan](/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan \"Nikol Pashinyan\")](/wiki/File:Besuch_des_Ministerpr%C3%A4sidenten_von_Armenien%2C_Nikol_Pashinyan%2C_im_K%C3%B6lner_Rathaus-2162.jpg \"Besuch des Ministerpräsidenten von Armenien, Nikol Pashinyan, im Kölner Rathaus-2162.jpg\")", "In March 2018, Armenian parliament elected [Armen Sarkissian](/wiki/Armen_Sarkissian \"Armen Sarkissian\") as the new president of Armenia. The controversial constitutional reform to reduce presidential power was implemented, while the authority of the prime minister was strengthened.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/en/armenia\\-armen\\-sarkissian\\-elected\\-into\\-new\\-less\\-powerful\\-presidential\\-role/a\\-42797330\\|title \\= Armenia: Armen Sarkissian elected into new, less powerful presidential role \\| DW \\| 02\\.03\\.2018\\|website \\= \\[\\[Deutsche Welle]]}} In May 2018, parliament elected opposition leader [Nikol Pashinyan](/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan \"Nikol Pashinyan\") as the new prime minister. His predecessor Serzh Sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following widespread anti\\-government demonstrations.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/armenia\\-nikol\\-pashinyan\\-elected\\-as\\-new\\-prime\\-minister\\|title\\=Pashinyan elected as Armenia's new prime minister}}", "[thumb\\|Map of the [Second Nagorno\\-Karabakh War](/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War \"Casualties of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War\") (2020\\)](/wiki/File:2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg \"2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.svg\")", "On 27 September 2020, a [full\\-scale war](/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War \"Second Nagorno-Karabakh War\") erupted due to the unresolved Nagorno\\-Karabakh conflict. Both the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan reported military and civilian casualties.{{cite news \\|title\\=Fighting over Nagorno\\-Karabakh goes on despite US mediation \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/europe\\-azerbaijan\\-armenia\\-41a103bcde14fa8b28968000d7992b84 \\|work\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=24 October 2020}} A [ceasefire agreement](/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement \"2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement\") was signed on 10 November, in which the [occupied territories surrounding Nagorno\\-Karabakh](/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh \"Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh\") were handed over to Azerbaijan. [Protests](/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests \"2020–2021 Armenian protests\") were held in Armenia over this and hundreds stormed the Parliament building in Yerevan. Protests continued throughout November, with demonstrations in Yerevan and other cities demanding the resignation of Pashinyan.{{Citation\\|title\\=Rival Rallies In Yerevan As Armenia Reels From Nagorno\\-Karabakh Truce\\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia\\-yerevan\\-pashinian\\-rival\\-rallies/30957246\\.html\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-21}}", "On 25 February 2021, The Armenian military called for Pashinyan to resign. The declaration, which Pashinyan described as a [coup attempt](/wiki/2021_Armenian_political_crisis \"2021 Armenian political crisis\"), caused a political crisis that ended with the Chief of the General Staff of the Armenian Armed Forces [Onik Gasparyan](/wiki/Onik_Gasparyan \"Onik Gasparyan\")'s dismissal.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Child\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=25 February 2021\\|title\\=Protests rock Armenia as PM slams 'coup' attempt: Live updates\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/25/armenia\\-pm\\-accuses\\-top\\-military\\-of\\-coup\\-attempt\\-live\\-updates\\|website\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera Arabic\\|Al Jazeera]]}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=25 February 2021\\|title\\=Armenia PM Nikol Pashinyan accuses army of attempted coup\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-europe\\-56194421\\|website\\=\\[\\[BBC]]}} On 25 April 2021, Pashinyan announced his formal resignation from his post of prime minister to allow snap parliamentary elections in June. He continued to act as interim prime minister in the leadup to the election.{{cite web\\|date\\=25 April 2021\\|title\\=Armenian Prime Minister Pashinyan announces his resignation to enable snap polls\\|url\\=https://www.france24\\.com/en/europe/20210425\\-armenian\\-prime\\-minister\\-pashinyan\\-announces\\-his\\-resignation\\-to\\-enable\\-snap\\-polls\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[France24]]\\|accessdate\\=25 April 2021}} His party won the [2021 election](/wiki/2021_Armenian_parliamentary_election \"2021 Armenian parliamentary election\"), receiving more than half of all votes. Nikol Pashinyan was officially appointed Armenia's prime minister.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nikol Pashinyan officially appointed Armenia's prime minister \\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2021/aug/02/nikol\\-pashinyan\\-officially\\-appointed\\-armenias\\-prime\\-minister\\-2339082\\.html \\|work\\=The New Indian Express \\|date\\=2 August 2021}} On 23 January 2022, Armen Sarkissian left the office, saying the constitution does not any more give the president sufficient powers to influence.{{cite news \\|title\\=Armenian president resigns over lack of influence \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/23/armenian\\-president\\-armen\\-sarkissian\\-resigns \\|work\\=www.aljazeera.com \\|language\\=en}} On 3 March 2022, [Vahagn Khachaturyan](/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan \"Vahagn Khachaturyan\") was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote.{{cite news \\|title\\=Vahagn Khachaturyan elected new Armenian president \\|url\\=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/vahagn\\-khachaturyan\\-elected\\-new\\-armenian\\-president/2522507 \\|work\\=www.aa.com.tr}}", "" ]
### Sargsyan presidency (2008–2018\) [thumb\|[Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan "Serzh Sargsyan")](/wiki/File:Serj1.jpg "Serj1.jpg") [Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan "Serzh Sargsyan"), then [Prime Minister of Armenia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia "Prime Minister of Armenia") and having President Kocharyan's backing, was viewed as the strongest contender for the post of President of Armenia in the [February 2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election "2008 Armenian presidential election").[The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (27 November 2005\), Chapter 3: The President of the Republic, Article 50](http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter=3) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015161259/http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter\=3 \|date\=15 October 2008 }}, president.am; accessed 10 December 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2007/09/14/teknatsu\|title\=ROBERT KOCHARYAN TO SUPPORT SERZH SARGSYAN\|author\=Helix Consulting LLC\|publisher\=panorama.am\|access\-date\=10 December 2015}} Ter\-Petrosyan officially announced his candidacy in the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election "2008 Armenian presidential election") in a speech in Yerevan on 26 October 2007\. He accused Kocharyan's government of massive corruption, involving the theft of "at least three to four billion dollars" over the previous five years. He was critical of the government's claims of strong economic growth and argued that Kocharyan and his Prime Minister, [Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan "Serzh Sargsyan"), had come to accept a solution to the problem of [Nagorno\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh "Nagorno-Karabakh") that was effectively the same solution that he had proposed ten years earlier. A number of opposition parties have rallied behind him since his return to the political arena, including the [People's Party of Armenia](/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Armenia "People's Party of Armenia"), led by [Stepan Demirchyan](/wiki/Stepan_Demirchyan "Stepan Demirchyan"); the Armenian Republic Party, led by [Aram Sargsyan](/wiki/Aram_Sargsyan "Aram Sargsyan");Emil Danielian and Liz Fuller, ["Armenian Ex\-President Confirms Comeback Plans"](http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/fc64b5fb-efac-4463-8e9f-13b3d6fd1714.html), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1 November 2007\. the [Social Democrat Hunchakian Party](/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party "Social Democrat Hunchakian Party"); [Azadakrum](/wiki/Azadakrum "Azadakrum"), led by [Jirair Sefilian](/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian "Jirair Sefilian"); the [New Times Party](/wiki/New_Times_Party "New Times Party"); and the [Heritage Party](/wiki/Heritage_%28Armenia%29 "Heritage (Armenia)"), led by [Raffi Hovannisian](/wiki/Raffi_Hovannisian "Raffi Hovannisian").[Payqar newspaper](http://www.payqar.org/am/1) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310202753/http://www.payqar.org/am/1/ \|date\=10 March 2008 }}; accessed 10 December 2015\. [left\|thumb\|1 March mass protests](/wiki/File:Armenian_Presidential_Elections_2008_Protest_Day_11_-_French_Embassy_Demonstration_430pm_general_view.jpg "Armenian Presidential Elections 2008 Protest Day 11 - French Embassy Demonstration 430pm general view.jpg") {{Main\|2008 Armenian presidential election protests}} Final results from the election, which was held on 19 February 2008, officially showed Sargsyan winning about 53% of the vote, and Ter\-Petrosyan in second place with 21\.5% of the vote.["Sargsyan wins Armenian presidential race"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120215080451/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/20/content_7637405.htm), Xinhua, 20 February 2008\. Ter\-Petrosyan and his supporters accused the government of rigging the election and claimed victory;["Armenian opposition candidate accuses prime minister of election violations"](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/19/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907111721/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/19/europe/EU\-POL\-Armenia\-Presidential\-Election.php \|date\=7 September 2008 }}, Associated Press (*International Herald Tribune*), 19 February 2008\. beginning 20 February, he led [continuous protests](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election_protests "2008 Armenian presidential election protests") involving tens of thousands of his supporters in Yerevan.["Thousands challenge victory of Armenian PM in presidential vote in 2nd day of protests"](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015211656/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU\-POL\-Armenia\-Presidential\-Election.php \|date\=15 October 2008 }}, *International Herald Tribune*, 21 February 2008\. On the early morning of 1 March, reportedly acting on evidence of firearms in the camp, the authorities moved in to inspect the tents set up by demonstrators. Law enforcement agents then violently dispersed the hundreds of protestors camped in. Ter\-Petrosyan was placed under de facto house arrest, not being allowed to leave his home, though the authorities later denied the allegations.["Ter\-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest', Rally Broken Up"](http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D\-A75D\-4E48\-B0D6\-5D3A83069160\.ASP \|date\=23 November 2008 }}, armenialiberty.org, March 2008; accessed 10 December 2015\. A few hours later, tens of thousands of protestors or more gathered at Miyasnikyan Square to protest the government's act. Police, overwhelmed by the sheer size of the crowd, pulled out. A state of emergency was implemented by President Kocharyan at 5 pm, allowing the army to be moved into the capital. By nightfall, a few thousand protesters had barricaded themselves using commandeered municipal buses. As a result of skirmishes with the police, ten people died, including policemen.["Armenia: Eight Killed After Clashes Between Police, Protesters"](http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/03/7D25D2BD-9268-4233-A631-BF5F29FD5BCE.html), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 2 March 2008\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0301/armenia.html\|title\=State of emergency declared in Armenia\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ News]]\|date\=1 March 2008\|access\-date\=9 September 2010}} This was followed by mass arrests and purges of prominent members of the opposition, as well as a *de facto ban* on any further anti\-government protests. Sargsyan was recognized as legitimate president["Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081111180342/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189\.htm \|date\=11 November 2008 }}, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") (NY), 2 March 2008\.[Ter\-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest,' Rally Broken Up](http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D\-A75D\-4E48\-B0D6\-5D3A83069160\.ASP \|date\=23 November 2008 }}, [Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty](/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty "Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"), 1 March 2008\. On 10 October 2009, the Turkish\-Armenian protocols on the establishment of diplomatic relations constituted a novelty in Turkish\-Armenian relations. Sargsyan accepted the proposal of studying the issue of the Armenian genocide through a commission, and recognized the current Turkish\-Armenian border. In 2009–10, the Azerbaijan's military build\-up along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed problems in the [South Caucasus](/wiki/Transcaucasia "Transcaucasia").{{cite web\|title\=Statement by President Serzh Sargsyan at the General Debate of the 63 rd session of the general assembly \|url\=http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id\=19 \|work\=President.am \|date\=25 September 2008 \|access\-date\=11 April 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017054418/http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id\=19 \|archive\-date\=17 October 2008 }} In 2011, [protests](/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests "2011 Armenian protests") erupted in Armenia as part of the [revolutionary wave](/wiki/Revolutionary_wave "Revolutionary wave") [sweeping](/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring") through the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East"). Protesters continue to demand an investigation into the 2008 violence, the release of political prisoners, an improvement in socioeconomic conditions, and the institution of democratic reforms. The [Armenian National Congress](/wiki/Armenian_National_Congress "Armenian National Congress") and [Heritage](/wiki/Heritage_%28Armenia%29 "Heritage (Armenia)") have been influential in organizing and leading protests.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63098\|title\=Armenia: Opposition Bypasses Police, Stages Rally in Freedom Square\|work\=EurasiaNet.org\|access\-date\=10 December 2015}} Between 1 and 5 April 2016, there were renewed clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani armed forces. (see [2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes](/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict "2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict")). In March 2018, Sargsyan was re\-elected Prime Minister, despite opposition protests.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia\-opposition\-protests\-parliament\-vote\-sarkisian\-prime\-minister/29172095\.html\|title\=Lawmakers Approve Sarkisian As Armenia's PM Despite Countrywide Protests\|website\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\|language\=en\|access\-date\=17 April 2018}} After military forces joined the protests on 23 April, Sargsyan resigned his position.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/04/23/armenian\-interior\-ministry\-condemns\-soldiers\-joining\-anti\-government\-rallies\|title\=Armenian soldiers join anti\-government protests in Yerevan\|work\=DailySabah\|access\-date\=23 April 2018}}{{cite news\|title\=Armenian PM resigns after protests\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-europe\-43868433\|access\-date\=23 April 2018\|work\=BBC News\|date\=23 April 2018}} Former Prime Minister [Karen Karapetyan](/wiki/Karen_Karapetyan "Karen Karapetyan") succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister. {{Main\|2018 Armenian revolution}}
[ "### Sargsyan presidency (2008–2018\\)", "[thumb\\|[Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan \"Serzh Sargsyan\")](/wiki/File:Serj1.jpg \"Serj1.jpg\")\n[Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan \"Serzh Sargsyan\"), then [Prime Minister of Armenia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia \"Prime Minister of Armenia\") and having President Kocharyan's backing, was viewed as the strongest contender for the post of President of Armenia in the [February 2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election \"2008 Armenian presidential election\").[The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (27 November 2005\\), Chapter 3: The President of the Republic, Article 50](http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter=3) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015161259/http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter\\=3 \\|date\\=15 October 2008 }}, president.am; accessed 10 December 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2007/09/14/teknatsu\\|title\\=ROBERT KOCHARYAN TO SUPPORT SERZH SARGSYAN\\|author\\=Helix Consulting LLC\\|publisher\\=panorama.am\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2015}}", "Ter\\-Petrosyan officially announced his candidacy in the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election \"2008 Armenian presidential election\") in a speech in Yerevan on 26 October 2007\\. He accused Kocharyan's government of massive corruption, involving the theft of \"at least three to four billion dollars\" over the previous five years. He was critical of the government's claims of strong economic growth and argued that Kocharyan and his Prime Minister, [Serzh Sargsyan](/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan \"Serzh Sargsyan\"), had come to accept a solution to the problem of [Nagorno\\-Karabakh](/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh \"Nagorno-Karabakh\") that was effectively the same solution that he had proposed ten years earlier. A number of opposition parties have rallied behind him since his return to the political arena, including the [People's Party of Armenia](/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Armenia \"People's Party of Armenia\"), led by [Stepan Demirchyan](/wiki/Stepan_Demirchyan \"Stepan Demirchyan\"); the Armenian Republic Party, led by [Aram Sargsyan](/wiki/Aram_Sargsyan \"Aram Sargsyan\");Emil Danielian and Liz Fuller, [\"Armenian Ex\\-President Confirms Comeback Plans\"](http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/fc64b5fb-efac-4463-8e9f-13b3d6fd1714.html), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1 November 2007\\. the [Social Democrat Hunchakian Party](/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party \"Social Democrat Hunchakian Party\"); [Azadakrum](/wiki/Azadakrum \"Azadakrum\"), led by [Jirair Sefilian](/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian \"Jirair Sefilian\"); the [New Times Party](/wiki/New_Times_Party \"New Times Party\"); and the [Heritage Party](/wiki/Heritage_%28Armenia%29 \"Heritage (Armenia)\"), led by [Raffi Hovannisian](/wiki/Raffi_Hovannisian \"Raffi Hovannisian\").[Payqar newspaper](http://www.payqar.org/am/1) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310202753/http://www.payqar.org/am/1/ \\|date\\=10 March 2008 }}; accessed 10 December 2015\\.", "[left\\|thumb\\|1 March mass protests](/wiki/File:Armenian_Presidential_Elections_2008_Protest_Day_11_-_French_Embassy_Demonstration_430pm_general_view.jpg \"Armenian Presidential Elections 2008 Protest Day 11 - French Embassy Demonstration 430pm general view.jpg\")", "{{Main\\|2008 Armenian presidential election protests}}\nFinal results from the election, which was held on 19 February 2008, officially showed Sargsyan winning about 53% of the vote, and Ter\\-Petrosyan in second place with 21\\.5% of the vote.[\"Sargsyan wins Armenian presidential race\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120215080451/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/20/content_7637405.htm), Xinhua, 20 February 2008\\.", "Ter\\-Petrosyan and his supporters accused the government of rigging the election and claimed victory;[\"Armenian opposition candidate accuses prime minister of election violations\"](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/19/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907111721/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/19/europe/EU\\-POL\\-Armenia\\-Presidential\\-Election.php \\|date\\=7 September 2008 }}, Associated Press (*International Herald Tribune*), 19 February 2008\\. beginning 20 February, he led [continuous protests](/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election_protests \"2008 Armenian presidential election protests\") involving tens of thousands of his supporters in Yerevan.[\"Thousands challenge victory of Armenian PM in presidential vote in 2nd day of protests\"](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015211656/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU\\-POL\\-Armenia\\-Presidential\\-Election.php \\|date\\=15 October 2008 }}, *International Herald Tribune*, 21 February 2008\\.", "On the early morning of 1 March, reportedly acting on evidence of firearms in the camp, the authorities moved in to inspect the tents set up by demonstrators. Law enforcement agents then violently dispersed the hundreds of protestors camped in. Ter\\-Petrosyan was placed under de facto house arrest, not being allowed to leave his home, though the authorities later denied the allegations.[\"Ter\\-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest', Rally Broken Up\"](http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D\\-A75D\\-4E48\\-B0D6\\-5D3A83069160\\.ASP \\|date\\=23 November 2008 }}, armenialiberty.org, March 2008; accessed 10 December 2015\\.", "A few hours later, tens of thousands of protestors or more gathered at Miyasnikyan Square to protest the government's act. Police, overwhelmed by the sheer size of the crowd, pulled out. A state of emergency was implemented by President Kocharyan at 5 pm, allowing the army to be moved into the capital. By nightfall, a few thousand protesters had barricaded themselves using commandeered municipal buses. As a result of skirmishes with the police, ten people died, including policemen.[\"Armenia: Eight Killed After Clashes Between Police, Protesters\"](http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/03/7D25D2BD-9268-4233-A631-BF5F29FD5BCE.html), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 2 March 2008\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0301/armenia.html\\|title\\=State of emergency declared in Armenia\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ News]]\\|date\\=1 March 2008\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2010}}", "This was followed by mass arrests and purges of prominent members of the opposition, as well as a *de facto ban* on any further anti\\-government protests. Sargsyan was recognized as legitimate president[\"Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081111180342/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189\\.htm \\|date\\=11 November 2008 }}, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") (NY), 2 March 2008\\.[Ter\\-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest,' Rally Broken Up](http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D\\-A75D\\-4E48\\-B0D6\\-5D3A83069160\\.ASP \\|date\\=23 November 2008 }}, [Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty](/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty \"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\"), 1 March 2008\\.", "On 10 October 2009, the Turkish\\-Armenian protocols on the establishment of diplomatic relations constituted a novelty in Turkish\\-Armenian relations. Sargsyan accepted the proposal of studying the issue of the Armenian genocide through a commission, and recognized the current Turkish\\-Armenian border. In 2009–10, the Azerbaijan's military build\\-up along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed problems in the [South Caucasus](/wiki/Transcaucasia \"Transcaucasia\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Statement by President Serzh Sargsyan at the General Debate of the 63 rd session of the general assembly \\|url\\=http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id\\=19 \\|work\\=President.am \\|date\\=25 September 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017054418/http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id\\=19 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2008 }}", "In 2011, [protests](/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests \"2011 Armenian protests\") erupted in Armenia as part of the [revolutionary wave](/wiki/Revolutionary_wave \"Revolutionary wave\") [sweeping](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\") through the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\"). Protesters continue to demand an investigation into the 2008 violence, the release of political prisoners, an improvement in socioeconomic conditions, and the institution of democratic reforms. The [Armenian National Congress](/wiki/Armenian_National_Congress \"Armenian National Congress\") and [Heritage](/wiki/Heritage_%28Armenia%29 \"Heritage (Armenia)\") have been influential in organizing and leading protests.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63098\\|title\\=Armenia: Opposition Bypasses Police, Stages Rally in Freedom Square\\|work\\=EurasiaNet.org\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2015}}", "Between 1 and 5 April 2016, there were renewed clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani armed forces. (see [2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes](/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict \"2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict\")).", "In March 2018, Sargsyan was re\\-elected Prime Minister, despite opposition protests.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia\\-opposition\\-protests\\-parliament\\-vote\\-sarkisian\\-prime\\-minister/29172095\\.html\\|title\\=Lawmakers Approve Sarkisian As Armenia's PM Despite Countrywide Protests\\|website\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2018}} After military forces joined the protests on 23 April, Sargsyan resigned his position.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/04/23/armenian\\-interior\\-ministry\\-condemns\\-soldiers\\-joining\\-anti\\-government\\-rallies\\|title\\=Armenian soldiers join anti\\-government protests in Yerevan\\|work\\=DailySabah\\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2018}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Armenian PM resigns after protests\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-europe\\-43868433\\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2018\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=23 April 2018}} Former Prime Minister [Karen Karapetyan](/wiki/Karen_Karapetyan \"Karen Karapetyan\") succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.", "{{Main\\|2018 Armenian revolution}}", "" ]
Publishing history ------------------ ### *Princess* (30 January 1960 to 3 October 1964\) In addition to this, the first issue included a bracelet as a free gift, and *Princess* launched well despite its price with *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")* describing it as "a marked success".{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=iJ8G22NO24gC \| title\=The Economist \| date\=12 August 1961 \| publisher\=Economist Newspaper Limited }} In autumn the title was joined by the hardback *Princess Gift Book for Girls* \- the name annual being eschewed in line with the publication's posher target market. In 1961 another satellite title was launched \- *Princess Picture Library* followed the standard Picture Library format of 64 pages in a pocket\-sized format, and featured alternating full\-length adventures of Sue from "The Happy Days" and Sally Doyle of "Circus Ballerina". Further new strips arrived, including "[Lucia and the Golden Mermaid](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Lucia_and_the_Golden_Mermaid "List of Princess (comics) stories#Lucia and the Golden Mermaid")" (illustrated by Italian artist [Guido Buzzelli](/wiki/Guido_Buzzelli "Guido Buzzelli")) and "[Nurse Angela](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Nurse_Angela "List of Princess (comics) stories#Nurse Angela")" (drawn by Mike Hubbard), the first of several nursing\-themed stories. November 1961 also saw the comic achieve the coup of a series of columns by [Godfrey Winn](/wiki/Godfrey_Winn "Godfrey Winn"), then one of the country's most popular writers, while [David Attenborough](/wiki/David_Attenborough "David Attenborough") posted travelogue pieces. March 1962 saw a relaunch, with a free 'Pat Smythe Pony Booklet' to tie in with the rider penning strip "[Molly Must Not Ride](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Molly_Must_Not_Ride "List of Princess (comics) stories#Molly Must Not Ride")" inside. The following year saw an adaptation of "[The Children of the New Forest](/wiki/The_Children_of_the_New_Forest "The Children of the New Forest")", lavishly illustrated in painted colour by [Ron Embleton](/wiki/Ron_Embleton "Ron Embleton"), though the long\-running Sally Doyle hung up her ballet shoes as "Circus Ballerina" finished. In 1963 the title had a circulation of 508,000\.{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lnIqAAAAMAAJ \| title\=New Society \| date\=4 October 1963 \| publisher\=New Society Limited }} ### *New Princess and Girl* and *Princess and Girl* (10 October 1964 to 2 January 1965\) The Mirror Group had also taken over [Odhams Press](/wiki/Odhams_Press "Odhams Press"), causing the unusual situation of one of Fleetway's main competitors simultaneously being a sister company under the same owners. The acquisition put the *Eagle* group of comics under the Mirror Group umbrella, and while their circulations had fallen since their 1950s heyday the weeklies still commanded respectable sales. However, the board disliked the high production costs of the comics, and assigned Matthews to instigate cuts. In 1963, junior title *[Swift](/wiki/Swift_%28comic%29 "Swift (comic)")* was folded into *Eagle*, and in 1964 it was the turn of *[Girl](/wiki/Girl_%28British_comics%29 "Girl (British comics)")*. Launched in 1951 in response to AP's *School Friend*, *Girl* had weathered a rocky start before hitting its stride, and was still selling around 360,000 weekly copies at the time, but in 1964 was merged with *Princess* as *New Princess and Girl*.{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=os8bAQAAIAAJ \| isbn\=9780749082116 \| title\=The Ultimate Book of British Comics \| date\=2005 \| publisher\=Allison \& Busby }} This saw ballet serial "Belle and Mamie" as well as cartoons "Lettice" and "Minx and Her Friend Dennis" join, and for four issues the comic was renamed *New Princess and Girl* before settling down to *Princess and Girl* , dropping the *Girl* part altogether after the first issue of 1965\. *Princess and Girl* would debut Amber Ridd \- "[Daughter of Lorna Doone](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Daughter_of_Lorna_Doone "List of Princess (comics) stories#Daughter of Lorna Doone")" \- in a succession of period stories, luxuriously illustrated by [Clive Uptton](/wiki/Clive_Uptton "Clive Uptton"), and the antics of "[Alona — The Wild One](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Alona_%E2%80%94_The_Wild_One "List of Princess (comics) stories#Alona — The Wild One")"; the latter was especially popular, and would live on beyond *Princess*. The character was partly inspired by market research where some readers had bemoaned the lack of jeopardy involved in *Princess* stories. There was also an abridgement of [J. R. R. Tolkien](/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien "J. R. R. Tolkien")'s *[The Hobbit](/wiki/The_Hobbit "The Hobbit")*, which the retired but still usually meticulous writer took little interest in.{{Cite web\|url\=https://tolkienlibrary.com/miscellanea/comics/description.php\|title\=Tolkien miscellenia \- J.R.R. Tolkien comics\|website\=tolkienlibrary.com}} The comic reverted to its own name again in January 1965, and notable features included historical romance "The Golden Talisman", written by the novelist [Sylvia Thorpe](/wiki/Sylvia_Thorpe "Sylvia Thorpe") \- with [Henry Seabright](/wiki/Henry_Seabright "Henry Seabright") employed to keep up the comic's reputation for high\-quality artwork. ### *Princess Magazine* and *Princess Magazine with My Magazine* Another relaunch followed with the 16 October 1965 issue, where the title was rebranded as *Princess Magazine*. The new look saw an expansion to 32 pages (as well as a price increase to 9d.), as well as the [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll "Lewis Carroll")\-inspired text comic "[Alice in Spaceland](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Alice_in_Spaceland "List of Princess (comics) stories#Alice in Spaceland")", written by [Australian](/wiki/Australia "Australia") children's novelist [Mary Elwyn Patchett](/wiki/Mary_Elwyn_Patchett "Mary Elwyn Patchett"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://downthetubes.net/blase\-books\-celebrates\-british\-comics\-with\-new\-issue\-of\-scraps/\|title\=Blasé Books celebrates British comics with new issue of "Scraps"\|first\=John\|last\=Freeman\|date\=8 August 2015\|website\=downthetubes.net}} entertainment page "Moira's Notice Board", a column written by legendary dancer [Martha Graham](/wiki/Martha_Graham "Martha Graham"), an adaptation of *[Mary Poppins](/wiki/Mary_Poppins_%28book_series%29 "Mary Poppins (book series)")* (at a time [the film version](/wiki/Mary_Poppins_%28film%29 "Mary Poppins (film)") was in British cinemas) and "My Magazine", a new section where readers were encouraged to submit "stories, articles, sketches, photographs, poems or paintings"; the section would join the banner of the comic from November, when reader submissions \- typically of exotic overseas holidays and occasionally parades \- began to appear. ### *Princess* (5 November 1966 to 16 September 1967\) Despite the relaunch, sales were beginning to fall and in 1966 *Princess*' circulation fell below the threshold needed to make photogravure printing profitable, and the 5 November 1966 edition saw a move to [web offset printing](/wiki/Web_offset_printing "Web offset printing") \- still a relatively high\-quality system for a British weekly of the time, though this saw the abandonment of photo covers in favour of cover art. The new style was naturally pitched as a boon for readers but the previous high\-quality works by the likes of Coryn and Thorpe were replaced with the rote\-written "Famous Romances", the celebrity columns vanished and photographs were reduced to the occasional agency ballet shots or the 'Princess Star Gallery'. More concerningly, a large number of reprints began to appear, largely pulled from *Girl* (including "Belle of the Ballet" being redressed as "[Lyndy of Latymer Grange](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Lyndy_of_Latymer_Grange "List of Princess (comics) stories#Lyndy of Latymer Grange")") and even older issues of *Princess* itself. The year 1967 also saw Fleetway launch new girls' weekly *[Tina](/wiki/Tina_%28comics%29 "Tina (comics)")*. Intended to catch the zeitgeist of [Emma Peel](/wiki/Emma_Peel "Emma Peel"), *[The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Girl_from_U.N.C.L.E. "The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.")* and with an eye on lucrative European syndication rights (on the continent), action girls in comics, the title sold poorly as British girls reacted poorly to its action\-orientated heroines. With *Princess* also performing below expectations, Fleetway decided to merge them both to create a new title, *[Princess Tina](/wiki/Princess_Tina "Princess Tina")*, made up of the most popular parts of both comics. Unlike more typical mergers, where one title would continue with the other effectively subsumed, *Princess Tina* would start as a new comic and as such was advertised extensively as the separate *Princess* and *Tina* wound down. [Jane Bond](/wiki/Jane_Bond "Jane Bond") and [the Trolls](/wiki/Troll_doll "Troll doll") both appeared in *Princess* (with Sue Day and Alona making a return trip to make sure they were known to *Tina* readers) while both titles started an adaptation of *[The Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz")* that would be continued in the new comic. *Princess* and *Tina* both published their final issues in the week ending 16 September 1967, with *Princess Tina* launching the following Monday. It would run until 1973\. The *Princess Giftbook for Girls* however continued to be published, appearing alongside *Princess Tina Annual* every autumn until 1976\. The *Princess* name was revived for a comic published by Fleetway's successor [IPC Magazines](/wiki/IPC_Magazines "IPC Magazines") between 24 September 1983 and 31 March 1984,{{efn\|name\=weeklycoverdate\|British comics of the time featured their off sale date on the cover}} which bore no relation to the original beyond the name. It lasted for just 28 issues before merging with *[Tammy](/wiki/Tammy_%28comics%29 "Tammy (comics)")*.{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=D7fNDwAAQBAJ \| isbn\=9781783408733 \| title\=The History of Girls' Comics \| date\=12 July 2011 \| publisher\=Casemate Publishers }} Since 2018, the material featured in *Princess* has been owned by [Rebellion Publishing](/wiki/Rebellion_Publishing "Rebellion Publishing").{{cite news \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-oxfordshire\-45645553 \| title\='Billy Bunter' deal sees Oxford publisher amass huge comic collection \| work\=BBC News \| date\=28 September 2018 }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://downthetubes.net/british\-comic\-heroes\-under\-one\-roof\-rebellion\-snaps\-up\-t1\-medias\-classic\-comics\-catalogue/\|title\=British Comic Heroes under one roof! Rebellion snaps up TI Media's classic comics catalogue\|first\=John\|last\=Freeman\|author\-link\=\|date\=28 September 2018\|website\=downthetubes.net}}
[ "Publishing history\n------------------", "### *Princess* (30 January 1960 to 3 October 1964\\)", "In addition to this, the first issue included a bracelet as a free gift, and *Princess* launched well despite its price with *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")* describing it as \"a marked success\".{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=iJ8G22NO24gC \\| title\\=The Economist \\| date\\=12 August 1961 \\| publisher\\=Economist Newspaper Limited }}", "In autumn the title was joined by the hardback *Princess Gift Book for Girls* \\- the name annual being eschewed in line with the publication's posher target market. In 1961 another satellite title was launched \\- *Princess Picture Library* followed the standard Picture Library format of 64 pages in a pocket\\-sized format, and featured alternating full\\-length adventures of Sue from \"The Happy Days\" and Sally Doyle of \"Circus Ballerina\". Further new strips arrived, including \"[Lucia and the Golden Mermaid](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Lucia_and_the_Golden_Mermaid \"List of Princess (comics) stories#Lucia and the Golden Mermaid\")\" (illustrated by Italian artist [Guido Buzzelli](/wiki/Guido_Buzzelli \"Guido Buzzelli\")) and \"[Nurse Angela](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Nurse_Angela \"List of Princess (comics) stories#Nurse Angela\")\" (drawn by Mike Hubbard), the first of several nursing\\-themed stories. November 1961 also saw the comic achieve the coup of a series of columns by [Godfrey Winn](/wiki/Godfrey_Winn \"Godfrey Winn\"), then one of the country's most popular writers, while [David Attenborough](/wiki/David_Attenborough \"David Attenborough\") posted travelogue pieces.", "March 1962 saw a relaunch, with a free 'Pat Smythe Pony Booklet' to tie in with the rider penning strip \"[Molly Must Not Ride](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Molly_Must_Not_Ride \"List of Princess (comics) stories#Molly Must Not Ride\")\" inside. The following year saw an adaptation of \"[The Children of the New Forest](/wiki/The_Children_of_the_New_Forest \"The Children of the New Forest\")\", lavishly illustrated in painted colour by [Ron Embleton](/wiki/Ron_Embleton \"Ron Embleton\"), though the long\\-running Sally Doyle hung up her ballet shoes as \"Circus Ballerina\" finished. In 1963 the title had a circulation of 508,000\\.{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lnIqAAAAMAAJ \\| title\\=New Society \\| date\\=4 October 1963 \\| publisher\\=New Society Limited }}", "### *New Princess and Girl* and *Princess and Girl* (10 October 1964 to 2 January 1965\\)", "The Mirror Group had also taken over [Odhams Press](/wiki/Odhams_Press \"Odhams Press\"), causing the unusual situation of one of Fleetway's main competitors simultaneously being a sister company under the same owners. The acquisition put the *Eagle* group of comics under the Mirror Group umbrella, and while their circulations had fallen since their 1950s heyday the weeklies still commanded respectable sales. However, the board disliked the high production costs of the comics, and assigned Matthews to instigate cuts. In 1963, junior title *[Swift](/wiki/Swift_%28comic%29 \"Swift (comic)\")* was folded into *Eagle*, and in 1964 it was the turn of *[Girl](/wiki/Girl_%28British_comics%29 \"Girl (British comics)\")*. Launched in 1951 in response to AP's *School Friend*, *Girl* had weathered a rocky start before hitting its stride, and was still selling around 360,000 weekly copies at the time, but in 1964 was merged with *Princess* as *New Princess and Girl*.{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=os8bAQAAIAAJ \\| isbn\\=9780749082116 \\| title\\=The Ultimate Book of British Comics \\| date\\=2005 \\| publisher\\=Allison \\& Busby }}\nThis saw ballet serial \"Belle and Mamie\" as well as cartoons \"Lettice\" and \"Minx and Her Friend Dennis\" join, and for four issues the comic was renamed *New Princess and Girl* before settling down to *Princess and Girl* , dropping the *Girl* part altogether after the first issue of 1965\\.", "*Princess and Girl* would debut Amber Ridd \\- \"[Daughter of Lorna Doone](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Daughter_of_Lorna_Doone \"List of Princess (comics) stories#Daughter of Lorna Doone\")\" \\- in a succession of period stories, luxuriously illustrated by [Clive Uptton](/wiki/Clive_Uptton \"Clive Uptton\"), and the antics of \"[Alona — The Wild One](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Alona_%E2%80%94_The_Wild_One \"List of Princess (comics) stories#Alona — The Wild One\")\"; the latter was especially popular, and would live on beyond *Princess*. The character was partly inspired by market research where some readers had bemoaned the lack of jeopardy involved in *Princess* stories. There was also an abridgement of [J. R. R. Tolkien](/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien \"J. R. R. Tolkien\")'s *[The Hobbit](/wiki/The_Hobbit \"The Hobbit\")*, which the retired but still usually meticulous writer took little interest in.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tolkienlibrary.com/miscellanea/comics/description.php\\|title\\=Tolkien miscellenia \\- J.R.R. Tolkien comics\\|website\\=tolkienlibrary.com}} The comic reverted to its own name again in January 1965, and notable features included historical romance \"The Golden Talisman\", written by the novelist [Sylvia Thorpe](/wiki/Sylvia_Thorpe \"Sylvia Thorpe\") \\- with [Henry Seabright](/wiki/Henry_Seabright \"Henry Seabright\") employed to keep up the comic's reputation for high\\-quality artwork.", "### *Princess Magazine* and *Princess Magazine with My Magazine*", "Another relaunch followed with the 16 October 1965 issue, where the title was rebranded as *Princess Magazine*. The new look saw an expansion to 32 pages (as well as a price increase to 9d.), as well as the [Lewis Carroll](/wiki/Lewis_Carroll \"Lewis Carroll\")\\-inspired text comic \"[Alice in Spaceland](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Alice_in_Spaceland \"List of Princess (comics) stories#Alice in Spaceland\")\", written by [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") children's novelist [Mary Elwyn Patchett](/wiki/Mary_Elwyn_Patchett \"Mary Elwyn Patchett\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://downthetubes.net/blase\\-books\\-celebrates\\-british\\-comics\\-with\\-new\\-issue\\-of\\-scraps/\\|title\\=Blasé Books celebrates British comics with new issue of \"Scraps\"\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Freeman\\|date\\=8 August 2015\\|website\\=downthetubes.net}} entertainment page \"Moira's Notice Board\", a column written by legendary dancer [Martha Graham](/wiki/Martha_Graham \"Martha Graham\"), an adaptation of *[Mary Poppins](/wiki/Mary_Poppins_%28book_series%29 \"Mary Poppins (book series)\")* (at a time [the film version](/wiki/Mary_Poppins_%28film%29 \"Mary Poppins (film)\") was in British cinemas) and \"My Magazine\", a new section where readers were encouraged to submit \"stories, articles, sketches, photographs, poems or paintings\"; the section would join the banner of the comic from November, when reader submissions \\- typically of exotic overseas holidays and occasionally parades \\- began to appear.", "### *Princess* (5 November 1966 to 16 September 1967\\)", "Despite the relaunch, sales were beginning to fall and in 1966 *Princess*' circulation fell below the threshold needed to make photogravure printing profitable, and the 5 November 1966 edition saw a move to [web offset printing](/wiki/Web_offset_printing \"Web offset printing\") \\- still a relatively high\\-quality system for a British weekly of the time, though this saw the abandonment of photo covers in favour of cover art. The new style was naturally pitched as a boon for readers but the previous high\\-quality works by the likes of Coryn and Thorpe were replaced with the rote\\-written \"Famous Romances\", the celebrity columns vanished and photographs were reduced to the occasional agency ballet shots or the 'Princess Star Gallery'. More concerningly, a large number of reprints began to appear, largely pulled from *Girl* (including \"Belle of the Ballet\" being redressed as \"[Lyndy of Latymer Grange](/wiki/List_of_Princess_%28comics%29_stories%23Lyndy_of_Latymer_Grange \"List of Princess (comics) stories#Lyndy of Latymer Grange\")\") and even older issues of *Princess* itself.", "The year 1967 also saw Fleetway launch new girls' weekly *[Tina](/wiki/Tina_%28comics%29 \"Tina (comics)\")*. Intended to catch the zeitgeist of [Emma Peel](/wiki/Emma_Peel \"Emma Peel\"), *[The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Girl_from_U.N.C.L.E. \"The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.\")* and with an eye on lucrative European syndication rights (on the continent), action girls in comics, the title sold poorly as British girls reacted poorly to its action\\-orientated heroines. With *Princess* also performing below expectations, Fleetway decided to merge them both to create a new title, *[Princess Tina](/wiki/Princess_Tina \"Princess Tina\")*, made up of the most popular parts of both comics. Unlike more typical mergers, where one title would continue with the other effectively subsumed, *Princess Tina* would start as a new comic and as such was advertised extensively as the separate *Princess* and *Tina* wound down. [Jane Bond](/wiki/Jane_Bond \"Jane Bond\") and [the Trolls](/wiki/Troll_doll \"Troll doll\") both appeared in *Princess* (with Sue Day and Alona making a return trip to make sure they were known to *Tina* readers) while both titles started an adaptation of *[The Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\")* that would be continued in the new comic. *Princess* and *Tina* both published their final issues in the week ending 16 September 1967, with *Princess Tina* launching the following Monday. It would run until 1973\\. The *Princess Giftbook for Girls* however continued to be published, appearing alongside *Princess Tina Annual* every autumn until 1976\\.", "The *Princess* name was revived for a comic published by Fleetway's successor [IPC Magazines](/wiki/IPC_Magazines \"IPC Magazines\") between 24 September 1983 and 31 March 1984,{{efn\\|name\\=weeklycoverdate\\|British comics of the time featured their off sale date on the cover}} which bore no relation to the original beyond the name. It lasted for just 28 issues before merging with *[Tammy](/wiki/Tammy_%28comics%29 \"Tammy (comics)\")*.{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=D7fNDwAAQBAJ \\| isbn\\=9781783408733 \\| title\\=The History of Girls' Comics \\| date\\=12 July 2011 \\| publisher\\=Casemate Publishers }}", "Since 2018, the material featured in *Princess* has been owned by [Rebellion Publishing](/wiki/Rebellion_Publishing \"Rebellion Publishing\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-oxfordshire\\-45645553 \\| title\\='Billy Bunter' deal sees Oxford publisher amass huge comic collection \\| work\\=BBC News \\| date\\=28 September 2018 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://downthetubes.net/british\\-comic\\-heroes\\-under\\-one\\-roof\\-rebellion\\-snaps\\-up\\-t1\\-medias\\-classic\\-comics\\-catalogue/\\|title\\=British Comic Heroes under one roof! Rebellion snaps up TI Media's classic comics catalogue\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Freeman\\|author\\-link\\=\\|date\\=28 September 2018\\|website\\=downthetubes.net}}", "" ]
Emergence of the discipline --------------------------- ### Beginnings: 1930s\-1950s Sociology of Jewry initially emerged in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") in the 1930s beginning with the 1938 publication of *[Jewish Social Studies](/wiki/Jewish_Social_Studies "Jewish Social Studies")*, sponsored by the [Conference on Jewish Relations](/wiki/Conference_on_Jewish_Relations "Conference on Jewish Relations"). The Journal's mission was "to promote, by means of scientific research, a better understanding of the position of Jews in the modern world." And the later publication of *The Jewish Journal of Sociology* in 1958 was due to the "few opportunities... for publishing academic and scientific studies of the sociology of Jews."Heilman, Samuel C. "The sociology of American Jewry: The last ten years." *Annual Review of Sociology* 8, no. 1 (1982\): 135\-160\. ### Growth and development: 1950s\-present In 1955, sociologist [Seymour Lipset](/wiki/Seymour_Lipset "Seymour Lipset") noted that the discipline was underdeveloped, stating that there were far more "Jewish sociologists" than "sociologists of Jews".Lipset, Seymour. "Jewish Sociologists and Sociologists of the Jews." *Jewish Social Studies* (1955\): 177\-178\. However, the subfield began to grow in the late 1960s and 1970s. A professional organization was formed, namely the [Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry](/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry "Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry") (ASSJ). In 1975, a new academic journal was founded as well, *[Contemporary Jewry](/wiki/Contemporary_Jewry "Contemporary Jewry")*. Contributing to this growth was the work of [Marshall Sklare](/wiki/Marshall_Sklare "Marshall Sklare"), now considered one of the founding figures in the sociology of Jewry.Porter, Jack Nusan. "The Sociology of Jewry: Blueprints for the future from contemporary designs." *Contemporary Jewry* 4, no. 1 (1977\): 24\-29\. Marshall Sklare and [Joseph Greenblum](/wiki/Joseph_Greenblum "Joseph Greenblum")’s 1967 study of Jewish identity in “Lakeville” is considered one of the most notable works of its kind. The sociological study of intergroup relations and the theories proposed by [Nathan Glazer](/wiki/Nathan_Glazer "Nathan Glazer") and [Daniel P. Moynihan](/wiki/Daniel_P._Moynihan "Daniel P. Moynihan") is also thought to have contributed to the growth of the sociology of Jewry.Dashefsky, Arnold, Bernard Lazerwitz, and Ephraim Tabory. ["A Journey of the" Straight Way" or the" Roundabout Path."](http://www.booksfree.yolasite.com/resources/Free_Books/Handbook%20of%20the%20Sociology%20of%20Religion.pdf) Handbook of the sociology of religion (2003\): 240\-261\. Accessed May 8, 2014\. #### Formation of the ASSJ The idea for the formation of a professional organization for scholars specializing in the sociology of Jewry first surfaced in 1966; the concept was discussed by [Werner J. Cahnman](/wiki/Werner_J._Cahnman "Werner J. Cahnman") and [Norman L. Friedman](/wiki/Norman_L._Friedman "Norman L. Friedman") at an American Sociological Association (ASA) conference.Friedman, Norman L. "Conception and Birth of the Association for the Sociological Study of Jewry," *Ethnic Forum* 6 (1986\): 98\-111\. The association was informally launched by Norman Friedman and [Bernard Lazerwitz](/wiki/Bernard_Lazerwitz "Bernard Lazerwitz") in 1970; the event, titled "The Sociological Study of Jewry" took place at the ASA annual conference. Sociologists [Solomon Poll](/wiki/Solomon_Poll "Solomon Poll"), [Mervin Verbit](/wiki/Mervin_Verbit "Mervin Verbit") and [Arnold Dashevsky](/wiki/Arnold_Dashevsky "Arnold Dashevsky") submitted a motion to establish a formal group; the motion was voted upon and accepted. The new group, the [Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry](/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry "Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry") (ASSJ or ASSSJ) was launched and formally met the following year. The group has since organized annual conferences, established the academic journal *Contemporary Jewry*, founded the *ASSJ Newsletter* and honors exceptional scholars in the field with the [Marshall Sklare Award](/wiki/Marshall_Sklare_Award "Marshall Sklare Award").Waxman, Chaim I."[The Professional Dilemma of Jewish Social Scientists: The Case of the ASSJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=0s_QAgAAQBAJ&dq=sociology+of+Jewry&pg=PA134)." *The Social Scientific Study of Jewry: Sources, Approaches, Debates*. Ed. Uzi Rebhun. Oxford University Press. Accessed May 9, 2014\.Blasi, Anthony. [*Sociology of Religion in America: A History of a Secular Fascination with Religion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hNhXAwAAQBAJ&dq=solomon+poll+sociology&pg=PA207). BRILL. (2014\): 206\-207\. Accessed May 9, 2014\.Dashefsky, Arnold M. ["ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JEWRY (ASSJ)."](http://www.hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/ASSJ.htm) *Encyclopedia of Religion and Society*. Ed. William H. Swatos, Jr. Hartford Institute for Religion Research. Accessed May 12, 2014\. While the ASSJ and *Contemporary Jewry* are dominated by sociologists and sociological studies \- all but one of the organization's presidents earned a doctorate in sociology, the other received a doctorate in psychology \- the focus has not been restricted to sociology alone. Studies involving other social sciences and history are included as well, and professionals from those disciplines have joined as members, contributors and honorees.
[ "Emergence of the discipline\n---------------------------", "### Beginnings: 1930s\\-1950s", "Sociology of Jewry initially emerged in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in the 1930s beginning with the 1938 publication of *[Jewish Social Studies](/wiki/Jewish_Social_Studies \"Jewish Social Studies\")*, sponsored by the [Conference on Jewish Relations](/wiki/Conference_on_Jewish_Relations \"Conference on Jewish Relations\"). The Journal's mission was \"to promote, by means of scientific research, a better understanding of the position of Jews in the modern world.\" And the later publication of *The Jewish Journal of Sociology* in 1958 was due to the \"few opportunities... for publishing academic and scientific studies of the sociology of Jews.\"Heilman, Samuel C. \"The sociology of American Jewry: The last ten years.\" *Annual Review of Sociology* 8, no. 1 (1982\\): 135\\-160\\.", "### Growth and development: 1950s\\-present", "In 1955, sociologist [Seymour Lipset](/wiki/Seymour_Lipset \"Seymour Lipset\") noted that the discipline was underdeveloped, stating that there were far more \"Jewish sociologists\" than \"sociologists of Jews\".Lipset, Seymour. \"Jewish Sociologists and Sociologists of the Jews.\" *Jewish Social Studies* (1955\\): 177\\-178\\. However, the subfield began to grow in the late 1960s and 1970s. A professional organization was formed, namely the [Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry](/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry \"Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry\") (ASSJ). In 1975, a new academic journal was founded as well, *[Contemporary Jewry](/wiki/Contemporary_Jewry \"Contemporary Jewry\")*.", "Contributing to this growth was the work of [Marshall Sklare](/wiki/Marshall_Sklare \"Marshall Sklare\"), now considered one of the founding figures in the sociology of Jewry.Porter, Jack Nusan. \"The Sociology of Jewry: Blueprints for the future from contemporary designs.\" *Contemporary Jewry* 4, no. 1 (1977\\): 24\\-29\\. Marshall Sklare and [Joseph Greenblum](/wiki/Joseph_Greenblum \"Joseph Greenblum\")’s 1967 study of Jewish identity in “Lakeville” is considered one of the most notable works of its kind. The sociological study of intergroup relations and the theories proposed by [Nathan Glazer](/wiki/Nathan_Glazer \"Nathan Glazer\") and [Daniel P. Moynihan](/wiki/Daniel_P._Moynihan \"Daniel P. Moynihan\") is also thought to have contributed to the growth of the sociology of Jewry.Dashefsky, Arnold, Bernard Lazerwitz, and Ephraim Tabory. [\"A Journey of the\" Straight Way\" or the\" Roundabout Path.\"](http://www.booksfree.yolasite.com/resources/Free_Books/Handbook%20of%20the%20Sociology%20of%20Religion.pdf) Handbook of the sociology of religion (2003\\): 240\\-261\\. Accessed May 8, 2014\\.", "#### Formation of the ASSJ", "The idea for the formation of a professional organization for scholars specializing in the sociology of Jewry first surfaced in 1966; the concept was discussed by [Werner J. Cahnman](/wiki/Werner_J._Cahnman \"Werner J. Cahnman\") and [Norman L. Friedman](/wiki/Norman_L._Friedman \"Norman L. Friedman\") at an American Sociological Association (ASA) conference.Friedman, Norman L. \"Conception and Birth of the Association for the Sociological Study of Jewry,\" *Ethnic Forum* 6 (1986\\): 98\\-111\\. The association was informally launched by Norman Friedman and [Bernard Lazerwitz](/wiki/Bernard_Lazerwitz \"Bernard Lazerwitz\") in 1970; the event, titled \"The Sociological Study of Jewry\" took place at the ASA annual conference. Sociologists [Solomon Poll](/wiki/Solomon_Poll \"Solomon Poll\"), [Mervin Verbit](/wiki/Mervin_Verbit \"Mervin Verbit\") and [Arnold Dashevsky](/wiki/Arnold_Dashevsky \"Arnold Dashevsky\") submitted a motion to establish a formal group; the motion was voted upon and accepted. The new group, the [Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry](/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry \"Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry\") (ASSJ or ASSSJ) was launched and formally met the following year. The group has since organized annual conferences, established the academic journal *Contemporary Jewry*, founded the *ASSJ Newsletter* and honors exceptional scholars in the field with the [Marshall Sklare Award](/wiki/Marshall_Sklare_Award \"Marshall Sklare Award\").Waxman, Chaim I.\"[The Professional Dilemma of Jewish Social Scientists: The Case of the ASSJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=0s_QAgAAQBAJ&dq=sociology+of+Jewry&pg=PA134).\" *The Social Scientific Study of Jewry: Sources, Approaches, Debates*. Ed. Uzi Rebhun. Oxford University Press. Accessed May 9, 2014\\.Blasi, Anthony. [*Sociology of Religion in America: A History of a Secular Fascination with Religion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hNhXAwAAQBAJ&dq=solomon+poll+sociology&pg=PA207). BRILL. (2014\\): 206\\-207\\. Accessed May 9, 2014\\.Dashefsky, Arnold M. [\"ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JEWRY (ASSJ).\"](http://www.hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/ASSJ.htm) *Encyclopedia of Religion and Society*. Ed. William H. Swatos, Jr. Hartford Institute for Religion Research. Accessed May 12, 2014\\.", "While the ASSJ and *Contemporary Jewry* are dominated by sociologists and sociological studies \\- all but one of the organization's presidents earned a doctorate in sociology, the other received a doctorate in psychology \\- the focus has not been restricted to sociology alone. Studies involving other social sciences and history are included as well, and professionals from those disciplines have joined as members, contributors and honorees.", "" ]
Career ------ Griffin began his career when he was commissioned as an Infantry officer in July 1970 following graduation from [Officer Candidate School](/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_%28U.S._Army%29 "Officer Candidate School (U.S. Army)"), [Fort Benning, Georgia](/wiki/Fort_Benning "Fort Benning"). He served two tours at Fort Bragg, North Carolina in the [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division_%28United_States%29 "82nd Airborne Division (United States)"): in the 1st Battalion, [508th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/508th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "508th Infantry Regiment (United States)") as a rifle platoon leader and company executive officer, and in the 3rd Battalion (Airborne), [325th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/325th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "325th Infantry Regiment (United States)") as a commander of Company C and a S\-3 Air (Operations) officer. General Griffin also worked as a G3 operations officer, Headquarters, 82nd Airborne Division. Griffin's overseas assignments included a tour in South Korea as a Company Commander and Brigade S\-2 in the 2nd Infantry Division. He served two tours in Germany in the [8th Infantry Division](/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "8th Infantry Division (United States)") as Secretary of the General Staff and Mechanized Infantry Battalion Executive Officer in the 2nd Battalion (Mechanized), 87th Infantry. He was also Commander of the 3rd Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment. His later assignments included: Special Assistant to the [Chief of Staff of the Army](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army "Chief of Staff of the United States Army") in Washington, D.C., and Commander of the 2nd Brigade, [6th Infantry Division (Light)](/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "6th Infantry Division (United States)") in Alaska. In August 1994, he served as Executive Officer to the Commanding General, [United States Army Forces Command](/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Command "United States Army Forces Command"), [Fort McPherson, Georgia](/wiki/Fort_McPherson%2C_Georgia "Fort McPherson, Georgia"). Following his assignment in Georgia, General Griffin took command of [Joint Task Force 6](/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_6 "Joint Task Force 6"), [Fort Bliss](/wiki/Fort_Bliss "Fort Bliss"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"). He then served as the Assistant Division Commander (Support), [1st Cavalry Division](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Cavalry Division (United States)") in [Fort Hood](/wiki/Fort_Hood "Fort Hood"), Texas. In July 1997, he became the Director of Force Programs, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans in Washington, D.C. General Griffin returned to Fort Hood from June 1999 to October 2001 to command the [4th Infantry Division](/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "4th Infantry Division (United States)").
[ "Career\n------", "Griffin began his career when he was commissioned as an Infantry officer in July 1970 following graduation from [Officer Candidate School](/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_%28U.S._Army%29 \"Officer Candidate School (U.S. Army)\"), [Fort Benning, Georgia](/wiki/Fort_Benning \"Fort Benning\"). He served two tours at Fort Bragg, North Carolina in the [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division_%28United_States%29 \"82nd Airborne Division (United States)\"): in the 1st Battalion, [508th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/508th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"508th Infantry Regiment (United States)\") as a rifle platoon leader and company executive officer, and in the 3rd Battalion (Airborne), [325th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/325th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"325th Infantry Regiment (United States)\") as a commander of Company C and a S\\-3 Air (Operations) officer. General Griffin also worked as a G3 operations officer, Headquarters, 82nd Airborne Division.", "Griffin's overseas assignments included a tour in South Korea as a Company Commander and Brigade S\\-2 in the 2nd Infantry Division. He served two tours in Germany in the [8th Infantry Division](/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"8th Infantry Division (United States)\") as Secretary of the General Staff and Mechanized Infantry Battalion Executive Officer in the 2nd Battalion (Mechanized), 87th Infantry. He was also Commander of the 3rd Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment.", "His later assignments included: Special Assistant to the [Chief of Staff of the Army](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army \"Chief of Staff of the United States Army\") in Washington, D.C., and Commander of the 2nd Brigade, [6th Infantry Division (Light)](/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"6th Infantry Division (United States)\") in Alaska. In August 1994, he served as Executive Officer to the Commanding General, [United States Army Forces Command](/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Command \"United States Army Forces Command\"), [Fort McPherson, Georgia](/wiki/Fort_McPherson%2C_Georgia \"Fort McPherson, Georgia\").", "Following his assignment in Georgia, General Griffin took command of [Joint Task Force 6](/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_6 \"Joint Task Force 6\"), [Fort Bliss](/wiki/Fort_Bliss \"Fort Bliss\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"). He then served as the Assistant Division Commander (Support), [1st Cavalry Division](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Cavalry Division (United States)\") in [Fort Hood](/wiki/Fort_Hood \"Fort Hood\"), Texas.", "In July 1997, he became the Director of Force Programs, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans in Washington, D.C. General Griffin returned to Fort Hood from June 1999 to October 2001 to command the [4th Infantry Division](/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"4th Infantry Division (United States)\").", "" ]
Stream format ------------- A Deflate stream consists of a series of blocks. Each block is preceded by a 3\-[bit](/wiki/Bit "Bit") header: * First bit: Last\-block\-in\-stream marker: + `1`: This is the last block in the stream. + `0`: There are more blocks to process after this one. * Second and third bits: Encoding method used for this block type: + `00`: A stored (a.k.a. raw or literal) section, between 0 and 65,535 bytes in length + `01`: A *static Huffman* compressed block, using a pre\-agreed Huffman tree defined in the RFC + `10`: A *dynamic Huffman* compressed block, complete with the Huffman table supplied + `11`: Reserved—don't use. The *stored* block option adds minimal overhead and is used for data that is incompressible. Most compressible data will end up being encoded using method `10`, the *dynamic Huffman* encoding, which produces an optimized Huffman tree customized for each block of data individually. Instructions to generate the necessary Huffman tree immediately follow the block header. The static Huffman option is used for short messages, where the fixed saving gained by omitting the tree outweighs the percentage compression loss due to using a non\-optimal (thus, not technically Huffman) code. Compression is achieved through two steps: * The matching and replacement of duplicate strings with pointers. * Replacing symbols with new, weighted symbols based on the frequency of use. ### Duplicate string elimination {{main article\|LZ77 and LZ78\|LZSS}} Within compressed blocks, if a duplicate series of bytes is spotted (a repeated string), then a back\-[reference](/wiki/Reference_%28computer_science%29 "Reference (computer science)") is inserted, linking to the previous location of that identical string instead. An encoded match to an earlier string consists of an 8\-bit length (3–258 bytes) and a 15\-bit distance (1–32,768 bytes) to the beginning of the duplicate. Relative back\-references can be made across any number of blocks, as long as the distance appears within the last 32 [KiB](/wiki/Kibibyte "Kibibyte") of uncompressed data decoded (termed the *sliding window*). If the distance is less than the length, the duplicate overlaps itself, indicating repetition. For example, a run of 10 identical bytes can be encoded as one byte, followed by a duplicate of length 9, beginning with the previous byte. Searching the preceding text for duplicate substrings is the most computationally expensive part of the DEFLATE algorithm, and the operation which compression level settings affect. ### Bit reduction {{main article\|Huffman coding}} The second compression stage consists of replacing commonly used symbols with shorter representations and less commonly used symbols with longer representations. The method used is [Huffman coding](/wiki/Huffman_coding "Huffman coding") which creates an unprefixed tree of non\-overlapping intervals, where the length of each sequence is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the probability of that symbol needing to be encoded. The more likely it is that a symbol has to be encoded, the shorter its bit\-sequence will be. A tree is created, containing space for 288 symbols: * 0–255: represent the literal bytes/symbols 0–255\. * 256: end of block – stop processing if last block, otherwise start processing next block. * 257–285: combined with extra\-bits, a match length of 3–258 bytes. * 286, 287: not used, reserved and illegal but still part of the tree. A match length code will always be followed by a distance code. Based on the distance code read, further "extra" bits may be read in order to produce the final distance. The distance tree contains space for 32 symbols: * 0–3: distances 1–4 * 4–5: distances 5–8, 1 extra bit * 6–7: distances 9–16, 2 extra bits * 8–9: distances 17–32, 3 extra bits * ... * 26–27: distances 8,193–16,384, 12 extra bits * 28–29: distances 16,385–32,768, 13 extra bits * 30–31: not used, reserved and illegal but still part of the tree. Note that for the match distance symbols 2–29, the number of extra bits can be calculated as \\left\\lfloor\\frac{n}{2}\\right\\rfloor\-1. The two codes (the 288\-symbol length/literal tree and the 32\-symbol distance tree) are themselves encoded as [canonical Huffman codes](/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code "Canonical Huffman code") by giving the bit length of the code for each symbol. The bit lengths are themselves [run\-length encoded](/wiki/Run-length_encoding "Run-length encoding") to produce as compact a representation as possible. As an alternative to including the tree representation, the "static tree" option provides standard fixed Huffman trees. The compressed size using the static trees can be computed using the same statistics (the number of times each symbol appears) as are used to generate the dynamic trees, so it is easy for a compressor to choose whichever is smaller.
[ "Stream format\n-------------", "A Deflate stream consists of a series of blocks. Each block is preceded by a 3\\-[bit](/wiki/Bit \"Bit\") header:", "* First bit: Last\\-block\\-in\\-stream marker:\n\t+ `1`: This is the last block in the stream.\n\t+ `0`: There are more blocks to process after this one.\n* Second and third bits: Encoding method used for this block type:\n\t+ `00`: A stored (a.k.a. raw or literal) section, between 0 and 65,535 bytes in length\n\t+ `01`: A *static Huffman* compressed block, using a pre\\-agreed Huffman tree defined in the RFC\n\t+ `10`: A *dynamic Huffman* compressed block, complete with the Huffman table supplied\n\t+ `11`: Reserved—don't use.", "The *stored* block option adds minimal overhead and is used for data that is incompressible.", "Most compressible data will end up being encoded using method `10`, the *dynamic Huffman* encoding, which produces an optimized Huffman tree customized for each block of data individually. Instructions to generate the necessary Huffman tree immediately follow the block header. The static Huffman option is used for short messages, where the fixed saving gained by omitting the tree outweighs the percentage compression loss due to using a non\\-optimal (thus, not technically Huffman) code.", "Compression is achieved through two steps:", "* The matching and replacement of duplicate strings with pointers.\n* Replacing symbols with new, weighted symbols based on the frequency of use.", "### Duplicate string elimination", "{{main article\\|LZ77 and LZ78\\|LZSS}}", "Within compressed blocks, if a duplicate series of bytes is spotted (a repeated string), then a back\\-[reference](/wiki/Reference_%28computer_science%29 \"Reference (computer science)\") is inserted, linking to the previous location of that identical string instead. An encoded match to an earlier string consists of an 8\\-bit length (3–258 bytes) and a 15\\-bit distance (1–32,768 bytes) to the beginning of the duplicate. Relative back\\-references can be made across any number of blocks, as long as the distance appears within the last 32 [KiB](/wiki/Kibibyte \"Kibibyte\") of uncompressed data decoded (termed the *sliding window*).", "If the distance is less than the length, the duplicate overlaps itself, indicating repetition. For example, a run of 10 identical bytes can be encoded as one byte, followed by a duplicate of length 9, beginning with the previous byte.", "Searching the preceding text for duplicate substrings is the most computationally expensive part of the DEFLATE algorithm, and the operation which compression level settings affect.", "### Bit reduction", "{{main article\\|Huffman coding}}", "The second compression stage consists of replacing commonly used symbols with shorter representations and less commonly used symbols with longer representations. The method used is [Huffman coding](/wiki/Huffman_coding \"Huffman coding\") which creates an unprefixed tree of non\\-overlapping intervals, where the length of each sequence is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the probability of that symbol needing to be encoded. The more likely it is that a symbol has to be encoded, the shorter its bit\\-sequence will be.", "A tree is created, containing space for 288 symbols:", "* 0–255: represent the literal bytes/symbols 0–255\\.\n* 256: end of block – stop processing if last block, otherwise start processing next block.\n* 257–285: combined with extra\\-bits, a match length of 3–258 bytes.\n* 286, 287: not used, reserved and illegal but still part of the tree.", "A match length code will always be followed by a distance code. Based on the distance code read, further \"extra\" bits may be read in order to produce the final distance. The distance tree contains space for 32 symbols:", "* 0–3: distances 1–4\n* 4–5: distances 5–8, 1 extra bit\n* 6–7: distances 9–16, 2 extra bits\n* 8–9: distances 17–32, 3 extra bits\n* ...\n* 26–27: distances 8,193–16,384, 12 extra bits\n* 28–29: distances 16,385–32,768, 13 extra bits\n* 30–31: not used, reserved and illegal but still part of the tree.", "Note that for the match distance symbols 2–29, the number of extra bits can be calculated as \\\\left\\\\lfloor\\\\frac{n}{2}\\\\right\\\\rfloor\\-1.", "The two codes (the 288\\-symbol length/literal tree and the 32\\-symbol distance tree) are themselves encoded as [canonical Huffman codes](/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code \"Canonical Huffman code\") by giving the bit length of the code for each symbol. The bit lengths are themselves [run\\-length encoded](/wiki/Run-length_encoding \"Run-length encoding\") to produce as compact a representation as possible. As an alternative to including the tree representation, the \"static tree\" option provides standard fixed Huffman trees. The compressed size using the static trees can be computed using the same statistics (the number of times each symbol appears) as are used to generate the dynamic trees, so it is easy for a compressor to choose whichever is smaller.", "" ]
Plot ---- In a series of letters to his friend Semyon Nikolayevich, Pavel Alexandrovich narrates the events that take place after returning to his childhood home in the Russian countryside, starting from June 1850\. Returning after a nine year absence, he reflects on the changes in the house, the garden, and the people. While going through the house and looking at the book collection, he becomes engrossed in reading Goethe's Faust, which triggers memories of his student days. The next day, Pavel encounters an old university classmate, Priimkov, who is now married to Vera Nikolaevna. He recalls meeting 16 year old Vera and her mother Mrs. Yelstova when he was spending a summer at his cousin's estate in the [Perm Governorate](/wiki/Perm_Governorate "Perm Governorate") back in the 1830s. Mrs. Yelstova had an obsession with protecting her daughter's imagination from any outside influences, going to great lengths to ensure Vera's innocence. He recounts his growing attachment to Vera and his desire to marry her, although her mother objected and didn't let it happen. The news of Vera's proximity rekindles his curiosity and decides to meet her at Priimkov's estate. The narrator is surprised to see that Vera has hardly changed at age 28, despite having given birth to three children. Mrs. Yelstova had long since passed away but somehow, Vera had not deviated much from the manner in which she was raised. The conversation turns to the subject of literature, where the narrator learns that Vera Nikolaevna has never read novels, poems, or any form of fictional literature, even after her late mother removed all restrictions on Vera after her marriage. He offers to introduce her to literature, beginning with Goethe's Faust. For these readings, visits to Priimkov's estate become common across the next few months. During their readings, the narrator observes Vera closely and is captivated by her reactions. At first the narrator denies his romantic interest in Vera however it becomes quite obvious that he is infatuated with her. He admits to kissing Vera's hand while reading Eugene Onegin, however Vera seems firm on her boundaries. Besides literature, the narrator discusses several topics with Vera, such as their dreams, Vera's Italian heritage, and her fear of ghosts. By the end of August, the narrator finally admits to being in love with Vera, despite his age and despite her marriage to Priimkov. He struggles to keep his emotions in check. Semyon seems disturbed by this and suggests visiting the narrator. The narrator quickly writes to stop him from coming and assures him that he will be contain himself. The final letter is dated March 1853, 2 years after the events of the past eight letters, sent from a different location. Since the last letter, Vera confessed her feelings for him, and they shared a secret kiss. Vera then asked him to meet her secretly near their garden gate, to which he agreed eagerly. However, on the appointed day, Vera didn't show up. Instead, he noticed activity at her house, with her family still awake. Deciding not to intrude, he left and tried to resume his normal life. He later learned that Vera had fallen seriously ill, suffering from an undiagnosed condition. She had claimed to see her mother's ghost in the garden, which seemed to trigger her illness. Vera passed away in less than two weeks from the day they were supposed to meet. In her delirium, she repeatedly mentioned "Faust" and referred to her mother as either Martha or Gretchen. Following her funeral, the narrator left everything behind and settled in a remote wilderness, where he would spend the rest of his days, haunted by the guilt of being the cause of Vera's loss of innocence and her untimely death. He echoes the motto of renunciation from Goethe's Faust.{{Cite journal \|last\=Struc \|first\=Roman S. \|date\=1984 \|title\=Thomas Mann and Turgenev \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40868249 \|journal\=Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes \|volume\=26 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=35–41 \|doi\=10\.1080/00085006\.1984\.11091765 \|jstor\=40868249 \|issn\=0008\-5006}}
[ "Plot\n----", "In a series of letters to his friend Semyon Nikolayevich, Pavel Alexandrovich narrates the events that take place after returning to his childhood home in the Russian countryside, starting from June 1850\\. Returning after a nine year absence, he reflects on the changes in the house, the garden, and the people. While going through the house and looking at the book collection, he becomes engrossed in reading Goethe's Faust, which triggers memories of his student days.", "The next day, Pavel encounters an old university classmate, Priimkov, who is now married to Vera Nikolaevna. He recalls meeting 16 year old Vera and her mother Mrs. Yelstova when he was spending a summer at his cousin's estate in the [Perm Governorate](/wiki/Perm_Governorate \"Perm Governorate\") back in the 1830s. Mrs. Yelstova had an obsession with protecting her daughter's imagination from any outside influences, going to great lengths to ensure Vera's innocence. He recounts his growing attachment to Vera and his desire to marry her, although her mother objected and didn't let it happen. The news of Vera's proximity rekindles his curiosity and decides to meet her at Priimkov's estate.", "The narrator is surprised to see that Vera has hardly changed at age 28, despite having given birth to three children. Mrs. Yelstova had long since passed away but somehow, Vera had not deviated much from the manner in which she was raised. The conversation turns to the subject of literature, where the narrator learns that Vera Nikolaevna has never read novels, poems, or any form of fictional literature, even after her late mother removed all restrictions on Vera after her marriage. He offers to introduce her to literature, beginning with Goethe's Faust. For these readings, visits to Priimkov's estate become common across the next few months.", "During their readings, the narrator observes Vera closely and is captivated by her reactions. At first the narrator denies his romantic interest in Vera however it becomes quite obvious that he is infatuated with her. He admits to kissing Vera's hand while reading Eugene Onegin, however Vera seems firm on her boundaries. Besides literature, the narrator discusses several topics with Vera, such as their dreams, Vera's Italian heritage, and her fear of ghosts.", "By the end of August, the narrator finally admits to being in love with Vera, despite his age and despite her marriage to Priimkov. He struggles to keep his emotions in check. Semyon seems disturbed by this and suggests visiting the narrator. The narrator quickly writes to stop him from coming and assures him that he will be contain himself.", "The final letter is dated March 1853, 2 years after the events of the past eight letters, sent from a different location. Since the last letter, Vera confessed her feelings for him, and they shared a secret kiss. Vera then asked him to meet her secretly near their garden gate, to which he agreed eagerly. However, on the appointed day, Vera didn't show up. Instead, he noticed activity at her house, with her family still awake. Deciding not to intrude, he left and tried to resume his normal life. He later learned that Vera had fallen seriously ill, suffering from an undiagnosed condition. She had claimed to see her mother's ghost in the garden, which seemed to trigger her illness. Vera passed away in less than two weeks from the day they were supposed to meet. In her delirium, she repeatedly mentioned \"Faust\" and referred to her mother as either Martha or Gretchen.", "Following her funeral, the narrator left everything behind and settled in a remote wilderness, where he would spend the rest of his days, haunted by the guilt of being the cause of Vera's loss of innocence and her untimely death. He echoes the motto of renunciation from Goethe's Faust.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Struc \\|first\\=Roman S. \\|date\\=1984 \\|title\\=Thomas Mann and Turgenev \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40868249 \\|journal\\=Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes \\|volume\\=26 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=35–41 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00085006\\.1984\\.11091765 \\|jstor\\=40868249 \\|issn\\=0008\\-5006}}", "" ]
Classifications --------------- ### Classification By Size The term nanomaterials covers diverse forms of materials with various applications. According to [IUPAC](/wiki/IUPAC "IUPAC") porous materials are subdivided into 3 categories:{{Cite journal\|last1\=Polarz\|first1\=Sebastian\|last2\=Smarsly\|first2\=Bernd\|date\=2002\|title\=Nanoporous materials\|url\=https://kops.uni\-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/9673\|journal\=Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology\|volume\=2\|issue\=6\|pages\=581–612\|doi\=10\.1166/jnn.2002\.151\|pmid\=12908422\|issn\=1533\-4880}} * [Microporous materials](/wiki/Microporous_material "Microporous material"): 0\.2–2 nm{{cite web\|title\=IUPAC Gold Book \- microporous carbon\|url\=http://goldbook.iupac.org/M03909\.html\|publisher\=}} * [Mesoporous materials](/wiki/Mesoporous_material "Mesoporous material"): 2–50 nm{{cite web\|title\=IUPAC Gold Book \- macroporous polymer\|url\=http://goldbook.iupac.org/MT07177\.html\|publisher\=}} * [Macroporous materials](/wiki/Macropore "Macropore"): 50–1000 nm These categories conflict with the classical definition of nanoporous materials, as they have pore diameters between 1 and 100 nm. This range covers all the classifications listed above. However, for the sake of simplicity, scientists choose to use the term nanomaterials and list its associated diameter instead. Microporous and mesoporous materials are distinguished as separate material classes owing to the distinct applications afforded by the pores sizes in these materials. Confusingly, the term microporous is used to describe materials with smaller pores sizes than materials commonly referred to simply as nanoporous. More correctly, microporous materials are better understood as a subset of nanoporous materials, namely materials that exhibit pore diameters smaller than 2 nm.[Bispropylurea bridged polysilsesquioxane: A microporous MOFlike material for molecular recognition.](https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2104/2104.06715.pdf#page=2) Chemosphere (2021\), 276, 130181 Having pore diameters with length scales of molecules, such materials enable applications that require molecular selectivity such as [filtration](/wiki/Filtration "Filtration") and separation [membranes](/wiki/Membranes "Membranes"). Mesoporous materials, referring generally to materials with average pore diameters in the range 2\-50 nm are interesting as [catalyst](/wiki/Catalyst "Catalyst") support materials and [adsorbents](/wiki/Adsorption "Adsorption") owing to their high surface area to volume ratios. Sometimes classifying by size becomes difficult as there could be porous materials that have various diameters. For example, microporous materials may have a few pores with 2 to 50 nm diameter due to random grain packing. These specifics must be taken into consideration when categorizing by pore size. ### Classification By Network Materials In addition to classification by size, nanoporous materials can be further classified into [organic](/wiki/Organic_matter "Organic matter") and [inorganic](/wiki/Inorganic_compound "Inorganic compound") network materials. A network material is the structure 'hosts' the pores and is where the medium (gas or liquid) interacts with the substrate. While there are plenty of inorganic nanoporous membranes, there are few organic ones due to issues with stability.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Hentze\|first1\=H.\-P\|last2\=Antonietti\|first2\=M\|date\=2001\-08\-01\|title\=Template synthesis of porous organic polymers\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222610593\|journal\=Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science\|volume\=5\|issue\=4\|pages\=343–353\|doi\=10\.1016/S1359\-0286(01\)00008\-0}} #### Organic Organic nanoporous materials are polymers made from elements such as boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Dawson\|first1\=Robert\|last2\=Cooper\|first2\=Andrew I.\|last3\=Adams\|first3\=Dave J.\|date\=2012\-04\-01\|title\=Nanoporous organic polymer networks\|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079670011001080\|journal\=Progress in Polymer Science\|series\=Topical Issue on Polymer Physics\|language\=en\|volume\=37\|issue\=4\|pages\=530–563\|doi\=10\.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011\.09\.002\|issn\=0079\-6700}} These materials are usually microporous although mesoporous/microporous structures do exist. These include covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalent triazine frameworks, polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), hyper cross\-linked polymers (HCPs), and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs). Each of these has different structures and manufacturing steps. In general, to create organic nanoporous materials, a monomer with greater than 2 branches (i.e. [covalent bonds](/wiki/Covalent_bond "Covalent bond")) is dissolved in a [solvent](/wiki/Solvent "Solvent"). After additional monomers are added and [polymerization](/wiki/Polymerization "Polymerization") occurs, the solvent is removed and the remaining structure is considered a nanoporous material. Organic nanoporous materials can be further classified into [crystalline](/wiki/Crystal "Crystal") and [amorphous](/wiki/Amorphous_solid "Amorphous solid") networks. Crystalline networks are materials that have a well\-defined pore sizes. The pore sizes are so well defined that simply by changing the monomer, one can obtain different pore sizes. COFs are an example of such crystalline structure. In contrast, amorphous nanoporous materials have a distribution of pore sizes and are usually disordered. An example is PIMs. Both categories have various uses in gas sorption and catalysis reactions. #### Inorganic Inorganic nanoporous materials are porous materials that include the use of oxide\-type, carbon, binary, and pure metal materials. Examples include [zeolites](/wiki/Zeolite "Zeolite"), [nanoporous alumina](/wiki/Aluminium_oxide "Aluminium oxide"), and titania nanotubes. Zeolites are crystalline hydrated tectoaluminosilicates. This material is a combination of alkali/alkali earth metals, alumina, and silica hydrates. These are used for ion\-exchange beds{{Cite journal\|last\=Inglezakis\|first\=Vassilis J.\|date\=2005\-01\-01\|title\=The concept of "capacity" in zeolite ion\-exchange systems\|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979704007957\|journal\=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science\|language\=en\|volume\=281\|issue\=1\|pages\=68–79\|doi\=10\.1016/j.jcis.2004\.08\.082\|pmid\=15567382\|issn\=0021\-9797}} and for water purification.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Savage\|first1\=Nora\|last2\=Diallo\|first2\=Mamadou S.\|date\=2005\-10\-01\|title\=Nanomaterials and Water Purification: Opportunities and Challenges\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1007/s11051\-005\-7523\-5\|journal\=Journal of Nanoparticle Research\|language\=en\|volume\=7\|issue\=4\|pages\=331–342\|doi\=10\.1007/s11051\-005\-7523\-5\|s2cid\=136561598\|issn\=1572\-896X}} Nanoporous alumina is a biocompatible material widely used in various dental and orthopedic implants.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Azevedo\|first1\=C.\|last2\=Tavernier\|first2\=B.\|last3\=Vignes\|first3\=Jean Louis\|last4\=Cenedese\|first4\=Pierre\|last5\=Dubot\|first5\=Pierre\|date\=2008\|title\=Design of Nanoporous Alumina Structure and Surface Properties for Dental Composite\|url\=https://www.scientific.net/KEM.361\-363\.809\|journal\=Key Engineering Materials\|language\=en\|volume\=361\-363\|pages\=809–812\|doi\=10\.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.361\-363\.809\|s2cid\=137339587\|issn\=1662\-9795}} Titania nanotubes are also used in orthopedics but are special as they can form a [titanium oxide](/wiki/Titanium_dioxide "Titanium dioxide") layer upon exposure to oxygen.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Gultepe\|first1\=Evin\|last2\=Nagesha\|first2\=Dattatri\|last3\=Sridhar\|first3\=Srinivas\|last4\=Amiji\|first4\=Mansoor\|date\=March 2010\|title\=Nanoporous inorganic membranes or coatings for sustained drug delivery in implantable devices\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1016/j.addr.2009\.11\.003\|journal\=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews\|volume\=62\|issue\=3\|pages\=305–315\|doi\=10\.1016/j.addr.2009\.11\.003\|pmid\=19922749\|issn\=0169\-409X}} Because the surface of the material is oxide\-protected, this material has excellent biocompatibility with incredible mechanical strength.
[ "Classifications\n---------------", "### Classification By Size", "The term nanomaterials covers diverse forms of materials with various applications. According to [IUPAC](/wiki/IUPAC \"IUPAC\") porous materials are subdivided into 3 categories:{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Polarz\\|first1\\=Sebastian\\|last2\\=Smarsly\\|first2\\=Bernd\\|date\\=2002\\|title\\=Nanoporous materials\\|url\\=https://kops.uni\\-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/9673\\|journal\\=Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=581–612\\|doi\\=10\\.1166/jnn.2002\\.151\\|pmid\\=12908422\\|issn\\=1533\\-4880}}", "* [Microporous materials](/wiki/Microporous_material \"Microporous material\"): 0\\.2–2 nm{{cite web\\|title\\=IUPAC Gold Book \\- microporous carbon\\|url\\=http://goldbook.iupac.org/M03909\\.html\\|publisher\\=}}\n* [Mesoporous materials](/wiki/Mesoporous_material \"Mesoporous material\"): 2–50 nm{{cite web\\|title\\=IUPAC Gold Book \\- macroporous polymer\\|url\\=http://goldbook.iupac.org/MT07177\\.html\\|publisher\\=}}\n* [Macroporous materials](/wiki/Macropore \"Macropore\"): 50–1000 nm", "These categories conflict with the classical definition of nanoporous materials, as they have pore diameters between 1 and 100 nm. This range covers all the classifications listed above. However, for the sake of simplicity, scientists choose to use the term nanomaterials and list its associated diameter instead.", "Microporous and mesoporous materials are distinguished as separate material classes owing to the distinct applications afforded by the pores sizes in these materials. Confusingly, the term microporous is used to describe materials with smaller pores sizes than materials commonly referred to simply as nanoporous. More correctly, microporous materials are better understood as a subset of nanoporous materials, namely materials that exhibit pore diameters smaller than 2 nm.[Bispropylurea bridged polysilsesquioxane: A microporous MOFlike material for molecular recognition.](https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2104/2104.06715.pdf#page=2) Chemosphere (2021\\), 276, 130181 Having pore diameters with length scales of molecules, such materials enable applications that require molecular selectivity such as [filtration](/wiki/Filtration \"Filtration\") and separation [membranes](/wiki/Membranes \"Membranes\"). Mesoporous materials, referring generally to materials with average pore diameters in the range 2\\-50 nm are interesting as [catalyst](/wiki/Catalyst \"Catalyst\") support materials and [adsorbents](/wiki/Adsorption \"Adsorption\") owing to their high surface area to volume ratios.", "Sometimes classifying by size becomes difficult as there could be porous materials that have various diameters. For example, microporous materials may have a few pores with 2 to 50 nm diameter due to random grain packing. These specifics must be taken into consideration when categorizing by pore size.", "### Classification By Network Materials", "In addition to classification by size, nanoporous materials can be further classified into [organic](/wiki/Organic_matter \"Organic matter\") and [inorganic](/wiki/Inorganic_compound \"Inorganic compound\") network materials. A network material is the structure 'hosts' the pores and is where the medium (gas or liquid) interacts with the substrate. While there are plenty of inorganic nanoporous membranes, there are few organic ones due to issues with stability.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Hentze\\|first1\\=H.\\-P\\|last2\\=Antonietti\\|first2\\=M\\|date\\=2001\\-08\\-01\\|title\\=Template synthesis of porous organic polymers\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222610593\\|journal\\=Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=343–353\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S1359\\-0286(01\\)00008\\-0}}", "#### Organic", "Organic nanoporous materials are polymers made from elements such as boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Dawson\\|first1\\=Robert\\|last2\\=Cooper\\|first2\\=Andrew I.\\|last3\\=Adams\\|first3\\=Dave J.\\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-01\\|title\\=Nanoporous organic polymer networks\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079670011001080\\|journal\\=Progress in Polymer Science\\|series\\=Topical Issue on Polymer Physics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=530–563\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011\\.09\\.002\\|issn\\=0079\\-6700}} These materials are usually microporous although mesoporous/microporous structures do exist. These include covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalent triazine frameworks, polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), hyper cross\\-linked polymers (HCPs), and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs). Each of these has different structures and manufacturing steps. In general, to create organic nanoporous materials, a monomer with greater than 2 branches (i.e. [covalent bonds](/wiki/Covalent_bond \"Covalent bond\")) is dissolved in a [solvent](/wiki/Solvent \"Solvent\"). After additional monomers are added and [polymerization](/wiki/Polymerization \"Polymerization\") occurs, the solvent is removed and the remaining structure is considered a nanoporous material.", "Organic nanoporous materials can be further classified into [crystalline](/wiki/Crystal \"Crystal\") and [amorphous](/wiki/Amorphous_solid \"Amorphous solid\") networks. Crystalline networks are materials that have a well\\-defined pore sizes. The pore sizes are so well defined that simply by changing the monomer, one can obtain different pore sizes. COFs are an example of such crystalline structure. In contrast, amorphous nanoporous materials have a distribution of pore sizes and are usually disordered. An example is PIMs. Both categories have various uses in gas sorption and catalysis reactions.", "#### Inorganic", "Inorganic nanoporous materials are porous materials that include the use of oxide\\-type, carbon, binary, and pure metal materials. Examples include [zeolites](/wiki/Zeolite \"Zeolite\"), [nanoporous alumina](/wiki/Aluminium_oxide \"Aluminium oxide\"), and titania nanotubes. Zeolites are crystalline hydrated tectoaluminosilicates. This material is a combination of alkali/alkali earth metals, alumina, and silica hydrates. These are used for ion\\-exchange beds{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Inglezakis\\|first\\=Vassilis J.\\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-01\\|title\\=The concept of \"capacity\" in zeolite ion\\-exchange systems\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979704007957\\|journal\\=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=281\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=68–79\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jcis.2004\\.08\\.082\\|pmid\\=15567382\\|issn\\=0021\\-9797}} and for water purification.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Savage\\|first1\\=Nora\\|last2\\=Diallo\\|first2\\=Mamadou S.\\|date\\=2005\\-10\\-01\\|title\\=Nanomaterials and Water Purification: Opportunities and Challenges\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1007/s11051\\-005\\-7523\\-5\\|journal\\=Journal of Nanoparticle Research\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=7\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=331–342\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11051\\-005\\-7523\\-5\\|s2cid\\=136561598\\|issn\\=1572\\-896X}} Nanoporous alumina is a biocompatible material widely used in various dental and orthopedic implants.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Azevedo\\|first1\\=C.\\|last2\\=Tavernier\\|first2\\=B.\\|last3\\=Vignes\\|first3\\=Jean Louis\\|last4\\=Cenedese\\|first4\\=Pierre\\|last5\\=Dubot\\|first5\\=Pierre\\|date\\=2008\\|title\\=Design of Nanoporous Alumina Structure and Surface Properties for Dental Composite\\|url\\=https://www.scientific.net/KEM.361\\-363\\.809\\|journal\\=Key Engineering Materials\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=361\\-363\\|pages\\=809–812\\|doi\\=10\\.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.361\\-363\\.809\\|s2cid\\=137339587\\|issn\\=1662\\-9795}} Titania nanotubes are also used in orthopedics but are special as they can form a [titanium oxide](/wiki/Titanium_dioxide \"Titanium dioxide\") layer upon exposure to oxygen.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Gultepe\\|first1\\=Evin\\|last2\\=Nagesha\\|first2\\=Dattatri\\|last3\\=Sridhar\\|first3\\=Srinivas\\|last4\\=Amiji\\|first4\\=Mansoor\\|date\\=March 2010\\|title\\=Nanoporous inorganic membranes or coatings for sustained drug delivery in implantable devices\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1016/j.addr.2009\\.11\\.003\\|journal\\=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews\\|volume\\=62\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=305–315\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.addr.2009\\.11\\.003\\|pmid\\=19922749\\|issn\\=0169\\-409X}} Because the surface of the material is oxide\\-protected, this material has excellent biocompatibility with incredible mechanical strength.", "" ]
Plot ---- Widow Birdy Wemys has become a devoted member of a fundamentalist fire\-and\-brimstone religious sect called "the Brethren", led by the charismatic Minister. Birdy has turned her sizeable home over to the Brethren for use as a church and a recruiting ground, and her son Kenny has also fallen under their spell. Kenny is a troubled individual, dominated by his overbearing mother, introverted and socially inept. He has taken the teachings of the Minister to heart, and feels repulsed by what he sees as sin, lust and temptation being openly flaunted by the young women he sees as he goes about his daily business. The film opens with shots of a terrified young woman in a mini skirt fleeing for her life along a riverbank, interspersed with scenes of a Brethren baptism service in full swing complete with gospel\-style music and the congregation working itself into a religious frenzy. The girl is finally cornered by her unseen pursuer, strangled, stripped naked and thrown into the river at the same time as a boy is symbolically submerged during the baptism service. Kenny works two jobs, as a part\-time lifeguard at a public swimming pool and a night\-time security guard. He returns from his nightshift to morning newspaper headlines screaming "Third Nude Body Found!" He later goes to the swimming pool, where he sees it as part of his job description to berate female bathers for the skimpiness of their attire. Birdy meanwhile is in failing health; a diabetic, she is dependent on insulin to control her condition but has to obtain supplies surreptitiously as the use of medicine is strictly forbidden by the Brethren's beliefs. A local nurse, Brigitte, is hired to care for Birdy, against Birdy's wishes, and becomes alarmed at what she sees of the Brethren. She passes on her concerns to her sister Paddy, a campaigning journalist eager to write an exposé of religious cults. In order to infiltrate the Brethren, Paddy decides to pose as an unmarried expectant mother seeking God's forgiveness and redemption from her sins. Kenny descends into a frenzy of killing. One day at the pool, he is outraged when a young woman removes her bikini top and later follows her home to exact retribution for her Godless ways. While on his nocturnal beat he stumbles across a prostitute servicing a client, and she too is brutally despatched. Naked female bodies turn up across London in bizarre circumstances, dropping out of a cement mixer or dangling from a meat hook. Birdy takes such a shine to Paddy that the Minister begins to suspect a suppressed lesbian attraction. Accusing Birdy of "foul thoughts", he orders her to fast in order to cleanse her soul. Birdy slips into a diabetic coma and Paddy attempts desperately to administer an insulin shot, but is accidentally locked in the cellar by Kenny. Kenny locates a supply of insulin and rushes to his mother, but it is too late and she dies. In his grief Kenny finally finds the courage to stand up to the Minister. Having confessed his identity as the Nude Killer, he exacts vengeance by leaving the Minister crucified in his own church.
[ "Plot\n----", "Widow Birdy Wemys has become a devoted member of a fundamentalist fire\\-and\\-brimstone religious sect called \"the Brethren\", led by the charismatic Minister. Birdy has turned her sizeable home over to the Brethren for use as a church and a recruiting ground, and her son Kenny has also fallen under their spell. Kenny is a troubled individual, dominated by his overbearing mother, introverted and socially inept. He has taken the teachings of the Minister to heart, and feels repulsed by what he sees as sin, lust and temptation being openly flaunted by the young women he sees as he goes about his daily business.", "The film opens with shots of a terrified young woman in a mini skirt fleeing for her life along a riverbank, interspersed with scenes of a Brethren baptism service in full swing complete with gospel\\-style music and the congregation working itself into a religious frenzy. The girl is finally cornered by her unseen pursuer, strangled, stripped naked and thrown into the river at the same time as a boy is symbolically submerged during the baptism service.", "Kenny works two jobs, as a part\\-time lifeguard at a public swimming pool and a night\\-time security guard. He returns from his nightshift to morning newspaper headlines screaming \"Third Nude Body Found!\" He later goes to the swimming pool, where he sees it as part of his job description to berate female bathers for the skimpiness of their attire. Birdy meanwhile is in failing health; a diabetic, she is dependent on insulin to control her condition but has to obtain supplies surreptitiously as the use of medicine is strictly forbidden by the Brethren's beliefs. A local nurse, Brigitte, is hired to care for Birdy, against Birdy's wishes, and becomes alarmed at what she sees of the Brethren. She passes on her concerns to her sister Paddy, a campaigning journalist eager to write an exposé of religious cults. In order to infiltrate the Brethren, Paddy decides to pose as an unmarried expectant mother seeking God's forgiveness and redemption from her sins.", "Kenny descends into a frenzy of killing. One day at the pool, he is outraged when a young woman removes her bikini top and later follows her home to exact retribution for her Godless ways. While on his nocturnal beat he stumbles across a prostitute servicing a client, and she too is brutally despatched. Naked female bodies turn up across London in bizarre circumstances, dropping out of a cement mixer or dangling from a meat hook.", "Birdy takes such a shine to Paddy that the Minister begins to suspect a suppressed lesbian attraction. Accusing Birdy of \"foul thoughts\", he orders her to fast in order to cleanse her soul. Birdy slips into a diabetic coma and Paddy attempts desperately to administer an insulin shot, but is accidentally locked in the cellar by Kenny. Kenny locates a supply of insulin and rushes to his mother, but it is too late and she dies. In his grief Kenny finally finds the courage to stand up to the Minister. Having confessed his identity as the Nude Killer, he exacts vengeance by leaving the Minister crucified in his own church.", "" ]
Derivation of CGS units in electromagnetism ------------------------------------------- ### CGS approach to electromagnetic units The conversion factors relating [electromagnetic](/wiki/Electromagnetism "Electromagnetism") units in the CGS and SI systems are made more complex by the differences in the formulas expressing physical laws of electromagnetism as assumed by each system of units, specifically in the nature of the constants that appear in these formulas. This illustrates the fundamental difference in the ways the two systems are built: * In SI, the unit of [electric current](/wiki/Electric_current "Electric current"), the ampere (A), was historically defined such that the [magnetic](/wiki/Magnetism "Magnetism") force exerted by two infinitely long, thin, parallel wires 1 [metre](/wiki/Metre "Metre") apart and carrying a current of 1 [ampere](/wiki/Ampere "Ampere") is exactly {{val\|2\|e\=\-7\|u\=\[\[newton (unit)\|N]]/\[\[metre\|m]]}}. This definition results in all [SI electromagnetic units](/wiki/International_System_of_Units%23Derived_units "International System of Units#Derived units") being numerically consistent (subject to factors of some [integer](/wiki/Integer "Integer") powers of 10\) with those of the CGS\-EMU system described in further sections. The ampere is a base unit of the SI system, with the same status as the metre, kilogram, and second. Thus the relationship in the definition of the ampere with the metre and newton is disregarded, and the ampere is not treated as dimensionally equivalent to any combination of other base units. As a result, electromagnetic laws in SI require an additional constant of proportionality (see *[Vacuum permeability](/wiki/Vacuum_permeability "Vacuum permeability")*) to relate electromagnetic units to kinematic units. (This constant of proportionality is derivable directly from the above definition of the ampere.) All other electric and magnetic units are derived from these four base units using the most basic common definitions: for example, [electric charge](/wiki/Charge_%28physics%29 "Charge (physics)") *q* is defined as current *I* multiplied by time *t*, q \= I \\, t, resulting in the unit of electric charge, the [coulomb](/wiki/Coulomb "Coulomb") (C), being defined as 1 C \= 1 A⋅s. * The CGS system variant avoids introducing new base quantities and units, and instead defines all electromagnetic quantities by expressing the physical laws that relate electromagnetic phenomena to mechanics with only dimensionless constants, and hence all units for these quantities are directly derived from the centimetre, gram, and second. In each of these systems the quantities called "charge" etc. may be a different quantity; they are distinguished here by a superscript. The corresponding quantities of each system are related through a proportionality constant. [Maxwell's equations](/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations "Maxwell's equations") can be written in each of these systems as: {{cite journal \| last \= Leung \| first \= P. T. \| s2cid \= 43177051 \| title \= A note on the 'system\-free' expressions of Maxwell's equations \| year \= 2004 \| journal \= European Journal of Physics \| volume \= 25 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= N1–N4 \| doi \= 10\.1088/0143\-0807/25/2/N01 \| bibcode \= 2004EJPh...25N...1L }} | System | Gauss's law | Ampère–Maxwell law | Gauss's law for magnetism | Faraday's law | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CGS\-ESU | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf E^\\text{ESU} \= 4 \\pi \\rho^\\text{ESU} | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf B^\\text{ESU} \- c^{\-2} \\dot \\mathbf E^\\text{ESU} \= 4 \\pi c^{\-2} \\mathbf J^\\text{ESU} | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf B^\\text{ESU} \= 0 | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf E^\\text{ESU} \+ \\dot \\mathbf B^\\text{ESU} \= 0 | | CGS\-EMU | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf E^\\text{EMU} \= 4 \\pi c^2 \\rho^\\text{EMU} | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf B^\\text{EMU} \- c^{\-2} \\dot \\mathbf E^\\text{EMU} \= 4 \\pi \\mathbf J^\\text{EMU} | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf B^\\text{EMU} \= 0 | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf E^\\text{EMU} \+ \\dot \\mathbf B^\\text{EMU} \= 0 | | CGS\-[Gaussian](/wiki/Gaussian_units "Gaussian units") | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf E^\\text{G} \= 4 \\pi \\rho^\\text{G} | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf B^\\text{G} \- c^{\-1} \\dot \\mathbf E^\\text{G} \= 4 \\pi c^{\-1} \\mathbf J^\\text{G} | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf B^\\text{G} \= 0 | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf E^\\text{G} \+ c^{\-1} \\dot \\mathbf B^\\text{G} \= 0 | | CGS\-[Heaviside–Lorentz](/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units "Heaviside–Lorentz units") | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf E^\\text{LH} \= \\rho^\\text{LH} | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf B^\\text{LH} \- c^{\-1} \\dot \\mathbf E^\\text{LH} \= c^{\-1} \\mathbf J^\\text{LH} | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf B^\\text{LH} \= 0 | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf E^\\text{LH} \+ c^{\-1} \\dot \\mathbf B^\\text{LH} \= 0 | | [SI](/wiki/SI "SI") | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf E^\\text{SI} \= \\rho^\\text{SI} / \\epsilon\_0 | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf B^\\text{SI} \- \\mu\_0\\epsilon\_0\\dot \\mathbf E^\\text{SI} \= \\mu\_0 \\mathbf J^\\text{SI} | \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf B^\\text{SI} \= 0 | \\nabla \\times \\mathbf E^\\text{SI} \+ \\dot \\mathbf B^\\text{SI} \= 0 | ### Electrostatic units (ESU) In the **electrostatic units** variant of the CGS system, (CGS\-ESU), charge is defined as the quantity that obeys a form of [Coulomb's law](/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law "Coulomb's law") without a [multiplying constant](/wiki/Proportionality_%28mathematics%29 "Proportionality (mathematics)") (and current is then defined as charge per unit time): F\={q^\\text{ESU}\_1 q^\\text{ESU}\_2 \\over r^2} . The ESU unit of charge, **franklin** (**Fr**), also known as **[statcoulomb](/wiki/Statcoulomb "Statcoulomb")** or **esu charge**, is therefore defined as follows: {{cite book \| author \= Cardarelli, F. \| year \= 2004 \| title \= Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins \| publisher \= Springer \| edition \= 2nd \| pages \= \[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card/page/20 20]–25 \| isbn\= 1\-85233\-682\-X \| url\= https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card \| url\-access \= registration }} {{Blockquote\|text\=two equal point charges spaced 1 \[\[centimetre]] apart are said to be of 1 franklin each if the electrostatic force between them is 1 \[\[dyne]].}} Therefore, in CGS\-ESU, a franklin is equal to a centimetre times square root of dyne: \\mathrm{1\\,Fr \= 1\\,statcoulomb \= 1\\,esu\\; charge \= 1\\,dyne^{1/2}{\\cdot}cm\=1\\,g^{1/2}{\\cdot}cm^{3/2}{\\cdot}s^{\-1}} . The unit of current is defined as: \\mathrm{1\\,Fr/s \= 1\\,statampere \= 1\\,esu\\; current \= 1\\,dyne^{1/2}{\\cdot}cm{\\cdot}s^{\-1}\=1\\,g^{1/2}{\\cdot}cm^{3/2}{\\cdot}s^{\-2}} . In the CGS\-ESU system, charge *q* is therefore has the dimension to M1/2L3/2T−1. Other units in the CGS\-ESU system include the [statampere](/wiki/Statampere "Statampere") (1 statC/s) and [statvolt](/wiki/Statvolt "Statvolt") (1 [erg](/wiki/Erg "Erg")/statC). In CGS\-ESU, all electric and magnetic quantities are dimensionally expressible in terms of length, mass, and time, and none has an independent dimension. Such a system of units of electromagnetism, in which the dimensions of all electric and magnetic quantities are expressible in terms of the mechanical dimensions of mass, length, and time, is traditionally called an 'absolute system'.{{cite book \|last1\=Fenna \|first1\=Donald \|title\=A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units \|date\=2002 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-107898\-9 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=uBk9DAAAQBAJ \|language\=en}}:[3](https://books.google.com/books?id=uBk9DAAAQBAJ&dq=%22absolute%20system%20electromagnetics%22&pg=PT49) #### Unit symbols All electromagnetic units in the CGS\-ESU system that have not been given names of their own are named as the corresponding SI name with an attached prefix "stat" or with a separate abbreviation "esu", and similarly with the corresponding symbols. ### Electromagnetic units (EMU) In another variant of the CGS system, **electromagnetic units** (**EMU**), current is defined via the force existing between two thin, parallel, infinitely long wires carrying it, and charge is then defined as current multiplied by time. (This approach was eventually used to define the SI unit of [ampere](/wiki/Ampere "Ampere") as well). The EMU unit of current, **biot** (**Bi**), also known as **[abampere](/wiki/Abampere "Abampere")** or **emu current**, is therefore defined as follows: {{quote\|text\=The '''biot''' is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross\-section, and placed one \[\[centimetre]] apart in \[\[vacuum]], would produce between these conductors a force equal to two \[\[dyne]]s per centimetre of length.}} Therefore, in **electromagnetic CGS units**, a biot is equal to a square root of dyne: \\mathrm{1\\,Bi \= 1\\,abampere \= 1\\,emu\\; current\= 1\\,dyne^{1/2}\=1\\,g^{1/2}{\\cdot}cm^{1/2}{\\cdot}s^{\-1}}. The unit of charge in CGS EMU is: \\mathrm{1\\,Bi{\\cdot}s \= 1\\,abcoulomb \= 1\\,emu\\, charge\= 1\\,dyne^{1/2}{\\cdot}s\=1\\,g^{1/2}{\\cdot}cm^{1/2}}. Dimensionally in the CGS\-EMU system, charge *q* is therefore equivalent to M1/2L1/2. Hence, neither charge nor current is an independent physical quantity in the CGS\-EMU system. #### EMU notation All electromagnetic units in the CGS\-EMU system that do not have proper names are denoted by a corresponding SI name with an attached prefix "ab" or with a separate abbreviation "emu". ### Practical CGS units The practical CGS system is a hybrid system that uses the [volt](/wiki/Volt "Volt") and the [ampere](/wiki/Ampere "Ampere") as the units of voltage and current respectively. Doing this avoids the inconveniently large and small electrical units that arise in the esu and emu systems. This system was at one time widely used by electrical engineers because the volt and ampere had been adopted as international standard units by the International Electrical Congress of 1881\.{{cite book \|first\=Paul \|last\=Tunbridge \|title\=Lord Kelvin: His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units \|pages\=34–40 \|publisher\=IET \|year\=1992 \|isbn\=0\-86341\-237\-8 }} As well as the volt and ampere, the [farad](/wiki/Farad "Farad") (capacitance), [ohm](/wiki/Ohm "Ohm") (resistance), [coulomb](/wiki/Coulomb "Coulomb") (electric charge), and [henry](/wiki/Henry_%28unit%29 "Henry (unit)") (inductance) are consequently also used in the practical system and are the same as the SI units. The magnetic units are those of the emu system.{{cite book \|first\=Heinz E. \|last\=Knoepfel \|title\=Magnetic Fields: A Comprehensive Theoretical Treatise for Practical Use \|url\=https://archive.org/details/magneticfieldsco00knoe \|url\-access\=limited \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/magneticfieldsco00knoe/page/n559 543] \|publisher\=Wiley \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=3\-527\-61742\-6 }} The electrical units, other than the volt and ampere, are determined by the requirement that any equation involving only electrical and kinematical quantities that is valid in SI should also be valid in the system. For example, since electric field strength is voltage per unit length, its unit is the volt per centimetre, which is one hundred times the SI unit. The system is electrically rationalized and magnetically unrationalized; i.e., {{nowrap\|1\={{lambda}} \= 1}} and {{nowrap\|1\={{lambda}}′ \= 4{{pi}}}}, but the above formula for {{lambda}} is invalid. A closely related system is the International System of Electric and Magnetic Units, {{cite book \|title \= International System of Electric and Magnetic Units \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=amGTOGpYFgwC \|last1 \= Dellinger \|first1 \= John Howard \|year \= 1916 \|publisher \= U.S. Government Printing Office \|location \= Washington, D.C. }} which has a different unit of mass so that the formula for {{lambda}}′ is invalid. The unit of mass was chosen to remove powers of ten from contexts in which they were considered to be objectionable (e.g., {{nowrap\|1\=''P'' \= ''VI''}} and {{nowrap\|1\=''F'' \= ''qE''}}). Inevitably, the powers of ten reappeared in other contexts, but the effect was to make the familiar joule and watt the units of work and power respectively. The ampere\-turn system is constructed in a similar way by considering magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength to be electrical quantities and rationalizing the system by dividing the units of magnetic pole strength and magnetization by 4{{pi}}. The units of the first two quantities are the ampere and the ampere per centimetre respectively. The unit of magnetic permeability is that of the emu system, and the magnetic constitutive equations are {{nowrap\|1\='''B''' \= (4{{pi}}/10\)''μ'''''H'''}} and {{nowrap\|1\='''B''' \= (4{{pi}}/10\)''μ''0'''H''' \+ ''μ''0'''M'''}}. [Magnetic reluctance](/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance "Magnetic reluctance") is given a hybrid unit to ensure the validity of Ohm's law for magnetic circuits. In all the practical systems *ε*0 \= 8\.8542 × 10−14 A⋅s/(V⋅cm), *μ*0 \= 1 V⋅s/(A⋅cm), and *c*2 \= 1/(4*π* × 10−9 *ε*0*μ*0). ### Other variants There were at various points in time about half a dozen systems of electromagnetic units in use, most based on the CGS system. {{cite journal \| author1\=Bennett, L. H. \|author2\=Page, C. H. \|author3\=Swartzendruber, L. J. \| title \= Comments on units in magnetism \| year \= 1978 \| journal \= Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards \| volume \= 83 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 9–12 \| doi \= 10\.6028/jres.083\.002\|pmid\=34565970 \|pmc\=6752159 \| doi\-access \= free }} These include the [Gaussian units](/wiki/Gaussian_units "Gaussian units") and the [Heaviside–Lorentz units](/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units "Heaviside–Lorentz units").
[ "Derivation of CGS units in electromagnetism\n-------------------------------------------", "### CGS approach to electromagnetic units", "The conversion factors relating [electromagnetic](/wiki/Electromagnetism \"Electromagnetism\") units in the CGS and SI systems are made more complex by the differences in the formulas expressing physical laws of electromagnetism as assumed by each system of units, specifically in the nature of the constants that appear in these formulas. This illustrates the fundamental difference in the ways the two systems are built: \n* In SI, the unit of [electric current](/wiki/Electric_current \"Electric current\"), the ampere (A), was historically defined such that the [magnetic](/wiki/Magnetism \"Magnetism\") force exerted by two infinitely long, thin, parallel wires 1 [metre](/wiki/Metre \"Metre\") apart and carrying a current of 1 [ampere](/wiki/Ampere \"Ampere\") is exactly {{val\\|2\\|e\\=\\-7\\|u\\=\\[\\[newton (unit)\\|N]]/\\[\\[metre\\|m]]}}. This definition results in all [SI electromagnetic units](/wiki/International_System_of_Units%23Derived_units \"International System of Units#Derived units\") being numerically consistent (subject to factors of some [integer](/wiki/Integer \"Integer\") powers of 10\\) with those of the CGS\\-EMU system described in further sections. The ampere is a base unit of the SI system, with the same status as the metre, kilogram, and second. Thus the relationship in the definition of the ampere with the metre and newton is disregarded, and the ampere is not treated as dimensionally equivalent to any combination of other base units. As a result, electromagnetic laws in SI require an additional constant of proportionality (see *[Vacuum permeability](/wiki/Vacuum_permeability \"Vacuum permeability\")*) to relate electromagnetic units to kinematic units. (This constant of proportionality is derivable directly from the above definition of the ampere.) All other electric and magnetic units are derived from these four base units using the most basic common definitions: for example, [electric charge](/wiki/Charge_%28physics%29 \"Charge (physics)\") *q* is defined as current *I* multiplied by time *t*, q \\= I \\\\, t, resulting in the unit of electric charge, the [coulomb](/wiki/Coulomb \"Coulomb\") (C), being defined as 1 C \\= 1 A⋅s.\n* The CGS system variant avoids introducing new base quantities and units, and instead defines all electromagnetic quantities by expressing the physical laws that relate electromagnetic phenomena to mechanics with only dimensionless constants, and hence all units for these quantities are directly derived from the centimetre, gram, and second.", "In each of these systems the quantities called \"charge\" etc. may be a different quantity; they are distinguished here by a superscript. The corresponding quantities of each system are related through a proportionality constant.", "[Maxwell's equations](/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations \"Maxwell's equations\") can be written in each of these systems as:\n{{cite journal \n \\| last \\= Leung \\| first \\= P. T.\n \\| s2cid \\= 43177051\n \\| title \\= A note on the 'system\\-free' expressions of Maxwell's equations\n \\| year \\= 2004\n \\| journal \\= European Journal of Physics\n \\| volume \\= 25\n \\| issue \\= 2\n \\| pages \\= N1–N4\n \\| doi \\= 10\\.1088/0143\\-0807/25/2/N01 \\| bibcode \\= 2004EJPh...25N...1L }}", "", "| System | Gauss's law | Ampère–Maxwell law | Gauss's law for magnetism | Faraday's law |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CGS\\-ESU | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{ESU} \\= 4 \\\\pi \\\\rho^\\\\text{ESU} | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{ESU} \\- c^{\\-2} \\\\dot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{ESU} \\= 4 \\\\pi c^{\\-2} \\\\mathbf J^\\\\text{ESU} | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{ESU} \\= 0 | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{ESU} \\+ \\\\dot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{ESU} \\= 0 |\n| CGS\\-EMU | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{EMU} \\= 4 \\\\pi c^2 \\\\rho^\\\\text{EMU} | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{EMU} \\- c^{\\-2} \\\\dot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{EMU} \\= 4 \\\\pi \\\\mathbf J^\\\\text{EMU} | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{EMU} \\= 0 | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{EMU} \\+ \\\\dot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{EMU} \\= 0 |\n| CGS\\-[Gaussian](/wiki/Gaussian_units \"Gaussian units\") | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{G} \\= 4 \\\\pi \\\\rho^\\\\text{G} | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{G} \\- c^{\\-1} \\\\dot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{G} \\= 4 \\\\pi c^{\\-1} \\\\mathbf J^\\\\text{G} | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{G} \\= 0 | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{G} \\+ c^{\\-1} \\\\dot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{G} \\= 0 |\n| CGS\\-[Heaviside–Lorentz](/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units \"Heaviside–Lorentz units\") | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{LH} \\= \\\\rho^\\\\text{LH} | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{LH} \\- c^{\\-1} \\\\dot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{LH} \\= c^{\\-1} \\\\mathbf J^\\\\text{LH} | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{LH} \\= 0 | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{LH} \\+ c^{\\-1} \\\\dot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{LH} \\= 0 |\n| [SI](/wiki/SI \"SI\") | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{SI} \\= \\\\rho^\\\\text{SI} / \\\\epsilon\\_0 | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{SI} \\- \\\\mu\\_0\\\\epsilon\\_0\\\\dot \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{SI} \\= \\\\mu\\_0 \\\\mathbf J^\\\\text{SI} | \\\\nabla \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{SI} \\= 0 | \\\\nabla \\\\times \\\\mathbf E^\\\\text{SI} \\+ \\\\dot \\\\mathbf B^\\\\text{SI} \\= 0 |", "### Electrostatic units (ESU)", "In the **electrostatic units** variant of the CGS system, (CGS\\-ESU), charge is defined as the quantity that obeys a form of [Coulomb's law](/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law \"Coulomb's law\") without a [multiplying constant](/wiki/Proportionality_%28mathematics%29 \"Proportionality (mathematics)\") (and current is then defined as charge per unit time):\n F\\={q^\\\\text{ESU}\\_1 q^\\\\text{ESU}\\_2 \\\\over r^2} .", "The ESU unit of charge, **franklin** (**Fr**), also known as **[statcoulomb](/wiki/Statcoulomb \"Statcoulomb\")** or **esu charge**, is therefore defined as follows:\n{{cite book\n \\| author \\= Cardarelli, F.\n \\| year \\= 2004\n \\| title \\= Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins\n \\| publisher \\= Springer\n \\| edition \\= 2nd\n \\| pages \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card/page/20 20]–25\n \\| isbn\\= 1\\-85233\\-682\\-X\n \\| url\\= https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card\n \\| url\\-access \\= registration\n}} {{Blockquote\\|text\\=two equal point charges spaced 1 \\[\\[centimetre]] apart are said to be of 1 franklin each if the electrostatic force between them is 1 \\[\\[dyne]].}} Therefore, in CGS\\-ESU, a franklin is equal to a centimetre times square root of dyne:\n \\\\mathrm{1\\\\,Fr \\= 1\\\\,statcoulomb \\= 1\\\\,esu\\\\; charge \\= 1\\\\,dyne^{1/2}{\\\\cdot}cm\\=1\\\\,g^{1/2}{\\\\cdot}cm^{3/2}{\\\\cdot}s^{\\-1}} .\nThe unit of current is defined as:\n \\\\mathrm{1\\\\,Fr/s \\= 1\\\\,statampere \\= 1\\\\,esu\\\\; current \\= 1\\\\,dyne^{1/2}{\\\\cdot}cm{\\\\cdot}s^{\\-1}\\=1\\\\,g^{1/2}{\\\\cdot}cm^{3/2}{\\\\cdot}s^{\\-2}} .", "In the CGS\\-ESU system, charge *q* is therefore has the dimension to M1/2L3/2T−1.", "Other units in the CGS\\-ESU system include the [statampere](/wiki/Statampere \"Statampere\") (1 statC/s) and [statvolt](/wiki/Statvolt \"Statvolt\") (1 [erg](/wiki/Erg \"Erg\")/statC).", "In CGS\\-ESU, all electric and magnetic quantities are dimensionally expressible in terms of length, mass, and time, and none has an independent dimension. Such a system of units of electromagnetism, in which the dimensions of all electric and magnetic quantities are expressible in terms of the mechanical dimensions of mass, length, and time, is traditionally called an 'absolute system'.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Fenna \\|first1\\=Donald \\|title\\=A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units \\|date\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-107898\\-9 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=uBk9DAAAQBAJ \\|language\\=en}}:[3](https://books.google.com/books?id=uBk9DAAAQBAJ&dq=%22absolute%20system%20electromagnetics%22&pg=PT49)", "#### Unit symbols", "All electromagnetic units in the CGS\\-ESU system that have not been given names of their own are named as the corresponding SI name with an attached prefix \"stat\" or with a separate abbreviation \"esu\", and similarly with the corresponding symbols.", "### Electromagnetic units (EMU)", "In another variant of the CGS system, **electromagnetic units** (**EMU**), current is defined via the force existing between two thin, parallel, infinitely long wires carrying it, and charge is then defined as current multiplied by time. (This approach was eventually used to define the SI unit of [ampere](/wiki/Ampere \"Ampere\") as well).", "The EMU unit of current, **biot** (**Bi**), also known as **[abampere](/wiki/Abampere \"Abampere\")** or **emu current**, is therefore defined as follows:\n{{quote\\|text\\=The '''biot''' is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross\\-section, and placed one \\[\\[centimetre]] apart in \\[\\[vacuum]], would produce between these conductors a force equal to two \\[\\[dyne]]s per centimetre of length.}} Therefore, in **electromagnetic CGS units**, a biot is equal to a square root of dyne:\n \\\\mathrm{1\\\\,Bi \\= 1\\\\,abampere \\= 1\\\\,emu\\\\; current\\= 1\\\\,dyne^{1/2}\\=1\\\\,g^{1/2}{\\\\cdot}cm^{1/2}{\\\\cdot}s^{\\-1}}.\nThe unit of charge in CGS EMU is:\n \\\\mathrm{1\\\\,Bi{\\\\cdot}s \\= 1\\\\,abcoulomb \\= 1\\\\,emu\\\\, charge\\= 1\\\\,dyne^{1/2}{\\\\cdot}s\\=1\\\\,g^{1/2}{\\\\cdot}cm^{1/2}}.", "Dimensionally in the CGS\\-EMU system, charge *q* is therefore equivalent to M1/2L1/2. Hence, neither charge nor current is an independent physical quantity in the CGS\\-EMU system.", "#### EMU notation", "All electromagnetic units in the CGS\\-EMU system that do not have proper names are denoted by a corresponding SI name with an attached prefix \"ab\" or with a separate abbreviation \"emu\".", "### Practical CGS units", "The practical CGS system is a hybrid system that uses the [volt](/wiki/Volt \"Volt\") and the [ampere](/wiki/Ampere \"Ampere\") as the units of voltage and current respectively. Doing this avoids the inconveniently large and small electrical units that arise in the esu and emu systems. This system was at one time widely used by electrical engineers because the volt and ampere had been adopted as international standard units by the International Electrical Congress of 1881\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Tunbridge \\|title\\=Lord Kelvin: His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units \\|pages\\=34–40 \\|publisher\\=IET \\|year\\=1992 \\|isbn\\=0\\-86341\\-237\\-8 }} As well as the volt and ampere, the [farad](/wiki/Farad \"Farad\") (capacitance), [ohm](/wiki/Ohm \"Ohm\") (resistance), [coulomb](/wiki/Coulomb \"Coulomb\") (electric charge), and [henry](/wiki/Henry_%28unit%29 \"Henry (unit)\") (inductance) are consequently also used in the practical system and are the same as the SI units. The magnetic units are those of the emu system.{{cite book \\|first\\=Heinz E. \\|last\\=Knoepfel \\|title\\=Magnetic Fields: A Comprehensive Theoretical Treatise for Practical Use \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/magneticfieldsco00knoe \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/magneticfieldsco00knoe/page/n559 543] \\|publisher\\=Wiley \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=3\\-527\\-61742\\-6 }}", "The electrical units, other than the volt and ampere, are determined by the requirement that any equation involving only electrical and kinematical quantities that is valid in SI should also be valid in the system. For example, since electric field strength is voltage per unit length, its unit is the volt per centimetre, which is one hundred times the SI unit.", "The system is electrically rationalized and magnetically unrationalized; i.e., {{nowrap\\|1\\={{lambda}} \\= 1}} and {{nowrap\\|1\\={{lambda}}′ \\= 4{{pi}}}}, but the above formula for {{lambda}} is invalid. A closely related system is the International System of Electric and Magnetic Units,\n{{cite book\n \\|title \\= International System of Electric and Magnetic Units\n \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=amGTOGpYFgwC\n \\|last1 \\= Dellinger \\|first1 \\= John Howard\n \\|year \\= 1916\n \\|publisher \\= U.S. Government Printing Office\n \\|location \\= Washington, D.C.\n}} which has a different unit of mass so that the formula for {{lambda}}′ is invalid. The unit of mass was chosen to remove powers of ten from contexts in which they were considered to be objectionable (e.g., {{nowrap\\|1\\=''P'' \\= ''VI''}} and {{nowrap\\|1\\=''F'' \\= ''qE''}}). Inevitably, the powers of ten reappeared in other contexts, but the effect was to make the familiar joule and watt the units of work and power respectively.", "The ampere\\-turn system is constructed in a similar way by considering magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength to be electrical quantities and rationalizing the system by dividing the units of magnetic pole strength and magnetization by 4{{pi}}. The units of the first two quantities are the ampere and the ampere per centimetre respectively. The unit of magnetic permeability is that of the emu system, and the magnetic constitutive equations are {{nowrap\\|1\\='''B''' \\= (4{{pi}}/10\\)''μ'''''H'''}} and {{nowrap\\|1\\='''B''' \\= (4{{pi}}/10\\)''μ''0'''H''' \\+ ''μ''0'''M'''}}. [Magnetic reluctance](/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance \"Magnetic reluctance\") is given a hybrid unit to ensure the validity of Ohm's law for magnetic circuits.", "In all the practical systems *ε*0 \\= 8\\.8542 × 10−14 A⋅s/(V⋅cm), *μ*0 \\= 1 V⋅s/(A⋅cm), and *c*2 \\= 1/(4*π* × 10−9 *ε*0*μ*0).", "### Other variants", "There were at various points in time about half a dozen systems of electromagnetic units in use, most based on the CGS system.\n{{cite journal \n \\| author1\\=Bennett, L. H. \\|author2\\=Page, C. H. \\|author3\\=Swartzendruber, L. J.\n \\| title \\= Comments on units in magnetism\n \\| year \\= 1978\n \\| journal \\= Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards\n \\| volume \\= 83\n \\| issue \\= 1\n \\| pages \\= 9–12\n \\| doi \\= 10\\.6028/jres.083\\.002\\|pmid\\=34565970 \\|pmc\\=6752159 \\| doi\\-access \\= free\n}} These include the [Gaussian units](/wiki/Gaussian_units \"Gaussian units\") and the [Heaviside–Lorentz units](/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units \"Heaviside–Lorentz units\").", "" ]
Biography --------- Thomas Emory Sherwood was born in Washington County, Indiana, to Rev. Jeremiah Sherwood and Sarah Elrod on May 31, 1835\. Around 1842, Sherwood’s parents moved the family to Kauffman County, Texas, where his father was a Methodist Minister. On October 30, 1856, he married Nancy (Nannie) Lavinia McCreary in Rockwall, Texas, which was in Kauffman County at the time.Widow's Application for Pension No. 17871\. Mrs. Nannie L. Sherwood, Hopkins County, Sulphur Springs, February 5, 1910\. (Note: Rockwall county was created in 1873\.) The couple had two daughters and two sons named Lucretia, Effy, Marvin, and Alvin respectively.*Rev. Thomas E. Sherwood.* n.d. [http://freepages.rootsweb.com/\~huntnews/history/wesley%20church/Rev.\_Thomas\_E.\_Sherwood\_1871\-73/](http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~huntnews/history/wesley%20church/Rev._Thomas_E._Sherwood_1871-73/) (accessed December 5, 2019\). From 1857–1859, Sherwood served as the postmaster in Farmersville, Texas, in Collin County.Stambaugh, J. Lee and Lillian J. Stambaugh. *A History of Collin County.* Austin: The Texas State Historical Association, 1958 He left this post and moved to Dallas, where he was elected mayor in August 1861 at age 26\. Serving with him was Peter Stevenson as marshal and George W. Guess, James N. Smith, Edward W. Hunt, William W. Peak, and Dr. Samuel B. Pryor as aldermen.City of Dallas, City Secretary's Office. *History of Mayors and City Councils 1866\-Present.* Dallas, Texas: City of Dallas, n.d. Records of city government at this time are sparse, and it is unknown whether Sherwood resigned as mayor to join the Civil War or if his term had ended. In either case, he was the last mayor until 1868\. During the Civil War, no mayors, either appointed or elected, served Dallas.City of Dallas, City Secretary's Office. *History of Mayors and City Councils 1866\-Present.* Dallas, Texas: City of Dallas, n.d. In 1862, at age 27, he enlisted in the Confederate States Army. He was part of Company C of the 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment led by Colonel George Sweet. Sherwood was promoted from his enlistment rank of private to Commissary of Subsistence before being discharged.*Civil War Muster Rolls Index Cards, Texas, 1838–1900\.* Enlistment card. n.d After the war, in 1866, following in his father's footsteps, Sherwood was licensed to preach by the Dallas Circuit, Dallas District, East Texas Methodist Conference. He was ordained in 1870\. He traveled as a circuit rider and preached in North Central and East Texas, including Greenville, Rockwall, Sulphur Springs, Honey Grove, Pilot Point, Wichita Falls, Scyene, Sherman, Pottsboro, Bonham, and Dodd City.[Rev. Thomas E. Sherwood](http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~huntnews/wesley%20church/Rev._Thomas_E._Sherwood_1871-73/) website*Thomas Emory Sherwood.* Thirty\-First Session North Texas Annual Conference, Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1897\. p. 30 His final assignment was in Sulphur Springs, Texas. While in Scyene, he was also a teacher from 1869–1871 at the Scyene Masonic Institute in Scyene, Texas.*Dallas Morning News.* "Scyene in the '60s." March 26, 1933\. Sherwood died April 10, 1897, in Dodd City, Texas, and was interred in City Cemetery, Sulphur Springs, Texas.*Dallas Morning News.* "Mortuary." April 13, 1897, p. 6\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Thomas Emory Sherwood was born in Washington County, Indiana, to Rev. Jeremiah Sherwood and Sarah Elrod on May 31, 1835\\. Around 1842, Sherwood’s parents moved the family to Kauffman County, Texas, where his father was a Methodist Minister. On October 30, 1856, he married Nancy (Nannie) Lavinia McCreary in Rockwall, Texas, which was in Kauffman County at the time.Widow's Application for Pension No. 17871\\. Mrs. Nannie L. Sherwood, Hopkins County, Sulphur Springs, February 5, 1910\\. (Note: Rockwall county was created in 1873\\.) The couple had two daughters and two sons named Lucretia, Effy, Marvin, and Alvin respectively.*Rev. Thomas E. Sherwood.* n.d. [http://freepages.rootsweb.com/\\~huntnews/history/wesley%20church/Rev.\\_Thomas\\_E.\\_Sherwood\\_1871\\-73/](http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~huntnews/history/wesley%20church/Rev._Thomas_E._Sherwood_1871-73/) (accessed December 5, 2019\\).", "From 1857–1859, Sherwood served as the postmaster in Farmersville, Texas, in Collin County.Stambaugh, J. Lee and Lillian J. Stambaugh. *A History of Collin County.* Austin: The Texas State Historical Association, 1958 He left this post and moved to Dallas, where he was elected mayor in August 1861 at age 26\\. Serving with him was Peter Stevenson as marshal and George W. Guess, James N. Smith, Edward W. Hunt, William W. Peak, and Dr. Samuel B. Pryor as aldermen.City of Dallas, City Secretary's Office. *History of Mayors and City Councils 1866\\-Present.* Dallas, Texas: City of Dallas, n.d.", "Records of city government at this time are sparse, and it is unknown whether Sherwood resigned as mayor to join the Civil War or if his term had ended. In either case, he was the last mayor until 1868\\. During the Civil War, no mayors, either appointed or elected, served Dallas.City of Dallas, City Secretary's Office. *History of Mayors and City Councils 1866\\-Present.* Dallas, Texas: City of Dallas, n.d.", "In 1862, at age 27, he enlisted in the Confederate States Army. He was part of Company C of the 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment led by Colonel George Sweet. Sherwood was promoted from his enlistment rank of private to Commissary of Subsistence before being discharged.*Civil War Muster Rolls Index Cards, Texas, 1838–1900\\.* Enlistment card. n.d", "After the war, in 1866, following in his father's footsteps, Sherwood was licensed to preach by the Dallas Circuit, Dallas District, East Texas Methodist Conference. He was ordained in 1870\\. He traveled as a circuit rider and preached in North Central and East Texas, including Greenville, Rockwall, Sulphur Springs, Honey Grove, Pilot Point, Wichita Falls, Scyene, Sherman, Pottsboro, Bonham, and Dodd City.[Rev. Thomas E. Sherwood](http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~huntnews/wesley%20church/Rev._Thomas_E._Sherwood_1871-73/) website*Thomas Emory Sherwood.* Thirty\\-First Session North Texas Annual Conference, Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1897\\. p. 30 His final assignment was in Sulphur Springs, Texas. While in Scyene, he was also a teacher from 1869–1871 at the Scyene Masonic Institute in Scyene, Texas.*Dallas Morning News.* \"Scyene in the '60s.\" March 26, 1933\\.", "Sherwood died April 10, 1897, in Dodd City, Texas, and was interred in City Cemetery, Sulphur Springs, Texas.*Dallas Morning News.* \"Mortuary.\" April 13, 1897, p. 6\\.", "" ]
History ------- *Thalatta* was built by McLearon's shipyard in [Harwich](/wiki/Harwich "Harwich"). She was bought from McLearon's by Fred Horlock of [Mistley](/wiki/Mistley "Mistley"), who gave her a [spritsail](/wiki/Spritsail "Spritsail") rig suitable for sailing in the smooth waters of the [Thames estuary](/wiki/Thames_estuary "Thames estuary"). She was registered on 6 February 1906 and her first skipper was James Alliston of Mistley.Kemp, John: *A Fair Wind For London*. Sailtrust Ltd, 1983\. *Thalatta*{{'}}s first freight was from London to Lowestoft, and from there they went to [Hull](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull "Kingston upon Hull") and then back to Mistley. On 24 March, they sailed to [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich "Ipswich") to load beans for [Nieuwpoort](/wiki/Nieuwpoort%2C_Belgium "Nieuwpoort, Belgium") in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") and there they loaded a cargo for [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp"). During that first year of trading, *Thalatta* visited Hull again and also [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk "Dunkirk") and [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam "Rotterdam"). The spritsail rig isn't a good rig for the rough waters of the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea"), and at some point, early in her life, *Thalatta* was re\-rigged as a [ketch](/wiki/Ketch "Ketch"), with a boom and gaff mainsail Between 1908 and 1914 the barge made frequent passages to the north of England, to Newcastle and Sunderland, and west to [Appledore](/wiki/Appledore%2C_Torridge "Appledore, Torridge") in North [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon"), as well as [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"), [Wicklow](/wiki/Wicklow "Wicklow"), and [Wexford](/wiki/Wexford "Wexford") in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") with [malt](/wiki/Malt "Malt") from Mistley and Ipswich. She also visited many ports on the European mainland. On 10 November 1908, she was caught in a severe storm between [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear "Sunderland, Tyne and Wear") and the [Thames](/wiki/Thames "Thames") and, three days later, was towed into Lowestoft with a broken main gaff and a split sail. A couple of months later, on 15 January 1909, under way in the Thames's Blackwall reach, and loaded with [maize](/wiki/Maize "Maize"), *Thalatta* was in collision with a steamer, which did considerable damage to her starboard side. Such a collision was not an unusual occurrence in the Thames at that time. In 1915, the first world war brought a change in *Thalatta*{{'}}s use and she was put to work as a [lighter](/wiki/Lighter_%28barge%29 "Lighter (barge)") in the Thames for a year. The following year, she ran between [Shoreham](/wiki/Shoreham-by-Sea "Shoreham-by-Sea") and [Dieppe](/wiki/Dieppe%2C_Seine-Maritime "Dieppe, Seine-Maritime"), loaded with [pig iron](/wiki/Pig_iron "Pig iron") to feed the French war machine. [right\|thumb\|The Thalatta being rebuilt](/wiki/File:Thalatta_rebuilding.jpg "Thalatta rebuilding.jpg") In 1917 the barge was bought by the Wynnfield Shipping Company of [Grimsby](/wiki/Grimsby "Grimsby"), who installed a {{convert\|70\|hp\|abbr\=on}} two\-cycle vertical oil engine, built by Plenty \& Sons of [Newbury](/wiki/Newbury%2C_Berkshire "Newbury, Berkshire"). She was used as a supply vessel to the [Humber](/wiki/Humber "Humber") boom defences skippered by Percy Richmond (who had previously been mate). At the end of the war, Herbert John Body of [Southend](/wiki/Southend "Southend") took over as skipper and *Thalatta* had a regular run into war\-torn [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders") with materials for postwar rebuilding. Between 1919 and 1921 she also went to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), Antwerp, [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"), and Rotterdam. After that, she carried cement to [Torquay](/wiki/Torquay "Torquay"), [china clay](/wiki/China_clay "China clay") from [Fowey](/wiki/Fowey "Fowey") to [Greenhithe](/wiki/Greenhithe%2C_Kent "Greenhithe, Kent"), and granite chippings from the [Channel Islands](/wiki/Channel_Islands "Channel Islands"). Then in 1923, she was sold to Captain Body and, for reasons now long forgotten, her engine was taken out. She was converted back to a spritsail rig and continued carrying cargoes between the north of [England](/wiki/England "England") and the Channel, as well as to mainland Europe. After ten years, Body sold her to maltsters [R. \& W. Paul Ltd.](/wiki/R._%26_W._Paul_Ltd. "R. & W. Paul Ltd.") of [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich "Ipswich") and her cargoes then were malt and occasionally flour to [London](/wiki/London "London"), barley or wheat to Ipswich, animal feed to Colchester and Faversham, and occasional runs across the North Sea. Her skipper was Bob Ruffles and, after him, there were Lucas, Wells, and Webb. Pauls looked after the barge well and she was found to be unusually sound and well\-preserved when her last Board of Trade loadline inspection was carried out in 1964\. [right\|thumb\|These timbers are some of *Thalatta*{{'}}s original floors.](/wiki/File:Thalatta_original_floors.jpg "Thalatta original floors.jpg") After the second world war, her skipper, Joe Lucas, sailed her to [Lowestoft](/wiki/Lowestoft "Lowestoft") where she was again fitted with an auxiliary engine \- a war surplus [Ruston and Hornsby](/wiki/Ruston_and_Hornsby "Ruston and Hornsby") marine diesel \- at Richards' yard. In 1966 *Thalatta* was sold to [John Kemp](/wiki/John_Arthur_Kemp "John Arthur Kemp") of [Maldon](/wiki/Maldon%2C_Essex "Maldon, Essex") who converted her for use as a school ship. She was then re\-rigged, using some items from another damaged barge 'Memory'.Nick Ardley {{google books\|N0xpCAAAQBAJ\|The Jottings of a Thames Estuary Ditch\-Crawler\|page\=105}} She was contracted to take school children from the [London Borough of Redbridge](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge "London Borough of Redbridge") sailing for five day trips between April and October. The barge was later taken over by the [East Coast Sail Trust](/wiki/East_Coast_Sail_Trust "East Coast Sail Trust") and continued to work as a schoolship skippered by John Kemp with [Jane Benham](/wiki/Jane_Benham "Jane Benham") as the mate. John Kemp died at the wheel in September 1987, near [Mersea Island](/wiki/Mersea_Island "Mersea Island") in the [Blackwater](/wiki/River_Blackwater%2C_Essex "River Blackwater, Essex") estuary. In 2005, the Trust had to repair the hull, as the hull and structure were in danger of rotting away. In 2006, the East Coast Sail Trust received a grant of £527,500 from the Heritage Lottery Fund for the restoration of *Thalatta*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hlf.org.uk/inyourarea/eastengland/Pages/EastCoastsailingboost.aspx\|title\=Lottery Heritage Fund \- East Coast sailing boost\|access\-date\=2011\-06\-13}} In March, skipper Gary Diddams and mate Roger Davies sailed to the [St Osyth](/wiki/St_Osyth "St Osyth") boatyard for refurbishment.{{cite web\|url\=http://thalatta.org.uk/news0611\.htm\|title\=Thalatta Newsletter winter 2006\|access\-date\=2011\-06\-13}} The original intention was to just replace the outer planking and the worst of the frames, but it became apparent that most of the frames were rotted beyond repair and only the floors (the bottom sections of the frame) and the relatively new transom were fit to be retained.{{cite web\|url\=http://thalatta.org.uk/news0712\.htm\|title\=Thalatta Newsletter Winter 2007\|access\-date\=2011\-06\-13}} It was decided that the old barge should be rebuilt and East Coast Sail Trust began to raise funds to carry out this very expensive job. Using Heritage funding, they completed the repairs in 2009\. Then in August 2011, they re\-launched the barge. The rebuilding process was completed in 2012 and *Thalatta* was able to resume her work as a sail training ship that year.
[ "History\n-------", "*Thalatta* was built by McLearon's shipyard in [Harwich](/wiki/Harwich \"Harwich\"). She was bought from McLearon's by Fred Horlock of [Mistley](/wiki/Mistley \"Mistley\"), who gave her a [spritsail](/wiki/Spritsail \"Spritsail\") rig suitable for sailing in the smooth waters of the [Thames estuary](/wiki/Thames_estuary \"Thames estuary\"). She was registered on 6 February 1906 and her first skipper was James Alliston of Mistley.Kemp, John: *A Fair Wind For London*. Sailtrust Ltd, 1983\\.", "*Thalatta*{{'}}s first freight was from London to Lowestoft, and from there they went to [Hull](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull \"Kingston upon Hull\") and then back to Mistley. On 24 March, they sailed to [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich \"Ipswich\") to load beans for [Nieuwpoort](/wiki/Nieuwpoort%2C_Belgium \"Nieuwpoort, Belgium\") in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") and there they loaded a cargo for [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\"). During that first year of trading, *Thalatta* visited Hull again and also [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk \"Dunkirk\") and [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam \"Rotterdam\").", "The spritsail rig isn't a good rig for the rough waters of the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\"), and at some point, early in her life, *Thalatta* was re\\-rigged as a [ketch](/wiki/Ketch \"Ketch\"), with a boom and gaff mainsail", "Between 1908 and 1914 the barge made frequent passages to the north of England, to Newcastle and Sunderland, and west to [Appledore](/wiki/Appledore%2C_Torridge \"Appledore, Torridge\") in North [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"), as well as [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\"), [Wicklow](/wiki/Wicklow \"Wicklow\"), and [Wexford](/wiki/Wexford \"Wexford\") in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\") with [malt](/wiki/Malt \"Malt\") from Mistley and Ipswich. She also visited many ports on the European mainland.", "On 10 November 1908, she was caught in a severe storm between [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear \"Sunderland, Tyne and Wear\") and the [Thames](/wiki/Thames \"Thames\") and, three days later, was towed into Lowestoft with a broken main gaff and a split sail. A couple of months later, on 15 January 1909, under way in the Thames's Blackwall reach, and loaded with [maize](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\"), *Thalatta* was in collision with a steamer, which did considerable damage to her starboard side. Such a collision was not an unusual occurrence in the Thames at that time.", "In 1915, the first world war brought a change in *Thalatta*{{'}}s use and she was put to work as a [lighter](/wiki/Lighter_%28barge%29 \"Lighter (barge)\") in the Thames for a year. The following year, she ran between [Shoreham](/wiki/Shoreham-by-Sea \"Shoreham-by-Sea\") and [Dieppe](/wiki/Dieppe%2C_Seine-Maritime \"Dieppe, Seine-Maritime\"), loaded with [pig iron](/wiki/Pig_iron \"Pig iron\") to feed the French war machine.", "[right\\|thumb\\|The Thalatta being rebuilt](/wiki/File:Thalatta_rebuilding.jpg \"Thalatta rebuilding.jpg\")", "In 1917 the barge was bought by the Wynnfield Shipping Company of [Grimsby](/wiki/Grimsby \"Grimsby\"), who installed a {{convert\\|70\\|hp\\|abbr\\=on}} two\\-cycle vertical oil engine, built by Plenty \\& Sons of [Newbury](/wiki/Newbury%2C_Berkshire \"Newbury, Berkshire\"). She was used as a supply vessel to the [Humber](/wiki/Humber \"Humber\") boom defences skippered by Percy Richmond (who had previously been mate).", "At the end of the war, Herbert John Body of [Southend](/wiki/Southend \"Southend\") took over as skipper and *Thalatta* had a regular run into war\\-torn [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\") with materials for postwar rebuilding. Between 1919 and 1921 she also went to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), Antwerp, [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\"), and Rotterdam.", "After that, she carried cement to [Torquay](/wiki/Torquay \"Torquay\"), [china clay](/wiki/China_clay \"China clay\") from [Fowey](/wiki/Fowey \"Fowey\") to [Greenhithe](/wiki/Greenhithe%2C_Kent \"Greenhithe, Kent\"), and granite chippings from the [Channel Islands](/wiki/Channel_Islands \"Channel Islands\").", "Then in 1923, she was sold to Captain Body and, for reasons now long forgotten, her engine was taken out. She was converted back to a spritsail rig and continued carrying cargoes between the north of [England](/wiki/England \"England\") and the Channel, as well as to mainland Europe.", "After ten years, Body sold her to maltsters [R. \\& W. Paul Ltd.](/wiki/R._%26_W._Paul_Ltd. \"R. & W. Paul Ltd.\") of [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich \"Ipswich\") and her cargoes then were malt and occasionally flour to [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), barley or wheat to Ipswich, animal feed to Colchester and Faversham, and occasional runs across the North Sea. Her skipper was Bob Ruffles and, after him, there were Lucas, Wells, and Webb. Pauls looked after the barge well and she was found to be unusually sound and well\\-preserved when her last Board of Trade loadline inspection was carried out in 1964\\.", "[right\\|thumb\\|These timbers are some of *Thalatta*{{'}}s original floors.](/wiki/File:Thalatta_original_floors.jpg \"Thalatta original floors.jpg\")", "After the second world war, her skipper, Joe Lucas, sailed her to [Lowestoft](/wiki/Lowestoft \"Lowestoft\") where she was again fitted with an auxiliary engine \\- a war surplus [Ruston and Hornsby](/wiki/Ruston_and_Hornsby \"Ruston and Hornsby\") marine diesel \\- at Richards' yard.", "In 1966 *Thalatta* was sold to [John Kemp](/wiki/John_Arthur_Kemp \"John Arthur Kemp\") of [Maldon](/wiki/Maldon%2C_Essex \"Maldon, Essex\") who converted her for use as a school ship. She was then re\\-rigged, using some items from another damaged barge 'Memory'.Nick Ardley {{google books\\|N0xpCAAAQBAJ\\|The Jottings of a Thames Estuary Ditch\\-Crawler\\|page\\=105}}", "She was contracted to take school children from the [London Borough of Redbridge](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge \"London Borough of Redbridge\") sailing for five day trips between April and October.", "The barge was later taken over by the [East Coast Sail Trust](/wiki/East_Coast_Sail_Trust \"East Coast Sail Trust\") and continued to work as a schoolship skippered by John Kemp with [Jane Benham](/wiki/Jane_Benham \"Jane Benham\") as the mate. John Kemp died at the wheel in September 1987, near [Mersea Island](/wiki/Mersea_Island \"Mersea Island\") in the [Blackwater](/wiki/River_Blackwater%2C_Essex \"River Blackwater, Essex\") estuary.", "In 2005, the Trust had to repair the hull, as the hull and structure were in danger of rotting away.", "In 2006, the East Coast Sail Trust received a grant of £527,500 from the Heritage Lottery Fund for the restoration of *Thalatta*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hlf.org.uk/inyourarea/eastengland/Pages/EastCoastsailingboost.aspx\\|title\\=Lottery Heritage Fund \\- East Coast sailing boost\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-13}} In March, skipper Gary Diddams and mate Roger Davies sailed to the [St Osyth](/wiki/St_Osyth \"St Osyth\") boatyard for refurbishment.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thalatta.org.uk/news0611\\.htm\\|title\\=Thalatta Newsletter winter 2006\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-13}} The original intention was to just replace the outer planking and the worst of the frames, but it became apparent that most of the frames were rotted beyond repair and only the floors (the bottom sections of the frame) and the relatively new transom were fit to be retained.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thalatta.org.uk/news0712\\.htm\\|title\\=Thalatta Newsletter Winter 2007\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-13}} It was decided that the old barge should be rebuilt and East Coast Sail Trust began to raise funds to carry out this very expensive job. Using Heritage funding, they completed the repairs in 2009\\. Then in August 2011, they re\\-launched the barge.", "The rebuilding process was completed in 2012 and *Thalatta* was able to resume her work as a sail training ship that year.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|200px\|Duplo bricks alongside a smaller red regular\-sized Lego brick\|alt\=](/wiki/File:2_duplo_lego_bricks.jpg "2 duplo lego bricks.jpg") [thumb\|200px\|Duplo and regular\-sized Lego compatibility demonstrated\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Old_duplo_bricks.jpg "Old duplo bricks.jpg") Duplo bricks were introduced in 1969, in four colours: red, yellow, blue, and white.{{Cite web\|last\=Carreiro\|first\=Arnold\|title\=The best LEGO Duplo set\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/consumer\-reviews/sns\-bestreviews\-toys\-the\-best\-lego\-duplo\-set\-20191219\-6r37neuwn5cdjcrf3hura4so7m\-story.html\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-26\|website\=chicagotribune.com\|archive\-date\=2019\-12\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220230335/https://www.chicagotribune.com/consumer\-reviews/sns\-bestreviews\-toys\-the\-best\-lego\-duplo\-set\-20191219\-6r37neuwn5cdjcrf3hura4so7m\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}} The following year, two more sets were added with blue and red wheel plates. In the product catalogue for 1971, the sets were described as being for children from 1 to 2 years but were still sold mixed with Lego bricks, normally designed for ages 3 to 12\. In 1972, the Duplo brick with two rows of two studs was introduced. In 1975, Duplo became its product brand, with five sets made up exclusively of Duplo bricks. New additions included a round\-topped two\-by\-two stud brick and a small four\-wheeled wagon with two rows of six studs. With these new Duplo sets, Lego began targeting children {{frac\|1\|1\|2}} years old with the intention that when the children became older, their Duplo bricks could be used together with regular Lego bricks. In 1977, the Duplo name was dropped in favour of Lego Preschool. Small figures the size of two\-by\-two bricks were introduced, made up of a cylindrical head and a tapered, limbless body, similar in design to [Fisher\-Price](/wiki/Fisher-Price "Fisher-Price")'s [Little People](/wiki/Little_People_%28toys%29 "Little People (toys)"). Another new brick was a half arch. The new sets included figures, doors, and two\-by\-six brick wagons that could act as a car or train. The name Duplo was brought back in 1979, along with a new reworked logo. Some brick sets were sold inside a plush version of the rabbit from the logo, that zipped closed. In 1983, other Duplo figures appeared, often called Duplo people. These figures have moveable heads, arms, and legs and look like large [Lego minifigures](/wiki/Lego_minifigure "Lego minifigure"), but cannot be taken apart, making them safer for small children. Also in 1983, set number [2700](http://guide.lugnet.com/set/2700) was introduced with a model of a steam engine with two train cars. In 1986, a Duplo doll house with sliding doors was introduced. This included a Duplo people mother, father, and smaller child. In 1992, Duplo Toolo was introduced, which was a range of construction sets using screwdrivers and was aimed at children between the ages of three and six.{{Cite book\|last\=Herman\|first\=Sarah\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=A8SIDwAAQBAJ\&q\=duplo\+toolo\&pg\=PT271\|title\=Building a History: The Lego Group\|date\=2012\-07\-09\|publisher\=Grub Street Publishers\|isbn\=978\-1\-78340\-804\-7\|language\=en}} 1993 brought a grey rail train system with a stop\-and\-start track. Later, two more train systems arrived. In 2005, Lego started selling Duplo trains themed after [Thomas \& Friends](/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends_%28franchise%29 "Thomas & Friends (franchise)"). In 1995, [Duplo Primo](/wiki/Lego_Baby "Lego Baby") was launched, which was a line aimed at children aged between 6 and 24 months. Most of the products in this line were not construction toys. Duplo Primo was later renamed Lego Primo. The name Duplo was dropped again in favour of Explore in 2002\. The new brand name was used to emphasise the relationship between the bricks and the child's learning. Explore introduced four different ways of exploring play: explore being me; explore together; explore imagination and explore logic.{{Cite web\|date\=30 May 2002\|title\=Lego builds new image with Duplo rebranding\|url\=https://www.marketingweek.com/lego\-builds\-new\-image\-with\-duplo\-rebranding/\|access\-date\=28 March 2021\|website\=Marketing Week\|archive\-date\=31 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031133146/https://www.marketingweek.com/lego\-builds\-new\-image\-with\-duplo\-rebranding/\|url\-status\=live}} In the 2004 spring catalogue, there was a reminder that Duplo was now called Explore, but that fall the well\-known Duplo name was back yet again with a new rabbit logo designed to match the new elephant logo for the [Lego Quatro](/wiki/List_of_Lego_themes%23Lego_Quatro "List of Lego themes#Lego Quatro") range.{{cite book\|last\=Lipkowitz\|first\=Daniel\|title\=The Lego Book\|publisher\=Dorling Kindersley\|year\=2009\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/legobook00dani/page/118 118]\|isbn\=978\-1\-4053\-4169\-1\|url\-access\=registration\|url\=https://archive.org/details/legobook00dani/page/118}} Lego has made Duplo sets licensed with [Bob the Builder](/wiki/Bob_the_Builder "Bob the Builder") and [Thomas \& Friends](/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends "Thomas & Friends") characters. Those Duplo ranges have been discontinued, but Duplo sets now include farm, zoo, town, castle, and pirate lines. {{As of\|2008}} a doll house and princess castle are available. Some Duplo sets have cars, trucks, and buildings which cannot be disassembled. Some DUPLO sets do not include building manuals.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|200px\\|Duplo bricks alongside a smaller red regular\\-sized Lego brick\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:2_duplo_lego_bricks.jpg \"2 duplo lego bricks.jpg\")", "[thumb\\|200px\\|Duplo and regular\\-sized Lego compatibility demonstrated\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Old_duplo_bricks.jpg \"Old duplo bricks.jpg\")", "Duplo bricks were introduced in 1969, in four colours: red, yellow, blue, and white.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Carreiro\\|first\\=Arnold\\|title\\=The best LEGO Duplo set\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/consumer\\-reviews/sns\\-bestreviews\\-toys\\-the\\-best\\-lego\\-duplo\\-set\\-20191219\\-6r37neuwn5cdjcrf3hura4so7m\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-26\\|website\\=chicagotribune.com\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220230335/https://www.chicagotribune.com/consumer\\-reviews/sns\\-bestreviews\\-toys\\-the\\-best\\-lego\\-duplo\\-set\\-20191219\\-6r37neuwn5cdjcrf3hura4so7m\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The following year, two more sets were added with blue and red wheel plates. In the product catalogue for 1971, the sets were described as being for children from 1 to 2 years but were still sold mixed with Lego bricks, normally designed for ages 3 to 12\\. In 1972, the Duplo brick with two rows of two studs was introduced.", "In 1975, Duplo became its product brand, with five sets made up exclusively of Duplo bricks. New additions included a round\\-topped two\\-by\\-two stud brick and a small four\\-wheeled wagon with two rows of six studs. With these new Duplo sets, Lego began targeting children {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}} years old with the intention that when the children became older, their Duplo bricks could be used together with regular Lego bricks.", "In 1977, the Duplo name was dropped in favour of Lego Preschool. Small figures the size of two\\-by\\-two bricks were introduced, made up of a cylindrical head and a tapered, limbless body, similar in design to [Fisher\\-Price](/wiki/Fisher-Price \"Fisher-Price\")'s [Little People](/wiki/Little_People_%28toys%29 \"Little People (toys)\"). Another new brick was a half arch. The new sets included figures, doors, and two\\-by\\-six brick wagons that could act as a car or train.", "The name Duplo was brought back in 1979, along with a new reworked logo. Some brick sets were sold inside a plush version of the rabbit from the logo, that zipped closed.", "In 1983, other Duplo figures appeared, often called Duplo people. These figures have moveable heads, arms, and legs and look like large [Lego minifigures](/wiki/Lego_minifigure \"Lego minifigure\"), but cannot be taken apart, making them safer for small children. Also in 1983, set number [2700](http://guide.lugnet.com/set/2700) was introduced with a model of a steam engine with two train cars. In 1986, a Duplo doll house with sliding doors was introduced. This included a Duplo people mother, father, and smaller child.", "In 1992, Duplo Toolo was introduced, which was a range of construction sets using screwdrivers and was aimed at children between the ages of three and six.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Herman\\|first\\=Sarah\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=A8SIDwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=duplo\\+toolo\\&pg\\=PT271\\|title\\=Building a History: The Lego Group\\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-09\\|publisher\\=Grub Street Publishers\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78340\\-804\\-7\\|language\\=en}}", "1993 brought a grey rail train system with a stop\\-and\\-start track. Later, two more train systems arrived. In 2005, Lego started selling Duplo trains themed after [Thomas \\& Friends](/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends_%28franchise%29 \"Thomas & Friends (franchise)\").", "In 1995, [Duplo Primo](/wiki/Lego_Baby \"Lego Baby\") was launched, which was a line aimed at children aged between 6 and 24 months. Most of the products in this line were not construction toys. Duplo Primo was later renamed Lego Primo.", "The name Duplo was dropped again in favour of Explore in 2002\\. The new brand name was used to emphasise the relationship between the bricks and the child's learning. Explore introduced four different ways of exploring play: explore being me; explore together; explore imagination and explore logic.{{Cite web\\|date\\=30 May 2002\\|title\\=Lego builds new image with Duplo rebranding\\|url\\=https://www.marketingweek.com/lego\\-builds\\-new\\-image\\-with\\-duplo\\-rebranding/\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2021\\|website\\=Marketing Week\\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031133146/https://www.marketingweek.com/lego\\-builds\\-new\\-image\\-with\\-duplo\\-rebranding/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the 2004 spring catalogue, there was a reminder that Duplo was now called Explore, but that fall the well\\-known Duplo name was back yet again with a new rabbit logo designed to match the new elephant logo for the [Lego Quatro](/wiki/List_of_Lego_themes%23Lego_Quatro \"List of Lego themes#Lego Quatro\") range.{{cite book\\|last\\=Lipkowitz\\|first\\=Daniel\\|title\\=The Lego Book\\|publisher\\=Dorling Kindersley\\|year\\=2009\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/legobook00dani/page/118 118]\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4053\\-4169\\-1\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/legobook00dani/page/118}}", "Lego has made Duplo sets licensed with [Bob the Builder](/wiki/Bob_the_Builder \"Bob the Builder\") and [Thomas \\& Friends](/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends \"Thomas & Friends\") characters. Those Duplo ranges have been discontinued, but Duplo sets now include farm, zoo, town, castle, and pirate lines. {{As of\\|2008}} a doll house and princess castle are available. Some Duplo sets have cars, trucks, and buildings which cannot be disassembled. Some DUPLO sets do not include building manuals.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life One of ten children, Joseph Schlarman was born on February 23, 1879, in [Breese, Illinois](/wiki/Breese%2C_Illinois "Breese, Illinois"), to Bernard and Philomena (née Keyser) Schlarman.{{cite book\|last\=Curtis\|first\=Georgina Pell\|title\=The American Catholic Who's Who\|volume\=VII\|year\=1947\|publisher\=Walter Romig\|location\=Grosse Pointe, Michigan}} His grand\-nephew is [Stanley Girard Schlarman](/wiki/Stanley_Girard_Schlarman "Stanley Girard Schlarman"), a former bishop of the [Diocese of Dodge City](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dodge_City "Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City") in Kansas. Philomena Schlarman was born in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), and his paternal grandparents were from [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover "Hanover").{{cite news\|work\=\[\[Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria]]\|title\=Most Reverend Joseph H. Schlarman\|url\=http://www.cdop.org/pages/AHistorySchlarman.aspx\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713120527/http://www.cdop.org/pages/AHistorySchlarman.aspx\|archive\-date\=2010\-07\-13\|url\-status\=dead}} As a young boy, Schlarman walked two miles to school every morning and attended daily [mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 "Mass (liturgy)"). For three years after graduating from grade school, he worked the fields in the summer and went to school in the fall, studying until the [corn](/wiki/Maize "Maize") planting season arrived the next spring. Planning to enter [medicine](/wiki/Medicine "Medicine"), Schlarman studied at [Quincy College](/wiki/Quincy_University "Quincy University") in Quincy, Illinois, for four years. After deciding to enter the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Priesthood (Catholic Church)"), Schlarman studied [theology](/wiki/Theology "Theology") at the [University of Innsbruck](/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck "University of Innsbruck") in Innsbruck, Austria. Schlarman was ordained a priest in Austria by Cardinal [Johannes Baptist Katschthaler](/wiki/Johannes_Baptist_Katschthaler "Johannes Baptist Katschthaler") for the [Diocese of Belleville](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Belleville "Roman Catholic Diocese of Belleville") on June 29, 1904\. He then attended the [Pontifical Gregorian University](/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University "Pontifical Gregorian University") in Rome, earning a [Doctor of Canon Law](/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law "Doctor of Canon Law") degree in 1907\.{{Cite news \|date\=1951\-11\-11 \|title\=SCHLARMAN DEAD; PEORIA ARCHBISHOP; Head of Diocese for 21 Years Was Leader in the Catholic Rural Life Program \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/11/11/archives/schlarman\-dead\-peoria\-archbishop\-head\-of\-diocese\-for\-21\-years\-was.html \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-07 \|issn\=0362\-4331}}{{cite news\|work\=Catholic\-Hierarchy.org\|title\=Archbishop Joseph Henry Leo Schlarman\|url\=http://www.catholic\-hierarchy.org/bishop/bschlj.html}} After returning to Illinois, Schlarman served as a [curate](/wiki/Curate "Curate") at [St. Peter's Cathedral Parish](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Peter_%28Belleville%2C_Illinois%29 "Cathedral of Saint Peter (Belleville, Illinois)") in Belleville from 1907 until 1909\. He was then appointed [chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_%28ecclesiastical%29 "Chancellor (ecclesiastical)") of the diocese. ### Bishop of Peoria On April 19, 1930, Schlarman was appointed the third bishop of the Diocese of Peoria by [Pope Pius XI](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI "Pope Pius XI").{{Cite news \|title\=Pope Names Bishop of Peoria, III. \| work\=The New York Times \|url\=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/04/20/97794445\.html?pdf\_redirect\=true\&site\=false \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-07 \|language\=en}} He received his [episcopal](/wiki/Bishop_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Bishop (Catholic Church)") [consecration](/wiki/Consecration "Consecration") on June 17, 1930, from Cardinal [George Mundelein](/wiki/George_Mundelein "George Mundelein"), with Bishops [Henry J. Althoff](/wiki/Henry_J._Althoff "Henry J. Althoff") and [Edward Hoban](/wiki/Edward_Francis_Hoban "Edward Francis Hoban") serving as [co\-consecrators](/wiki/Consecrator "Consecrator"), at St. Peter's Cathedral. From 1936 to 1937, Schlarman served as chair of Illinois Governor [Henry Horner](/wiki/Henry_Horner "Henry Horner")'s Commission for Study of Prison Problems. In 1943 and 1944, Schlarman served as president of the National Catholic Rural Life Conference, an organization founded to improve the quality of life in [rural areas](/wiki/Rural_area "Rural area"). In an address to that conference in November 1944, Schlarman said that the U.S. Government should plan to relocate many war veterans to farming areas once [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") was over.{{Cite news \|last\=Times \|first\=Will Lissnerspecial To the New York \|date\=1944\-11\-13 \|title\=FARMERS WARNED OF REGIMENTATION; Bishop Schlarman Tells Rural Catholics of Post\-War Peril in Political Bureaucracy FAVORS RETURN TO LAND Calls for 'Channeling Back' Those Who Belong There, Puts Social Consideration First \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/11/13/archives/farmers\-warned\-of\-regimentation\-bishop\-schlarman\-tells\-rural.html \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-07 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} He visited the countryside in [Central America](/wiki/Central_America "Central America") and Mexico, and wrote many articles on rural life there. He help plan in 1950 the International Rural Life Congress in Rome, but his health prevented him from attending. Schlarman was given the personal title of [archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") by [Pope Pius XII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII "Pope Pius XII") on June 17, 1951\. Suffering from poor health, Schlarman underwent 15 [operations](/wiki/Surgery "Surgery") and was administered the rite of [extreme unction](/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)") six times. In September 1951, he was well enough to visit Mexico as part of plans to open a seminary in [Montezuma, Mexico](/wiki/Moctezuma_%28Mexico_City_Metro%29 "Moctezuma (Mexico City Metro)"). He had just published his history book, *From Quebec to New Orleans, The Story of the French in America* and *Mexico, Land of Volcanoes.* Joseph Schlarman died in Peoria on November 10, 1951, from a [heart attack](/wiki/Myocardial_infarction "Myocardial infarction"), a day after returning from [Erie, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Erie%2C_Pennsylvania "Erie, Pennsylvania"), and Chicago. He was age 72\. He is buried at St. Mary's Cemetery in Peoria.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "One of ten children, Joseph Schlarman was born on February 23, 1879, in [Breese, Illinois](/wiki/Breese%2C_Illinois \"Breese, Illinois\"), to Bernard and Philomena (née Keyser) Schlarman.{{cite book\\|last\\=Curtis\\|first\\=Georgina Pell\\|title\\=The American Catholic Who's Who\\|volume\\=VII\\|year\\=1947\\|publisher\\=Walter Romig\\|location\\=Grosse Pointe, Michigan}} His grand\\-nephew is [Stanley Girard Schlarman](/wiki/Stanley_Girard_Schlarman \"Stanley Girard Schlarman\"), a former bishop of the [Diocese of Dodge City](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dodge_City \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City\") in Kansas. Philomena Schlarman was born in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), and his paternal grandparents were from [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover \"Hanover\").{{cite news\\|work\\=\\[\\[Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria]]\\|title\\=Most Reverend Joseph H. Schlarman\\|url\\=http://www.cdop.org/pages/AHistorySchlarman.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713120527/http://www.cdop.org/pages/AHistorySchlarman.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-13\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "As a young boy, Schlarman walked two miles to school every morning and attended daily [mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 \"Mass (liturgy)\"). For three years after graduating from grade school, he worked the fields in the summer and went to school in the fall, studying until the [corn](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\") planting season arrived the next spring. Planning to enter [medicine](/wiki/Medicine \"Medicine\"), Schlarman studied at [Quincy College](/wiki/Quincy_University \"Quincy University\") in Quincy, Illinois, for four years. After deciding to enter the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Priesthood (Catholic Church)\"), Schlarman studied [theology](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\") at the [University of Innsbruck](/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck \"University of Innsbruck\") in Innsbruck, Austria.", "Schlarman was ordained a priest in Austria by Cardinal [Johannes Baptist Katschthaler](/wiki/Johannes_Baptist_Katschthaler \"Johannes Baptist Katschthaler\") for the [Diocese of Belleville](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Belleville \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Belleville\") on June 29, 1904\\. He then attended the [Pontifical Gregorian University](/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University \"Pontifical Gregorian University\") in Rome, earning a [Doctor of Canon Law](/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law \"Doctor of Canon Law\") degree in 1907\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1951\\-11\\-11 \\|title\\=SCHLARMAN DEAD; PEORIA ARCHBISHOP; Head of Diocese for 21 Years Was Leader in the Catholic Rural Life Program \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/11/11/archives/schlarman\\-dead\\-peoria\\-archbishop\\-head\\-of\\-diocese\\-for\\-21\\-years\\-was.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-07 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}{{cite news\\|work\\=Catholic\\-Hierarchy.org\\|title\\=Archbishop Joseph Henry Leo Schlarman\\|url\\=http://www.catholic\\-hierarchy.org/bishop/bschlj.html}} After returning to Illinois, Schlarman served as a [curate](/wiki/Curate \"Curate\") at [St. Peter's Cathedral Parish](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Peter_%28Belleville%2C_Illinois%29 \"Cathedral of Saint Peter (Belleville, Illinois)\") in Belleville from 1907 until 1909\\. He was then appointed [chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_%28ecclesiastical%29 \"Chancellor (ecclesiastical)\") of the diocese.", "### Bishop of Peoria", "On April 19, 1930, Schlarman was appointed the third bishop of the Diocese of Peoria by [Pope Pius XI](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI \"Pope Pius XI\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=Pope Names Bishop of Peoria, III. \\| work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/04/20/97794445\\.html?pdf\\_redirect\\=true\\&site\\=false \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-07 \\|language\\=en}} He received his [episcopal](/wiki/Bishop_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Bishop (Catholic Church)\") [consecration](/wiki/Consecration \"Consecration\") on June 17, 1930, from Cardinal [George Mundelein](/wiki/George_Mundelein \"George Mundelein\"), with Bishops [Henry J. Althoff](/wiki/Henry_J._Althoff \"Henry J. Althoff\") and [Edward Hoban](/wiki/Edward_Francis_Hoban \"Edward Francis Hoban\") serving as [co\\-consecrators](/wiki/Consecrator \"Consecrator\"), at St. Peter's Cathedral. From 1936 to 1937, Schlarman served as chair of Illinois Governor [Henry Horner](/wiki/Henry_Horner \"Henry Horner\")'s Commission for Study of Prison Problems.", "In 1943 and 1944, Schlarman served as president of the National Catholic Rural Life Conference, an organization founded to improve the quality of life in [rural areas](/wiki/Rural_area \"Rural area\"). In an address to that conference in November 1944, Schlarman said that the U.S. Government should plan to relocate many war veterans to farming areas once [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") was over.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Times \\|first\\=Will Lissnerspecial To the New York \\|date\\=1944\\-11\\-13 \\|title\\=FARMERS WARNED OF REGIMENTATION; Bishop Schlarman Tells Rural Catholics of Post\\-War Peril in Political Bureaucracy FAVORS RETURN TO LAND Calls for 'Channeling Back' Those Who Belong There, Puts Social Consideration First \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/11/13/archives/farmers\\-warned\\-of\\-regimentation\\-bishop\\-schlarman\\-tells\\-rural.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-07 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} He visited the countryside in [Central America](/wiki/Central_America \"Central America\") and Mexico, and wrote many articles on rural life there. He help plan in 1950 the International Rural Life Congress in Rome, but his health prevented him from attending.", "Schlarman was given the personal title of [archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") by [Pope Pius XII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII \"Pope Pius XII\") on June 17, 1951\\. Suffering from poor health, Schlarman underwent 15 [operations](/wiki/Surgery \"Surgery\") and was administered the rite of [extreme unction](/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)\") six times. In September 1951, he was well enough to visit Mexico as part of plans to open a seminary in [Montezuma, Mexico](/wiki/Moctezuma_%28Mexico_City_Metro%29 \"Moctezuma (Mexico City Metro)\"). He had just published his history book, *From Quebec to New Orleans, The Story of the French in America* and *Mexico, Land of Volcanoes.*", "Joseph Schlarman died in Peoria on November 10, 1951, from a [heart attack](/wiki/Myocardial_infarction \"Myocardial infarction\"), a day after returning from [Erie, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Erie%2C_Pennsylvania \"Erie, Pennsylvania\"), and Chicago. He was age 72\\. He is buried at St. Mary's Cemetery in Peoria.", "" ]
Types of structures ------------------- [thumb\|[Piper PA\-18](/wiki/Piper_PA-18 "Piper PA-18") welded tube truss fuselage structure](/wiki/File:Fuselage_Piper_PA18.JPG "Fuselage Piper PA18.JPG") ### Truss structure {{Main\|Truss}} [thumb\|right\|Some older types of aircraft design utilized open truss structure constructed of wood, steel, or aluminum tubing.{{rp\|3\-3}}](/wiki/File:Truss-type_fuselage_structure.png "Truss-type fuselage structure.png") This type of structure is still in use in many lightweight aircraft using [welded](/wiki/Welding "Welding") [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel") tube trusses. A box truss fuselage structure can also be built out of wood—often covered with plywood. Simple box structures may be rounded by the addition of supported lightweight stringers, allowing the fabric covering to form a more aerodynamic shape, or one more pleasing to the eye. ### Geodesic construction {{Main\|Geodetic airframe}} [thumb\|The [geodetic airframe](/wiki/Geodetic_airframe "Geodetic airframe") of a [Vickers Wellington](/wiki/Vickers_Wellington "Vickers Wellington"), visible as a result of damage sustained to the fuselage skin on the aircraft's tail](/wiki/File:Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X%2C_HE239_%27NA-Y%27%2C_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_%28April_1943%29.png "Vickers Wellington Mark X, HE239 'NA-Y', of No. 428 Squadron RCAF (April 1943).png") Geodesic structural elements were used by [Barnes Wallis](/wiki/Barnes_Wallis "Barnes Wallis") for British [Vickers](/wiki/Vickers "Vickers") between the wars and into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") to form the whole of the fuselage, including its aerodynamic shape. In this type of construction multiple flat strip stringers are wound about the formers in opposite spiral directions, forming a basket\-like appearance. This proved to be light, strong, and rigid and had the advantage of being made almost entirely of wood. A similar construction using aluminum alloy was used in the [Vickers Warwick](/wiki/Vickers_Warwick "Vickers Warwick") with less material than would be required for other structural types. The geodesic structure is also redundant and so can survive localized damage without catastrophic failure. A fabric covering over the structure completed the aerodynamic shell (see the [Vickers Wellington](/wiki/Vickers_Wellington "Vickers Wellington") for an example of a large warplane which uses this process). The logical evolution of this is the creation of fuselages using molded plywood, in which several sheets are laid with the grain in differing directions to give the monocoque type below. ### Monocoque shell [thumb\|The [Van's Aircraft RV\-7](/wiki/Van%27s_Aircraft_RV-7 "Van's Aircraft RV-7") of semi\-monocoque construction](/wiki/File:Vans.rv-7.g-kels.arp.jpg "Vans.rv-7.g-kels.arp.jpg") In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure. A typical early form of this (see the [Lockheed Vega](/wiki/Lockheed_Vega "Lockheed Vega")) was built using molded [plywood](/wiki/Plywood "Plywood"), where the layers of plywood are formed over a "plug" or within a [mold](/wiki/Molding_%28process%29 "Molding (process)"). A later form of this structure uses [fiberglass](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic "Glass-reinforced plastic") cloth impregnated with polyester or epoxy resin as the skin, instead of plywood. A simple form of this used in some amateur\-built aircraft uses rigid expanded foam plastic as the core, with a fiberglass covering, eliminating the necessity of fabricating molds, but requiring more effort in finishing (see the [Rutan VariEze](/wiki/Rutan_VariEze "Rutan VariEze")). An example of a larger molded plywood aircraft is the [de Havilland Mosquito](/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito "De Havilland Mosquito") fighter/light bomber of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). No plywood\-skin fuselage is truly [monocoque](/wiki/Monocoque "Monocoque"), since stiffening elements are incorporated into the structure to carry concentrated loads that would otherwise buckle the thin skin. The use of molded fiberglass using negative ("female") molds (which give a nearly finished product) is prevalent in the series production of many modern [sailplanes](/wiki/Sailplane "Sailplane"). The use of molded composites for fuselage structures is being extended to large passenger aircraft such as the [Boeing 787](/wiki/Boeing_787 "Boeing 787") *Dreamliner* (using pressure\-molding on female molds). ### Semi\-monocoque {{Multiple image \| header \= Monocoque and semi\-monocoque design{{cite web \|title\=Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge \|url\=https://www.faa.gov/regulations\_policies/handbooks\_manuals/aviation/phak \|publisher\=\[\[Federal Aviation Administration]] \|access\-date\=16 January 2023 \|date\=August 24, 2016}}{{rp\|3\-9}} \| image1 \= Monocoque fuselage design.png \| caption1 \= Monocoque construction uses stressed skin to support almost all loads much like an aluminum beverage can. \| image2 \= Semimonocoque fuselage design.png \| caption2 \= Semi\-monocoque construction, partial or one\-half, uses a substructure to which the airplane's skin is attached. }} [thumb\|upright\|Sectioned fuselage of a [Boeing 747](/wiki/Boeing_747 "Boeing 747") showing formers, [stringers](/wiki/Stringer_%28aeronautics%29 "Stringer (aeronautics)") and skin all made of [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium")](/wiki/File:Fuselage-747.jpg "Fuselage-747.jpg") This is the preferred method of constructing an all\-[aluminum](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium") fuselage. First, a series of [formers](/wiki/Former "Former") in the shape of the fuselage cross sections are held in position on a [rigid fixture](/wiki/Fixture_%28tool%29 "Fixture (tool)"). These formers are then joined with lightweight longitudinal elements called [stringers](/wiki/Longeron "Longeron"). These are in turn covered with a skin of sheet aluminum, attached by [riveting](/wiki/Rivet "Rivet") or by bonding with special adhesives. The fixture is then disassembled and removed from the completed fuselage shell, which is then fitted out with wiring, controls, and interior equipment such as seats and luggage bins. Most modern large aircraft are built using this technique, but use several large sections constructed in this fashion which are then joined with [fasteners](/wiki/Fastener "Fastener") to form the complete fuselage. As the accuracy of the final product is determined largely by the costly fixture, this form is suitable for series production, where many identical aircraft are to be produced. Early examples of this type include the Douglas Aircraft [DC\-2](/wiki/Douglas_DC-2 "Douglas DC-2") and [DC\-3](/wiki/Douglas_DC-3 "Douglas DC-3") civil aircraft and the Boeing [B\-17 Flying Fortress](/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress "B-17 Flying Fortress"). Most metal light aircraft are constructed using this process. Both monocoque and semi\-monocoque are referred to as "stressed skin" structures as all or a portion of the external load (i.e. from wings and empennage, and from discrete masses such as the engine) is taken by the surface covering. In addition, all the load from internal [pressurization](/wiki/Cabin_pressurization "Cabin pressurization") is carried (as *skin tension*) by the external skin. The proportioning of loads between the components is a design choice dictated largely by the dimensions, strength, and elasticity of the components available for construction and whether or not a design is intended to be "self jigging", not requiring a complete fixture for alignment.
[ "Types of structures\n-------------------", "[thumb\\|[Piper PA\\-18](/wiki/Piper_PA-18 \"Piper PA-18\") welded tube truss fuselage structure](/wiki/File:Fuselage_Piper_PA18.JPG \"Fuselage Piper PA18.JPG\")", "### Truss structure", "{{Main\\|Truss}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Some older types of aircraft design utilized open truss structure constructed of wood, steel, or aluminum tubing.{{rp\\|3\\-3}}](/wiki/File:Truss-type_fuselage_structure.png \"Truss-type fuselage structure.png\")\nThis type of structure is still in use in many lightweight aircraft using [welded](/wiki/Welding \"Welding\") [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") tube trusses.\nA box truss fuselage structure can also be built out of wood—often covered with plywood. Simple box structures may be rounded by the addition of supported lightweight stringers, allowing the fabric covering to form a more aerodynamic shape, or one more pleasing to the eye.", "### Geodesic construction", "{{Main\\|Geodetic airframe}}\n[thumb\\|The [geodetic airframe](/wiki/Geodetic_airframe \"Geodetic airframe\") of a [Vickers Wellington](/wiki/Vickers_Wellington \"Vickers Wellington\"), visible as a result of damage sustained to the fuselage skin on the aircraft's tail](/wiki/File:Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X%2C_HE239_%27NA-Y%27%2C_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_%28April_1943%29.png \"Vickers Wellington Mark X, HE239 'NA-Y', of No. 428 Squadron RCAF (April 1943).png\")", "Geodesic structural elements were used by [Barnes Wallis](/wiki/Barnes_Wallis \"Barnes Wallis\") for British [Vickers](/wiki/Vickers \"Vickers\") between the wars and into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") to form the whole of the fuselage, including its aerodynamic shape. In this type of construction multiple flat strip stringers are wound about the formers in opposite spiral directions, forming a basket\\-like appearance. This proved to be light, strong, and rigid and had the advantage of being made almost entirely of wood. A similar construction using aluminum alloy was used in the [Vickers Warwick](/wiki/Vickers_Warwick \"Vickers Warwick\") with less material than would be required for other structural types. The geodesic structure is also redundant and so can survive localized damage without catastrophic failure. A fabric covering over the structure completed the aerodynamic shell (see the [Vickers Wellington](/wiki/Vickers_Wellington \"Vickers Wellington\") for an example of a large warplane which uses this process). The logical evolution of this is the creation of fuselages using molded plywood, in which several sheets are laid with the grain in differing directions to give the monocoque type below.", "### Monocoque shell", "[thumb\\|The [Van's Aircraft RV\\-7](/wiki/Van%27s_Aircraft_RV-7 \"Van's Aircraft RV-7\") of semi\\-monocoque construction](/wiki/File:Vans.rv-7.g-kels.arp.jpg \"Vans.rv-7.g-kels.arp.jpg\")", "In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure. A typical early form of this (see the [Lockheed Vega](/wiki/Lockheed_Vega \"Lockheed Vega\")) was built using molded [plywood](/wiki/Plywood \"Plywood\"), where the layers of plywood are formed over a \"plug\" or within a [mold](/wiki/Molding_%28process%29 \"Molding (process)\"). A later form of this structure uses [fiberglass](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic \"Glass-reinforced plastic\") cloth impregnated with polyester or epoxy resin as the skin, instead of plywood. A simple form of this used in some amateur\\-built aircraft uses rigid expanded foam plastic as the core, with a fiberglass covering, eliminating the necessity of fabricating molds, but requiring more effort in finishing (see the [Rutan VariEze](/wiki/Rutan_VariEze \"Rutan VariEze\")). An example of a larger molded plywood aircraft is the [de Havilland Mosquito](/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito \"De Havilland Mosquito\") fighter/light bomber of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").\nNo plywood\\-skin fuselage is truly [monocoque](/wiki/Monocoque \"Monocoque\"), since stiffening elements are incorporated into the structure to carry concentrated loads that would otherwise buckle the thin skin.\nThe use of molded fiberglass using negative (\"female\") molds (which give a nearly finished product) is prevalent in the series production of many modern [sailplanes](/wiki/Sailplane \"Sailplane\"). The use of molded composites for fuselage structures is being extended to large passenger aircraft such as the [Boeing 787](/wiki/Boeing_787 \"Boeing 787\") *Dreamliner* (using pressure\\-molding on female molds).", "### Semi\\-monocoque", "{{Multiple image\n\\| header \\= Monocoque and semi\\-monocoque design{{cite web \\|title\\=Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge \\|url\\=https://www.faa.gov/regulations\\_policies/handbooks\\_manuals/aviation/phak \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Aviation Administration]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2023 \\|date\\=August 24, 2016}}{{rp\\|3\\-9}}\n\\| image1 \\= Monocoque fuselage design.png\n\\| caption1 \\= Monocoque construction uses stressed skin to support almost all loads much like an aluminum beverage can.\n\\| image2 \\= Semimonocoque fuselage design.png\n\\| caption2 \\= Semi\\-monocoque construction, partial or one\\-half, uses a substructure to which the airplane's skin is attached.\n}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Sectioned fuselage of a [Boeing 747](/wiki/Boeing_747 \"Boeing 747\") showing formers, [stringers](/wiki/Stringer_%28aeronautics%29 \"Stringer (aeronautics)\") and skin all made of [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\")](/wiki/File:Fuselage-747.jpg \"Fuselage-747.jpg\")", "This is the preferred method of constructing an all\\-[aluminum](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\") fuselage. First, a series of [formers](/wiki/Former \"Former\") in the shape of the fuselage cross sections are held in position on a [rigid fixture](/wiki/Fixture_%28tool%29 \"Fixture (tool)\"). These formers are then joined with lightweight longitudinal elements called [stringers](/wiki/Longeron \"Longeron\"). These are in turn covered with a skin of sheet aluminum, attached by [riveting](/wiki/Rivet \"Rivet\") or by bonding with special adhesives. The fixture is then disassembled and removed from the completed fuselage shell, which is then fitted out with wiring, controls, and interior equipment such as seats and luggage bins. Most modern large aircraft are built using this technique, but use several large sections constructed in this fashion which are then joined with [fasteners](/wiki/Fastener \"Fastener\") to form the complete fuselage. As the accuracy of the final product is determined largely by the costly fixture, this form is suitable for series production, where many identical aircraft are to be produced. Early examples of this type include the Douglas Aircraft [DC\\-2](/wiki/Douglas_DC-2 \"Douglas DC-2\") and [DC\\-3](/wiki/Douglas_DC-3 \"Douglas DC-3\") civil aircraft and the Boeing [B\\-17 Flying Fortress](/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress \"B-17 Flying Fortress\"). Most metal light aircraft are constructed using this process.", "Both monocoque and semi\\-monocoque are referred to as \"stressed skin\" structures as all or a portion of the external load (i.e. from wings and empennage, and from discrete masses such as the engine) is taken by the surface covering. In addition, all the load from internal [pressurization](/wiki/Cabin_pressurization \"Cabin pressurization\") is carried (as *skin tension*) by the external skin.", "The proportioning of loads between the components is a design choice dictated largely by the dimensions, strength, and elasticity of the components available for construction and whether or not a design is intended to be \"self jigging\", not requiring a complete fixture for alignment.", "" ]
Components ---------- The Istanbul Financial Center comprises several components designed to accommodate diverse financial activities and services.{{cite news \|title\=Türkiye opens long\-anticipated Istanbul Finance Center \|url\=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/finance/turkiye\-opens\-long\-anticipated\-istanbul\-finance\-center \|access\-date\=30 March 2024 \|work\=Daily Sabah \|date\=17 April 2023}} ### Financial Institutions The center hosts leading banks of the country, investment firms, asset management companies, and other financial institutions, offering a comprehensive range of banking, investment, and advisory services. ### Regulatory Bodies Regulatory agencies such as the [Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency](/wiki/Banking_Regulation_and_Supervision_Agency "Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency") (BRSA) and the [Capital Markets Board of Turkey](/wiki/Capital_Markets_Board_of_Turkey "Capital Markets Board of Turkey") (CMB) have a presence in the center to ensure compliance with regulations and maintain market integrity. ### Business District A modern business district within the center provides state\-of\-the\-art office spaces, conference facilities, and commercial amenities to support the operations of financial firms and facilitate collaboration and networking. Notably, in response to the challenges posed by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), all offices within the IFC are equipped with operable windows and UV\-filtered ventilation systems, ensuring a safe working environment for the employees. ### Infrastructure The Istanbul Financial Center features robust infrastructure, including advanced telecommunications systems, high\-speed internet connectivity, to meet the technological needs of financial institutions and businesses. ### Residential and Recreational Areas The development includes residential complexes, hotels, restaurants, and recreational facilities, creating a vibrant living environment for the employees, as well as attracting international professionals and visitors.
[ "Components\n----------", "The Istanbul Financial Center comprises several components designed to accommodate diverse financial activities and services.{{cite news \\|title\\=Türkiye opens long\\-anticipated Istanbul Finance Center \\|url\\=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/finance/turkiye\\-opens\\-long\\-anticipated\\-istanbul\\-finance\\-center \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2024 \\|work\\=Daily Sabah \\|date\\=17 April 2023}}", "### Financial Institutions", "The center hosts leading banks of the country, investment firms, asset management companies, and other financial institutions, offering a comprehensive range of banking, investment, and advisory services.", "### Regulatory Bodies", "Regulatory agencies such as the [Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency](/wiki/Banking_Regulation_and_Supervision_Agency \"Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency\") (BRSA) and the [Capital Markets Board of Turkey](/wiki/Capital_Markets_Board_of_Turkey \"Capital Markets Board of Turkey\") (CMB) have a presence in the center to ensure compliance with regulations and maintain market integrity.", "### Business District", "A modern business district within the center provides state\\-of\\-the\\-art office spaces, conference facilities, and commercial amenities to support the operations of financial firms and facilitate collaboration and networking. Notably, in response to the challenges posed by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), all offices within the IFC are equipped with operable windows and UV\\-filtered ventilation systems, ensuring a safe working environment for the employees.", "### Infrastructure", "The Istanbul Financial Center features robust infrastructure, including advanced telecommunications systems, high\\-speed internet connectivity, to meet the technological needs of financial institutions and businesses.", "### Residential and Recreational Areas", "The development includes residential complexes, hotels, restaurants, and recreational facilities, creating a vibrant living environment for the employees, as well as attracting international professionals and visitors.", "" ]
Government legislation and operation structures ----------------------------------------------- The wine industry operates under the *Wine Australia Act 2013**Wine Australia Act 2013\.* Federal Register of Legislation, No 161, 1980, Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00368> Accessed 20 March 2020\. and the *Wine Australia Regulations 2018*.*Wine Australia Regulations 2018\.* Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L00286> Accessed 20 March 2020\. They define the relationship between the [Australian Government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia "Government of Australia") and the industry as a whole, including the grape growers, winemakers and various representative bodies, as exercised through the relevant Minister, set out the standards by which the industry must operate and penalties that will apply if these are not met, and establish two federal governing bodies, Wine Australia (WA) and the Geographical Indications Committee (GIC). ### Wine Australia WA describes its function as supporting "a competitive wine sector by investing in research, development and extension (RD\&E), growing domestic and international markets, protecting the reputation of Australian wine and administering the Export and Regional Wine Support Package.Wine Australia. "About Wine Australia."[https://www.wineaustralia.com/about\-us](https://www.wineaustralia.com/about-us) Accessed 21 March 2020\. The *Wine Australia Act 2013* makes WA responsible for the enforcement of the rules and regulations regarding the labelling of wine. WA described these rules and regulations as "complex";Wine Australia. "Labelling."<https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling> Accessed 20 March 2020\. unsurprising because, apart from those set out in this Act, additional labelling requirements arise from the *Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code* under the *Legislation Act 2003*,*Legislation Act 2003\.* Federal Register of Legislation, No 139, 2003, Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C2004A01224> Accessed 3 April 2020\. the *National Measurement Act 1960*,*National Measurement Act 1960\.* Federal Register of Legislation, No 64, 1960, Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C1960A00064> and the *Competition and Consumer Act 2010*.*Competition and Consumer Act 2010\.* Federal Register of Legislation, No 51, 2010, Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2020C00079> Accessed 3 April 2010\. Everything that appears on the label except the illustration is governed by legislation from one or more of these sources. WA assists the industry by publishing and distributing guides that explain how the legislation should be interpreted.[Australian Grape and Wine Authority](/wiki/Australian_Grape_and_Wine_Authority "Australian Grape and Wine Authority"). *Compliance Guide for Australian Wine Producers.* Australian Wine and Grape Authority, 2016\. Online through Wine Australia.[https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/PDF/Selling\-wine/Wine\-Australia\-Compliance\-Guide\-June\-2016\.pdf](https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/PDF/Selling-wine/Wine-Australia-Compliance-Guide-June-2016.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417083037/https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/PDF/Selling\-wine/Wine\-Australia\-Compliance\-Guide\-June\-2016\.pdf \|date\=17 April 2017 }} Accessed 4 April 2020\. Specific to the information provided on the tables below in the columns headed "Grape" and "Location \- growers and makers", the regulations governing the description of the grape variety and the region in which the grapes were grown are spelt out on WA's website. ### Geographical Indications Committee GIC's primary role, as WA explains, is to "consider applications for the registration and omission of new Australian and foreign GIs (ie [Geographical indications](/wiki/Geographical_indication "Geographical indication")) having regard to the criteria set out in the Act, and in accordance with the administrative processes prescribed under the Act and the accompanying regulations."Wine Australia." Geographical Indications Committee."[https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/register\-of\-protected\-gis\-and\-other\-terms/geographical\-indications\-committee](https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/register-of-protected-gis-and-other-terms/geographical-indications-committee) Accessed 20 March 2020\. ### Zones, regions and sub\-regions Australia has 27 wine zones"Wine Zones of Australia." Wine Australia.[https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/e2f60e4c\-ad52\-454e\-a22e\-eff6b5c729f9/Australian\-Wine\-Zones.pdf](https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/e2f60e4c-ad52-454e-a22e-eff6b5c729f9/Australian-Wine-Zones.pdf) Accessed 20 March 2020\. within which there are 65 regions.Wine Australia. "Wine regions of Australia." 2017\.[https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/9da8ba52\-21da\-46e8\-b27e\-3521d362b1c3/Australian\-Wine\-Regions.pdf](https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/9da8ba52-21da-46e8-b27e-3521d362b1c3/Australian-Wine-Regions.pdf) Accessed 7 March 2020\. Some contain smaller sub\-regions of which there are 14\. Each zone, region and subregion is located within a particular state, has a defined geographical boundary and has gained registration through the GIC according to the *Wine Australia Act 2013*. The operation of the GIC, the processes and criteria by which it determines whether a zone may or may not be registered, and other matters are laid out in "Division 4 – Australian geographical indications" of this Act. After gaining registration through GIC, a zone, region or subregion gains a GI.{{refn\|group\=nb\|"Geographical indications." Wine Australia.\[https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/register\-of\-protected\-gis\-and\-other\-terms/geographical\-indications] Accessed 7 March 2020\. GI is defined as "a word or expression used in the description and presentation of a wine to indicate the country, region or locality in which it originated or to suggest that a particular quality, reputation or characteristic of the wine is attributable to the wine having originated in the country, region or locality indicated by the word or expression.""The Blending Rules." Wine Australia.\[https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/further\-information/the\-blending\-rules] Accessed 22 March 2020\.}} This means that winemakers within the relevant zones, regions or sub\-regions are allowed to label their products in specifically defined ways."Geographical Indications Guidelines: A Guide to Labelling with Geographical Indications." Wine Australia.[https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/Labelling/AGWA\-Geographical\-Indications\-Guidelines\-logo\-changes\-June14\.pdf](https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/Labelling/AGWA-Geographical-Indications-Guidelines-logo-changes-June14.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322013755/https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/Labelling/AGWA\-Geographical\-Indications\-Guidelines\-logo\-changes\-June14\.pdf \|date\=22 March 2020 }} Accessed 22 March 2020\. This system is designed to protect consumers and investors against false claims and there are defined legal penalties for those who fail to follow the directives. Some vineyards and wineries are operating in areas not qualified to be granted GI registration because there are too few similar businesses nearby. As has already happened elsewhere, with the ongoing growth of the wine industry and the establishment of new vineyards, some areas may eventually qualify for GI status.
[ "Government legislation and operation structures\n-----------------------------------------------", "The wine industry operates under the *Wine Australia Act 2013**Wine Australia Act 2013\\.* Federal Register of Legislation, No 161, 1980, Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00368> Accessed 20 March 2020\\. and the *Wine Australia Regulations 2018*.*Wine Australia Regulations 2018\\.* Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L00286> Accessed 20 March 2020\\. They define the relationship between the [Australian Government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia \"Government of Australia\") and the industry as a whole, including the grape growers, winemakers and various representative bodies, as exercised through the relevant Minister, set out the standards by which the industry must operate and penalties that will apply if these are not met, and establish two federal governing bodies, Wine Australia (WA) and the Geographical Indications Committee (GIC).", "### Wine Australia", "WA describes its function as supporting \"a competitive wine sector by investing in research, development and extension (RD\\&E), growing domestic and international markets, protecting the reputation of Australian wine and administering the Export and Regional Wine Support Package.Wine Australia. \"About Wine Australia.\"[https://www.wineaustralia.com/about\\-us](https://www.wineaustralia.com/about-us) Accessed 21 March 2020\\.", "The *Wine Australia Act 2013* makes WA responsible for the enforcement of the rules and regulations regarding the labelling of wine. WA described these rules and regulations as \"complex\";Wine Australia. \"Labelling.\"<https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling> Accessed 20 March 2020\\. unsurprising because, apart from those set out in this Act, additional labelling requirements arise from the *Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code* under the *Legislation Act 2003*,*Legislation Act 2003\\.* Federal Register of Legislation, No 139, 2003, Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C2004A01224> Accessed 3 April 2020\\. the *National Measurement Act 1960*,*National Measurement Act 1960\\.* Federal Register of Legislation, No 64, 1960, Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C1960A00064> and the *Competition and Consumer Act 2010*.*Competition and Consumer Act 2010\\.* Federal Register of Legislation, No 51, 2010, Australian Government.<https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2020C00079> Accessed 3 April 2010\\. Everything that appears on the label except the illustration is governed by legislation from one or more of these sources.", "WA assists the industry by publishing and distributing guides that explain how the legislation should be interpreted.[Australian Grape and Wine Authority](/wiki/Australian_Grape_and_Wine_Authority \"Australian Grape and Wine Authority\"). *Compliance Guide for Australian Wine Producers.* Australian Wine and Grape Authority, 2016\\. Online through Wine Australia.[https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/PDF/Selling\\-wine/Wine\\-Australia\\-Compliance\\-Guide\\-June\\-2016\\.pdf](https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/PDF/Selling-wine/Wine-Australia-Compliance-Guide-June-2016.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417083037/https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/PDF/Selling\\-wine/Wine\\-Australia\\-Compliance\\-Guide\\-June\\-2016\\.pdf \\|date\\=17 April 2017 }} Accessed 4 April 2020\\. Specific to the information provided on the tables below in the columns headed \"Grape\" and \"Location \\- growers and makers\", the regulations governing the description of the grape variety and the region in which the grapes were grown are spelt out on WA's website.", "### Geographical Indications Committee", "GIC's primary role, as WA explains, is to \"consider applications for the registration and omission of new Australian and foreign GIs (ie [Geographical indications](/wiki/Geographical_indication \"Geographical indication\")) having regard to the criteria set out in the Act, and in accordance with the administrative processes prescribed under the Act and the accompanying regulations.\"Wine Australia.\" Geographical Indications Committee.\"[https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/register\\-of\\-protected\\-gis\\-and\\-other\\-terms/geographical\\-indications\\-committee](https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/register-of-protected-gis-and-other-terms/geographical-indications-committee) Accessed 20 March 2020\\.", "### Zones, regions and sub\\-regions", "Australia has 27 wine zones\"Wine Zones of Australia.\" Wine Australia.[https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/e2f60e4c\\-ad52\\-454e\\-a22e\\-eff6b5c729f9/Australian\\-Wine\\-Zones.pdf](https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/e2f60e4c-ad52-454e-a22e-eff6b5c729f9/Australian-Wine-Zones.pdf) Accessed 20 March 2020\\. within which there are 65 regions.Wine Australia. \"Wine regions of Australia.\" 2017\\.[https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/9da8ba52\\-21da\\-46e8\\-b27e\\-3521d362b1c3/Australian\\-Wine\\-Regions.pdf](https://www.wineaustralia.com/getmedia/9da8ba52-21da-46e8-b27e-3521d362b1c3/Australian-Wine-Regions.pdf) Accessed 7 March 2020\\. Some contain smaller sub\\-regions of which there are 14\\. Each zone, region and subregion is located within a particular state, has a defined geographical boundary and has gained registration through the GIC according to the *Wine Australia Act 2013*. The operation of the GIC, the processes and criteria by which it determines whether a zone may or may not be registered, and other matters are laid out in \"Division 4 – Australian geographical indications\" of this Act.", "After gaining registration through GIC, a zone, region or subregion gains a GI.{{refn\\|group\\=nb\\|\"Geographical indications.\" Wine Australia.\\[https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/register\\-of\\-protected\\-gis\\-and\\-other\\-terms/geographical\\-indications] Accessed 7 March 2020\\. GI is defined as \"a word or expression used in the description and presentation of a wine to indicate the country, region or locality in which it originated or to suggest that a particular quality, reputation or characteristic of the wine is attributable to the wine having originated in the country, region or locality indicated by the word or expression.\"\"The Blending Rules.\" Wine Australia.\\[https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/further\\-information/the\\-blending\\-rules] Accessed 22 March 2020\\.}} This means that winemakers within the relevant zones, regions or sub\\-regions are allowed to label their products in specifically defined ways.\"Geographical Indications Guidelines: A Guide to Labelling with Geographical Indications.\" Wine Australia.[https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/Labelling/AGWA\\-Geographical\\-Indications\\-Guidelines\\-logo\\-changes\\-June14\\.pdf](https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/Labelling/AGWA-Geographical-Indications-Guidelines-logo-changes-June14.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322013755/https://www.wineaustralia.com/WineAustralia/media/WineAustralia/Labelling/AGWA\\-Geographical\\-Indications\\-Guidelines\\-logo\\-changes\\-June14\\.pdf \\|date\\=22 March 2020 }} Accessed 22 March 2020\\. This system is designed to protect consumers and investors against false claims and there are defined legal penalties for those who fail to follow the directives.", "Some vineyards and wineries are operating in areas not qualified to be granted GI registration because there are too few similar businesses nearby. As has already happened elsewhere, with the ongoing growth of the wine industry and the establishment of new vineyards, some areas may eventually qualify for GI status.", "" ]
Route ----- Paris\-[St Dizier](/wiki/St_Dizier "St Dizier")\-[Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France "Nancy, France")\-[Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg")\-*[Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany")* ### Paris to Saint Dizier (0 km to 191 km) The road begins in Central Paris at the Porte Doree and a junction with the [RN 6](/wiki/Route_nationale_6 "Route nationale 6") a separate branch starts in the Bois Vincennes with a junction with the RN 34 before heading south through the park and meeting the other branch the Avenue de Gravelle. The road follows the southern edge of the park. It crosses the [A4 autoroute](/wiki/A4_autoroute "A4 autoroute") and continues east as the Avenue des Canadiens and then crossing the river [Marne](/wiki/Marne_%28river%29 "Marne (river)"). It passes through the suburbs of [Joinville\-le\-Pont](/wiki/Joinville-le-Pont "Joinville-le-Pont") and [Champigny\-sur\-Marne](/wiki/Champigny-sur-Marne "Champigny-sur-Marne"). It then passes through Chennevières\-sur\-Marne and an industrial area before reaching open countryside and the northern edge of the *Forêt de Notre\-Dame*. The road has a junction with the RN 104 and becomes a [dual\-carriageway](/wiki/Dual-carriageway "Dual-carriageway") and now bypasses [Ozoir\-la\-Ferrière](/wiki/Ozoir-la-Ferri%C3%A8re "Ozoir-la-Ferrière") and then Gretz Armainvilliers south of the *Forêt d'Armainvilliers*. The road passes through rolling countryside past the *Château de Boulayes*. This is [cheese](/wiki/Cheese "Cheese") county with the road taking an eastern course after Rozay\-en\-Brie. The road crosses the *Forêt de la Traconne* to Sézanne. The road passes over open flat countryside increasingly sparsely populated reaching RN 77 and [A 26](/wiki/A26_autoroute "A26 autoroute"). The road then drops from 200 m to 98 m at [Vitry\-le\-François](/wiki/Vitry-le-Fran%C3%A7ois "Vitry-le-François") and the Marne again. There is a junction with the RD 44\. ### Saint Dizier to Nancy (191 km to 296 km) The road heads south east next to the Canal de la Marne à Saône and heads into [Saint\-Dizier](/wiki/Saint-Dizier "Saint-Dizier") which lies on the Marne between the *Forêt de la Haie Renaut* and the *Forêt du Val* with the RN 67 branching south along the Marne valley. The RN 4 heads east up out of the valley climbing to 350 m in much steeper countryside which is also more wooded. The road then passes through the *Forêt de Ligny* before entering Ligny\-en\-Barrois itself in the [Ornain](/wiki/Ornain "Ornain") valley crossing the Canal du Rhein. The road passes to the south of the *Forêt de Commercy* and the village of Void\-Vacon. The road is now in the valley of the river [Meuse](/wiki/Meuse "Meuse"). The road passes into the town of [Toul](/wiki/Toul "Toul") overlooked by wooded highlands including *Bois de Grammont* (424 m) and enters the valley of the river [Moselle](/wiki/Moselle "Moselle"). The road then becomes the [A 31](/wiki/A31_autoroute "A31 autoroute"), the old road runs parallel past the Parc de Haye in the *Forêt de Haye*. The road then heads east into [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France "Nancy, France") on the river [Meurthe](/wiki/Meurthe_%28river%29 "Meurthe (river)"). ### Nancy to Strasbourg (296 km to 465 km) At Nancy the road heads southeast re\-classified as the D 900\. Through traffic then follows the [A 33](/wiki/A33_autoroute "A33 autoroute") to the south. The old road passes through Saint Nicolas de Port over the river and east into Dombasle\-s\-Meurthe and then onward to [Lunéville](/wiki/Lun%C3%A9ville "Lunéville") north of the *Foret de Vitrimont*. The road passes round the *Forêt de Mondon* and then over rolling countryside. The road heads northeast along a ridge overlooking the *Cornée de Réchicourt* and *Étang de Gondrexange* in the *Forêt de Réchicourt*. The road then enters [Alsace](/wiki/Alsace "Alsace") and the town of [Sarrebourg](/wiki/Sarrebourg "Sarrebourg"). The road is doubled again as it meets the Autoroute A 4\. The RN 4 passes through the [Vosges](/wiki/Vosges "Vosges") over the *Col de Saverne* (385 m). As it heads down to [Saverne](/wiki/Saverne "Saverne") it passes a Botanical Garden. After the town the road heads south east now in the valley of the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine"). The countryside is flat and the road heads into the City of [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg"). The road becomes the autoroute A 351 joins the autoroute A 35 before branching east south of the city and over the river [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") into Germany. The road then becomes the [B 28](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_28 "Bundesstraße 28").
[ "Route\n-----", "Paris\\-[St Dizier](/wiki/St_Dizier \"St Dizier\")\\-[Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France \"Nancy, France\")\\-[Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\")\\-*[Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\")*", "### Paris to Saint Dizier (0 km to 191 km)", "The road begins in Central Paris at the Porte Doree and a junction with the [RN 6](/wiki/Route_nationale_6 \"Route nationale 6\") a separate branch starts in the Bois Vincennes with a junction with the RN 34 before heading south through the park and meeting the other branch the Avenue de Gravelle. The road follows the southern edge of the park. It crosses the [A4 autoroute](/wiki/A4_autoroute \"A4 autoroute\") and continues east as the Avenue des Canadiens and then crossing the river [Marne](/wiki/Marne_%28river%29 \"Marne (river)\"). It passes through the suburbs of [Joinville\\-le\\-Pont](/wiki/Joinville-le-Pont \"Joinville-le-Pont\") and [Champigny\\-sur\\-Marne](/wiki/Champigny-sur-Marne \"Champigny-sur-Marne\"). It then passes through Chennevières\\-sur\\-Marne and an industrial area before reaching open countryside and the northern edge of the *Forêt de Notre\\-Dame*.", "The road has a junction with the RN 104 and becomes a [dual\\-carriageway](/wiki/Dual-carriageway \"Dual-carriageway\") and now bypasses [Ozoir\\-la\\-Ferrière](/wiki/Ozoir-la-Ferri%C3%A8re \"Ozoir-la-Ferrière\") and then Gretz Armainvilliers south of the *Forêt d'Armainvilliers*. The road passes through rolling countryside past the *Château de Boulayes*. This is [cheese](/wiki/Cheese \"Cheese\") county with the road taking an eastern course after Rozay\\-en\\-Brie. The road crosses the *Forêt de la Traconne* to Sézanne.", "The road passes over open flat countryside increasingly sparsely populated reaching RN 77 and [A 26](/wiki/A26_autoroute \"A26 autoroute\"). The road then drops from 200 m to 98 m at [Vitry\\-le\\-François](/wiki/Vitry-le-Fran%C3%A7ois \"Vitry-le-François\") and the Marne again. There is a junction with the RD 44\\.", "### Saint Dizier to Nancy (191 km to 296 km)", "The road heads south east next to the Canal de la Marne à Saône and heads into [Saint\\-Dizier](/wiki/Saint-Dizier \"Saint-Dizier\") which lies on the Marne between the *Forêt de la Haie Renaut* and the *Forêt du Val* with the RN 67 branching south along the Marne valley. The RN 4 heads east up out of the valley climbing to 350 m in much steeper countryside which is also more wooded. The road then passes through the *Forêt de Ligny* before entering Ligny\\-en\\-Barrois itself in the [Ornain](/wiki/Ornain \"Ornain\") valley crossing the Canal du Rhein.", "The road passes to the south of the *Forêt de Commercy* and the village of Void\\-Vacon. The road is now in the valley of the river [Meuse](/wiki/Meuse \"Meuse\"). The road passes into the town of [Toul](/wiki/Toul \"Toul\") overlooked by wooded highlands including *Bois de Grammont* (424 m) and enters the valley of the river [Moselle](/wiki/Moselle \"Moselle\"). The road then becomes the [A 31](/wiki/A31_autoroute \"A31 autoroute\"), the old road runs parallel past the Parc de Haye in the *Forêt de Haye*. The road then heads east into [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France \"Nancy, France\") on the river [Meurthe](/wiki/Meurthe_%28river%29 \"Meurthe (river)\").", "### Nancy to Strasbourg (296 km to 465 km)", "At Nancy the road heads southeast re\\-classified as the D 900\\. Through traffic then follows the [A 33](/wiki/A33_autoroute \"A33 autoroute\") to the south. The old road passes through Saint Nicolas de Port over the river and east into Dombasle\\-s\\-Meurthe and then onward to [Lunéville](/wiki/Lun%C3%A9ville \"Lunéville\") north of the *Foret de Vitrimont*. The road passes round the *Forêt de Mondon* and then over rolling countryside.", "The road heads northeast along a ridge overlooking the *Cornée de Réchicourt* and *Étang de Gondrexange* in the *Forêt de Réchicourt*. The road then enters [Alsace](/wiki/Alsace \"Alsace\") and the town of [Sarrebourg](/wiki/Sarrebourg \"Sarrebourg\"). The road is doubled again as it meets the Autoroute A 4\\. The RN 4 passes through the [Vosges](/wiki/Vosges \"Vosges\") over the *Col de Saverne* (385 m). As it heads down to [Saverne](/wiki/Saverne \"Saverne\") it passes a Botanical Garden. After the town the road heads south east now in the valley of the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\"). The countryside is flat and the road heads into the City of [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\"). The road becomes the autoroute A 351 joins the autoroute A 35 before branching east south of the city and over the river [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") into Germany. The road then becomes the [B 28](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_28 \"Bundesstraße 28\").", "" ]
Schaffer collateral and hippocampal synaptic plasticity ------------------------------------------------------- Plastic changes occurring in the hippocampus are involved in directing the process by which memories get stored. Schaffer collaterals affect the hippocampus to develop short ([Short\-term Plasticity](/wiki/%23Short-term_plasticity "#Short-term plasticity")) and long term synaptic plasticity ([Long\-term Plasticity](/wiki/%23Long-term_plasticity "#Long-term plasticity")) in terms of storing information and changing in the efficiency of synaptic transmission following previous synaptic activity. ### Long\-term Potentiation [Long\-term potentiation (LTP)](/wiki/Long-term_potentiation "Long-term potentiation") in the [hippocampal formation](/wiki/Hippocampal_formation "Hippocampal formation") is an example model for [neural plasticity](/wiki/Neural_plasticity "Neural plasticity").{{cite journal \|last1\=Komai \|first1\=Shoji \|last2\=Matsuyama \|first2\=Tomohiro \|last3\=Matsumoto \|first3\=Kazumasa \|last4\=Kato \|first4\=Keiko \|last5\=Kobayashi \|first5\=Masayuki \|last6\=Imamura \|first6\=Kazuyuki \|last7\=Yoshida \|first7\=Shigetaka \|last8\=Ugawa \|first8\=Shinya \|last9\=Shiosaka \|first9\=Sadao \|title\=Neuropsin regulates an early phase of Schaffer\-collateral long\-term potentiation in the murine hippocampus \|journal\=European Journal of Neuroscience \|date\=April 2000 \|volume\=12 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1479–1486 \|doi\=10\.1046/j.1460\-9568\.2000\.00035\.x \|pmid\=10762375\|s2cid\=44257092 }} Schaffer collateral synapses have been used as a sample synapse, a typical [excitatory](/wiki/Excitatory "Excitatory") [glutamatergic](/wiki/Glutamatergic "Glutamatergic") [synapse](/wiki/Synapse "Synapse") in the [cortex](/wiki/Cerebral_cortex "Cerebral cortex") that has very well been studied in order to try to identify the rules of both the patterns of stimulation in electrical rules and the chemical mechanisms by which synapses get persistently stronger and which synapses get persistently weaker as well. LTPs are involved in how people store information and how they retrieve information and involve networks of memories that are involved in facts and in [emotions](/wiki/Emotion "Emotion") as well because the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus "Hippocampus") is the part of the [limbic system](/wiki/Limbic_system "Limbic system") connected to the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala "Amygdala"). LTP in the hippocampus is an important model for [neural plasticity](/wiki/Neural_plasticity "Neural plasticity") that contributes to learning and memory. Schaffer collaterals are the [axons](/wiki/Axon "Axon") of the [neurons](/wiki/Neuron "Neuron") in the CA3 regions of the hippocampus that form [synapses](/wiki/Synapse "Synapse") in the CA1 regions. The hippocampus is a part of the [feedback](/wiki/Feedback "Feedback") process that sends signals to stop [cortisol](/wiki/Cortisol "Cortisol") production. Thus, a damaged hippocampus can cause [memory loss](/wiki/Memory_loss "Memory loss") and inability of [cognitive function](/wiki/Cognitive_function "Cognitive function"). Furthermore, as the hippocampus is the region controlling learning and memory processes, the research on Schaffer collaterals may help to find treatments for [diseases](/wiki/Disease "Disease") related to the hippocampus or its neural processing pathways such as [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease "Alzheimer's disease"), a [neurodegenerative disorder](/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disorder "Neurodegenerative disorder"). [Long\-term potentiation](/wiki/Long-term_potentiation "Long-term potentiation") (LTP) of [synaptic strength](/wiki/Synaptic_strength "Synaptic strength") at Schaffer collateral [synapses](/wiki/Synapse "Synapse") has largely been attributed to changes in the number and biophysical properties of [AMPA receptors](/wiki/AMPA_receptor "AMPA receptor") (AMPARs).{{cite journal \|last1\=Lin \|first1\=Mike T \|last2\=Luján \|first2\=Rafael \|last3\=Watanabe \|first3\=Masahiko \|last4\=Adelman \|first4\=John P \|last5\=Maylie \|first5\=James \|title\=SK2 channel plasticity contributes to LTP at Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses \|journal\=Nature Neuroscience \|date\=20 January 2008 \|volume\=11 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=170–177 \|doi\=10\.1038/nn2041 \|pmid\=18204442 \|pmc\=2613806}} [Neuropsin](/wiki/OPN5 "OPN5") has a regulatory effect on Schaffer collateral LTP in the rat hippocampus. The functional hippocampus needs to store long\-term memories. Once the memories are stored, they remain stored for a long time. Long\-term changes in [synaptic efficacy](/wiki/Synaptic_efficacy "Synaptic efficacy") in the hippocampus can be induced by different patterns of stimulation generating [presynaptic](/wiki/Presynaptic "Presynaptic") and [postsynaptic](/wiki/Postsynaptic "Postsynaptic") [depolarization](/wiki/Depolarization "Depolarization"){{cite journal \|last1\=Hoffman \|first1\=D. A. \|last2\=Sprengel \|first2\=R. \|last3\=Sakmann \|first3\=B. \|title\=Molecular dissection of hippocampal theta\-burst pairing potentiation \|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \|date\=21 May 2002 \|volume\=99 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=7740–7745 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.092157999 \|pmid\=12032353 \|pmc\=124338\|bibcode\=2002PNAS...99\.7740H \|doi\-access\=free }} The theta burst stimulation of Schaffer collaterals can be sufficient to induce LTP by promoting the formation of filamentous [actin](/wiki/Actin "Actin") in CA1 [dendrites](/wiki/Dendrite "Dendrite").{{cite journal \|last1\=Meighan \|first1\=Peter C. \|last2\=Meighan \|first2\=Starla E. \|last3\=Davis \|first3\=Christopher J. \|last4\=Wright \|first4\=John W. \|last5\=Harding \|first5\=Joseph W. \|title\=Effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition on short\- and long\-term plasticity of schaffer collateral/CA1 synapses \|journal\=Journal of Neurochemistry \|date\=September 2007 \|volume\=102 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=2085–2096 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1471\-4159\.2007\.04682\.x \|doi\-access\= \|pmid\=17587312\|s2cid\=3753928 }} Within the [mammalian brain](/wiki/Mammalian_brain "Mammalian brain"), some patterns of synaptic activity produce long\-term potentiation (LTP) which is a long\-lasting increase in [synaptic strength](/wiki/Synaptic_strength "Synaptic strength") and [long\-term depression](/wiki/Long-term_depression "Long-term depression") (LTD) which is a long\-lasting decrease in synaptic strength. #### LTP at Schaffer collateral\-CA1 synapses and "SK2 channel plasticity" Long\-term plasticity in synapses of the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus "Hippocampus") can be induced by different patterns of stimulation generating pre\- and post\-synaptic [depolarization](/wiki/Depolarization "Depolarization"). These synaptic changes can clearly lead to modification in circuit function and to behavioral plasticity. Some patterns of synaptic activity produce an extensive increase in synaptic strength, also known as Long\-Term Potentiation (LTP). In the hippocampus, LTP at Schaffer collateral\-CA1 modulates the biophysical properties of AMPA receptors. Moreover, [SK2](/wiki/SK_channel "SK channel"), small\-conductance Ca2\+\-activated [K\+ channel](/wiki/K%2B_channel "K+ channel"), changes the shape of [excitatory postsynaptic potentials](/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential "Excitatory postsynaptic potential") (EPSPs) by coupling with N\-methyl D\-aspartate receptors ([NMDA receptors](/wiki/NMDA_receptor "NMDA receptor")). The research by Lin MT, *et al.* was designed to investigate whether [SK2 channels](/wiki/SK_channel "SK channel") participate in synaptic changes when an activity\-dependent decrease contributes to LTP. [SK2 channels](/wiki/SK_channel "SK channel") are [ion channels](/wiki/Ion_channel "Ion channel") that are activated by an increasing in the concentration of intracellular [calcium](/wiki/Calcium "Calcium") and as a result of allowing K\+ cation to cross the cell membrane. The double [immunogold labeling](/wiki/Immunogold_labeling "Immunogold labeling") identified that SK2 channels and NMDA cohabit within the [postsynaptic density](/wiki/Postsynaptic_density "Postsynaptic density") (PSD) of CA1 regions of the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus "Hippocampus"). The authors used theta\-burst pairing (TBP) to produce a rapid potentiation of [synaptic strength](/wiki/Synaptic_strength "Synaptic strength") and to evoke LTP that is induced simultaneously but whose expression levels vary inversely over time, and the result of the TBP induction was compared to the control group. The result showed that the TBP induction of LTP significantly increased [EPSPs](/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential "Excitatory postsynaptic potential") level. When the stimulus strength was reduced below the [action potential](/wiki/Action_potential "Action potential") threshold, [apamin](/wiki/Apamin "Apamin"), a [neurotoxin](/wiki/Neurotoxin "Neurotoxin"), was added to assess the contribution of SK2 activity to EPSPs. It resulted in an increase in the level of EPSPs with blockage of SK2 channels. The TBP induction of LTP abolishes SK2 channel contribution to EPSPs. When the induction of chemical LTP was applied, immunoparticles for SK2 were not found within the [PSD](/wiki/Postsynaptic_density "Postsynaptic density") of asymmetrical synapses. However, the SK2 immunoparticles were observed within [intracellular](/wiki/Intracellular "Intracellular") [membranes](/wiki/Biological_membrane "Biological membrane"). The activation of [protein kinase A](/wiki/Protein_kinase_A "Protein kinase A") (PKA) downregulates the surface expression of SK2 because PKA regulates the surface expression of [AMPA receptors](/wiki/AMPA_receptor "AMPA receptor"), a non\-NMDA\-type [ionotropic](/wiki/Ionotropic "Ionotropic") [transmembrane](/wiki/Transmembrane "Transmembrane") receptor, in the hippocampus. Therefore, PKA decreases the activity of LTP\-dependent of SK2 channels. See [Schaffer collateral\#Long\-term plasticity](/wiki/Schaffer_collateral%23Long-term_plasticity "Schaffer collateral#Long-term plasticity"). ### Short\-term plasticity Short\-term synaptic plasticity undergoes important age\-dependent changes that have crucial implications during the development of the [nervous system](/wiki/Nervous_system "Nervous system").{{cite journal \|last1\=Schiess \|first1\=Adrian R. B. \|last2\=Scullin \|first2\=Chessa \|last3\=Donald Partridge \|first3\=L. \|title\=Maturation of Schaffer collateral synapses generates a phenotype of unreliable basal evoked release and very reliable facilitated release \|journal\=European Journal of Neuroscience \|date\=April 2010 \|volume\=31 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=1377–1387 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1460\-9568\.2010\.07180\.x \|pmid\=20384768 \|pmc\=3575738}}
[ "Schaffer collateral and hippocampal synaptic plasticity\n-------------------------------------------------------", "Plastic changes occurring in the hippocampus are involved in directing the process by which memories get stored. Schaffer collaterals affect the hippocampus to develop short ([Short\\-term Plasticity](/wiki/%23Short-term_plasticity \"#Short-term plasticity\")) and long term synaptic plasticity ([Long\\-term Plasticity](/wiki/%23Long-term_plasticity \"#Long-term plasticity\")) in terms of storing information and changing in the efficiency of synaptic transmission following previous synaptic activity.", "### Long\\-term Potentiation", "[Long\\-term potentiation (LTP)](/wiki/Long-term_potentiation \"Long-term potentiation\") in the [hippocampal formation](/wiki/Hippocampal_formation \"Hippocampal formation\") is an example model for [neural plasticity](/wiki/Neural_plasticity \"Neural plasticity\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Komai \\|first1\\=Shoji \\|last2\\=Matsuyama \\|first2\\=Tomohiro \\|last3\\=Matsumoto \\|first3\\=Kazumasa \\|last4\\=Kato \\|first4\\=Keiko \\|last5\\=Kobayashi \\|first5\\=Masayuki \\|last6\\=Imamura \\|first6\\=Kazuyuki \\|last7\\=Yoshida \\|first7\\=Shigetaka \\|last8\\=Ugawa \\|first8\\=Shinya \\|last9\\=Shiosaka \\|first9\\=Sadao \\|title\\=Neuropsin regulates an early phase of Schaffer\\-collateral long\\-term potentiation in the murine hippocampus \\|journal\\=European Journal of Neuroscience \\|date\\=April 2000 \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1479–1486 \\|doi\\=10\\.1046/j.1460\\-9568\\.2000\\.00035\\.x \\|pmid\\=10762375\\|s2cid\\=44257092 }} Schaffer collateral synapses have been used as a sample synapse, a typical [excitatory](/wiki/Excitatory \"Excitatory\") [glutamatergic](/wiki/Glutamatergic \"Glutamatergic\") [synapse](/wiki/Synapse \"Synapse\") in the [cortex](/wiki/Cerebral_cortex \"Cerebral cortex\") that has very well been studied in order to try to identify the rules of both the patterns of stimulation in electrical rules and the chemical mechanisms by which synapses get persistently stronger and which synapses get persistently weaker as well. LTPs are involved in how people store information and how they retrieve information and involve networks of memories that are involved in facts and in [emotions](/wiki/Emotion \"Emotion\") as well because the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus \"Hippocampus\") is the part of the [limbic system](/wiki/Limbic_system \"Limbic system\") connected to the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala \"Amygdala\").", "LTP in the hippocampus is an important model for [neural plasticity](/wiki/Neural_plasticity \"Neural plasticity\") that contributes to learning and memory. Schaffer collaterals are the [axons](/wiki/Axon \"Axon\") of the [neurons](/wiki/Neuron \"Neuron\") in the CA3 regions of the hippocampus that form [synapses](/wiki/Synapse \"Synapse\") in the CA1 regions.", "The hippocampus is a part of the [feedback](/wiki/Feedback \"Feedback\") process that sends signals to stop [cortisol](/wiki/Cortisol \"Cortisol\") production. Thus, a damaged hippocampus can cause [memory loss](/wiki/Memory_loss \"Memory loss\") and inability of [cognitive function](/wiki/Cognitive_function \"Cognitive function\"). Furthermore, as the hippocampus is the region controlling learning and memory processes, the research on Schaffer collaterals may help to find treatments for [diseases](/wiki/Disease \"Disease\") related to the hippocampus or its neural processing pathways such as [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\"), a [neurodegenerative disorder](/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disorder \"Neurodegenerative disorder\").", "[Long\\-term potentiation](/wiki/Long-term_potentiation \"Long-term potentiation\") (LTP) of [synaptic strength](/wiki/Synaptic_strength \"Synaptic strength\") at Schaffer collateral [synapses](/wiki/Synapse \"Synapse\") has largely been attributed to changes in the number and biophysical properties of [AMPA receptors](/wiki/AMPA_receptor \"AMPA receptor\") (AMPARs).{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Lin \\|first1\\=Mike T \\|last2\\=Luján \\|first2\\=Rafael \\|last3\\=Watanabe \\|first3\\=Masahiko \\|last4\\=Adelman \\|first4\\=John P \\|last5\\=Maylie \\|first5\\=James \\|title\\=SK2 channel plasticity contributes to LTP at Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses \\|journal\\=Nature Neuroscience \\|date\\=20 January 2008 \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=170–177 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/nn2041 \\|pmid\\=18204442 \\|pmc\\=2613806}} [Neuropsin](/wiki/OPN5 \"OPN5\") has a regulatory effect on Schaffer collateral LTP in the rat hippocampus.", "The functional hippocampus needs to store long\\-term memories. Once the memories are stored, they remain stored for a long time. Long\\-term changes in [synaptic efficacy](/wiki/Synaptic_efficacy \"Synaptic efficacy\") in the hippocampus can be induced by different patterns of stimulation generating [presynaptic](/wiki/Presynaptic \"Presynaptic\") and [postsynaptic](/wiki/Postsynaptic \"Postsynaptic\") [depolarization](/wiki/Depolarization \"Depolarization\"){{cite journal \\|last1\\=Hoffman \\|first1\\=D. A. \\|last2\\=Sprengel \\|first2\\=R. \\|last3\\=Sakmann \\|first3\\=B. \\|title\\=Molecular dissection of hippocampal theta\\-burst pairing potentiation \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \\|date\\=21 May 2002 \\|volume\\=99 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=7740–7745 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.092157999 \\|pmid\\=12032353 \\|pmc\\=124338\\|bibcode\\=2002PNAS...99\\.7740H \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} The theta burst stimulation of Schaffer collaterals can be sufficient to induce LTP by promoting the formation of filamentous [actin](/wiki/Actin \"Actin\") in CA1 [dendrites](/wiki/Dendrite \"Dendrite\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Meighan \\|first1\\=Peter C. \\|last2\\=Meighan \\|first2\\=Starla E. \\|last3\\=Davis \\|first3\\=Christopher J. \\|last4\\=Wright \\|first4\\=John W. \\|last5\\=Harding \\|first5\\=Joseph W. \\|title\\=Effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition on short\\- and long\\-term plasticity of schaffer collateral/CA1 synapses \\|journal\\=Journal of Neurochemistry \\|date\\=September 2007 \\|volume\\=102 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=2085–2096 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1471\\-4159\\.2007\\.04682\\.x \\|doi\\-access\\= \\|pmid\\=17587312\\|s2cid\\=3753928 }} Within the [mammalian brain](/wiki/Mammalian_brain \"Mammalian brain\"), some patterns of synaptic activity produce long\\-term potentiation (LTP) which is a long\\-lasting increase in [synaptic strength](/wiki/Synaptic_strength \"Synaptic strength\") and [long\\-term depression](/wiki/Long-term_depression \"Long-term depression\") (LTD) which is a long\\-lasting decrease in synaptic strength.", "#### LTP at Schaffer collateral\\-CA1 synapses and \"SK2 channel plasticity\"", "Long\\-term plasticity in synapses of the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus \"Hippocampus\") can be induced by different patterns of stimulation generating pre\\- and post\\-synaptic [depolarization](/wiki/Depolarization \"Depolarization\"). These synaptic changes can clearly lead to modification in circuit function and to behavioral plasticity. Some patterns of synaptic activity produce an extensive increase in synaptic strength, also known as Long\\-Term Potentiation (LTP). In the hippocampus, LTP at Schaffer collateral\\-CA1 modulates the biophysical properties of AMPA receptors. Moreover, [SK2](/wiki/SK_channel \"SK channel\"), small\\-conductance Ca2\\+\\-activated [K\\+ channel](/wiki/K%2B_channel \"K+ channel\"), changes the shape of [excitatory postsynaptic potentials](/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential \"Excitatory postsynaptic potential\") (EPSPs) by coupling with N\\-methyl D\\-aspartate receptors ([NMDA receptors](/wiki/NMDA_receptor \"NMDA receptor\")). The research by Lin MT, *et al.* was designed to investigate whether [SK2 channels](/wiki/SK_channel \"SK channel\") participate in synaptic changes when an activity\\-dependent decrease contributes to LTP.", "[SK2 channels](/wiki/SK_channel \"SK channel\") are [ion channels](/wiki/Ion_channel \"Ion channel\") that are activated by an increasing in the concentration of intracellular [calcium](/wiki/Calcium \"Calcium\") and as a result of allowing K\\+ cation to cross the cell membrane. The double [immunogold labeling](/wiki/Immunogold_labeling \"Immunogold labeling\") identified that SK2 channels and NMDA cohabit within the [postsynaptic density](/wiki/Postsynaptic_density \"Postsynaptic density\") (PSD) of CA1 regions of the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus \"Hippocampus\"). The authors used theta\\-burst pairing (TBP) to produce a rapid potentiation of [synaptic strength](/wiki/Synaptic_strength \"Synaptic strength\") and to evoke LTP that is induced simultaneously but whose expression levels vary inversely over time, and the result of the TBP induction was compared to the control group. The result showed that the TBP induction of LTP significantly increased [EPSPs](/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential \"Excitatory postsynaptic potential\") level. When the stimulus strength was reduced below the [action potential](/wiki/Action_potential \"Action potential\") threshold, [apamin](/wiki/Apamin \"Apamin\"), a [neurotoxin](/wiki/Neurotoxin \"Neurotoxin\"), was added to assess the contribution of SK2 activity to EPSPs. It resulted in an increase in the level of EPSPs with blockage of SK2 channels. The TBP induction of LTP abolishes SK2 channel contribution to EPSPs. When the induction of chemical LTP was applied, immunoparticles for SK2 were not found within the [PSD](/wiki/Postsynaptic_density \"Postsynaptic density\") of asymmetrical synapses. However, the SK2 immunoparticles were observed within [intracellular](/wiki/Intracellular \"Intracellular\") [membranes](/wiki/Biological_membrane \"Biological membrane\"). The activation of [protein kinase A](/wiki/Protein_kinase_A \"Protein kinase A\") (PKA) downregulates the surface expression of SK2 because PKA regulates the surface expression of [AMPA receptors](/wiki/AMPA_receptor \"AMPA receptor\"), a non\\-NMDA\\-type [ionotropic](/wiki/Ionotropic \"Ionotropic\") [transmembrane](/wiki/Transmembrane \"Transmembrane\") receptor, in the hippocampus. Therefore, PKA decreases the activity of LTP\\-dependent of SK2 channels. See [Schaffer collateral\\#Long\\-term plasticity](/wiki/Schaffer_collateral%23Long-term_plasticity \"Schaffer collateral#Long-term plasticity\").", "### Short\\-term plasticity", "Short\\-term synaptic plasticity undergoes important age\\-dependent changes that have crucial implications during the development of the [nervous system](/wiki/Nervous_system \"Nervous system\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Schiess \\|first1\\=Adrian R. B. \\|last2\\=Scullin \\|first2\\=Chessa \\|last3\\=Donald Partridge \\|first3\\=L. \\|title\\=Maturation of Schaffer collateral synapses generates a phenotype of unreliable basal evoked release and very reliable facilitated release \\|journal\\=European Journal of Neuroscience \\|date\\=April 2010 \\|volume\\=31 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=1377–1387 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1460\\-9568\\.2010\\.07180\\.x \\|pmid\\=20384768 \\|pmc\\=3575738}}", "" ]
Specific uses ------------- ### In books An addendum may explain inconsistencies or expand the existing work or otherwise explain or update the information found in the main work, especially if any such problems were detected too late to correct the main work. For example, the main work could have had already been printed and the cost of destroying the batch and reprinting it deemed too high. As such, addenda may come in many forms—a separate letter included with the work, [text files](/wiki/Text_file "Text file") on a digital medium, or any similar carrier. It may serve to notify the reader of errors present, as [errata](/wiki/Errata "Errata"). ### In contracts and other legal documents In other documents, most importantly in legal [contracts](/wiki/Contract "Contract"), an addendum is an additional document not included in the main part of the contract. It is an ad hoc item, usually compiled and executed after the main document, which contains additional terms, obligations or information. An Additional Agreement to a contract is often an addendum to a contract and is simply referred to as being an extension or addition to a main contract. In today's business world additional authorisation subjects such as company seals are not usually required unless stipulated in the original agreement. It is to be distinguished from other appendices to a contract which may contain additional terms, specifications, provisions, standard forms or other information which have been separated out from the main body of the contract. These are called: an *appendix* (general term), an *annex* (which includes information, usually large texts or tables, which are independent stand\-alone works which have been included in the contract, such as a tax table, or a large excerpt from a book), or an *exhibit* (often used in court cases), Similarly an *attachment* is used usually for e\-mails, while an *enclosure* is used with a paper letter. Addenda are often used in standard form contracts to make changes or add specific detail. For example, an addendum might be added to a contract to change a date or add details as to delivery of goods or pricing. The addendum should be referenced in the contract, or the contract should be referenced in the addendum, so that it is clear which contract the addendum is modifying. A *rider* is often used to add specific detail and especially specific conditions to a *standard* contract such as an insurance contract. A rider may also be added to [a piece of legislation](/wiki/Rider_%28legislation%29 "Rider (legislation)"). *Schedules* and *exhibits* are sub\-categories of addenda, with schedules being related to numerical and time information, such as pricing and time\-schedules, and exhibits used for examples of standard forms or additional information necessary for the parties to understand and/or comply with their contractual obligations. Outside of contract law, exhibits are often used in legal documents filed with a court as part of judicial proceedings such as motions, briefs and the submission of different types of evidence for inclusion in the record of trial of a particular case. ### In legal judgments Juries in inquests or trials may amplify or explain their decisions by issuing a commentary known as a *rider*, as in the prosecution of [Harold Greenwood](/wiki/Harold_Greenwood_%28solicitor%29 "Harold Greenwood (solicitor)"){{cite book\| last \= Wilson\| first \= Colin \| author\-link \= Colin Wilson\| title \= Encyclopedia of Murder\| year \= 1984\| isbn \= 0\-330\-28300\-6 \| publisher \= \[\[Pan Books]]\| page \= 277}} and the inquest of [Jean Charles de Menezes](/wiki/Jean_Charles_de_Menezes "Jean Charles de Menezes").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law\-and\-order/3708063/Jean\-Charles\-de\-Menezes\-inquest\-Jury\-reaches\-open\-verdict.html \|title\=Jean Charles de Menezes inquest: Jury reaches open verdict \|work\=Telegraph \|access\-date\=2010\-10\-22 \|location\=London \|first1\=Richard \|last1\=Edwards \|first2\=Gordon \|last2\=Rayner \|date\=2008\-12\-12}} ### In medical transcription Addendum is also used if the medical care staff is inserting additional information about the patient. ### In engineering {{see also\|List of gear nomenclature\#Addendum{{!}}Addendum in list of gear nomenclature}} The addendum is the [radial distance](/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system "Polar coordinate system") from the [pitch circle](/wiki/Pitch_circle "Pitch circle") of a cogwheel, worm wheel, etc., to the crests of the teeth or ridges. This is also the radial height of a tooth above the pitch circle.
[ "Specific uses\n-------------", "### In books", "An addendum may explain inconsistencies or expand the existing work or otherwise explain or update the information found in the main work, especially if any such problems were detected too late to correct the main work. For example, the main work could have had already been printed and the cost of destroying the batch and reprinting it deemed too high. As such, addenda may come in many forms—a separate letter included with the work, [text files](/wiki/Text_file \"Text file\") on a digital medium, or any similar carrier. It may serve to notify the reader of errors present, as [errata](/wiki/Errata \"Errata\").", "### In contracts and other legal documents", "In other documents, most importantly in legal [contracts](/wiki/Contract \"Contract\"), an addendum is an additional document not included in the main part of the contract. It is an ad hoc item, usually compiled and executed after the main document, which contains additional terms, obligations or information. An Additional Agreement to a contract is often an addendum to a contract and is simply referred to as being an extension or addition to a main contract. In today's business world additional authorisation subjects such as company seals are not usually required unless stipulated in the original agreement.", "It is to be distinguished from other appendices to a contract which may contain additional terms, specifications, provisions, standard forms or other information which have been separated out from the main body of the contract. These are called: an *appendix* (general term), an *annex* (which includes information, usually large texts or tables, which are independent stand\\-alone works which have been included in the contract, such as a tax table, or a large excerpt from a book), or an *exhibit* (often used in court cases),", "Similarly an *attachment* is used usually for e\\-mails, while an *enclosure* is used with a paper letter.", "Addenda are often used in standard form contracts to make changes or add specific detail. For example, an addendum might be added to a contract to change a date or add details as to delivery of goods or pricing. The addendum should be referenced in the contract, or the contract should be referenced in the addendum, so that it is clear which contract the addendum is modifying.", "A *rider* is often used to add specific detail and especially specific conditions to a *standard* contract such as an insurance contract. A rider may also be added to [a piece of legislation](/wiki/Rider_%28legislation%29 \"Rider (legislation)\").", "*Schedules* and *exhibits* are sub\\-categories of addenda, with schedules being related to numerical and time information, such as pricing and time\\-schedules, and exhibits used for examples of standard forms or additional information necessary for the parties to understand and/or comply with their contractual obligations. Outside of contract law, exhibits are often used in legal documents filed with a court as part of judicial proceedings such as motions, briefs and the submission of different types of evidence for inclusion in the record of trial of a particular case.", "### In legal judgments", "Juries in inquests or trials may amplify or explain their decisions by issuing a commentary known as a *rider*, as in the prosecution of [Harold Greenwood](/wiki/Harold_Greenwood_%28solicitor%29 \"Harold Greenwood (solicitor)\"){{cite book\\| last \\= Wilson\\| first \\= Colin \\| author\\-link \\= Colin Wilson\\| title \\= Encyclopedia of Murder\\| year \\= 1984\\| isbn \\= 0\\-330\\-28300\\-6 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Pan Books]]\\| page \\= 277}} and the inquest of [Jean Charles de Menezes](/wiki/Jean_Charles_de_Menezes \"Jean Charles de Menezes\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law\\-and\\-order/3708063/Jean\\-Charles\\-de\\-Menezes\\-inquest\\-Jury\\-reaches\\-open\\-verdict.html \\|title\\=Jean Charles de Menezes inquest: Jury reaches open verdict \\|work\\=Telegraph \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-22 \\|location\\=London \\|first1\\=Richard \\|last1\\=Edwards \\|first2\\=Gordon \\|last2\\=Rayner \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-12}}", "### In medical transcription", "Addendum is also used if the medical care staff is inserting additional information about the patient.", "### In engineering", "{{see also\\|List of gear nomenclature\\#Addendum{{!}}Addendum in list of gear nomenclature}}\nThe addendum is the [radial distance](/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system \"Polar coordinate system\") from the [pitch circle](/wiki/Pitch_circle \"Pitch circle\") of a cogwheel, worm wheel, etc., to the crests of the teeth or ridges. This is also the radial height of a tooth above the pitch circle.", "" ]
Craftsman Truck Series ---------------------- Small made his [NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series "NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series") debut in 2000, running at [Mesa Marin](/wiki/Mesa_Marin_Raceway "Mesa Marin Raceway"). That race he started 20th in the truck owned by [Walker Evans](/wiki/Walker_Evans_%28racer%29 "Walker Evans (racer)"), but struggled to a 28th\-place finish. He then switched to [Green Light Racing](/wiki/Green_Light_Racing "Green Light Racing"), where he competed one race for the team at [O'Reilly Raceway Park](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Raceway_Park "O'Reilly Raceway Park") with a 25th\-place result. Small started three races then for [Sonntag Racing](/wiki/Sonntag_Racing "Sonntag Racing") in 2001\. His best run for the team came in his debut with them, where he started 19th and finished 25th at [Homestead\-Miami](/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway "Homestead-Miami Speedway"). Small then moved onto a family owned team for two late races in the year. He earned his then best career run at [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway "Phoenix International Raceway"), when he came home 19th. Small reunited with Green Light Racing in 2002 and his runs with the team earned him 21st in the points as he competed in all the races. Immediately, Small started out with a 9th place in the season opener at [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway"). Small, though, would only earn one more top\-ten on the year: a 10th at [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway "Las Vegas Motor Speedway"). Small's meager 22nd in points could largely be blamed to inconsistency. Small did not finish seven races. At one point, he did not even finish six consecutive races. Such inconsistency led to Small's release at the end of the season. Small did not go away, however, and once again he restarted his family team for three 2003 races. After a 21st place season debut, Small earned his third career top\-10: a 10th at [California](/wiki/California_Speedway "California Speedway"). A 23rd\-place finish at Phoenix would be his last start of the year. Small was called upon in mid\-2004 to drive the No. 13 [ThorSport Racing](/wiki/ThorSport_Racing "ThorSport Racing") Chevy in place of [Tina Gordon](/wiki/Tina_Gordon "Tina Gordon"). Small did his fill\-in role decently, earning a best finish of 21st at [Darlington](/wiki/Darlington_Speedway "Darlington Speedway"). However, the ride did not convert into any more races and Small has not raced in NASCAR since.
[ "Craftsman Truck Series\n----------------------", "Small made his [NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series \"NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series\") debut in 2000, running at [Mesa Marin](/wiki/Mesa_Marin_Raceway \"Mesa Marin Raceway\"). That race he started 20th in the truck owned by [Walker Evans](/wiki/Walker_Evans_%28racer%29 \"Walker Evans (racer)\"), but struggled to a 28th\\-place finish. He then switched to [Green Light Racing](/wiki/Green_Light_Racing \"Green Light Racing\"), where he competed one race for the team at [O'Reilly Raceway Park](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Raceway_Park \"O'Reilly Raceway Park\") with a 25th\\-place result.", "Small started three races then for [Sonntag Racing](/wiki/Sonntag_Racing \"Sonntag Racing\") in 2001\\. His best run for the team came in his debut with them, where he started 19th and finished 25th at [Homestead\\-Miami](/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway \"Homestead-Miami Speedway\"). Small then moved onto a family owned team for two late races in the year. He earned his then best career run at [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway \"Phoenix International Raceway\"), when he came home 19th.", "Small reunited with Green Light Racing in 2002 and his runs with the team earned him 21st in the points as he competed in all the races. Immediately, Small started out with a 9th place in the season opener at [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\"). Small, though, would only earn one more top\\-ten on the year: a 10th at [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway \"Las Vegas Motor Speedway\"). Small's meager 22nd in points could largely be blamed to inconsistency. Small did not finish seven races. At one point, he did not even finish six consecutive races. Such inconsistency led to Small's release at the end of the season.", "Small did not go away, however, and once again he restarted his family team for three 2003 races. After a 21st place season debut, Small earned his third career top\\-10: a 10th at [California](/wiki/California_Speedway \"California Speedway\"). A 23rd\\-place finish at Phoenix would be his last start of the year.", "Small was called upon in mid\\-2004 to drive the No. 13 [ThorSport Racing](/wiki/ThorSport_Racing \"ThorSport Racing\") Chevy in place of [Tina Gordon](/wiki/Tina_Gordon \"Tina Gordon\"). Small did his fill\\-in role decently, earning a best finish of 21st at [Darlington](/wiki/Darlington_Speedway \"Darlington Speedway\"). However, the ride did not convert into any more races and Small has not raced in NASCAR since.", "" ]
Projects -------- [thumb\|New York Hotel Story, USA\|359x359px](/wiki/File:New_York_Hotel_Story.jpg "New York Hotel Story.jpg")**New York Hotel Story** In 1997 Daoust was invited to decorate a room in the Carlton Arms Hotel in New York City – a hotel that, for the past 40 years, has invited artists such as Banksy, Andre Charles and Paco Simone to transform its rooms and walls. Daoust created a ‘childhood dreamland’ crowded with games and plush animals and fully painted in Crayola\-bright colours. After completing her room, Daoust was inspired to live in the Carlton Arms Hotel, intending to explore it photographically. For the following two years, she stayed alternately in every room to absorb each artist’s singular universe. The resultant images explore the interaction between subject and closed environment, engaging with the uncertainty of self as each room becomes a microcosmic world. These photos were published in a book of the same name in 2002\. **Tokyo Girls** Tokyo Girls is an animation\-like picture series capturing 30 women from around the world, united in Japan to perform striptease. Photographed using [lenticular technology](/wiki/Lenticular_printing "Lenticular printing") – a technique that imparts the illusion of movement – the women seem to dance, vamp and primp in front of our eyes, caught in a perpetual loop of seduction and solicitation. While their fate could seem melancholy, the dancers have a certain light\-hearted frivolity, epitomized by the woman who winks coyly at us while performing her dance. Despite sharing the same occupation, each portrait represents a unique individual. Photographed against a white backdrop, the women are able to tell their own stories by communicating via movement and expression. Daoust does not allow them to become stereotypes, but lets them reveal the conscious artifice of their trade. **Entre Quatre Murs, Berlin** Focusing on the construction of female identity, Entre Quatre Murs, Berlin, is a series of compositions involving women and space. Each image is a composite of elements, separated from the original photograph and printed on layers of transparent [orthochromatic film](/wiki/Orthochromatic "Orthochromatic"). By superimposing these layers, the image is reconstituted three\-dimensionally. This sequence of three\-dimensional portraits transparentizes the female body, as Daoust interweaves her subjects with their surroundings until the distinction between self and environment almost disappears. By dissolving these confines dividing external and interior, the scenes reflect and suggest a microcosmic snapshot of the mind. [thumb\|right\|378x378px\|Frozen In Time, Switzerland](/wiki/File:Fishing%2C_Frozen_in_Time.jpg "Fishing, Frozen in Time.jpg") **Street Kiss, Brazil** In Street Kiss, Daoust has captured the living and working conditions of the female sex workers of the Nicacio brothel in Rio de Janeiro. The Nicacio is both a place of the quick, downmarket sex trade and a space decorated by artists; the girls who work there have also founded a fashion label, [Daspu](/wiki/Davida_%28NGO%29 "Davida (NGO)"), to fund workers benefits for prostitutes. As a female photographer Daoust disrupts the exchange between subject and traditional viewer, allowing these women to exist not as passive objects of the male gaze but as active participants in the creation of their gendered identity. In this way the women, the art, and the fight for dignity in life all come together. **Frozen in Time, Switzerland** Set in an ambiguous territory where dream and reality clash, this series of hand painted black and white pinhole images juxtaposes the idyllic scenery of the Swiss Alps with stiff female bodies, their figures as haphazardly positioned as discarded dolls. These unidentified women are purposefully left ambiguous, evoking a universal sense of loss and disequilibrium. In this altered state of reality, stillness and silence permeate each image. It is an almost post\-apocalyptic quiet, the landscape punctuated with the man\-made elements, crumbling monuments for a disappearing world."Nathalie Doust (Canada): Frozen in Time at the Fremantle Arts Centre" *Fremantle Arts Center*, 29 Jan \- 20 Mar 2011\. Retrieved from: <https://www.fac.org.au/files_documents/Frozen%20in%20Time%20Media%20Release.pdf> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331234427/http://www.fac.org.au/files\_documents/Frozen%20in%20Time%20Media%20Release.pdf \|date\=2016\-03\-31 }} [thumb\|left\|Tokyo Hotel Story, Japan\|350x350px](/wiki/File:Lenri2.jpg "Lenri2.jpg") **Tokyo Hotel Story** Tokyo Hotel Story continues Daoust's exploration of female sexuality and the subversion of gender stereotypes. Over a four\-month period Daoust engaged with the dominatrices at one of Tokyo’s premier [S\&M love hotels](/wiki/Love_hotel "Love hotel"), the Alpha\-In.Griggs, T. (2014, 31 July) ["Nathalie Daoust Photographs the Women of an Infamous Japanese S\&M Love Hotel"](https://www.vice.com/read/nathalie-daoust-photographs-the-nsfw-women-of-japans-infamous-sm-love-hotel-111), *Vice Magazine*. She photographed 39 women in their private rooms, surrounded by their equipment and dressed in the regalia that define their trade. This work takes the viewer beyond taboos, unveiling a universal human desire to escape reality, creating alternate worlds that oscillate between fantasy, truth and perversion. **Impersonating Mao, China** This photo\-documentary captures the interior world of Zhang, a man who alternately appropriates the persona of [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong"), founder of the People’s Republic of China. Shot on old Chinese film, the negatives were physically manipulated in the darkroom then sealed in amber\-like resin to create an insubstantial world of illusion. Each scene is an arresting balance of soft and sharp, faded memory colliding with an insistent present. These images invite the viewer to reflect on notions of power and powerlessness, as a man seeks to make himself visible by taking on such a controversial persona. **China Dolls, China** [thumb\|right\|350px\|China Dolls, China](/wiki/File:China_Dolls%2C_Installation.jpg "China Dolls, Installation.jpg") China Dolls is a study of contemporary Chinese women, the role they play in society and the consequences of the country's one child policy.["China Dolls by Nathalie Daoust"](http://www.dodho.com/china-dolls-nathalie-daoust/) *Dodho Magazine*, 17 Feb, 2014\. Photographed individually in a darkened room, Daoust completely strips the scene of external signifiers, spotlighting women who have, according to the artist, “remained in shadows.” These lyrical, aborted tableaux personify the feelings of otherness and otherworldliness that run through her work. Each black and white print is hand\-coloured and printed on ceramic tile, reinforcing the notion of the ‘China Doll’ and reflecting the fragile situation of the modern Chinese woman. **Korean Dreams, North Korea** Korean Dreams, is a complex series that probes the unsettling vacuity of North Korea. Daoust's images reveal a country that seems to exist outside of time, as a carefully choreographed mirage.["Nathalie Daoust, Korean Dreams (Canada)"](http://copenhagenphotofestival.com/programpunkter/nathalie-daoust-korean-dreams-canada/), *Copenhagen Photo Festival*, 2–12 June 2016\. She has spent much of her career exploring the chimeric world of fantasy: the hidden desires and urges that compel people to dream, to dress up, to move beyond the bounds of convention and to escape from reality. With Korean Dreams, Daoust is exploring this escapist impulse not as an individual choice, but as a way of life forced upon an entire nation.
[ "Projects\n--------", "[thumb\\|New York Hotel Story, USA\\|359x359px](/wiki/File:New_York_Hotel_Story.jpg \"New York Hotel Story.jpg\")**New York Hotel Story**", "In 1997 Daoust was invited to decorate a room in the Carlton Arms Hotel in New York City – a hotel that, for the past 40 years, has invited artists such as Banksy, Andre Charles and Paco Simone to transform its rooms and walls. Daoust created a ‘childhood dreamland’ crowded with games and plush animals and fully painted in Crayola\\-bright colours. After completing her room, Daoust was inspired to live in the Carlton Arms Hotel, intending to explore it photographically. For the following two years, she stayed alternately in every room to absorb each artist’s singular universe. The resultant images explore the interaction between subject and closed environment, engaging with the uncertainty of self as each room becomes a microcosmic world.\nThese photos were published in a book of the same name in 2002\\.", "**Tokyo Girls**", "Tokyo Girls is an animation\\-like picture series capturing 30 women from around the world, united in Japan to perform striptease. Photographed using [lenticular technology](/wiki/Lenticular_printing \"Lenticular printing\") – a technique that imparts the illusion of movement – the women seem to dance, vamp and primp in front of our eyes, caught in a perpetual loop of seduction and solicitation. While their fate could seem melancholy, the dancers have a certain light\\-hearted frivolity, epitomized by the woman who winks coyly at us while performing her dance.", "Despite sharing the same occupation, each portrait represents a unique individual. Photographed against a white backdrop, the women are able to tell their own stories by communicating via movement and expression. Daoust does not allow them to become stereotypes, but lets them reveal the conscious artifice of their trade.", "**Entre Quatre Murs, Berlin**", "Focusing on the construction of female identity, Entre Quatre Murs, Berlin, is a series of compositions involving women and space. Each image is a composite of elements, separated from the original photograph and printed on layers of transparent [orthochromatic film](/wiki/Orthochromatic \"Orthochromatic\"). By superimposing these layers, the image is reconstituted three\\-dimensionally.", "This sequence of three\\-dimensional portraits transparentizes the female body, as Daoust interweaves her subjects with their surroundings until the distinction between self and environment almost disappears. By dissolving these confines dividing external and interior, the scenes reflect and suggest a microcosmic snapshot of the mind.", "[thumb\\|right\\|378x378px\\|Frozen In Time, Switzerland](/wiki/File:Fishing%2C_Frozen_in_Time.jpg \"Fishing, Frozen in Time.jpg\")", "**Street Kiss, Brazil**", "In Street Kiss, Daoust has captured the living and working conditions of the female sex workers of the Nicacio brothel in Rio de Janeiro. The Nicacio is both a place of the quick, downmarket sex trade and a space decorated by artists; the girls who work there have also founded a fashion label, [Daspu](/wiki/Davida_%28NGO%29 \"Davida (NGO)\"), to fund workers benefits for prostitutes.", "As a female photographer Daoust disrupts the exchange between subject and traditional viewer, allowing these women to exist not as passive objects of the male gaze but as active participants in the creation of their gendered identity. In this way the women, the art, and the fight for dignity in life all come together.", "**Frozen in Time, Switzerland**", "Set in an ambiguous territory where dream and reality clash, this series of hand painted black and white pinhole images juxtaposes the idyllic scenery of the Swiss Alps with stiff female bodies, their figures as haphazardly positioned as discarded dolls.", "These unidentified women are purposefully left ambiguous, evoking a universal sense of loss and disequilibrium. In this altered state of reality, stillness and silence permeate each image.", "It is an almost post\\-apocalyptic quiet, the landscape punctuated with the man\\-made elements, crumbling monuments for a disappearing world.\"Nathalie Doust (Canada):\nFrozen in Time at the Fremantle Arts Centre\" *Fremantle Arts Center*, 29 Jan \\- 20 Mar 2011\\. Retrieved from: <https://www.fac.org.au/files_documents/Frozen%20in%20Time%20Media%20Release.pdf> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331234427/http://www.fac.org.au/files\\_documents/Frozen%20in%20Time%20Media%20Release.pdf \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-31 }} [thumb\\|left\\|Tokyo Hotel Story, Japan\\|350x350px](/wiki/File:Lenri2.jpg \"Lenri2.jpg\")", "**Tokyo Hotel Story**", "Tokyo Hotel Story continues Daoust's exploration of female sexuality and the subversion of gender stereotypes. Over a four\\-month period Daoust engaged with the dominatrices at one of Tokyo’s premier [S\\&M love hotels](/wiki/Love_hotel \"Love hotel\"), the Alpha\\-In.Griggs, T. (2014, 31 July) [\"Nathalie Daoust Photographs the Women of an Infamous Japanese S\\&M Love Hotel\"](https://www.vice.com/read/nathalie-daoust-photographs-the-nsfw-women-of-japans-infamous-sm-love-hotel-111), *Vice Magazine*. She photographed 39 women in their private rooms, surrounded by their equipment and dressed in the regalia that define their trade. This work takes the viewer beyond taboos, unveiling a universal human desire to escape reality, creating alternate worlds that oscillate between fantasy, truth and perversion.", "**Impersonating Mao, China**", "This photo\\-documentary captures the interior world of Zhang, a man who alternately appropriates the persona of [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong \"Mao Zedong\"), founder of the People’s Republic of China. Shot on old Chinese film, the negatives were physically manipulated in the darkroom then sealed in amber\\-like resin to create an insubstantial world of illusion. Each scene is an arresting balance of soft and sharp, faded memory colliding with an insistent present. These images invite the viewer to reflect on notions of power and powerlessness, as a man seeks to make himself visible by taking on such a controversial persona.", "**China Dolls, China**", "[thumb\\|right\\|350px\\|China Dolls, China](/wiki/File:China_Dolls%2C_Installation.jpg \"China Dolls, Installation.jpg\")\nChina Dolls is a study of contemporary Chinese women, the role they play in society and the consequences of the country's one child policy.[\"China Dolls by Nathalie Daoust\"](http://www.dodho.com/china-dolls-nathalie-daoust/) *Dodho Magazine*, 17 Feb, 2014\\. Photographed individually in a darkened room, Daoust completely strips the scene of external signifiers, spotlighting women who have, according to the artist, “remained in shadows.” These lyrical, aborted tableaux personify the feelings of otherness and otherworldliness that run through her work.", "Each black and white print is hand\\-coloured and printed on ceramic tile, reinforcing the notion of the ‘China Doll’ and reflecting the fragile situation of the modern Chinese woman.", "**Korean Dreams, North Korea**", "Korean Dreams, is a complex series that probes the unsettling vacuity of North Korea. Daoust's images reveal a country that seems to exist outside of time, as a carefully choreographed mirage.[\"Nathalie Daoust, Korean Dreams (Canada)\"](http://copenhagenphotofestival.com/programpunkter/nathalie-daoust-korean-dreams-canada/), *Copenhagen Photo Festival*, 2–12 June 2016\\. She has spent much of her career exploring the chimeric world of fantasy: the hidden desires and urges that compel people to dream, to dress up, to move beyond the bounds of convention and to escape from reality. With Korean Dreams, Daoust is exploring this escapist impulse not as an individual choice, but as a way of life forced upon an entire nation.", "" ]
Notable events -------------- The new SDS has organized and participated in numerous actions against the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") and made clear its opposition to any possible [military](/wiki/Military "Military") action against [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") by the US. The [Pace University](/wiki/Pace_University "Pace University") chapter of SDS protested against a speech by [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") held at the University's New York City campus, prompting the university to hand over two students, Lauren Giaccone and Brian Kelly, to the [United States Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service "United States Secret Service"). After the threatened expulsion of the two protesters, Pace SDS began a campaign that helped pressure the President of Pace to resign.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.grassrootspeace.org/campus\_antiwar\_network/repression\-at\-pace\-university\-antiwar\-students\-who\-heckled\-former\-president\-clinton\-at\-pace\-university\-speak\-out/ \|title\=Campus Antiwar Network Consolidated Blog » Repression at Pace University – Antiwar Students Who Heckled Former President Clinton at Pace University Speak Out \|publisher\=Grassrootspeace.org \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-17 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608065753/http://grassrootspeace.org/campus\_antiwar\_network/repression\-at\-pace\-university\-antiwar\-students\-who\-heckled\-former\-president\-clinton\-at\-pace\-university\-speak\-out/ \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-08 }} Beginning in March and continuing into April and May 2006, SDS chapters across the country participated in a series of [actions supporting Immigrant Rights](/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests "2006 United States immigration reform protests"). SDS chapters, such as at [Brandeis](/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University"), [Connecticut College](/wiki/Connecticut_College "Connecticut College"), and [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard "Harvard") coordinated with large coalitions of students to strike and walk out of their classes on [May Day](/wiki/May_Day "May Day"). The newly formed SDS held its first national convention from August 4 to August 7, 2006 at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago").{{cite news \| first \= Adam \| last \= Doster \| title \= SDS, New and Improved \| url \= http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/2796/ \| work \= In These Times \| date \= August 25, 2006 \| access\-date \= 2007\-04\-14 \| archive\-date \= 2019\-12\-06 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20191206040936/http://inthesetimes.com/article/2796/ \| url\-status \= dead }} On March 17, 2007, SDS groups from across the country met and participated in the [March on the Pentagon](/wiki/March_17%2C_2007_anti-war_protest "March 17, 2007 anti-war protest"), in which parts of the SDS contingent along with allies occupied a bridge near [The Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon"). Five [demonstrators](/wiki/Demonstration_%28people%29 "Demonstration (people)") were arrested. On March 20, 2007, 83 SDS chapters from around the country held coordinated actions against the Iraq war.{{cite web \| url \= http://march20antiwar.blogspot.com/ \| title \= SDS: March 20 Student Day of Action Against the War \| access\-date \= 2007\-04\-14 \| publisher \= Students for a Democratic Society }} One such action in the [Bay Area](/wiki/Bay_Area "Bay Area") shut down the entrance to [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation")'s World Headquarters.{{cite web \| url \= http://radicalblogs.org/joshrussell/2007/03/21/lockdown\-at\-chevrons\-world\-headquarters\-2/ \| title \= Lockdown at Chevron's World Headquarters \| access\-date \= 2007\-03\-20 \| publisher \= Joshua Russell, Students for a Democratic Society \| archive\-date \= 2009\-04\-16 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090416013233/http://radicalblogs.org/joshrussell/2007/03/21/lockdown\-at\-chevrons\-world\-headquarters\-2 \| url\-status \= dead }} The Summer of 2007 was a critical turning point for SDS as a national organization. First, SDS fielded a large contingent at the first [US Social Forum](/wiki/US_Social_Forum "US Social Forum") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") on June 27 – July 1\. SDS found itself part of a national movement to change the US; at the forum, SDS members gave workshops, demonstrated, and formed bonds with members from across the country. The second SDS National Convention took place July 27–30, 2007 at [Wayne State University](/wiki/Wayne_State_University "Wayne State University") in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan"). Approximately 200 members of SDS attended what was a constitutional convention. The primary focus of the convention was to democratically create a national structure and vision for the organization. These goals were achieved, though all decisions made at the convention will be sent back to the SDS chapters for a process of ratification which is currently under way. The first national SDS Action Camps{{cite news \| first \= SDS \| last \= SDS \| title \= Action Camps \| url \= http://www.newsds.org/wiki/index.php?title\=Action\_Camps \| work \= SDS site wiki \| date \= April 2007 \| access\-date \= 2007\-04\-29 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070602114137/http://newsds.org/wiki/index.php?title\=Action\_Camps \|archive\-date \= 2007\-06\-02}} took place from August 13–16 in [Lancaster, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Pennsylvania "Lancaster, Pennsylvania"). The camp was hosted by the Lancaster chapter of SDS. It included anti\-[oppression](/wiki/Oppression "Oppression")/collective liberation trainings, and workshops about a variety of things – including media skills, meeting facilitation, and direct action. The camp was held in order to provide students with skills needed to become better organizers, and deepen the sophistication of their vision and strategy. On September 15, 2007, SDS chapters from several colleges across the country (including Ohio, Indiana, Washington D.C., Harrisburg, PA and New York) gathered and marched in the ANSWER coalition march from the White House steps, to the Capitol building. The protest was estimated to include up 80,000 people. At least 150 were arrested, and there was at least one incident where police pepper\-sprayed protesters.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=F2FwsefdT9E \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/F2FwsefdT9E \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Peace March, September 15, 2007 \|publisher\=YouTube \|date\=2007\-09\-16 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-05}}{{cbignore}} In early November 2007, SDS members were again present at a similar blockade at the Port of [Olympia, Washington](/wiki/Olympia%2C_Washington "Olympia, Washington"). The blockade was broken only after 67 arrests, as well as use of pepper spray, rubber bullets, and other crowd\-control weapons. A similar confrontation had occurred in May 2006 at the Port of Olympia. Members and Chapters around the US and Canada participated in a large series of semi\-coordinated events and demonstrations between March 17 and March 21 to bring awareness to the 5th anniversary of the invasion of Iraq.<http://www.newsds.org/march20/> {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311044228/http://www.newsds.org/march20/\|date\=March 11, 2008}} The 2008 National Convention was held in College Park, Maryland. Members at the meeting decided on a national structure: the National Work Committee and a national campaign: Student Power for Accessible Education. [thumb\|250px\|right\|A "Funk the War" demonstration, organized by DC SDS.](/wiki/File:Funk_the_War_7.jpg "Funk the War 7.jpg") In September, SDS chapters from around the country converged on St. Paul, Minnesota to participate in the four days of protests against the Republican National Convention.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story\=20080328130926247\|title\=SDS Call to Action: Endorse and Participate in Shutting Down the RNC – Infoshop News\|publisher\=Infoshop.org\|access\-date\=2013\-10\-05\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007055924/http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story\=20080328130926247\|archive\-date\=2013\-10\-07}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fightbacknews.org/2008/08/voices\-from\-the\-rnc\-protest.htm \|title\=Fight Back! – August 2008 – Standing up at the RNC: Voices from the Protest \|publisher\=Fightbacknews.org \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-17}}{{cite web \|last\=Sigal \|first\=Brad \|url\=http://www.fightbacknews.org/2008/09/anti\-war\-march\-challenges\-mccain\-on\-day\-4\-of\-rnc.htm \|title\=Fight Back! – September 2008 – Anti\-war march challenges McCain on last day of RNC \|publisher\=Fightbacknews.org \|date\=2008\-09\-04 \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-17}} Members of Providence SDS took over a board meeting of the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority RIPTA to protest proposed route cuts. The group also argues that the RIPTA board is detached from its riders and doesn’t represent them.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.projo.com/news/content/RIPTA\_SDS\_09\-23\-08\_1NBMC97\_v8\.16e2c4e.html \|title\=Students put brakes on RIPTA meeting \| Rhode Island news \| projo.com \| The Providence Journal \|publisher\=projo.com \|date\=2008\-09\-23 \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-17}} The [University of North Texas](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas "University of North Texas") and several other chapters opened. In 2008, the [University of Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston "University of Houston") opened a chapter and added to the efforts of immigrant rights actions that Texas Grassroots Leadership had begun in 2006,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.grassrootsleadership.org/Detention.html \|title\=Immigrant Detention \|publisher\=Grassroots Leadership \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-05 \|archive\-date\=2013\-10\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054926/http://grassrootsleadership.org/Detention.html \|url\-status\=dead }} holding many protests centered on detention centers in Texas, particularly the family detention center T. Don Hutto that incarcerated immigrant mothers with children in Taylor, the center in Raymondville and Houston's Processing Center who's in contract with ICE.{{cite web\|url\=http://sdshouston.wordpress.com/ \|title\=Students for a Democratic Society at the University of Houston \| Coogs organizing for social justice and a democratic society \|publisher\=Sdshouston.wordpress.com \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-05}} These efforts across Texas saw a big win when the [T. Don Hutto](/wiki/T._Don_Hutto "T. Don Hutto") detention center changed its policies and stopped incarcerating children in late 2009\. SDS at the University of Houston in [Houston, Texas](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas "Houston, Texas") has continued the protests of these detention centers and plans for more in 2010\. New efforts in Texas SDS chapters are being made to support the [DREAM Act](/wiki/DREAM_Act "DREAM Act"), as well as 2010's [May Day](/wiki/May_Day "May Day"). SDS at the University of Houston also participated in the March 4 National Day of Action to Defend Education,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defendeducation.org/\|title\=March 4th National Day of Action to Defend Education\|date\=March 2010\|website\=Defend Education\|publisher\=defendeducation.org\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316030050/http://www.defendeducation.org/\|archive\-date\=2010\-03\-16\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=2013\-10\-05}} along with SDS chapters nationwide,{{cite web\|url\=https://abc13\.com/archive/7311776/ \|title\="Day of Action" protest at University of Houston over tuition hikes, budget cuts \| abc13\.com \|publisher\=Abclocal.go.com \|date\=2010\-03\-05 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-05}}{{cite web\|last\=Horansky \|first\=Andrew \|url\=http://www.khou.com/home/U\-of\-H\-students\-join\-national\-tuition\-hike\-protest\-\-86470752\.html\#comments \|title\=U of H students join national tuition hike protest \| khou.com Houston \|publisher\=Khou.com \|date\=2010\-03\-04 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-05}} as well as national anti\-war,Anti\-War Working Groups <http://sdsantiwar.wordpress.com/> anti\-occupation and [Israeli apartheid](/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid "Israel and apartheid") Week campaigns. In March 2010, members of the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee's chapter of SDS staged a protest outside the Chancellor's building. The event, designed to protest rising tuition costs, was met with a police presence. Police began using pepper spray, and arrested sixteen members of the protest, including both SDS members and allied organizations on campus through the Education Rights Campaign.{{cite web\|last\=Durhams \|first\=Sharif \|url\=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/86405537\.html \|title\=Pepper spray used to break up UWM protest \|publisher\=Jsonline.com \|date\=2010\-03\-04 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-05}}
[ "Notable events\n--------------", "The new SDS has organized and participated in numerous actions against the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\") and made clear its opposition to any possible [military](/wiki/Military \"Military\") action against [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") by the US. The [Pace University](/wiki/Pace_University \"Pace University\") chapter of SDS protested against a speech by [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") held at the University's New York City campus, prompting the university to hand over two students, Lauren Giaccone and Brian Kelly, to the [United States Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service \"United States Secret Service\"). After the threatened expulsion of the two protesters, Pace SDS began a campaign that helped pressure the President of Pace to resign.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.grassrootspeace.org/campus\\_antiwar\\_network/repression\\-at\\-pace\\-university\\-antiwar\\-students\\-who\\-heckled\\-former\\-president\\-clinton\\-at\\-pace\\-university\\-speak\\-out/ \\|title\\=Campus Antiwar Network Consolidated Blog » Repression at Pace University – Antiwar Students Who Heckled Former President Clinton at Pace University Speak Out \\|publisher\\=Grassrootspeace.org \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608065753/http://grassrootspeace.org/campus\\_antiwar\\_network/repression\\-at\\-pace\\-university\\-antiwar\\-students\\-who\\-heckled\\-former\\-president\\-clinton\\-at\\-pace\\-university\\-speak\\-out/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-08 }}", "Beginning in March and continuing into April and May 2006, SDS chapters across the country participated in a series of [actions supporting Immigrant Rights](/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests \"2006 United States immigration reform protests\"). SDS chapters, such as at [Brandeis](/wiki/Brandeis_University \"Brandeis University\"), [Connecticut College](/wiki/Connecticut_College \"Connecticut College\"), and [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard \"Harvard\") coordinated with large coalitions of students to strike and walk out of their classes on [May Day](/wiki/May_Day \"May Day\").", "The newly formed SDS held its first national convention from August 4 to August 7, 2006 at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\").{{cite news\n \\| first \\= Adam\n \\| last \\= Doster\n \\| title \\= SDS, New and Improved\n \\| url \\= http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/2796/\n \\| work \\= In These Times\n \\| date \\= August 25, 2006\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-04\\-14\n \\| archive\\-date \\= 2019\\-12\\-06\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20191206040936/http://inthesetimes.com/article/2796/\n \\| url\\-status \\= dead\n }}", "On March 17, 2007, SDS groups from across the country met and participated in the [March on the Pentagon](/wiki/March_17%2C_2007_anti-war_protest \"March 17, 2007 anti-war protest\"), in which parts of the SDS contingent along with allies occupied a bridge near [The Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\"). Five [demonstrators](/wiki/Demonstration_%28people%29 \"Demonstration (people)\") were arrested.", "On March 20, 2007, 83 SDS chapters from around the country held coordinated actions against the Iraq war.{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://march20antiwar.blogspot.com/\n\\| title \\= SDS: March 20 Student Day of Action Against the War\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-04\\-14\n\\| publisher \\= Students for a Democratic Society\n}}\nOne such action in the [Bay Area](/wiki/Bay_Area \"Bay Area\") shut down the entrance to [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\")'s World Headquarters.{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://radicalblogs.org/joshrussell/2007/03/21/lockdown\\-at\\-chevrons\\-world\\-headquarters\\-2/\n\\| title \\= Lockdown at Chevron's World Headquarters\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-03\\-20\n\\| publisher \\= Joshua Russell, Students for a Democratic Society\n\\| archive\\-date \\= 2009\\-04\\-16\n\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090416013233/http://radicalblogs.org/joshrussell/2007/03/21/lockdown\\-at\\-chevrons\\-world\\-headquarters\\-2\n\\| url\\-status \\= dead\n}}", "The Summer of 2007 was a critical turning point for SDS as a national organization. First, SDS fielded a large contingent at the first [US Social Forum](/wiki/US_Social_Forum \"US Social Forum\") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\") on June 27 – July 1\\. SDS found itself part of a national movement to change the US; at the forum, SDS members gave workshops, demonstrated, and formed bonds with members from across the country.", "The second SDS National Convention took place July 27–30, 2007 at [Wayne State University](/wiki/Wayne_State_University \"Wayne State University\") in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"). Approximately 200 members of SDS attended what was a constitutional convention. The primary focus of the convention was to democratically create a national structure and vision for the organization. These goals were achieved, though all decisions made at the convention will be sent back to the SDS chapters for a process of ratification which is currently under way.", "The first national SDS Action Camps{{cite news \n \\| first \\= SDS\n \\| last \\= SDS\n \\| title \\= Action Camps\n \\| url \\= http://www.newsds.org/wiki/index.php?title\\=Action\\_Camps\n \\| work \\= SDS site wiki\n \\| date \\= April 2007\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-04\\-29\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070602114137/http://newsds.org/wiki/index.php?title\\=Action\\_Camps \\|archive\\-date \\= 2007\\-06\\-02}} took place from August 13–16 in [Lancaster, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Pennsylvania \"Lancaster, Pennsylvania\"). The camp was hosted by the Lancaster chapter of SDS. It included anti\\-[oppression](/wiki/Oppression \"Oppression\")/collective liberation trainings, and workshops about a variety of things – including media skills, meeting facilitation, and direct action. The camp was held in order to provide students with skills needed to become better organizers, and deepen the sophistication of their vision and strategy.", "On September 15, 2007, SDS chapters from several colleges across the country (including Ohio, Indiana, Washington D.C., Harrisburg, PA and New York) gathered and marched in the ANSWER coalition march from the White House steps, to the Capitol building. The protest was estimated to include up 80,000 people. At least 150 were arrested, and there was at least one incident where police pepper\\-sprayed protesters.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=F2FwsefdT9E \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/F2FwsefdT9E \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Peace March, September 15, 2007 \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-05}}{{cbignore}}", "In early November 2007, SDS members were again present at a similar blockade at the Port of [Olympia, Washington](/wiki/Olympia%2C_Washington \"Olympia, Washington\"). The blockade was broken only after 67 arrests, as well as use of pepper spray, rubber bullets, and other crowd\\-control weapons. A similar confrontation had occurred in May 2006 at the Port of Olympia.", "Members and Chapters around the US and Canada participated in a large series of semi\\-coordinated events and demonstrations between March 17 and March 21 to bring awareness to the 5th anniversary of the invasion of Iraq.<http://www.newsds.org/march20/> {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311044228/http://www.newsds.org/march20/\\|date\\=March 11, 2008}}", "The 2008 National Convention was held in College Park, Maryland. Members at the meeting decided on a national structure: the National Work Committee and a national campaign: Student Power for Accessible Education.", "[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|A \"Funk the War\" demonstration, organized by DC SDS.](/wiki/File:Funk_the_War_7.jpg \"Funk the War 7.jpg\")\nIn September, SDS chapters from around the country converged on St. Paul, Minnesota to participate in the four days of protests against the Republican National Convention.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story\\=20080328130926247\\|title\\=SDS Call to Action: Endorse and Participate in Shutting Down the RNC – Infoshop News\\|publisher\\=Infoshop.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-05\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007055924/http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story\\=20080328130926247\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-07}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fightbacknews.org/2008/08/voices\\-from\\-the\\-rnc\\-protest.htm \\|title\\=Fight Back! – August 2008 – Standing up at the RNC: Voices from the Protest \\|publisher\\=Fightbacknews.org \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-17}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Sigal \\|first\\=Brad \\|url\\=http://www.fightbacknews.org/2008/09/anti\\-war\\-march\\-challenges\\-mccain\\-on\\-day\\-4\\-of\\-rnc.htm \\|title\\=Fight Back! – September 2008 – Anti\\-war march challenges McCain on last day of RNC \\|publisher\\=Fightbacknews.org \\|date\\=2008\\-09\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-17}}", "Members of Providence SDS took over a board meeting of the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority RIPTA to protest proposed route cuts. The group also argues that the RIPTA board is detached from its riders and doesn’t represent them.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.projo.com/news/content/RIPTA\\_SDS\\_09\\-23\\-08\\_1NBMC97\\_v8\\.16e2c4e.html \\|title\\=Students put brakes on RIPTA meeting \\| Rhode Island news \\| projo.com \\| The Providence Journal \\|publisher\\=projo.com \\|date\\=2008\\-09\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-17}}", "The [University of North Texas](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas \"University of North Texas\") and several other chapters opened. In 2008, the [University of Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston \"University of Houston\") opened a chapter and added to the efforts of immigrant rights actions that Texas Grassroots Leadership had begun in 2006,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.grassrootsleadership.org/Detention.html \\|title\\=Immigrant Detention \\|publisher\\=Grassroots Leadership \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054926/http://grassrootsleadership.org/Detention.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} holding many protests centered on detention centers in Texas, particularly the family detention center T. Don Hutto that incarcerated immigrant mothers with children in Taylor, the center in Raymondville and Houston's Processing Center who's in contract with ICE.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sdshouston.wordpress.com/ \\|title\\=Students for a Democratic Society at the University of Houston \\| Coogs organizing for social justice and a democratic society \\|publisher\\=Sdshouston.wordpress.com \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-05}} These efforts across Texas saw a big win when the [T. Don Hutto](/wiki/T._Don_Hutto \"T. Don Hutto\") detention center changed its policies and stopped incarcerating children in late 2009\\. SDS at the University of Houston in [Houston, Texas](/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas \"Houston, Texas\") has continued the protests of these detention centers and plans for more in 2010\\. New efforts in Texas SDS chapters are being made to support the [DREAM Act](/wiki/DREAM_Act \"DREAM Act\"), as well as 2010's [May Day](/wiki/May_Day \"May Day\").", "SDS at the University of Houston also participated in the March 4 National Day of Action to Defend Education,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defendeducation.org/\\|title\\=March 4th National Day of Action to Defend Education\\|date\\=March 2010\\|website\\=Defend Education\\|publisher\\=defendeducation.org\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316030050/http://www.defendeducation.org/\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-05}} along with SDS chapters nationwide,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://abc13\\.com/archive/7311776/ \\|title\\=\"Day of Action\" protest at University of Houston over tuition hikes, budget cuts \\| abc13\\.com \\|publisher\\=Abclocal.go.com \\|date\\=2010\\-03\\-05 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-05}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Horansky \\|first\\=Andrew \\|url\\=http://www.khou.com/home/U\\-of\\-H\\-students\\-join\\-national\\-tuition\\-hike\\-protest\\-\\-86470752\\.html\\#comments \\|title\\=U of H students join national tuition hike protest \\| khou.com Houston \\|publisher\\=Khou.com \\|date\\=2010\\-03\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-05}} as well as national anti\\-war,Anti\\-War Working Groups <http://sdsantiwar.wordpress.com/> anti\\-occupation and [Israeli apartheid](/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid \"Israel and apartheid\") Week campaigns.", "In March 2010, members of the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee's chapter of SDS staged a protest outside the Chancellor's building. The event, designed to protest rising tuition costs, was met with a police presence. Police began using pepper spray, and arrested sixteen members of the protest, including both SDS members and allied organizations on campus through the Education Rights Campaign.{{cite web\\|last\\=Durhams \\|first\\=Sharif \\|url\\=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/86405537\\.html \\|title\\=Pepper spray used to break up UWM protest \\|publisher\\=Jsonline.com \\|date\\=2010\\-03\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-05}}", "" ]
Procedure --------- The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 set out the rules for each stage of a case. The Rules aim to ensure that, when people sue or are sued, they obtain justice. Parties are encouraged to disclose the facts of their case prior to starting any court case. The relevant Pre\-Action Protocol must be followed.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure\-rules/civil/protocol\|title\=Pre\-Action Protocols \- Civil Procedure Rules\|website\=www.justice.gov.uk}} All claims less than £15,000 must be started in the County Court. Claims for more than this amount can be started in either the High court or the County Court, except personal injury claims for less than £50,000, which must be started in the County Court. Most type of claims are started by issuing a Part 7 claim form in which the claimant states the particulars of case, or attaches the particulars to the claim form, or serves them separately within 14 days of the claim form being served. There must also be a Statement of Truth as to the facts in the particulars of the claim. The claim form and the particulars of the claim must be served on the defendant. Service may be carried by the court or the claimant, and can be made personally, by post, by fax, by e\-mail or other electronic means. Upon [service](/wiki/Service_of_process "Service of process"), the defendant has 14 days in which to respond. A defendant may; a) Pay the [amount](/wiki/Amount "Amount") claimed, b) Admit or partly admit the [claim](/wiki/Claim_%28legal%29 "Claim (legal)"), c) File an acknowledgement of service (but then must file a defence within another 14 days), or d) File a defence. The defendant must, if not admitting the claim, file a [defence](/wiki/Defense_%28legal%29 "Defense (legal)") which substantively answers the claim. It is not enough to simply deny the claim. A defence that simply denies is likely to be struck out by the court. At any point before or during proceedings, either party may make a part 36 offer to settle the claim for damages.
[ "Procedure\n---------", "The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 set out the rules for each stage of a case. The Rules aim to ensure that, when people sue or are sued, they obtain justice.", "Parties are encouraged to disclose the facts of their case prior to starting any court case. The relevant Pre\\-Action Protocol must be followed.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure\\-rules/civil/protocol\\|title\\=Pre\\-Action Protocols \\- Civil Procedure Rules\\|website\\=www.justice.gov.uk}} All claims less than £15,000 must be started in the County Court. Claims for more than this amount can be started in either the High court or the County Court, except personal injury claims for less than £50,000, which must be started in the County Court.", "Most type of claims are started by issuing a Part 7 claim form in which the claimant states the particulars of case, or attaches the particulars to the claim form, or serves them separately within 14 days of the claim form being served.", "There must also be a Statement of Truth as to the facts in the particulars of the claim. The claim form and the particulars of the claim must be served on the defendant. Service may be carried by the court or the claimant, and can be made personally, by post, by fax, by e\\-mail or other electronic means.", "Upon [service](/wiki/Service_of_process \"Service of process\"), the defendant has 14 days in which to respond. A defendant may;", "a) Pay the [amount](/wiki/Amount \"Amount\") claimed, b) Admit or partly admit the [claim](/wiki/Claim_%28legal%29 \"Claim (legal)\"), c) File an acknowledgement of service (but then must file a defence within another 14 days), or d) File a defence.", "The defendant must, if not admitting the claim, file a [defence](/wiki/Defense_%28legal%29 \"Defense (legal)\") which substantively answers the claim. It is not enough to simply deny the claim. A defence that simply denies is likely to be struck out by the court.", "At any point before or during proceedings, either party may make a part 36 offer to settle the claim for damages.", "" ]
Allocation of cases ------------------- After the defence has been filed, the court sends to all parties a directions questionnaire. This helps the [judge](/wiki/Judge "Judge") decide the track to which the case should be allocated. If a party is dissatisfied with the allocation decision an application can be made to court for the claim to be re\-allocated. ### Small Claims procedure Cases are heard by a [District Judge](/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales "Judiciary of England and Wales") who will normally use an interventionist approach. This is an approach that allows the court to try to intervene in helping the parties to agree with one another in sorting out the case. Cases are dealt with in a relatively informal way and are now heard in open court (prior to the 1999 reforms small claim cases were heard in private). The use of solicitors is discouraged because the costs of legal representation cannot be recovered from the losing side. There may be a paper adjudication if the judge thinks it appropriate and the parties agree. This approach will often be used where the legal issues and evidence is clear cut, and the parties bring documents they wish to use. In such cases the court will decide the case 'on the papers' without requiring oral evidence or legal argument. ### Fast Track procedure All other cases require a process of 'Pre\-Trial Directions' being a timetable for the ongoing management of the case. The idea is to simplify the case for the court. The Fast Track mandates a maximum delay of 30 weeks between the setting of Directions, and the trial date. Normally only one expert witness is allowed and, if the parties cannot agree on an expert, the court has the power to appoint one. The expert's evidence will be given in writing. There are fixed costs for the advocate at the trial. ### Multi Track procedure There is no standard procedure for Pre\-Trial Directions in the Multi Track, and the judge has discretion to use a number of case management approaches, including case management conferences and pre\-trial reviews. The aim is to identify the issues as early as possible and, where appropriate, to try specific issues prior to the main trial. The number of expert [witnesses](/wiki/Witnesses "Witnesses") is controlled by the court as its permission is needed for any party to use an expert to give evidence. All time limits are strictly enforced. The court may in the directions fix a trial date, or order a trial window (approximate date for the trial) with a date being fixed by the court closer to the trial window period. In the Multi Track there is usually some degree of flexibility to shift the date of a specific direction but, once a trial date is fixed, the court is very unlikely to agree to an adjournment without a compelling reason.
[ "Allocation of cases\n-------------------", "After the defence has been filed, the court sends to all parties a directions questionnaire. This helps the [judge](/wiki/Judge \"Judge\") decide the track to which the case should be allocated.", "If a party is dissatisfied with the allocation decision an application can be made to court for the claim to be re\\-allocated.", "### Small Claims procedure", "Cases are heard by a [District Judge](/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales \"Judiciary of England and Wales\") who will normally use an interventionist approach. This is an approach that allows the court to try to intervene in helping the parties to agree with one another in sorting out the case. Cases are dealt with in a relatively informal way and are now heard in open court (prior to the 1999 reforms small claim cases were heard in private). The use of solicitors is discouraged because the costs of legal representation cannot be recovered from the losing side. There may be a paper adjudication if the judge thinks it appropriate and the parties agree. This approach will often be used where the legal issues and evidence is clear cut, and the parties bring documents they wish to use. In such cases the court will decide the case 'on the papers' without requiring oral evidence or legal argument.", "### Fast Track procedure", "All other cases require a process of 'Pre\\-Trial Directions' being a timetable for the ongoing management of the case. The idea is to simplify the case for the court. The Fast Track mandates a maximum delay of 30 weeks between the setting of Directions, and the trial date. Normally only one expert witness is allowed and, if the parties cannot agree on an expert, the court has the power to appoint one. The expert's evidence will be given in writing. There are fixed costs for the advocate at the trial.", "### Multi Track procedure", "There is no standard procedure for Pre\\-Trial Directions in the Multi Track, and the judge has discretion to use a number of case management approaches, including case management conferences and pre\\-trial reviews. The aim is to identify the issues as early as possible and, where appropriate, to try specific issues prior to the main trial. The number of expert [witnesses](/wiki/Witnesses \"Witnesses\") is controlled by the court as its permission is needed for any party to use an expert to give evidence. All time limits are strictly enforced. The court may in the directions fix a trial date, or order a trial window (approximate date for the trial) with a date being fixed by the court closer to the trial window period. In the Multi Track there is usually some degree of flexibility to shift the date of a specific direction but, once a trial date is fixed, the court is very unlikely to agree to an adjournment without a compelling reason.", "" ]
Work ---- ### General Pieter Thijs produced allegorical and mythological compositions for the courts of the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic as well as the local churches and monasteries. He was also in demand as a portrait painter by the court and the local bourgeoisie. [thumb\|310px\|*Time and the Three Fates*](/wiki/File:Pieter_Thijs_-_Time_and_the_Three_Fates.jpg "Pieter Thijs - Time and the Three Fates.jpg") In the past his reputation suffered because of misattributions of his work. As his style was close to that of van Dyck and the followers of van Dyck, Thijs works have often been attributed to van Dyck and artists working in the van Dyckian idiom such as [Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert](/wiki/Thomas_Willeboirts_Bosschaert "Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert"), [Jan Boeckhorst](/wiki/Jan_Boeckhorst "Jan Boeckhorst") and [Erasmus Quellinus the Younger](/wiki/Erasmus_Quellinus_the_Younger "Erasmus Quellinus the Younger"). With the rediscovery of the artist, works have been re\-attributed to Pieter Thijs. As the styles of Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert and Thijs are very close, there are still disagreements about the attributions of some works to either artist.[Anne\-Marie Logan, *Review of Axel Heinrich, Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert (1613/14\- 1654\). Ein flämischer Nachfolger* Van Dycks (Pictura Nova, 9\). 2 vols. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2003\. 640 pp, 180 b\&w illus., 1 color plate](http://www.hnanews.org/archive/newsletters/nov2004.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127003006/http://www.hnanews.org/archive/newsletters/nov2004\.pdf \|date\=27 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN\|2\-503\-51143\-0}}, in: historians of netherlandish art Newsletter, 1350\-1750 Vol. 21, No. 2 hnanews.org November 2004, pp. 24–27 The main distinguishing features between the styles of the two artists is that Willeboirts Bosschaerts' work uses a looser brushwork and displays a distinctive humanity and sensuality in the figures, especially the female figures. Thijs, on the other hand, applied the paint more tightly and thickly, and his figures express their emotions with more decorum and contained theatricality. The influence of van Dyck on Thijs' style is due to his direct working relationship with van Dyck. Other possible influences are the works of slightly senior painters such as Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert and [Gonzales Coques](/wiki/Gonzales_Coques "Gonzales Coques") who were both early followers of van Dyck as well as Thijs' predecessors at the courts of Brussels and The Hague. The patrons at these courts showed a preference for van Dyck's refined courtly style. He showed himself to be an eclectic painter who did not strive for originality but adapted and borrowed from the styles of other artists where he felt the commission demanded it. ### Portraits [thumb\|330px\|*Portrait of an almoner with his wife and children as an allegory of charity*](/wiki/File:Pieter_Thijs_-_Portrait_of_an_almoner_with_his_wife_and_children_as_an_allegory_of_charity.jpg "Pieter Thijs - Portrait of an almoner with his wife and children as an allegory of charity.jpg") Pieter Thijs was in demand as a portrait painter. He gained in particular a reputation for large family portraits, a genre made popular by his teacher Anthony van Dyck.[Pieter Thijs](https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/77378) at the [Netherlands Institute for Art History](/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History "Netherlands Institute for Art History") {{in lang\|nl}} His portraits followed the style of van Dyck in the eloquence of the hands and the meticulous execution of the reflections on the shimmering fabric. Though a popular portrait painter, the early Flemish biographer [Cornelis de Bie](/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bie "Cornelis de Bie") stated that his likenesses were criticized for not being like their subjects.[*Het gulden cabinet vande edel vry schilder const*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3pFbAAAAQAAJ), online facsimile version in Google books, p. 328 A representative portrait painting by Thijs is the *[Portrait of Philips van de Werve and His Wife](/wiki/Van_de_Werve_Thijs.jpg "Van de Werve Thijs.jpg")* (c. 1661, Auctioned at Sotheby's on 7 July 2005, London, lot 10\). Its composition recalls van Dyck's large family\-group portraits painted in his late English period, which Thijs would have seen when he was a pupil of van Dyck. The figures in the group portrait also closely adhere to the van Dyckian type, especially the two children. ### Religious works His religious works were also influenced by the style of van Dyck. His paintings on the subject of the *Descent from the Cross* follow the composition and palette of Rubens who had produced some influential paintings on this theme. [thumb\|270px\|*Sacrifice of Isaac*](/wiki/File:Pieter_Thijs_-_Sacrifice_of_Isaac.jpg "Pieter Thijs - Sacrifice of Isaac.jpg") His history paintings also show the influence of French classicism, which was then coming into fashion. In these works he paid particular attention to prettiness and a polished finishing. He also borrowed from the Italian masters of the Cinquecento, such as [Titian](/wiki/Titian "Titian") and [Veronese](/wiki/Paolo_Veronese "Paolo Veronese"). In this mature period from the 1660s onwards, Pieter Thijs usually relied on pyramidal, symmetrical compositions and he painted his female figures draped in tunics tied at the waist and wearing garments with folds in V\-form. ### Collaborations As was common in 17th\-century Antwerp, he often collaborated with other artists who were specialist painters. He added the figures to the compositions of various Antwerp [animal specialists](/wiki/Animalier "Animalier"). Examples are the *[Huntsman with His Dogs and Game](/wiki/Pieter_Thijs_and_Pieter_Boel_-_Huntsman_with_His_Dogs_and_Game.jpg "Pieter Thijs and Pieter Boel - Huntsman with His Dogs and Game.jpg")* ([:Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens](/wiki/Cummer_Museum_of_Art_and_Gardens "Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens")) in collaboration with [Pieter Boel](/wiki/Pieter_Boel "Pieter Boel") and the *[Atalanta and Meleager Hunt the Calydonian Boar](/wiki/Jan_Fyt_and_Pieter_Thijs_-_Atalanta_and_Meleager_Hunt_the_Calydonian_Boar.jpg "Jan Fyt and Pieter Thijs - Atalanta and Meleager Hunt the Calydonian Boar.jpg")* ([John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art](/wiki/John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art "John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art")) in collaboration with [Jan Fyt](/wiki/Jan_Fyt "Jan Fyt").[Pieter Thijs and Pieter Boel (Flemish, 1624 –1677 and 1622 \- 1674\)](http://www.cummer.org/art/permanent-collection/huntsman-his-dogs-and-game) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604000410/http://www.cummer.org/art/permanent\-collection/huntsman\-his\-dogs\-and\-game \|date\=4 June 2014 }} at the [Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens](/wiki/Cummer_Museum_of_Art_and_Gardens "Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens") Pieter Boel probably also painted the still life and parrot in Thijs' *[Portrait of Philips van de Werve and His Wife](/wiki/Van_de_Werve_Thijs.jpg "Van de Werve Thijs.jpg")*.[Pieter Thijs (1624–1677\), *Portrait of Philips van de Werve and His Wife (Nee Charles), seated with their children, attended by a groom with a horse*](http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2005/old-master-paintings-evening-sale-l05031/lot.10.html) at Sotheby's [thumb\|300px\|left\|*Atalanta and Meleager Hunt the Calydonian Boar*](/wiki/File:Jan_Fyt_and_Pieter_Thijs_-_Atalanta_and_Meleager_Hunt_the_Calydonian_Boar.jpg "Jan Fyt and Pieter Thijs - Atalanta and Meleager Hunt the Calydonian Boar.jpg") Thijs collaborated with flower painters on so\-called 'garland paintings'. Garland paintings are a type of still life invented in Antwerp and whose earliest practitioner was [Jan Brueghel the Elder](/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder "Jan Brueghel the Elder"). These paintings typically show a flower garland around a devotional image or portrait. Garland paintings were usually collaborations between a still life and a figure painter.\<ref\>[Ursula Härting, *Review of Susan Merriam, Seventeenth\-Century Flemish Garland Paintings. Still Life, Vision and the Devotional Image]\</ref\> An example is the composition* [Leopold of Austria in flower garland](/wiki/Pieter_Thijs_-_Leopold_of_Austria_in_flower_garland_ca1650.jpg "Pieter Thijs - Leopold of Austria in flower garland ca1650.jpg") *(Auctioned at Sotheby's, London on 5 December 2006, lot nr 412\) in which the portrait of [Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria](/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria "Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria") was painted by Thijs and the flower garland is by an unknown hand.[Pieter Thijs, *Leopold of Austria in flower garland*](http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.412.html/2006/old-master-paintings-w06720) at Sotheby's*](http://www.hnanews.org/archive/2012/11/vl_merriam0912.html) In the 1650s, Pieter Thijs worked with Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert, [Jan Brueghel the Younger](/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger "Jan Brueghel the Younger") and [Adriaen van Utrecht](/wiki/Adriaen_van_Utrecht "Adriaen van Utrecht") on the [cartoons](/wiki/Cartoon "Cartoon") for two series of tapestries for Archduke Leopold Wilhelm, with the titles Day and Night *and* The Months*. The cartoons were painted after designs by [Jan van den Hoecke](/wiki/Jan_van_den_Hoecke "Jan van den Hoecke") and woven by the Brussels tapestry workshops. Some of the cartoons such as* [Diana, allegory of the night](/wiki/Jan_van_den_Hoecke_011.jpg "Jan van den Hoecke 011.jpg") *are in the collection of the [Kunsthistorisches Museum](/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum "Kunsthistorisches Museum").Thomas P. Campbell, Pascal\-François Bertrand, Jeri Bapasola, 'Tapestry in the Baroque: Threads of Splendor', Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1 January 2007*References ---------- {{reflist}} Further reading --------------- Vlieghe, Hans (1998\). \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=AS\_NXFoY0M4C Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585–1700* ''. Pelican history of art. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN\|0\-300\-07038\-1}}
[ "Work\n----", "### General", "Pieter Thijs produced allegorical and mythological compositions for the courts of the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic as well as the local churches and monasteries. He was also in demand as a portrait painter by the court and the local bourgeoisie.\n[thumb\\|310px\\|*Time and the Three Fates*](/wiki/File:Pieter_Thijs_-_Time_and_the_Three_Fates.jpg \"Pieter Thijs - Time and the Three Fates.jpg\")\nIn the past his reputation suffered because of misattributions of his work. As his style was close to that of van Dyck and the followers of van Dyck, Thijs works have often been attributed to van Dyck and artists working in the van Dyckian idiom such as [Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert](/wiki/Thomas_Willeboirts_Bosschaert \"Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert\"), [Jan Boeckhorst](/wiki/Jan_Boeckhorst \"Jan Boeckhorst\") and [Erasmus Quellinus the Younger](/wiki/Erasmus_Quellinus_the_Younger \"Erasmus Quellinus the Younger\"). With the rediscovery of the artist, works have been re\\-attributed to Pieter Thijs. As the styles of Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert and Thijs are very close, there are still disagreements about the attributions of some works to either artist.[Anne\\-Marie Logan, *Review of Axel Heinrich, Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert (1613/14\\- 1654\\). Ein flämischer Nachfolger* Van Dycks (Pictura Nova, 9\\). 2 vols. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2003\\. 640 pp, 180 b\\&w illus., 1 color plate](http://www.hnanews.org/archive/newsletters/nov2004.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127003006/http://www.hnanews.org/archive/newsletters/nov2004\\.pdf \\|date\\=27 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN\\|2\\-503\\-51143\\-0}}, in: historians of netherlandish art Newsletter, 1350\\-1750 Vol. 21, No. 2 hnanews.org November 2004, pp. 24–27 The main distinguishing features between the styles of the two artists is that Willeboirts Bosschaerts' work uses a looser brushwork and displays a distinctive humanity and sensuality in the figures, especially the female figures. Thijs, on the other hand, applied the paint more tightly and thickly, and his figures express their emotions with more decorum and contained theatricality.", "The influence of van Dyck on Thijs' style is due to his direct working relationship with van Dyck. Other possible influences are the works of slightly senior painters such as Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert and [Gonzales Coques](/wiki/Gonzales_Coques \"Gonzales Coques\") who were both early followers of van Dyck as well as Thijs' predecessors at the courts of Brussels and The Hague. The patrons at these courts showed a preference for van Dyck's refined courtly style.", "He showed himself to be an eclectic painter who did not strive for originality but adapted and borrowed from the styles of other artists where he felt the commission demanded it.", "### Portraits", "[thumb\\|330px\\|*Portrait of an almoner with his wife and children as an allegory of charity*](/wiki/File:Pieter_Thijs_-_Portrait_of_an_almoner_with_his_wife_and_children_as_an_allegory_of_charity.jpg \"Pieter Thijs - Portrait of an almoner with his wife and children as an allegory of charity.jpg\")\nPieter Thijs was in demand as a portrait painter. He gained in particular a reputation for large family portraits, a genre made popular by his teacher Anthony van Dyck.[Pieter Thijs](https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/77378) at the [Netherlands Institute for Art History](/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History \"Netherlands Institute for Art History\") {{in lang\\|nl}}", "His portraits followed the style of van Dyck in the eloquence of the hands and the meticulous execution of the reflections on the shimmering fabric. Though a popular portrait painter, the early Flemish biographer [Cornelis de Bie](/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bie \"Cornelis de Bie\") stated that his likenesses were criticized for not being like their subjects.[*Het gulden cabinet vande edel vry schilder const*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3pFbAAAAQAAJ), online facsimile version in Google books, p. 328", "A representative portrait painting by Thijs is the *[Portrait of Philips van de Werve and His Wife](/wiki/Van_de_Werve_Thijs.jpg \"Van de Werve Thijs.jpg\")* (c. 1661, Auctioned at Sotheby's on 7 July 2005, London, lot 10\\). Its composition recalls van Dyck's large family\\-group portraits painted in his late English period, which Thijs would have seen when he was a pupil of van Dyck. The figures in the group portrait also closely adhere to the van Dyckian type, especially the two children.", "### Religious works", "His religious works were also influenced by the style of van Dyck. His paintings on the subject of the *Descent from the Cross* follow the composition and palette of Rubens who had produced some influential paintings on this theme.\n[thumb\\|270px\\|*Sacrifice of Isaac*](/wiki/File:Pieter_Thijs_-_Sacrifice_of_Isaac.jpg \"Pieter Thijs - Sacrifice of Isaac.jpg\")\nHis history paintings also show the influence of French classicism, which was then coming into fashion. In these works he paid particular attention to prettiness and a polished finishing. He also borrowed from the Italian masters of the Cinquecento, such as [Titian](/wiki/Titian \"Titian\") and [Veronese](/wiki/Paolo_Veronese \"Paolo Veronese\").", "In this mature period from the 1660s onwards, Pieter Thijs usually relied on pyramidal, symmetrical compositions and he painted his female figures draped in tunics tied at the waist and wearing garments with folds in V\\-form.", "### Collaborations", "As was common in 17th\\-century Antwerp, he often collaborated with other artists who were specialist painters. He added the figures to the compositions of various Antwerp [animal specialists](/wiki/Animalier \"Animalier\"). Examples are the *[Huntsman with His Dogs and Game](/wiki/Pieter_Thijs_and_Pieter_Boel_-_Huntsman_with_His_Dogs_and_Game.jpg \"Pieter Thijs and Pieter Boel - Huntsman with His Dogs and Game.jpg\")* ([:Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens](/wiki/Cummer_Museum_of_Art_and_Gardens \"Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens\")) in collaboration with [Pieter Boel](/wiki/Pieter_Boel \"Pieter Boel\") and the *[Atalanta and Meleager Hunt the Calydonian Boar](/wiki/Jan_Fyt_and_Pieter_Thijs_-_Atalanta_and_Meleager_Hunt_the_Calydonian_Boar.jpg \"Jan Fyt and Pieter Thijs - Atalanta and Meleager Hunt the Calydonian Boar.jpg\")* ([John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art](/wiki/John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art \"John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art\")) in collaboration with [Jan Fyt](/wiki/Jan_Fyt \"Jan Fyt\").[Pieter Thijs and Pieter Boel (Flemish, 1624 –1677 and 1622 \\- 1674\\)](http://www.cummer.org/art/permanent-collection/huntsman-his-dogs-and-game) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604000410/http://www.cummer.org/art/permanent\\-collection/huntsman\\-his\\-dogs\\-and\\-game \\|date\\=4 June 2014 }} at the [Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens](/wiki/Cummer_Museum_of_Art_and_Gardens \"Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens\") Pieter Boel probably also painted the still life and parrot in Thijs' *[Portrait of Philips van de Werve and His Wife](/wiki/Van_de_Werve_Thijs.jpg \"Van de Werve Thijs.jpg\")*.[Pieter Thijs (1624–1677\\), *Portrait of Philips van de Werve and His Wife (Nee Charles), seated with their children, attended by a groom with a horse*](http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2005/old-master-paintings-evening-sale-l05031/lot.10.html) at Sotheby's\n[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|*Atalanta and Meleager Hunt the Calydonian Boar*](/wiki/File:Jan_Fyt_and_Pieter_Thijs_-_Atalanta_and_Meleager_Hunt_the_Calydonian_Boar.jpg \"Jan Fyt and Pieter Thijs - Atalanta and Meleager Hunt the Calydonian Boar.jpg\")", "Thijs collaborated with flower painters on so\\-called 'garland paintings'. Garland paintings are a type of still life invented in Antwerp and whose earliest practitioner was [Jan Brueghel the Elder](/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder \"Jan Brueghel the Elder\"). These paintings typically show a flower garland around a devotional image or portrait. Garland paintings were usually collaborations between a still life and a figure painter.\\<ref\\>[Ursula Härting, *Review of Susan Merriam, Seventeenth\\-Century Flemish Garland Paintings. Still Life, Vision and the Devotional Image]\\</ref\\> An example is the composition* [Leopold of Austria in flower garland](/wiki/Pieter_Thijs_-_Leopold_of_Austria_in_flower_garland_ca1650.jpg \"Pieter Thijs - Leopold of Austria in flower garland ca1650.jpg\") *(Auctioned at Sotheby's, London on 5 December 2006, lot nr 412\\) in which the portrait of [Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria](/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria \"Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria\") was painted by Thijs and the flower garland is by an unknown hand.[Pieter Thijs, *Leopold of Austria in flower garland*](http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.412.html/2006/old-master-paintings-w06720) at Sotheby's*](http://www.hnanews.org/archive/2012/11/vl_merriam0912.html)", "In the 1650s, Pieter Thijs worked with Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert, [Jan Brueghel the Younger](/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger \"Jan Brueghel the Younger\") and [Adriaen van Utrecht](/wiki/Adriaen_van_Utrecht \"Adriaen van Utrecht\") on the [cartoons](/wiki/Cartoon \"Cartoon\") for two series of tapestries for Archduke Leopold Wilhelm, with the titles Day and Night *and* The Months*. The cartoons were painted after designs by [Jan van den Hoecke](/wiki/Jan_van_den_Hoecke \"Jan van den Hoecke\") and woven by the Brussels tapestry workshops. Some of the cartoons such as* [Diana, allegory of the night](/wiki/Jan_van_den_Hoecke_011.jpg \"Jan van den Hoecke 011.jpg\") *are in the collection of the [Kunsthistorisches Museum](/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum \"Kunsthistorisches Museum\").Thomas P. Campbell, Pascal\\-François Bertrand, Jeri Bapasola, 'Tapestry in the Baroque: Threads of Splendor', Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1 January 2007*References\n----------", "{{reflist}}\nFurther reading\n---------------", "Vlieghe, Hans (1998\\). \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=AS\\_NXFoY0M4C Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585–1700* ''. Pelican history of art. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN\\|0\\-300\\-07038\\-1}}" ]
Biography --------- Tomas Olsson lived in Chamonix in France, where he worked as a professional [extreme skier](/wiki/Extreme_skiing "Extreme skiing"). ### Birth and early life He was born in Kristinehamn and raised in [Borås](/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s "Borås"). In high school, he became aware of action sports. By the time of his MSc studies in Linköping, he was devoted to skiing and climbing. After graduating in 2001, he moved to Chamonix to pursue skiing. ### Life in Chamonix Based at Chamonix in the French Alps, Olsson dedicated himself to skiing and climbing. Multiple times a year, he would go to exotic locations to explore new environments and to test his own limits. Tomas skied from the summit of Aconcagua (6960m) in Argentina, Peak Lenin (7134m) in Kyrgyzstan, Muztagh Ata (7546m) and Kuksay Peak (7134m) in China, Cho Oyu (8201m) in Tibet, and a volcano in Kamchatka in Siberia. Besides skiing, he had held lectures and worked in product development and promotions with Bergans of Norway and Silva Sweden. ### Desire to ski down Everest Olsson's ultimate goal, which was scheduled for spring 2006, was to once again stand on the summit of Everest. There, he planned that he and Norwegian [Tormod Granheim](/wiki/Tormod_Granheim "Tormod Granheim") would become the first skiers in the world to ski down Everest's steep north side. At the end of March 2006, he set off to go to Everest. As training for the Everest expedition in June 2005, he cycled alone from Stockholm to Chamonix, climbed Mont Blanc (4810m), and then rode back to Sweden. Olsson, Granheim and photographer Fredrik Schenholm approached Everest from the Tibetan side in Spring 2006\. Olsson climbed the mountain from Advanced Base Camp, 6400 meters above sea level, to the summit (8848 m) in a 2 days effort. The route he followed, known as the Mallory route, normally takes climbers five days to complete. Olsson and Graneheim reached Everest's peak on 16 May 2006\. The pair then skied into the [North Face](/wiki/North_Face_%28Everest%29 "North Face (Everest)") by the [Norton Couloir](/wiki/Norton_Couloir "Norton Couloir"), a 55 degree steep and nearly 3000 meter high mountain face. The North Col (North Face) Route is one of the most difficult of all the difficult routes to the top of the mountain. On May 16, 2006, after a full day of climbing, the two met up on the mountain and reached the summit. Exhausted, they wondered if they had the strength to ski down. Undeterred by their fatigue, they set off on skis down the North Face via the Norton Couloir at angles as steep as 60 degrees and a sheer 3,000 meter drop. Unfortunately, just as they set off, and after only skiing down the North Face approximately {{convert\|1,500\|ft\|m\|abbr\=off\|sp\=us}}, one of Olsson's skis broke, adding extra tension to the already complex task. They tried to repair the ski with tape. A cliff intersecting the [couloir](/wiki/Couloir "Couloir") forced the two to make an [abseil](/wiki/Abseiling "Abseiling"). A snow anchor failed and Olsson fell an estimated 2500 meters to his death. Granheim skied alone to the North Col. Tomas Olsson was not the only one to attempt skiing down [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") this year he was part of "The Vikings are back: Climb \+ Sky\-ski Everest expedition 2006" with the ambition to ski down the North Col route of [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest"). As part of an ongoing project to ski the Seven summits, the Swedish expedition were involved in a project of climbing and sky\-skiing down the Seven Summits. The expedition consisted of Tomas Olsson, Tormod Granheim from Norway and Fredrik Schenholm. The guys successfully skied down Cho Oyu in fall, 2004\. However, logistical problems prevented the pair from attempting a similar feat on Shisha Pangma. Olsson and Granheim had been training hard all winter in Chamonix, French Alps, for the upcoming Everest challenge. Fredrik Schenholm would join the expedition as a photographer. Another expedition, Swedish Everest Ski expedition (Martin Letzter and Olof Sundstrom), also skied down Everest the same day as Tomas Olsson using an easier route. They had already skied Elbrus, Denali, Aconcagua, Kosciuszko, and Kilimanjaro during the last three years. To reach [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") the team reached Tibet after driving 12,000 kilometers from Stockholm to Kathmandu, through such countries as Russia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India, in a 13\-year\-old Land Rover Defender. The team would have skied the Antarctica the coming winter if they would have been successful in completing their series by skiing [Mount Vinson](/wiki/Mount_Vinson "Mount Vinson") during the Antarctic summer 2006/2007\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Tomas Olsson lived in Chamonix in France, where he worked as a professional [extreme skier](/wiki/Extreme_skiing \"Extreme skiing\").", "### Birth and early life", "He was born in Kristinehamn and raised in [Borås](/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s \"Borås\"). In high school, he became aware of action sports. By the time of his MSc studies in Linköping, he was devoted to skiing and climbing. After graduating in 2001, he moved to Chamonix to pursue skiing.", "### Life in Chamonix", "Based at Chamonix in the French Alps, Olsson dedicated himself to skiing and climbing. Multiple times a year, he would go to exotic locations to explore new environments and to test his own limits. \nTomas skied from the summit of Aconcagua (6960m) in Argentina, Peak Lenin (7134m) in Kyrgyzstan, Muztagh Ata (7546m) and Kuksay Peak (7134m) in China, Cho Oyu (8201m) in Tibet, and a volcano in Kamchatka in Siberia. Besides skiing, he had held lectures and worked in product development and promotions with Bergans of Norway and Silva Sweden.", "### Desire to ski down Everest", "Olsson's ultimate goal, which was scheduled for spring 2006, was to once again stand on the summit of Everest. There, he planned that he and Norwegian [Tormod Granheim](/wiki/Tormod_Granheim \"Tormod Granheim\") would become the first skiers in the world to ski down Everest's steep north side. At the end of March 2006, he set off to go to Everest.", "As training for the Everest expedition in June 2005, he cycled alone from Stockholm to Chamonix, climbed Mont Blanc (4810m), and then rode back to Sweden.", "Olsson, Granheim and photographer Fredrik Schenholm approached Everest from the Tibetan side in Spring 2006\\. Olsson climbed the mountain from Advanced Base Camp, 6400 meters above sea level, to the summit (8848 m) in a 2 days effort. The route he followed, known as the Mallory route, normally takes climbers five days to complete.", "Olsson and Graneheim reached Everest's peak on 16 May 2006\\. The pair then skied into the [North Face](/wiki/North_Face_%28Everest%29 \"North Face (Everest)\") by the [Norton Couloir](/wiki/Norton_Couloir \"Norton Couloir\"), a 55 degree steep and nearly 3000 meter high mountain face. The North Col (North Face) Route is one of the most difficult of all the difficult routes to the top of the mountain. On May 16, 2006, after a full day of climbing, the two met up on the mountain and reached the summit. Exhausted, they wondered if they had the strength to ski down. Undeterred by their fatigue, they set off on skis down the North Face via the Norton Couloir at angles as steep as 60 degrees and a sheer 3,000 meter drop. Unfortunately, just as they set off, and after only skiing down the North Face approximately {{convert\\|1,500\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=off\\|sp\\=us}}, one of Olsson's skis broke, adding extra tension to the already complex task. They tried to repair the ski with tape. A cliff intersecting the [couloir](/wiki/Couloir \"Couloir\") forced the two to make an [abseil](/wiki/Abseiling \"Abseiling\"). A snow anchor failed and Olsson fell an estimated 2500 meters to his death. Granheim skied alone to the North Col.", "Tomas Olsson was not the only one to attempt skiing down [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest \"Mount Everest\") this year he was part of \"The Vikings are back: Climb \\+ Sky\\-ski Everest expedition 2006\" with the ambition to ski down the North Col route of [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest \"Mount Everest\"). As part of an ongoing project to ski the Seven summits, the Swedish expedition were involved in a project of climbing and sky\\-skiing down the Seven Summits.\nThe expedition consisted of Tomas Olsson, Tormod Granheim from Norway and Fredrik Schenholm. The guys successfully skied down Cho Oyu in fall, 2004\\. However, logistical problems prevented the pair from attempting a similar feat on Shisha Pangma. Olsson and Granheim had been training hard all winter in Chamonix, French Alps, for the upcoming Everest challenge. Fredrik Schenholm would join the expedition as a photographer.", "Another expedition, Swedish Everest Ski expedition (Martin Letzter and Olof Sundstrom), also skied down Everest the same day as Tomas Olsson using an easier route.", "They had already skied Elbrus, Denali, Aconcagua, Kosciuszko, and Kilimanjaro during the last three years. To reach [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest \"Mount Everest\") the team reached Tibet after driving 12,000 kilometers from Stockholm to Kathmandu, through such countries as Russia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India, in a 13\\-year\\-old Land Rover Defender.", "The team would have skied the Antarctica the coming winter if they would have been successful in completing their series by skiing [Mount Vinson](/wiki/Mount_Vinson \"Mount Vinson\") during the Antarctic summer 2006/2007\\.", "" ]
### Desire to ski down Everest Olsson's ultimate goal, which was scheduled for spring 2006, was to once again stand on the summit of Everest. There, he planned that he and Norwegian [Tormod Granheim](/wiki/Tormod_Granheim "Tormod Granheim") would become the first skiers in the world to ski down Everest's steep north side. At the end of March 2006, he set off to go to Everest. As training for the Everest expedition in June 2005, he cycled alone from Stockholm to Chamonix, climbed Mont Blanc (4810m), and then rode back to Sweden. Olsson, Granheim and photographer Fredrik Schenholm approached Everest from the Tibetan side in Spring 2006\. Olsson climbed the mountain from Advanced Base Camp, 6400 meters above sea level, to the summit (8848 m) in a 2 days effort. The route he followed, known as the Mallory route, normally takes climbers five days to complete. Olsson and Graneheim reached Everest's peak on 16 May 2006\. The pair then skied into the [North Face](/wiki/North_Face_%28Everest%29 "North Face (Everest)") by the [Norton Couloir](/wiki/Norton_Couloir "Norton Couloir"), a 55 degree steep and nearly 3000 meter high mountain face. The North Col (North Face) Route is one of the most difficult of all the difficult routes to the top of the mountain. On May 16, 2006, after a full day of climbing, the two met up on the mountain and reached the summit. Exhausted, they wondered if they had the strength to ski down. Undeterred by their fatigue, they set off on skis down the North Face via the Norton Couloir at angles as steep as 60 degrees and a sheer 3,000 meter drop. Unfortunately, just as they set off, and after only skiing down the North Face approximately {{convert\|1,500\|ft\|m\|abbr\=off\|sp\=us}}, one of Olsson's skis broke, adding extra tension to the already complex task. They tried to repair the ski with tape. A cliff intersecting the [couloir](/wiki/Couloir "Couloir") forced the two to make an [abseil](/wiki/Abseiling "Abseiling"). A snow anchor failed and Olsson fell an estimated 2500 meters to his death. Granheim skied alone to the North Col. Tomas Olsson was not the only one to attempt skiing down [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") this year he was part of "The Vikings are back: Climb \+ Sky\-ski Everest expedition 2006" with the ambition to ski down the North Col route of [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest"). As part of an ongoing project to ski the Seven summits, the Swedish expedition were involved in a project of climbing and sky\-skiing down the Seven Summits. The expedition consisted of Tomas Olsson, Tormod Granheim from Norway and Fredrik Schenholm. The guys successfully skied down Cho Oyu in fall, 2004\. However, logistical problems prevented the pair from attempting a similar feat on Shisha Pangma. Olsson and Granheim had been training hard all winter in Chamonix, French Alps, for the upcoming Everest challenge. Fredrik Schenholm would join the expedition as a photographer. Another expedition, Swedish Everest Ski expedition (Martin Letzter and Olof Sundstrom), also skied down Everest the same day as Tomas Olsson using an easier route. They had already skied Elbrus, Denali, Aconcagua, Kosciuszko, and Kilimanjaro during the last three years. To reach [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") the team reached Tibet after driving 12,000 kilometers from Stockholm to Kathmandu, through such countries as Russia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India, in a 13\-year\-old Land Rover Defender. The team would have skied the Antarctica the coming winter if they would have been successful in completing their series by skiing [Mount Vinson](/wiki/Mount_Vinson "Mount Vinson") during the Antarctic summer 2006/2007\.
[ "### Desire to ski down Everest", "Olsson's ultimate goal, which was scheduled for spring 2006, was to once again stand on the summit of Everest. There, he planned that he and Norwegian [Tormod Granheim](/wiki/Tormod_Granheim \"Tormod Granheim\") would become the first skiers in the world to ski down Everest's steep north side. At the end of March 2006, he set off to go to Everest.", "As training for the Everest expedition in June 2005, he cycled alone from Stockholm to Chamonix, climbed Mont Blanc (4810m), and then rode back to Sweden.", "Olsson, Granheim and photographer Fredrik Schenholm approached Everest from the Tibetan side in Spring 2006\\. Olsson climbed the mountain from Advanced Base Camp, 6400 meters above sea level, to the summit (8848 m) in a 2 days effort. The route he followed, known as the Mallory route, normally takes climbers five days to complete.", "Olsson and Graneheim reached Everest's peak on 16 May 2006\\. The pair then skied into the [North Face](/wiki/North_Face_%28Everest%29 \"North Face (Everest)\") by the [Norton Couloir](/wiki/Norton_Couloir \"Norton Couloir\"), a 55 degree steep and nearly 3000 meter high mountain face. The North Col (North Face) Route is one of the most difficult of all the difficult routes to the top of the mountain. On May 16, 2006, after a full day of climbing, the two met up on the mountain and reached the summit. Exhausted, they wondered if they had the strength to ski down. Undeterred by their fatigue, they set off on skis down the North Face via the Norton Couloir at angles as steep as 60 degrees and a sheer 3,000 meter drop. Unfortunately, just as they set off, and after only skiing down the North Face approximately {{convert\\|1,500\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=off\\|sp\\=us}}, one of Olsson's skis broke, adding extra tension to the already complex task. They tried to repair the ski with tape. A cliff intersecting the [couloir](/wiki/Couloir \"Couloir\") forced the two to make an [abseil](/wiki/Abseiling \"Abseiling\"). A snow anchor failed and Olsson fell an estimated 2500 meters to his death. Granheim skied alone to the North Col.", "Tomas Olsson was not the only one to attempt skiing down [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest \"Mount Everest\") this year he was part of \"The Vikings are back: Climb \\+ Sky\\-ski Everest expedition 2006\" with the ambition to ski down the North Col route of [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest \"Mount Everest\"). As part of an ongoing project to ski the Seven summits, the Swedish expedition were involved in a project of climbing and sky\\-skiing down the Seven Summits.\nThe expedition consisted of Tomas Olsson, Tormod Granheim from Norway and Fredrik Schenholm. The guys successfully skied down Cho Oyu in fall, 2004\\. However, logistical problems prevented the pair from attempting a similar feat on Shisha Pangma. Olsson and Granheim had been training hard all winter in Chamonix, French Alps, for the upcoming Everest challenge. Fredrik Schenholm would join the expedition as a photographer.", "Another expedition, Swedish Everest Ski expedition (Martin Letzter and Olof Sundstrom), also skied down Everest the same day as Tomas Olsson using an easier route.", "They had already skied Elbrus, Denali, Aconcagua, Kosciuszko, and Kilimanjaro during the last three years. To reach [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest \"Mount Everest\") the team reached Tibet after driving 12,000 kilometers from Stockholm to Kathmandu, through such countries as Russia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India, in a 13\\-year\\-old Land Rover Defender.", "The team would have skied the Antarctica the coming winter if they would have been successful in completing their series by skiing [Mount Vinson](/wiki/Mount_Vinson \"Mount Vinson\") during the Antarctic summer 2006/2007\\.", "" ]
Construction ------------ Proposals for railed transportation out of Wellington were made as early as the start of the 1850s, barely a decade after European settlement of the area began. In 1853 and 1857, investigation of horse\-hauled [tramways](/wiki/Tramway_%28mineral%29 "Tramway (mineral)") was undertaken, but no action was taken. [Robert Stokes](/wiki/Robert_Stokes_%28politician%29 "Robert Stokes (politician)"), a member of the [provincial government](/wiki/Wellington_Province "Wellington Province"), proposed a railway over the Rimutakas in 1858 and finally succeeded in gaining government interest in 1863\. The Wellington Provincial Government established a committee to investigate proposals, and on 2 July 1866, it passed the Wellington, Hutt and Wairarapa Railway Ordinance.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/wgn\_ord/whawro1866437/ \|title\= Wellington, Hutt and Wairarapa Railway Ordinance, 1866 \|publisher\= New Zealand Law online \|date\= 1866 \|access\-date\= 31 July 2018 \|archive\-date\= 31 July 2018 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123344/http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/wgn\_ord/whawro1866437/ \|url\-status\= live }} The act authorised a railway employing either {{RailGauge\|3ft6in\|lk\=on}} or {{RailGauge\|sg\|allk\=on}} to carry 200 tonnes at speeds of {{convert\|24\|km/h}}, but construction did not commence as sufficient funds were not available in the fledgling New Zealand colony, nor were they successfully raised in [England](/wiki/England "England"). In 1870, [Julius Vogel](/wiki/Julius_Vogel "Julius Vogel") included a Wellington\-Wairarapa railway in his [Great Public Works Policy](/wiki/Vogel_Era "Vogel Era") and visited [London](/wiki/London "London") to arrange a loan to finance the policy. On this trip, he was approached by several contracting firms and a contract that included the first section of the Wairarapa Line was awarded to [Brogden \& Sons](/wiki/John_Brogden_and_Sons "John Brogden and Sons"). The construction of the line can be considered in three stages: the [Hutt Valley](/wiki/Hutt_Valley "Hutt Valley") section, the route over the Rimutakas, and the line through the Wairarapa via [Masterton](/wiki/Masterton "Masterton") to [Woodville](/wiki/Woodville%2C_New_Zealand "Woodville, New Zealand"). ### Hutt Valley section {{further\|Hutt Valley Line}} On 20 August 1872, construction of the Wairarapa Line began with the turning of the first sod at [Pipitea Point](/wiki/Pipitea_Point "Pipitea Point"), the site of Wellington's first railway station. Construction was delayed due to the difficulties associated with building a railway along the narrow, rocky shoreline of [Wellington Harbour](/wiki/Wellington_Harbour "Wellington Harbour"), and the section to [Lower Hutt](/wiki/Lower_Hutt "Lower Hutt") was not opened until 14 April 1874\. Further difficulties were encountered in building the rest of the route up the Hutt Valley along the [Hutt River](/wiki/Hutt_River%2C_New_Zealand "Hutt River, New Zealand")'s western bank, including the need to divert the river and reinforce its bank in places. On 1 February 1876 the line opened to [Upper Hutt](/wiki/Upper_Hutt "Upper Hutt"). On 28 December 1877 the line to Kaitoke was officially opened by the Governor,.{{cite web \|url\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18771228\.2\.13?end\_date\=13\-01\-1878\&items\_per\_page\=10\&query\=Kaitoke\&snippet\=true\&start\_date\=28\-12\-1877 \|title\= Official opening of line to Kaitoks \|publisher\= Papers Past \|date\= 1876 \|access\-date\= 2 April 2022 \|archive\-date\= 2 April 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220402035419/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18771228\.2\.13?end\_date\=13\-01\-1878\&items\_per\_page\=10\&query\=Kaitoke\&snippet\=true\&start\_date\=28\-12\-1877 \|url\-status\= live }} On 1 January 1878 the line to [Kaitoke](/wiki/Kaitoke_railway_station "Kaitoke railway station") was opened to the public; becoming the railhead for the Wairarapa for nearly ten months (to 16 October).{{cite web \|url\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18780103\.2\.10?end\_date\=03\-03\-1878\&items\_per\_page\=10\&query\=rimutaka\&snippet\=true\&start\_date\=31\-12\-1877 \|title\= Line to Kaitoke opened to the public \|publisher\= Papers Past \|date\= 1877 \|access\-date\= 2 April 2022 \|archive\-date\= 2 April 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220402033137/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18780103\.2\.10?end\_date\=03\-03\-1878\&items\_per\_page\=10\&query\=rimutaka\&snippet\=true\&start\_date\=31\-12\-1877 \|url\-status\= live }} ### Rimutaka section [left\|thumb\|One of the special locomotives employed on the Rimutaka Incline, [H 199](/wiki/NZR_H_class "NZR H class"), now preserved at the [Fell Engine Museum](/wiki/Fell_Engine_Museum "Fell Engine Museum").](/wiki/File:Fell_Engine_Museum_-_2002-03-20.jpg "Fell Engine Museum - 2002-03-20.jpg") {{further\|Rimutaka Incline}} The Rimutaka Range posed a severe difficulty to those involved in planning and constructing the Wairarapa Line. On 1 January 1878, the Hutt line opened to [Kaitoke](/wiki/Kaitoke_railway_station "Kaitoke railway station") at the western foot of the range, and a steep but manageable route with a grade of 1 in 39\-40 was found from Kaitoke up the [Pakuratahi River](/wiki/Pakuratahi_River "Pakuratahi River") valley to the site of Summit station, {{convert\|348\|m}} above sea level. However, from Summit down the eastern slope to [Cross Creek](/wiki/Cross_Creek_railway_station "Cross Creek railway station") near [Featherston](/wiki/Featherston_railway_station "Featherston railway station"), a gradient of 1 in 14\-16 was required. This was far too steep for regular [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotive "Steam locomotive") to handle, and accordingly the Fell mountain railway system was employed. This used a centre rail to which specially\-designed locomotives and brake vans clung, allowing them to climb the steep slope upwards or control the descent. Despite the terrain, construction of this unique route was completed swiftly, opening to Featherston on 12 October 1878\. ### South Wairarapa section Construction from Featherston to Masterton across the Wairarapa plains north of [Lake Wairarapa](/wiki/Lake_Wairarapa "Lake Wairarapa") was relatively easy. The decision was taken to bypass [Greytown](/wiki/Greytown%2C_New_Zealand "Greytown, New Zealand") and build the line through [Woodside](/wiki/Woodside%2C_New_Zealand "Woodside, New Zealand") to bridge the [Waiohine River](/wiki/Waiohine_River "Waiohine River") at a point far enough up the river to be considered safe; a line through Greytown would have required a bridge at a point considered unsafe by the surveyors. The [Greytown Branch](/wiki/Greytown_Branch "Greytown Branch") was constructed from Woodside, and Greytown was briefly the effective terminus of the Wairarapa Line from the opening of the branch on 14 May 1880 until the bridging of the Waiohine a month later. Later in 1880, the line opened all the way through to Masterton. ### North Wairarapa section The northern Wairarapa was more rugged and isolated, and construction was slower and more difficult. [Mauriceville](/wiki/Mauriceville%2C_New_Zealand "Mauriceville, New Zealand"), {{convert\|20\|km}} north of Masterton, was reached on 14 June 1886, followed by the next {{convert\|6\|km}} to [Mangamahoe](/wiki/Mangamahoe "Mangamahoe") on 10 January 1887\. The {{convert\|10\|km}} between Mangamahoe and [Eketāhuna](/wiki/Eket%C4%81huna "Eketāhuna") included the {{convert\|150\|m\|adj\=on}} long Wiwaka tunnel, the only tunnel between the Rimutaka Incline and Woodville, and the section was opened on 8 April 1889\. Construction of the {{convert\|4\|km}} section to [Newman](/wiki/Newman%2C_New_Zealand "Newman, New Zealand") was inexplicably slow, not completed until 1896\. [Pahiatua](/wiki/Pahiatua "Pahiatua") was reached in May 1897, including the [Mangatainoka River](/wiki/Mangatainoka_River "Mangatainoka River") bridge, the longest bridge on the line at {{convert\|162\|m}}. Mangatainoka is {{convert\|24\|km}} from the bridge and the railway reached it in August 1897, and the line was finally opened to Woodville and a junction with the [Palmerston North \- Gisborne Line](/wiki/Palmerston_North_-_Gisborne_Line "Palmerston North - Gisborne Line") on 11 December 1897\. ### Branch Lines Four [branch lines](/wiki/Branch_line "Branch line") diverge from the Wairarapa Line: the [Melling Branch](/wiki/Melling_Branch "Melling Branch") and the [Gracefield Branch](/wiki/Gracefield_Branch "Gracefield Branch") to [Hutt Workshops](/wiki/Hutt_Workshops "Hutt Workshops"), both still open; the [Greytown Branch](/wiki/Greytown_Branch "Greytown Branch"), closed in 1953, and the [Hutt Park Railway](/wiki/Hutt_Park_Railway "Hutt Park Railway"), which ceased serving its intended purpose in 1906 but survived in truncated form as an [industrial siding](/wiki/Rail_siding "Rail siding") until 1982\. At one time a branch line to [Martinborough](/wiki/Martinborough_Branch "Martinborough Branch") was proposed but this line never eventuated.
[ "Construction\n------------", "Proposals for railed transportation out of Wellington were made as early as the start of the 1850s, barely a decade after European settlement of the area began. In 1853 and 1857, investigation of horse\\-hauled [tramways](/wiki/Tramway_%28mineral%29 \"Tramway (mineral)\") was undertaken, but no action was taken. [Robert Stokes](/wiki/Robert_Stokes_%28politician%29 \"Robert Stokes (politician)\"), a member of the [provincial government](/wiki/Wellington_Province \"Wellington Province\"), proposed a railway over the Rimutakas in 1858 and finally succeeded in gaining government interest in 1863\\. The Wellington Provincial Government established a committee to investigate proposals, and on 2 July 1866, it passed the Wellington, Hutt and Wairarapa Railway Ordinance.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/wgn\\_ord/whawro1866437/ \\|title\\= Wellington, Hutt and Wairarapa Railway Ordinance, 1866 \\|publisher\\= New Zealand Law online \\|date\\= 1866 \\|access\\-date\\= 31 July 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\= 31 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123344/http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/wgn\\_ord/whawro1866437/ \\|url\\-status\\= live }} The act authorised a railway employing either {{RailGauge\\|3ft6in\\|lk\\=on}} or {{RailGauge\\|sg\\|allk\\=on}} to carry 200 tonnes at speeds of {{convert\\|24\\|km/h}}, but construction did not commence as sufficient funds were not available in the fledgling New Zealand colony, nor were they successfully raised in [England](/wiki/England \"England\").", "In 1870, [Julius Vogel](/wiki/Julius_Vogel \"Julius Vogel\") included a Wellington\\-Wairarapa railway in his [Great Public Works Policy](/wiki/Vogel_Era \"Vogel Era\") and visited [London](/wiki/London \"London\") to arrange a loan to finance the policy. On this trip, he was approached by several contracting firms and a contract that included the first section of the Wairarapa Line was awarded to [Brogden \\& Sons](/wiki/John_Brogden_and_Sons \"John Brogden and Sons\"). The construction of the line can be considered in three stages: the [Hutt Valley](/wiki/Hutt_Valley \"Hutt Valley\") section, the route over the Rimutakas, and the line through the Wairarapa via [Masterton](/wiki/Masterton \"Masterton\") to [Woodville](/wiki/Woodville%2C_New_Zealand \"Woodville, New Zealand\").", "### Hutt Valley section", "{{further\\|Hutt Valley Line}}", "On 20 August 1872, construction of the Wairarapa Line began with the turning of the first sod at [Pipitea Point](/wiki/Pipitea_Point \"Pipitea Point\"), the site of Wellington's first railway station. Construction was delayed due to the difficulties associated with building a railway along the narrow, rocky shoreline of [Wellington Harbour](/wiki/Wellington_Harbour \"Wellington Harbour\"), and the section to [Lower Hutt](/wiki/Lower_Hutt \"Lower Hutt\") was not opened until 14 April 1874\\. Further difficulties were encountered in building the rest of the route up the Hutt Valley along the [Hutt River](/wiki/Hutt_River%2C_New_Zealand \"Hutt River, New Zealand\")'s western bank, including the need to divert the river and reinforce its bank in places. On 1 February 1876 the line opened to [Upper Hutt](/wiki/Upper_Hutt \"Upper Hutt\"). On 28 December 1877 the line to Kaitoke was officially opened by the Governor,.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18771228\\.2\\.13?end\\_date\\=13\\-01\\-1878\\&items\\_per\\_page\\=10\\&query\\=Kaitoke\\&snippet\\=true\\&start\\_date\\=28\\-12\\-1877 \\|title\\= Official opening of line to Kaitoks \\|publisher\\= Papers Past \\|date\\= 1876 \\|access\\-date\\= 2 April 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\= 2 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220402035419/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18771228\\.2\\.13?end\\_date\\=13\\-01\\-1878\\&items\\_per\\_page\\=10\\&query\\=Kaitoke\\&snippet\\=true\\&start\\_date\\=28\\-12\\-1877 \\|url\\-status\\= live }} On 1 January 1878 the line to [Kaitoke](/wiki/Kaitoke_railway_station \"Kaitoke railway station\") was opened to the public; becoming the railhead for the Wairarapa for nearly ten months (to 16 October).{{cite web \\|url\\= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18780103\\.2\\.10?end\\_date\\=03\\-03\\-1878\\&items\\_per\\_page\\=10\\&query\\=rimutaka\\&snippet\\=true\\&start\\_date\\=31\\-12\\-1877 \\|title\\= Line to Kaitoke opened to the public \\|publisher\\= Papers Past \\|date\\= 1877 \\|access\\-date\\= 2 April 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\= 2 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220402033137/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18780103\\.2\\.10?end\\_date\\=03\\-03\\-1878\\&items\\_per\\_page\\=10\\&query\\=rimutaka\\&snippet\\=true\\&start\\_date\\=31\\-12\\-1877 \\|url\\-status\\= live }}", "### Rimutaka section", "[left\\|thumb\\|One of the special locomotives employed on the Rimutaka Incline, [H 199](/wiki/NZR_H_class \"NZR H class\"), now preserved at the [Fell Engine Museum](/wiki/Fell_Engine_Museum \"Fell Engine Museum\").](/wiki/File:Fell_Engine_Museum_-_2002-03-20.jpg \"Fell Engine Museum - 2002-03-20.jpg\")", "{{further\\|Rimutaka Incline}}", "The Rimutaka Range posed a severe difficulty to those involved in planning and constructing the Wairarapa Line. On 1 January 1878, the Hutt line opened to [Kaitoke](/wiki/Kaitoke_railway_station \"Kaitoke railway station\") at the western foot of the range, and a steep but manageable route with a grade of 1 in 39\\-40 was found from Kaitoke up the [Pakuratahi River](/wiki/Pakuratahi_River \"Pakuratahi River\") valley to the site of Summit station, {{convert\\|348\\|m}} above sea level. However, from Summit down the eastern slope to [Cross Creek](/wiki/Cross_Creek_railway_station \"Cross Creek railway station\") near [Featherston](/wiki/Featherston_railway_station \"Featherston railway station\"), a gradient of 1 in 14\\-16 was required. This was far too steep for regular [steam locomotives](/wiki/Steam_locomotive \"Steam locomotive\") to handle, and accordingly the Fell mountain railway system was employed. This used a centre rail to which specially\\-designed locomotives and brake vans clung, allowing them to climb the steep slope upwards or control the descent. Despite the terrain, construction of this unique route was completed swiftly, opening to Featherston on 12 October 1878\\.", "### South Wairarapa section", "Construction from Featherston to Masterton across the Wairarapa plains north of [Lake Wairarapa](/wiki/Lake_Wairarapa \"Lake Wairarapa\") was relatively easy. The decision was taken to bypass [Greytown](/wiki/Greytown%2C_New_Zealand \"Greytown, New Zealand\") and build the line through [Woodside](/wiki/Woodside%2C_New_Zealand \"Woodside, New Zealand\") to bridge the [Waiohine River](/wiki/Waiohine_River \"Waiohine River\") at a point far enough up the river to be considered safe; a line through Greytown would have required a bridge at a point considered unsafe by the surveyors. The [Greytown Branch](/wiki/Greytown_Branch \"Greytown Branch\") was constructed from Woodside, and Greytown was briefly the effective terminus of the Wairarapa Line from the opening of the branch on 14 May 1880 until the bridging of the Waiohine a month later. Later in 1880, the line opened all the way through to Masterton.", "### North Wairarapa section", "The northern Wairarapa was more rugged and isolated, and construction was slower and more difficult. [Mauriceville](/wiki/Mauriceville%2C_New_Zealand \"Mauriceville, New Zealand\"), {{convert\\|20\\|km}} north of Masterton, was reached on 14 June 1886, followed by the next {{convert\\|6\\|km}} to [Mangamahoe](/wiki/Mangamahoe \"Mangamahoe\") on 10 January 1887\\. The {{convert\\|10\\|km}} between Mangamahoe and [Eketāhuna](/wiki/Eket%C4%81huna \"Eketāhuna\") included the {{convert\\|150\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} long Wiwaka tunnel, the only tunnel between the Rimutaka Incline and Woodville, and the section was opened on 8 April 1889\\. Construction of the {{convert\\|4\\|km}} section to [Newman](/wiki/Newman%2C_New_Zealand \"Newman, New Zealand\") was inexplicably slow, not completed until 1896\\. [Pahiatua](/wiki/Pahiatua \"Pahiatua\") was reached in May 1897, including the [Mangatainoka River](/wiki/Mangatainoka_River \"Mangatainoka River\") bridge, the longest bridge on the line at {{convert\\|162\\|m}}. Mangatainoka is {{convert\\|24\\|km}} from the bridge and the railway reached it in August 1897, and the line was finally opened to Woodville and a junction with the [Palmerston North \\- Gisborne Line](/wiki/Palmerston_North_-_Gisborne_Line \"Palmerston North - Gisborne Line\") on 11 December 1897\\.", "### Branch Lines", "Four [branch lines](/wiki/Branch_line \"Branch line\") diverge from the Wairarapa Line: the [Melling Branch](/wiki/Melling_Branch \"Melling Branch\") and the [Gracefield Branch](/wiki/Gracefield_Branch \"Gracefield Branch\") to [Hutt Workshops](/wiki/Hutt_Workshops \"Hutt Workshops\"), both still open; the [Greytown Branch](/wiki/Greytown_Branch \"Greytown Branch\"), closed in 1953, and the [Hutt Park Railway](/wiki/Hutt_Park_Railway \"Hutt Park Railway\"), which ceased serving its intended purpose in 1906 but survived in truncated form as an [industrial siding](/wiki/Rail_siding \"Rail siding\") until 1982\\. At one time a branch line to [Martinborough](/wiki/Martinborough_Branch \"Martinborough Branch\") was proposed but this line never eventuated.", "" ]
Operation --------- ### Passenger services {{main\|Wairarapa Connection}} When the full line opened in 1897, passenger services from the Hutt Valley to Wellington were augmented by NZR's first express from Wellington, the [Napier Express](/wiki/Napier_Express "Napier Express") (the WMR had operated the Wellington\-[Longburn](/wiki/Longburn "Longburn") portion of the [New Plymouth Express](/wiki/New_Plymouth_Express "New Plymouth Express")). After the acquisition of the WMR, the Napier Express was re\-routed to the quicker west coast route in early 1909 and the [Wairarapa Mail](/wiki/Wairarapa_Mail "Wairarapa Mail") was introduced to provide a regular service through the Wairarapa to Woodville. In 1936, [RM class](/wiki/NZR_RM_class "NZR RM class") [Wairarapa](/wiki/NZR_RM_class_%28Wairarapa%29 "NZR RM class (Wairarapa)") [railcars](/wiki/Railcar "Railcar") were introduced; these were designed to operate at speed over the Rimutaka Incline and provided a much quicker service to Wellington and local Wairarapa services. They originally augmented the Wairarapa Mail but replaced it in 1948\. Carriage trains operated only at peak times of the year when the railcar capacity was exceeded; in 1955, the Incline's closure meant the Wairarapa railcars were withdrawn and [88 seater railcars](/wiki/NZR_RM_class_%2888_seater%29 "NZR RM class (88 seater)") were introduced, boosting capacity at off\-peak times. One Wairarapa railcar has survived and is currently under restoration by the [Pahiatua Railcar Society](/wiki/Pahiatua_Railcar_Society "Pahiatua Railcar Society"). [Mixed trains](/wiki/Mixed_train "Mixed train") also operated until the 1950s. [left\|thumb\|EW1805, which operated on the Hutt Valley Line. It survived for preservation and is seen here with [DC](/wiki/New_Zealand_DC_class_locomotive "New Zealand DC class locomotive")4611 near [Paekākāriki](/wiki/Paek%C4%81k%C4%81riki "Paekākāriki") on the [North Island Main Trunk](/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk "North Island Main Trunk") railway.](/wiki/File:Electric_Locomotives_Near_Paekakariki.jpg "Electric Locomotives Near Paekakariki.jpg") In the 1950s, the Hutt Valley line was electrified using the 1500 V DC system already operating from [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_railway_station "Wellington railway station") to [Johnsonville](/wiki/Johnsonville_railway_station "Johnsonville railway station") and [Paekākāriki](/wiki/Paekakariki_railway_station "Paekakariki railway station"). The electrification was opened to [Taitā](/wiki/Tait%C4%81%2C_New_Zealand "Taitā, New Zealand") on 12 October 1953 and Upper Hutt on 24 July 1955, allowing for a more intensive suburban commuter service to Wellington. Originally operated by [DM/D class](/wiki/NZR_DM_class "NZR DM class") [electric multiple units](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit "Electric multiple unit") and carriage trains hauled by [ED](/wiki/NZR_ED_class "NZR ED class") and [EW class](/wiki/NZR_EW_class "NZR EW class") electric locomotives, the carriage trains and many of the DM/D units were phased out upon the introduction of the ["Ganz\-Mavag" EM/ET class](/wiki/NZR_EM_class "NZR EM class") units in the early 1980s. The ["Matangi" FP/FT class](/wiki/New_Zealand_FP_class_electric_multiple_unit "New Zealand FP class electric multiple unit") was introduced on the Hutt Valley Line in 2011–12, initially relegating the Ganz Mavag units to peak services only before being completely replacing them from 2015\. Railcar services were withdrawn in 1977, and carriage trains were re\-instated progressively from early 1964\. Until 1963, a railcar service operated on Friday evenings between Masterton and Woodville, and in December that year the decision was taken to replace the morning railcar to Wellington with a carriage train as over 200 passengers wished to use the railcar service that had a capacity of just 176\. The final railcar service was replaced by carriage trains in December 1977; some of the carriage trains from this point until the mid\-1980s were made up of de\-motorised former 88\-seater railcars known as "[grassgrubs](/wiki/NZR_RM_class_%2888_seater%29%23Grassgrubs "NZR RM class (88 seater)#Grassgrubs")" in [New Zealand railfan jargon](/wiki/List_of_NZ_railfan_jargon "List of NZ railfan jargon"). Passenger services through the lowly populated northern Wairarapa survived due to the poor roads in the area, but as they were improved, demand for the trains declined. Masterton – Palmerston North passenger trains ceased from Monday, 1 August 1988{{sfn\|Bromby\|2003\|p\=40\|ps\= "Passenger services on the 80\.5 km Masterton–Woodville section ended from 1 August 1988"}} with the last such service running on Friday, 29 July.{{sfn\|Churchman\|Hurst\|2001\|p\=160}} In the 1990s, the service between Masterton and Wellington was rebranded as the [Wairarapa Connection](/wiki/Wairarapa_Connection "Wairarapa Connection") and presently operates five times each way weekdays (with a sixth service in the evening on Fridays), and twice each way on weekends and public holidays. In 2007, eighteen new [SW class](/wiki/New_Zealand_British_Rail_Mark_2_carriage "New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage") carriages were introduced to replace the [56ft carriages](/wiki/NZR_56-foot_carriage "NZR 56-foot carriage") used since the service's inception; in 2013, they were joined by the six SE class to relieve capacity constraints especially on evening services. **The Wellington Metro Rail Upgrade** project (2020\-2021\) started in November 2019; and is expected to take eighteen months and cost $300 million. The single\-track Trentham\-Upper Hutt section will be double\-tracked and equipped for bi\-directional signalling so that trains can run on either track in either direction between Upper Hutt and Trentham (and possibly later to Heretaunga). Signalling, track and three bridges will be renewed, and a longer loop at Upper Hutt will hold longer Wairarapa log trains. The work is expected to improve the operation of both suburban passenger trains to Upper Hutt and the [Wairarapa Connection](/wiki/Wairarapa_Connection "Wairarapa Connection").{{cite web \|url\= https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/what\-we\-do/projects/wellington/wairarapa\-line/ \|title\= Wellington Metro Upgrade \|publisher\= KiwiRail \|date\= 2020 \|access\-date\= 20 July 2020 \|archive\-date\= 11 April 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220411081414/https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/what\-we\-do/projects/wellington/wairarapa\-line/ \|url\-status\= dead }}{{cite journal\|title\=Wellington Rail Upgrades\|journal\=The New Zealand Railway Observer\|date\=February–March 2020\|pages\=251–252\|volume\=76\| issue \= 6}} ### Freight services Until the acquisition of the WMR in December 1908, all NZR freight out of Wellington was carried on the Wairarapa Line. As soon as the western route became available, all freight that could be diverted off the Wairarapa Line was diverted, due to the difficulties created by the Rimutaka Incline. This meant that even some traffic from the northern Wairarapa was sent through the [Manawatū Gorge](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB_Gorge "Manawatū Gorge") and down the west coast to Wellington. The opening of the Rimutaka Tunnel made the line more desirable for through freight traffic, but as localised freight gave way to containerised inter\-city freight in the 1980s, the significance of the Wairarapa Line declined, especially on the section north of Masterton. KiwiRail is currently investigating a log shipment hub in Masterton that would mean log traffic would use the northern portion of the Wairarapa Line, from Masterton to Napier.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion\-post/news/5442814/KiwiRail\-in\-talks\-to\-revive\-Wairarapa\-rail\-line\|title\=KiwiRail in talks to revive Wairarapa rail line\|date\=15 August 2011\|access\-date\=15 August 2011\|author\=Matt Stewart\|publisher\=\[\[The Dominion Post (Wellington)\|The Dominion Post]]\|archive\-date\=25 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025154005/http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion\-post/news/5442814/KiwiRail\-in\-talks\-to\-revive\-Wairarapa\-rail\-line\|url\-status\=live}} In February 2012, it was reported that the total freight carried on the northern section of the line had increased from 74,031 tonnes in 2009 to 97,139 tonnes in 2011, although this figure was inflated by a ten\-day closure of the Manawatū Gorge section of the railway line due to a slip.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu\-standard/news/6374796/Pahiatua\-rail\-link\-looking\-up\|title\=Pahiatua rail link looking up\|publisher\=\[\[Manawatu Standard]]\|date\=8 February 2012\|access\-date\=8 February 2012\|archive\-date\=29 August 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829081047/http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu\-standard/news/6374796/Pahiatua\-rail\-link\-looking\-up\|url\-status\=live}} Presently freight services operate at each end of the line. Log and other wood\-related traffic is moved between Wellington and [Waingawa](/wiki/Waingawa_railway_station "Waingawa railway station"), just south of Masterton, with one overnight and one daylight return service on weekdays, and a daylight service operates both weekend days. Two freight trains operate from Palmerston North to Pahiatua and return on weekdays, the first in the early hours of the morning and the second in the afternoon. No freights currently operate regularly at weekends. KiwiRail ceased running timetabled revenue services on the Masterton–Pahiatua section of the line in February 2015, transferring the Sunday Wellington to Palmerston North via Woodville run to the NIMT. However, they have undertaken to keep it open and maintain it to an operational standard, in part because it is still in use by heritage operators,{{cite news \|last1\=Yong \|first1\=Alisa \|date\=3 June 2015 \|title\=Line to Pahiatua stays open \|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa\-times\-age/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1503414\&objectid\=11458882 \|work\=Wairarapa Times\-Age \|location\=Masterton \|publisher\=NZME. Publishing \|access\-date\=3 June 2015 \|archive\-date\=2 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602215134/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa\-times\-age/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1503414\&objectid\=11458882 \|url\-status\=live }} particularly the [Pahiatua Railcar Society](/wiki/Pahiatua_Railcar_Society "Pahiatua Railcar Society") and [Steam Incorporated](/wiki/Steam_Incorporated "Steam Incorporated"). The Masterton—Pahiatua section will be temporary reopened between December 2024 and February 2025 to enable the Waingawa logging traffic to be diverted via Woodville and Palmerston North, due to track upgrades requiring a 46\-day closure of the Remutaka Tunnel.{{cite press release \|author\= \|title\=Freight trains make temporary return to Northern Diversion line \|url\=https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/media/freight\-trains\-make\-temporary\-return\-to\-northern\-diversion\-line/ \|publisher\=\[\[KiwiRail]] \|date\=17 July 2024 \|access\-date\=18 July 2024}} ### Rolling stock [thumb\|E 66 at Petone Workshops in February 1906, just after it was built.](/wiki/File:E66_Petone_Workshops_1906.JPG "E66 Petone Workshops 1906.JPG") In the late nineteenth century, the first members of the [K class](/wiki/NZR_K_class_%281877%29 "NZR K class (1877)") to operate in the North Island were transferred from the [South Island](/wiki/South_Island "South Island") to work the Napier Express. They were augmented by members of the [M](/wiki/NZR_M_class "NZR M class") and [N](/wiki/NZR_N_class "NZR N class") classes. In the twentieth century, typical locomotives included members of the [A](/wiki/NZR_A_class_%281906%29 "NZR A class (1906)") and [AB](/wiki/NZR_Ab_class "NZR Ab class") class. The Rimutaka Incline was almost always operated by the six members of the [H class](/wiki/NZR_H_class "NZR H class") built specifically for it. In 1906 [E 66](/wiki/NZR_E_class_%281906%29 "NZR E class (1906)") was built for the Incline but did not prove as successful as the six H locomotives and was retired in 1917\. When the Rimutaka Tunnel opened in November 1955, the Wairarapa Line became the first in New Zealand to be fully [dieselised](/wiki/Dieselisation "Dieselisation") as steam locomotives were unable to pass through the tunnel. Initially, [DE](/wiki/NZR_DE_class "NZR DE class") and [DG](/wiki/New_Zealand_DG_and_DH_class_locomotive "New Zealand DG and DH class locomotive") class diesels were employed, and they were soon joined by the [DA class](/wiki/New_Zealand_DA_class_locomotive "New Zealand DA class locomotive"). Until 1967, the Wairarapa Line was the only way DA class locomotives could access Wellington due to tunnels south of Paekākāriki being too small. In the 1980s, the DG class had been fully withdrawn and the DA class in the process of withdrawal or conversion to the [DC class](/wiki/NZR_DC_class "NZR DC class"); accordingly motive power on the Wairarapa Line changed. Until 2015, the DC class was the mainstay of the Wairarapa line south of Masterton, with locomotives of the [DBR](/wiki/NZR_DBR_class "NZR DBR class"), [DF/DFT](/wiki/New_Zealand_DF_class_locomotive_%281979%29 "New Zealand DF class locomotive (1979)") and [DX](/wiki/New_Zealand_DX_class_locomotive "New Zealand DX class locomotive") classes occasionally used. In July 2015, the DFT class took over services on the line.{{cite news \|first\= Emily \|last\= Norman \|date\= 2 July 2015 \|title\= Faster locos mean timely rides \- council \|url\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa\-times\-age/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1503414\&objectid\=11474493 \|publisher\= \[\[Wairarapa Times\-Age]] \|access\-date\= 24 August 2015 \|archive\-date\= 5 March 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002055/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa\-times\-age/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1503414\&objectid\=11474493 \|url\-status\= live }} As of November 2021, rolling stock regularly used on the Wairarapa Line include: | Class | Image | Type | Cars per set | Number | Operator | Routes | Built | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [FP/FT](/wiki/New_Zealand_FP_class_electric_multiple_unit "New Zealand FP class electric multiple unit")*Matangi* | [120px](/wiki/File:NZR_FP_class_01.JPG "NZR FP class 01.JPG") | [EMU](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit "Electric multiple unit") | 2 | 83 | [Transdev Wellington](/wiki/Transdev_Wellington "Transdev Wellington")/[Metlink](/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region "Public transport in the Wellington Region") | Wellington suburban services (Wellington–Upper Hutt) | 2010–12, 2015–16 | | [SW](/wiki/New_Zealand_British_Rail_Mark_2_carriage%23SW_class "New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage#SW class") | [120px](/wiki/File:Metlink_SW_3394_at_Masterton_Station.JPG "Metlink SW 3394 at Masterton Station.JPG") | [carriage](/wiki/Passenger_car_%28rail%29 "Passenger car (rail)") | 6–8 | 18 | [Transdev Wellington](/wiki/Transdev_Wellington "Transdev Wellington")/[Metlink](/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region "Public transport in the Wellington Region") | Wairarapa Connection services (Wellington–Masterton) | 1971–75 | | [SE](/wiki/New_Zealand_British_Rail_Mark_2_carriage%23SE_class "New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage#SE class") | [120px](/wiki/File:DC_4692_-_Wairarapa_Connection_%28SE_Cars%29_-_Wellington_%28cropped%29.jpg "DC 4692 - Wairarapa Connection (SE Cars) - Wellington (cropped).jpg") | carriage | 6 | 6 | [Transdev Wellington](/wiki/Transdev_Wellington "Transdev Wellington")/[Metlink](/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region "Public transport in the Wellington Region") | Wairarapa Connection services (Wellington–Masterton) | 1971–75 | | [DFB](/wiki/New_Zealand_DF_class_locomotive_%281979%29 "New Zealand DF class locomotive (1979)") | [120px](/wiki/File:DFT_KiwiRail.jpg "DFT KiwiRail.jpg") | [diesel locomotive](/wiki/Diesel_locomotive "Diesel locomotive") | | 5 | [KiwiRail](/wiki/KiwiRail "KiwiRail") | Wairarapa Connection services (Wellington–Masterton) Wellington–Masterton freight | 1979–81 | #### Future Improvements planned for the Wairarapa Line beyond Upper Hutt from 2021 to 2024 include track renewals with full renewal in the Remutaka and Maoribank tunnels, renewals of timber elements in three bridges, refurbishments of some level crossings and drainage and vegetation clearing.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/what\-we\-do/projects/wellington/wairarapa\-line/ \|title\= Wirarapa Line improvements \|publisher\= KiwiRail \|date\= 2022 \|access\-date\= 20 July 2020 \|archive\-date\= 11 April 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220411081414/https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/what\-we\-do/projects/wellington/wairarapa\-line/ \|url\-status\= dead }}\*{{cite web \|url\= https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/assets/Uploads/What\-we\-do/Our\-network/Wairarapa\-Line/Newsletters/KiwiRail\-Wellington\-Region\-Newsletter\-March\-2022\-Issue\-1\.pdf \|title\= Newsletter March 2022 \|publisher\= KiwiRail \|date\= 2022 \|access\-date\= 23 May 2022 \|archive\-date\= 7 July 2022 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220707042855/https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/assets/Uploads/What\-we\-do/Our\-network/Wairarapa\-Line/Newsletters/KiwiRail\-Wellington\-Region\-Newsletter\-March\-2022\-Issue\-1\.pdf \|url\-status\= live }} In November 2021, Greater Wellington Regional Council proposed the purchase of tri\-mode multiple units for the line, similar to [bi\-mode multiple units](/wiki/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit "Electro-diesel multiple unit") used overseas.{{cite journal\|title\=Developing the case for new regional passenger trains\|author\=Bruce Taylor\|journal\=New Zealand Railway Observer\|date\=October–November 2021\|number\=369\|page\=137\|publisher\=\[\[New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society]]}} In 2023 it was announced that 18 four\-car trains will be built for [Capital Connection](/wiki/Capital_Connection "Capital Connection") and Wairarapa services.{{Cite web \|title\=Government green lights Lower North Island Rail \|url\=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government\-green\-lights\-lower\-north\-island\-rail \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-28 \|website\=The Beehive \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=29 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429002816/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government\-green\-lights\-lower\-north\-island\-rail \|url\-status\=live }} ##### Electrification Proposals have been made to extend the electrification into the Wairarapa and the Rimutaka Tunnel was constructed to allow overhead lines to be installed, although before opening diesel operation was adopted. In 2007, the Greater Wellington Regional Council rejected a call for the line to be electrified to Masterton, stating that patronage was too low to justify the capital expenditure.{{cite news \|last1\=Farmer \|first1\=Don \|date\=12 July 2007 \|title\=Wairarapa rail won't go electric \|url\=http://www.times\-age.co.nz/news/wairarapa\-rail\-wont\-go\-electric/980824/ \|location\=\[\[Masterton]] \|publisher\=\[\[Wairarapa Times\-Age]] \|publication\-date\=12 July 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415103820/http://www.times\-age.co.nz/news/wairarapa\-rail\-wont\-go\-electric/980824/ \|archive\-date\=15 April 2012 \|access\-date\=21 December 2011 }} In May 2021, KiwiRail, Beca and Systra published the North Island Electrification Study,{{cite journal\|journal\=The Linesider\|date\=June 2022\|issue\=8\|title\=North Island Electrification Expansion Study\|page\=56\|issn\=2703\-6197}}{{cite web\|url\=https://fyi.org.nz/request/18806/response/72246/attach/html/5/North%20Island%20Electrification%20Study%2031%20May%202021%20Redacted.pdf.html\|title\=North Island Electrification\|date\=31 May 2021\|accessdate\=16 June 2022\|publisher\=\[\[FYI.org.nz]]\|archive\-date\=8 April 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408071303/https://fyi.org.nz/request/18806/response/72246/attach/html/5/North%20Island%20Electrification%20Study%2031%20May%202021%20Redacted.pdf.html\|url\-status\=live}} which put forward two options for electrification expansion for the Wairarapa Line from Upper Hutt to Masterton: * Option 1: electrify the entire section at 25kV AC (same system as Auckland and central NIMT), with a voltage changeover at Upper Hutt; * Option 2: use battery\-electric EMUs with two 7 km long overhead segments around Featherston and Masterton at 1600V DC. The estimated costs of option 1 was $226m, with option 2 being $82m. ### Signalling The Wairarapa line used four of the six [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [railway signalling](/wiki/Railway_signalling "Railway signalling") systems: *[Double Line Automatic (DLA)](/wiki/Double_line_automatic_signalling "Double line automatic signalling")*, *[Centralised Traffic Control (CTC)](/wiki/Centralised_Traffic_Control "Centralised Traffic Control")*, *[Track Warrant Control (TWC)](/wiki/Track_Warrant_Control "Track Warrant Control")* and Station Limits. Signalling at Petone is future\-proofed for conversion to a fifth system, Automatic Signalling Rules (ASR). The Wairarapa Line had a number of lasts for railway signalling in New Zealand: * [Semaphore Signal](/wiki/Railway_semaphore_signal "Railway semaphore signal") on an operational line, these were decommissioned in 1996 however the masts (poles) remained in place until July 2014 * Line controlled by *[Tyers Electric Train Tablet](/wiki/Tyers_Electric_Train_Tablet "Tyers Electric Train Tablet")* * Staffed signal box outside of a major station Prior to the Trentham–Upper Hutt–Featherston section being transferred to Train Control in February 2007, this was the last section with CTC controlled by a [signalman](/wiki/Signalman_%28rail%29 "Signalman (rail)"). Part\-time signal boxes remained at Petone (weekday peak and inter\-peak) and at Taitā (weekday peak) until December 2013 and July 2014 respectively, when signalling was switched to Train Control in central Wellington. Masterton is a unique signalling arrangement with Track Warrant Control ending at 'TWC Ends' boards north of the two\-position home signal, which allows shunting movements to be carried out without the need for a Track Warrant. Along with [Horotiu](/wiki/Horotiu_railway_station "Horotiu railway station") (on the NIMT between Te Rapa and Ngāruawāhia) Masterton still has Woods Points Keys. The Horotiu ones are not in regular use.
[ "Operation\n---------", "### Passenger services", "{{main\\|Wairarapa Connection}}\nWhen the full line opened in 1897, passenger services from the Hutt Valley to Wellington were augmented by NZR's first express from Wellington, the [Napier Express](/wiki/Napier_Express \"Napier Express\") (the WMR had operated the Wellington\\-[Longburn](/wiki/Longburn \"Longburn\") portion of the [New Plymouth Express](/wiki/New_Plymouth_Express \"New Plymouth Express\")). After the acquisition of the WMR, the Napier Express was re\\-routed to the quicker west coast route in early 1909 and the [Wairarapa Mail](/wiki/Wairarapa_Mail \"Wairarapa Mail\") was introduced to provide a regular service through the Wairarapa to Woodville. In 1936, [RM class](/wiki/NZR_RM_class \"NZR RM class\") [Wairarapa](/wiki/NZR_RM_class_%28Wairarapa%29 \"NZR RM class (Wairarapa)\") [railcars](/wiki/Railcar \"Railcar\") were introduced; these were designed to operate at speed over the Rimutaka Incline and provided a much quicker service to Wellington and local Wairarapa services. They originally augmented the Wairarapa Mail but replaced it in 1948\\. Carriage trains operated only at peak times of the year when the railcar capacity was exceeded; in 1955, the Incline's closure meant the Wairarapa railcars were withdrawn and [88 seater railcars](/wiki/NZR_RM_class_%2888_seater%29 \"NZR RM class (88 seater)\") were introduced, boosting capacity at off\\-peak times. One Wairarapa railcar has survived and is currently under restoration by the [Pahiatua Railcar Society](/wiki/Pahiatua_Railcar_Society \"Pahiatua Railcar Society\"). [Mixed trains](/wiki/Mixed_train \"Mixed train\") also operated until the 1950s.", "[left\\|thumb\\|EW1805, which operated on the Hutt Valley Line. It survived for preservation and is seen here with [DC](/wiki/New_Zealand_DC_class_locomotive \"New Zealand DC class locomotive\")4611 near [Paekākāriki](/wiki/Paek%C4%81k%C4%81riki \"Paekākāriki\") on the [North Island Main Trunk](/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk \"North Island Main Trunk\") railway.](/wiki/File:Electric_Locomotives_Near_Paekakariki.jpg \"Electric Locomotives Near Paekakariki.jpg\")", "In the 1950s, the Hutt Valley line was electrified using the 1500 V DC system already operating from [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_railway_station \"Wellington railway station\") to [Johnsonville](/wiki/Johnsonville_railway_station \"Johnsonville railway station\") and [Paekākāriki](/wiki/Paekakariki_railway_station \"Paekakariki railway station\"). The electrification was opened to [Taitā](/wiki/Tait%C4%81%2C_New_Zealand \"Taitā, New Zealand\") on 12 October 1953 and Upper Hutt on 24 July 1955, allowing for a more intensive suburban commuter service to Wellington. Originally operated by [DM/D class](/wiki/NZR_DM_class \"NZR DM class\") [electric multiple units](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\") and carriage trains hauled by [ED](/wiki/NZR_ED_class \"NZR ED class\") and [EW class](/wiki/NZR_EW_class \"NZR EW class\") electric locomotives, the carriage trains and many of the DM/D units were phased out upon the introduction of the [\"Ganz\\-Mavag\" EM/ET class](/wiki/NZR_EM_class \"NZR EM class\") units in the early 1980s. The [\"Matangi\" FP/FT class](/wiki/New_Zealand_FP_class_electric_multiple_unit \"New Zealand FP class electric multiple unit\") was introduced on the Hutt Valley Line in 2011–12, initially relegating the Ganz Mavag units to peak services only before being completely replacing them from 2015\\.", "Railcar services were withdrawn in 1977, and carriage trains were re\\-instated progressively from early 1964\\. Until 1963, a railcar service operated on Friday evenings between Masterton and Woodville, and in December that year the decision was taken to replace the morning railcar to Wellington with a carriage train as over 200 passengers wished to use the railcar service that had a capacity of just 176\\. The final railcar service was replaced by carriage trains in December 1977; some of the carriage trains from this point until the mid\\-1980s were made up of de\\-motorised former 88\\-seater railcars known as \"[grassgrubs](/wiki/NZR_RM_class_%2888_seater%29%23Grassgrubs \"NZR RM class (88 seater)#Grassgrubs\")\" in [New Zealand railfan jargon](/wiki/List_of_NZ_railfan_jargon \"List of NZ railfan jargon\"). Passenger services through the lowly populated northern Wairarapa survived due to the poor roads in the area, but as they were improved, demand for the trains declined. Masterton – Palmerston North passenger trains ceased from Monday, 1 August 1988{{sfn\\|Bromby\\|2003\\|p\\=40\\|ps\\= \"Passenger services on the 80\\.5 km Masterton–Woodville section ended from 1 August 1988\"}} with the last such service running on Friday, 29 July.{{sfn\\|Churchman\\|Hurst\\|2001\\|p\\=160}} In the 1990s, the service between Masterton and Wellington was rebranded as the [Wairarapa Connection](/wiki/Wairarapa_Connection \"Wairarapa Connection\") and presently operates five times each way weekdays (with a sixth service in the evening on Fridays), and twice each way on weekends and public holidays. In 2007, eighteen new [SW class](/wiki/New_Zealand_British_Rail_Mark_2_carriage \"New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage\") carriages were introduced to replace the [56ft carriages](/wiki/NZR_56-foot_carriage \"NZR 56-foot carriage\") used since the service's inception; in 2013, they were joined by the six SE class to relieve capacity constraints especially on evening services.", "**The Wellington Metro Rail Upgrade** project (2020\\-2021\\) started in November 2019; and is expected to take eighteen months and cost $300 million. The single\\-track Trentham\\-Upper Hutt section will be double\\-tracked and equipped for bi\\-directional signalling so that trains can run on either track in either direction between Upper Hutt and Trentham (and possibly later to Heretaunga). Signalling, track and three bridges will be renewed, and a longer loop at Upper Hutt will hold longer Wairarapa log trains. The work is expected to improve the operation of both suburban passenger trains to Upper Hutt and the [Wairarapa Connection](/wiki/Wairarapa_Connection \"Wairarapa Connection\").{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/what\\-we\\-do/projects/wellington/wairarapa\\-line/ \\|title\\= Wellington Metro Upgrade \\|publisher\\= KiwiRail \\|date\\= 2020 \\|access\\-date\\= 20 July 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\= 11 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220411081414/https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/what\\-we\\-do/projects/wellington/wairarapa\\-line/ \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}{{cite journal\\|title\\=Wellington Rail Upgrades\\|journal\\=The New Zealand Railway Observer\\|date\\=February–March 2020\\|pages\\=251–252\\|volume\\=76\\| issue \\= 6}}", "### Freight services", "Until the acquisition of the WMR in December 1908, all NZR freight out of Wellington was carried on the Wairarapa Line. As soon as the western route became available, all freight that could be diverted off the Wairarapa Line was diverted, due to the difficulties created by the Rimutaka Incline. This meant that even some traffic from the northern Wairarapa was sent through the [Manawatū Gorge](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB_Gorge \"Manawatū Gorge\") and down the west coast to Wellington. The opening of the Rimutaka Tunnel made the line more desirable for through freight traffic, but as localised freight gave way to containerised inter\\-city freight in the 1980s, the significance of the Wairarapa Line declined, especially on the section north of Masterton.", "KiwiRail is currently investigating a log shipment hub in Masterton that would mean log traffic would use the northern portion of the Wairarapa Line, from Masterton to Napier.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion\\-post/news/5442814/KiwiRail\\-in\\-talks\\-to\\-revive\\-Wairarapa\\-rail\\-line\\|title\\=KiwiRail in talks to revive Wairarapa rail line\\|date\\=15 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=15 August 2011\\|author\\=Matt Stewart\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Dominion Post (Wellington)\\|The Dominion Post]]\\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025154005/http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion\\-post/news/5442814/KiwiRail\\-in\\-talks\\-to\\-revive\\-Wairarapa\\-rail\\-line\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In February 2012, it was reported that the total freight carried on the northern section of the line had increased from 74,031 tonnes in 2009 to 97,139 tonnes in 2011, although this figure was inflated by a ten\\-day closure of the Manawatū Gorge section of the railway line due to a slip.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu\\-standard/news/6374796/Pahiatua\\-rail\\-link\\-looking\\-up\\|title\\=Pahiatua rail link looking up\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Manawatu Standard]]\\|date\\=8 February 2012\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829081047/http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu\\-standard/news/6374796/Pahiatua\\-rail\\-link\\-looking\\-up\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Presently freight services operate at each end of the line. Log and other wood\\-related traffic is moved between Wellington and [Waingawa](/wiki/Waingawa_railway_station \"Waingawa railway station\"), just south of Masterton, with one overnight and one daylight return service on weekdays, and a daylight service operates both weekend days. Two freight trains operate from Palmerston North to Pahiatua and return on weekdays, the first in the early hours of the morning and the second in the afternoon. No freights currently operate regularly at weekends.", "KiwiRail ceased running timetabled revenue services on the Masterton–Pahiatua section of the line in February 2015, transferring the Sunday Wellington to Palmerston North via Woodville run to the NIMT. However, they have undertaken to keep it open and maintain it to an operational standard, in part because it is still in use by heritage operators,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Yong \\|first1\\=Alisa \\|date\\=3 June 2015 \\|title\\=Line to Pahiatua stays open \\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa\\-times\\-age/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1503414\\&objectid\\=11458882 \\|work\\=Wairarapa Times\\-Age \\|location\\=Masterton \\|publisher\\=NZME. Publishing \\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602215134/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa\\-times\\-age/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1503414\\&objectid\\=11458882 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} particularly the [Pahiatua Railcar Society](/wiki/Pahiatua_Railcar_Society \"Pahiatua Railcar Society\") and [Steam Incorporated](/wiki/Steam_Incorporated \"Steam Incorporated\"). The Masterton—Pahiatua section will be temporary reopened between December 2024 and February 2025 to enable the Waingawa logging traffic to be diverted via Woodville and Palmerston North, due to track upgrades requiring a 46\\-day closure of the Remutaka Tunnel.{{cite press release \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Freight trains make temporary return to Northern Diversion line \\|url\\=https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/media/freight\\-trains\\-make\\-temporary\\-return\\-to\\-northern\\-diversion\\-line/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KiwiRail]] \\|date\\=17 July 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2024}}", "### Rolling stock", "[thumb\\|E 66 at Petone Workshops in February 1906, just after it was built.](/wiki/File:E66_Petone_Workshops_1906.JPG \"E66 Petone Workshops 1906.JPG\")", "In the late nineteenth century, the first members of the [K class](/wiki/NZR_K_class_%281877%29 \"NZR K class (1877)\") to operate in the North Island were transferred from the [South Island](/wiki/South_Island \"South Island\") to work the Napier Express. They were augmented by members of the [M](/wiki/NZR_M_class \"NZR M class\") and [N](/wiki/NZR_N_class \"NZR N class\") classes. In the twentieth century, typical locomotives included members of the [A](/wiki/NZR_A_class_%281906%29 \"NZR A class (1906)\") and [AB](/wiki/NZR_Ab_class \"NZR Ab class\") class. The Rimutaka Incline was almost always operated by the six members of the [H class](/wiki/NZR_H_class \"NZR H class\") built specifically for it. In 1906 [E 66](/wiki/NZR_E_class_%281906%29 \"NZR E class (1906)\") was built for the Incline but did not prove as successful as the six H locomotives and was retired in 1917\\.", "When the Rimutaka Tunnel opened in November 1955, the Wairarapa Line became the first in New Zealand to be fully [dieselised](/wiki/Dieselisation \"Dieselisation\") as steam locomotives were unable to pass through the tunnel. Initially, [DE](/wiki/NZR_DE_class \"NZR DE class\") and [DG](/wiki/New_Zealand_DG_and_DH_class_locomotive \"New Zealand DG and DH class locomotive\") class diesels were employed, and they were soon joined by the [DA class](/wiki/New_Zealand_DA_class_locomotive \"New Zealand DA class locomotive\"). Until 1967, the Wairarapa Line was the only way DA class locomotives could access Wellington due to tunnels south of Paekākāriki being too small.", "In the 1980s, the DG class had been fully withdrawn and the DA class in the process of withdrawal or conversion to the [DC class](/wiki/NZR_DC_class \"NZR DC class\"); accordingly motive power on the Wairarapa Line changed. Until 2015, the DC class was the mainstay of the Wairarapa line south of Masterton, with locomotives of the [DBR](/wiki/NZR_DBR_class \"NZR DBR class\"), [DF/DFT](/wiki/New_Zealand_DF_class_locomotive_%281979%29 \"New Zealand DF class locomotive (1979)\") and [DX](/wiki/New_Zealand_DX_class_locomotive \"New Zealand DX class locomotive\") classes occasionally used. In July 2015, the DFT class took over services on the line.{{cite news \\|first\\= Emily \\|last\\= Norman \\|date\\= 2 July 2015 \\|title\\= Faster locos mean timely rides \\- council \\|url\\= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa\\-times\\-age/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1503414\\&objectid\\=11474493 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Wairarapa Times\\-Age]] \\|access\\-date\\= 24 August 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\= 5 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002055/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa\\-times\\-age/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1503414\\&objectid\\=11474493 \\|url\\-status\\= live }}", "As of November 2021, rolling stock regularly used on the Wairarapa Line include:", "| Class | Image | Type | Cars per set | Number | Operator | Routes | Built |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [FP/FT](/wiki/New_Zealand_FP_class_electric_multiple_unit \"New Zealand FP class electric multiple unit\")*Matangi* | [120px](/wiki/File:NZR_FP_class_01.JPG \"NZR FP class 01.JPG\") | [EMU](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\") | 2 | 83 | [Transdev Wellington](/wiki/Transdev_Wellington \"Transdev Wellington\")/[Metlink](/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region \"Public transport in the Wellington Region\") | Wellington suburban services (Wellington–Upper Hutt) | 2010–12, 2015–16 |\n| [SW](/wiki/New_Zealand_British_Rail_Mark_2_carriage%23SW_class \"New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage#SW class\") | [120px](/wiki/File:Metlink_SW_3394_at_Masterton_Station.JPG \"Metlink SW 3394 at Masterton Station.JPG\") | [carriage](/wiki/Passenger_car_%28rail%29 \"Passenger car (rail)\") | 6–8 | 18 | [Transdev Wellington](/wiki/Transdev_Wellington \"Transdev Wellington\")/[Metlink](/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region \"Public transport in the Wellington Region\") | Wairarapa Connection services (Wellington–Masterton) | 1971–75 |\n| [SE](/wiki/New_Zealand_British_Rail_Mark_2_carriage%23SE_class \"New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage#SE class\") | [120px](/wiki/File:DC_4692_-_Wairarapa_Connection_%28SE_Cars%29_-_Wellington_%28cropped%29.jpg \"DC 4692 - Wairarapa Connection (SE Cars) - Wellington (cropped).jpg\") | carriage | 6 | 6 | [Transdev Wellington](/wiki/Transdev_Wellington \"Transdev Wellington\")/[Metlink](/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region \"Public transport in the Wellington Region\") | Wairarapa Connection services (Wellington–Masterton) | 1971–75 |\n| [DFB](/wiki/New_Zealand_DF_class_locomotive_%281979%29 \"New Zealand DF class locomotive (1979)\") | [120px](/wiki/File:DFT_KiwiRail.jpg \"DFT KiwiRail.jpg\") | [diesel locomotive](/wiki/Diesel_locomotive \"Diesel locomotive\") | | 5 | [KiwiRail](/wiki/KiwiRail \"KiwiRail\") | Wairarapa Connection services (Wellington–Masterton) Wellington–Masterton freight | 1979–81 |", "", "#### Future", "Improvements planned for the Wairarapa Line beyond Upper Hutt from 2021 to 2024 include track renewals with full renewal in the Remutaka and Maoribank tunnels, renewals of timber elements in three bridges, refurbishments of some level crossings and drainage and vegetation clearing.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/what\\-we\\-do/projects/wellington/wairarapa\\-line/ \\|title\\= Wirarapa Line improvements \\|publisher\\= KiwiRail \\|date\\= 2022 \\|access\\-date\\= 20 July 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\= 11 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220411081414/https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/what\\-we\\-do/projects/wellington/wairarapa\\-line/ \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}\\*{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/assets/Uploads/What\\-we\\-do/Our\\-network/Wairarapa\\-Line/Newsletters/KiwiRail\\-Wellington\\-Region\\-Newsletter\\-March\\-2022\\-Issue\\-1\\.pdf \\|title\\= Newsletter March 2022 \\|publisher\\= KiwiRail \\|date\\= 2022 \\|access\\-date\\= 23 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\= 7 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220707042855/https://www.kiwirail.co.nz/assets/Uploads/What\\-we\\-do/Our\\-network/Wairarapa\\-Line/Newsletters/KiwiRail\\-Wellington\\-Region\\-Newsletter\\-March\\-2022\\-Issue\\-1\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\= live }}", "In November 2021, Greater Wellington Regional Council proposed the purchase of tri\\-mode multiple units for the line, similar to [bi\\-mode multiple units](/wiki/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit \"Electro-diesel multiple unit\") used overseas.{{cite journal\\|title\\=Developing the case for new regional passenger trains\\|author\\=Bruce Taylor\\|journal\\=New Zealand Railway Observer\\|date\\=October–November 2021\\|number\\=369\\|page\\=137\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society]]}} In 2023 it was announced that 18 four\\-car trains will be built for [Capital Connection](/wiki/Capital_Connection \"Capital Connection\") and Wairarapa services.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Government green lights Lower North Island Rail \\|url\\=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government\\-green\\-lights\\-lower\\-north\\-island\\-rail \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-28 \\|website\\=The Beehive \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429002816/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government\\-green\\-lights\\-lower\\-north\\-island\\-rail \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "##### Electrification", "Proposals have been made to extend the electrification into the Wairarapa and the Rimutaka Tunnel was constructed to allow overhead lines to be installed, although before opening diesel operation was adopted. In 2007, the Greater Wellington Regional Council rejected a call for the line to be electrified to Masterton, stating that patronage was too low to justify the capital expenditure.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Farmer \\|first1\\=Don \\|date\\=12 July 2007 \\|title\\=Wairarapa rail won't go electric \\|url\\=http://www.times\\-age.co.nz/news/wairarapa\\-rail\\-wont\\-go\\-electric/980824/ \\|location\\=\\[\\[Masterton]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Wairarapa Times\\-Age]] \\|publication\\-date\\=12 July 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415103820/http://www.times\\-age.co.nz/news/wairarapa\\-rail\\-wont\\-go\\-electric/980824/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2011 }}", "In May 2021, KiwiRail, Beca and Systra published the North Island Electrification Study,{{cite journal\\|journal\\=The Linesider\\|date\\=June 2022\\|issue\\=8\\|title\\=North Island Electrification Expansion Study\\|page\\=56\\|issn\\=2703\\-6197}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://fyi.org.nz/request/18806/response/72246/attach/html/5/North%20Island%20Electrification%20Study%2031%20May%202021%20Redacted.pdf.html\\|title\\=North Island Electrification\\|date\\=31 May 2021\\|accessdate\\=16 June 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[FYI.org.nz]]\\|archive\\-date\\=8 April 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408071303/https://fyi.org.nz/request/18806/response/72246/attach/html/5/North%20Island%20Electrification%20Study%2031%20May%202021%20Redacted.pdf.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} which put forward two options for electrification expansion for the Wairarapa Line from Upper Hutt to Masterton:\n* Option 1: electrify the entire section at 25kV AC (same system as Auckland and central NIMT), with a voltage changeover at Upper Hutt;\n* Option 2: use battery\\-electric EMUs with two 7 km long overhead segments around Featherston and Masterton at 1600V DC.\nThe estimated costs of option 1 was $226m, with option 2 being $82m.", "### Signalling", "The Wairarapa line used four of the six [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") [railway signalling](/wiki/Railway_signalling \"Railway signalling\") systems: *[Double Line Automatic (DLA)](/wiki/Double_line_automatic_signalling \"Double line automatic signalling\")*, *[Centralised Traffic Control (CTC)](/wiki/Centralised_Traffic_Control \"Centralised Traffic Control\")*, *[Track Warrant Control (TWC)](/wiki/Track_Warrant_Control \"Track Warrant Control\")* and Station Limits. Signalling at Petone is future\\-proofed for conversion to a fifth system, Automatic Signalling Rules (ASR).", "The Wairarapa Line had a number of lasts for railway signalling in New Zealand:\n* [Semaphore Signal](/wiki/Railway_semaphore_signal \"Railway semaphore signal\") on an operational line, these were decommissioned in 1996 however the masts (poles) remained in place until July 2014\n* Line controlled by *[Tyers Electric Train Tablet](/wiki/Tyers_Electric_Train_Tablet \"Tyers Electric Train Tablet\")*\n* Staffed signal box outside of a major station", "Prior to the Trentham–Upper Hutt–Featherston section being transferred to Train Control in February 2007, this was the last section with CTC controlled by a [signalman](/wiki/Signalman_%28rail%29 \"Signalman (rail)\"). Part\\-time signal boxes remained at Petone (weekday peak and inter\\-peak) and at Taitā (weekday peak) until December 2013 and July 2014 respectively, when signalling was switched to Train Control in central Wellington.", "Masterton is a unique signalling arrangement with Track Warrant Control ending at 'TWC Ends' boards north of the two\\-position home signal, which allows shunting movements to be carried out without the need for a Track Warrant. Along with [Horotiu](/wiki/Horotiu_railway_station \"Horotiu railway station\") (on the NIMT between Te Rapa and Ngāruawāhia) Masterton still has Woods Points Keys. The Horotiu ones are not in regular use.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early history The [Mayaca](/wiki/Mayaca_people "Mayaca people") or [Jororo](/wiki/Jororo "Jororo") [Indians](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") inhabited the shores of [Lake Monroe](/wiki/Lake_Monroe_%28Florida%29 "Lake Monroe (Florida)") at the time of European contact. By 1760, however, war and disease had decimated the tribe, which would be replaced by the [Seminole](/wiki/Seminole "Seminole") Indians. Florida was acquired by the United States from Spain in 1821, but the [Seminole Wars](/wiki/Seminole_Wars "Seminole Wars") would delay settlement. In 1835, the Seminoles burned the port of [Palatka](/wiki/Palatka%2C_Florida "Palatka, Florida") on the [St. Johns River](/wiki/St._Johns_River "St. Johns River"), then the major artery into [Central Florida](/wiki/Central_Florida "Central Florida") from the [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States "East Coast of the United States"). Consequently, an army [garrison](/wiki/Garrison "Garrison") was established upstream, on the southern side of Lake Monroe near a [trading post](/wiki/Trading_post "Trading post"). Established as Camp Monroe in 1836, the camp was enclosed by log breastwork on three sides but open to the river, with approximately 300 men based there.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/fort\-mellon\-florida/\|title \= Fort Mellon, Florida – Legends of America}} The camp was attacked by Indians on February 8, 1837\. It would be strengthened and renamed Fort Mellon in honor of Captain Charles Mellon, the sole American casualty. General [Zachary Taylor](/wiki/Zachary_Taylor "Zachary Taylor") had a road built connecting a string of defenses from Lake Monroe to [Fort Brooke](/wiki/Fort_Brooke "Fort Brooke") (now [Tampa](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida "Tampa, Florida")). The town of Mellonville was founded around Fort Mellon in 1842 by Daniel Stewart. In 1845, Florida became a [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state"). That same year, Mosquito County was renamed [Orange County](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_Florida "Orange County, Florida") and the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat "County seat") was moved from [Enterprise](/wiki/Enterprise%2C_Florida "Enterprise, Florida") to Mellonville. Orange groves were planted, with the first fruit packing plant built in 1869\. [thumb\|Lake Monroe, circa 1912\|left\|260x260px](/wiki/Image:Looking_Northwest_from_Sanford_House%2C_Sanford%2C_FL.jpg "Looking Northwest from Sanford House, Sanford, FL.jpg") ### Early years as Sanford In 1870, "General" [Henry Shelton Sanford](/wiki/Henry_Shelton_Sanford "Henry Shelton Sanford") bought {{convert\|12548\|acre\|km2}} to the west of Mellonville and laid out the community of Sanford. Believing it would become a transportation hub, he called it "The Gateway City to South Florida." Sanford imported two colonies of [Swedes](/wiki/Swedish_people "Swedish people") (totaling about 150 adults) as [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servants "Indentured servants") to labor a year for their travel expenses.[Early days](https://www.seminole.wateratlas.usf.edu/upload/documents/317_earlydays.pdf) seminole.wateratlas.usf.edu {{dead link\|date\=September 2023}} The Swedes would do the back\-breaking work of establishing a new town and clearing the sub\-tropical wilderness in advance of creating a citrus empire, arriving by [steamboat](/wiki/Steamboat "Steamboat") in 1871\.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VVcoAQAAIAAJ\&q\=%27A\+Decidedly\+Mutinous\+Spirit%27:\+The\+%27Labor\+Problem%27\+in\+the\+Postbellum\+South\+as\+an\+Exercise\+of\+Free\+Labor%22\+in\+%27%27Florida%27s\+Working\-Class\+Past%27%27 \|access\-date\=2012\-03\-22 \|first\=Mark Howard \|last\=Long \|chapter\=A Decidedly Mutinous Spirit: The Labor Problem in the Postbellum South as an Exercise of Free Labor \|title\=Florida's working\-class past: current perspectives on labor, race, and gender from Spanish Florida to the new immigration \|editor1\-first\=Robert \|editor1\-last\=Cassanello \|editor2\-first\=Melanie \|editor2\-last\=Shell\-Weiss \|year\=2008 \|pages\=86 \& seq \|publisher\=\[\[University Press of Florida]] \|isbn\=978\-0813032832 \|location\=\[\[Gainesville, Florida\|Gainesville]] \|others\=foreword by Richard Greenwald and Timothy Minchin \|lccn\=2008025022}} Incorporated in 1877 with a population of 100, Sanford absorbed Mellonville in 1883\. In April of that year, President [Chester A. Arthur](/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur "Chester A. Arthur") arrived by steamer to vacation for a week at the Sanford House, a lakeside hotel built in 1875 and expanded in 1882\. Meanwhile, Sanford was becoming a hub of rail transportation. The [South Florida Railroad](/wiki/South_Florida_Railroad "South Florida Railroad") opened a [narrow\-gauge](/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway "Narrow-gauge railway") route from Sanford to Orlando in 1880, and eventually built a connection to the [Port of Tampa](/wiki/Port_of_Tampa "Port of Tampa") by the end of 1883\.{{cite web \|title\=First Railroads in Tampa \|url\=http://tampabaytrains.com/firstRailroadsInTampa.htm \|website\=Tampa Bay Trains \|access\-date\=2 October 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615141631/http://tampabaytrains.com/firstRailroadsInTampa.htm \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2021 \|url\-status\=dead}} The [standard\-gauge](/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway "Standard-gauge railway") [Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railroad](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Tampa_and_Key_West_Railroad "Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railroad") opened a route from Sanford to [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida "Jacksonville, Florida") in 1886, completing a rail link across the peninsula.{{Cite book\|last\=Pettengill\|first\=George W. Jr.\|title\=The Story of the Florida Railroads 1834–1903\|publisher\=The Southeast Chapter of The Railway \& Locomotive Historical Society, Inc.\|year\=1998\|series\=Bulletin of the Railway \& Locomotive Historical Society, Inc.\|volume\=86\|location\=Jacksonville, Florida\|edition\=Reprint\|pages\=80–82\|orig\-date\=1952}} The [Orange Belt Railway](/wiki/Orange_Belt_Railway "Orange Belt Railway"), another narrow\-gauge line, was established in 1885 and reached [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg%2C_Florida "St. Petersburg, Florida") in 1888\.{{cite web \|last1\=Hensley \|first1\=Don \|title\=History of the Orange Line \|url\=http://trn.trains.com/en/Railroad%20Reference/Ask%20Trains/2011/04/History%20of%20the%20Orange%20Line.aspx \|website\=Trains.com \|publisher\=Kalmbach Publishing Co. \|access\-date\=2 October 2024 \|ref\=HOLtrains \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715114732/http://trn.trains.com/en/Railroad%20Reference/Ask%20Trains/2011/04/History%20of%20the%20Orange%20Line.aspx \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead}} (All three of these railroads would become part of the [Plant System](/wiki/Plant_System "Plant System") in the 1890s, and the narrow\-gauge lines were standardized.) Easy access to transportation soon made the area the largest shipper of oranges in the world. In 1887, the city suffered a devastating fire, followed the next year by a statewide epidemic of [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever "Yellow fever"). When the [Great Freeze](/wiki/Great_Freeze "Great Freeze") of 1894 and 1895 ruined the citrus industry, farmers diversified by growing vegetables as well. [Celery](/wiki/Celery "Celery") was first planted in 1896, and because of this Sanford is nicknamed the "Celery City." On December 1, 1891, merchant William Clark and registered African American voters of [Goldsboro](/wiki/Goldsboro%2C_Florida "Goldsboro, Florida") incorporated as a town just to the southwest of Sanford.{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JAvgrZ8XMA0C \| title\=Seminole County \| publisher\=Arcadia Publishing \| author\=Bentley, Altermese Smith \| year\=2000 \| page\=57 \| isbn\=978\-0738506340}}{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_1iRfGqI2LAC\&q\=Goldsboro \| title\=Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867\-1924 \| publisher\=University Alabama Press \| author\=Brown, Canter \| year\=1998 \| pages\=40, 74, 80, 94, 100, 126, 140, 171, 176–177 \| isbn\=0817309152}} In 1878, Mrs. Henry Sanford created the first library for public use in Sanford. A room was provided with a few books and a paid librarian. The initial library failed. In 1889, Mrs. Thrasher and Mrs. A.M. Deforest attempted to revive the library project with the aid of the Wednesday Club, the president, Mrs. Brown encouraged the women to begin fundraising efforts. The effort's fundraising progress was slow and sporadic. A Subscription library was established in a storefront on First Street. Mrs. Duver was the librarian at this location. The library later moved to Magnolia Avenue next to the theatre at this location the library was run by volunteers.Sanford Herald, DeForrest, A.M..(January 21, 1924, republished March 31, 2002\)"'Sanford people did not want to read:' An early history of the city's library". p. 12A The library grew at this location, until it moved in 1914 to the Women's Club on Oak Avenue.Sanford Herald. "Library is Moving".v.VI \#37 p. 1\. December 29, 1914 An official Public Library was built and opened in 1924 on 5th Street. This library was supported by the City of Sanford. ### 20th century In 1911, the community of Sanford Heights seceded from Sanford, because of discord over municipal services provided by Sanford. This added to concerns that Sanford's ability to expand would be constrained by the surrounding towns of Goldsboro, Georgetown and Sanford Heights, as well as [Lake Monroe](/wiki/Lake_Monroe_%28Florida%29 "Lake Monroe (Florida)") to the west. [Florida State Representative](/wiki/Florida_State_Representative "Florida State Representative") and former Sanford mayor [Forrest Lake](/wiki/Forrest_Lake_%28politician%29 "Forrest Lake (politician)") led legislative efforts to curtail Sanford Heights' ability to incorporate as an independent entity. Goldsboro was also a target in Forrest Lake's annexation process, prompting Goldsboro's leaders to start a letter writing campaign to local newspapers.{{cite news \| url\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:ORLB\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=0EB4EEC5C76E2BE6\&svc\_dat\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\&req\_dat\=0FB3382EE6AD1E46 \| title\=Discovering A Lost City Historian Finds Surprising Past of the Goldsboro Community \| date\=May 20, 1990 \| agency\=\[\[Orlando Sentinel]] \| access\-date\=July 19, 2013 \| author\=Imperiale, Nancy \| location\=Orlando, FL}} On April 6, 1911, the Sanford city council passed a resolution to annex Goldsboro and on April 26, 1911, the Florida legislature passed the Sanford Charter Bill, dissolving the incorporation of both Sanford and Goldsboro, and reorganizing Sanford as a city that included Goldsboro within its boundaries.{{cite news \| url\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:ORLB\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=0F7F23A84FA0D7C6\&svc\_dat\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\&req\_dat\=0FB3382EE6AD1E46 \| title\=Grapeville Details Emerge – The Histories of the Swedish Colony and the Goldsboro Area Are Intertwined \| date\=December 15, 2002 \| agency\=\[\[Orlando Sentinel]] \| access\-date\=July 20, 2013 \| author\=Robinson, Jim \| location\=Orlando, FL}} In 1913, Sanford became the county seat of Seminole County, created from Orange County. Agriculture continued to dominate the economy until 1940, when it proved cheaper to cultivate produce in frost\-free [South Florida](/wiki/South_Florida "South Florida"). #### Naval aviation In 1942, [Naval Air Station Sanford](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Sanford "Naval Air Station Sanford") was established, which conducted operational training in the [Lockheed PV\-1 Ventura](/wiki/Lockheed_PV-1_Ventura "Lockheed PV-1 Ventura"), [Lockheed PBO Hudson](/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson "Lockheed Hudson"), [Grumman F4F/General Motors FM\-1 Wildcat](/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat "Grumman F4F Wildcat") and the [Grumman F6F Hellcat](/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat "Grumman F6F Hellcat"). At its peak in 1943–45, NAS Sanford was home to approximately 360 officers, 1500 enlisted men and 150 [WAVES](/wiki/WAVES "WAVES") and included an auxiliary airfield to the east near Lake Harney known as Outlying Field Osceola. The base was inactivated and reduced to caretaker status in 1946, but was reactivated in 1950 in response to the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") and the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"). A major construction program ensued, with NAS Sanford redeveloped as a [Master Jet Base](/wiki/Master_Jet_Base "Master Jet Base") for carrier\-based [Douglas A\-3 Skywarrior](/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior "Douglas A-3 Skywarrior") and later [North American A\-5A and RA\-5C Vigilante](/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante "North American A-5 Vigilante") aircraft. At its peak in the mid\-1960s, the base was home to nearly 4000 military personnel, comprising the air station personnel complement, an Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department, the Navy Dispensary, the Marine Barracks, a Replacement Air Group/Fleet Replacement Squadron for the RA\-5C, and nine deployable Fleet RA\-5C squadrons that routinely deployed aboard large aircraft carriers to the Mediterranean and the Pacific. The latter were heavily engaged in combat operations during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). As a result of the increasing costs of the Vietnam War and concurrent federal domestic spending related to President [Lyndon Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson "Lyndon Johnson")'s [Great Society](/wiki/Great_Society "Great Society") social programs, NAS Sanford was one of several stateside military installations identified for closure by the [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") in 1967\. Flight operations were rapidly scaled down during 1968 as the squadrons of Reconnaissance Attack Wing ONE transferred to the former Turner AFB, renamed [Naval Air Station Albany](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Albany "Naval Air Station Albany"), Georgia. This resulted in a significant economic downturn for the City of Sanford and Seminole County with the departure of all military personnel and their families. The airfield was conveyed to the City of Sanford via quitclaim deed by the [General Services Administration](/wiki/General_Services_Administration "General Services Administration") (GSA) in 1969, renamed Sanford Airport and redeveloped as a [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation "General aviation") facility. Subsequently renamed **Sanford Regional Airport**, then **Central Florida Regional Airport**, the airport commenced commercial airline service in 1995 and was renamed **[Orlando Sanford International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_Sanford_International_Airport "Orlando Sanford International Airport")** the following year. The Navy's presence is commemorated at the airport by two historical markers and the **NAS Sanford Memorial Park**, which was dedicated on Memorial Day in May 2003 and includes a restored [RA\-5C Vigilante](/wiki/RA-5C_Vigilante "RA-5C Vigilante") on loan from the [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum") that was placed on permanent static display at the entrance to the commercial airline terminal. #### Tourism The opening of [Walt Disney World Resort](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort "Walt Disney World Resort") in October 1971 shifted the economy of Central Florida away from agriculture, military installations, defense/aerospace industries, and the [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") crewed and uncrewed space programs, and further towards tourism, service industries and residential development, the center of which is [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida"). But because of Sanford's former preeminence as a trade center, the city retains a significant collection of older commercial and residential architecture, on streets shaded by [live oaks](/wiki/Southern_live_oak "Southern live oak") hung with [Spanish moss](/wiki/Spanish_moss "Spanish moss"). Its location on Lake Monroe and access to the navigable waterway of the [St. Johns River](/wiki/St._Johns_River "St. Johns River") has made it Central Florida's additional center for numerous marinas, allowing access for pleasure boats and commercial vessels to and from the Atlantic Ocean and the [Intracoastal Waterway](/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway "Intracoastal Waterway") via [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida "Jacksonville, Florida") and [Mayport](/wiki/Naval_Station_Mayport "Naval Station Mayport") to the north. #### Jackie Robinson Sanford Field, built in 1926, was the location where Jackie Robinson first took the field to play as a member of a racially\-integrated baseball team. Robinson arrived at [Daytona Beach, Florida](/wiki/Daytona_Beach%2C_Florida "Daytona Beach, Florida") in early 1946 for [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training") with the [Montreal Royals](/wiki/Montreal_Royals "Montreal Royals") of the [Class AAA](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League"), a minor league affiliate of the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers "Brooklyn Dodgers"). Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility,{{cite book \|title\=The Dodgers Encyclopedia \|last\=McNeil \|first\=William F. \|publisher\=Sports Publishing \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=978\-1\-58261\-316\-1 \|ref\=McNeil}} training took place at several local baseball stadiums, including Sanford Field. Robinson's presence on the team was controversial in racially charged Florida. He was not allowed to stay with his white teammates at the team hotel, and many other local towns prevented the team from playing while he was part of the roster. The police chief in Sanford had threatened to cancel the game there if Robinson was to play. Robinson joined his team despite the threat, but the uproar from the mainly white audience in the stands caused him to be escorted off the field and he was not able to play.{{cite book\|last\=Lamb\|first\=Chris\|title\=Blackout: The Untold Story of Jackie Robinson's First Spring Training\|year\=2006\|publisher\=University of Nebraska Press\|isbn\=0\-8032\-8047\-5\|page\=88}} [Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium](/wiki/Historic_Sanford_Memorial_Stadium "Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium") was built in 1951 near the site of the old Sanford Field as the Spring Training Facility of the New York Giants. The ballpark is located just south of Lake Monroe on Mellonville Avenue, less than a mile from Historic Downtown Sanford. Other Major League stars have played in the Sanford stadiums, including [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth "Babe Ruth"), [Willie Mays](/wiki/Willie_Mays "Willie Mays"), [Tim Raines](/wiki/Tim_Raines "Tim Raines"), and [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein"). ### 21st century Sanford was in the news in 2012 due to the [killing of Trayvon Martin](/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Killing of Trayvon Martin") and the actions taken by the [Sanford Police Department](/wiki/Sanford_Police_Department_%28Florida%29 "Sanford Police Department (Florida)"). A city streetscaping project began in 2004 as city leaders sought to attract new businesses and visitors to downtown. By 2016, downtown Sanford was becoming known as a center for craft beer production in Central Florida, with two [microbreweries](/wiki/Microbrewery "Microbrewery"), a home brewing supplier, and at least five other pubs focused on craft beers.{{cite web \|last1\=Comas \|first1\=Martin \|title\=Downtown Sanford growing into beer lover's paradise \|url\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/seminole\-county/os\-sanford\-downtown\-beer\-microbreweries\-20160112\-story.html \|website\=www.orlandosentinel.com \|date\=12 January 2016 \|publisher\=Orlando Sentinel \|access\-date\=12 November 2020}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Early history", "The [Mayaca](/wiki/Mayaca_people \"Mayaca people\") or [Jororo](/wiki/Jororo \"Jororo\") [Indians](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") inhabited the shores of [Lake Monroe](/wiki/Lake_Monroe_%28Florida%29 \"Lake Monroe (Florida)\") at the time of European contact. By 1760, however, war and disease had decimated the tribe, which would be replaced by the [Seminole](/wiki/Seminole \"Seminole\") Indians. Florida was acquired by the United States from Spain in 1821, but the [Seminole Wars](/wiki/Seminole_Wars \"Seminole Wars\") would delay settlement. In 1835, the Seminoles burned the port of [Palatka](/wiki/Palatka%2C_Florida \"Palatka, Florida\") on the [St. Johns River](/wiki/St._Johns_River \"St. Johns River\"), then the major artery into [Central Florida](/wiki/Central_Florida \"Central Florida\") from the [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States \"East Coast of the United States\"). Consequently, an army [garrison](/wiki/Garrison \"Garrison\") was established upstream, on the southern side of Lake Monroe near a [trading post](/wiki/Trading_post \"Trading post\"). Established as Camp Monroe in 1836, the camp was enclosed by log breastwork on three sides but open to the river, with approximately 300 men based there.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/fort\\-mellon\\-florida/\\|title \\= Fort Mellon, Florida – Legends of America}} The camp was attacked by Indians on February 8, 1837\\. It would be strengthened and renamed Fort Mellon in honor of Captain Charles Mellon, the sole American casualty.", "General [Zachary Taylor](/wiki/Zachary_Taylor \"Zachary Taylor\") had a road built connecting a string of defenses from Lake Monroe to [Fort Brooke](/wiki/Fort_Brooke \"Fort Brooke\") (now [Tampa](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida \"Tampa, Florida\")). The town of Mellonville was founded around Fort Mellon in 1842 by Daniel Stewart. In 1845, Florida became a [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\"). That same year, Mosquito County was renamed [Orange County](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_Florida \"Orange County, Florida\") and the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\") was moved from [Enterprise](/wiki/Enterprise%2C_Florida \"Enterprise, Florida\") to Mellonville. Orange groves were planted, with the first fruit packing plant built in 1869\\.", "[thumb\\|Lake Monroe, circa 1912\\|left\\|260x260px](/wiki/Image:Looking_Northwest_from_Sanford_House%2C_Sanford%2C_FL.jpg \"Looking Northwest from Sanford House, Sanford, FL.jpg\")\n### Early years as Sanford", "In 1870, \"General\" [Henry Shelton Sanford](/wiki/Henry_Shelton_Sanford \"Henry Shelton Sanford\") bought {{convert\\|12548\\|acre\\|km2}} to the west of Mellonville and laid out the community of Sanford. Believing it would become a transportation hub, he called it \"The Gateway City to South Florida.\" Sanford imported two colonies of [Swedes](/wiki/Swedish_people \"Swedish people\") (totaling about 150 adults) as [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servants \"Indentured servants\") to labor a year for their travel\nexpenses.[Early days](https://www.seminole.wateratlas.usf.edu/upload/documents/317_earlydays.pdf) seminole.wateratlas.usf.edu {{dead link\\|date\\=September 2023}} The Swedes would do the back\\-breaking work of establishing a new town and clearing the sub\\-tropical wilderness in advance of creating a citrus empire, arriving by [steamboat](/wiki/Steamboat \"Steamboat\") in 1871\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VVcoAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=%27A\\+Decidedly\\+Mutinous\\+Spirit%27:\\+The\\+%27Labor\\+Problem%27\\+in\\+the\\+Postbellum\\+South\\+as\\+an\\+Exercise\\+of\\+Free\\+Labor%22\\+in\\+%27%27Florida%27s\\+Working\\-Class\\+Past%27%27\n \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-22\n \\|first\\=Mark Howard \\|last\\=Long\n \\|chapter\\=A Decidedly Mutinous Spirit: The Labor Problem in the Postbellum South as an Exercise of Free Labor\n \\|title\\=Florida's working\\-class past: current perspectives on labor, race, and gender from Spanish Florida to the new immigration\n \\|editor1\\-first\\=Robert \\|editor1\\-last\\=Cassanello\n \\|editor2\\-first\\=Melanie \\|editor2\\-last\\=Shell\\-Weiss\n \\|year\\=2008 \\|pages\\=86 \\& seq\n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University Press of Florida]]\n \\|isbn\\=978\\-0813032832\n \\|location\\=\\[\\[Gainesville, Florida\\|Gainesville]]\n \\|others\\=foreword by Richard Greenwald and Timothy Minchin\n \\|lccn\\=2008025022}}", "Incorporated in 1877 with a population of 100, Sanford absorbed Mellonville in 1883\\. In April of that year, President [Chester A. Arthur](/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur \"Chester A. Arthur\") arrived by steamer to vacation for a week at the Sanford House, a lakeside hotel built in 1875 and expanded in 1882\\.", "Meanwhile, Sanford was becoming a hub of rail transportation. The [South Florida Railroad](/wiki/South_Florida_Railroad \"South Florida Railroad\") opened a [narrow\\-gauge](/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway \"Narrow-gauge railway\") route from Sanford to Orlando in 1880, and eventually built a connection to the [Port of Tampa](/wiki/Port_of_Tampa \"Port of Tampa\") by the end of 1883\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=First Railroads in Tampa \\|url\\=http://tampabaytrains.com/firstRailroadsInTampa.htm \\|website\\=Tampa Bay Trains \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615141631/http://tampabaytrains.com/firstRailroadsInTampa.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The [standard\\-gauge](/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway \"Standard-gauge railway\") [Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railroad](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Tampa_and_Key_West_Railroad \"Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railroad\") opened a route from Sanford to [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida \"Jacksonville, Florida\") in 1886, completing a rail link across the peninsula.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Pettengill\\|first\\=George W. Jr.\\|title\\=The Story of the Florida Railroads 1834–1903\\|publisher\\=The Southeast Chapter of The Railway \\& Locomotive Historical Society, Inc.\\|year\\=1998\\|series\\=Bulletin of the Railway \\& Locomotive Historical Society, Inc.\\|volume\\=86\\|location\\=Jacksonville, Florida\\|edition\\=Reprint\\|pages\\=80–82\\|orig\\-date\\=1952}} The [Orange Belt Railway](/wiki/Orange_Belt_Railway \"Orange Belt Railway\"), another narrow\\-gauge line, was established in 1885 and reached [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg%2C_Florida \"St. Petersburg, Florida\") in 1888\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hensley \\|first1\\=Don \\|title\\=History of the Orange Line \\|url\\=http://trn.trains.com/en/Railroad%20Reference/Ask%20Trains/2011/04/History%20of%20the%20Orange%20Line.aspx \\|website\\=Trains.com \\|publisher\\=Kalmbach Publishing Co. \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2024 \\|ref\\=HOLtrains \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715114732/http://trn.trains.com/en/Railroad%20Reference/Ask%20Trains/2011/04/History%20of%20the%20Orange%20Line.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} (All three of these railroads would become part of the [Plant System](/wiki/Plant_System \"Plant System\") in the 1890s, and the narrow\\-gauge lines were standardized.) Easy access to transportation soon made the area the largest shipper of oranges in the world.", "In 1887, the city suffered a devastating fire, followed the next year by a statewide epidemic of [yellow fever](/wiki/Yellow_fever \"Yellow fever\"). When the [Great Freeze](/wiki/Great_Freeze \"Great Freeze\") of 1894 and 1895 ruined the citrus industry, farmers diversified by growing vegetables as well. [Celery](/wiki/Celery \"Celery\") was first planted in 1896, and because of this Sanford is nicknamed the \"Celery City.\"", "On December 1, 1891, merchant William Clark and registered African American voters of [Goldsboro](/wiki/Goldsboro%2C_Florida \"Goldsboro, Florida\") incorporated as a town just to the southwest of Sanford.{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JAvgrZ8XMA0C \\| title\\=Seminole County \\| publisher\\=Arcadia Publishing \\| author\\=Bentley, Altermese Smith \\| year\\=2000 \\| page\\=57 \\| isbn\\=978\\-0738506340}}{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_1iRfGqI2LAC\\&q\\=Goldsboro \\| title\\=Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867\\-1924 \\| publisher\\=University Alabama Press \\| author\\=Brown, Canter \\| year\\=1998 \\| pages\\=40, 74, 80, 94, 100, 126, 140, 171, 176–177 \\| isbn\\=0817309152}}", "In 1878, Mrs. Henry Sanford created the first library for public use in Sanford. A room was provided with a few books and a paid librarian. The initial library failed. In 1889, Mrs. Thrasher and Mrs. A.M. Deforest attempted to revive the library project with the aid of the Wednesday Club, the president, Mrs. Brown encouraged the women to begin fundraising efforts. The effort's fundraising progress was slow and sporadic. A Subscription library was established in a storefront on First Street. Mrs. Duver was the librarian at this location. The library later moved to Magnolia Avenue next to the theatre at this location the library was run by volunteers.Sanford Herald, DeForrest, A.M..(January 21, 1924, republished March 31, 2002\\)\"'Sanford people did not want to read:' An early history of the city's library\". p. 12A The library grew at this location, until it moved in 1914 to the Women's Club on Oak Avenue.Sanford Herald. \"Library is Moving\".v.VI \\#37 p. 1\\. December 29, 1914 An official Public Library was built and opened in 1924 on 5th Street. This library was supported by the City of Sanford.", "### 20th century", "In 1911, the community of Sanford Heights seceded from Sanford, because of discord over municipal services provided by Sanford. This added to concerns that Sanford's ability to expand would be constrained by the surrounding towns of Goldsboro, Georgetown and Sanford Heights, as well as [Lake Monroe](/wiki/Lake_Monroe_%28Florida%29 \"Lake Monroe (Florida)\") to the west. [Florida State Representative](/wiki/Florida_State_Representative \"Florida State Representative\") and former Sanford mayor [Forrest Lake](/wiki/Forrest_Lake_%28politician%29 \"Forrest Lake (politician)\") led legislative efforts to curtail Sanford Heights' ability to incorporate as an independent entity. Goldsboro was also a target in Forrest Lake's annexation process, prompting Goldsboro's leaders to start a letter writing campaign to local newspapers.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:ORLB\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=0EB4EEC5C76E2BE6\\&svc\\_dat\\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\\&req\\_dat\\=0FB3382EE6AD1E46 \\| title\\=Discovering A Lost City Historian Finds Surprising Past of the Goldsboro Community \\| date\\=May 20, 1990 \\| agency\\=\\[\\[Orlando Sentinel]] \\| access\\-date\\=July 19, 2013 \\| author\\=Imperiale, Nancy \\| location\\=Orlando, FL}} On April 6, 1911, the Sanford city council passed a resolution to annex Goldsboro and on April 26, 1911, the Florida legislature passed the Sanford Charter Bill, dissolving the incorporation of both Sanford and Goldsboro, and reorganizing Sanford as a city that included Goldsboro within its boundaries.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:ORLB\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=0F7F23A84FA0D7C6\\&svc\\_dat\\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\\&req\\_dat\\=0FB3382EE6AD1E46 \\| title\\=Grapeville Details Emerge – The Histories of the Swedish Colony and the Goldsboro Area Are Intertwined \\| date\\=December 15, 2002 \\| agency\\=\\[\\[Orlando Sentinel]] \\| access\\-date\\=July 20, 2013 \\| author\\=Robinson, Jim \\| location\\=Orlando, FL}}", "In 1913, Sanford became the county seat of Seminole County, created from Orange County. Agriculture continued to dominate the economy until 1940, when it proved cheaper to cultivate produce in frost\\-free [South Florida](/wiki/South_Florida \"South Florida\").", "#### Naval aviation", "In 1942, [Naval Air Station Sanford](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Sanford \"Naval Air Station Sanford\") was established, which conducted operational training in the [Lockheed PV\\-1 Ventura](/wiki/Lockheed_PV-1_Ventura \"Lockheed PV-1 Ventura\"), [Lockheed PBO Hudson](/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson \"Lockheed Hudson\"), [Grumman F4F/General Motors FM\\-1 Wildcat](/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat \"Grumman F4F Wildcat\") and the [Grumman F6F Hellcat](/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat \"Grumman F6F Hellcat\"). At its peak in 1943–45, NAS Sanford was home to approximately 360 officers, 1500 enlisted men and 150 [WAVES](/wiki/WAVES \"WAVES\") and included an auxiliary airfield to the east near Lake Harney known as Outlying Field Osceola. The base was inactivated and reduced to caretaker status in 1946, but was reactivated in 1950 in response to the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\") and the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). A major construction program ensued, with NAS Sanford redeveloped as a [Master Jet Base](/wiki/Master_Jet_Base \"Master Jet Base\") for carrier\\-based [Douglas A\\-3 Skywarrior](/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior \"Douglas A-3 Skywarrior\") and later [North American A\\-5A and RA\\-5C Vigilante](/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante \"North American A-5 Vigilante\") aircraft. At its peak in the mid\\-1960s, the base was home to nearly 4000 military personnel, comprising the air station personnel complement, an Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department, the Navy Dispensary, the Marine Barracks, a Replacement Air Group/Fleet Replacement Squadron for the RA\\-5C, and nine deployable Fleet RA\\-5C squadrons that routinely deployed aboard large aircraft carriers to the Mediterranean and the Pacific. The latter were heavily engaged in combat operations during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").", "As a result of the increasing costs of the Vietnam War and concurrent federal domestic spending related to President [Lyndon Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson \"Lyndon Johnson\")'s [Great Society](/wiki/Great_Society \"Great Society\") social programs, NAS Sanford was one of several stateside military installations identified for closure by the [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\") in 1967\\. Flight operations were rapidly scaled down during 1968 as the squadrons of Reconnaissance Attack Wing ONE transferred to the former Turner AFB, renamed [Naval Air Station Albany](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Albany \"Naval Air Station Albany\"), Georgia. This resulted in a significant economic downturn for the City of Sanford and Seminole County with the departure of all military personnel and their families. The airfield was conveyed to the City of Sanford via quitclaim deed by the [General Services Administration](/wiki/General_Services_Administration \"General Services Administration\") (GSA) in 1969, renamed Sanford Airport and redeveloped as a [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\") facility. Subsequently renamed **Sanford Regional Airport**, then **Central Florida Regional Airport**, the airport commenced commercial airline service in 1995 and was renamed **[Orlando Sanford International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_Sanford_International_Airport \"Orlando Sanford International Airport\")** the following year. The Navy's presence is commemorated at the airport by two historical markers and the **NAS Sanford Memorial Park**, which was dedicated on Memorial Day in May 2003 and includes a restored [RA\\-5C Vigilante](/wiki/RA-5C_Vigilante \"RA-5C Vigilante\") on loan from the [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\") that was placed on permanent static display at the entrance to the commercial airline terminal.", "#### Tourism", "The opening of [Walt Disney World Resort](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort \"Walt Disney World Resort\") in October 1971 shifted the economy of Central Florida away from agriculture, military installations, defense/aerospace industries, and the [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") crewed and uncrewed space programs, and further towards tourism, service industries and residential development, the center of which is [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\"). But because of Sanford's former preeminence as a trade center, the city retains a significant collection of older commercial and residential architecture, on streets shaded by [live oaks](/wiki/Southern_live_oak \"Southern live oak\") hung with [Spanish moss](/wiki/Spanish_moss \"Spanish moss\"). Its location on Lake Monroe and access to the navigable waterway of the [St. Johns River](/wiki/St._Johns_River \"St. Johns River\") has made it Central Florida's additional center for numerous marinas, allowing access for pleasure boats and commercial vessels to and from the Atlantic Ocean and the [Intracoastal Waterway](/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway \"Intracoastal Waterway\") via [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida \"Jacksonville, Florida\") and [Mayport](/wiki/Naval_Station_Mayport \"Naval Station Mayport\") to the north.", "#### Jackie Robinson", "Sanford Field, built in 1926, was the location where Jackie Robinson first took the field to play as a member of a racially\\-integrated baseball team. Robinson arrived at [Daytona Beach, Florida](/wiki/Daytona_Beach%2C_Florida \"Daytona Beach, Florida\") in early 1946 for [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\") with the [Montreal Royals](/wiki/Montreal_Royals \"Montreal Royals\") of the [Class AAA](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\"), a minor league affiliate of the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers \"Brooklyn Dodgers\"). Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility,{{cite book \\|title\\=The Dodgers Encyclopedia \\|last\\=McNeil \\|first\\=William F. \\|publisher\\=Sports Publishing \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-58261\\-316\\-1 \\|ref\\=McNeil}} training took place at several local baseball stadiums, including Sanford Field.", "Robinson's presence on the team was controversial in racially charged Florida. He was not allowed to stay with his white teammates at the team hotel, and many other local towns prevented the team from playing while he was part of the roster. The police chief in Sanford had threatened to cancel the game there if Robinson was to play. Robinson joined his team despite the threat, but the uproar from the mainly white audience in the stands caused him to be escorted off the field and he was not able to play.{{cite book\\|last\\=Lamb\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=Blackout: The Untold Story of Jackie Robinson's First Spring Training\\|year\\=2006\\|publisher\\=University of Nebraska Press\\|isbn\\=0\\-8032\\-8047\\-5\\|page\\=88}}", "[Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium](/wiki/Historic_Sanford_Memorial_Stadium \"Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium\") was built in 1951 near the site of the old Sanford Field as the Spring Training Facility of the New York Giants. The ballpark is located just south of Lake Monroe on Mellonville Avenue, less than a mile from Historic Downtown Sanford. Other Major League stars have played in the Sanford stadiums, including [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth \"Babe Ruth\"), [Willie Mays](/wiki/Willie_Mays \"Willie Mays\"), [Tim Raines](/wiki/Tim_Raines \"Tim Raines\"), and [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\").", "### 21st century", "Sanford was in the news in 2012 due to the [killing of Trayvon Martin](/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin \"Killing of Trayvon Martin\") and the actions taken by the [Sanford Police Department](/wiki/Sanford_Police_Department_%28Florida%29 \"Sanford Police Department (Florida)\").", "A city streetscaping project began in 2004 as city leaders sought to attract new businesses and visitors to downtown. By 2016, downtown Sanford was becoming known as a center for craft beer production in Central Florida, with two [microbreweries](/wiki/Microbrewery \"Microbrewery\"), a home brewing supplier, and at least five other pubs focused on craft beers.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Comas \\|first1\\=Martin \\|title\\=Downtown Sanford growing into beer lover's paradise \\|url\\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/seminole\\-county/os\\-sanford\\-downtown\\-beer\\-microbreweries\\-20160112\\-story.html \\|website\\=www.orlandosentinel.com \\|date\\=12 January 2016 \\|publisher\\=Orlando Sentinel \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2020}}", "" ]
### 20th century In 1911, the community of Sanford Heights seceded from Sanford, because of discord over municipal services provided by Sanford. This added to concerns that Sanford's ability to expand would be constrained by the surrounding towns of Goldsboro, Georgetown and Sanford Heights, as well as [Lake Monroe](/wiki/Lake_Monroe_%28Florida%29 "Lake Monroe (Florida)") to the west. [Florida State Representative](/wiki/Florida_State_Representative "Florida State Representative") and former Sanford mayor [Forrest Lake](/wiki/Forrest_Lake_%28politician%29 "Forrest Lake (politician)") led legislative efforts to curtail Sanford Heights' ability to incorporate as an independent entity. Goldsboro was also a target in Forrest Lake's annexation process, prompting Goldsboro's leaders to start a letter writing campaign to local newspapers.{{cite news \| url\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:ORLB\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=0EB4EEC5C76E2BE6\&svc\_dat\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\&req\_dat\=0FB3382EE6AD1E46 \| title\=Discovering A Lost City Historian Finds Surprising Past of the Goldsboro Community \| date\=May 20, 1990 \| agency\=\[\[Orlando Sentinel]] \| access\-date\=July 19, 2013 \| author\=Imperiale, Nancy \| location\=Orlando, FL}} On April 6, 1911, the Sanford city council passed a resolution to annex Goldsboro and on April 26, 1911, the Florida legislature passed the Sanford Charter Bill, dissolving the incorporation of both Sanford and Goldsboro, and reorganizing Sanford as a city that included Goldsboro within its boundaries.{{cite news \| url\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\_ver\=z39\.88\-2004\&rft\_id\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:ORLB\&rft\_val\_format\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\&rft\_dat\=0F7F23A84FA0D7C6\&svc\_dat\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\&req\_dat\=0FB3382EE6AD1E46 \| title\=Grapeville Details Emerge – The Histories of the Swedish Colony and the Goldsboro Area Are Intertwined \| date\=December 15, 2002 \| agency\=\[\[Orlando Sentinel]] \| access\-date\=July 20, 2013 \| author\=Robinson, Jim \| location\=Orlando, FL}} In 1913, Sanford became the county seat of Seminole County, created from Orange County. Agriculture continued to dominate the economy until 1940, when it proved cheaper to cultivate produce in frost\-free [South Florida](/wiki/South_Florida "South Florida"). #### Naval aviation In 1942, [Naval Air Station Sanford](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Sanford "Naval Air Station Sanford") was established, which conducted operational training in the [Lockheed PV\-1 Ventura](/wiki/Lockheed_PV-1_Ventura "Lockheed PV-1 Ventura"), [Lockheed PBO Hudson](/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson "Lockheed Hudson"), [Grumman F4F/General Motors FM\-1 Wildcat](/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat "Grumman F4F Wildcat") and the [Grumman F6F Hellcat](/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat "Grumman F6F Hellcat"). At its peak in 1943–45, NAS Sanford was home to approximately 360 officers, 1500 enlisted men and 150 [WAVES](/wiki/WAVES "WAVES") and included an auxiliary airfield to the east near Lake Harney known as Outlying Field Osceola. The base was inactivated and reduced to caretaker status in 1946, but was reactivated in 1950 in response to the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") and the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"). A major construction program ensued, with NAS Sanford redeveloped as a [Master Jet Base](/wiki/Master_Jet_Base "Master Jet Base") for carrier\-based [Douglas A\-3 Skywarrior](/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior "Douglas A-3 Skywarrior") and later [North American A\-5A and RA\-5C Vigilante](/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante "North American A-5 Vigilante") aircraft. At its peak in the mid\-1960s, the base was home to nearly 4000 military personnel, comprising the air station personnel complement, an Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department, the Navy Dispensary, the Marine Barracks, a Replacement Air Group/Fleet Replacement Squadron for the RA\-5C, and nine deployable Fleet RA\-5C squadrons that routinely deployed aboard large aircraft carriers to the Mediterranean and the Pacific. The latter were heavily engaged in combat operations during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). As a result of the increasing costs of the Vietnam War and concurrent federal domestic spending related to President [Lyndon Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson "Lyndon Johnson")'s [Great Society](/wiki/Great_Society "Great Society") social programs, NAS Sanford was one of several stateside military installations identified for closure by the [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") in 1967\. Flight operations were rapidly scaled down during 1968 as the squadrons of Reconnaissance Attack Wing ONE transferred to the former Turner AFB, renamed [Naval Air Station Albany](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Albany "Naval Air Station Albany"), Georgia. This resulted in a significant economic downturn for the City of Sanford and Seminole County with the departure of all military personnel and their families. The airfield was conveyed to the City of Sanford via quitclaim deed by the [General Services Administration](/wiki/General_Services_Administration "General Services Administration") (GSA) in 1969, renamed Sanford Airport and redeveloped as a [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation "General aviation") facility. Subsequently renamed **Sanford Regional Airport**, then **Central Florida Regional Airport**, the airport commenced commercial airline service in 1995 and was renamed **[Orlando Sanford International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_Sanford_International_Airport "Orlando Sanford International Airport")** the following year. The Navy's presence is commemorated at the airport by two historical markers and the **NAS Sanford Memorial Park**, which was dedicated on Memorial Day in May 2003 and includes a restored [RA\-5C Vigilante](/wiki/RA-5C_Vigilante "RA-5C Vigilante") on loan from the [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum "National Naval Aviation Museum") that was placed on permanent static display at the entrance to the commercial airline terminal. #### Tourism The opening of [Walt Disney World Resort](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort "Walt Disney World Resort") in October 1971 shifted the economy of Central Florida away from agriculture, military installations, defense/aerospace industries, and the [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") crewed and uncrewed space programs, and further towards tourism, service industries and residential development, the center of which is [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida"). But because of Sanford's former preeminence as a trade center, the city retains a significant collection of older commercial and residential architecture, on streets shaded by [live oaks](/wiki/Southern_live_oak "Southern live oak") hung with [Spanish moss](/wiki/Spanish_moss "Spanish moss"). Its location on Lake Monroe and access to the navigable waterway of the [St. Johns River](/wiki/St._Johns_River "St. Johns River") has made it Central Florida's additional center for numerous marinas, allowing access for pleasure boats and commercial vessels to and from the Atlantic Ocean and the [Intracoastal Waterway](/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway "Intracoastal Waterway") via [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida "Jacksonville, Florida") and [Mayport](/wiki/Naval_Station_Mayport "Naval Station Mayport") to the north. #### Jackie Robinson Sanford Field, built in 1926, was the location where Jackie Robinson first took the field to play as a member of a racially\-integrated baseball team. Robinson arrived at [Daytona Beach, Florida](/wiki/Daytona_Beach%2C_Florida "Daytona Beach, Florida") in early 1946 for [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training") with the [Montreal Royals](/wiki/Montreal_Royals "Montreal Royals") of the [Class AAA](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League"), a minor league affiliate of the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers "Brooklyn Dodgers"). Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility,{{cite book \|title\=The Dodgers Encyclopedia \|last\=McNeil \|first\=William F. \|publisher\=Sports Publishing \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=978\-1\-58261\-316\-1 \|ref\=McNeil}} training took place at several local baseball stadiums, including Sanford Field. Robinson's presence on the team was controversial in racially charged Florida. He was not allowed to stay with his white teammates at the team hotel, and many other local towns prevented the team from playing while he was part of the roster. The police chief in Sanford had threatened to cancel the game there if Robinson was to play. Robinson joined his team despite the threat, but the uproar from the mainly white audience in the stands caused him to be escorted off the field and he was not able to play.{{cite book\|last\=Lamb\|first\=Chris\|title\=Blackout: The Untold Story of Jackie Robinson's First Spring Training\|year\=2006\|publisher\=University of Nebraska Press\|isbn\=0\-8032\-8047\-5\|page\=88}} [Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium](/wiki/Historic_Sanford_Memorial_Stadium "Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium") was built in 1951 near the site of the old Sanford Field as the Spring Training Facility of the New York Giants. The ballpark is located just south of Lake Monroe on Mellonville Avenue, less than a mile from Historic Downtown Sanford. Other Major League stars have played in the Sanford stadiums, including [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth "Babe Ruth"), [Willie Mays](/wiki/Willie_Mays "Willie Mays"), [Tim Raines](/wiki/Tim_Raines "Tim Raines"), and [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein").
[ "### 20th century", "In 1911, the community of Sanford Heights seceded from Sanford, because of discord over municipal services provided by Sanford. This added to concerns that Sanford's ability to expand would be constrained by the surrounding towns of Goldsboro, Georgetown and Sanford Heights, as well as [Lake Monroe](/wiki/Lake_Monroe_%28Florida%29 \"Lake Monroe (Florida)\") to the west. [Florida State Representative](/wiki/Florida_State_Representative \"Florida State Representative\") and former Sanford mayor [Forrest Lake](/wiki/Forrest_Lake_%28politician%29 \"Forrest Lake (politician)\") led legislative efforts to curtail Sanford Heights' ability to incorporate as an independent entity. Goldsboro was also a target in Forrest Lake's annexation process, prompting Goldsboro's leaders to start a letter writing campaign to local newspapers.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:ORLB\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=0EB4EEC5C76E2BE6\\&svc\\_dat\\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\\&req\\_dat\\=0FB3382EE6AD1E46 \\| title\\=Discovering A Lost City Historian Finds Surprising Past of the Goldsboro Community \\| date\\=May 20, 1990 \\| agency\\=\\[\\[Orlando Sentinel]] \\| access\\-date\\=July 19, 2013 \\| author\\=Imperiale, Nancy \\| location\\=Orlando, FL}} On April 6, 1911, the Sanford city council passed a resolution to annex Goldsboro and on April 26, 1911, the Florida legislature passed the Sanford Charter Bill, dissolving the incorporation of both Sanford and Goldsboro, and reorganizing Sanford as a city that included Goldsboro within its boundaries.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx\\_ver\\=z39\\.88\\-2004\\&rft\\_id\\=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:ORLB\\&rft\\_val\\_format\\=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx\\&rft\\_dat\\=0F7F23A84FA0D7C6\\&svc\\_dat\\=InfoWeb:aggregated5\\&req\\_dat\\=0FB3382EE6AD1E46 \\| title\\=Grapeville Details Emerge – The Histories of the Swedish Colony and the Goldsboro Area Are Intertwined \\| date\\=December 15, 2002 \\| agency\\=\\[\\[Orlando Sentinel]] \\| access\\-date\\=July 20, 2013 \\| author\\=Robinson, Jim \\| location\\=Orlando, FL}}", "In 1913, Sanford became the county seat of Seminole County, created from Orange County. Agriculture continued to dominate the economy until 1940, when it proved cheaper to cultivate produce in frost\\-free [South Florida](/wiki/South_Florida \"South Florida\").", "#### Naval aviation", "In 1942, [Naval Air Station Sanford](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Sanford \"Naval Air Station Sanford\") was established, which conducted operational training in the [Lockheed PV\\-1 Ventura](/wiki/Lockheed_PV-1_Ventura \"Lockheed PV-1 Ventura\"), [Lockheed PBO Hudson](/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson \"Lockheed Hudson\"), [Grumman F4F/General Motors FM\\-1 Wildcat](/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat \"Grumman F4F Wildcat\") and the [Grumman F6F Hellcat](/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat \"Grumman F6F Hellcat\"). At its peak in 1943–45, NAS Sanford was home to approximately 360 officers, 1500 enlisted men and 150 [WAVES](/wiki/WAVES \"WAVES\") and included an auxiliary airfield to the east near Lake Harney known as Outlying Field Osceola. The base was inactivated and reduced to caretaker status in 1946, but was reactivated in 1950 in response to the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\") and the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). A major construction program ensued, with NAS Sanford redeveloped as a [Master Jet Base](/wiki/Master_Jet_Base \"Master Jet Base\") for carrier\\-based [Douglas A\\-3 Skywarrior](/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior \"Douglas A-3 Skywarrior\") and later [North American A\\-5A and RA\\-5C Vigilante](/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante \"North American A-5 Vigilante\") aircraft. At its peak in the mid\\-1960s, the base was home to nearly 4000 military personnel, comprising the air station personnel complement, an Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department, the Navy Dispensary, the Marine Barracks, a Replacement Air Group/Fleet Replacement Squadron for the RA\\-5C, and nine deployable Fleet RA\\-5C squadrons that routinely deployed aboard large aircraft carriers to the Mediterranean and the Pacific. The latter were heavily engaged in combat operations during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").", "As a result of the increasing costs of the Vietnam War and concurrent federal domestic spending related to President [Lyndon Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson \"Lyndon Johnson\")'s [Great Society](/wiki/Great_Society \"Great Society\") social programs, NAS Sanford was one of several stateside military installations identified for closure by the [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\") in 1967\\. Flight operations were rapidly scaled down during 1968 as the squadrons of Reconnaissance Attack Wing ONE transferred to the former Turner AFB, renamed [Naval Air Station Albany](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Albany \"Naval Air Station Albany\"), Georgia. This resulted in a significant economic downturn for the City of Sanford and Seminole County with the departure of all military personnel and their families. The airfield was conveyed to the City of Sanford via quitclaim deed by the [General Services Administration](/wiki/General_Services_Administration \"General Services Administration\") (GSA) in 1969, renamed Sanford Airport and redeveloped as a [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\") facility. Subsequently renamed **Sanford Regional Airport**, then **Central Florida Regional Airport**, the airport commenced commercial airline service in 1995 and was renamed **[Orlando Sanford International Airport](/wiki/Orlando_Sanford_International_Airport \"Orlando Sanford International Airport\")** the following year. The Navy's presence is commemorated at the airport by two historical markers and the **NAS Sanford Memorial Park**, which was dedicated on Memorial Day in May 2003 and includes a restored [RA\\-5C Vigilante](/wiki/RA-5C_Vigilante \"RA-5C Vigilante\") on loan from the [National Naval Aviation Museum](/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum \"National Naval Aviation Museum\") that was placed on permanent static display at the entrance to the commercial airline terminal.", "#### Tourism", "The opening of [Walt Disney World Resort](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort \"Walt Disney World Resort\") in October 1971 shifted the economy of Central Florida away from agriculture, military installations, defense/aerospace industries, and the [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") crewed and uncrewed space programs, and further towards tourism, service industries and residential development, the center of which is [Orlando](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\"). But because of Sanford's former preeminence as a trade center, the city retains a significant collection of older commercial and residential architecture, on streets shaded by [live oaks](/wiki/Southern_live_oak \"Southern live oak\") hung with [Spanish moss](/wiki/Spanish_moss \"Spanish moss\"). Its location on Lake Monroe and access to the navigable waterway of the [St. Johns River](/wiki/St._Johns_River \"St. Johns River\") has made it Central Florida's additional center for numerous marinas, allowing access for pleasure boats and commercial vessels to and from the Atlantic Ocean and the [Intracoastal Waterway](/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway \"Intracoastal Waterway\") via [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida \"Jacksonville, Florida\") and [Mayport](/wiki/Naval_Station_Mayport \"Naval Station Mayport\") to the north.", "#### Jackie Robinson", "Sanford Field, built in 1926, was the location where Jackie Robinson first took the field to play as a member of a racially\\-integrated baseball team. Robinson arrived at [Daytona Beach, Florida](/wiki/Daytona_Beach%2C_Florida \"Daytona Beach, Florida\") in early 1946 for [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\") with the [Montreal Royals](/wiki/Montreal_Royals \"Montreal Royals\") of the [Class AAA](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\"), a minor league affiliate of the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers \"Brooklyn Dodgers\"). Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility,{{cite book \\|title\\=The Dodgers Encyclopedia \\|last\\=McNeil \\|first\\=William F. \\|publisher\\=Sports Publishing \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-58261\\-316\\-1 \\|ref\\=McNeil}} training took place at several local baseball stadiums, including Sanford Field.", "Robinson's presence on the team was controversial in racially charged Florida. He was not allowed to stay with his white teammates at the team hotel, and many other local towns prevented the team from playing while he was part of the roster. The police chief in Sanford had threatened to cancel the game there if Robinson was to play. Robinson joined his team despite the threat, but the uproar from the mainly white audience in the stands caused him to be escorted off the field and he was not able to play.{{cite book\\|last\\=Lamb\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=Blackout: The Untold Story of Jackie Robinson's First Spring Training\\|year\\=2006\\|publisher\\=University of Nebraska Press\\|isbn\\=0\\-8032\\-8047\\-5\\|page\\=88}}", "[Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium](/wiki/Historic_Sanford_Memorial_Stadium \"Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium\") was built in 1951 near the site of the old Sanford Field as the Spring Training Facility of the New York Giants. The ballpark is located just south of Lake Monroe on Mellonville Avenue, less than a mile from Historic Downtown Sanford. Other Major League stars have played in the Sanford stadiums, including [Babe Ruth](/wiki/Babe_Ruth \"Babe Ruth\"), [Willie Mays](/wiki/Willie_Mays \"Willie Mays\"), [Tim Raines](/wiki/Tim_Raines \"Tim Raines\"), and [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\").", "" ]
Validation process ------------------ According to the *1999 Standards*, validation is the process of gathering evidence to provide "a sound scientific basis" for interpreting the scores as proposed by the test developer and/or the test user. Validation therefore begins with a framework that defines the scope and aspects (in the case of multi\-dimensional scales) of the proposed interpretation. The framework also includes a rational justification linking the interpretation to the test in question. Validity researchers then list a series of propositions that must be met if the interpretation is to be valid. Or, conversely, they may compile a list of issues that may threaten the validity of the interpretations. In either case, the researchers proceed by gathering evidence – be it original empirical research, meta\-analysis or review of existing literature, or logical analysis of the issues – to support or to question the interpretation's propositions (or the threats to the interpretation's validity). Emphasis is placed on quality, rather than quantity, of the evidence. A single interpretation of any test result may require several propositions to be true (or may be questioned by any one of a set of threats to its validity). Strong evidence in support of a single proposition does not lessen the requirement to support the other propositions. Evidence to support (or question) the validity of an interpretation can be categorized into one of five categories: 1. Evidence based on test content 2. Evidence based on response processes 3. Evidence based on internal structure 4. Evidence based on relations to other variables 5. Evidence based on consequences of testing Techniques to gather each type of evidence should only be employed when they yield information that would support or question the propositions required for the interpretation in question. Each piece of evidence is finally integrated into a validity argument. The argument may call for a revision to the test, its administration protocol, or the theoretical constructs underlying the interpretations. If the test, and/or the interpretations of the test's results are revised in any way, a new validation process must gather evidence to support the new version.
[ "Validation process\n------------------", "According to the *1999 Standards*, validation is the process of gathering evidence to provide \"a sound scientific basis\" for interpreting the scores as proposed by the test developer and/or the test user. Validation therefore begins with a framework that defines the scope and aspects (in the case of multi\\-dimensional scales) of the proposed interpretation. The framework also includes a rational justification linking the interpretation to the test in question.", "Validity researchers then list a series of propositions that must be met if the interpretation is to be valid. Or, conversely, they may compile a list of issues that may threaten the validity of the interpretations. In either case, the researchers proceed by gathering evidence – be it original empirical research, meta\\-analysis or review of existing literature, or logical analysis of the issues – to support or to question the interpretation's propositions (or the threats to the interpretation's validity). Emphasis is placed on quality, rather than quantity, of the evidence.", "A single interpretation of any test result may require several propositions to be true (or may be questioned by any one of a set of threats to its validity). Strong evidence in support of a single proposition does not lessen the requirement to support the other propositions.", "Evidence to support (or question) the validity of an interpretation can be categorized into one of five categories:", "1. Evidence based on test content\n2. Evidence based on response processes\n3. Evidence based on internal structure\n4. Evidence based on relations to other variables\n5. Evidence based on consequences of testing", "Techniques to gather each type of evidence should only be employed when they yield information that would support or question the propositions required for the interpretation in question.", "Each piece of evidence is finally integrated into a validity argument. The argument may call for a revision to the test, its administration protocol, or the theoretical constructs underlying the interpretations. If the test, and/or the interpretations of the test's results are revised in any way, a new validation process must gather evidence to support the new version.", "" ]
Different types of geometric graphs ----------------------------------- A *[planar straight\-line graph](/wiki/Planar_straight-line_graph "Planar straight-line graph")* is a graph in which the vertices are embedded as points in the [Euclidean plane](/wiki/Euclidean_plane "Euclidean plane"), and the edges are embedded as non\-crossing [line segments](/wiki/Line_segment "Line segment"). [Fáry's theorem](/wiki/F%C3%A1ry%27s_theorem "Fáry's theorem") states that any [planar graph](/wiki/Planar_graph "Planar graph") may be represented as a planar straight line graph. A [triangulation](/wiki/Point_set_triangulation "Point set triangulation") is a planar straight line graph to which no more edges may be added, so called because every face is necessarily a triangle; a special case of this is the [Delaunay triangulation](/wiki/Delaunay_triangulation "Delaunay triangulation"), a graph defined from a set of points in the plane by connecting two points with an edge whenever there exists a circle containing only those two points. The 1\-[skeleton](/wiki/Skeleton_%28topology%29 "Skeleton (topology)") of a [polyhedron](/wiki/Polyhedron "Polyhedron") or [polytope](/wiki/Polytope "Polytope") is the set of vertices and edges of said polyhedron or polytope. The skeleton of any convex polyhedron is a planar graph, and the skeleton of any *k*\-dimensional convex polytope is a [*k*\-connected graph](/wiki/K-vertex-connected_graph "K-vertex-connected graph"). Conversely, [Steinitz's theorem](/wiki/Steinitz%27s_theorem "Steinitz's theorem") states that any 3\-connected planar graph is the skeleton of a convex polyhedron; for this reason, this class of graphs is also known as the [polyhedral graphs](/wiki/Polyhedral_graph "Polyhedral graph"). A *Euclidean graph* is a graph in which the vertices represent points in the plane, and each edge is assigned the length equal to the Euclidean distance between its endpoints. The [Euclidean minimum spanning tree](/wiki/Euclidean_minimum_spanning_tree "Euclidean minimum spanning tree") is the [minimum spanning tree](/wiki/Minimum_spanning_tree "Minimum spanning tree") of a Euclidean [complete graph](/wiki/Complete_graph "Complete graph"). It is also possible to define graphs by conditions on the distances; in particular, a [unit distance graph](/wiki/Unit_distance_graph "Unit distance graph") is formed by connecting pairs of points that are a unit distance apart in the plane. The [Hadwiger–Nelson problem](/wiki/Hadwiger%E2%80%93Nelson_problem "Hadwiger–Nelson problem") concerns the [chromatic number](/wiki/Chromatic_number "Chromatic number") of these graphs. An [intersection graph](/wiki/Intersection_graph "Intersection graph") is a graph in which each vertex is associated with a set and in which vertices are connected by edges whenever the corresponding sets have a nonempty intersection. When the sets are geometric objects, the result is a geometric graph. For instance, the intersection graph of line segments in one dimension is an [interval graph](/wiki/Interval_graph "Interval graph"); the intersection graph of unit disks in the plane is a [unit disk graph](/wiki/Unit_disk_graph "Unit disk graph"). The [Circle packing theorem](/wiki/Circle_packing_theorem "Circle packing theorem") states that the intersection graphs of non\-crossing circles are exactly the planar graphs. [Scheinerman's conjecture](/wiki/Scheinerman%27s_conjecture "Scheinerman's conjecture") (proven in 2009\) states that every planar graph can be represented as the intersection graph of line segments in the plane. A [Levi graph](/wiki/Levi_graph "Levi graph") of a family of points and lines has a vertex for each of these objects and an edge for every incident point\-line pair. The Levi graphs of [projective configurations](/wiki/Projective_configuration "Projective configuration") lead to many important [symmetric graphs](/wiki/Symmetric_graph "Symmetric graph") and [cages](/wiki/Cage_%28graph_theory%29 "Cage (graph theory)"). The [visibility graph](/wiki/Visibility_graph "Visibility graph") of a closed polygon connects each pair of vertices by an edge whenever the line segment connecting the vertices lies entirely in the polygon. It is not known how to test efficiently whether an undirected graph can be represented as a visibility graph. A [partial cube](/wiki/Partial_cube "Partial cube") is a graph for which the vertices can be associated with the vertices of a [hypercube](/wiki/Hypercube "Hypercube"), in such a way that distance in the graph equals [Hamming distance](/wiki/Hamming_distance "Hamming distance") between the corresponding hypercube vertices. Many important families of combinatorial structures, such as the acyclic orientations of a graph or the adjacencies between regions in a [hyperplane arrangement](/wiki/Hyperplane_arrangement "Hyperplane arrangement"), can be represented as partial cube graphs. An important special case of a partial cube is the skeleton of the [permutohedron](/wiki/Permutohedron "Permutohedron"), a graph in which vertices represent permutations of a set of ordered objects and edges represent swaps of objects adjacent in the order. Several other important classes of graphs including [median graphs](/wiki/Median_graph "Median graph") have related definitions involving metric embeddings {{Harv\|Bandelt\|Chepoi\|2008\|Ref\=none}}. A [flip graph](/wiki/Flip_graph "Flip graph") is a graph formed from the triangulations of a point set, in which each vertex represents a triangulation and two triangulations are connected by an edge if they differ by the replacement of one edge for another. It is also possible to define related flip graphs for partitions into quadrilaterals or pseudotriangles, and for higher\-dimensional triangulations. The flip graph of triangulations of a convex polygon forms the skeleton of the [associahedron](/wiki/Associahedron "Associahedron") or [Stasheff polytope](/wiki/Stasheff_polytope "Stasheff polytope"). The flip graph of the [regular triangulations](/wiki/Point_set_triangulation%23Regular_triangulations "Point set triangulation#Regular triangulations") of a point set (projections of higher\-dimensional convex hulls) can also be represented as a skeleton, of the so\-called *secondary polytope*.
[ "Different types of geometric graphs\n-----------------------------------", "A *[planar straight\\-line graph](/wiki/Planar_straight-line_graph \"Planar straight-line graph\")* is a graph in which the vertices are embedded as points in the [Euclidean plane](/wiki/Euclidean_plane \"Euclidean plane\"), and the edges are embedded as non\\-crossing [line segments](/wiki/Line_segment \"Line segment\"). [Fáry's theorem](/wiki/F%C3%A1ry%27s_theorem \"Fáry's theorem\") states that any [planar graph](/wiki/Planar_graph \"Planar graph\") may be represented as a planar straight line graph. A [triangulation](/wiki/Point_set_triangulation \"Point set triangulation\") is a planar straight line graph to which no more edges may be added, so called because every face is necessarily a triangle; a special case of this is the [Delaunay triangulation](/wiki/Delaunay_triangulation \"Delaunay triangulation\"), a graph defined from a set of points in the plane by connecting two points with an edge whenever there exists a circle containing only those two points.", "The 1\\-[skeleton](/wiki/Skeleton_%28topology%29 \"Skeleton (topology)\") of a [polyhedron](/wiki/Polyhedron \"Polyhedron\") or [polytope](/wiki/Polytope \"Polytope\") is the set of vertices and edges of said polyhedron or polytope. The skeleton of any convex polyhedron is a planar graph, and the skeleton of any *k*\\-dimensional convex polytope is a [*k*\\-connected graph](/wiki/K-vertex-connected_graph \"K-vertex-connected graph\"). Conversely, [Steinitz's theorem](/wiki/Steinitz%27s_theorem \"Steinitz's theorem\") states that any 3\\-connected planar graph is the skeleton of a convex polyhedron; for this reason, this class of graphs is also known as the [polyhedral graphs](/wiki/Polyhedral_graph \"Polyhedral graph\").", "A *Euclidean graph* is a graph in which the vertices represent points in the plane, and each edge is assigned the length equal to the Euclidean distance between its endpoints. The [Euclidean minimum spanning tree](/wiki/Euclidean_minimum_spanning_tree \"Euclidean minimum spanning tree\") is the [minimum spanning tree](/wiki/Minimum_spanning_tree \"Minimum spanning tree\") of a Euclidean [complete graph](/wiki/Complete_graph \"Complete graph\"). It is also possible to define graphs by conditions on the distances; in particular, a [unit distance graph](/wiki/Unit_distance_graph \"Unit distance graph\") is formed by connecting pairs of points that are a unit distance apart in the plane. The [Hadwiger–Nelson problem](/wiki/Hadwiger%E2%80%93Nelson_problem \"Hadwiger–Nelson problem\") concerns the [chromatic number](/wiki/Chromatic_number \"Chromatic number\") of these graphs.", "An [intersection graph](/wiki/Intersection_graph \"Intersection graph\") is a graph in which each vertex is associated with a set and in which vertices are connected by edges whenever the corresponding sets have a nonempty intersection. When the sets are geometric objects, the result is a geometric graph. For instance, the intersection graph of line segments in one dimension is an [interval graph](/wiki/Interval_graph \"Interval graph\"); the intersection graph of unit disks in the plane is a [unit disk graph](/wiki/Unit_disk_graph \"Unit disk graph\"). The [Circle packing theorem](/wiki/Circle_packing_theorem \"Circle packing theorem\") states that the intersection graphs of non\\-crossing circles are exactly the planar graphs. [Scheinerman's conjecture](/wiki/Scheinerman%27s_conjecture \"Scheinerman's conjecture\") (proven in 2009\\) states that every planar graph can be represented as the intersection graph of line segments in the plane.", "A [Levi graph](/wiki/Levi_graph \"Levi graph\") of a family of points and lines has a vertex for each of these objects and an edge for every incident point\\-line pair. The Levi graphs of [projective configurations](/wiki/Projective_configuration \"Projective configuration\") lead to many important [symmetric graphs](/wiki/Symmetric_graph \"Symmetric graph\") and [cages](/wiki/Cage_%28graph_theory%29 \"Cage (graph theory)\").", "The [visibility graph](/wiki/Visibility_graph \"Visibility graph\") of a closed polygon connects each pair of vertices by an edge whenever the line segment connecting the vertices lies entirely in the polygon. It is not known how to test efficiently whether an undirected graph can be represented as a visibility graph.", "A [partial cube](/wiki/Partial_cube \"Partial cube\") is a graph for which the vertices can be associated with the vertices of a [hypercube](/wiki/Hypercube \"Hypercube\"), in such a way that distance in the graph equals [Hamming distance](/wiki/Hamming_distance \"Hamming distance\") between the corresponding hypercube vertices. Many important families of combinatorial structures, such as the acyclic orientations of a graph or the adjacencies between regions in a [hyperplane arrangement](/wiki/Hyperplane_arrangement \"Hyperplane arrangement\"), can be represented as partial cube graphs. An important special case of a partial cube is the skeleton of the [permutohedron](/wiki/Permutohedron \"Permutohedron\"), a graph in which vertices represent permutations of a set of ordered objects and edges represent swaps of objects adjacent in the order. Several other important classes of graphs including [median graphs](/wiki/Median_graph \"Median graph\") have related definitions involving metric embeddings {{Harv\\|Bandelt\\|Chepoi\\|2008\\|Ref\\=none}}.", "A [flip graph](/wiki/Flip_graph \"Flip graph\") is a graph formed from the triangulations of a point set, in which each vertex represents a triangulation and two triangulations are connected by an edge if they differ by the replacement of one edge for another. It is also possible to define related flip graphs for partitions into quadrilaterals or pseudotriangles, and for higher\\-dimensional triangulations. The flip graph of triangulations of a convex polygon forms the skeleton of the [associahedron](/wiki/Associahedron \"Associahedron\") or [Stasheff polytope](/wiki/Stasheff_polytope \"Stasheff polytope\"). The flip graph of the [regular triangulations](/wiki/Point_set_triangulation%23Regular_triangulations \"Point set triangulation#Regular triangulations\") of a point set (projections of higher\\-dimensional convex hulls) can also be represented as a skeleton, of the so\\-called *secondary polytope*.", "" ]
History ------- The first written mention of the [settlement](/wiki/Urban-type_settlement "Urban-type settlement") dates back to 1424: on August 17, Żabie was mentioned in a deed of Grand Duke [Švitrigaila](/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila "Švitrigaila").[Акты, относящиеся к истории Южной и Западной России, собранные и изданные Археографической комиссией: \[В 15\-ти т.]](http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/3658-t-1-1361-1598-spb-1863#mode/inspect/page/18/zoom/6) — СПб. : Тип. Эдуарда Праца, 1863\. — Т. 1 : 1361—1598\. — С. 8\. The [Opryshky movement](/wiki/Highwayman "Highwayman"){{cite web \|title\=Opryshky movement in the Carpathians \|url\=http://wiki\-carpathians.com/history/opryshky\-carpathians/ \|access\-date\=17 May 2015 \|publisher\=Wiki Carpathians}} was a peculiar form of struggle and a manifestation of the spontaneous protest of the peasantry against the current system under the [Polish\-Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"). Many residents of Żabie were active in the detachments of [Oleksa Dovbush](/wiki/Oleksa_Dovbush "Oleksa Dovbush"), [Pintea the Brave](/wiki/Pintea_the_Brave "Pintea the Brave"), Ivan Boichuk, Vasyl Baiurak, etc. In 1772, as a result of the [First Partition of the Polish\-Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland "First Partition of Poland") between the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia"), and the [Archduchy of Austria](/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria "Archduchy of Austria"), the lands of the current [Verkhovyna Raion](/wiki/Verkhovyna_Raion "Verkhovyna Raion") entered Austria. Meetings of [viche](/wiki/Veche "Veche") became a mass phenomenon among the highlanders. In the first half of the 19th century in Schabje and neighboring villages, opryshky led by M. Shtoliuk operated. During the [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), battles between [Austrians](/wiki/Austrians "Austrians") and [Russians](/wiki/Russians "Russians") took place in the vicinity of Schabje and other villages. Many [Hutsuls](/wiki/Hutsuls "Hutsuls") fought in the [Austro\-Hungarian Army](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army "Austro-Hungarian Army"), especially in the [Ukrainian Sich riflemen's legion](/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen "Ukrainian Sich Riflemen"). In April 1920, a peasant uprising took place (named "Hutsul Uprising"), which was suppressed by the Polish authorities. A memorial sign was erected to the participants of the [Hutsul Uprising](/wiki/Hutsul_Uprising_%281920%29 "Hutsul Uprising (1920)") of 1920\. From 1921 to 1939, Żabie was part of the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic"). On April 1, 1928, the hamlets (hamlets) of Dzembronya, Bystrets, Zelene, and Yavirnyk were removed from the commune (community) of Żabie, and the self\-governing administrative commune of Dzembronya was formed from them.[Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 21 lutego 1928 r. o utworzeniu gminy wiejskiej Dzembronia w powiecie kosowskim, województwie stanisławowskiem.](http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU19280280263) {{in lang\|pl}} On September 17, 1939, based on the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact"), Soviet troops [occupied](/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Eastern_Galicia_and_Volhynia "Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia") the territory of [Eastern Galicia](/wiki/Eastern_Galicia "Eastern Galicia"). Zabie. ante 1914 (7239611\) (cropped).jpg\|View of the town, before 1914 Czarnohora \- Zabie \- widok ogolny 1939 (82402485\) (cropped).jpg\|General view of the town, 1939 Zabie \- parterowe budynki przy drodze. ante 1939 (82053453\) (cropped).jpg\|Buildings by the road, before 1939 Zabie slupiejska cerkiew 1930\-1939 (61782408\) (cropped).jpg\|Orthodox church. 1930\-1939 Zabie \- gmach Muzeum Huculskiego 1938 (679535\) (cropped).jpg\|Th Hutsul Museum, 1938 Huculi z Zabiego post 1932 (48548046\) (cropped).jpg\|Hutsuls from Żabie, after 1932 Orszak huculski ante 1932 (93336671\) (cropped).jpg\|Hutsuls, before 1932 Petro Chomyn trombitasz! huculski w Zabiem 1936\-1938 (44305436\) (cropped).jpg\|Hutsul Petro Chomyn playing the \[\[trembita]] On June 12, 2020, Verkhovyna became the administrative center of the [Verkhovyna settlement hromada](/wiki/Verkhovyna_settlement_hromada "Verkhovyna settlement hromada").{{Cite web \|title\=Верховинська територіальна громада \|trans\-title\=Verkhovyna territorial hromada \|url\=https://decentralization.gov.ua/newgromada/3974 \|access\-date\=16 April 2023 \|website\=decentralization.gov.ua \|language\=uk}} Until 26 January 2024, Verkhovyna was designated [urban\-type settlement](/wiki/Urban-type_settlement "Urban-type settlement"). On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Verkhovyna became a rural settlement.{{cite news \|title\=Что изменится в Украине с 1 января \|url\=https://glavnoe.in.ua/ru/novosti/chto\-yzmenytsya\-v\-ukrayne\-s\-1\-yanvarya \|work\=glavnoe.in.ua \|lang\=ru\| date\=1 January 2024}}
[ "History\n-------", "The first written mention of the [settlement](/wiki/Urban-type_settlement \"Urban-type settlement\") dates back to 1424: on August 17, Żabie was mentioned in a deed of Grand Duke [Švitrigaila](/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila \"Švitrigaila\").[Акты, относящиеся к истории Южной и Западной России, собранные и изданные Археографической комиссией: \\[В 15\\-ти т.]](http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/3658-t-1-1361-1598-spb-1863#mode/inspect/page/18/zoom/6) — СПб. : Тип. Эдуарда Праца, 1863\\. — Т. 1 : 1361—1598\\. — С. 8\\.", "The [Opryshky movement](/wiki/Highwayman \"Highwayman\"){{cite web \\|title\\=Opryshky movement in the Carpathians \\|url\\=http://wiki\\-carpathians.com/history/opryshky\\-carpathians/ \\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=Wiki Carpathians}} was a peculiar form of struggle and a manifestation of the spontaneous protest of the peasantry against the current system under the [Polish\\-Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\"). Many residents of Żabie were active in the detachments of [Oleksa Dovbush](/wiki/Oleksa_Dovbush \"Oleksa Dovbush\"), [Pintea the Brave](/wiki/Pintea_the_Brave \"Pintea the Brave\"), Ivan Boichuk, Vasyl Baiurak, etc.", "In 1772, as a result of the [First Partition of the Polish\\-Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland \"First Partition of Poland\") between the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\"), and the [Archduchy of Austria](/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria \"Archduchy of Austria\"), the lands of the current [Verkhovyna Raion](/wiki/Verkhovyna_Raion \"Verkhovyna Raion\") entered Austria. Meetings of [viche](/wiki/Veche \"Veche\") became a mass phenomenon among the highlanders. In the first half of the 19th century in Schabje and neighboring villages, opryshky led by M. Shtoliuk operated.", "During the [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), battles between [Austrians](/wiki/Austrians \"Austrians\") and [Russians](/wiki/Russians \"Russians\") took place in the vicinity of Schabje and other villages. Many [Hutsuls](/wiki/Hutsuls \"Hutsuls\") fought in the [Austro\\-Hungarian Army](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army \"Austro-Hungarian Army\"), especially in the [Ukrainian Sich riflemen's legion](/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen \"Ukrainian Sich Riflemen\").", "In April 1920, a peasant uprising took place (named \"Hutsul Uprising\"), which was suppressed by the Polish authorities. A memorial sign was erected to the participants of the [Hutsul Uprising](/wiki/Hutsul_Uprising_%281920%29 \"Hutsul Uprising (1920)\") of 1920\\.", "From 1921 to 1939, Żabie was part of the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\"). On April 1, 1928, the hamlets (hamlets) of Dzembronya, Bystrets, Zelene, and Yavirnyk were removed from the commune (community) of Żabie, and the self\\-governing administrative commune of Dzembronya was formed from them.[Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 21 lutego 1928 r. o utworzeniu gminy wiejskiej Dzembronia w powiecie kosowskim, województwie stanisławowskiem.](http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU19280280263) {{in lang\\|pl}} On September 17, 1939, based on the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact \"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact\"), Soviet troops [occupied](/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Eastern_Galicia_and_Volhynia \"Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia\") the territory of [Eastern Galicia](/wiki/Eastern_Galicia \"Eastern Galicia\").", "", "Zabie. ante 1914 (7239611\\) (cropped).jpg\\|View of the town, before 1914\nCzarnohora \\- Zabie \\- widok ogolny 1939 (82402485\\) (cropped).jpg\\|General view of the town, 1939\nZabie \\- parterowe budynki przy drodze. ante 1939 (82053453\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Buildings by the road, before 1939\nZabie slupiejska cerkiew 1930\\-1939 (61782408\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Orthodox church. 1930\\-1939\nZabie \\- gmach Muzeum Huculskiego 1938 (679535\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Th Hutsul Museum, 1938\nHuculi z Zabiego post 1932 (48548046\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Hutsuls from Żabie, after 1932\nOrszak huculski ante 1932 (93336671\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Hutsuls, before 1932\nPetro Chomyn trombitasz! huculski w Zabiem 1936\\-1938 (44305436\\) (cropped).jpg\\|Hutsul Petro Chomyn playing the \\[\\[trembita]]", "", "On June 12, 2020, Verkhovyna became the administrative center of the [Verkhovyna settlement hromada](/wiki/Verkhovyna_settlement_hromada \"Verkhovyna settlement hromada\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Верховинська територіальна громада \\|trans\\-title\\=Verkhovyna territorial hromada \\|url\\=https://decentralization.gov.ua/newgromada/3974 \\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2023 \\|website\\=decentralization.gov.ua \\|language\\=uk}}", "Until 26 January 2024, Verkhovyna was designated [urban\\-type settlement](/wiki/Urban-type_settlement \"Urban-type settlement\"). On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Verkhovyna became a rural settlement.{{cite news \\|title\\=Что изменится в Украине с 1 января \\|url\\=https://glavnoe.in.ua/ru/novosti/chto\\-yzmenytsya\\-v\\-ukrayne\\-s\\-1\\-yanvarya \\|work\\=glavnoe.in.ua \\|lang\\=ru\\| date\\=1 January 2024}}", "" ]
Dumbadze and Black hundreds --------------------------- After the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_%281905%29 "Russian Revolution (1905)") of 1905 Dumbadze actively participated in the tumultuous events of the political life of Russia. Among the entire spectrum of political movements and parties the greatest sympathy shown by Dumbadze was aimed towards the [Black Hundreds](/wiki/Black_Hundreds "Black Hundreds"). In the eve of 1907 Christmas, on {{OldStyleDate\|January 5\|1907\|December 23\|1906}} Dumbadze reserved "*Rossiya*" ("Russia"), one of the best hotels of Yalta, for a congress and a celebration of the "Union of Genuinely Russian people" ("*Союз истинно\-русских людей*"), the extremist nationalist organization. As a head of the city administration, Dumbadze ordered the local police (as the «Russian Word» newspaper noted, „*in corpore*”, Lat. „in full staff”) and security to ensure the full protection of this gathering. Dumbadze also addressed the mob with a speech. As soon as "Union of Russian People" (URP), the largest Black Hundredists organization in Russia was instituted, Dumbadze established close ties with them. On {{OldStyleDate\|September 14\|1907\|1}} the local organization of URP solemnly presented Dumbadze with a badge of membership.{{cite book\| author\=Don C. Rawson\| year\=1995\| title\=Russian rightists and the revolution of 1905\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=uTWhLlgurlIC\&q\=Dumbadze\|pages\=150, 151\| publisher\=Cambridge University Press\| isbn\=9780521483865}} After that Dumbadze consistently patronized URP, providing all kinds of support including administrative pressure while imposing the distribution of their promotional materials. Antisemitism, a specific feature of URP found deep appreciation and support from Dumbadze. He imposed on the inhabitants of Yalta the obligatory reading of the Black Hundreds' newspapers. Among them «Veche» («Вече») which daily carried a slogan "Get out, Kikes! — Russia is coming!" («Прочь жиды — Русь идёт»), this was replaced on {{OldStyleDate\|October 16\|1908\|8}} with "The Kikes must be necessarily deported from Russia" («Жиды должны быть выселены из России обязательно»). These antisemitic appeals, bullying and unequivocal support for pogroms continued in the public life of the city. After a trip to Crimea Pyotr Stolypin told N. A. Khomyakov (the Chairman of the III Duma in 1907\-1910\) a touching story about their children singing in a choir offensive antisemitic ditties about O. Ya. Pergament — baptized Jew, a lawyer and a mathematician, a deputy of the same Third Duma:{{cite book\|author\=Кац, А.С. (Alexander Katz)\|orig\-year\=1995\|title\=Великие противостояния\|trans\-title\=Great confrontations\|series\=Евреи. Христианство. Россия. От пророков до генсеков\|chapter\-url\=http://www.exp\-kats.spb.ru/zar\-24\.htm\|chapter\=24\. Царь и Дума\|year\=2006\|edition\=3rd\|access\-date\=2011\-02\-16\|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102140833/http://www.exp\-kats.spb.ru/zar\-24\.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} {{verse translation\|lang\=ru \|2 \= Kike Pergament sneaked into the Parliament, Should have better sat at home, waiting for a pogrom. \|1 \= Жид Пергамент попал в парламент Сидел бы дома, ждал погрома. \|attr1 \= ''From:'' Кац, А. С.\[http://www.exp\-kats.spb.ru/zar\-24\.htm Евреи. Христианство. Россия.] }} N. S. Mishchenko, a deputy chairman of the Kiev provincial Department of URP assessed Dumbadze activities within the context of his party in the most laudatory expressions: {{Quote\|text\=Had Russia... two or three more like General Dumbadze, the entire Jewish alien revolution would have been uprooted, and all the judaizing ({{lang\-ru\|"жидовствующие"}}) Russians would have bowed afront the sacred banner of the Union of Russian People. \|sign\=Brock, John Joseph.\|source\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=xEoWAQAAIAAJ\&q\=Dubrovin\+Dumbadze\&dq\=Dubrovin\+Dumbadze\&hl\=en The theory and practice of the Union of the Russian People, 1905\-1907]}} According to [American Jewish Year Book](/wiki/American_Jewish_Year_Book "American Jewish Year Book"), in August 1915 Dumbadze denied having anti\-Jewish sentiments[JULY 1, 1914, TO MAY 31, 1915](http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1915_1916_4_YearReview.pdf) P. 59\. The world notorious fame came to General Dumbadze in 1909 when he provided the concealment of justice to [Alexander Dubrovin](/wiki/Alexander_Dubrovin "Alexander Dubrovin"), a leader of the [Union of the Russian People](/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People "Union of the Russian People") (URP). On {{OldStyleDate\|July 31\|1906\|18}} in [Terijoki](/wiki/Terijoki "Terijoki"), (now [Zelenogorsk](/wiki/Zelenogorsk "Zelenogorsk")) the deputy of the I State Duma, [Mikhail Herzenstein](/wiki/Mikhail_Herzenstein "Mikhail Herzenstein") was assassinated. Investigators got evidences that the murder was organized by Yushkevich\-Kraskovsky, an assistant of Dubrovin. Yushkevich\-Kraskovsky worked with the killers directly at the office of URP in [Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg"), where he gave them photos of a targeted victim, money etc. Russian authorities have actively resisted the investigation and the trial (although being a constituent part of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), the [Grand Duchy of Finland](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland "Grand Duchy of Finland") was autonomous in its internal affairs and judicial proceedings). So when a Finnish court subpoenaed Dubrovin had to Terioki Dumbadze subpoenaed to testify as a witness, Dumbadze immediately gave him a refuge in his house in Yalta. This house was located on the territory of Livadia Palace, a summer residence of the tzar, guarded by security, headed by Dumbadze himself.{{cite journal \|first\=Iain \|last\=Lauchlan \|title\=The Accidental Terrorist. Okhrana Connections to the Extreme\-Right and the Attempt to Assassinate Sergei Witte in 1907 \|journal\=Revolutionary Russia \|url\=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/1893/1415/1/at09%5B1%5D.pdf \|volume\=14 \|edition\=Revolutionary Russia \|date\=Dec 2001 \|issue\=2 \|page\=16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084748/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/1893/1415/1/at09%5B1%5D.pdf \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-18 \|doi\=10\.1080/09546540108575738 \|url\-status\=dead \|hdl\=1893/1415 \|s2cid\=145372659 \|access\-date\=2017\-11\-18 \|hdl\-access\=free }}, p.17 All the attempts to bring Dubrovin to the trial failed. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* wrote on these days: {{Quote\|text\=But Dr. Dubrovin, the head of the criminal organization, is enjoying the sea breezes of Crimea, where he is protected by Governor General Dumbadze, a little distance away from Livadia, where the Czar is now spending his summer. \|sign\=Herman Bernstein\|source\=\[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/09/19/106721867\.pdf The New York Times], September 19, 1909}}
[ "Dumbadze and Black hundreds\n---------------------------", "After the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_%281905%29 \"Russian Revolution (1905)\") of 1905 Dumbadze actively participated in the tumultuous events of the political life of Russia. Among the entire spectrum of political movements and parties the greatest sympathy shown by Dumbadze was aimed towards the [Black Hundreds](/wiki/Black_Hundreds \"Black Hundreds\").", "In the eve of 1907 Christmas, on {{OldStyleDate\\|January 5\\|1907\\|December 23\\|1906}} Dumbadze reserved \"*Rossiya*\" (\"Russia\"), one of the best hotels of Yalta, for a congress and a celebration of the \"Union of Genuinely Russian people\" (\"*Союз истинно\\-русских людей*\"), the extremist nationalist organization. As a head of the city administration, Dumbadze ordered the local police (as the «Russian Word» newspaper noted, „*in corpore*”, Lat. „in full staff”) and security to ensure the full protection of this gathering. Dumbadze also addressed the mob with a speech.", "As soon as \"Union of Russian People\" (URP), the largest Black Hundredists organization in Russia was instituted, Dumbadze established close ties with them. On {{OldStyleDate\\|September 14\\|1907\\|1}} the local organization of URP solemnly presented Dumbadze with a badge of membership.{{cite book\\| author\\=Don C. Rawson\\| year\\=1995\\| title\\=Russian rightists and the revolution of 1905\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=uTWhLlgurlIC\\&q\\=Dumbadze\\|pages\\=150, 151\\| publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\| isbn\\=9780521483865}} After that Dumbadze consistently patronized URP, providing all kinds of support including administrative pressure while imposing the distribution of their promotional materials.", "Antisemitism, a specific feature of URP found deep appreciation and support from Dumbadze. He imposed on the inhabitants of Yalta the obligatory reading of the Black Hundreds' newspapers. Among them «Veche» («Вече») which daily carried a slogan \"Get out, Kikes! — Russia is coming!\" («Прочь жиды — Русь идёт»), this was replaced on {{OldStyleDate\\|October 16\\|1908\\|8}} with \"The Kikes must be necessarily deported from Russia\" («Жиды должны быть выселены из России обязательно»). These antisemitic appeals, bullying and unequivocal support for pogroms continued in the public life of the city. After a trip to Crimea Pyotr Stolypin told N. A. Khomyakov (the Chairman of the III Duma in 1907\\-1910\\) a touching story about their children singing in a choir offensive antisemitic ditties about O. Ya. Pergament — baptized Jew, a lawyer and a mathematician, a deputy of the same Third Duma:{{cite book\\|author\\=Кац, А.С. (Alexander Katz)\\|orig\\-year\\=1995\\|title\\=Великие противостояния\\|trans\\-title\\=Great confrontations\\|series\\=Евреи. Христианство. Россия. От пророков до генсеков\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.exp\\-kats.spb.ru/zar\\-24\\.htm\\|chapter\\=24\\. Царь и Дума\\|year\\=2006\\|edition\\=3rd\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-16\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102140833/http://www.exp\\-kats.spb.ru/zar\\-24\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n{{verse translation\\|lang\\=ru\n\\|2 \\= Kike Pergament \nsneaked into the Parliament, \nShould have better sat at home, \nwaiting for a pogrom.\n\\|1 \\= Жид Пергамент \nпопал в парламент \nСидел бы дома, \nждал погрома.\n\\|attr1 \\= ''From:'' Кац, А. С.\\[http://www.exp\\-kats.spb.ru/zar\\-24\\.htm Евреи. Христианство. Россия.]\n}}\nN. S. Mishchenko, a deputy chairman of the Kiev provincial Department of URP assessed Dumbadze activities within the context of his party in the most laudatory expressions:\n{{Quote\\|text\\=Had Russia... two or three more like General Dumbadze, the entire Jewish alien revolution would have been uprooted, and all the judaizing ({{lang\\-ru\\|\"жидовствующие\"}}) Russians would have bowed afront the sacred banner of the Union of Russian People. \n\\|sign\\=Brock, John Joseph.\\|source\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xEoWAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=Dubrovin\\+Dumbadze\\&dq\\=Dubrovin\\+Dumbadze\\&hl\\=en The theory and practice of the Union of the Russian People, 1905\\-1907]}}", "According to [American Jewish Year Book](/wiki/American_Jewish_Year_Book \"American Jewish Year Book\"), in August 1915 Dumbadze denied having anti\\-Jewish sentiments[JULY 1, 1914, TO MAY 31, 1915](http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1915_1916_4_YearReview.pdf) P. 59\\.", "The world notorious fame came to General Dumbadze in 1909 when he provided the concealment of justice to [Alexander Dubrovin](/wiki/Alexander_Dubrovin \"Alexander Dubrovin\"), a leader of the [Union of the Russian People](/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People \"Union of the Russian People\") (URP). On {{OldStyleDate\\|July 31\\|1906\\|18}} in [Terijoki](/wiki/Terijoki \"Terijoki\"), (now [Zelenogorsk](/wiki/Zelenogorsk \"Zelenogorsk\")) the deputy of the I State Duma, [Mikhail Herzenstein](/wiki/Mikhail_Herzenstein \"Mikhail Herzenstein\") was assassinated. Investigators got evidences that the murder was organized by Yushkevich\\-Kraskovsky, an assistant of Dubrovin. Yushkevich\\-Kraskovsky worked with the killers directly at the office of URP in [Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\"), where he gave them photos of a targeted victim, money etc.", "Russian authorities have actively resisted the investigation and the trial (although being a constituent part of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), the [Grand Duchy of Finland](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland \"Grand Duchy of Finland\") was autonomous in its internal affairs and judicial proceedings). So when a Finnish court subpoenaed Dubrovin had to Terioki Dumbadze subpoenaed to testify as a witness, Dumbadze immediately gave him a refuge in his house in Yalta. This house was located on the territory of Livadia Palace, a summer residence of the tzar, guarded by security, headed by Dumbadze himself.{{cite journal \\|first\\=Iain \\|last\\=Lauchlan \\|title\\=The Accidental Terrorist. Okhrana Connections to the Extreme\\-Right and the Attempt to Assassinate Sergei Witte in 1907 \\|journal\\=Revolutionary Russia \\|url\\=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/1893/1415/1/at09%5B1%5D.pdf \\|volume\\=14 \\|edition\\=Revolutionary Russia \\|date\\=Dec 2001 \\|issue\\=2 \\|page\\=16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084748/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/1893/1415/1/at09%5B1%5D.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-18 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09546540108575738 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|hdl\\=1893/1415 \\|s2cid\\=145372659 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-18 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}, p.17", "All the attempts to bring Dubrovin to the trial failed. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* wrote on these days:", "{{Quote\\|text\\=But Dr. Dubrovin, the head of the criminal organization, is enjoying the sea breezes of Crimea, where he is protected by Governor General Dumbadze, a little distance away from Livadia, where the Czar is now spending his summer. \n\\|sign\\=Herman Bernstein\\|source\\=\\[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/09/19/106721867\\.pdf The New York Times], September 19, 1909}}", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|The hart sculpture](/wiki/File:Hart_sculpture_at_the_Hartlepool_Marina_car_park_%28geograph_4745816%29.jpg "Hart sculpture at the Hartlepool Marina car park (geograph 4745816).jpg") The place name derives from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English "Old English") *heort* ("[hart](/wiki/Hart_%28animal%29 "Hart (animal)")"), referring to [stags](/wiki/Stag "Stag") seen, and *pōl* ([pool](/wiki/Stream_pool "Stream pool")), a pool of drinking water which they were known to use.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.localhistories.org/hartlepool.html\|title\=A brief history of Hartlepool\|first\=Tim\|last\=Lambert\|publisher\=localhistories.org\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615062502/http://localhistories.org/hartlepool.html\|archive\-date\=15 June 2010\|access\-date\=8 June 2010}} Records of the place\-name from early sources confirm this: * 649: *Heretu, or Hereteu*. * 1017: *Herterpol, or Hertelpolle*. * 1182: *Hierdepol*. ### Town on the heugh {{see also\|Headland, Hartlepool}} A [Northumbrian](/wiki/Northumbria "Northumbria") settlement developed in the 7th century around [an abbey](/wiki/Hartlepool_Abbey "Hartlepool Abbey") founded in 640 by [Saint Aidan](/wiki/Saint_Aidan "Saint Aidan") (an Irish Christian priest) upon a headland overlooking a natural harbour and the North Sea. The monastery became powerful under [St Hilda](/wiki/St_Hilda "St Hilda"), who served as its [abbess](/wiki/Abbess "Abbess") from 649 to 657\. The 8th\-century [Northumbrian](/wiki/Northumbria "Northumbria") chronicler [Bede](/wiki/Bede "Bede") referred to the spot on which today's town is sited as "the place where deer come to drink", and in this period the Headland was named by the [Angles](/wiki/Angles_%28tribe%29 "Angles (tribe)") as *Heruteu* (*Stag Island*). Archaeological evidence has been found below the current high tide mark that indicates that an ancient post\-[glacial](/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period "Last Glacial Period") forest by the sea existed in the area at the time.'England's North East' website, {{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Hartlepool.html\|title\=History of Hartlepool\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815115125/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Hartlepool.html\|archive\-date\=15 August 2009\|access\-date\=2008\-11\-11}} The Abbey fell into decline in the early 8th century, and it was probably destroyed during a sea raid by [Vikings](/wiki/Vikings "Vikings") on the settlement in the 9th century.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.history.uk.com/history/hartlepool\-brief\-history/\|title\=Hartlepool – a brief history\|publisher\=History UK\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923075209/http://www.history.uk.com/history/hartlepool\-brief\-history/\|archive\-date\=23 September 2010\|access\-date\=8 June 2010}} In March 2000, the archaeological investigation television programme *[Time Team](/wiki/Time_Team "Time Team")* located the foundations of the lost monastery in the grounds of St Hilda's Church.[Channel 4 – *Time Team*](http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/archive/2000hart.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104210714/http://www.channel4\.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/archive/2000hart.html\|date\=4 November 2010}} In the early 11th century, the name had evolved into *Herterpol*. ### Hartness {{see also\|Hart, County Durham\|Billingham}} During the Norman Conquest, the De Brus family gained over\-lordship of the land surrounding Hartlepool. [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror "William the Conqueror") subsequently ordered the construction of [Durham Castle](/wiki/Durham_Castle "Durham Castle"), and the villages under their rule were mentioned in records in 1153 when [Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale](/wiki/Robert_de_Brus%2C_1st_Lord_of_Annandale "Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale") became [Lord of Hartness](/wiki/Lord_of_Hartness "Lord of Hartness"). The town's first charter was received before 1185, for which it gained its first mayor, an annual two\-week fair and a weekly market. The [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest "Norman Conquest") affected the settlement's name to form the [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English "Middle English") *Hart\-le\-pool* ("The Pool of the Stags").'This is Hartlepool', 'Where the name of Hartlepool came from' {{cite web\|url\=http://www.thisishartlepool.co.uk/history/hartlepoolname.asp\|title\=Where the name Hartlepool came from\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529110337/http://www.thisishartlepool.co.uk/history/hartlepoolname.asp\|archive\-date\=29 May 2016\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-07}} By the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), Hartlepool was growing into an important (though still small) market town. One of the reasons for its escalating wealth was that its harbour was serving as the official port of the [County Palatine of Durham](/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham "County Palatine of Durham"). The main industry of the town at this time was fishing, and Hartlepool in this period established itself as one of the primary ports upon England's Eastern coast. In 1306, [Robert the Bruce](/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce "Robert the Bruce") was crowned [King of Scotland](/wiki/King_of_Scotland "King of Scotland"), and became the last Lord of Hartness. Angered, [King Edward I](/wiki/King_Edward_I "King Edward I") confiscated the title to Hartlepool, and began to improve the town's military defences in expectation of war. In 1315, before they were completed, a Scottish army under [Sir James Douglas](/wiki/James_Douglas%2C_Lord_of_Douglas "James Douglas, Lord of Douglas") attacked, captured and looted the town.[Fraser, W. *Douglas Book* vol i, p130](https://archive.org/stream/douglasbook01fras#page/439/mode/2up) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111073505/http://www.archive.org/stream/douglasbook01fras\|date\=11 November 2012}} In the late 15th century, a pier was constructed to assist in the harbour's workload.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.british\-history.ac.uk/vch/durham/vol3/pp263\-285 \| title\=Parishes: Hartlepool \| British History Online }} ### Garrison [thumb\|The defensive walls around Old Hartlepool](/wiki/File:Fish_Sands_and_Sandwell_Gate%2C_Hartlepool_Headland_%28geograph_1647257%29.jpg "Fish Sands and Sandwell Gate, Hartlepool Headland (geograph 1647257).jpg") Hartlepool was once again militarily occupied by a Scottish incursion, this time in alliance with the [Parliamentary Army](/wiki/Parliamentary_Army "Parliamentary Army") during the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War"), which after 18 months was relieved by an English Parliamentarian garrison. In 1795, Hartlepool artillery emplacements and defences were constructed in the town as a defensive measure against the threat of French attack from seaborne Napoleonic forces. During the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War"), two coastal batteries were constructed close together in the town to guard against the threat of seaborne attacks from the [Imperial Russian Navy](/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy "Imperial Russian Navy"). They were entitled the *Lighthouse Battery* (1855\) and the *[Heugh Battery](/wiki/Heugh_Battery "Heugh Battery")* (1859\). Hartlepool in the 18th century became known as a town with medicinal springs, particularly the [Chalybeate](/wiki/Chalybeate "Chalybeate") Spa near the Westgate. The poet [Thomas Gray](/wiki/Thomas_Gray "Thomas Gray") visited the town in July 1765 to "take the waters", and wrote to his friend William Mason:{{Cite web \|title\=Thomas Gray Archive : Texts : Letters : Letter ID letters.0461 \|url\=https://www.thomasgray.org/cgi\-bin/display.cgi?text\=tgal0461 \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=www.thomasgray.org}} {{cquote\|I have been for two days to taste the water, and do assure you that nothing could be salter and bitterer and nastier and better for you... I am delighted with the place; there are the finest walks and rocks and caverns. }} A few weeks later, he wrote in greater detail to James Brown:{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thomasgray.org/cgi\-bin/display.cgi?text\=tgal0463\|title \= Thomas Gray Archive : Texts : Letters : Letter ID letters.0463}} {{cquote\|The rocks, the sea and the weather there more than made up to me the want of bread and the want of water, two capital defects, but of which I learned from the inhabitants not to be sensible. They live on the refuse of their own fish\-market, with a few potatoes, and a reasonable quantity of Geneva \[gin] six days in the week, and I have nowhere seen a taller, more robust or healthy race: every house full of ruddy broad\-faced children. Nobody dies but of drowning or old\-age: nobody poor but from drunkenness or mere laziness. }} ### Town by the strand {{further\|West Hartlepool}} By the early nineteenth century, Hartlepool was still a small town of around 900 people, with a declining port. In 1823, the council and [Board of Trade](/wiki/Board_of_Trade "Board of Trade") decided that the town needed new industry, so the decision was made to propose a new railway to make Hartlepool a coal port, shipping out minerals from the Durham [coalfield](/wiki/Coalfield "Coalfield"). It was in this endeavour that [Isambard Kingdom Brunel](/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel "Isambard Kingdom Brunel") visited the town in December 1831, and wrote: "A curiously isolated old fishing town – a remarkably fine race of men. Went to the top of the church tower for a view." But the plan faced local competition from new docks. {{convert\|25\|km\|mi}} to the north, the [Marquis of Londonderry](/wiki/Marquis_of_Londonderry "Marquis of Londonderry") had approved the creation of the new [Seaham Harbour](/wiki/Seaham_Harbour "Seaham Harbour") (opened 31 July 1831\), while to the south the [Clarence Railway](/wiki/Clarence_Railway "Clarence Railway") connected [Stockton\-on\-Tees](/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees "Stockton-on-Tees") and [Billingham](/wiki/Billingham "Billingham") to a new port at [Port Clarence](/wiki/Port_Clarence "Port Clarence") (opened 1833\). Further south again, in 1831 the [Stockton and Darlington Railway](/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway "Stockton and Darlington Railway") had extended into the new port of [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough "Middlesbrough"). The council agreed the formation of the [Hartlepool Dock and Railway Company](/wiki/York%2C_Newcastle_and_Berwick_Railway%23HD%26RCo "York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway#HD&RCo") (HD\&RCo) to extend the existing port by developing new docks, and link to both local collieries and the developing railway network in the south. In 1833, it was agreed that [Christopher Tennant](/wiki/Christopher_Tennant_%28businessman%29 "Christopher Tennant (businessman)") of [Yarm](/wiki/Yarm "Yarm") establish the HD\&RCo, having previously opened the Clarence Railway (CR). Tennant's plan was that the HD\&RCo would fund the creation of a new railway, the [Stockton and Hartlepool Railway](/wiki/Stockton_and_Hartlepool_Railway "Stockton and Hartlepool Railway"), which would take over the loss\-making CR and extended it north to the new dock, thereby linking to the Durham coalfield. After Tennant died, in 1839, the running of the HD\&RCo was taken over by Stockton\-on\-Tees solicitor, [Ralph Ward Jackson](/wiki/Ralph_Ward_Jackson "Ralph Ward Jackson"). But Jackson became frustrated at the planning restrictions placed on the old Hartlepool dock and surrounding area for access, so bought land which was mainly sand dunes to the south\-west, and established [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool "West Hartlepool"). Because Jackson was so successful at shipping coal from West Hartlepool through his [West Hartlepool Dock and Railway Company](/wiki/Clarence_Railway%23West_Hartlepool_Harbour_and_Railway "Clarence Railway#West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway") and, as technology developed, ships grew in size and scale, the new town would eventually dwarf the old town. The {{convert\|8\|acre\|ha\|adj\=on\|abbr\=off}} West Hartlepool Harbour and Dock opened on 1 June 1847\. On 1 June 1852, the {{convert\|14\|acre\|ha\|adj\=on\|abbr\=off}} Jackson Dock opened on the same day that a railway opened connecting West Hartlepool to [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds"), Manchester and [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"). This allowed the shipping of coal and wool products eastwards, and the shipping of fresh fish and raw fleeces westwards, enabling another growth spurt in the town. This in turn resulted in the opening of the Swainson Dock on 3 June 1856, named after Ward Jackson's father\-in\-law. In 1878, the William Gray \& Co shipyard in West Hartlepool achieved the distinction of launching the largest tonnage of any shipyard in the world, a feat to be repeated on a number of occasions.Lionel Alexander Ritchie, 'Gray, Sir William (1823–1898\)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [accessed 2 May 2011](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47529,) By 1881, old Hartlepool's population had grown from 993 to 12,361, but West Hartlepool had a population of 28,000\. [thumb\|Ward Jackson Park](/wiki/File:Ward_Jackson_Park_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_361499.jpg "Ward Jackson Park Pond - geograph.org.uk - 361499.jpg") Ward Jackson helped to plan the layout of West Hartlepool and was responsible for the first public buildings. He was also involved in the education and the welfare of the inhabitants. In the end, he was a victim of his own ambition to promote the town: accusations of shady financial dealings, and years of legal battles, left him in near\-poverty. He spent the last few years of his life in London, far away from the town he had created. ### World Wars **First** {{further\|Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby}} [thumb\|In Hartlepool near [Heugh Battery](/wiki/Heugh_Battery "Heugh Battery"), a plaque in [Redheugh Gardens War Memorial](/wiki/Redheugh_Gardens_War_Memorial "Redheugh Gardens War Memorial") "marks the place where the first ...(German shell) struck... (and) the first soldier was killed on British soil by enemy action in the Great War 1914–1918\."](/wiki/File:Memorial_to_the_first_British_soldier_killed_on_British_soil_during_the_Great_War_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429905.jpg "Memorial to the first British soldier killed on British soil during the Great War - geograph.org.uk - 429905.jpg") The area became heavily industrialised with an [ironworks](/wiki/Ironworks "Ironworks") (established in 1838\) and [shipyards](/wiki/Shipyard "Shipyard") in the docks (established in the 1870s). By 1913, no fewer than 43 ship\-owning companies were located in the town, with the responsibility for 236 ships. This made it a key target for Germany in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"). One of the first German offensives against Britain was a raid and bombardment by the [Imperial German Navy](/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy "Imperial German Navy") on the morning of 16 December 1914,{{cite web\|url\=http://home.bt.com/news/bt\-life/history\-of\-bt/how\-the\-german\-bombardment\-of\-scarborough\-and\-hartlepool\-affected\-communications\-on\-december\-16\-1914\-11364029161077\|title\=How the German bombardment of Scarborough and Hartlepool affected communications on December 16, 1914\|date\=16 December 2015\|access\-date\=2 February 2019}} Hartlepool was hit with a total of 1150 shells, killing 117 people. Two coastal defence batteries at Hartlepool returned fire, launching 143 shells, and damaging three German ships: [SMS *Seydlitz*](/wiki/SMS_Seydlitz "SMS Seydlitz"), [SMS *Moltke*](/wiki/SMS_Moltke "SMS Moltke") and [SMS *Blücher*](/wiki/SMS_Bl%C3%BCcher "SMS Blücher"). The Hartlepool engagement lasted roughly 50 minutes, and the coastal artillery defence was supported by the Royal Navy in the form of four destroyers, two light cruisers and a submarine, none of which had any significant impact on the German attackers. Private Theophilus Jones of the 18th Battalion [Durham Light Infantry](/wiki/Durham_Light_Infantry "Durham Light Infantry"), who fell as a result of this bombardment, is sometimes described as the first military casualty on British soil by enemy fire. {{cite web\|url\=http://www.wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/durhamlightinf18btn\-gw.php\|title\=18th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry\|publisher\=The Wartime Memories Project\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015102245/http://www.wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/durhamlightinf18btn\-gw.php\|archive\-date\=15 October 2012\|access\-date\=28 June 2012}} This event (the death of the first soldiers on British soil) is commemorated by the 1921 [Redheugh Gardens War Memorial](/wiki/Redheugh_Gardens_War_Memorial "Redheugh Gardens War Memorial") together with a plaque unveiled on the same day (seven years and one day after the East Coast Raid) at the spot on the Headland (the memorial by Philip Bennison{{cite web\|url\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\-432718\-war\-memorial\-in\-redheugh\-gardens\-hartlep/photos\|title\=War Memorial in Redheugh Gardens, Headland, Hartlepool\|last\=Stuff\|first\=Good\|website\=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013302/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\-432718\-war\-memorial\-in\-redheugh\-gardens\-hartlep/photos\|archive\-date\=24 November 2011}} illustrates four soldiers on one of four [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche "Cartouche") and the plaque, donated by a member of the public, refers to the 'first soldier' but gives no name). A living history group, the Hartlepool Military Heritage Memorial Society, portray men of that unit for educational and memorial purposes. Hartlepudlians voluntarily subscribed more money per head to the war effort than any other town in Britain.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hartlepoolsmaritimeexperience.com/?p\=The\+Museum\+of\+Hartlepool\&s\=A\+brief\+history\+of\+Hartlepool\|title\=Hartlepool's Maritime Experience\|last\=Council\|first\=Hartlepool\|website\=hartlepoolsmaritimeexperience.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930151930/http://www.hartlepoolsmaritimeexperience.com/?p\=The\+Museum\+of\+Hartlepool\&s\=A\+brief\+history\+of\+Hartlepool\|archive\-date\=30 September 2011}} **Between** On 4 January 1922, a fire starting in a timber yard left 80 people homeless and caused over £1,000,000 of damage.{{cite web \|title\=Timber Yard Fire 1922 \|url\=http://www.thisishartlepool.co.uk/history/timber\-yard\-fire\-1922\.asp \|website\=thisishartlepool.co.uk \|access\-date\=23 February 2022}}{{cite web \|title\=The Timber Yard Fire of 1922 \|url\=https://www.hhtandn.org/notes/1333/the\-timber\-yard\-fire\-of\-1922 \|website\=hhtandn.org \|access\-date\=23 February 2022}} Hartlepool suffered badly in the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") of the 1930s and endured high unemployment. **Second** Unemployment decreased during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), with shipbuilding and steel\-making industries enjoying a renaissance. Most of its output for the war effort were "[Empire Ships](/wiki/Empire_Ships "Empire Ships")". German bombers raided the town 43 times, though, compared to the previous war, civilian losses were lighter with 26 deaths recorded by Hartlepool Municipal Borough{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cwgc.org/find\-a\-cemetery/cemetery/4004006/HARTLEPOOL,%20MUNICIPAL%20BOROUGH\|title\=Cemetery Details \| CWGC\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041006/http://www.cwgc.org/find\-a\-cemetery/cemetery/4004006/HARTLEPOOL,%20MUNICIPAL%20BOROUGH\|archive\-date\=1 November 2016\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-31}} CWGC Civilian Casualty record, Hartlepool Municipal Borough. and 49 by West Hartlepool Borough.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cwgc.org/find\-a\-cemetery/cemetery/4003996/WEST%20HARTLEPOOL,%20COUNTY%20BOROUGH\|title\=Cemetery Details \| CWGC\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101746/http://www.cwgc.org/find\-a\-cemetery/cemetery/4003996/WEST%20HARTLEPOOL,%20COUNTY%20BOROUGH\|archive\-date\=1 November 2016\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-31}} CWGC Civilian Casualty record, West Hartlepool County Borough. During the Second World War, [RAF Greatham](/wiki/RAF_Greatham "RAF Greatham") (also known as RAF West Hartlepool) was located on the South [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation "British Steel Corporation") Works. ### The merge [right\|thumb\|[Hartlepool Borough Hall](/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Hall "Hartlepool Borough Hall") on the heugh](/wiki/File:Hartlepool_Borough_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1606381.jpg "Hartlepool Borough Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1606381.jpg") In 1891, the two towns had a combined population of 64,000\. By 1900, the two Hartlepools were, together, one of the three busiest ports in England.The Independent (London) 23 February 1992, Sunday Britain 1992 / The view from Wall Street ; British society is mired in class\-consciousness, apathy and under\-achievement. The future looks bleak. This is how Tony Horwitz of 'The Wall Street Journal' presented us to the world this month. It is an outsider's view, with a message that cuts across party politics p3 The modern town represents a joining of "Old Hartlepool", locally known as the "Headland", and [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool "West Hartlepool"). As already mentioned, what was [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool "West Hartlepool") became the larger town and both were formally unified in 1967\. Today the term "West Hartlepool" is rarely heard outside the context of sport, but one of the town's [Rugby Union](/wiki/Rugby_Union "Rugby Union") teams still retains the name. The name of the town's professional football club reflected both boroughs; when it was formed in 1908, following the success of West Hartlepool in winning the FA Amateur Cup in 1905, it was called "Hartlepools United" in the hope of attracting support from both towns. When the boroughs combined in 1967, the club renamed itself "Hartlepool" before re\-renaming itself [Hartlepool United](/wiki/Hartlepool_United "Hartlepool United") in the 1970s. Many fans of the club still refer to the team as "Pools" ### Postwar period [thumb\|left\|1962 chart of Hartlepool and the Bay, showing the infrastructure before the closure of the steel works and the filling\-in of several of the docks](/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_1628_Hartlepool_Bay%2C_Published_1962.jpg "Admiralty Chart No 1628 Hartlepool Bay, Published 1962.jpg") [thumb\|2021 Map of Hartlepool](/wiki/File:OSM_Hartlepool.png "OSM Hartlepool.png") After the war, industry went into a severe decline. *Blanchland*, the last ship to be constructed in Hartlepool, left the slips in 1961\. In 1967, Betty James wrote how "if I had the luck to live anywhere in the North East \[of England]...I would live near Hartlepool. If I had the luck".A kingdom by the sea : an exploration of Northumberland, Durham and the North Riding of Yorkshire James, Betty. p95 There was a boost to the retail sector in 1970 when [Middleton Grange Shopping Centre](/wiki/Middleton_Grange_Shopping_Centre "Middleton Grange Shopping Centre") was opened by [Princess Anne](/wiki/Anne%2C_Princess_Royal "Anne, Princess Royal"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/hotel\-on\-sale\-to\-test\-the\-market\-1\-4502108\|title\=Hotel on sale to 'test the market'\|website\=hartlepoolmail.co.uk\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528012216/http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/hotel\-on\-sale\-to\-test\-the\-market\-1\-4502108\|archive\-date\=28 May 2015}} with over 130 new shops including [Marks \& Spencer](/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer "Marks & Spencer") and [Woolworths](/wiki/Woolworths_Group_plc "Woolworths Group plc"). Before the shopping centre was opened, the old town centre was located around Lynn Street, but most of the shops and the market had moved to a new shopping centre by 1974\. Most of Lynn Street had by then been demolished to make way for a new housing estate. Only the north end of the street remains, now called Lynn Street North. This is where the Hartlepool Borough Council depot was based (alongside the Focus DIY store) until it moved to the marina in August 2006\. In 1977, the [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation "British Steel Corporation") announced the closure of its Hartlepool steelworks with the loss of 1500 jobs.The Times 13 December 1977 p23 In the 1980s, the area was afflicted with extremely high levels of unemployment, at its peak consisting of 30 per cent of the town's working\-age population, the highest in the United Kingdom.Hartlepool to lose 630 steel jobs (News) The Times Saturday, 15 January 1983; pg. 1; Issue 61431; col C 630 jobs at British Steel were lost in 1983, and a total of 10,000 jobs were lost from the town in the economic de\-industrialization of England's former Northern manufacturing heartlands.The Independent (London) 23 February 1992, Sunday Britain 1992 / The view from here: Hatchet job only half the story; Peter Mandelson, Labour's prospective parliamentary candidate for Hartlepool, defends the town's image Between 1983 and 1999, the town lacked a cinema and areas of it became afflicted with the societal hallmarks of endemic economic poverty: [urban decay](/wiki/Urban_decay "Urban decay"), high crime levels, [drug](/wiki/Narcotics "Narcotics") and alcohol dependency being prevalent. Docks near the centre were redeveloped and reopened by [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II") in 1993 as a marina.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside\-news/duke\-edinburgh\-hartlepool\-lookback\-visits\-20354783\.amp\|title\=Duke of Edinburgh in Hartlepool \- a lookback at his visits to the town\|date\=9 April 2021 \|access\-date\=8 July 2022}} The accompanying [National Museum of the Royal Navy](/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Royal_Navy%2C_Hartlepool "National Museum of the Royal Navy, Hartlepool") opened in 1994, then known as the Hartlepool Historic Quay.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/heritage\-and\-retro/retro/15\-pictures\-of\-historic\-quay\-fun\-1886266?amp\|title\=From belly dancing to royal visits: 15 pictures of Hartlepool's Historic Quay and HMS Trincomalee\|date\=23 February 2020 \|access\-date\=8 July 2022}} A development corporation is under consultation until August 2022 to organise projects, with the [town's fund](/wiki/Government_spending_in_the_United_Kingdom "Government spending in the United Kingdom") given to the town and other funds. Plans would be (if the corporation is formed) focused on the railway station, waterfront (including the Royal Navy Museum and a new leisure centre){{cite web\|url\=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside\-news/plans\-multi\-million\-pound\-leisure\-24583884\.amp\|title\=Plans for multi\-million pound leisure centre look set to be approved\|date\=25 July 2022 \|access\-date\=25 July 2022}} and [Church Street](/wiki/A178_road "A178 road"). Northern School of Art also has funds for a TV and film studios.{{cite web\|url\=https://planetradio.co.uk/tfm/local/news/ben\-houchen\-reveals\-new\-plan\-to\-transform\-centre\-of\-hartlepool/\|title\=Ben Houchen reveals new plan to transform centre of Hartlepool\|access\-date\=8 July 2022}} On 2 August 2024 [far\-right](/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom "Far-right politics in the United Kingdom") activists and others [attacked](/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots "2024 United Kingdom riots") police, threw stones at a mosque and looted shops after anti\-immigrant misinformation was spread on social media.[Protests reveal deep\-rooted anger, but UK is not at boiling point](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czx66dkx3wlo) BBC News, Mark Easton, 5 August 2024
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|The hart sculpture](/wiki/File:Hart_sculpture_at_the_Hartlepool_Marina_car_park_%28geograph_4745816%29.jpg \"Hart sculpture at the Hartlepool Marina car park (geograph 4745816).jpg\")\nThe place name derives from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English \"Old English\") *heort* (\"[hart](/wiki/Hart_%28animal%29 \"Hart (animal)\")\"), referring to [stags](/wiki/Stag \"Stag\") seen, and *pōl* ([pool](/wiki/Stream_pool \"Stream pool\")), a pool of drinking water which they were known to use.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.localhistories.org/hartlepool.html\\|title\\=A brief history of Hartlepool\\|first\\=Tim\\|last\\=Lambert\\|publisher\\=localhistories.org\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615062502/http://localhistories.org/hartlepool.html\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2010\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2010}} Records of the place\\-name from early sources confirm this:\n* 649: *Heretu, or Hereteu*.\n* 1017: *Herterpol, or Hertelpolle*.\n* 1182: *Hierdepol*.", "### Town on the heugh", "{{see also\\|Headland, Hartlepool}}\nA [Northumbrian](/wiki/Northumbria \"Northumbria\") settlement developed in the 7th century around [an abbey](/wiki/Hartlepool_Abbey \"Hartlepool Abbey\") founded in 640 by [Saint Aidan](/wiki/Saint_Aidan \"Saint Aidan\") (an Irish Christian priest) upon a headland overlooking a natural harbour and the North Sea. The monastery became powerful under [St Hilda](/wiki/St_Hilda \"St Hilda\"), who served as its [abbess](/wiki/Abbess \"Abbess\") from 649 to 657\\. The 8th\\-century [Northumbrian](/wiki/Northumbria \"Northumbria\") chronicler [Bede](/wiki/Bede \"Bede\") referred to the spot on which today's town is sited as \"the place where deer come to drink\", and in this period the Headland was named by the [Angles](/wiki/Angles_%28tribe%29 \"Angles (tribe)\") as *Heruteu* (*Stag Island*). Archaeological evidence has been found below the current high tide mark that indicates that an ancient post\\-[glacial](/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period \"Last Glacial Period\") forest by the sea existed in the area at the time.'England's North East' website, {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Hartlepool.html\\|title\\=History of Hartlepool\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815115125/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Hartlepool.html\\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2009\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-11}}", "The Abbey fell into decline in the early 8th century, and it was probably destroyed during a sea raid by [Vikings](/wiki/Vikings \"Vikings\") on the settlement in the 9th century.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.history.uk.com/history/hartlepool\\-brief\\-history/\\|title\\=Hartlepool – a brief history\\|publisher\\=History UK\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923075209/http://www.history.uk.com/history/hartlepool\\-brief\\-history/\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2010}} In March 2000, the archaeological investigation television programme *[Time Team](/wiki/Time_Team \"Time Team\")* located the foundations of the lost monastery in the grounds of St Hilda's Church.[Channel 4 – *Time Team*](http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/archive/2000hart.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104210714/http://www.channel4\\.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/archive/2000hart.html\\|date\\=4 November 2010}} In the early 11th century, the name had evolved into *Herterpol*.", "### Hartness", "{{see also\\|Hart, County Durham\\|Billingham}}", "During the Norman Conquest, the De Brus family gained over\\-lordship of the land surrounding Hartlepool. [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror \"William the Conqueror\") subsequently ordered the construction of [Durham Castle](/wiki/Durham_Castle \"Durham Castle\"), and the villages under their rule were mentioned in records in 1153 when [Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale](/wiki/Robert_de_Brus%2C_1st_Lord_of_Annandale \"Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale\") became [Lord of Hartness](/wiki/Lord_of_Hartness \"Lord of Hartness\"). The town's first charter was received before 1185, for which it gained its first mayor, an annual two\\-week fair and a weekly market. The [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest \"Norman Conquest\") affected the settlement's name to form the [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English \"Middle English\") *Hart\\-le\\-pool* (\"The Pool of the Stags\").'This is Hartlepool', 'Where the name of Hartlepool came from' {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thisishartlepool.co.uk/history/hartlepoolname.asp\\|title\\=Where the name Hartlepool came from\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529110337/http://www.thisishartlepool.co.uk/history/hartlepoolname.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=29 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-07}}", "By the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), Hartlepool was growing into an important (though still small) market town. One of the reasons for its escalating wealth was that its harbour was serving as the official port of the [County Palatine of Durham](/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham \"County Palatine of Durham\"). The main industry of the town at this time was fishing, and Hartlepool in this period established itself as one of the primary ports upon England's Eastern coast.", "In 1306, [Robert the Bruce](/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce \"Robert the Bruce\") was crowned [King of Scotland](/wiki/King_of_Scotland \"King of Scotland\"), and became the last Lord of Hartness. Angered, [King Edward I](/wiki/King_Edward_I \"King Edward I\") confiscated the title to Hartlepool, and began to improve the town's military defences in expectation of war. In 1315, before they were completed, a Scottish army under [Sir James Douglas](/wiki/James_Douglas%2C_Lord_of_Douglas \"James Douglas, Lord of Douglas\") attacked, captured and looted the town.[Fraser, W. *Douglas Book* vol i, p130](https://archive.org/stream/douglasbook01fras#page/439/mode/2up) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111073505/http://www.archive.org/stream/douglasbook01fras\\|date\\=11 November 2012}}", "In the late 15th century, a pier was constructed to assist in the harbour's workload.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/vch/durham/vol3/pp263\\-285 \\| title\\=Parishes: Hartlepool \\| British History Online }}", "### Garrison", "[thumb\\|The defensive walls around Old Hartlepool](/wiki/File:Fish_Sands_and_Sandwell_Gate%2C_Hartlepool_Headland_%28geograph_1647257%29.jpg \"Fish Sands and Sandwell Gate, Hartlepool Headland (geograph 1647257).jpg\")\nHartlepool was once again militarily occupied by a Scottish incursion, this time in alliance with the [Parliamentary Army](/wiki/Parliamentary_Army \"Parliamentary Army\") during the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\"), which after 18 months was relieved by an English Parliamentarian garrison.", "In 1795, Hartlepool artillery emplacements and defences were constructed in the town as a defensive measure against the threat of French attack from seaborne Napoleonic forces. During the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\"), two coastal batteries were constructed close together in the town to guard against the threat of seaborne attacks from the [Imperial Russian Navy](/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy \"Imperial Russian Navy\"). They were entitled the *Lighthouse Battery* (1855\\) and the *[Heugh Battery](/wiki/Heugh_Battery \"Heugh Battery\")* (1859\\).", "Hartlepool in the 18th century became known as a town with medicinal springs, particularly the [Chalybeate](/wiki/Chalybeate \"Chalybeate\") Spa near the Westgate. The poet [Thomas Gray](/wiki/Thomas_Gray \"Thomas Gray\") visited the town in July 1765 to \"take the waters\", and wrote to his friend William Mason:{{Cite web \\|title\\=Thomas Gray Archive : Texts : Letters : Letter ID letters.0461 \\|url\\=https://www.thomasgray.org/cgi\\-bin/display.cgi?text\\=tgal0461 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=www.thomasgray.org}}\n{{cquote\\|I have been for two days to taste the water, and do assure you that nothing could be salter and bitterer and nastier and better for you... I am delighted with the place; there are the finest walks and rocks and caverns.\n}}\nA few weeks later, he wrote in greater detail to James Brown:{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thomasgray.org/cgi\\-bin/display.cgi?text\\=tgal0463\\|title \\= Thomas Gray Archive : Texts : Letters : Letter ID letters.0463}}\n{{cquote\\|The rocks, the sea and the weather there more than made up to me the want of bread and the want of water, two capital defects, but of which I learned from the inhabitants not to be sensible. They live on the refuse of their own fish\\-market, with a few potatoes, and a reasonable quantity of Geneva \\[gin] six days in the week, and I have nowhere seen a taller, more robust or healthy race: every house full of ruddy broad\\-faced children. Nobody dies but of drowning or old\\-age: nobody poor but from drunkenness or mere laziness.\n}}", "### Town by the strand", "{{further\\|West Hartlepool}}\nBy the early nineteenth century, Hartlepool was still a small town of around 900 people, with a declining port. In 1823, the council and [Board of Trade](/wiki/Board_of_Trade \"Board of Trade\") decided that the town needed new industry, so the decision was made to propose a new railway to make Hartlepool a coal port, shipping out minerals from the Durham [coalfield](/wiki/Coalfield \"Coalfield\"). It was in this endeavour that [Isambard Kingdom Brunel](/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel \"Isambard Kingdom Brunel\") visited the town in December 1831, and wrote: \"A curiously isolated old fishing town – a remarkably fine race of men. Went to the top of the church tower for a view.\"", "But the plan faced local competition from new docks. {{convert\\|25\\|km\\|mi}} to the north, the [Marquis of Londonderry](/wiki/Marquis_of_Londonderry \"Marquis of Londonderry\") had approved the creation of the new [Seaham Harbour](/wiki/Seaham_Harbour \"Seaham Harbour\") (opened 31 July 1831\\), while to the south the [Clarence Railway](/wiki/Clarence_Railway \"Clarence Railway\") connected [Stockton\\-on\\-Tees](/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees \"Stockton-on-Tees\") and [Billingham](/wiki/Billingham \"Billingham\") to a new port at [Port Clarence](/wiki/Port_Clarence \"Port Clarence\") (opened 1833\\). Further south again, in 1831 the [Stockton and Darlington Railway](/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway \"Stockton and Darlington Railway\") had extended into the new port of [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough \"Middlesbrough\").", "The council agreed the formation of the [Hartlepool Dock and Railway Company](/wiki/York%2C_Newcastle_and_Berwick_Railway%23HD%26RCo \"York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway#HD&RCo\") (HD\\&RCo) to extend the existing port by developing new docks, and link to both local collieries and the developing railway network in the south. In 1833, it was agreed that [Christopher Tennant](/wiki/Christopher_Tennant_%28businessman%29 \"Christopher Tennant (businessman)\") of [Yarm](/wiki/Yarm \"Yarm\") establish the HD\\&RCo, having previously opened the Clarence Railway (CR). Tennant's plan was that the HD\\&RCo would fund the creation of a new railway, the [Stockton and Hartlepool Railway](/wiki/Stockton_and_Hartlepool_Railway \"Stockton and Hartlepool Railway\"), which would take over the loss\\-making CR and extended it north to the new dock, thereby linking to the Durham coalfield.", "After Tennant died, in 1839, the running of the HD\\&RCo was taken over by Stockton\\-on\\-Tees solicitor, [Ralph Ward Jackson](/wiki/Ralph_Ward_Jackson \"Ralph Ward Jackson\"). But Jackson became frustrated at the planning restrictions placed on the old Hartlepool dock and surrounding area for access, so bought land which was mainly sand dunes to the south\\-west, and established [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool \"West Hartlepool\"). Because Jackson was so successful at shipping coal from West Hartlepool through his [West Hartlepool Dock and Railway Company](/wiki/Clarence_Railway%23West_Hartlepool_Harbour_and_Railway \"Clarence Railway#West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway\") and, as technology developed, ships grew in size and scale, the new town would eventually dwarf the old town.", "The {{convert\\|8\\|acre\\|ha\\|adj\\=on\\|abbr\\=off}} West Hartlepool Harbour and Dock opened on 1 June 1847\\. On 1 June 1852, the {{convert\\|14\\|acre\\|ha\\|adj\\=on\\|abbr\\=off}} Jackson Dock opened on the same day that a railway opened connecting West Hartlepool to [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\"), Manchester and [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"). This allowed the shipping of coal and wool products eastwards, and the shipping of fresh fish and raw fleeces westwards, enabling another growth spurt in the town. This in turn resulted in the opening of the Swainson Dock on 3 June 1856, named after Ward Jackson's father\\-in\\-law. In 1878, the William Gray \\& Co shipyard in West Hartlepool achieved the distinction of launching the largest tonnage of any shipyard in the world, a feat to be repeated on a number of occasions.Lionel Alexander Ritchie, 'Gray, Sir William (1823–1898\\)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [accessed 2 May 2011](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47529,) By 1881, old Hartlepool's population had grown from 993 to 12,361, but West Hartlepool had a population of 28,000\\.\n[thumb\\|Ward Jackson Park](/wiki/File:Ward_Jackson_Park_Pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_361499.jpg \"Ward Jackson Park Pond - geograph.org.uk - 361499.jpg\")\nWard Jackson helped to plan the layout of West Hartlepool and was responsible for the first public buildings. He was also involved in the education and the welfare of the inhabitants. In the end, he was a victim of his own ambition to promote the town: accusations of shady financial dealings, and years of legal battles, left him in near\\-poverty. He spent the last few years of his life in London, far away from the town he had created.", "### World Wars", "**First**\n{{further\\|Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby}}\n[thumb\\|In Hartlepool near [Heugh Battery](/wiki/Heugh_Battery \"Heugh Battery\"), a plaque in [Redheugh Gardens War Memorial](/wiki/Redheugh_Gardens_War_Memorial \"Redheugh Gardens War Memorial\") \"marks the place where the first ...(German shell) struck... (and) the first soldier was killed on British soil by enemy action in the Great War 1914–1918\\.\"](/wiki/File:Memorial_to_the_first_British_soldier_killed_on_British_soil_during_the_Great_War_-_geograph.org.uk_-_429905.jpg \"Memorial to the first British soldier killed on British soil during the Great War - geograph.org.uk - 429905.jpg\")\nThe area became heavily industrialised with an [ironworks](/wiki/Ironworks \"Ironworks\") (established in 1838\\) and [shipyards](/wiki/Shipyard \"Shipyard\") in the docks (established in the 1870s). By 1913, no fewer than 43 ship\\-owning companies were located in the town, with the responsibility for 236 ships. This made it a key target for Germany in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"). One of the first German offensives against Britain was a raid and bombardment by the [Imperial German Navy](/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy \"Imperial German Navy\") on the morning of 16 December 1914,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://home.bt.com/news/bt\\-life/history\\-of\\-bt/how\\-the\\-german\\-bombardment\\-of\\-scarborough\\-and\\-hartlepool\\-affected\\-communications\\-on\\-december\\-16\\-1914\\-11364029161077\\|title\\=How the German bombardment of Scarborough and Hartlepool affected communications on December 16, 1914\\|date\\=16 December 2015\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2019}}", "Hartlepool was hit with a total of 1150 shells, killing 117 people. Two coastal defence batteries at Hartlepool returned fire, launching 143 shells, and damaging three German ships: [SMS *Seydlitz*](/wiki/SMS_Seydlitz \"SMS Seydlitz\"), [SMS *Moltke*](/wiki/SMS_Moltke \"SMS Moltke\") and [SMS *Blücher*](/wiki/SMS_Bl%C3%BCcher \"SMS Blücher\"). The Hartlepool engagement lasted roughly 50 minutes, and the coastal artillery defence was supported by the Royal Navy in the form of four destroyers, two light cruisers and a submarine, none of which had any significant impact on the German attackers.", "Private Theophilus Jones of the 18th Battalion [Durham Light Infantry](/wiki/Durham_Light_Infantry \"Durham Light Infantry\"), who fell as a result of this bombardment, is sometimes described as the first military casualty on British soil by enemy fire.\n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/durhamlightinf18btn\\-gw.php\\|title\\=18th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry\\|publisher\\=The Wartime Memories Project\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015102245/http://www.wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/durhamlightinf18btn\\-gw.php\\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2012\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2012}} This event (the death of the first soldiers on British soil) is commemorated by the 1921 [Redheugh Gardens War Memorial](/wiki/Redheugh_Gardens_War_Memorial \"Redheugh Gardens War Memorial\") together with a plaque unveiled on the same day (seven years and one day after the East Coast Raid) at the spot on the Headland (the memorial by Philip Bennison{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\\-432718\\-war\\-memorial\\-in\\-redheugh\\-gardens\\-hartlep/photos\\|title\\=War Memorial in Redheugh Gardens, Headland, Hartlepool\\|last\\=Stuff\\|first\\=Good\\|website\\=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013302/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\\-432718\\-war\\-memorial\\-in\\-redheugh\\-gardens\\-hartlep/photos\\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2011}} illustrates four soldiers on one of four [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche \"Cartouche\") and the plaque, donated by a member of the public, refers to the 'first soldier' but gives no name). A living history group, the Hartlepool Military Heritage Memorial Society, portray men of that unit for educational and memorial purposes.", "Hartlepudlians voluntarily subscribed more money per head to the war effort than any other town in Britain.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hartlepoolsmaritimeexperience.com/?p\\=The\\+Museum\\+of\\+Hartlepool\\&s\\=A\\+brief\\+history\\+of\\+Hartlepool\\|title\\=Hartlepool's Maritime Experience\\|last\\=Council\\|first\\=Hartlepool\\|website\\=hartlepoolsmaritimeexperience.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930151930/http://www.hartlepoolsmaritimeexperience.com/?p\\=The\\+Museum\\+of\\+Hartlepool\\&s\\=A\\+brief\\+history\\+of\\+Hartlepool\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2011}}", "**Between**", "On 4 January 1922, a fire starting in a timber yard left 80 people homeless and caused over £1,000,000 of damage.{{cite web \\|title\\=Timber Yard Fire 1922 \\|url\\=http://www.thisishartlepool.co.uk/history/timber\\-yard\\-fire\\-1922\\.asp \\|website\\=thisishartlepool.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2022}}{{cite web \\|title\\=The Timber Yard Fire of 1922 \\|url\\=https://www.hhtandn.org/notes/1333/the\\-timber\\-yard\\-fire\\-of\\-1922 \\|website\\=hhtandn.org \\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2022}} Hartlepool suffered badly in the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") of the 1930s and endured high unemployment.", "**Second**", "Unemployment decreased during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), with shipbuilding and steel\\-making industries enjoying a renaissance. Most of its output for the war effort were \"[Empire Ships](/wiki/Empire_Ships \"Empire Ships\")\". German bombers raided the town 43 times, though, compared to the previous war, civilian losses were lighter with 26 deaths recorded by Hartlepool Municipal Borough{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cwgc.org/find\\-a\\-cemetery/cemetery/4004006/HARTLEPOOL,%20MUNICIPAL%20BOROUGH\\|title\\=Cemetery Details \\| CWGC\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041006/http://www.cwgc.org/find\\-a\\-cemetery/cemetery/4004006/HARTLEPOOL,%20MUNICIPAL%20BOROUGH\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-31}} CWGC Civilian Casualty record, Hartlepool Municipal Borough. and 49 by West Hartlepool Borough.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cwgc.org/find\\-a\\-cemetery/cemetery/4003996/WEST%20HARTLEPOOL,%20COUNTY%20BOROUGH\\|title\\=Cemetery Details \\| CWGC\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101746/http://www.cwgc.org/find\\-a\\-cemetery/cemetery/4003996/WEST%20HARTLEPOOL,%20COUNTY%20BOROUGH\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-31}} CWGC Civilian Casualty record, West Hartlepool County Borough. During the Second World War, [RAF Greatham](/wiki/RAF_Greatham \"RAF Greatham\") (also known as RAF West Hartlepool) was located on the South [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation \"British Steel Corporation\") Works.", "### The merge", "[right\\|thumb\\|[Hartlepool Borough Hall](/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Hall \"Hartlepool Borough Hall\") on the heugh](/wiki/File:Hartlepool_Borough_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1606381.jpg \"Hartlepool Borough Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1606381.jpg\")\nIn 1891, the two towns had a combined population of 64,000\\. By 1900, the two Hartlepools were, together, one of the three busiest ports in England.The Independent (London) 23 February 1992, Sunday Britain 1992 / The view from Wall Street ; British society is mired in class\\-consciousness, apathy and under\\-achievement. The future looks bleak. This is how Tony Horwitz of 'The Wall Street Journal' presented us to the world this month. It is an outsider's view, with a message that cuts across party politics p3", "The modern town represents a joining of \"Old Hartlepool\", locally known as the \"Headland\", and [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool \"West Hartlepool\"). As already mentioned, what was [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool \"West Hartlepool\") became the larger town and both were formally unified in 1967\\. Today the term \"West Hartlepool\" is rarely heard outside the context of sport, but one of the town's [Rugby Union](/wiki/Rugby_Union \"Rugby Union\") teams still retains the name.", "The name of the town's professional football club reflected both boroughs; when it was formed in 1908, following the success of West Hartlepool in winning the FA Amateur Cup in 1905, it was called \"Hartlepools United\" in the hope of attracting support from both towns. When the boroughs combined in 1967, the club renamed itself \"Hartlepool\" before re\\-renaming itself [Hartlepool United](/wiki/Hartlepool_United \"Hartlepool United\") in the 1970s. Many fans of the club still refer to the team as \"Pools\"", "### Postwar period", "[thumb\\|left\\|1962 chart of Hartlepool and the Bay, showing the infrastructure before the closure of the steel works and the filling\\-in of several of the docks](/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_1628_Hartlepool_Bay%2C_Published_1962.jpg \"Admiralty Chart No 1628 Hartlepool Bay, Published 1962.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|2021 Map of Hartlepool](/wiki/File:OSM_Hartlepool.png \"OSM Hartlepool.png\")\nAfter the war, industry went into a severe decline. *Blanchland*, the last ship to be constructed in Hartlepool, left the slips in 1961\\. In 1967, Betty James wrote how \"if I had the luck to live anywhere in the North East \\[of England]...I would live near Hartlepool. If I had the luck\".A kingdom by the sea : an exploration of Northumberland, Durham and the North Riding of Yorkshire James, Betty. p95 There was a boost to the retail sector in 1970 when [Middleton Grange Shopping Centre](/wiki/Middleton_Grange_Shopping_Centre \"Middleton Grange Shopping Centre\") was opened by [Princess Anne](/wiki/Anne%2C_Princess_Royal \"Anne, Princess Royal\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/hotel\\-on\\-sale\\-to\\-test\\-the\\-market\\-1\\-4502108\\|title\\=Hotel on sale to 'test the market'\\|website\\=hartlepoolmail.co.uk\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528012216/http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/hotel\\-on\\-sale\\-to\\-test\\-the\\-market\\-1\\-4502108\\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2015}} with over 130 new shops including [Marks \\& Spencer](/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer \"Marks & Spencer\") and [Woolworths](/wiki/Woolworths_Group_plc \"Woolworths Group plc\").", "Before the shopping centre was opened, the old town centre was located around Lynn Street, but most of the shops and the market had moved to a new shopping centre by 1974\\. Most of Lynn Street had by then been demolished to make way for a new housing estate. Only the north end of the street remains, now called Lynn Street North. This is where the Hartlepool Borough Council depot was based (alongside the Focus DIY store) until it moved to the marina in August 2006\\.", "In 1977, the [British Steel Corporation](/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation \"British Steel Corporation\") announced the closure of its Hartlepool steelworks with the loss of 1500 jobs.The Times 13 December 1977 p23 In the 1980s, the area was afflicted with extremely high levels of unemployment, at its peak consisting of 30 per cent of the town's working\\-age population, the highest in the United Kingdom.Hartlepool to lose 630 steel jobs (News) The Times Saturday, 15 January 1983; pg. 1; Issue 61431; col C 630 jobs at British Steel were lost in 1983, and a total of 10,000 jobs were lost from the town in the economic de\\-industrialization of England's former Northern manufacturing heartlands.The Independent (London) 23 February 1992, Sunday Britain 1992 / The view from here: Hatchet job only half the story; Peter Mandelson, Labour's prospective parliamentary candidate for Hartlepool, defends the town's image Between 1983 and 1999, the town lacked a cinema and areas of it became afflicted with the societal hallmarks of endemic economic poverty: [urban decay](/wiki/Urban_decay \"Urban decay\"), high crime levels, [drug](/wiki/Narcotics \"Narcotics\") and alcohol dependency being prevalent.", "Docks near the centre were redeveloped and reopened by [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\") in 1993 as a marina.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside\\-news/duke\\-edinburgh\\-hartlepool\\-lookback\\-visits\\-20354783\\.amp\\|title\\=Duke of Edinburgh in Hartlepool \\- a lookback at his visits to the town\\|date\\=9 April 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2022}} The accompanying [National Museum of the Royal Navy](/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Royal_Navy%2C_Hartlepool \"National Museum of the Royal Navy, Hartlepool\") opened in 1994, then known as the Hartlepool Historic Quay.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/heritage\\-and\\-retro/retro/15\\-pictures\\-of\\-historic\\-quay\\-fun\\-1886266?amp\\|title\\=From belly dancing to royal visits: 15 pictures of Hartlepool's Historic Quay and HMS Trincomalee\\|date\\=23 February 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2022}}", "A development corporation is under consultation until August 2022 to organise projects, with the [town's fund](/wiki/Government_spending_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Government spending in the United Kingdom\") given to the town and other funds. Plans would be (if the corporation is formed) focused on the railway station, waterfront (including the Royal Navy Museum and a new leisure centre){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside\\-news/plans\\-multi\\-million\\-pound\\-leisure\\-24583884\\.amp\\|title\\=Plans for multi\\-million pound leisure centre look set to be approved\\|date\\=25 July 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2022}} and [Church Street](/wiki/A178_road \"A178 road\"). Northern School of Art also has funds for a TV and film studios.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://planetradio.co.uk/tfm/local/news/ben\\-houchen\\-reveals\\-new\\-plan\\-to\\-transform\\-centre\\-of\\-hartlepool/\\|title\\=Ben Houchen reveals new plan to transform centre of Hartlepool\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2022}}", "On 2 August 2024 [far\\-right](/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Far-right politics in the United Kingdom\") activists and others [attacked](/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots \"2024 United Kingdom riots\") police, threw stones at a mosque and looted shops after anti\\-immigrant misinformation was spread on social media.[Protests reveal deep\\-rooted anger, but UK is not at boiling point](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czx66dkx3wlo) BBC News, Mark Easton, 5 August 2024", "" ]
Sport ----- ### Football [thumb\|[Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Hartlepool "Victoria Park, Hartlepool")](/wiki/File:Hartlepool_United_Football_Club_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3243112.jpg "Hartlepool United Football Club - geograph.org.uk - 3243112.jpg") [Hartlepool United](/wiki/Hartlepool_United "Hartlepool United") is the town's professional football club and they play at [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Hartlepool "Victoria Park, Hartlepool"). The club's most notable moment was in 2005 when, with 8 minutes left in the [2005 Football League One play\-off final](/wiki/2005_Football_League_One_play-off_final "2005 Football League One play-off final"), the team conceded a penalty, allowing [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday "Sheffield Wednesday") to equalise and eventually beat Hartlepool to a place in the [Championship](/wiki/Championship "Championship"). The club currently play in the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 "National League (division)").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/\|title\=Hartlepool United F.C.\|access\-date\=17 October 2024}} Pools are affiliated with a women's team called [Hartlepool United FC Women](/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C._Women "Hartlepool United F.C. Women"). They were formed in 2015 and currently play in the [North East Regional Women's Football League](/wiki/North_East_Regional_Women%27s_Football_League "North East Regional Women's Football League"). Supporters of Hartlepool United bear the nickname of [Monkey Hangers](/wiki/Monkey_Hangers "Monkey Hangers"). This is based upon a legend that during the Napoleonic wars a monkey, which had been a ship's mascot, was taken for a French spy and hanged. Hartlepool has also produced football presenter [Jeff Stelling](/wiki/Jeff_Stelling "Jeff Stelling"), who has a renowned partnership with [Chris Kamara](/wiki/Chris_Kamara "Chris Kamara") who was born in nearby [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough "Middlesbrough"). [Jeff Stelling](/wiki/Jeff_Stelling "Jeff Stelling") is a keen supporter of Hartlepool and often refers to them when presenting [Sky Sports News](/wiki/Sky_Sports_News "Sky Sports News"). It is also the birthplace and childhood home of [Pete Donaldson](/wiki/Pete_Donaldson "Pete Donaldson"), one of the co\-hosts of the Football Ramble [podcast](/wiki/Podcast "Podcast") as well as co\-host of the [Abroad in Japan](/wiki/Abroad_in_Japan "Abroad in Japan") podcast, and a prominent radio DJ. The town also has a semi\-professional football club called [FC Hartlepool](/wiki/FC_Hartlepool "FC Hartlepool") who play in [Northern League](/wiki/Northern_Football_League "Northern Football League") Division Two.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/fc\-hartlepool\-in\-bid\-to\-claim\-towns\-first\-northern\-league\-spot\-in\-decades\-4107013 \|title\=FC Hartlepool in bid to claim town's first Northern League spot in decades \|publisher\=Hartlepool Mail \|date\=20 April 2023 \|accessdate\=17 July 2023}} ### Rugby union Hartlepool is something of an anomaly in England having historically maintained a disproportionate number of clubs in a town of only c.90,000 inhabitants. These include(d) [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool_R.F.C. "West Hartlepool R.F.C."), [Hartlepool Rovers](/wiki/Hartlepool_Rovers "Hartlepool Rovers"), Hartlepool Athletic RFC, Hartlepool Boys Brigade Old Boys RFC (BBOB), Seaton Carew RUFC (formerly Hartlepool Grammar School Old Boys), West Hartlepool Technical Day School Old Boys RUFC (TDSOB or Tech) and Hartlepool Old Boys' RFC (Hartlepool). Starting in 1904 clubs within {{convert\|8\|mi\|km\|0\|abbr\=off\|spell\=on}} of the headland were eligible to compete for the Pyman Cup which has been contested regularly since and that the Hartlepool \& District Union continue to organise.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.hhtandn.org/venues/4136/pyman\-cup\-and\-league\-and\-lormor\-cup\-competitions \|title\=Pyman Cup and Lormor Cup Competitions \|website\=Hartlepool History Then and Now}} Perhaps the best known club outside the town is [West Hartlepool R.F.C.](/wiki/West_Hartlepool_R.F.C. "West Hartlepool R.F.C.") who in 1992 achieved promotion to what is now the [Premiership](/wiki/Premiership_Rugby "Premiership Rugby") competing in 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons. This success came at a price as soon after West was then hit by bankruptcy and controversially sold their Brierton Lane stadium and pitch to former sponsor Yuills Homes. There then followed a succession of relegations before the club stabilised in the Durham/Northumberland leagues. West and Rovers continue to play one another in a popular Boxing Day fixture which traditionally draws a large crowd. [Hartlepool Rovers](/wiki/Hartlepool_Rovers "Hartlepool Rovers"), formed in 1879, who played at the Old Friarage in the Headland area of Hartlepool before moving to West View Road. In the 1890s Rovers supplied numerous county, divisional and international players. The club itself hosted many high\-profile matches including the inaugural [Barbarians F.C.](/wiki/Barbarians_F.C. "Barbarians F.C.") match in 1890, the [New Zealand Maoris](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_All_Blacks "Māori All Blacks") in 1888 and the legendary [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks "All Blacks") who played against a combined Hartlepool Club team in 1905\. In the 1911–12 season, Hartlepool Rovers broke the world record for the number of points scored in a season racking up 860 points including 122 tries, 87 conversions, five penalties and eleven drop goals. Although they ceased competing in the RFU leagues in 2008–09, West Hartlepool TDSOB (Tech) continues to support town and County rugby with several of the town's other clubs having played at Grayfields when their own pitches were unavailable. Grayfields has also hosted a number of Durham County cup finals as well as County Under 16, Under 18 and Under 20 age group games. ### Cricket Hartlepool Cricket Club play at Park Drive.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.hartlepoolcricketclub.com/\|title\=Hartlepool CC\|access\-date\=17 October 2024}} ### Field hockey Hartlepool Caledonians \& Billingham Hockey Club is a [field hockey](/wiki/Field_hockey "Field hockey") club that competes in the [Yorkshire and North East Hockey League](/wiki/Yorkshire_Hockey_Association "Yorkshire Hockey Association").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/groups/17523712840/\|title\=Facebook \- Hartlepool Caledonians \& Billingham Hockey Club \|access\-date\=17 October 2024}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/hartlepool\-caledonians\-\-\-billingham\-hc\|title\=England Hockey \- Hartlepool Caledonians \& Billingham Hockey Club \|access\-date\=17 October 2024}} ### Olympics #### Boxing At the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics"), 21\-year\-old [Savannah Marshall](/wiki/Savannah_Marshall "Savannah Marshall"), who attended [English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College](/wiki/English_Martyrs_School_and_Sixth_Form_College "English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College") in the town of Hartlepool, competed in the Women's boxing tournament of the 2012 Olympic Games. She was defeated 12–6 by [Marina Volnova](/wiki/Marina_Volnova "Marina Volnova") of [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") in her opening, quarter\-final bout. [Savannah Marshall](/wiki/Savannah_Marshall "Savannah Marshall") is now a professional boxer, currently unbeaten as a pro and on 31 October 2020 in her 9th professional fight Marshall became the WBO female middleweight champion with a TKO victory over opponent [Hannah Rankin](/wiki/Hannah_Rankin "Hannah Rankin") at [Wembley Arena](/wiki/Wembley_Arena "Wembley Arena").{{citation needed\|date\=May 2021}} #### Swimming In August 2012 [Jemma Lowe](/wiki/Jemma_Lowe "Jemma Lowe"), a British record holder who attended [High Tunstall College of Science](/wiki/High_Tunstall_College_of_Science "High Tunstall College of Science") in the town of Hartlepool, competed in the 2012 Olympic Games. She finished sixth in the 200\-metre butterfly final with a time of 58\.06 seconds. She was also a member of the eighth\-place British team in the [400m](/wiki/400m "400m") [Medley relay](/wiki/Medley_swimming "Medley swimming").
[ "Sport\n-----", "### Football", "[thumb\\|[Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Hartlepool \"Victoria Park, Hartlepool\")](/wiki/File:Hartlepool_United_Football_Club_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3243112.jpg \"Hartlepool United Football Club - geograph.org.uk - 3243112.jpg\")\n[Hartlepool United](/wiki/Hartlepool_United \"Hartlepool United\") is the town's professional football club and they play at [Victoria Park](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Hartlepool \"Victoria Park, Hartlepool\"). The club's most notable moment was in 2005 when, with 8 minutes left in the [2005 Football League One play\\-off final](/wiki/2005_Football_League_One_play-off_final \"2005 Football League One play-off final\"), the team conceded a penalty, allowing [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday \"Sheffield Wednesday\") to equalise and eventually beat Hartlepool to a place in the [Championship](/wiki/Championship \"Championship\"). The club currently play in the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 \"National League (division)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/\\|title\\=Hartlepool United F.C.\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2024}}", "Pools are affiliated with a women's team called [Hartlepool United FC Women](/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C._Women \"Hartlepool United F.C. Women\"). They were formed in 2015 and currently play in the [North East Regional Women's Football League](/wiki/North_East_Regional_Women%27s_Football_League \"North East Regional Women's Football League\").", "Supporters of Hartlepool United bear the nickname of [Monkey Hangers](/wiki/Monkey_Hangers \"Monkey Hangers\"). This is based upon a legend that during the Napoleonic wars a monkey, which had been a ship's mascot, was taken for a French spy and hanged. Hartlepool has also produced football presenter [Jeff Stelling](/wiki/Jeff_Stelling \"Jeff Stelling\"), who has a renowned partnership with [Chris Kamara](/wiki/Chris_Kamara \"Chris Kamara\") who was born in nearby [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough \"Middlesbrough\"). [Jeff Stelling](/wiki/Jeff_Stelling \"Jeff Stelling\") is a keen supporter of Hartlepool and often refers to them when presenting [Sky Sports News](/wiki/Sky_Sports_News \"Sky Sports News\"). It is also the birthplace and childhood home of [Pete Donaldson](/wiki/Pete_Donaldson \"Pete Donaldson\"), one of the co\\-hosts of the Football Ramble [podcast](/wiki/Podcast \"Podcast\") as well as co\\-host of the [Abroad in Japan](/wiki/Abroad_in_Japan \"Abroad in Japan\") podcast, and a prominent radio DJ.", "The town also has a semi\\-professional football club called [FC Hartlepool](/wiki/FC_Hartlepool \"FC Hartlepool\") who play in [Northern League](/wiki/Northern_Football_League \"Northern Football League\") Division Two.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/fc\\-hartlepool\\-in\\-bid\\-to\\-claim\\-towns\\-first\\-northern\\-league\\-spot\\-in\\-decades\\-4107013 \\|title\\=FC Hartlepool in bid to claim town's first Northern League spot in decades \\|publisher\\=Hartlepool Mail \\|date\\=20 April 2023 \\|accessdate\\=17 July 2023}}", "### Rugby union", "Hartlepool is something of an anomaly in England having historically maintained a disproportionate number of clubs in a town of only c.90,000 inhabitants. These include(d) [West Hartlepool](/wiki/West_Hartlepool_R.F.C. \"West Hartlepool R.F.C.\"), [Hartlepool Rovers](/wiki/Hartlepool_Rovers \"Hartlepool Rovers\"), Hartlepool Athletic RFC, Hartlepool Boys Brigade Old Boys RFC (BBOB), Seaton Carew RUFC (formerly Hartlepool Grammar School Old Boys), West Hartlepool Technical Day School Old Boys RUFC (TDSOB or Tech) and Hartlepool Old Boys' RFC (Hartlepool). Starting in 1904 clubs within {{convert\\|8\\|mi\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=off\\|spell\\=on}} of the headland were eligible to compete for the Pyman Cup which has been contested regularly since and that the Hartlepool \\& District Union continue to organise.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hhtandn.org/venues/4136/pyman\\-cup\\-and\\-league\\-and\\-lormor\\-cup\\-competitions \\|title\\=Pyman Cup and Lormor Cup Competitions \\|website\\=Hartlepool History Then and Now}}", "Perhaps the best known club outside the town is [West Hartlepool R.F.C.](/wiki/West_Hartlepool_R.F.C. \"West Hartlepool R.F.C.\") who in 1992 achieved promotion to what is now the [Premiership](/wiki/Premiership_Rugby \"Premiership Rugby\") competing in 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons. This success came at a price as soon after West was then hit by bankruptcy and controversially sold their Brierton Lane stadium and pitch to former sponsor Yuills Homes. There then followed a succession of relegations before the club stabilised in the Durham/Northumberland leagues. West and Rovers continue to play one another in a popular Boxing Day fixture which traditionally draws a large crowd.", "[Hartlepool Rovers](/wiki/Hartlepool_Rovers \"Hartlepool Rovers\"), formed in 1879, who played at the Old Friarage in the Headland area of Hartlepool before moving to West View Road. In the 1890s Rovers supplied numerous county, divisional and international players. The club itself hosted many high\\-profile matches including the inaugural [Barbarians F.C.](/wiki/Barbarians_F.C. \"Barbarians F.C.\") match in 1890, the [New Zealand Maoris](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_All_Blacks \"Māori All Blacks\") in 1888 and the legendary [All Blacks](/wiki/All_Blacks \"All Blacks\") who played against a combined Hartlepool Club team in 1905\\. In the 1911–12 season, Hartlepool Rovers broke the world record for the number of points scored in a season racking up 860 points including 122 tries, 87 conversions, five penalties and eleven drop goals.", "Although they ceased competing in the RFU leagues in 2008–09, West Hartlepool TDSOB (Tech) continues to support town and County rugby with several of the town's other clubs having played at Grayfields when their own pitches were unavailable. Grayfields has also hosted a number of Durham County cup finals as well as County Under 16, Under 18 and Under 20 age group games.", "### Cricket", "Hartlepool Cricket Club play at Park Drive.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolcricketclub.com/\\|title\\=Hartlepool CC\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2024}}", "### Field hockey", "Hartlepool Caledonians \\& Billingham Hockey Club is a [field hockey](/wiki/Field_hockey \"Field hockey\") club that competes in the [Yorkshire and North East Hockey League](/wiki/Yorkshire_Hockey_Association \"Yorkshire Hockey Association\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/groups/17523712840/\\|title\\=Facebook \\- Hartlepool Caledonians \\& Billingham Hockey Club \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2024}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/hartlepool\\-caledonians\\-\\-\\-billingham\\-hc\\|title\\=England Hockey \\- Hartlepool Caledonians \\& Billingham Hockey Club \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2024}}", "### Olympics", "#### Boxing", "At the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\"), 21\\-year\\-old [Savannah Marshall](/wiki/Savannah_Marshall \"Savannah Marshall\"), who attended [English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College](/wiki/English_Martyrs_School_and_Sixth_Form_College \"English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College\") in the town of Hartlepool, competed in the Women's boxing tournament of the 2012 Olympic Games. She was defeated 12–6 by [Marina Volnova](/wiki/Marina_Volnova \"Marina Volnova\") of [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\") in her opening, quarter\\-final bout. [Savannah Marshall](/wiki/Savannah_Marshall \"Savannah Marshall\") is now a professional boxer, currently unbeaten as a pro and on 31 October 2020 in her 9th professional fight Marshall became the WBO female middleweight champion with a TKO victory over opponent [Hannah Rankin](/wiki/Hannah_Rankin \"Hannah Rankin\") at [Wembley Arena](/wiki/Wembley_Arena \"Wembley Arena\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2021}}", "#### Swimming", "In August 2012 [Jemma Lowe](/wiki/Jemma_Lowe \"Jemma Lowe\"), a British record holder who attended [High Tunstall College of Science](/wiki/High_Tunstall_College_of_Science \"High Tunstall College of Science\") in the town of Hartlepool, competed in the 2012 Olympic Games. She finished sixth in the 200\\-metre butterfly final with a time of 58\\.06 seconds. She was also a member of the eighth\\-place British team in the [400m](/wiki/400m \"400m\") [Medley relay](/wiki/Medley_swimming \"Medley swimming\").", "" ]
Main characters --------------- ### Violetta Castillo The title character (portrayed by [Martina Stoessel](/wiki/Tini_%28singer%29 "Tini (singer)")) is a talented girl and the protagonist of the original television series. She is intelligent and vivacious with an overprotective father. She is a spontaneous and honest girl. She has a beautifully unique voice that she inherited from her mother, who died in a car crash when Violetta was 5 years old. Violetta just wants to find her own place in the world and to learn more about it. When she returns to [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), Violetta discovers her passion for music and starts attending Studio 21 (now On Beat Studio) behind her father's back. There, she makes her first friends and learns more about herself. She also meets two very different boys, Tomas and Leon, who both fall for her. Soon, she finds herself in a [love triangle](/wiki/Love_triangle "Love triangle") and has trouble deciding who she truly loves. Violetta realizes that music means everything to her and that singing is what she wants to do for the rest of her life. But she knows that her father wouldn't accept it and, out of fear, hides everything from him, complicating their lives even more, until the final episode of season 1, when he hears Violetta singing. ### Tomas Heredia Tomas Heredia (portrayed by [Pablo Espinosa](/wiki/Pablo_Espinosa "Pablo Espinosa")) is a very talented guy and one of Violetta's two love interests. He can play the guitar and the piano and attends Studio 21 with a grant from Beto, who hired him as his assistant. Born in Spain, he moved to Buenos Aires with his mother to take care of his grandmother. Tomas falls for Violetta despite her father's attempts. At the end of the first season, Tomas moved back to Spain permanently: so he does not appear for the second and third series. ### Germán Castillo Germán Castillo (portrayed by [Diego Ramos](/wiki/Diego_Ramos "Diego Ramos")) is Violetta Castillo's overprotective father. He is a brilliant engineer, owner of a construction company that does international public and private works of great caliber. He is strict and demanding. Since the death of his wife, Maria, he has overprotected his daughter Violetta, but beneath his rigidity lies a big heart. He had a girlfriend, Jade, whom he considered a good influence on her. But the arrival of Angie, Violetta's tutor completely disturbs him, but not wanting to admit it, ends up falling in love with her while engaged to Jade. ### Leon Vargas Leon Vargas (portrayed by [Jorge Blanco](/wiki/Jorge_Blanco_%28musician%29 "Jorge Blanco (musician)")) is Violetta's man. Leon attends On Beat Studio and has a big artistic potential. He used to be a part of the "cool crowd" and was Ludmila's boyfriend. But when he discovered that Ludmila liked Tomas, he broke up with her. To get even, he decides to win Violetta over as she was Tomas' crush but he soon falls in love with her against his will, but Due to his newfound love, he changes his ways and transforms into a kind, supportive and outgoing friend to all the other students in the studio. In Season 2, his new hobby is motocross, and his new rival is Diego. ### Ludmila Ferro Ludmila Ferro (portrayed by Mercedes Lambre) is a glamorous, beautiful talented girl from On Beat Studio, and her only friend is Natalia, but unfortunately, she thinks she's better than any other student. Ludmila was never really in love until she began to have feelings for Federico. That's when love started to change her attitude a bit. But, she kept going on back and forth with her snappy attitude. During the last few episodes of Season 3, Ludmila's attitude was changed forever and was even being nice to Naty. ### Ángeles "Angie" Carrará Ángeles "Angie" Carrará (portrayed by [Clara Alonso](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clara_Alonso "María Clara Alonso")) is Violetta's tutor and aunt, the sister of Violetta's late mother, María. She works at Studio 21 as the [singing teacher](/wiki/Singing_teacher "Singing teacher"), and she has a brilliant voice but doesn't show it that she hides something from Violetta. But later on, Ludmila reveals to Violetta that Angie is her aunt. Violetta was happy but mad that she never told her. But after all that happened, Gérman and Angie get married in the last episode of Season 3\.
[ "Main characters\n---------------", "### Violetta Castillo", "The title character (portrayed by [Martina Stoessel](/wiki/Tini_%28singer%29 \"Tini (singer)\")) is a talented girl and the protagonist of the original television series. She is intelligent and vivacious with an overprotective father. She is a spontaneous and honest girl. She has a beautifully unique voice that she inherited from her mother, who died in a car crash when Violetta was 5 years old. Violetta just wants to find her own place in the world and to learn more about it. When she returns to [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\"), Violetta discovers her passion for music and starts attending Studio 21 (now On Beat Studio) behind her father's back. There, she makes her first friends and learns more about herself. She also meets two very different boys, Tomas and Leon, who both fall for her. Soon, she finds herself in a [love triangle](/wiki/Love_triangle \"Love triangle\") and has trouble deciding who she truly loves. Violetta realizes that music means everything to her and that singing is what she wants to do for the rest of her life. But she knows that her father wouldn't accept it and, out of fear, hides everything from him, complicating their lives even more, until the final episode of season 1, when he hears Violetta singing.", "### Tomas Heredia", "Tomas Heredia (portrayed by [Pablo Espinosa](/wiki/Pablo_Espinosa \"Pablo Espinosa\")) is a very talented guy and one of Violetta's two love interests. He can play the guitar and the piano and attends Studio 21 with a grant from Beto, who hired him as his assistant. Born in Spain, he moved to Buenos Aires with his mother to take care of his grandmother. Tomas falls for Violetta despite her father's attempts. At the end of the first season, Tomas moved back to Spain permanently: so he does not appear for the second and third series.", "### Germán Castillo", "Germán Castillo (portrayed by [Diego Ramos](/wiki/Diego_Ramos \"Diego Ramos\")) is Violetta Castillo's overprotective father. He is a brilliant engineer, owner of a construction company that does international public and private works of great caliber. He is strict and demanding. Since the death of his wife, Maria, he has overprotected his daughter Violetta, but beneath his rigidity lies a big heart. He had a girlfriend, Jade, whom he considered a good influence on her. But the arrival of Angie, Violetta's tutor completely disturbs him, but not wanting to admit it, ends up falling in love with her while engaged to Jade.", "### Leon Vargas", "Leon Vargas (portrayed by [Jorge Blanco](/wiki/Jorge_Blanco_%28musician%29 \"Jorge Blanco (musician)\")) is Violetta's man. Leon attends On Beat Studio and has a big artistic potential. He used to be a part of the \"cool crowd\" and was Ludmila's boyfriend. But when he discovered that Ludmila liked Tomas, he broke up with her. To get even, he decides to win Violetta over as she was Tomas' crush but he soon falls in love with her against his will, but Due to his newfound love, he changes his ways and transforms into a kind, supportive and outgoing friend to all the other students in the studio. In Season 2, his new hobby is motocross, and his new rival is Diego.", "### Ludmila Ferro", "Ludmila Ferro (portrayed by Mercedes Lambre) is a glamorous, beautiful talented girl from On Beat Studio, and her only friend is Natalia, but unfortunately, she thinks she's better than any other student. Ludmila was never really in love until she began to have feelings for Federico. That's when love started to change her attitude a bit. But, she kept going on back and forth with her snappy attitude. During the last few episodes of Season 3, Ludmila's attitude was changed forever and was even being nice to Naty.", "### Ángeles \"Angie\" Carrará", "Ángeles \"Angie\" Carrará (portrayed by [Clara Alonso](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clara_Alonso \"María Clara Alonso\")) is Violetta's tutor and aunt, the sister of Violetta's late mother, María. She works at Studio 21 as the [singing teacher](/wiki/Singing_teacher \"Singing teacher\"), and she has a brilliant voice but doesn't show it that she hides something from Violetta. But later on, Ludmila reveals to Violetta that Angie is her aunt. Violetta was happy but mad that she never told her. But after all that happened, Gérman and Angie get married in the last episode of Season 3\\.", "" ]
History ------- Version 1\.0 of the process and [configuration management](/wiki/Configuration_management "Configuration management") software in\-Step was launched in 1997\. Since many companies introduced [process\-based management](/wiki/Process-based_management "Process-based management") according to the [Capability Maturity Model](/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model "Capability Maturity Model") (CMM) to improve their software development, the tool was designed to assist project teams in complying with process\-based project management. Especially users of the standard for German federal administration and defense, the V\-Modell 97, took up the software. In 2002 in\-Step integrated core tasks like project, requirements and configuration management resulting in a multi\-user\-tool. Version 3\.0 was released in 2004 and offered new editions for requirements\-oriented development, for agile projects according to [Extreme Programming](/wiki/Extreme_Programming "Extreme Programming") and for projects according to [PRINCE2](/wiki/PRINCE2 "PRINCE2"). When the new standard for the German federal administration V\-Modell XT came out in 2005, a V\-Modell XT Edition was launched with features for tailoring the process, [project planning](/wiki/Project_planning "Project planning") and [quality assurance](/wiki/Quality_assurance "Quality assurance"). In 2008 in\-Step [Scrum](/wiki/Scrum_%28development%29 "Scrum (development)") Edition and in\-Step SPICE Edition for [Automotive](/wiki/Automotive "Automotive") were completed. In 2010 in\-Step [HERMES](/wiki/HERMES_method "HERMES method") Edition for the Swiss project management method was launched. In 2014 in\-Step got a new name: in\-STEP BLUE as another tool with features for requirements engineering was launched: in\-STEP RED.
[ "History\n-------", "Version 1\\.0 of the process and [configuration management](/wiki/Configuration_management \"Configuration management\") software in\\-Step was launched in 1997\\. Since many companies introduced [process\\-based management](/wiki/Process-based_management \"Process-based management\") according to the [Capability Maturity Model](/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model \"Capability Maturity Model\") (CMM) to improve their software development, the tool was designed to assist project teams in complying with process\\-based project management. Especially users of the standard for German federal administration and defense, the V\\-Modell 97, took up the software.", "In 2002 in\\-Step integrated core tasks like project, requirements and configuration management resulting in a multi\\-user\\-tool.", "Version 3\\.0 was released in 2004 and offered new editions for requirements\\-oriented development, for agile projects according to [Extreme Programming](/wiki/Extreme_Programming \"Extreme Programming\") and for projects according to [PRINCE2](/wiki/PRINCE2 \"PRINCE2\").\nWhen the new standard for the German federal administration V\\-Modell XT came out in 2005, a V\\-Modell XT Edition was launched with features for tailoring the process, [project planning](/wiki/Project_planning \"Project planning\") and [quality assurance](/wiki/Quality_assurance \"Quality assurance\").", "In 2008 in\\-Step [Scrum](/wiki/Scrum_%28development%29 \"Scrum (development)\") Edition and in\\-Step SPICE Edition for [Automotive](/wiki/Automotive \"Automotive\") were completed. In 2010 in\\-Step [HERMES](/wiki/HERMES_method \"HERMES method\") Edition for the Swiss project management method was launched.", "In 2014 in\\-Step got a new name: in\\-STEP BLUE as another tool with features for requirements engineering was launched: in\\-STEP RED.", "" ]
History ------- [220px\|thumb\|Pervouralsk New Pipe Plant](/wiki/File:Pntz_vert_view.jpg "Pntz vert view.jpg") The city of Pervouralsk had its beginning as an industrial site. In 1732 the Vasilyevo\-Shaitansky Iron Works ({{lang\-ru\|Васильево\-Шайтанский железоделательный завод}}) was launched, laying the foundation for the future city. In 1920 this plant produced its first seamless drawn pipe, and in 1921 was renamed First Ural Seamless Drawn Pipe Plant. However, the plant lacked the equipment necessary for the production of a wide range of tubing on a large scale. In 1930 the Soviet government decided to build a new pipe\-making plant in the city. The construction of the New Pipe Plant started in 1931, the launch took place in 1934\. Reflecting the changes, the First Ural Seamless Drawn Pipe Plant was renamed Old Pipe Plant in 1932\. In 1936 the plant launched Mill 220, unofficially called "Big Stiefel" ({{lang\-ru\|Большой Штифель}}) after its designer Ralph Stiefel (1862\-1938\), the US engineer who invented the plug rolling process (also known as the Stiefel rolling process). In February 1939 the plant launched Mill 140, unofficially called "Little Stiefel". In 1941, at the beginning of the [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)"), the New Pipe Plant received production equipment evacuated from plants located in southern and western regions of the country. The output of the plant grew fivefold during the war. In 1973 the Old Pipe Plant was amalgamated into the New Pipe Plant, becoming its subsidiary. In 2005 the New Pipe Plant was bought by the Chelyabinsk Pipe Group. In 2009 the plant launched the Finishing Center that produces pipes for the oil industry. In 2012 the plant launched Iron Ozone 32, an arc\-furnace melting complex. This has allowed the plant to produce high\-quality steel billet in\-house, for use in pipe production.
[ "History\n-------", "[220px\\|thumb\\|Pervouralsk New Pipe Plant](/wiki/File:Pntz_vert_view.jpg \"Pntz vert view.jpg\")", "The city of Pervouralsk had its beginning as an industrial site. In 1732 the Vasilyevo\\-Shaitansky Iron Works ({{lang\\-ru\\|Васильево\\-Шайтанский железоделательный завод}}) was launched, laying the foundation for the future city. In 1920 this plant produced its first seamless drawn pipe, and in 1921 was renamed First Ural Seamless Drawn Pipe Plant. However, the plant lacked the equipment necessary for the production of a wide range of tubing on a large scale.", "In 1930 the Soviet government decided to build a new pipe\\-making plant in the city. The construction of the New Pipe Plant started in 1931, the launch took place in 1934\\. Reflecting the changes, the First Ural Seamless Drawn Pipe Plant was renamed Old Pipe Plant in 1932\\.", "In 1936 the plant launched Mill 220, unofficially called \"Big Stiefel\" ({{lang\\-ru\\|Большой Штифель}}) after its designer Ralph Stiefel (1862\\-1938\\), the US engineer who invented the plug rolling process (also known as the Stiefel rolling process).", "In February 1939 the plant launched Mill 140, unofficially called \"Little Stiefel\".", "In 1941, at the beginning of the [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"), the New Pipe Plant received production equipment evacuated from plants located in southern and western regions of the country. The output of the plant grew fivefold during the war.", "In 1973 the Old Pipe Plant was amalgamated into the New Pipe Plant, becoming its subsidiary.", "In 2005 the New Pipe Plant was bought by the Chelyabinsk Pipe Group.", "In 2009 the plant launched the Finishing Center that produces pipes for the oil industry.", "In 2012 the plant launched Iron Ozone 32, an arc\\-furnace melting complex. This has allowed the plant to produce high\\-quality steel billet in\\-house, for use in pipe production.", "" ]
Plot ---- In the province, Flavio II and his wife Carmen take care of their newborn baby boy, whom they dream of becoming the next heroic legend. They offer the pious Rosa Batungbakal to take care of him, but the malevolent Lizardo's unlatched spirit and his goons attack the unprotected house. Rosa takes the newborn to a church to offer guidance from a priest while Flavio fends off the goons. Flavio gets stabbed and dies after fighting the spirit, who vows to rule the world. The baby grows up to be [Flavio Batungbakal III](/wiki/Panday_%28comics%29 "Panday (comics)"), a gangster who ambushes bandits around a market in [Tondo](/wiki/Tondo%2C_Manila "Tondo, Manila"), only to get apprehended by the police. Flavio is released from prison, and his stepfather Andoy warns him not to cause havoc around the streets anymore. He lives a comfortable life along with his family and regularly meets with Maria, a beautiful woman with whom he admits being smitten, although her parents disapprove of him. Meanwhile, a new human form of Lizardo appears in the shadows alongside his father. He is strongly attracted to Maria and craves to be with her. A beauty contest competition nearby is under way, which goes awry. Citizens are turned into [aswangs](/wiki/Aswang "Aswang") by a reincarnated Lizardo, who secretly devises a plot to take over the country under the guise of a businessman. During one attack, an aswang disguised as a dog bites one of Flavio's younger brother, Diego, who insists that the injury is minor. While walking, Flavio is followed by an old man holding a magical book which contains a mysterious power. When the old man tells him about the real existence of the aswangs, he threatens him by pulling out his [butterfly knife](/wiki/Butterfly_knife "Butterfly knife") out of disbelief. An aswang suddenly appears, which the two men defeat. The old man realizes that Flavio is the only known person of his bloodline capable of stopping Lizardo and his army. Flavio is handed a map and starts his quest by riding a bus to search for a mythical dagger that would help him fight the aswangs. While embarking through the forest, its surroundings suddenly changes into a magical kingdom. He encounters several dwarves, whom he asks about the location of the dagger. After seeing a [diwata](/wiki/Anito "Anito"), Flavio asks the king and queen where the dagger is. He challenges a skilled swordsman, whom he defeats, and retrieves the dagger in a cave. He summons the dagger upwards, creating a shockwave which turns it into a double\-edged sword, the sword of his grandfather, the original Panday. He returns to Tondo and wields his grandfather's sword to defeat most of the aswangs in the community. Diego's injury worsens and he later turns into a reluctant aswang who sacrifices himself rather than harm anyone else. Distressed from his brother's death, Flavio continues fighting the aswangs but is fatally stabbed by Lizardo. He falls into a coma, but is revived and healed by the old man. He embarks into the mountains and is informed that he is not ready to fight Lizardo unless he undergoes a training and forges his sword. Afterwards, he is summoned into a desert world where he fights numerous goons. The voice of darkness enhances Lizardo's power to ensure he would win. As the voice of darkness disappears, Flavio battles Lizardo in a sword fight, which he wins after stabbing Lizardo in his weak spot to death. Flavio visits the church with his family and Maria to commemorate their victory against Lizardo. He vows to continue saving the world from further malevolent threats.
[ "Plot\n----", "In the province, Flavio II and his wife Carmen take care of their newborn baby boy, whom they dream of becoming the next heroic legend. They offer the pious Rosa Batungbakal to take care of him, but the malevolent Lizardo's unlatched spirit and his goons attack the unprotected house. Rosa takes the newborn to a church to offer guidance from a priest while Flavio fends off the goons. Flavio gets stabbed and dies after fighting the spirit, who vows to rule the world.", "The baby grows up to be [Flavio Batungbakal III](/wiki/Panday_%28comics%29 \"Panday (comics)\"), a gangster who ambushes bandits around a market in [Tondo](/wiki/Tondo%2C_Manila \"Tondo, Manila\"), only to get apprehended by the police. Flavio is released from prison, and his stepfather Andoy warns him not to cause havoc around the streets anymore. He lives a comfortable life along with his family and regularly meets with Maria, a beautiful woman with whom he admits being smitten, although her parents disapprove of him. Meanwhile, a new human form of Lizardo appears in the shadows alongside his father. He is strongly attracted to Maria and craves to be with her. A beauty contest competition nearby is under way, which goes awry.", "Citizens are turned into [aswangs](/wiki/Aswang \"Aswang\") by a reincarnated Lizardo, who secretly devises a plot to take over the country under the guise of a businessman. During one attack, an aswang disguised as a dog bites one of Flavio's younger brother, Diego, who insists that the injury is minor. While walking, Flavio is followed by an old man holding a magical book which contains a mysterious power. When the old man tells him about the real existence of the aswangs, he threatens him by pulling out his [butterfly knife](/wiki/Butterfly_knife \"Butterfly knife\") out of disbelief. An aswang suddenly appears, which the two men defeat. The old man realizes that Flavio is the only known person of his bloodline capable of stopping Lizardo and his army.", "Flavio is handed a map and starts his quest by riding a bus to search for a mythical dagger that would help him fight the aswangs. While embarking through the forest, its surroundings suddenly changes into a magical kingdom. He encounters several dwarves, whom he asks about the location of the dagger. After seeing a [diwata](/wiki/Anito \"Anito\"), Flavio asks the king and queen where the dagger is. He challenges a skilled swordsman, whom he defeats, and retrieves the dagger in a cave. He summons the dagger upwards, creating a shockwave which turns it into a double\\-edged sword, the sword of his grandfather, the original Panday.", "He returns to Tondo and wields his grandfather's sword to defeat most of the aswangs in the community. Diego's injury worsens and he later turns into a reluctant aswang who sacrifices himself rather than harm anyone else. Distressed from his brother's death, Flavio continues fighting the aswangs but is fatally stabbed by Lizardo. He falls into a coma, but is revived and healed by the old man. He embarks into the mountains and is informed that he is not ready to fight Lizardo unless he undergoes a training and forges his sword. Afterwards, he is summoned into a desert world where he fights numerous goons. The voice of darkness enhances Lizardo's power to ensure he would win. As the voice of darkness disappears, Flavio battles Lizardo in a sword fight, which he wins after stabbing Lizardo in his weak spot to death.", "Flavio visits the church with his family and Maria to commemorate their victory against Lizardo. He vows to continue saving the world from further malevolent threats.", "" ]
Political positions ------------------- ### Abortion In 1995, while in the Florida Senate, Crist joined with two Democrats in the Senate Health Care Committee in voting against a proposal for a mandatory 24\-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion, resulting in a 3–3 tie vote and the bill's defeat. In 1998, while running for the U.S. Senate, Crist wrote in a *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* questionnaire: "I believe that a woman has the right to choose, but would prefer only after careful consideration and consultation with her family, her physician and her clergy; not her government." In a debate that year, he said he did not support a constitutional amendment banning abortion. In 2006, while running for governor, Crist said he did not support overturning *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")* and opposed a mandatory 24\-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion. In 2006, Crist's stance on abortion was characterized as unclear.Steve Bousquet, [Crist's stance on abortion still hazy](http://www.sptimes.com/2006/08/18/State/Crist_s_stance_on_abo.shtml), *St Petersburg Times* (August 18, 2006\). In early 2010, Crist said he would "fight for [pro\-life](/wiki/Pro-life "Pro-life") legislative efforts" and described himself as "pro\-life".{{cite web\|title\=Charlie Crist was pro\-life, pro\-gun and anti\-tax, says George LeMieux\|url\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2012/sep/06/george\-lemieux/charlie\-crist\-was\-pro\-life\-pro\-gun\-and\-anti\-tax\-sa/\|publisher\=PolitiFact\|access\-date\=January 29, 2014}} By March 2010, however, as rumors swirled that he would leave the Republican Party and become an independent, Crist reiterated that he did not support overturning *Roe v. Wade* and told a Christian Family Coalition group, "We ought to, instead of change laws, change hearts."Adam C. Smith, [Amid intense chatter, Crist denies he would run as independent](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/amid-intense-chatter-crist-denies-he-would-run-as-independent/1076685) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308083651/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/amid\-intense\-chatter\-crist\-denies\-he\-would\-run\-as\-independent/1076685 \|date\=March 8, 2010 }}, *St. Petersburg Times* (March 2, 2010\). In June 2010, after leaving the Republican Party and becoming an independent, Crist vetoed a bill that would have required, at patient cost, an [ultrasound](/wiki/Ultrasound "Ultrasound") in order to receive an abortion.Michael Winter, [Florida Gov. Charlie Crist vetoes ultrasound abortion bill](http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/06/florida-gov-charlie-crist-vetoes-ultrasound-abortion-bill/1) *USA Today* (June 11, 2010\). He called the measure "punitive" and "almost mean\-spirited". The bill also included language barring abortion coverage "under a contract toward which any [tax credit](/wiki/Tax_credit "Tax credit") or cost\-sharing credit is applied."Brandon Larrabee, [Abortion bill may be political land mine for Crist](http://jacksonville.com/news/florida/2010-06-01/story/abortion-bill-may-be-political-land-mine-crist), News Service of Florida (June 1, 2010\). In June 2022, Crist harshly criticized the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court "United States Supreme Court")'s overturning of *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")*, calling it "shameful, harmful, and wrong".{{cite web \|last1\=Lisciandrello \|first1\=Carl \|title\=What Florida politicians are saying after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade \|url\=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/politics\-issues/2022\-06\-24/what\-florida\-politicians\-saying\-supreme\-court\-roe\-v\-wade \|website\=Florida Politics \|date\=June 24, 2022 \|access\-date\=8 June 2023}} ### Cuba In May 2014, Crist publicly supported lifting the [United States embargo against Cuba](/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba "United States embargo against Cuba"), arguing it has not helped to change the Cuban government. He had supported the embargo earlier as both a Republican and independent.[Charlie Crist flip\-flops on U.S. embargo against Cuba](http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article1960168.html) Also in 2014, he announced he had requested the [Department of State](/wiki/Department_of_State "Department of State")'s permission to travel to Cuba with a delegation of business, academic and economic development officials. In June, Crist indefinitely postponed the trip.{{cite news \|last1\=Smith \|first1\=Adam C. \|title\=Charlie Crist on why he wants to visit Cuba: 'This policy has not worked' \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/charlie\-crist\-explains\-why\-he\-wants\-to\-visit\-cuba\-this\-policy\-has\-not/2179105/ \|website\=Tampa Bay Times \|access\-date\=May 9, 2014}}{{cite news \|last1\=Adams \|first1\=David \|title\=Florida gubernatorial candidate Crist considering trip to Cuba \|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/florida\-gubernatorial\-candidate\-crist\-considering\-trip\-cuba\-214012090\.html?guccounter\=1\&guce\_referrer\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucG9saXRpY28uY29tLw\&guce\_referrer\_sig\=AQAAAAR7q53PjmbnqLcutysckIN6ffCOITbhXl33hHvlb1No7cEx3rSau2jxHMYxC0CkahiXp\_wJBSPeiVnadpMeEo08z56AUzOR3FcaNDw2GfA8abQtogAB\_uqfRsS\-egff0dXozn3hpPb04MnLzH8uUjRy01ZV6FmVr230oNGH7YKh \|website\=Yahoo News \|access\-date\=May 8, 2014}}{{cite news \|last1\=Staff \|title\=Crist campaign reverses position on Cuban fact\-finding trip \|url\=https://www.wtxl.com/news/crist\-campaign\-reverses\-position\-on\-cuban\-fact\-finding\-trip/article\_133ece38\-fb49\-11e3\-aa10\-001a4bcf6878\.html \|publisher\=WXTL \|access\-date\=June 23, 2014}} In 2019, Crist quietly visited Cuba to meet with Cuban officials, despite high bilateral tensions due to alleged Cuban support for the [Maduro](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro "Nicolás Maduro") regime in [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela").{{cite news \|last1\=Contorno \|first1\=Steve \|title\=Charlie Crist quietly visited Cuba as tensions over Venezuela escalated \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/florida\-politics/buzz/2019/05/15/charlie\-crist\-quietly\-visited\-cuba\-as\-tensions\-over\-venezuela\-escalated/ \|website\=Tampa Bay Times \|access\-date\=May 15, 2019}} The three\-day trip was not announced by his congressional office and was disclosed due to required filings in the [House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") Committee on Ethics, with no details about it on Crist's House website. The trip was sponsored by the Center for Democracy in the Americas, an organization that "promotes a U.S. policy toward Cuba based on engagement and recognition of Cuba's sovereignty", according to its website. Photos of Crist smiling during a meeting with Cuban officials, including Cuban foreign minister [Bruno Rodríguez](/wiki/Bruno_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Parrilla "Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla"), were published in the official newspaper of Cuba's Communist Party during his stay. ### Environmental policy In June 2008, Crist proposed that Florida buy {{convert\|187000\|acre\|ha}} from the United States Sugar Corporation for $1\.75 billion. The proposed purchase would have removed about 187,000 acres of sugar farming for Everglades restoration efforts. A fairness commission found that price to be too high by $400 million and, ultimately, the purchase was reduced to {{convert\|73000\|acre\|ha}} of not only sugar, but also citrus for about $590 million in 2010, greatly setting back the originally touted restoration effort.Miami Herald "Crist praises water managers for support of Big Sugar land buy" [http://www.miamiherald.com/business/breaking\-news/story/1048326\.html](http://www.miamiherald.com/business/breaking-news/story/1048326.html){{dead link\|date\=August 2013}}Miami Herald "Crist has competition: U.S. Sugar has offer from another suitor" [http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/11/crist\-has\-compe.html](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/11/crist-has-compe.html)AP "Fla. revises deal with US Sugar to save Everglades" By Jessica Gresko The Associated Press November 11, 2008 [http://www.topix.com/content/ap/2008/11/fla\-revises\-deal\-with\-us\-sugar\-to\-save\-everglades{{dead link\|date\=September 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes}}](http://www.topix.com/content/ap/2008/11/fla-revises-deal-with-us-sugar-to-save-everglades{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}) In 2007, Crist signed executive orders to impose stricter [air pollution](/wiki/Air_pollution "Air pollution") standards in Florida, with an aim to reduce [greenhouse gas emissions](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions "Greenhouse gas emissions"). In his gubernatorial campaign, he opposed [offshore oil drilling](/wiki/Offshore_oil_drilling "Offshore oil drilling"). He altered that position in June 2008, when oil reached peak prices, saying, "I mean, let's face it, the price of gas has gone through the roof, and Florida families are suffering, and my heart bleeds for them." ### Fiscal policies Crist supported President [Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")'s [American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009](/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009 "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009"), a stimulus package in response to the [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"). Fellow Republicans were angered by Crist's support for the stimulus. Crist called the act a "godsend",[Charlie Crist Effusive About Barack Obama at Tampa Press Banquet](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/16/charlie-crist-effusive-ab_n_2146562.html), *Huffington Post* (November 17, 2012\). maintaining that it had saved the jobs of nearly 20,000 Florida schoolteachers and other school workers in 2009–2010\.Amy Sherman, [Charlie Crist says in debate that stimulus saved 20,000 teacher jobs](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2012/sep/06/george-lemieux/charlie-crist-was-pro-life-pro-gun-and-anti-tax-sa/), PolitiFact Florida (October 10, 2014\). ### Felons' voting rights In a February 12, 2018, *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")* op\-ed, Crist wrote that Florida was "one of only three states that permanently bans non\-violent, ex\-felons from voting" and that this "[disenfranchisement](/wiki/Disfranchisement "Disfranchisement") of 1\.5 million of our fellow citizens is shameful."{{cite news \|last1\=Crist \|first1\=Charlie \|title\=Charlie Crist: Ex\-felons in Florida need their voting rights back \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/02/11/lets\-give\-ex\-felons\-their\-voting\-rights\-back\-charlie\-crist\-column/308710002/ \|website\=USA Today \|access\-date\=September 4, 2018}} ### Gun policy In 2008, Crist signed a provision preventing employers from prohibiting employees from bringing firearms to the workplace, as long as the weapons are secure and the employees have a concealed carry license.{{cite news\|title\=Crist signs bring your gun to work bill \|newspaper\=Palm Beach Post \|url\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/state/epaper/2008/04/15/0415gunsatwork.html \|date\=April 15, 2008 \|first\=Dara \|last\=Kam \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829174600/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/state/epaper/2008/04/15/0415gunsatwork.html \|archive\-date\=August 29, 2008 }}{{cite news \|title\=Florida lawmakers pass "take your guns to work" law \|publisher\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0948339420080409 \|date\=April 9, 2008 }} After the December 2012 [Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting](/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting"), Crist announced a reversal of some of his previous stances on gun control. Before 2012, he had sometimes accused his opponents of not supporting gun rights strongly enough. He was endorsed by the [NRA](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association "National Rifle Association") in 2006\. In 2012, Crist announced that he supported reinstating the [Federal Assault Weapons Ban](/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban "Federal Assault Weapons Ban"), banning [high\-capacity magazines](/wiki/High-capacity_magazine "High-capacity magazine"), and instating more extensive [background checks](/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System "National Instant Criminal Background Check System").{{cite news \|title\=Former Gov. Charlie Crist shifts on guns, supports new restrictions \|url\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/former\-gov\-charlie\-crist\-shifts\-on\-guns\-supports\-new\-restrictions/1266801/ \|last\=Leary \|first\=Alex \|work\=Tampa Bay Times \|location\=Tampa Bay, Florida \|access\-date\=March 5, 2018}} In the wake of the [Stoneman Douglas High School shooting](/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting "Stoneman Douglas High School shooting"), he announced his support for additional measures, including a ban on [bump stocks](/wiki/Bump_stock "Bump stock"),{{cite news \|url\=http://www.wtsp.com/article/news/local/as\-hundreds\-rally\-for\-gun\-control\-bill\-to\-put\-guns\-in\-florida\-classrooms\-withdrawn/67\-520130542 \|title\=As hundreds rally for gun control, bill to put guns in Florida classrooms withdrawn \|last\=Sidorowicz \|first\=Josh \|publisher\=WTSP \|location\=Tampa, Florida \|access\-date\=March 5, 2018}} and also said he did not support [arming teachers](/wiki/Arming_teachers "Arming teachers").{{cite web \|url\=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/258088\-charlie\-crist\-hopes\-donald\-trump\-will\-push\-gun\-control\-regulations \|title\=Charlie Crist hopes Donald Trump will push for gun control regulations \|date\=March 5, 2018 \|website\=Florida Politics \|publisher\=Peter Schorsch \|last\=Perry \|first\=Mitch \|access\-date\=March 5, 2018}} When he left office as governor in 2011, Crist had an A rating from the NRA.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nraila.org/articles/20140711/florida\-alert\-governor\-scotts\-record\-on\-second\-amendment\-issues \|title\=Florida Alert: Governor Scott's Record on Second Amendment Issues \|last\=Turner \|first\=Jim \|publisher\=National Rifle Association of America, Institute for Legislative Action \|date\=July 11, 2014 \|access\-date\=March 5, 2018}} In 2016, he received an F rating from the NRA.{{cite news \|url\=http://sunshinestatenews.com/story/new\-mailer\-slams\-charlie\-crist\-anti\-gun\-policies\|title\=New Mailer Slams Charlie Crist on Anti\-Gun Policies \|last\=Nielsen \|first\=Allison \|date\=October 20, 2016 \|work\=Sunshine State News \|location\=Florida \|access\-date\=March 5, 2018}} ### Immigration In June 2017, Crist was one of 24 House Democrats to vote for [Kate's Law](/wiki/Killing_of_Kate_Steinle "Killing of Kate Steinle"). The next month, he was one of five Democrats to vote to fund President Trump's border wall, and the next day, issued a statement saying that he opposed the wall.{{cite news \|last1\=Iannelli \|first1\=Jerry \|title\=Florida Democrat Charlie Crist Votes to Fund a Border Wall He Says He Doesn't Support \|url\=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/florida\-democrat\-charlie\-crist\-votes\-to\-fund\-trumps\-border\-wall\-with\-mexico\-9530153 \|website\=Miami New Times \|access\-date\=September 3, 2018}} ### LGBT rights In 2006, as a proposed [state constitutional amendment banning same\-sex unions](/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions "U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions") was headed to the ballot in Florida, Crist said that such an amendment was unnecessary because state law already barred same\-sex marriages.Molly Moorhead, [After voting for a ban, Charlie Crist now backs gay marriage](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/may/09/charlie-crist/after-voting-ban-crist-now-backs-gay-marriage/), PolitiFact Florida (May 9, 2013\). But in September 2005, he had signed a petition for the amendment during the Republican primary at the [Christian Coalition](/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America "Christian Coalition of America")'s request.Amy Sherman, [Before he changed his stance on gay marriage, Charlie Crist says he always supported civil unions](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2014/feb/07/charlie-crist/he-changed-his-stance-gay-marriage-charlie-crist-s/) (February 7, 2014\). Crist said in campaign materials at the time that he supported "traditional marriage". In 2008, he said he voted for the amendment, which passed. In a debate and a radio talk show appearance in 2006, Crist indicated support for [civil unions](/wiki/Civil_union "Civil union"). As governor, Crist downplayed the marriage issue, saying in a late 2007 CNN appearance: "It's not an issue that moves me. I'm just a live\-and\-let\-live kind of guy." For some time Crist supported Florida's ban on [same\-sex adoption](/wiki/LGBT_adoption "LGBT adoption"), which had been in place since 1977\.[On adoption by gay couples](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2014/feb/20/charlie-crist/after-he-left-gop-charlie-crist-said-he-no-longer-/), PolitiFact (February 10, 2014\). He publicly expressed support for the ban beginning when he was attorney general in 2006\. In 2008, Crist again announced his support for the [Federal Marriage Amendment](/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment "Federal Marriage Amendment"). Also that year, he told the *Orlando Sentinel* that the issue was not "top\-tier" for him, even as he supported a Florida ballot measure to amend the state constitution prohibiting same\-sex marriage that passed later that year. Also in 2008, in the case of *[In re Gill](/wiki/In_re_Gill "In re Gill")*, a [Miami\-Dade](/wiki/Miami-Dade_County%2C_Florida "Miami-Dade County, Florida") judge struck down the ban on same\-sex couple adoption. As the case proceeded through appeals, Crist expressed support for the adoption ban as late as February 2010, but by June 2010, expressed openness to changing Florida law to allow same\-sex adoption, saying a better approach "would be to let judges make that decision on a case\-by\-case basis".{{cite news \|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/mccollum\-touts\-tax\-freeze\-crist\-open\-to\-gay\-adoption/1103181 \|title\=McCollum touts tax freeze; Crist open to gay adoption \|last\=Smith \|first\=Adam C. \|date\=June 18, 2010 \|newspaper\=St. Petersburg Times \|access\-date\=September 9, 2010 \|location\=Sarasota, Florida \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107085356/http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/mccollum\-touts\-tax\-freeze\-crist\-open\-to\-gay\-adoption/1103181 \|archive\-date\=November 7, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} In September 2010, Crist said that he had had an "appropriate evolution" on gay rights and was considering dropping the state's appeal of to block gay adoption. Days later, after an appeals court affirmed gay couples had a right to adopt, Crist hailed the ruling "a very good day for Florida" and "a great day for children" and announced that the state would no longer seek to enforce the ban. In a Senate debate the next month, he attributed his shift in positions to "the convergence of life experience and wisdom", saying he had become more tolerant and become less judgmental with age. At about the same time in 2010, he declared his support for civil unions encompassing "the full range of legal protections" including "access to a loved one in the hospital, inheritance rights, the fundamental things people need to take care of their families". The voter\-enacted 2008 state constitutional amendment Crist supported may nonetheless have prohibited them. On May 9, 2013, Crist announced that he supports [same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States "Same-sex marriage in the United States"): "I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here."{{cite news \|last\=Weiner \|first\=Rachel \|date\=May 9, 2013 \|title\=Charlie Crist endorses gay marriage \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post\-politics/wp/2013/05/09/charlie\-crist\-endorses\-gay\-marriage/ \|access\-date\=May 22, 2013 \|quote\='I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here', the Republican\-turned\-independent\-turned\-Democrat wrote on his Facebook page. He congratulated Delaware on becoming the 11th state to legalize gay marriage.}} In January 2014, Crist apologized for his support for the 2008 same\-sex marriage ban and for the same\-sex adoption ban, telling an Orlando LGBT publication: "I'm sorry I did that. It was a mistake. I was wrong. Please forgive me."{{cite news\|title\=Charlie Crist 'Sorry' He Backed Gay Marriage Ban, Calls It A 'Mistake' \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/02/charlie\-crist\-gay\-marriage\_n\_4531810\.html\|work\=The Huffington Post\|access\-date\=January 15, 2014\|first\=Luke\|last\=Johnson}}{{cite news \|title\=Charlie Crist apologizes for backing same\-sex marriage ban\|url\=https://www.msnbc.com/the\-last\-word/crist\-apologizes\-lgbt\-community\|publisher\=MSNBC\|access\-date\=January 15, 2014}}{{cite news \|title\=Charlie Crist Says 'Sorry' for Supporting Florida's Same\-Sex Marriage Ban\|url\=http://www.advocate.com/politics/politicians/2014/01/02/charlie\-crist\-says\-sorry\-supporting\-floridas\-marriage\-ban\|work\=The Advocate\|access\-date\=January 15, 2014}} ### Marijuana legalization Crist said "fully legalizing marijuana" would bring about "true justice in our state and in our country" in announcing his candidacy for governor in 2021\.{{cite news \|last1\=Stracqualursi \|first1\=Veronica \|title\=Democratic Rep. Charlie Crist announces another bid for Florida governor \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/04/politics/charlie\-crist\-florida\-governor\-run/index.html \|access\-date\=June 3, 2021 \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=May 4, 2021}} He also voted for the [Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act](/wiki/Marijuana_Opportunity_Reinvestment_and_Expungement_%28MORE%29_Act "Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act") to legalize cannabis at the federal level and expunge cannabis convictions in 2020\.{{cite news \|last1\=Daly \|first1\=Matthew \|title\=House votes to decriminalize marijuana at federal level \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/politics\-bills\-coronavirus\-pandemic\-marijuana\-1a7b63d9cf925c2452ea937d8a636125 \|access\-date\=June 3, 2021 \|publisher\=Associated Press \|date\=December 4, 2020}}{{cite press release \|date\=December 4, 2020 \|title\=Crist Votes To End Federal Marijuana Prohibition \|url\=https://crist.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=2215 \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|website\=house.gov \|access\-date\=June 3, 2021 \|archive\-date\=June 3, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603205505/https://crist.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=2215 \|url\-status\=dead }} In 2018, he introduced the Fairness in Federal Drug Testing Under State Laws Act to limit the firing of federal workers and denial of applicants for cannabis use.{{cite news \|last1\=Hansen \|first1\=Claire \|title\=Bipartisan Bill Seeks to Protect Federal Employees Who Use State\-Legal Marijuana \|url\=https://www.usnews.com/news/national\-news/articles/2019\-03\-15/bipartisan\-bill\-seeks\-to\-protect\-federal\-employees\-who\-use\-state\-legal\-marijuana \|access\-date\=June 3, 2021 \|work\=U.S. News \& World Report \|date\=March 15, 2019}} ### Other issues As governor, Crist supported [capital punishment](/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Florida "Capital punishment in Florida").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.fadp.org/news/MH\-20051103\.htm \|website\=Miami Herald \|date\=November 2, 2005 \|title\=Crist: Hands off death penalty law \|first\=Lesley \|last\=Clark \|access\-date\=August 20, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022223613/http://www.fadp.org/news/MH\-20051103\.htm \|archive\-date\=October 22, 2008 }} He reiterated his support for it in October 2022\.{{cite web\|title\=Charlie Crist on Twitter\|url\=https://twitter.com/charliecrist/status/1580591195125780484}} After claims that computerized voting machines undercounted votes in black communities, Crist endorsed legislation requiring paper records of all ballots cast in elections.{{Cite web \|last\=Zogby \|first\=John \|title\=3\-Way Race Just Fine for Rubio \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnzogby/2010/10/06/3\-way\-race\-just\-fine\-for\-rubio/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-05 \|website\=Forbes \|language\=en}} In April 2010, Crist vetoed an education bill that would have linked teacher pay to test scores, a piece of legislation conservatives strongly supported.{{cite news \|last1\=Cillizza \|first1\=Chris \|title\=Charlie Crist didn't leave the Republican party because of racism. He left it because he couldn't win a primary. \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\-fix/wp/2014/05/08/charlie\-crist\-didnt\-leave\-the\-republican\-party\-because\-of\-racism\-he\-left\-it\-because\-he\-couldnt\-win\-a\-primary/ \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|access\-date\=September 1, 2018}} Crist supported increased regulation of the insurance industry, including property insurance rates (in the aftermath of [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina")) and health insurance. The [Citizen's Property Insurance Corp](/wiki/Citizens_Insurance%23Florida "Citizens Insurance#Florida") and the [Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund](http://www.sbafla.com/fhcf/) had been described as risky and underfunded. Standing next to former football star [Dan Marino](/wiki/Dan_Marino "Dan Marino") (whose son, Michael, is [autistic](/wiki/Autism "Autism") and inspired the [Dan Marino Foundation](/wiki/Dan_Marino%23Dan_Marino_Foundation "Dan Marino#Dan Marino Foundation"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.childnett.tv/videos/stories/foundation\_inspired\_family \|title\=A Foundation Inspired by a Family \|website\=Childnett.Tv \|access\-date\=August 17, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919011619/http://www.childnett.tv/videos/stories/foundation\_inspired\_family \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2011 }}), Crist signed a law expanding health coverage statewide for autism disorders and legislation expanding low\-income coverage and creating public and private insurance options in Florida.Insurance Journal "Fla. Gov. Crist Persuades Cabinet to Block Insurers' Exit" [http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southeast/2007/02/01/76468\.htm](http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southeast/2007/02/01/76468.htm){{cite web\|url\=http://www.flgov.com/release/9150 \|title\=Florida Governor Charlie Crist {{pipe}} Governor Crist Launches "Shop and Compare Insurance Rates" Web Site \|website\=Flgov.com \|access\-date\=August 17, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514160300/http://www.flgov.com/release/9150 \|archive\-date\=May 14, 2010 }}"Governor Crist Launches Shop and Compare Website" <http://www.ShopAndCompareRates.com> and <http://www.flgov.com>{{cite news \|title\=Florida's Unnatural Disaster Charlie Crist, taxpayers and the next hurricane \|newspaper\=The Wall Street Journal \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123371173559046209}}{{cite news \|agency\=Associated Press \|title\=Crist: Florida 'better off' without State Farm \|url\=http://www.gainesville.com/article/20090129/NEWS/901290919/0/LIVING}}{{cite news \|publisher\=NPR \|title\=State Farm Abandons Florida's Homeowners Market \|url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=99942808}} The abortion hurdles bill Crist vetoed in June 2010 also included some provisions "intended to thwart" the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act "Affordable Care Act"), the federal [health care reform](/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States "Health care reform in the United States") legislation championed by President Obama. In April 2022, Crist said he opposed the repeal of the [Reedy Creek Improvement Act](/wiki/Reedy_Creek_Improvement_Act "Reedy Creek Improvement Act"), arguing that it would hurt Florida's economy and tourism.{{cite web\|last\=Call\|first\=James\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/21/florida\-disney\-ron\-desantis\-reedy\-creek\-tallahassee\-house\-senate\-governor\-republicans\-vote/7399316001/\|title\=A smaller world for Disney? Florida lawmakers revoke special self\-governing status\|website\=\[\[USA Today]]\|date\=April 21, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421230219/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/21/florida\-disney\-ron\-desantis\-reedy\-creek\-tallahassee\-house\-senate\-governor\-republicans\-vote/7399316001/\|archive\-date\=April 21, 2022\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Political positions\n-------------------", "### Abortion", "In 1995, while in the Florida Senate, Crist joined with two Democrats in the Senate Health Care Committee in voting against a proposal for a mandatory 24\\-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion, resulting in a 3–3 tie vote and the bill's defeat.", "In 1998, while running for the U.S. Senate, Crist wrote in a *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* questionnaire: \"I believe that a woman has the right to choose, but would prefer only after careful consideration and consultation with her family, her physician and her clergy; not her government.\" In a debate that year, he said he did not support a constitutional amendment banning abortion. In 2006, while running for governor, Crist said he did not support overturning *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")* and opposed a mandatory 24\\-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion.", "In 2006, Crist's stance on abortion was characterized as unclear.Steve Bousquet, [Crist's stance on abortion still hazy](http://www.sptimes.com/2006/08/18/State/Crist_s_stance_on_abo.shtml), *St Petersburg Times* (August 18, 2006\\).", "In early 2010, Crist said he would \"fight for [pro\\-life](/wiki/Pro-life \"Pro-life\") legislative efforts\" and described himself as \"pro\\-life\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlie Crist was pro\\-life, pro\\-gun and anti\\-tax, says George LeMieux\\|url\\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2012/sep/06/george\\-lemieux/charlie\\-crist\\-was\\-pro\\-life\\-pro\\-gun\\-and\\-anti\\-tax\\-sa/\\|publisher\\=PolitiFact\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2014}}", "By March 2010, however, as rumors swirled that he would leave the Republican Party and become an independent, Crist reiterated that he did not support overturning *Roe v. Wade* and told a Christian Family Coalition group, \"We ought to, instead of change laws, change hearts.\"Adam C. Smith, [Amid intense chatter, Crist denies he would run as independent](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/amid-intense-chatter-crist-denies-he-would-run-as-independent/1076685) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308083651/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/amid\\-intense\\-chatter\\-crist\\-denies\\-he\\-would\\-run\\-as\\-independent/1076685 \\|date\\=March 8, 2010 }}, *St. Petersburg Times* (March 2, 2010\\).", "In June 2010, after leaving the Republican Party and becoming an independent, Crist vetoed a bill that would have required, at patient cost, an [ultrasound](/wiki/Ultrasound \"Ultrasound\") in order to receive an abortion.Michael Winter, [Florida Gov. Charlie Crist vetoes ultrasound abortion bill](http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/06/florida-gov-charlie-crist-vetoes-ultrasound-abortion-bill/1) *USA Today* (June 11, 2010\\). He called the measure \"punitive\" and \"almost mean\\-spirited\". The bill also included language barring abortion coverage \"under a contract toward which any [tax credit](/wiki/Tax_credit \"Tax credit\") or cost\\-sharing credit is applied.\"Brandon Larrabee, [Abortion bill may be political land mine for Crist](http://jacksonville.com/news/florida/2010-06-01/story/abortion-bill-may-be-political-land-mine-crist), News Service of Florida (June 1, 2010\\).", "In June 2022, Crist harshly criticized the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court \"United States Supreme Court\")'s overturning of *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")*, calling it \"shameful, harmful, and wrong\".{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lisciandrello \\|first1\\=Carl \\|title\\=What Florida politicians are saying after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade \\|url\\=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/politics\\-issues/2022\\-06\\-24/what\\-florida\\-politicians\\-saying\\-supreme\\-court\\-roe\\-v\\-wade \\|website\\=Florida Politics \\|date\\=June 24, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2023}}", "### Cuba", "In May 2014, Crist publicly supported lifting the [United States embargo against Cuba](/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba \"United States embargo against Cuba\"), arguing it has not helped to change the Cuban government. He had supported the embargo earlier as both a Republican and independent.[Charlie Crist flip\\-flops on U.S. embargo against Cuba](http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article1960168.html) Also in 2014, he announced he had requested the [Department of State](/wiki/Department_of_State \"Department of State\")'s permission to travel to Cuba with a delegation of business, academic and economic development officials. In June, Crist indefinitely postponed the trip.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Smith \\|first1\\=Adam C. \\|title\\=Charlie Crist on why he wants to visit Cuba: 'This policy has not worked' \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/charlie\\-crist\\-explains\\-why\\-he\\-wants\\-to\\-visit\\-cuba\\-this\\-policy\\-has\\-not/2179105/ \\|website\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|access\\-date\\=May 9, 2014}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Adams \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Florida gubernatorial candidate Crist considering trip to Cuba \\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/florida\\-gubernatorial\\-candidate\\-crist\\-considering\\-trip\\-cuba\\-214012090\\.html?guccounter\\=1\\&guce\\_referrer\\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucG9saXRpY28uY29tLw\\&guce\\_referrer\\_sig\\=AQAAAAR7q53PjmbnqLcutysckIN6ffCOITbhXl33hHvlb1No7cEx3rSau2jxHMYxC0CkahiXp\\_wJBSPeiVnadpMeEo08z56AUzOR3FcaNDw2GfA8abQtogAB\\_uqfRsS\\-egff0dXozn3hpPb04MnLzH8uUjRy01ZV6FmVr230oNGH7YKh \\|website\\=Yahoo News \\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2014}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Staff \\|title\\=Crist campaign reverses position on Cuban fact\\-finding trip \\|url\\=https://www.wtxl.com/news/crist\\-campaign\\-reverses\\-position\\-on\\-cuban\\-fact\\-finding\\-trip/article\\_133ece38\\-fb49\\-11e3\\-aa10\\-001a4bcf6878\\.html \\|publisher\\=WXTL \\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2014}}", "In 2019, Crist quietly visited Cuba to meet with Cuban officials, despite high bilateral tensions due to alleged Cuban support for the [Maduro](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro \"Nicolás Maduro\") regime in [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Contorno \\|first1\\=Steve \\|title\\=Charlie Crist quietly visited Cuba as tensions over Venezuela escalated \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/florida\\-politics/buzz/2019/05/15/charlie\\-crist\\-quietly\\-visited\\-cuba\\-as\\-tensions\\-over\\-venezuela\\-escalated/ \\|website\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2019}} The three\\-day trip was not announced by his congressional office and was disclosed due to required filings in the [House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") Committee on Ethics, with no details about it on Crist's House website. The trip was sponsored by the Center for Democracy in the Americas, an organization that \"promotes a U.S. policy toward Cuba based on engagement and recognition of Cuba's sovereignty\", according to its website. Photos of Crist smiling during a meeting with Cuban officials, including Cuban foreign minister [Bruno Rodríguez](/wiki/Bruno_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Parrilla \"Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla\"), were published in the official newspaper of Cuba's Communist Party during his stay.", "### Environmental policy", "In June 2008, Crist proposed that Florida buy {{convert\\|187000\\|acre\\|ha}} from the United States Sugar Corporation for $1\\.75 billion. The proposed purchase would have removed about 187,000 acres of sugar farming for Everglades restoration efforts. A fairness commission found that price to be too high by $400 million and, ultimately, the purchase was reduced to {{convert\\|73000\\|acre\\|ha}} of not only sugar, but also citrus for about $590 million in 2010, greatly setting back the originally touted restoration effort.Miami Herald \"Crist praises water managers for support of Big Sugar land buy\" [http://www.miamiherald.com/business/breaking\\-news/story/1048326\\.html](http://www.miamiherald.com/business/breaking-news/story/1048326.html){{dead link\\|date\\=August 2013}}Miami Herald \"Crist has competition: U.S. Sugar has offer from another suitor\" [http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/11/crist\\-has\\-compe.html](http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2008/11/crist-has-compe.html)AP \"Fla. revises deal with US Sugar to save Everglades\" By Jessica Gresko The Associated Press November 11, 2008 [http://www.topix.com/content/ap/2008/11/fla\\-revises\\-deal\\-with\\-us\\-sugar\\-to\\-save\\-everglades{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}}](http://www.topix.com/content/ap/2008/11/fla-revises-deal-with-us-sugar-to-save-everglades{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}})", "In 2007, Crist signed executive orders to impose stricter [air pollution](/wiki/Air_pollution \"Air pollution\") standards in Florida, with an aim to reduce [greenhouse gas emissions](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions \"Greenhouse gas emissions\"). In his gubernatorial campaign, he opposed [offshore oil drilling](/wiki/Offshore_oil_drilling \"Offshore oil drilling\"). He altered that position in June 2008, when oil reached peak prices, saying, \"I mean, let's face it, the price of gas has gone through the roof, and Florida families are suffering, and my heart bleeds for them.\"", "### Fiscal policies", "Crist supported President [Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\")'s [American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009](/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009 \"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009\"), a stimulus package in response to the [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"). Fellow Republicans were angered by Crist's support for the stimulus.", "Crist called the act a \"godsend\",[Charlie Crist Effusive About Barack Obama at Tampa Press Banquet](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/16/charlie-crist-effusive-ab_n_2146562.html), *Huffington Post* (November 17, 2012\\). maintaining that it had saved the jobs of nearly 20,000 Florida schoolteachers and other school workers in 2009–2010\\.Amy Sherman, [Charlie Crist says in debate that stimulus saved 20,000 teacher jobs](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2012/sep/06/george-lemieux/charlie-crist-was-pro-life-pro-gun-and-anti-tax-sa/), PolitiFact Florida (October 10, 2014\\).", "### Felons' voting rights", "In a February 12, 2018, *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")* op\\-ed, Crist wrote that Florida was \"one of only three states that permanently bans non\\-violent, ex\\-felons from voting\" and that this \"[disenfranchisement](/wiki/Disfranchisement \"Disfranchisement\") of 1\\.5 million of our fellow citizens is shameful.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Crist \\|first1\\=Charlie \\|title\\=Charlie Crist: Ex\\-felons in Florida need their voting rights back \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/02/11/lets\\-give\\-ex\\-felons\\-their\\-voting\\-rights\\-back\\-charlie\\-crist\\-column/308710002/ \\|website\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=September 4, 2018}}", "### Gun policy", "In 2008, Crist signed a provision preventing employers from prohibiting employees from bringing firearms to the workplace, as long as the weapons are secure and the employees have a concealed carry license.{{cite news\\|title\\=Crist signs bring your gun to work bill \\|newspaper\\=Palm Beach Post \\|url\\=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/state/epaper/2008/04/15/0415gunsatwork.html \\|date\\=April 15, 2008 \\|first\\=Dara \\|last\\=Kam \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829174600/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/state/epaper/2008/04/15/0415gunsatwork.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 29, 2008 }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Florida lawmakers pass \"take your guns to work\" law \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0948339420080409 \\|date\\=April 9, 2008 }}", "After the December 2012 [Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting](/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting \"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting\"), Crist announced a reversal of some of his previous stances on gun control. Before 2012, he had sometimes accused his opponents of not supporting gun rights strongly enough. He was endorsed by the [NRA](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association \"National Rifle Association\") in 2006\\. In 2012, Crist announced that he supported reinstating the [Federal Assault Weapons Ban](/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban \"Federal Assault Weapons Ban\"), banning [high\\-capacity magazines](/wiki/High-capacity_magazine \"High-capacity magazine\"), and instating more extensive [background checks](/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System \"National Instant Criminal Background Check System\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Former Gov. Charlie Crist shifts on guns, supports new restrictions \\|url\\=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/former\\-gov\\-charlie\\-crist\\-shifts\\-on\\-guns\\-supports\\-new\\-restrictions/1266801/ \\|last\\=Leary \\|first\\=Alex \\|work\\=Tampa Bay Times \\|location\\=Tampa Bay, Florida \\|access\\-date\\=March 5, 2018}} In the wake of the [Stoneman Douglas High School shooting](/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting \"Stoneman Douglas High School shooting\"), he announced his support for additional measures, including a ban on [bump stocks](/wiki/Bump_stock \"Bump stock\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.wtsp.com/article/news/local/as\\-hundreds\\-rally\\-for\\-gun\\-control\\-bill\\-to\\-put\\-guns\\-in\\-florida\\-classrooms\\-withdrawn/67\\-520130542 \\|title\\=As hundreds rally for gun control, bill to put guns in Florida classrooms withdrawn \\|last\\=Sidorowicz \\|first\\=Josh \\|publisher\\=WTSP \\|location\\=Tampa, Florida \\|access\\-date\\=March 5, 2018}} and also said he did not support [arming teachers](/wiki/Arming_teachers \"Arming teachers\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/258088\\-charlie\\-crist\\-hopes\\-donald\\-trump\\-will\\-push\\-gun\\-control\\-regulations \\|title\\=Charlie Crist hopes Donald Trump will push for gun control regulations \\|date\\=March 5, 2018 \\|website\\=Florida Politics \\|publisher\\=Peter Schorsch \\|last\\=Perry \\|first\\=Mitch \\|access\\-date\\=March 5, 2018}}", "When he left office as governor in 2011, Crist had an A rating from the NRA.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nraila.org/articles/20140711/florida\\-alert\\-governor\\-scotts\\-record\\-on\\-second\\-amendment\\-issues \\|title\\=Florida Alert: Governor Scott's Record on Second Amendment Issues \\|last\\=Turner \\|first\\=Jim \\|publisher\\=National Rifle Association of America, Institute for Legislative Action \\|date\\=July 11, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=March 5, 2018}} In 2016, he received an F rating from the NRA.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://sunshinestatenews.com/story/new\\-mailer\\-slams\\-charlie\\-crist\\-anti\\-gun\\-policies\\|title\\=New Mailer Slams Charlie Crist on Anti\\-Gun Policies \\|last\\=Nielsen \\|first\\=Allison \\|date\\=October 20, 2016 \\|work\\=Sunshine State News \\|location\\=Florida \\|access\\-date\\=March 5, 2018}}", "### Immigration", "In June 2017, Crist was one of 24 House Democrats to vote for [Kate's Law](/wiki/Killing_of_Kate_Steinle \"Killing of Kate Steinle\"). The next month, he was one of five Democrats to vote to fund President Trump's border wall, and the next day, issued a statement saying that he opposed the wall.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Iannelli \\|first1\\=Jerry \\|title\\=Florida Democrat Charlie Crist Votes to Fund a Border Wall He Says He Doesn't Support \\|url\\=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/florida\\-democrat\\-charlie\\-crist\\-votes\\-to\\-fund\\-trumps\\-border\\-wall\\-with\\-mexico\\-9530153 \\|website\\=Miami New Times \\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2018}}", "### LGBT rights", "In 2006, as a proposed [state constitutional amendment banning same\\-sex unions](/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions \"U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions\") was headed to the ballot in Florida, Crist said that such an amendment was unnecessary because state law already barred same\\-sex marriages.Molly Moorhead, [After voting for a ban, Charlie Crist now backs gay marriage](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/may/09/charlie-crist/after-voting-ban-crist-now-backs-gay-marriage/), PolitiFact Florida (May 9, 2013\\). But in September 2005, he had signed a petition for the amendment during the Republican primary at the [Christian Coalition](/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America \"Christian Coalition of America\")'s request.Amy Sherman, [Before he changed his stance on gay marriage, Charlie Crist says he always supported civil unions](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2014/feb/07/charlie-crist/he-changed-his-stance-gay-marriage-charlie-crist-s/) (February 7, 2014\\). Crist said in campaign materials at the time that he supported \"traditional marriage\". In 2008, he said he voted for the amendment, which passed.", "In a debate and a radio talk show appearance in 2006, Crist indicated support for [civil unions](/wiki/Civil_union \"Civil union\").", "As governor, Crist downplayed the marriage issue, saying in a late 2007 CNN appearance: \"It's not an issue that moves me. I'm just a live\\-and\\-let\\-live kind of guy.\"", "For some time Crist supported Florida's ban on [same\\-sex adoption](/wiki/LGBT_adoption \"LGBT adoption\"), which had been in place since 1977\\.[On adoption by gay couples](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2014/feb/20/charlie-crist/after-he-left-gop-charlie-crist-said-he-no-longer-/), PolitiFact (February 10, 2014\\). He publicly expressed support for the ban beginning when he was attorney general in 2006\\.", "In 2008, Crist again announced his support for the [Federal Marriage Amendment](/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment \"Federal Marriage Amendment\"). Also that year, he told the *Orlando Sentinel* that the issue was not \"top\\-tier\" for him, even as he supported a Florida ballot measure to amend the state constitution prohibiting same\\-sex marriage that passed later that year.", "Also in 2008, in the case of *[In re Gill](/wiki/In_re_Gill \"In re Gill\")*, a [Miami\\-Dade](/wiki/Miami-Dade_County%2C_Florida \"Miami-Dade County, Florida\") judge struck down the ban on same\\-sex couple adoption. As the case proceeded through appeals, Crist expressed support for the adoption ban as late as February 2010, but by June 2010, expressed openness to changing Florida law to allow same\\-sex adoption, saying a better approach \"would be to let judges make that decision on a case\\-by\\-case basis\".{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/mccollum\\-touts\\-tax\\-freeze\\-crist\\-open\\-to\\-gay\\-adoption/1103181 \\|title\\=McCollum touts tax freeze; Crist open to gay adoption \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Adam C. \\|date\\=June 18, 2010 \\|newspaper\\=St. Petersburg Times \\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2010 \\|location\\=Sarasota, Florida \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107085356/http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/mccollum\\-touts\\-tax\\-freeze\\-crist\\-open\\-to\\-gay\\-adoption/1103181 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In September 2010, Crist said that he had had an \"appropriate evolution\" on gay rights and was considering dropping the state's appeal of to block gay adoption. Days later, after an appeals court affirmed gay couples had a right to adopt, Crist hailed the ruling \"a very good day for Florida\" and \"a great day for children\" and announced that the state would no longer seek to enforce the ban. In a Senate debate the next month, he attributed his shift in positions to \"the convergence of life experience and wisdom\", saying he had become more tolerant and become less judgmental with age.", "At about the same time in 2010, he declared his support for civil unions encompassing \"the full range of legal protections\" including \"access to a loved one in the hospital, inheritance rights, the fundamental things people need to take care of their families\". The voter\\-enacted 2008 state constitutional amendment Crist supported may nonetheless have prohibited them.", "On May 9, 2013, Crist announced that he supports [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States \"Same-sex marriage in the United States\"): \"I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Weiner \\|first\\=Rachel \\|date\\=May 9, 2013 \\|title\\=Charlie Crist endorses gay marriage \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post\\-politics/wp/2013/05/09/charlie\\-crist\\-endorses\\-gay\\-marriage/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2013 \\|quote\\='I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here', the Republican\\-turned\\-independent\\-turned\\-Democrat wrote on his Facebook page. He congratulated Delaware on becoming the 11th state to legalize gay marriage.}}", "In January 2014, Crist apologized for his support for the 2008 same\\-sex marriage ban and for the same\\-sex adoption ban, telling an Orlando LGBT publication: \"I'm sorry I did that. It was a mistake. I was wrong. Please forgive me.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Charlie Crist 'Sorry' He Backed Gay Marriage Ban, Calls It A 'Mistake' \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/02/charlie\\-crist\\-gay\\-marriage\\_n\\_4531810\\.html\\|work\\=The Huffington Post\\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2014\\|first\\=Luke\\|last\\=Johnson}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Charlie Crist apologizes for backing same\\-sex marriage ban\\|url\\=https://www.msnbc.com/the\\-last\\-word/crist\\-apologizes\\-lgbt\\-community\\|publisher\\=MSNBC\\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2014}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Charlie Crist Says 'Sorry' for Supporting Florida's Same\\-Sex Marriage Ban\\|url\\=http://www.advocate.com/politics/politicians/2014/01/02/charlie\\-crist\\-says\\-sorry\\-supporting\\-floridas\\-marriage\\-ban\\|work\\=The Advocate\\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2014}}", "### Marijuana legalization", "Crist said \"fully legalizing marijuana\" would bring about \"true justice in our state and in our country\" in announcing his candidacy for governor in 2021\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Stracqualursi \\|first1\\=Veronica \\|title\\=Democratic Rep. Charlie Crist announces another bid for Florida governor \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/04/politics/charlie\\-crist\\-florida\\-governor\\-run/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2021 \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=May 4, 2021}} He also voted for the [Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act](/wiki/Marijuana_Opportunity_Reinvestment_and_Expungement_%28MORE%29_Act \"Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act\") to legalize cannabis at the federal level and expunge cannabis convictions in 2020\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Daly \\|first1\\=Matthew \\|title\\=House votes to decriminalize marijuana at federal level \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/politics\\-bills\\-coronavirus\\-pandemic\\-marijuana\\-1a7b63d9cf925c2452ea937d8a636125 \\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2021 \\|publisher\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=December 4, 2020}}{{cite press release \\|date\\=December 4, 2020 \\|title\\=Crist Votes To End Federal Marijuana Prohibition \\|url\\=https://crist.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=2215 \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|website\\=house.gov \\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603205505/https://crist.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=2215 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In 2018, he introduced the Fairness in Federal Drug Testing Under State Laws Act to limit the firing of federal workers and denial of applicants for cannabis use.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hansen \\|first1\\=Claire \\|title\\=Bipartisan Bill Seeks to Protect Federal Employees Who Use State\\-Legal Marijuana \\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/news/national\\-news/articles/2019\\-03\\-15/bipartisan\\-bill\\-seeks\\-to\\-protect\\-federal\\-employees\\-who\\-use\\-state\\-legal\\-marijuana \\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2021 \\|work\\=U.S. News \\& World Report \\|date\\=March 15, 2019}}", "### Other issues", "As governor, Crist supported [capital punishment](/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Florida \"Capital punishment in Florida\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.fadp.org/news/MH\\-20051103\\.htm \\|website\\=Miami Herald \\|date\\=November 2, 2005 \\|title\\=Crist: Hands off death penalty law \\|first\\=Lesley \\|last\\=Clark \\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022223613/http://www.fadp.org/news/MH\\-20051103\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=October 22, 2008 }} He reiterated his support for it in October 2022\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlie Crist on Twitter\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/charliecrist/status/1580591195125780484}}", "After claims that computerized voting machines undercounted votes in black communities, Crist endorsed legislation requiring paper records of all ballots cast in elections.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Zogby \\|first\\=John \\|title\\=3\\-Way Race Just Fine for Rubio \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnzogby/2010/10/06/3\\-way\\-race\\-just\\-fine\\-for\\-rubio/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-05 \\|website\\=Forbes \\|language\\=en}}", "In April 2010, Crist vetoed an education bill that would have linked teacher pay to test scores, a piece of legislation conservatives strongly supported.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Cillizza \\|first1\\=Chris \\|title\\=Charlie Crist didn't leave the Republican party because of racism. He left it because he couldn't win a primary. \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\\-fix/wp/2014/05/08/charlie\\-crist\\-didnt\\-leave\\-the\\-republican\\-party\\-because\\-of\\-racism\\-he\\-left\\-it\\-because\\-he\\-couldnt\\-win\\-a\\-primary/ \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2018}}", "Crist supported increased regulation of the insurance industry, including property insurance rates (in the aftermath of [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina \"Hurricane Katrina\")) and health insurance. The [Citizen's Property Insurance Corp](/wiki/Citizens_Insurance%23Florida \"Citizens Insurance#Florida\") and the [Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund](http://www.sbafla.com/fhcf/) had been described as risky and underfunded. Standing next to former football star [Dan Marino](/wiki/Dan_Marino \"Dan Marino\") (whose son, Michael, is [autistic](/wiki/Autism \"Autism\") and inspired the [Dan Marino Foundation](/wiki/Dan_Marino%23Dan_Marino_Foundation \"Dan Marino#Dan Marino Foundation\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.childnett.tv/videos/stories/foundation\\_inspired\\_family \\|title\\=A Foundation Inspired by a Family \\|website\\=Childnett.Tv \\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919011619/http://www.childnett.tv/videos/stories/foundation\\_inspired\\_family \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2011 }}), Crist signed a law expanding health coverage statewide for autism disorders and legislation expanding low\\-income coverage and creating public and private insurance options in Florida.Insurance Journal \"Fla. Gov. Crist Persuades Cabinet to Block Insurers' Exit\" [http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southeast/2007/02/01/76468\\.htm](http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southeast/2007/02/01/76468.htm){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.flgov.com/release/9150 \\|title\\=Florida Governor Charlie Crist {{pipe}} Governor Crist Launches \"Shop and Compare Insurance Rates\" Web Site \\|website\\=Flgov.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514160300/http://www.flgov.com/release/9150 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2010 }}\"Governor Crist Launches Shop and Compare Website\" <http://www.ShopAndCompareRates.com> and <http://www.flgov.com>{{cite news \\|title\\=Florida's Unnatural Disaster Charlie Crist, taxpayers and the next hurricane \\|newspaper\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123371173559046209}}{{cite news \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|title\\=Crist: Florida 'better off' without State Farm \\|url\\=http://www.gainesville.com/article/20090129/NEWS/901290919/0/LIVING}}{{cite news \\|publisher\\=NPR \\|title\\=State Farm Abandons Florida's Homeowners Market \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=99942808}}", "The abortion hurdles bill Crist vetoed in June 2010 also included some provisions \"intended to thwart\" the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"), the federal [health care reform](/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States \"Health care reform in the United States\") legislation championed by President Obama.", "In April 2022, Crist said he opposed the repeal of the [Reedy Creek Improvement Act](/wiki/Reedy_Creek_Improvement_Act \"Reedy Creek Improvement Act\"), arguing that it would hurt Florida's economy and tourism.{{cite web\\|last\\=Call\\|first\\=James\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/21/florida\\-disney\\-ron\\-desantis\\-reedy\\-creek\\-tallahassee\\-house\\-senate\\-governor\\-republicans\\-vote/7399316001/\\|title\\=A smaller world for Disney? Florida lawmakers revoke special self\\-governing status\\|website\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|date\\=April 21, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421230219/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/21/florida\\-disney\\-ron\\-desantis\\-reedy\\-creek\\-tallahassee\\-house\\-senate\\-governor\\-republicans\\-vote/7399316001/\\|archive\\-date\\=April 21, 2022\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]